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F. Greville + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Greville Memoirs + A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William + IV, Volume 1 (of 3) + +Author: Charles C. F. Greville + +Editor: Henry Reeve + +Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25700] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS *** + + + + +Produced by Paul Murray, Eve M. Behr and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +Transcriber’s Note:<br /><br /> + + In this work, all spellings and punctuation were + reproduced from the original work except in the very few + cases where an obvious typo occurred. These typos are + corrected without comment. <br /><br /> + + In the original volumes in this set, each even-numbered + page had a header consisting of the page number, the + volume title, and the chapter number. The odd-numbered + page header consisted of the year of the diary entry, a + subject phrase, and the page number. In this set of + e-books, the year is included as part of the date (which + in the original volume were in the form reproduced here, + minus the year). The subject phrase has been converted to + sidenotes located below the relevant page number. <br /><br /> + + In the original book set, consisting of three volumes, + the master index was in Volume 3. In this set of e-books, + the index has been duplicated into each of the other + volumes. Navigation links were created to the entries for the + current volume. +</div> + +<hr style="margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h1 class="smcap"> +The Greville Memoirs</h1> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h2> +A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS <br /> +<br /> +OF</h2> +<h1>KING GEORGE IV.</h1> +<h2>AND</h2> +<h1>KING WILLIAM IV.</h1> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h4>BY THE LATE</h4> +<h1 class="smcap">Charles C. F. Greville, Esq.</h1> +<h4>CLERK OF THE COUNCIL TO THOSE SOVEREIGNS</h4> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h4>EDITED BY</h4> +<h1>HENRY REEVE</h1> +<h5>REGISTRAR OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL</h5> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h4>IN THREE VOLUMES <br /> VOL. I.</h4> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h4 style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps;">Second Edition</h4> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" /> + +<h5>LONDON <br /> +LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. <br /> +1874</h5> + +<hr style="margin-top: 0em;" /> + + +<h2><a href="#CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> +<h2><a href="#INDEX">INDEX.</a></h2> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + +<p class="center" >BY THE EDITOR</p> + +<p style="text-indent: 0;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">The Author</span> +of these Journals requested me, in January +1865, a few days before his death, to take charge of +them with a view to publication at some future time. He +left that time to my discretion, merely remarking that +Memoirs of this kind ought not, in his opinion, to be +locked up until they had lost their principal interest by +the death of all those who had taken any part in the +events they describe. He placed several of the earlier +volumes at once in my hands, and he intimated to his +surviving brother and executor, Mr. Henry Greville, his +desire that the remainder should be given me for this +purpose. The injunction was at once complied with after +Mr. Charles Greville’s death, and this interesting deposit +has now remained for nearly ten years in my possession. +In my opinion this period of time is long enough to remove +every reasonable objection to the publication of a contemporary +record of events already separated from us by a +much longer interval, for the transactions related in these +volumes commence in 1818 and end in 1837. I therefore +commit to the press that portion of these Memoirs +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +which embraces the Reigns of King George IV. and +King William IV., ending with the Accession of her +present Majesty.</p> + +<p>In accepting the trust and deposit which Mr. Greville +thought fit to place in my hands, I felt, and still feel, +that I undertook a task and a duty of considerable +responsibility; but from the time and the manner in +which it was offered me I could not decline it. I had +lived for more than five-and-twenty years in the daily +intercourse of official life and private friendship with Mr. +Greville. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, to whom he had +previously intended to leave these Journals, died before +him. After that event, deeply to be regretted on so many +accounts, Mr. Greville did me the honour to select me +for the performance of this duty, which was unexpected +by myself; and my strong attachment and gratitude to +him for numberless acts of kindness and marks of confidence +bound me by every consideration to obey and +execute the wishes of my late friend.</p> + +<p>In the discharge of this trust I have been guided +by no other motive than the desire to present these +Memorials to the world in a manner which their Author +would not have disapproved, and in strict conformity with +his own wishes and injunctions. He himself, it should be +said, had frequently revised them with great care. He +had studiously omitted and erased passages relating to +private persons or affairs, which could only serve to gratify +the love of idle gossip and scandal. The Journals contain +absolutely nothing relating to his own family, and but +little relating to his private life. In a passage (not now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span> +published) of his own writings, the Author remarks:—</p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0;"> +‘A journal to be good, true, and interesting, should be +written without the slightest reference to publication, +but without any fear of it: it should be the transcript +of a mind that can bear transcribing. I always contemplate +the possibility that hereafter my journal will be +read, and I regard with alarm and dislike the notion of +its containing matters about myself which nobody will +care to know’ (<i>January</i> 2<i>nd, </i>1838).</p></blockquote> + +<p>These notes were designed chiefly to preserve a record +of the less known causes and details of public events which +came under the Author’s observation, and they are interspersed +with the conversations of many of the eminent men +with whom he associated. But it must be borne in mind +that they are essentially what they profess to be—a <i>contemporary</i> +record of facts and opinions, not altered or made +up to square with subsequent experience. Hence some +facts may be inaccurately stated, because they are given in +the shape they assumed at the time they were recorded, +and some opinions and judgments on men and things are +at variance (as he himself acknowledges and points out) +with those at which the writer afterwards arrived on the +same persons and subjects. Our impressions of what is +passing around us vary so rapidly and so continually, that +a contemporary record of opinion, honestly preserved, +differs very widely from the final and mature judgment of +history: yet the judgment of history must be based upon +contemporary evidence. It was remarked by an acute +observer to Mr. Greville himself, that the <i>nuances</i> in +political society are so delicate and numerous, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> +details so nice and varying, that unless caught at the +moment they escape, and it is impossible to collect them +again. That is the charm and the merit of genuine contemporary +records.</p> + +<p>The two leading qualities in the mind of Mr. Greville +were the love of truth and the love of justice. His natural +curiosity, which led him to track out and analyse the +causes of events with great eagerness, was stimulated by +the desire to arrive at their real origin, and to award to +everyone, with judicial impartiality, what appeared to +him to be a just share of responsibility. Without the +passions or the motives of a party politician, he ardently +sympathised with the cause of Liberal progress and Conservative +improvement, or, as he himself expresses it, +with Conservative principles on a Liberal basis. He was +equally opposed to the prejudices of the old Tory aristocracy, +amongst whom he had been brought up, and to the +impetuous desire of change which achieved in his time so +many vast and various triumphs. His own position, partly +from the nature of the permanent office he held in the +Privy Council, and partly from his personal intimacies with +men of very opposite opinions, was a neutral one; but he +used that neutral position with consummate judgment and +address to remove obstacles, to allay irritations, to compose +differences, and to promote, as far as lay in his power, the +public welfare. Contented with his own social position, +he was alike free from ambition and from vanity. +No man was more entirely disinterested in his judgments +on public affairs, for he had long made up his mind that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> +he had nothing to gain or to lose by them, and in the +opinions he formed, and on occasion energetically maintained, +he cared for nothing but their justice and their +truth. I trust that I do not deceive myself in the belief +that the impressions of such a man, faithfully rendered at +the time, on the events happening around him, will be +thought to possess a permanent value and interest. But +I am aware that opinions governed by no party standard +will appear to a certain extent to be fluctuating and even +inconsistent. I have not thought it consistent with my duty +as the Editor of these papers to suppress or modify any of +the statements or opinions of their Author on public men +or public events; nor do I hold myself in any way responsible +for the tenor of them. Some of these judgments of +the writer may be thought harsh and severe, and some of +them were subsequently mitigated by himself. But those +who enter public life submit their conduct and their lives to +the judgment of their contemporaries and of posterity, and +this is especially true of those who fill the most exalted +stations in society. Every act, almost every thought, which +is brought home to them leaves its mark, and those who +come after them cannot complain that this mark is as +indelible as their fame. The only omissions I have +thought it right to make are a few passages and expressions +relating to persons and occurrences in private life, +in which I have sought to publish nothing which could +give pain or annoyance to persons still alive.</p> + +<p>It will be observed that these Journals begin in the +year 1818, when Mr. Greville was barely twenty-four +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +years of age, and indeed I possess some notes of an earlier +period, which it was not thought desirable to include +in this publication. At that age Mr. Greville had +but a short experience of life, without the opportunities +of information which he subsequently enjoyed; consequently +the first two or three chapters of the first +volume are of secondary interest, and the political value of +the work begins with the retirement of Lord Liverpool. +But it is by his own express desire that these chapters are +retained to complete the series, and the particulars relating +to the Duke of York and to the Queen’s trial are not +without interest. As the Author advanced in life his +narrative increases in value both in substance and in +style, and the most important portion of it is that which +must at present be reserved for future publication.</p> + +<p>Of the Author of these Journals it may suffice to say +that Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville was the eldest of +the three sons of Charles Greville (who was grandson of +the fifth Lord Warwick), by Lady Charlotte Cavendish +Bentinck, eldest daughter of William Henry, third Duke +of Portland, K.G., who filled many great offices of State. +He was born on the 2nd of April, 1794. Much of his +childhood was spent at his grandfather’s house at Bulstrode. +He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford; +but he left the University early, having been appointed +private secretary to Earl Bathurst before he was twenty.</p> + +<p>The influence of the Duke of Portland obtained for +him early in life the sinecure appointment of the Secretaryship +of Jamaica, the duties of that office being performed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span> +by deputy, and likewise the reversion of the Clerkship +of the Council. He entered in 1821 upon the duties +of Clerk of the Council in Ordinary, which he discharged +for nearly forty years. During the last twenty years of +his life Mr. Greville occupied a suite of rooms in the +house of Earl Granville in Bruton Street, and there, on +the 18th of January, 1865, he expired. I was with him +on the previous evening until he retired to rest; from that +sleep he never woke.</p> + +<p>No additions whatever have been made to the text of +these Journals. The passages occasionally interposed +in a parenthesis, at a later date, to correct or comment +upon a previous statement, are all by the hand of the +Author. So likewise are the notes distinguished by no +mark. For the notes included in brackets [] the Editor +is responsible.</p> + +<p style="font-variant: small-caps;text-align: right;">Henry Reeve.</p> +<p style="text-align: right;"><i>October</i> 1<i>st,</i> 1874</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>Contents of the First Volume</h2> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span> +Queen Charlotte — Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge — Westminster +Election — Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and Sir Murray Maxwell +— London Election — Oatlands — The Duke of York — Duchess of York — +Ampthill — Tixall — Mr. Luttrell — Lady Granville — Teddesley — Macao — +Burleigh — Middleton — Lady Jersey — The New Parliament — Tierney and +Pitt — Princess Lieven — Madame de Staël on the French Revolution — +Westminster Election — Hobhouse Defeated — Scarlett’s Maiden Speech — +Influence of Party — Play — The Persian Ambassador at Court — Prince +Leopold — Woburn — Anecdote of the Allies — Death of George III. — +Illness of George IV. — Queen Caroline — Fleury de Chabaulon — The Cato +Street Conspiracy — George IV. at Ascot — Marchioness of Conyngham +— Queen Caroline in London — Message to Parliament — Debates — Insubordination +in the Guards — Wilberforce’s Motion — Proceedings against +the Queen — ‘Les Liaisons dangereuses’ — The Queen’s Trial — The Duke +of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo and the Occupation of Paris. +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +Popularity of George IV. — The Duke of York’s Racing Establishment — Clerk +of the Council — Lord Liverpool and Mr. Sumner — Lady Conyngham — +Death of Lady Worcester — Her Character — Ball at Devonshire House — +The Duke of York’s Aversion to the Duke of Wellington — The Pavilion +at Brighton — Lord Francis Conyngham — The King and the Duke of +Wellington — Death of the Marquis of Londonderry — His Policy — Sir +B. Bloomfield sent to Stockholm — Mr. Canning’s Foreign Secretary — +Queen Caroline and Brougham — Canning and George IV. — Lord William +Bentinck aspires to go to India — His Disappointment — The Duke +of York’s Duel with Colonel Lennox — George III.’s Will — George IV. +appropriates the late King’s Personal Property — The Duke of Wellington +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span> +on the Congress of Verona and on the Politics of Europe — Intervention in +Spain — Ferdinand VII. — M. de Villèle — The Duke’s Opinion of Napoleon +— Sir William Knighton — The Duke of York’s Anecdotes of George IV. +— Death of the Marquis of Titchfield — His Character +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +The Panic of 1825 — Death of the Emperor Alexander — The Duke of Wellington’s +Embassy to St. Petersburg — Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer — +Small Notes Bill — Death of Arthur de Ros — George III. and Lord Bute +— Illness and Death of the Duke of York — His Funeral — Lord Liverpool +struck with Paralysis — Rundell’s Fortune and Will — Copley and +Philpots — The Cottage — Formation of Mr. Canning’s Administration — +Secession of the Tories — The Whigs join him — Dinner at the Royal +Lodge — Difficulties of Canning’s Government — Duke of Wellington +visits the King — Canning’s Death — Anecdotes of Mr. Canning — Recognition +of South American States — His Industry — The Duke of Wellington +on Canning — Lord Goderich’s Administration formed — The Difficulty +about Herries — Position of the Whigs — The King’s Letter to Herries — +Peel and George IV. — Interview of Lord Lansdowne with the King — +Weakness of the Government — First Resignation of Lord Goderich — +Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership — Lord Goderich returns — +Brougham and Rogers — Conversation and Character of Brougham — Lord +Goderich’s Ministry dissolved — Cause of its Dissolution — Hostility of +Herries — Position of Huskisson and his Friends — Herries and Huskisson +both join the New Cabinet +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +The Duke of Wellington’s Administration — Huskisson’s Speech — Irritation +of Mr. Canning’s Friends — Tom Duncombe’s Maiden Speech — Mr. Huskisson +resigns and the Canningites quit the Government — Princess +Lieven hostile to the Duke — The Catholic Question — Jockey Club Dinner +at St. James’s — Lord Lyndhurst — Sir Robert Adair — Fox and Burke — +Fox and Pitt — The Lord High Admiral dismissed by the King — Dawson’s +Speech on Catholic Emancipation — The King’s Health — His Pages — +State of Ireland — Marquis of Anglesey — O’Connell — His Influence in +Ireland — Lord Belmore Governor of Jamaica — The Duke’s Letter to Dr. +Curtis — Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland — Causes of this Event — +Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question — His Aversion to Sir +William Knighton — Character of George IV. — Denman’s Silk Gown — +Pension to Lady Westmeath — Duke of Wellington on Russia — The Reis-Effendi +— Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland — Privy Council +Register — State Paper Office — The Gunpowder Plot — Catholic Emancipation +— Navarino +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span> +The Catholic Relief Bill — Inconsistency of the Tories — The Catholic Association +— Dinner at Charles Grant’s — The Terceira Expedition — Tory +Discontent — Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford University — A Blunder in +Chancery — The Oxford Election — Influence of the Duke of Wellington — +Debate of Royal Dukes — Peel beaten — Sir Edward Codrington — Violence +of the King — Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill — The Duke of Cumberland +— Furious State of Parties — Matuscewitz — Peel’s Speech on +Catholic Emancipation — Exclusion of O’Connell from his Seat for Clare +— Pitt’s View of Catholic Emancipation — ‘Musæ Cateatonenses’ — +‘Thorough’ — Mr. Lowther not turned out — Duke of Newcastle’s Audience +of George IV. — The King’s Personal Habits — The Debate — Mr. Sadler — +Hardness of the Duke of Wellington — His Duel with Lord Winchelsea +— The Bishops and the Bill — Sir Charles Wetherell — The King on the +Duel — Lord Winchelsea’s Pocket-handkerchief — Debate on the Catholic +Bill — The Duke of Richmond — Effects of Dawson’s Speech on the King +— The Bill in Jeopardy — Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey — Lord Falmouth +and Lord Grey — O’Connell at Dinner — The Duke breaks with +Lord Eldon — Hibner the Murderess — Theatrical Fund — The Levee — +The Duke’s Carriage stopped — The King’s Health — Lady Conyngham — +O’Connell’s Seat — Child’s Ball at Court — Princess Victoria — Legal Appointments +— Lord Palmerston on Foreign Affairs — The King and Lord +Sefton — The King’s Speech on the Prorogation — Madame Du Cayla — +George IV.’s Inaccuracy — Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on +the King and the Duke of Cumberland +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +The Recorder’s Report — Manners of George IV — Intrigues of the Duke of +Cumberland — Insults Lady Lyndhurst — Deacon Hume at the Board of +Trade — Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the Lord Chancellor +— A Bad Season — Prostration of Turkey — France under Polignac +— State of Ireland — Mr. Windham’s Diary — George IV.’s Eyesight — +Junius — A Man without Money — Court-martial on Captain Dickenson — +The Duke and the ‘Morning Journal’ — Physical Courage of the King — +A Charade at Chatsworth — Huskisson and the Duke — Irish Trials — Tom +Moore — Scott — Byron — Fanny Kemble — Sir James Mackintosh — His +Conversation — Black Irishmen — Moore’s Irish Story — Moore’s Singing +— George IV. and Mr. Denman — Strawberry Hill — Moore at Trinity +College — Indian Vengeance at Niagara — Count Woronzow — Lord +Glengall’s Play — The Recorder’s Report +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span> +Chapter of the Bath — The Duc de Dino arrested — A Ball to the Divan — +English Policy in Greece — Sir Thomas Lawrence — Gallatin — Court of +King’s Bench — Accident to the Grand Duke Constantine — Osterley — +Young Sidney Herbert — Duke of Wellington in Office — Stapleton’s +‘Life of Canning’ — Death of Sir Thomas Lawrence — Leopold and the +Throne of Greece — Canning’s Answers to Lord Grey — Distressed State +of the Country — Canning’s Greatness and his Failings — Death of +Tierney — Sir Martin Shee President — The Duke of Wellington’s Views +and Conduct — The coming Session — Moore’s ‘Life of Byron’ — Character +of Byron — Opening of Parliament — The Fire King — The Duke of Wellington’s +Speaking — The English Opera House burnt down — Lord +Thurlow on Kenyon and Buller — Old Rothschild — Lansdowne House — +Earl Stanhope — John Murray — Departure for Italy +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +Calais — Beau Brummell — Paris — The Polignac Ministry — Polignac and +Charles X. — The Duke of Orleans — State of Parties — Talleyrand — Lyons +— First Impressions of Mountain Scenery — Mont Cenis — Turin — Marengo +— Genoa — Road to Florence — Pisa — Florence — Lord and Lady Burghersh +— Thorwaldsen — Lord Cochrane — Rome — St. Peter’s — Frascati — Grotto +Ferrata — Queen Hortense and Louis Napoleon — Coliseum — Death of +Lady Northampton — The Moses — Gardens — Palm Sunday — Sistine +Chapel — The Cardinals — Popes — Cardinal Albani — The Farnese Palace +— A Dead Cardinal — Pasquin — Statue of Pompey — Galleries and Catacombs +— Bunsen — The Papal Benediction — Ceremonies of the Holy +Week — The Grand Penitentiary — A Confession — Protestant Cemetery +— Illumination of St. Peter’s — Torlonia — Bunsen on the Forum +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +Lake of Albano — Velletri — Naples — Rapid Travelling in 1830 — A Trial at +Naples — Deciphering Manuscripts — Ball at the Duchesse d’Eboli’s — +Matteis’s Plot and Trial — Pompeii — Taking the Veil — Pausilippo — Baiæ +— La Cava — Salerno — Pæstum — Lazaroni — Museum of Naples — Grotto +del Cane — The Camaldoli — Herculaneum — Vesuvius — Sorrento — Miracle +of St. Januarius — Astroni — Farewell to Naples +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><b>CHAPTER X.</b></a></p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span> +Moladi Gaeta — Capua — Lines on leaving Naples — Return to Rome — The Aqueducts +— ‘Domine, quo vadis?’ — St. Peter’s — The Scala Santa — Reasons +in Favour of San Gennaro — Ascent of St. Peter’s — Library of the Vatican +— A racing <i>ex voto</i> — Illness of George IV. — Approaching <i>Coup d’État</i> in +France — The Villa Mills — The Malaria — Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg — +The Emperor Nicholas on his Accession — Cardinal Albani — A <i>Columbarium</i> +— Maii — Sir William Gell — Tivoli — Hadrian’s Villa — The Adventures +of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift — Audience of the Pope — Gibson’s +Studio — End of Miss Kelly’s Marriage — A Great Function — The Jesuits +— Saint-making — San Lorenzo in Lucina — The Flagellants — Statues by +Torchlight — Bunsen on the State of Rome — Frascati — Relations of Protestant +States with Rome — The French Ministry — M. de Villèle — The +Coliseum — Excommunication of a Thief — The Passionists — The Corpus +Domini — A Rash Marriage — Farewell to Rome — Falls of Terni — Statue +at Pratolino — Bologna — Mezzofanti — Ferrara — Venice — Padua — Vicenza +— Brescia — Verona — Milan — Lago Maggiore — The Simplon — Geneva +— Paris +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#NOTE"><b>NOTE.</b></a></p> + +<p><span class='smcap'>Mr. Greville’s Connexion with the Turf.</span></p> +<hr /> + +<h1>A JOURNAL <br /> +<small>OF THE</small> <br /> +REIGN OF KING GEORGE THE FOURTH</h1> + +<hr /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span> +Queen Charlotte — Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge — Westminster +Election — Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and Sir Murray Maxwell +— London Election — Oatlands — The Duke of York — Duchess of York — +Ampthill — Tixall — Mr. Luttrell — Lady Granville — Teddesley — Macao — +Burleigh — Middleton — Lady Jersey — The New Parliament — Tierney and +Pitt — Princess Lieven — Madame de Staël on the French Revolution — +Westminster Election — Hobhouse Defeated — Scarlett’s Maiden Speech — +Influence of Party — Play — The Persian Ambassador at Court — Prince +Leopold — Woburn — Anecdote of the Allies — Death of George III. — Illness +of George IV. — Queen Caroline — Fleury de Chabaulon — The Cato +Street Conspiracy — George IV. at Ascot — Marchioness of Conyngham +— Queen Caroline in London — Message to Parliament — Debates — Insubordination +in the Guards — Wilberforce’s Motion — Proceedings against +the Queen — ‘Les Liaisons dangereuses’ — The Queen’s Trial — The Duke +of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo and the Occupation of Paris. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1818.</h2> + +<p style="text-indent=0em;"> +I began to keep a Journal some time ago, and, after continuing +it irregularly, dropped it entirely. I have since felt +tempted to resume it, because, having frequent opportunities +of mixing in the society of celebrated men, some particulars +about them might be interesting hereafter.</p> + +<h3>June 7th, 1818</h3> + +<p>The dissolution of Parliament is deferred on +account of the mistakes which have been made in passing +the Alien Bill. On Friday night the exultation of the +Opposition was very great at what they deemed a victory +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LAST YEARS OF THE REGENCY.</span> +over the Ministers. It is said that there will be 100 contests, +and that Government will lose twenty or thirty members. +The Queen was so ill on Friday evening that they expected +she would die. She had a severe +spasm.<a name="FNA_01_01" id="FNA_01_01" href="#FN_01_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_01" id="FN_01_01" href="#FNA_01_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., died on the 17th of November +of this year, 1818.]</p></div> + +<p>The Duchess of +Cambridge<a name="FNA_01_02" id="FNA_01_02" href="#FN_01_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +has been received in a most +flattering manner here, and it is said that the Duchess of +Cumberland is severely mortified at the contrast between her +reception and that of her sister-in-law. On the Sunday +after her arrival the Duke took her to walk in the Park, +when she was so terrified by the pressure of the mob about +her that she nearly fainted away.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_02" id="FN_01_02" href="#FNA_01_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of George +III., married on the 7th of May, 1818, Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Princess +of Hesse, youngest daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. Ernest, +Duke of Cumberland, the King’s fourth son, married on the 29th of August, +1815, at Strelitz, the Princess Frederica, third daughter of the Duke of +Mecklenburg-Strelitz. +This lady had been twice married before, first to Prince +Frederic Louis Charles of Prussia, and secondly to the Prince of Salms-Braunfels. +As the Duchess of Cumberland had been divorced from her +last husband, the Queen received her with great coldness; and the position +in which she was placed contrasted strongly with that of the Duchess of +Cambridge on her marriage.]</p></div> + +<p>The Regent drives in the Park every day in a tilbury, +with his groom sitting by his side; grave men are shocked +at this undignified practice.</p> + +<h3>June 21st, 1818</h3> + +<p>I dined at Holland House last Thursday. +The party consisted of Lord Lansdowne, Mr. Frere, and +Mrs. Tierney and her son. After dinner Mr. Frere repeated +to us a great deal of that part of ‘Whistlecraft’ which is not +yet +published.<a name="FNA_01_03" id="FNA_01_03" href="#FN_01_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +I laughed whenever I could, but as I have +never read the first part, and did not understand the second, +I was not so much amused as the rest of the company.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_03" id="FN_01_03" href="#FNA_01_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[The whole poem of ‘Whistlecraft’ has since been republished in the +collected works of the Right Hon. Hookham Frere.]</p></div> + +<p>On Friday I went to the Stud-house, where a great party +was assembled to see the stock and buy them. After visiting +the paddocks, +Bloomfield<a name="FNA_01_04" id="FNA_01_04" href="#FN_01_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +gave a magnificent dinner to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">A GENERAL ELECTION.</span> +the company in a tent near the house; it was the finest +feast I ever saw, but the badness of the weather spoilt the +entertainment.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_04" id="FN_01_04" href="#FNA_01_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[Sir Benjamin Bloomfield filled the offices of Marshal and Chief +Equerry to the Regent, and in 1817 he became Receiver-General of the +Duchy of Cornwall and Keeper of the Privy Purse to the Prince. The +Stud-house of Hampton Court had been given him as a residence. He was +raised to the peerage in 1825.]</p></div> + +<p>The Queen’s illness was occasioned by information which +she received of the Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge +having met and embraced. This meeting took place as if +by accident, but really by appointment, in Kew Gardens; +and the Duke of Cambridge himself informed the Queen of +it. She was in such a rage that the spasm was brought on, +and she was very near dying.</p> + +<h3>June 24th, 1818</h3> + +<p>The elections are carried on with great +violence, and every day we hear of fresh contests being in +agitation. The disgraceful scenes which have taken place +in Westminster excite universal shame and indignation. +The mob seem to have shaken off the feelings and the usual +character of Englishmen, and in the brutal attacks which +they have made on Captain Maxwell have displayed the +savage ferocity which marked the mobs of Paris in the worst +times. He has been so much hurt that his life is now in +danger. Sir F. Burdett told me this morning that as soon +as he was at the head of the poll he thought he should +appear upon the hustings and thank the people for having +raised him thus high. It is supposed that Burdett has laid +out 10,000ℓ. on this election, though his friends do not +acknowledge that he has spent anything. It is clear that +the open houses, cockades, and bands of music we have seen +these three days were not procured for nothing.</p> + +<p>Lord Castlereagh went to the hustings, and voted for +Sir Murray Maxwell; he was hooted, pelted, and got off +with some difficulty. His Lordship’s judgment was not very +conspicuous on this occasion; both Sir Murray’s friends and +enemies are of opinion that Lord Castlereagh’s vote did him +a great deal of harm and turned many men against him. +The severest contests will be in Wiltshire, Herefordshire, +Devonshire, and Lincolnshire. The elections are going +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +against Government generally; in London particularly, as the +Ministers lose one seat in the Borough and two in the City. +This last election is the most unexpected of all. Curtis +has been member for twenty-eight years, and has been used +to come in very high on the poll. On this occasion the contest +between him and Alderman Thorpe was severe, but +Curtis would have carried it had not Wood and Waithman +coalesced with Thorpe the last day, and thrown their spare +votes over to him; this determined the election in his +favour.<a name="FNA_01_05" id="FNA_01_05" href="#FN_01_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_05" id="FN_01_05" href="#FNA_01_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Sir William Curtis was the Ministerial candidate in the City of +London; he was thrown out, and Messrs. Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and +Thorpe were returned.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 30th, 1818</h3> + +<p>There was an affray yesterday afternoon in +Covent Garden. Sir Murray Maxwell’s people paraded about +a large boat drawn by six horses. Burdett’s mob attacked and +demolished the boat, and this action having raised their spirits, +the contest continued. The consequence was that a large +party of Horse Guards were marched into Covent Garden, and +paraded there during the rest of the night. The people expressed +their discontent by cries of ‘This is what they call +freedom of election!’ ‘Burdett for ever!’ +&c.<a name="FNA_01_06" id="FNA_01_06" href="#FN_01_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_06" id="FN_01_06" href="#FNA_01_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[The Westminster election terminated as follows:—Sir Samuel +Romilly, 5,339; Sir Francis Burdett, 5,238; Sir Murray Maxwell, 4,808; +Henry Hunt, 84.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 4th, 1818</h3> + +<p>I went to +Oatlands<a name="FNA_01_07" id="FNA_01_07" href="#FN_01_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +on Saturday. There was +a very large party—Mr. and Mrs. Burrell, Lord Alvanley, +Berkeley Craven, Cooke, Arthur Upton, Armstrong, Foley, +Lord Lauderdale, Lake, Page, Lord Yarmouth. We played +at whist till four in the morning. On Sunday we amused +ourselves with eating fruit in the garden, and shooting at a +mark with pistols, and playing with the monkeys. I bathed +in the cold bath in the grotto, which is as clear as crystal and +as cold as ice. Oatlands is the worst managed establishment +in England; there are a great many servants, and nobody +waits on you; a vast number of horses, and none to ride or +drive.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_07" id="FN_01_07" href="#FNA_01_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[Oatlands Park, Weybridge, at that time the residence of the Duke of +York.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 15th, 1818</h3> + +<p>The parties at Oatlands take place every +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.</span> +Saturday, and the guests go away on Monday morning. These +parties begin as soon as the Duchess leaves London, and last +till the October meetings. During the Egham races there is +a large party which remains there from the Saturday before +the races till the Monday se’nnight following; this is called +the Duchess’s party, and she invites the guests. The Duke is +only there himself from Saturday to Monday. There are +almost always the same people, sometimes more, sometimes +less. We dine at eight, and sit at table till eleven. In about +a quarter of an hour after we leave the dining-room the Duke +sits down to play at whist, and never stirs from the table as +long as anybody will play with him. When anybody gives +any hint of being tired he will leave off, but if he sees no +signs of weariness in others he will never stop himself. He +is equally well amused whether the play is high or low, but +the stake he prefers is fives and +ponies.<a name="FNA_01_08" id="FNA_01_08" href="#FN_01_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +The Duchess generally +plays also at half-crown whist. The Duke always gets +up very early, whatever time he may go to bed. On Sunday +morning he goes to church, returns to a breakfast of tea and +cold meat, and afterwards rides or walks till the evening. +On Monday morning he always sets off to London at nine +o’clock. He sleeps equally well in a bed or in a carriage. +The Duchess seldom goes to bed, or, if she does, only for an +hour or two; she sleeps dressed upon a couch, sometimes in +one room, sometimes in another. She frequently walks out +very late at night, or rather early in the morning, and she +always sleeps with open windows. She dresses and breakfasts +at three o’clock, afterwards walks out with all her dogs, +and seldom appears before dinner-time. At night, when she +cannot sleep, she has women to read to her. The Duchess +of York<a name="FNA_01_09" id="FNA_01_09" href="#FN_01_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +is clever and well-informed; she likes society and +dislikes all form and ceremony, but in the midst of the most +familiar intercourse she always preserves a certain dignity +of manner. Those who are in the habit of going to Oatlands +are perfectly at their ease with her, and talk with as much +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +freedom as they would to any other woman, but always with +great respect. Her mind is not perhaps the most delicate; +she shows no dislike to coarseness of sentiment or language, +and I have seen her very much amused with jokes, stories, +and allusions which would shock a very nice person. But +her own conversation is never polluted with anything the +least indelicate or unbecoming. She is very sensible to little +attentions, and is annoyed if anybody appears to keep aloof +from her or to shun conversing with her. Her dogs are her +greatest interest and amusement, and she has at least forty +of various kinds. She is delighted when anybody gives her +a dog, or a monkey, or a parrot, of all of which she has a +vast number; it is impossible to offend her or annoy her +more than by ill-using any of her dogs, and if she were to see +anybody beat or kick any one of them she would never forgive +it. She has always lived on good terms with the Royal +Family, but is intimate with none of them, and goes as little +as possible to Court. The Regent dislikes her, and she him. +With the Princess Charlotte she was latterly very intimate, +spent a great deal of time at Claremont, and felt her death +very severely. The Duchess has no taste for splendour or +magnificence, and likes to live the life of a private individual +as much as possible.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_08" id="FN_01_08" href="#FNA_01_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[Five-pound points and twenty-five pounds on the rubber.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_09" id="FN_01_09" href="#FNA_01_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[The Duchess of York was born Princess Royal of Prussia; she married +the Duke of York in 1791, and died on the 6th of August, 1820.]</p></div> + +<p>The Duke of York is not clever, but he has a justness of +understanding, which enables him to avoid the errors into +which most of his brothers have fallen, and which have made +them so contemptible and unpopular. Although his talents +are not rated high, and in public life he has never been +honourably distinguished, the Duke of York is loved and +respected. He is the only one of the Princes who has the +feelings of an English gentleman; his amiable disposition +and excellent temper have conciliated for him the esteem +and regard of men of all parties, and he has endeared +himself to his friends by the warmth and steadiness of his +attachments, and from the implicit confidence they all have +in his truth, straightforwardness, and sincerity. He delights +in the society of men of the world and in a life of gaiety and +pleasure. He is very easily amused, and particularly with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.</span> +jokes full of coarseness and indelicacy; the men with whom +he lives most are <i>très-polissons</i>, and <i>la polissonnerie</i> is the <i>ton</i> of +his society. But his aides-de-camp and friends, while they do +not scruple to say everything before and to him, always treat +him with attention and respect. The Duke and the Duchess +live upon the best terms; their manner to one another is +cordial, and while full of mutual respect and attention, they +follow separately their own occupations and amusements +without interfering with one another. Their friends are +common to both, and those who are most attached to the +Duke are equally so to the Duchess. One of her few foibles is +an extreme tenaciousness of her authority at Oatlands; one +way in which this is shown is in the stable, where, although +there are always eight or ten carriage-horses which seldom do +any work, it is impossible ever to procure a horse to ride or +drive, because the Duchess appropriates them all to herself. +The other day one of the aides-de-camp (Cooke) wanted to +drive Burrell (who was there) to Hampton Court; he spoke +of this at breakfast, and the Duke hearing it, desired he +would take the curricle and two Spanish horses which had +been given to him. The Duchess, however, chose to call +these horses hers and to consider them as her own. The +curricle came to the door, and just as they were going to +mount it a servant came from the Duchess (who had heard +of it) and told the coachman that her Royal Highness knew +nothing of it, had not ordered it, and that the curricle must +go home, which it accordingly did.</p> + +<h3>September 3rd, 1818</h3> + +<p>I went to Oatlands for the Egham races. +The party lasted more than a week; there was a great +number of people, and it was very agreeable. Erskine was +extremely mad; he read me some of his verses, and we had +a dispute upon religious subjects one morning, which he +finished by declaring his entire disbelief in the Mosaic +history. We played at whist every night that the Duke was +there, and I always won. The Duchess was unwell most of +the time. We showed her a <i>galanterie</i> which pleased her +very much. She produced a picture of herself one evening, +which she said she was going to send to the Duchess of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +Orleans; we all cried out, said it was bad, and asked her +why she did not let Lawrence paint her picture, and send a +miniature copied from that. She declared she could not afford +it; we then said, if she would sit, we would pay for the picture, +which she consented to do, when all the men present +signed a paper, desiring that a picture should be painted +and a print taken from it of her Royal Highness. Lawrence +is to be invited to Oatlands at Christmas to paint the picture. +The men who subscribe are Culling Smith, Alvanley, B. Craven, +Worcester, Armstrong, A. Upton, Rogers, Luttrell, +and myself, who were present. The Duchess desired that +Greenwood and Taylor might be added. From Oatlands I +went to Cirencester, where I stayed a week and then returned +to Oatlands, expecting to find the Queen dead and +the house empty, but I found the party still there.</p> + +<h3>Ampthill,<a name="FNA_01_10" id="FNA_01_10" href="#FN_01_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +September 9th, 1818</h3> + +<p>I rode down here to-day, +Alvanley and Montrond came in a chaise and four, and +were only three hours and three-quarters coming from town. +Luttrell and Rogers are here. The dinner very bad, because +the cook is out of humour. The evening passed off heavily.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_10" id="FN_01_10" href="#FNA_01_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[Ampthill Park, at that time the seat of Lord and Lady Holland, +who had inherited it from the Earl of Upper Ossory. On the death of Lady +Holland Ampthill was purchased by the Duke of Bedford, and has since +been inhabited by Lord and Lady Wensleydale.]</p></div> + +<h3>Ampthill, September 11th, 1818</h3> + +<p>The Duke and Duchess of +San Carlos came yesterday with their two daughters, one of +whom is fourteen and the other twelve or thirteen years old. +The eldest is betrothed to the Count Altimira, a boy of seventeen +years old, son of one of the richest Spanish grandees. +He has 70,000ℓ. a year. The Duke of Medina-Cœli before +the French invasion had 215,000ℓ. a year.</p> + +<p>Lord Holland was talking to Mr. Fox the day after the +debate on the war (after the Peace of Amiens) about public +speakers, and mentioned Sheridan’s speech on the Begums. +Fox said, ‘You may rest assured that that speech was the +finest that ever was made in Parliament.’ Lord Holland +said, ‘It is very well of you to say so, but I think your +speech last night was a pretty good one.’ Fox said, ‘And +that was a devilish fine speech too.’</p> + +<h3>Teddesley, November 30th, 1818</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF MR. LUTTRELL.</span> +I went to +Tixall<a name="FNA_01_11" id="FNA_01_11" href="#FN_01_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +on Tuesday, +the 10th of November. There were Luttrell, Nugent, Montagu, +Granville Somerset (who went away the next day), and +afterwards Granville Vernon, Wilmot, and Mr. Donald. I +never remember so agreeable a party—‘le bon goût, les ris, +l’aimable liberté.’ Everybody was pleased because each did +what he pleased, and the tone of the society was gay, simple, +and clever.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_11" id="FN_01_11" href="#FNA_01_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[Tixall, the seat of Sir Clifford Constable in Staffordshire, was let at +this time to Lord and Lady Granville.]</p></div> + +<p>It is hardly possible to live with a more agreeable man +than Luttrell. He is difficult to please, but when pleased +and in good spirits, full of vivacity. He has a lively imagination, +a great deal of instruction, and a very retentive +memory, a memory particularly happy for social purposes, +for he recollects a thousand anecdotes, fine allusions, odd +expressions, or happy remarks, applicable to the generality +of topics which fall under discussion. He is extremely +sensitive, easily disconcerted, and resents want of tact in +others, because he is so liable to suffer from any breach of +it. A sceptic in religion, and by no means austere in morals, +he views with indulgence all faults except those which are +committed against society, but he looks upon a bore with +unconcealed aversion. He is attached to a few persons +whose talents he respects and whose society he covets, but +towards the world in general he is rather misanthropical, +and prides himself upon being free from the prejudices which +he ridicules and despises more or less in everybody else. +Detesting the importance and the superiority which are +assumed by those who have only riches or rank to boast of, +he delights in London, where such men find their proper +level, and where genius and ability always maintain an +ascendancy over pomp, vanity, and the adventitious circumstances +of birth or position. Born in mystery,<a name="FNA_01_12" + id="FNA_01_12" href="#FN_01_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> he has +always shrouded himself in a secresy which none of his +acquaintance have ever endeavoured to penetrate. He has +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +connections, but they are unknown or only guessed at. He +has occupations, amusements, and interests unconnected +with the society in which he publicly moves. Of these he +never speaks, and no one ever ventures to ask him any +questions. Ostensibly he has no friend. Standing thus +alone in the world, he derives but little of his happiness from +others; and he seems to delight in the independence of his +feelings as well as of his situation. He is very witty and +says excellent things, brilliant in general society and pleasant +in <i>tête-à-tête.</i> Many men infinitely less clever <i>converse</i> more +agreeably than he does, because he is too epigrammatic, and +has accustomed himself so much to make brilliant observations +that he cannot easily descend to quiet, unlaboured talk. +This only applies to him when in general society; when alone +with another person he talks as agreeably as possible.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_12" id="FN_01_12" href="#FNA_01_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[Mr. Luttrell was believed to be a natural son of Lord Carhampton. +He had sat in the last Irish Parliament before the Union, and died about +1855 at a very advanced age.]</p></div> + +<p>Nugent is clever, and in many respects a more amiable +companion than Luttrell, though very inferior to him in +ability. He is well-informed, gentlemanlike, sensible, with +good manners, good taste, and has a talent for music; he is +always in good humour, and discriminating without being +difficult.</p> + +<p>Lady Granville<a name="FNA_01_13" id="FNA_01_13" href="#FN_01_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +has a great deal of genial humour, +strong feelings, enthusiasm, delicacy, refinement, good taste, +<i>naïveté</i> which just misses being affectation, and a <i>bonhomie</i> +which extends to all around her.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_13" id="FN_01_13" href="#FNA_01_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[Henrietta Elizabeth, daughter of William, fifth Duke of Devonshire, +married in 1809 to Lord Granville Leveson Gower, created Viscount +Granville in 1815, and Earl Granville in 1833, during his embassy at the +Court of France.]</p></div> + +<p>Nothing could exceed the agreeableness of the life we led +at Tixall. We breakfasted about twelve or later, dined at +seven, played at whist and macao the whole evening, and +went to bed at different hours between two and four. ‘Nous +faisions la bonne chère, ce qui ajoute beaucoup à l’agrément +de la société. Je ne dis pas ceci par rapport à mes propres +goûts; mais parce que je l’ai observé, et que les philosophes +n’y sont pas plus indifférents que les bons vivants.’</p> + +<p>When the party at Tixall was over we all removed to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PARTY AT TIXALL.</span> +Teddesley. +Littleton<a name="FNA_01_14" id="FNA_01_14" href="#FN_01_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +is good-natured, liberal, hospitable, +and anxious to oblige, but he wants tact, and his table is +more copious than refined. The house is ugly and in an +ugly situation; the rooms are small, but not ill furnished. +The dinners were not good, and Luttrell and Nugent were +both very angry at the badness of the fare. We had a +brilliant <i>chasse</i>. Luttrell left Teddesley on Monday, the +Granvilles on Sunday, and Nugent and I on Tuesday; we +travelled together to Oxford. He is very agreeable, full of +information, and has a great facility in expressing himself. +We parted at Oxford. I went to Redrice, and came to town +on Sunday.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_14" id="FN_01_14" href="#FNA_01_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[Edward Littleton, Esq., at that time M.P. for the county of Stafford; +raised to the Privy Council in 1833, when he became Chief Secretary for +Ireland, and to the peerage under the title of Baron Hatherton in 1835.]</p></div> + +<p>Tixall was the most agreeable party I ever was at. We +were all pleased and satisfied; we played at whist, and afterwards +at macao. Littleton was the greatest winner and +Lord Granville the loser. I wrote a description of the macao +in verse:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10"><i>MACAO</i></span></div> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The solemn chime from out the ancient + tower<a name="FNA_01_15" id="FNA_01_15" href="#FN_01_15" + class="fnanchor">[15]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Invites to Macao at th’ accustomed + hour.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The welcome summons heard, around the board<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Each takes his seat and counts his iv’ry + hoard.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">’Tis strange to see how in the early rounds<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The cautious punters risk their single pounds,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till, fired with generous rage, they double stake<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And offer more than prudent dealers take.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My Lady<a name="FNA_01_16" id="FNA_01_16" + href="#FN_01_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> through her glass with + keen delight<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Observes the brisk beginnings of the fight;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To some propitious, but to me unkind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With candour owns the bias of her mind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And asks of Fortune the severe decree<br /></span> +<span class="i0">T’ enrich the happy Skew,<a name="FNA_01_17" + id="FNA_01_17" href="#FN_01_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> to ruin me.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The fickle Goddess heard one-half the prayer,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rest was melted into empty air;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For while she smiled complacent on the Skew,<a name="FNA_01_18" id="FNA_01_18" href="#FN_01_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">On me she shed some trifling favours too.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Sure Granville’s luck exceeds all other men’s<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Led through a sad variety of tens;<a name="FNA_01_19" + id="FNA_01_19" href="#FN_01_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rest have sometimes eights and nines, but he<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is always followed by ‘the jolly three;’<a name="FNA_01_20" id="FNA_01_20" href="#FN_01_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">But the great Skew some guardian sylph protects,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His judgment governs, and his hand directs<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When to refrain, when boldly to put in<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And catch with happy nine the wayward pin.<a name="FNA_01_21" id="FNA_01_21" href="#FN_01_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The next morning Luttrell came down with a whole +paper full of epigrams (I had been winning at macao, and +had turned up five nines in my deal):—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Why should we wonder if in Greville’s verses<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Each thought so brilliant and each line so terse is?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For surely he in poetry must shine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is, we know, so favoured by the nine.<a name="FNA_01_22" id="FNA_01_22" href="#FN_01_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6"><i>THE JOLLY TENS</i>.</span></div> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Quoth Greville, ‘The commandments are divine;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But as they’re ten, I lay them on the shelf:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">O could they change their number and be nine,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I’d keep them all, and keep them to myself!’<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Thus we trifled life away.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_15" id="FN_01_15" +href="#FNA_01_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +A clock tower.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_16" id="FN_01_16" +href="#FNA_01_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +Lady Granville.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_17" id="FN_01_17" +href="#FNA_01_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +E. Montagu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_18" id="FN_01_18" +href="#FNA_01_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +We gave him this nickname.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_19" id="FN_01_19" +href="#FNA_01_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +Tens, ruinous at macao.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_20" id="FN_01_20" +href="#FNA_01_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> +Tens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_21" id="FN_01_21" +href="#FNA_01_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> +The middle pin, a large gain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_22" id="FN_01_22" +href="#FNA_01_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> +<i>Nines</i> are the grand desiderata at macao.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1819.</h2> + +<h3>January 17th, 1819</h3> + +<p>I went to Burleigh on the 23rd of December; +there was no one there but Irby. The house disappointed +me very much, but it is a very fine showplace. +I went away on the 27th to Middleton; there were the +Culling Smiths, Worcesters, Sir James Mackintosh, Ossulstons, +Nugent, &c.; it was very agreeable, and the house +extremely comfortable. Lady Jersey<a name="FNA_01_23" id="FNA_01_23" + href="#FN_01_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> is an extraordinary +woman, and has many good qualities; surrounded as she +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LADY JERSEY.</span> +is by flatterers and admirers, she is neither proud nor conceited. +She is full of vivacity, spirit, and good nature, but +the wide range of her sympathies and affections proves that +she has more general benevolence than particular sensibility +in her character. She performs all the ordinary duties +of life with great correctness, because her heart is naturally +good; and she is, perhaps, from her temperament exposed to +fewer temptations than the generality of her sex. She is +deficient in passion and in softness (which constitute the +greatest charm in women), so that she excites more of +admiration than of interest; in conversation she is lively and +pleasant, without being very remarkable, for she has neither +wit, nor imagination, nor humour; her understanding is +active rather than strong, and her judgment is too often +warped by prejudice to be sound. She has a retentive +memory and a restless mind, together with a sort of intellectual +arrangement, with which she appears rather to have +been gifted by nature than to have derived it from the cultivation +of her reasoning faculties.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_23" id="FN_01_23" href="#FNA_01_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> +[Sarah Sophia, eldest daughter of John, tenth Earl of Westmoreland, +and heiress of Robert Child, Esq., of Osterley Park, her maternal +grandfather.]</p></div> + +<p>I went from Middleton to Oatlands. The Duke was not +there. We had the Smiths, Worcesters, Alvanley, Stanhope, +Rogers, Luttrell, George Dawson, Lord Lauderdale, &c. +Lord Erskine was ill, and Lord Lauderdale was taking care +of him. The house was very uncomfortable, and the room I +was in small, noisy, and inconvenient.</p> + +<p>I came to London on Friday last. Parliament having +met on the Thursday, it is very full, and is filling more and +more every day. The Opposition expect to divide 180 on the +Bank question; they talk of re-establishing the dinners +which they used to have in Fox’s time.</p> + +<p>Rogers is in a nervous state about his poem, and trembles +at the reviewers.<a name="FNA_01_24" id="FNA_01_24" href="#FN_01_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_24" id="FN_01_24" href="#FNA_01_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> +[Rogers’ poem entitled ‘Human Life’ was on the eve of publication. +The reviewers treated it more tenderly than it deserved, as appears below.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 28th, 1819</h3> + +<p>I went to Gorhambury on the 24th to +shoot. The Duke of York was there. We should have had +a brilliant <i>chasse</i>, but it rained. We went out at three and +killed 105 pheasants.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +There has been some skirmishing in the House of +Commons, particularly the night before last, on Dr. Halloran’s +petition, when the Opposition (Bennet <i>duce</i>) got completely +beaten. Many of the new members have spoken, +but Mr. Lawson, a <i>soi-disant</i> wit, and Sir R. Wilson have +failed lamentably. It is odd enough that Wilson made a +reply to an attack which Cobbett had inserted in one of his +papers upon him. Cobbett said that he would make a silly +speech in Parliament and destroy himself, and it is just what +he did. The Opposition were very angry with Sir J. Coffin, +who, with the candour of a novice, had made himself informed +of the facts of the petition, and finding they were against +his friends, said so in the House.</p> + +<p>Arbuthnot told me some particulars about Tierney. He +began by being a friend of Mr. Pitt, and in one of his speeches +on the Southwark or Colchester election he praised him in +opposition to Mr. Fox. This latter never liked him, and +the Regent assured Arbuthnot he had letters of Tierney +in his possession thanking him for having endeavoured to +remove Mr. Fox’s antipathy to him. When Addington came +in, Pitt advised him to get Tierney, as nobody would be so +useful to him. He did accordingly, and so Tierney became +a member of the +Administration.<a name="FNA_01_25" id="FNA_01_25" href="#FN_01_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> +When Pitt came again +into office a negotiation was opened with him through +the medium of Charles Long. He was offered the Chief +Secretaryship in Ireland, which he wished to have, but he +made it a condition that he should not be in Parliament. +To this Mr. Pitt would not agree, as he said that he must +commit himself with them entirely or not join them at all; +he refused, not choosing to commit himself, and the negotiations +broke off.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_25" id="FN_01_25" href="#FNA_01_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> +[Right Hon. George Tierney, Treasurer of the Navy and P.C. in 1803. +President of the Board of Control in October, 1806, Member of the Mint +in 1827.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 31st, 1819</h3> + +<p>I dined with Lady Bathurst yesterday. +We talked of the approaching contests in Parliament, and +she said that she felt more apprehensive now than ever she +had done for the safety of the Government, that it was impossible +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PRINCESS LIEVEN.</span> +for Ministers to stay in if they were defeated, as they +had occasionally been in the last Parliament, and that if they +were defeated she should attribute it all to Vansittart, who +is a millstone about their necks. I asked why they did not +get rid of him, and she said that it was from good-nature; +they had scruples about telling him he was inefficient and +must resign. She said that Canning’s conduct had been +so good towards them, they were very anxious to put him in +some more considerable office.</p> + + +<h3>February 3rd, 1819</h3> + +<p>I went with Bouverie to Newmarket on +Monday to look at the horses. On Wednesday I came to +town and went on to Oatlands. Madame de Lieven was there. +This woman is excessively clever, and when she chooses brilliantly +agreeable. She is beyond all people fastidious. She +is equally conscious of her own superiority and the inferiority +of other people, and the contempt she has for the understandings +of the generality of her acquaintance has made her +indifferent to please and incapable of taking any delight in +general society. Her manners are very dignified and graceful, +and she is extremely accomplished. She sometimes +endeavours to assume popular and gracious manners, but +she does this languidly and awkwardly, because it is done +with an effort. She carries <i>ennui</i> to such a pitch that even +in the society of her most intimate friends she frequently owns +that she is bored to death. She writes memoirs, or rather a +journal, of all that falls under her observation. She is so +clever, has so much imagination and penetration, that they +must be very entertaining. She writes as well as talks with +extraordinary ease and gracefulness, and both her letters and +her conversation are full of point; yet she is not liked, and +has made hardly any friends. Her manners are stately and +reserved, and so little <i>bonhomie</i> penetrates through her +dignity that few feel sufficiently attracted to induce them to +try and thaw the ice in which she always seems +bound.<a name="FNA_01_26" id="FNA_01_26" href="#FN_01_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_26" id="FN_01_26" href="#FNA_01_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> +[A very imperfect character of Princess Lieven, with whom Mr. +Greville was at this time but slightly acquainted. But in after years he +became one of her most intimate and confidential friends, and she frequently +reappears in the course of these memoirs.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 5th, 1819</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +I have finished Madame de Staël’s ‘Considérations +sur la Révolution Française.’ It is the best of her +works, extremely eloquent, containing the soundest political +opinions conveyed in a bold and eloquent style. It is perhaps +too philosophical and not sufficiently relieved by anecdotes +and historical illustrations. Her defence of her father is +written with much enthusiasm and great plausibility, but +the judgment of the world concerning Necker is formed, and +it is too late to alter it. The effect of her eloquence is +rather weakened by the recollection of her conduct to him, +for she lived with him as little as possible, because she could +not bear the <i>ennui</i> of Coppet.<a name="FNA_01_27" id="FNA_01_27" href="#FN_01_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_27" id="FN_01_27" href="#FNA_01_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> +[In the latter years of Madame de Staël’s life Coppet became one of the +most brilliant social resorts in Europe, for she attracted there the Schlegels, +B. Constant, Bonstetten, Sismondi, Byron, and a host of other celebrities. +Towards her father Madame de Staël expressed the most passionate regard.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 9th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The Opposition are in a state of the +highest exultation on account of the division in the House +of Commons last night on Brougham’s being added to the +Bank Committee. The numbers were 173 to 135. They +triumph particularly in this strong minority because the +attack upon Brougham in the ‘Quarterly Review’ was +deemed so successful by the Ministerial party that they +thought he would not be able to lift up his head again. The +review is extremely well done, as all allow. It is supposed +to be written by Dr. Ireland [it was by Dr. +Monk<a name="FNA_01_28" id="FNA_01_28" href="#FN_01_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>], +and that Canning supplied the jokes, but Arbuthnot assured me +he had no hand in it.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_28" id="FN_01_28" href="#FNA_01_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> +[Dr. Monk, not Dr. Ireland, was the author of the article. Monk +became Bishop of Gloucester in 1830. This passage relates to the celebrated +article on the Report of Mr. Brougham’s Committee on the Education of +the People which appeared in the ‘Quarterly Review’ of December 1818. +The article was a violent one, but it is amusing to see the effects attributed +to it at the time. Some controversy has since taken place as to the share +Canning had in it. I have myself seen the letters from Gifford (editor of +the ‘Review’) to Dr. Monk, in which he speaks of the additions which have +been made to the article; and there is the strongest internal evidence that +these <i>purpurei panni</i> were added by Canning. The subject is discussed +in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ for July 1858.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 10th, 1819</h3> + +<p>Wilberforce made a speech last night +which reminded one of the better days of the House of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WESTMINSTER ELECTION.</span> +Commons. He presented a petition from the Quakers +against the Criminal Code, and introduced a compliment to +Romilly. Castlereagh was in a minority in the Committee +concerning the equerries of the Windsor establishment; he +wished to keep two more than Tierney proposed; the latter +had eight to six in the +Committee.<a name="FNA_01_29" id="FNA_01_29" href="#FN_01_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_29" id="FN_01_29" href="#FNA_01_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> +[In consequence of the death of Queen Charlotte in the preceding month +of November, the Government visited the Windsor establishment. The +Duke of York was appointed <i>custos personæ</i> of the King, and received in +that capacity 10,000ℓ. a year, which had previously been allowed to the +Queen. A debate took place on this subject on the 25th of February, which +is referred to by Mr. Greville under that date.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 14th, 1819</h3> + +<p>George Lamb has been proposed in +opposition to +Hobhouse.<a name="FNA_01_30" id="FNA_01_30" href="#FN_01_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> +The latter drew this opposition +upon himself by his speech, and still more by the reports of +his Committee, in which they abused the Whigs in unmeasured +terms. Lambton went to Hobhouse and asked +him if he would disavow the abuse of Lord Grey, which +his Committee had inserted in the document they printed; +he refused, on which the opposition was determined upon +and begun. McDonald proposed Lamb, but they would not +hear him; Evans seconded him. G. Jones made a very good +speech in proposing Cartwright. Burdett and Kinnaird +both spoke with moderation in proposing Hobhouse. It is +generally supposed that Lamb will win.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_30" id="FN_01_30" href="#FNA_01_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> +[The death of Sir Samuel Romilly in November 1818 caused a vacancy +in the representation of Westminster, and another election took place upon +the meeting of Parliament. The numbers were: Hon. George Lamb, 4,465; +John Cam Hobhouse, 3,861; Major Cartwright, 38.]</p></div> + +<p>Rogers’ poem is disliked; the cry is all against it; some +of the lines are pretty, but it is not perspicuous enough, and +is deficient in novelty and force.</p> + +<h3>February 18th, 1819</h3> + +<p>Yesterday Lamb was only seven behind +Hobhouse on the poll; everybody thinks he is sure to win, +even if Burdett should come forward with money. The day +before there was great uproar and much abuse on the +hustings. Burdett made a shameful speech full of blasphemy +and Jacobinism, but he seems to have lost his popularity in +a great measure even with the blackguards of Westminster. +Hobhouse yesterday was long and dull; he did not speak +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +like a clever man, and if the people would have heard Lamb, +and he has any dexterity in reply, he must have crushed +him—it was so answerable a speech.</p> + +<p>I went to the +Berrys<a name="FNA_01_31" id="FNA_01_31" href="#FN_01_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +in the evening, where the blues +and the wits were assembled; as Sidney Smith said, ‘the +conversation raged,’ but there was nothing remarkably +entertaining.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_31" id="FN_01_31" href="#FNA_01_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> +[Miss Berry’s well-known <i>salon</i>, No. 8 Curzon Street, which was for +more than a half a century the resort of the best company in London.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 25th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The debate on the 10,000ℓ. to the Duke +of York on Monday produced four very good speeches—Peel +and the Solicitor-General on one part, and Tierney and +Scarlett<a name="FNA_01_32" id="FNA_01_32" href="#FN_01_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> +on the other. This latter spoke for the first time, and +in reply to the two former. The Opposition came to Brookes’ +full of admiration of his speech, which is said to be the best +<i>first speech</i> that ever was made in the House of Commons. +I, who hear all parties and care for none, have been amused +with the different accounts of the debate; one man says +Peel’s speech was the best of the night and the finest +that has been made in the House for a length of time; +another prefers the Solicitor-General’s; then on the other +side it is said that Tierney was excellent, Mr. Scarlett beyond +all praise. The friends of Government allow great merit to +the two latter speakers, but declare that Peel was unanswerable, +besides having been beautifully eloquent, and that +Scarlett’s speech was a fallacy from beginning to end. Again +I am told Peel was not good; his was a speech for effect, +evidently prepared, showy, but not argumentative; Scarlett +triumphantly refuted all his reasoning. +Thus it is that a fair +judgment is never formed upon any question; the spirit of +party influences every man’s opinions. It is not extraordinary +that each individual of a party connected by general similarity +of opinion should adhere to the great body, even in +cases where he may not happen to agree with them, and +excellent reasons may be adduced for his sacrificing his own +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PARTY SPIRIT.</span> +view for the great object of unanimity; but it is very improbable +that on a particular question, unconnected with any general +system, where arguments are adduced from opposite +sides, and submitted to the enlightened judgment of an +assembly, the same arguments which are looked upon as +satisfactory and unanswerable by one set of men should +be deemed without exception utterly fallacious by another. +If any proof were requisite of the mighty influence of party +spirit, it would be found in a still stronger light in the State +trials in the House of Lords. I have in my mind the +trial of Lord Melville; when each Peer had to deliver his +judicial opinion upon the evidence adduced in a matter so +solemn, and in the discharge of a duty so sacred, it might be +imagined that all party feelings would be laid aside, and that +a mature judgment and an enlightened conscience would +alone have regulated the conduct of every individual. Yet +either by an extraordinary accident or by the influence of +party spirit we beheld all the Peers on the Ministerial side +of the House declaring Lord Melville innocent, and all those +of the Opposition pronouncing him guilty.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_32" id="FN_01_32" href="#FNA_01_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> +[Sir James Scarlett, afterwards Lord Abinger and Lord Chief Baron. +It is remarkable that his first speech in the House of Commons was delivered +on the Whig side of the House. He afterwards became a decided +Tory.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 5th, 1819</h3> + +<p>George Lamb was to have been chaired on +the day he was elected, but the mob was outrageous and +would not suffer it. They broke into his committee room, +and he and McDonald were forced to creep out of a two pair +of stairs window into the churchyard. His partisans, who +assembled on horseback, were attacked and pelted, and forced +to retreat after receiving many hard knocks. In the evening +the mob paraded the town, and broke the windows of Lord +Castlereagh’s and Lord Sefton’s houses.</p> + +<p>The other night Sir James +Mackintosh<a name="FNA_01_33" id="FNA_01_33" href="#FN_01_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> +made a splendid +speech on the Criminal Laws; it was temperate and eloquent, +and excited universal admiration. The Ministerial party +spoke as highly of it as the Opposition themselves. Last +night Canning moved the thanks to Lord Hastings, and +they say it was the finest speech he ever made, in the best +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +taste, the clearest narrative, and the most beautiful language.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_33" id="FN_01_33" href="#FNA_01_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> +[Sir James Mackintosh’s motion for the appointment of a Committee +on Capital Punishments was carried against the Government on the 2nd of +March by 148 to 128.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 12th, 1819</h3> + +<p>I have been at Oatlands for the Ascot party. +On the course I did nothing. Ever since the Derby ill +fortune has pursued me, and I cannot win anywhere. Play +is a detestable occupation; it absorbs all our thoughts and +renders us unfit for everything else in life. It is hurtful to +the mind and destroys the better feelings; it incapacitates +us for study and application of every sort; it makes us +thoughtful and nervous; and our cheerfulness depends upon +the uncertain event of our nightly occupation. How anyone +can play who is not in want of money I cannot comprehend; +surely his mind must be strangely framed who requires +the stimulus of gambling to heighten his pleasures. Some +indeed may have become attached to gaming from habit, and +may not wish to throw off the habit from the difficulty of +finding fresh employment for the mind at an advanced period +of life. Some may be unfitted by nature or taste for society, +and for such gaming may have a powerful attraction. The +mind is excited; at the gaming-table all men are equal; no +superiority of birth, accomplishments, or ability avail here; +great noblemen, merchants, orators, jockies, statesmen, and +idlers are thrown together in levelling confusion; the only +pre-eminence is that of success, the only superiority that +of temper. But why does a man play who is blessed with +fortune, endowed with understanding, and adorned with accomplishments +which might ensure his success in any +pursuit which taste or fancy might incite him to follow? It +is contrary to reason, but we see such instances every day. +The passion of play is not artificial; it must have existed in +certain minds from the beginning; at least some must have +been so constituted that they yield at once to the attraction, +and enter with avidity into a pursuit in which other men +can never take the least interest.</p> + +<h3>June 14th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The other night in the House of Commons on +the Foreign Enlistment Bill Sir James Mackintosh made a +brilliant speech; all parties agree in commending it. Canning +answered him, but not successfully. The Duke of Wellington +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PERSIAN AMBASSADOR AND THE REGENT.</span> +told me on Friday that there was a good debate in the House +of Lords the night before on the Catholic question, but he +thought his side had the worst of it; he acknowledged that +Lord Grey’s speech had done much to shake his opinion, and +that he had not conceived that his propositions would have +been framed in so unobjectionable a +manner.<a name="FNA_01_34" id="FNA_01_34" href="#FN_01_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_34" id="FN_01_34" href="#FNA_01_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> +[On the 10th of June Earl Grey submitted to the House of Lords a +Bill to relieve Roman Catholics from taking the declaratory oaths against +Transubstantiation and the Invocation of Saints. On this occasion, for the +first time, Lord Grenville supported the Catholic claims. But the Bill was +thrown out by 141 to 92.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 25th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The Persian Ambassador has had a quarrel +with the Court. He wanted to have precedence over all +other Ambassadors, and because this was not allowed he was +affronted and would not go to Court. This mark of disrespect +was resented, and it was signified to him that his +presence would be dispensed with at Carlton House, and +that the Ministers could no longer receive him at their +houses. On Sunday last the Regent went to Lady Salisbury’s, +where he met the Persian, who, finding he had given offence, +had made a sort of apology, and said that illness had prevented +him from going to Court. The Regent came up to +him and said, ‘Well, my good friend, how are you? I +hope you are better?’ He said, ‘Oh, sir, I am very well, +but I am very sorry I offended your Royal Highness by not +going to Court. Now, sir, my Sovereign he tell me to go +first, and your Congress, about which I know nothing, say I +must go last; now this very bad for me (pointing to his +head) when I go back to Persia.’ The Regent said, ‘Well, +my good friend, never mind it now; it does not signify.’ He +answered, ‘Oh yes, sir; but your Royal Highness still angry +with me, and you have not asked me to your party to-morrow +night.’ The Regent laughed and said, ‘I was only going +to have a few children to dance, but if you like to come I +shall be very happy to see you.’ Accordingly he went to +Carlton House, and they are very good friends again.</p> + +<h3>August 11th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The Vice-Chancellor was going to Italy, +but his journey is stopped, as he says, because the Prince +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +Regent has desired him to stay in England in consequence +of the approaching return of the Princess of Wales.</p> + +<h3>August 30th, 1819</h3> + +<p>I am just returned from Oatlands; we had +an immense party, the most numerous ever known there. +The Duchess wished it to have been prolonged, but there +were no funds. The distress they are in is inconceivable. +When the Duchess came down there was no water in the +house. She asked the reason, and was informed that the +water came by pipes from St. George’s Hill, which were +stopped up with sand; and as the workmen were never paid, +they would not clear them out. She ordered the pipes to be +cleared and the bills brought to her, which was done. On +Thursday there was a great distress, as the steward had no +money to pay the tradespeople, and the Duke was prevailed +on with great difficulty to produce a small sum for the purpose. +The house is nearly in ruins.</p> + +<h3>December 24th, 1819</h3> + +<p>The Duke of Kent gave the name of +Alexandrina to his +daughter<a name="FNA_01_35" id="FNA_01_35" href="#FN_01_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> +in compliment to the Emperor +of Russia. She was to have had the name of Georgiana, but +the Duke insisted upon Alexandrina being her first name. +The Regent sent for Lieven and made him a great many +compliments (<i>en le persiflant</i>) on the Emperor’s being godfather, +but informed him that the name of Georgiana could +be second to no other in this country, and therefore she +could not bear it at all.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_35" id="FN_01_35" href="#FNA_01_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> +[The Princess, afterwards Queen, Victoria, born 24th of May, 1819.]</p></div> + +<p>The frost is intense. The town is empty. I returned +from Whersted last Wednesday se’nnight, and went to +Oatlands on Thursday; there was nearly the same party. +Prince Leopold came and dined there on Saturday. He +is very dull and heavy in his manner, and seems overcome +with the weight of his dignity. This Prince will not +succeed here; everybody is civil to him from the interest he +excited at the time of the Princess’s death—an interest +which has not yet subsided. There seems to be no harm in +him, but everybody contrasts his manners with those of +the Duke of York, and the comparison is not to his advantage. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF GEORGE IV.</span> +The Duchess likes the society of men of wit and +letters; more, I think, from the variety of having them around +her than from any pleasure she takes in their conversation. +Lord Alvanley is the man in whom she takes the greatest +delight.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1820.</h2> + +<h3>London, January 20th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I went last Sunday se’nnight +to Woburn. The Duke of York, Duke of Wellington, +Lievens, Jerseys, Worcesters, Tavistocks, Mr. Russell, Lady +Sandwich, Alvanley, C. Smith, Huntleys, Frederick Ponsonby, +Lauderdale, and others were there. The house, place, +establishment, and manner of living are magnificent. The +<i>chasse</i> was brilliant; in five days we killed 835 pheasants, +645 hares, 59 rabbits, 10 partridges, and 5 woodcocks. The +Duchess was very civil and the party very gay. I won at +whist, and liked it very much.</p> + +<h3>January 22nd, 1820</h3> + +<p>Just before the advance of the allied +army on Paris a council of war was held, when it was +unanimously resolved to retreat. The Emperor of Russia +entered the room, and said he had reasons for advancing, +and ordered the advance; the generals remonstrated, but +the Emperor was determined. Woronzoff told Sydenham +that that day a courier arrived at his outposts with a letter +for the Emperor in the handwriting of Talleyrand. This +was told me by Frederick Ponsonby.</p> + +<h3>February 4th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I returned to Woburn on Sunday. We +shot the whole week and killed an immense quantity of +game; the last two days we killed 245 and 296 pheasants, +822 and 431 head. On Sunday last arrived the news of the +King’s death.<a name="FNA_01_36" id="FNA_01_36" href="#FN_01_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> +The new King has been desperately ill. He +had a bad cold at Brighton, for which he lost eighty ounces +of blood; yet he afterwards had a severe oppression, amounting +almost to suffocation, on his chest. Halford was gone +to Windsor, and left orders with Knighton not to bleed him +again till his return. Knighton was afraid to bleed him. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">REIGN OF GEORGE IV.</span> +Bloomfield sent for +Tierney,<a name="FNA_01_37" id="FNA_01_37" href="#FN_01_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> +who took upon himself to take +fifty ounces from him. This gave him relief; he continued, +however, dangerously ill, and on Wednesday he lost twenty +ounces more. Yesterday afternoon he was materially better +for the first time. Tierney certainly saved his life, for he +must have died if he had not been blooded. Brougham sent +a courier to the Queen immediately after the late King’s +death, and gave notice at Carlton House that he had applied +for a passport for a courier to her Majesty the Queen.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_36" id="FN_01_36" href="#FNA_01_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> +[King George III. died on the 20th of January, 1820.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_37" id="FN_01_37" href="#FNA_01_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> +[Sir Matthew Tierney, one of His Majesty’s physicians.]</p></div> + +<p>The King has given to Lady Bloomfield the Rangership +of Hampton Court Park. He wished to give it to +both of them with the survivorship, but Lord Liverpool +submitted to him that the House of Commons had pronounced +so strongly their dislike to reversionary grants that +it would be unadvisable, and it was accordingly given to +Lady B. only.</p> + +<h3>February 14th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The Cabinet sat till past two o’clock this +morning. The King refused several times to order the +Queen to be prayed for in the alteration which was made in +the Liturgy. The Ministers wished him to suffer it to be +done, but he peremptorily refused, and said nothing should +induce him to consent, whoever might ask him. Lord +Harrowby told me this last night.</p> + +<p>I think Fleury’s +book<a name="FNA_01_38" id="FNA_01_38" href="#FN_01_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +almost the most interesting memoir +I ever read; it is excessively well written, and his partiality +to Bonaparte has not blinded him to the errors he committed. +This book was wanted to bring under the same view the +immediate causes of his return to France and the situation +in which he found himself when seated on the throne. This +was essentially different from that in which he had been +before his abdication; so much so that I do not believe, if +he had concluded a peace with the Allies, he could have +remained upon the throne. Not only his civil power was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">NAPOLEON IN THE HUNDRED DAYS.</span> +reduced within very narrow limits, but his military authority +was no longer the same; men seemed to have lost that +reverential submissiveness which caused all his orders to be +so blindly and implicitly obeyed. During the height of his +power none of his generals would have dared to neglect or +oppose his orders as Ney did at the battles of the 16th of +June. It is impossible now to determine what might have +been the political result in France of the success of Bonaparte’s +arms had he gained the battle of Waterloo. He +would probably have made peace with the Allies. Had he +returned to Paris triumphant, he might have dissolved the +Chambers and re-established the old Imperial Government. +In such a measure he must have depended upon his army +for success. But a spirit of liberty had sprung up in France +during his absence, which seemed to be the more vigorous +from having been so long repressed. The nation, and even +the army, appear to have imbibed the principles of freedom; +and if upon this occasion Bonaparte was placed on the +throne by the force of opinion, he could not have restored +the ancient despotism without exciting universal dissatisfaction. +Men seem formerly to have been awed by a conviction +of his infallibility, and did not suffer themselves to reason +upon the principles of action of a man who dazzled their +imaginations by the magnificence of his exploits and the +grandeur of his system.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_38" id="FN_01_38" href="#FNA_01_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> +[M. Fleury de Chabaulon was a young <i>auditeur</i> at the Conseil d’État +who had joined Napoleon at Elba, and afterwards returned with him to +France, when he was attached to the Imperial Cabinet during the Hundred +Days. His memoir of that period is here referred to.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 20th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The Ministers had resigned last week +because the King would not hear reason on the subject of +the Princess. It is said that he treated Lord Liverpool very +coarsely, and ordered him out of the room. The King, they +say, asked him ‘if he knew to whom he was speaking.’ He +replied, ‘Sir, I know that I am speaking to my Sovereign, +and I believe I am addressing him as it becomes a loyal +subject to do.’ To the Chancellor he said, ‘My Lord, I +know your conscience always interferes except where your +interest is concerned.’ The King afterwards sent for Lord +Liverpool, who refused at first to go; but afterwards, on the +message being reiterated, he went, and the King said, ‘We +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +have both been too hasty.’ This is probably all false, but it +is very true that they offered to resign.</p> + +<h3>February 24th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The +plot<a name="FNA_01_39" id="FNA_01_39" href="#FN_01_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> +which has been detected had +for its object the destruction of the Cabinet Ministers, and +the chief actor in the conspiracy was Arthur Thistlewood. +I was at Lady Harrowby’s last night, and about half-past +one o’clock Lord Harrowby came in and told us the following +particulars:—A plot has been in agitation for some time +past, of the existence of which, the names and numbers of the +men concerned, and of all particulars concerning their plans, +Government has been perfectly well informed. The conspirators +had intended to execute their design about last +Christmas at a Cabinet dinner at Lord Westmoreland’s, but +for some reason they were unable to do so and deferred it. +At length Government received information that they were +to assemble to the number of from twenty to thirty at a +house in Cato Street, Edgware Road, and that they had resolved +to execute their purpose last night, when the Cabinet +would be at dinner at Lord Harrowby’s. Dinner was +ordered as usual. Men had been observed watching the +house, both in front and rear, during the whole afternoon. +It was believed that nine o’clock was the hour fixed upon +for the assault to be made. The Ministers who were +expected at dinner remained at Fife House, and at eight +o’clock Mr. Birnie with twelve constables was despatched to +Cato Street to apprehend the conspirators. Thirty-five foot +guards were ordered to support the police force. The constables +arrived upon the spot a few moments before the +soldiers, and suspecting that the conspirators had received +intimation of the discovery of their plot, and were in consequence +preparing to escape, they did not wait for the +soldiers, but went immediately to the house. A man armed +with a musket was standing sentry, whom they secured. +They then ascended a narrow staircase which led to the +room in which the gang were assembled, and burst the door +open. The first man who entered was shot in the head, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE CATO STREET CONSPIRACY.</span> +was only wounded; he who followed was stabbed by Thistlewood +and killed. The conspirators then with their swords +put out the lights and attempted to escape. By this time +the soldiers had arrived. Nine men were taken prisoners; +Thistlewood and the rest escaped.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_39" id="FN_01_39" href="#FNA_01_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> +[The Cato Street Conspiracy.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 1st, 1820</h3> + +<p>Thistlewood was taken the morning after the +affair in Cato Street. It was the intention of these men to +have fired a rocket from Lord Harrowby’s house as soon as +they had completed their work of destruction; this was to +have been the signal for the rising of their friends. An oil +shop was to have been set on fire to increase the confusion +and collect a mob; then the Bank was to have been attacked +and the gates of Newgate thrown open. The heads of the +Ministers were to have been cut off and put in a sack which +was prepared for that purpose. These are great projects, +but it does not appear they were ever in force sufficient to +put them in execution, and the mob (even if the mob had +espoused their cause, which seems doubtful), though very +dangerous in creating confusion and making havoc, are quite +inefficient for a regular operation.</p> + +<h3>June 4th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I went to Oatlands on Tuesday. The Duchess +continues very ill; she is not expected to recover. The King +was at Ascot every day; he generally rode on the course, +and the ladies came in carriages. One day they all rode. +He was always cheered by the mob as he went away. One +day only a man in the crowd called out, ‘Where’s the +Queen?’ The Duke of Dorset was at the Cottage, and says +it was exceedingly agreeable. They kept very early hours. +The King always breakfasted with them, and Lady Conyngham +looked remarkably well in the morning, her complexion +being so fine. On Friday she said she was bored with the +races and should not go; he accordingly would not go either, +and sent word to say he should not be there. They stay +there till to-morrow. In the meantime the Queen is coming +to England, and Brougham is gone to meet her. Nobody +knows what advice he intends to give her, but everybody +believes that it is his intention she should come. It was +supposed that Lady Conyngham’s family (her son and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +brother) had set their faces against her connection with the +King; but Lord Mount Charles was at the Cottage, and +Denison was at the levee and very well received.</p> + +<h3>June 7th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The Queen arrived in London yesterday at +seven o’clock. I rode as far as Greenwich to meet her. The +road was thronged with an immense multitude the whole +way from Westminster Bridge to Greenwich. Carriages, +carts, and horsemen followed, preceded, and surrounded her +coach the whole way. She was everywhere received with +the greatest enthusiasm. Women waved pocket handkerchiefs, +and men shouted wherever she passed. She travelled in an +open landau, Alderman Wood sitting by her side and Lady +Ann Hamilton and another woman opposite. Everybody +was disgusted at the vulgarity of Wood in sitting in the +place of honour, while the Duke of Hamilton’s sister was +sitting backwards in the carriage. The Queen looked exactly +as she did before she left England, and seemed neither +dispirited nor dismayed. As she passed by White’s she +bowed and smiled to the men who were in the window. The +crowd was not great in the streets through which she passed. +Probably people had ceased to expect her, as it was so much +later than the hour designated for her arrival. It is impossible +to conceive the sensation created by this event. Nobody +either blames or approves of her sudden return, but all +ask, ‘What will be done next? How is it to end?’ In the +House of Commons there was little said; but the few words +which fell from Creevy, Bennett, or Denman seem to threaten +most stormy debates whenever the subject is discussed. The +King in the meantime is in excellent spirits, and the Ministers +affect the greatest unconcern and talk of the time it will take +to pass the Bills to ‘settle her business.’ ‘Her business,’ as +they call it, will in all probability raise such a tempest as +they will find it beyond their powers to appease; and for +all his Majesty’s unconcern the day of her arrival in England +may be such an anniversary to him as he will have no cause +to celebrate with much +rejoicing.<a name="FNA_01_40" id="FNA_01_40" href="#FN_01_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_40" id="FN_01_40" href="#FNA_01_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> +[On the day that the Queen landed at Dover a royal message was sent +down to Parliament, by which the King commended to the Lords an enquiry +into the conduct of the Queen. In the House of Commons there was some +vehement speaking; and on the following day, before Lord Castlereagh +moved the address in answer to the message, Mr. Brougham read to the +House a message from the Queen, declaring that her return to England was +occasioned by the necessity her enemies had laid upon her of defending her +character.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 9th, 1820</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN’S RETURN.</span> +Brougham’s speech on Wednesday is said by +his friends to have been one of the best that was ever made, +and I think all agree that it was good and effective. The +House of Commons is evidently anxious to get rid of the +question if possible, for the moment Wilberforce expressed +a wish to adjourn the county members rose one after another +and so strongly concurred in that wish that Castlereagh was +obliged to consent. The mob have been breaking windows +in all parts of the town and pelting those who would not +take off their hats as they passed Wood’s door. Last night +Lord Exmouth’s house was assaulted and his windows broken, +when he rushed out armed with sword and pistol and drove +away the mob. Frederick Ponsonby saw him. Great sums +of money have been won and lost on the Queen’s return, for +there was much betting at the clubs. The alderman showed +a specimen of his taste as he came into London; when the +Queen’s coach passed Carlton House he stood up and gave +three cheers.</p> + +<p>It is odd enough Lady Hertford’s windows have been +broken to pieces and the frames driven in, while no assault +has been made on Lady Conyngham’s. Somebody asked +Lady Hertford ‘if she had been aware of the King’s admiration +for Lady Conyngham,’ and ‘whether he had ever talked +to her about Lady C.’ She replied that ‘intimately as she +had known the King, and openly as he had always talked +to her upon every subject, he had never ventured to speak to +her upon that of his mistresses.’</p> + +<h3>June 16th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The speech which Canning made on the +occasion of the King’s message has been violently attacked +by all parties, and is said to have given as great dissatisfaction +to the Queen as to the King. It is not easy to discover +what the Queen could have objected to in the speech, for it +was highly favourable and flattering to her. It was generally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +supposed last Sunday that he would resign in the +course of the week, and bets were laid that he would not be +in office next Sunday. On Wednesday he had an audience +of the King at the levee, which lasted fifty-two minutes by +Yarmouth’s watch; nobody knows what passed between +them. Lord Fitzwilliam and Lord Sefton have refused to +act as negotiators for the Queen.</p> + +<p>There was some indiscipline manifested in a battalion of +the 3rd Guards the day before yesterday; they were dissatisfied +at the severity of their duty and at some allowances that +had been taken from them, and on coming off guard they +refused to give up their ball cartridges. They were ordered +off to Plymouth, and marched at four yesterday morning. +Many people went from the ball at Devonshire House to see +them march away. Plymouth was afterwards changed for +Portsmouth in consequence of their good behaviour on the +route. +Worcester<a name="FNA_01_41" id="FNA_01_41" href="#FN_01_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +met many of them drunk at Brentford, +crying out, ‘God save Queen Caroline!’ There was some +disturbance last night in consequence of the mob assembling +round the King’s mews, where the rest of the battalion that +had marched to Portsmouth still remained.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_41" id="FN_01_41" href="#FNA_01_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> +[The Marquis of Worcester, afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort]</p></div> + +<h3>June 23rd, 1820</h3> + +<p>I never remember to have seen the public +curiosity so excited as on Wilberforce’s motion last +night.<a name="FNA_01_42" id="FNA_01_42" href="#FN_01_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> +Nearly 520 members voted in the House, and some went +away; as many people as could gain admission attended to +hear the debate. The speaking on the Opposition side was +excellent, but as everybody differs in opinion with regard to +the comparative merit of the speakers, it is impossible for +one who was not present to form a correct judgment on the +subject. The best speeches were Brougham’s, Denman’s, +Burdett’s, and Canning’s. Denman’s speech was admirable +and, all agree, most judicious and effective for his client. +Burdett’s was extremely clever, particularly the first part of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SECRET COMMITTEE ON THE QUEEN.</span> +it. In the meantime it is doubtful whether anything is +gained by the resolution carried last night. Public opinion +seems very equally divided as to the probability of the +Queen agreeing to the expressed or implied wish of the +House of Commons, and even if she refuses to consent to +the omission of her name in the Liturgy it seems doubtful +whether the green bag will ever be opened, so strong is the +repugnance of the House of Commons to enter upon such +an investigation. It is this feeling in the House which +emboldens the Queen to hold out with the firmness and +constancy she has hitherto displayed. The House of Lords +cuts a most ridiculous figure, having precipitately agreed +to go into the Committee. They have since been obliged +to put off the investigation by repeated adjournments, in +order to see what steps the House of Commons will take. +Lord Grey made an indignant speech, last night on this +very subject; they say Lord Liverpool spoke remarkably +well in reply.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_42" id="FN_01_42" href="#FNA_01_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> +[Mr. Wilberforce moved an address to the Queen to stop the investigation, +by entreating her Majesty, under the assurance of the protection of +her honour by the Commons, to yield the point of the insertion of her name +in the Liturgy. This proposal the Queen courteously declined.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 25th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The Queen’s refusal to comply with the +desire of the House of Commons keeps conjecture afloat and +divides opinions as to the opening of the bag. The Opposition +call her answer a very good one; those of the other +party I have seen think it too long, and not neatly and +clearly worded. Brougham declined advising her as to her +answer; he told her she must be guided by her own feelings, +and was herself the only person capable of judging what she +had best do. The discussion of the Queen’s business is now +become an intolerable nuisance in society; no other subject +is ever talked of. It is an incessant matter of argument and +dispute what will be done and what ought to be done. All +people express themselves tired of the subject, yet none +talk or think of any other. It is a great evil when a single +subject of interest takes possession of society; conversation +loses all its lightness and variety, and every drawing-room +is converted into an arena of political disputation. People +even go to talk about it from habit long after the interest +it excited has ceased.</p> + +<h3>June 27th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The mob was very abusive to the member who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +carried up the resolution to the Queen, and called Wilberforce +‘Dr. Cantwell.’ The Queen demanded to be heard by +counsel at the bar of the House of Lords. Contrary to order +and contrary to expectation, the counsel were admitted, when +Brougham made a very powerful speech. Denman began exceedingly +well; Lord Holland said his first three or four sentences +were the best thing he ever heard; <i>si sic omnia</i>, he +would have made the finest speech possible; but on the whole +he was inferior to Brougham. If the House had refused to +hear her counsel, it is said that she would have gone down +to-day to the House of Lords and have demanded to be +heard in person. As usual Brougham’s speech is said by +many of his political adversaries to have been weak in argument. +Many, however, do him the justice to acknowledge +that it was a very powerful appeal for his client.</p> + +<h3>June 28th, 1820</h3> + +<p>The debate last night in the House of Lords +was excellent. Lord Grey made a powerful speech, very much +against the Queen, a speech for office. The manager announced +at Drury Lane that the Queen would go to the play +to-night. Brougham knew nothing of this; she never told +him. Mrs. Brougham told me so last night, and that he was +quite worn out with the +business.<a name="FNA_01_43" id="FNA_01_43" href="#FN_01_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_43" id="FN_01_43" href="#FNA_01_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> +[The report of the Secret Committee of the Lords was made on the 4th +of July. It declared that the evidence against the Queen was such as to +demand a solemn enquiry. The trial, or rather investigation, began on +the 17th of August. The defence was opened on the 3rd of October, and +the Bill was abandoned on the 6th of November.]</p></div> + +<h3>July 6th, 1820</h3> + +<p>Since the report of the Secret Committee +public opinion is entirely changed as to the result of the +proceedings against the Queen. Everybody thinks the +charges will be proved and that the King will be divorced. +It is impossible to discover what effect the report may have +in the country; it is certain hitherto that all ranks of men +have been decidedly favourable to the Queen, and disbelieve +the charges against her. The military in London have shown +alarming symptoms of dissatisfaction, so much so that it +seems doubtful how far the Guards can be counted upon in +case of any disturbance arising out of this subject. Luttrell +says that ‘the extinguisher is taking fire.’</p> + +<h3>July 8th, 1820</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN’S TRIAL</span> +I was in the House of Lords the night before +last to hear Brougham and Denman speak at the bar. +Brougham’s speech was uncommonly clever, very insolent, +and parts of it very eloquent. A very amusing episode was +furnished by the Bishop of Exeter, who moved that the +counsel should withdraw, and then asked the House whether +they were not out of order. Lord Holland cut him up in +the most beautiful style, and excited universal laughter. +Nobody came to the assistance of the Bishop, and the +counsel were called in again and resumed. Brougham’s +speech is reported in the ‘Morning Chronicle’ of yesterday +word for word.</p> + +<h3>July 14th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I have been at Newmarket, where I had the +first fortunate turn this year. The conversation about the +Queen begins to subside; everybody seems to agree that it is +a great injustice not to allow her lists of the witnesses; the +excuse that it is not usual is bad, for the proceedings are +anomalous altogether, and it is absurd to attempt to adhere +to precedent; here there are no precedents and no analogies +to guide to a decision. London is drawing to a close, but in +August it will be very full, as all the Peers must be here. +They say the trial will last six months.</p> + +<p>Luttrell’s +poem<a name="FNA_01_44" id="FNA_01_44" href="#FN_01_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +has succeeded. The approbation it +receives is general but qualified; in fact, it was difficult to +make such a sketch of life and manners sufficiently piquant +without the infusion of a little satire, and his fear of giving +offence has induced him to be so good-natured that he is +occasionally rather insipid. ‘Il y a des tracasseries de +société.’ I cannot record them, though perhaps years hence, +when I may look over what I now write, I might be +amused with stories of long-forgotten jealousies and various +interests extinguished by the lapse of time, or perhaps silenced +in the grave; still it would be melancholy to retrace the days +of my youth and to bring before my imagination the blooming +faces and the gaiety and brilliancy of those who once shone +the meteors of society, but who would then be so changed in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +form and mind, and with myself rapidly descending to our +last home.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_44" id="FN_01_44" href="#FNA_01_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> +[Mr. Luttrell’s ‘Advice to Julia,’ published in 1820.]</p></div> + +<p>Read ‘Les Liaisons dangereuses.’ Much has been said +about the dangerous tendency of certain books, and probably +this would be considered as one pregnant with mischief. I +consider this a mere jargon, and although I would never recommend +this book (because it is so grossly indecent) I should +never apprehend the smallest danger to the most inexperienced +mind or the warmest passions from its immoral +tendency. The principle upon which books of this description +are considered pernicious is the notion that they represent +vice in such glowing and attractive colours as to make +us lose sight of its deformity and fill our imagination with +the idea of its pleasures. No one who has any feeling or +a spark of generosity or humanity in his breast can read +this book without being moved with compassion for Madame +de Tourval and with horror and disgust towards Valmont +and Madame de Merteuil. It raised in my mind a detestation +of such cold-blooded, inhuman profligacy, and I felt that +I would rather every pleasure that can flow from the intercourse +of women were debarred me than run such a course. +The moral effect upon my mind was stronger than any which +ever resulted from the most didactic work, and if anyone +wants to excite remorse in the most vicious mind I would +recommend him to make use of ‘Les Liaisons dangereuses’ +for the purpose.</p> + +<p>The Duchess of York died on Sunday morning of water +on her chest. She was insensible the last two days. She is +deeply regretted by her husband, her friends, and her servants. +Probably no person in such a situation was ever more really +liked. She has left 12,000ℓ. to her servants and some children +whom she had caused to be educated. She had arranged all +her affairs with the greatest exactitude, and left nothing +undone.</p> + +<p>The Queen’s letter was brought to the King whilst he +was at dinner (at the Cottage). He said, ‘Tell the Queen’s +messenger that the King can receive no communication +from her except through the hands of his Ministers.’ Esterhazy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN’S TRIAL.</span> +was present, and said he did this with extraordinary +dignity.</p> + +<h3>Newmarket, October 2nd, 1820</h3> + +<p>I left town in the middle of +August with George Fox. We went down with extraordinary +rapidity. I never was happier than to escape from London +and to find myself in Yorkshire. It was a new world, and +the change was most refreshing. The refinement of London +was not there, but there was a good humour, gaiety, and +hospitality which amused and delighted me.</p> + +<h3>London, October 8th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I came to town with Payne on +Friday, having won a little at Newmarket. He told me a +good story by the way. A certain bishop in the House of +Lords rose to speak, and announced that he should divide +what he had to say into twelve parts, when the Duke of +Wharton interrupted him, and begged he might be indulged +for a few minutes, as he had a story to tell which he could +only introduce at that moment. A drunken fellow was +passing by St. Paul’s at night, and heard the clock slowly +chiming twelve. He counted the strokes, and when it had +finished looked towards the clock and said, ‘Damn you! why +couldn’t you give us all that at once?’ There was an end of +the bishop’s story.</p> + +<p>The town is still in an uproar about the trial, and nobody +has any doubt that it will finish by the Bill being thrown out +and the Ministers turned out. Brougham’s speech was the +most magnificent display of argument and oratory that has +been heard for years, and they say that the impression it +made upon the House was immense; even his most violent +opponents (including Lord Lonsdale) were struck with admiration +and astonishment.</p> + +<h3>October 15th, 1820</h3> + +<p>Since I came to town I have been to the +trial every day. I have occupied a place close to Brougham, +which, besides the advantage it affords of enabling me to hear +extremely well everything that passes, gives me the pleasure +of talking to him and the other counsel, and puts me behind +the scenes so far that I cannot help hearing all their conversation, +their remarks, and learning what witnesses they are +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +going to examine, and many other things which are interesting +and amusing. Since I have been in the world I +never remember any question which so exclusively occupied +everybody’s attention, and so completely absorbed men’s +thoughts and engrossed conversation. In the same degree +is the violence displayed. It is taken up as a party question +entirely, and the consequence is that everybody is gone +mad about it. Very few people admit of any medium between +pronouncing the Queen quite innocent and judging her +guilty and passing the Bill. Until the evidence of Lieut. +Hownam it was generally thought that proofs of her guilt +were wanting, but since his admission that Bergami slept +under the tent with her all unprejudiced men seem to think +the adultery sufficiently proved. The strenuous opposers of +the Bill, however, by no means allow this, and make a mighty +difference between sleeping dressed under a tent and being +shut up at night in a room together, which the supporters of +the Bill contend would have been quite or nearly the same +thing. The Duke of Portland, who is perfectly impartial, +and who has always been violently against the Bill, was so +satisfied by Hownam’s evidence that he told me that after +that admission by him he thought all further proceedings +useless, and that it was ridiculous to listen to any more +evidence, as the fact was proved; that he should attend no +longer to any evidence upon the subject. This view of the +case will not, however, induce him to vote for the Bill, +because he thinks that upon grounds of expediency it ought +not to pass. The Ministers were elated in an extraordinary +manner by this evidence of Hownam’s. The Duke of +Wellington told Madame de Lieven that he was very tired; +‘mais les grands succès fatiguent autant que les grands +revers.’ They look upon the progress of this trial in the +light of a campaign, and upon each day’s proceedings as a +sort of battle, and by the impression made by the evidence +they consider that they have gained a victory or sustained a +defeat. Their anxiety that this Bill should pass is quite +inconceivable, for it cannot be their interest that it should +be carried; and as for the King, they have no feeling whatever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN’S TRIAL.</span> +for him. The Duke of Portland told me that he conversed +with the Duke of Wellington upon the subject, and +urged as one of the reasons why this Bill should not pass the +House of Lords the disgrace that it would entail upon the +King by the recrimination that would ensue in the House of +Commons. His answer was ‘that the King was degraded as +low as he could be already.’ The vehemence with which +they pursue this object produces a corresponding violence in +their language and sentiments. Lady Harrowby, who is +usually very indifferent upon political subjects, has taken this +up with unusual eagerness. In an argument which I had +with her the day before yesterday, she said that if the House +of Lords was to suffer itself to be influenced by the opinions +and wishes of the people, it would be the most mean and +pusillanimous conduct, and that after all what did it signify +what the people thought or what they expressed if the army +was to be depended upon? I answered that I never had expected +that the day would come when I should be told that +we were to disregard the feelings and wishes of the people +of this country, and to look to our army for support. In +proportion as the Ministers were elated by what came out in +Hownam’s cross-examination so were they depressed by the +unlucky affair of +Rastelli,<a name="FNA_01_45" id="FNA_01_45" href="#FN_01_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +which has given such an important +advantage to their adversaries. Mr. Powell’s explanation +was extremely unsatisfactory, and in his examination yesterday +they elicited from him what is tantamount to a contradiction +of what he had said the day before. It is not +possible to doubt what is the real state of the case. Rastelli +is an active, useful agent, and they had occasion for his +services; consequently they sent him off, and trusted that he +would be back here before he could possibly be called for, if +ever he should be called for again. It was a rash speculation, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +which failed. The last two days have been more amusing +and interesting than the preceding ones. The debates in +the House, a good deal of violence, and some personalities +have given spirit to the proceedings, which were getting +very dull. Lord Holland made a violent speech, and Lord +Carnarvon a clever one, which was violent enough too, on +Rastelli’s affair. Lord Holland made one or two little +speeches which were very comical. Lord Lauderdale made +a violent speech the other day, and paid himself in it a great +many compliments. It must be acknowledged that the zeal +of many of the Peers is very embarrassing, displayed as it is +not in the elucidation of the truth, but in furtherance of that +cause of which they desire the success. There is no one more +violent than Lord +Lauderdale,<a name="FNA_01_46" id="FNA_01_46" href="#FN_01_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +and neither the Attorney-General +nor the Solicitor-General can act with greater zeal +than he does in support of the Bill. Lord Liverpool is +a model of fairness, impartiality, and candour. The Chancellor +is equally impartial, and as he decides personally +all disputes on legal points which are referred to the +House, his fairness has been conspicuous in having generally +decided in favour of the Queen’s counsel. Yesterday +morning some discussion arose about a question which +Brougham put to Powell. He asked him who was his +principal, as he was an agent. The question was objected +to, and he began to defend it in an uncommonly clever +speech, but was stopped before he had spoken long. He +introduced a very ingenious quotation which was suggested +to him by Spencer Perceval, who was standing near +him. Talking of the airy, unsubstantial being who was the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON’S ACCOUNT OF WATERLOO.</span> +principal, and one of the parties in this cause, he said he +wished to meet</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">This shape—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If shape it could be called—that shape had none,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or substance might be called that shadow seemed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For each seemed either . . .<br /></span> +<span class="i8">What seemed its head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The likeness of a kingly crown had on.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, ii. 666.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_45" id="FN_01_45" href="#FNA_01_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> +[Rastelli was a witness for the Bill—not a very important one. After +his examination was over he was allowed to leave the country. Brougham +found this out, and instantly demanded that he should be recalled for +further cross-examination, well knowing this could not at the moment be +done. This answered his purpose, and he then turned with incredible +vehemence on the other side, and accused them of spiriting away the +witness.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_46" id="FN_01_46" href="#FNA_01_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> +[In the course of the trial, in order to show that the Queen had associated +in Italy with ladies of good character, it was stated that a Countess +T—— frequented her society at Florence. On cross-examination it came out +that the Countess spoke a provincial dialect, anything but the purest Tuscan, +whence it was implied that she was a vulgar person, and Lord Lauderdale +especially pointed out this inference, speaking himself in very broad Scotch. +Upon which Lord ——, a member of the Opposition, said to the witness, +‘Have the goodness to state whether Countess T—— spoke Italian +with as broad an accent as the noble Earl who has just sat down speaks +with in his native tongue.’ The late Sir Henry Holland was present when +this occurred, and used to relate the anecdote.]</p></div> + +<h3>Whersted, December 10th, 1820</h3> + +<p>I left Woburn on Thursday +night last, and got here on Friday morning. The Lievens, +Worcesters, Duke of Wellington, Neumann, and Montagu +were here. The Duke went away yesterday. We acted +charades, which were very well done. Yesterday we went +to shoot at Sir Philip Brookes’. As we went in the +carriage, the Duke talked a great deal about the battle of +Waterloo and different things relating to that campaign. +He said that he had 50,000 men at Waterloo. He began +the campaign with 85,000 men, lost 5,000 on the 16th, and +had a corps of 20,000 at Hal under Prince Frederick. He +said that it was remarkable that nobody who had ever spoken +of these operations had ever made mention of that +corps,<a name="FNA_01_47" id="FNA_01_47" href="#FN_01_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +and Bonaparte was certainly ignorant of it. In this corps +were the best of the Dutch troops; it had been placed there +because the Duke expected the attack to be made on that +side. He said that the French army was the best army +that was ever seen, and that in the previous operations +Bonaparte’s march upon Belgium was the finest thing that +ever was done—so rapid and so well combined. His object +was to beat the armies in detail, and this object succeeded +in so far as that he attacked them separately; but +from the extraordinary celerity with which the allied armies +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +were got together he was not able to realise the advantages +he had promised himself. The Duke says that they +certainly were not prepared for this +attack,<a name="FNA_01_48" id="FNA_01_48" href="#FN_01_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> +as the French +had previously broken up the roads by which their army +advanced; but as it was in summer this did not render them +impassable. He says that Bonaparte beat the Prussians in a +most extraordinary way, as the +battle<a name="FNA_01_49" id="FNA_01_49" href="#FN_01_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +was gained in less than +four hours; but that it would probably have been more +complete if he had brought a greater number of troops into +action, and not detached so large a body against the British +corps. There were 40,000 men opposed to the Duke on the +16th, but he says that the attack was not so powerful as it +ought to have been with such a force. The French had +made a long march the day before the battle, and had +driven in the Prussian posts in the evening. I asked him if +he thought Bonaparte had committed any fault. He said +he thought he had committed a fault in attacking him in +the position of Waterloo; that his object ought to have +been to remove him as far as possible from the Prussian +army, and that he ought consequently to have moved upon +Hal, and to have attempted to penetrate by the same road +by which the Duke had himself advanced. He had always +calculated upon Bonaparte’s doing this, and for this purpose +he had posted 20,000 men under Prince Frederick at Hal. +He said that the position at Waterloo was uncommonly strong, +but that the strength of it consisted alone in the two +farms of Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte, both of which +were admirably situated and adapted for defence. In +Hougoumont there were never more than from 300 to 500 +men, who were reinforced as it was necessary; and although +the French repeatedly attacked this point, and sometimes with +not less than 20,000 men, they never could even approach it. +Had they obtained possession of it, they could not have +maintained it, as it was open on one side to the whole fire +of the English lines, whilst it was sheltered on the side +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AND BLUCHER IN PARIS.</span> +towards the French. The Duke said the farm of La Haye +Sainte was still better than that of Hougoumont, and that +it never would have been taken if the officer who was +commanding there had not neglected to make an aperture +through which ammunition could be conveyed to his +garrison.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_47" id="FN_01_47" href="#FNA_01_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> +[The Duke of Wellington has frequently been criticised for leaving so +important a body of troops at Hal, so far upon his right that they were of +no use in the battle. He always defended this disposition, and maintained +that the greater probability was that Napoleon would attack his extreme +right and advance by Hal. On this occasion (in 1820) he himself drew +attention to it, as is explained in the text.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_48" id="FN_01_48" href="#FNA_01_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> +[This passage is obscure, as the pronoun <i>they</i> can hardly refer to the +allied armies: but it stands so in the MS.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_49" id="FN_01_49" href="#FNA_01_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> +[The battle of Ligny, 16th of June, 1815.]</p></div> + +<p>When we arrived at Sir Philip Brookes’ it rained, and we +were obliged to sit in the house, when the Duke talked a +great deal about Paris and different things. He told us that +Blücher was determined to destroy the Bridge of Jena. The +Duke spoke to Müffling, the Governor of Paris, and desired +him to persuade Blücher to abandon this design. However, +Blücher was quite determined. He said the French had +destroyed the pillar at Rosbach and other things, and that +they merited this retaliation. He also said that the English +had burnt Washington, and he did not see why he was not +to destroy this bridge. Müffling, however, concerted with the +Duke that English sentinels should be placed on the bridge, +and if any Prussian soldiers should approach to injure it, +these sentinels were not to retire. This they conceived +would gain time, as they thought that previous to making +any attempt on the bridge Blücher would apply to the Duke +to withdraw the English sentinels. This was of no avail. +The Prussians arrived, mined the arches, and attempted to +blow up the bridge, sentinels and all. Their design, however, +was frustrated, and the bridge received no injury. At +length Müffling came to the Duke, and said that he was come +to propose to him a compromise, which was that the bridge +should be spared and the column in the Place Vendôme +should be destroyed instead. ‘I saw,’ said the Duke, ‘that I +had got out of the frying-pan into the fire. Fortunately at +this moment the King of Prussia arrived, and he ordered +that no injury should be done to either.’ On another occasion +Blücher announced his intention of levying a contribution +of 100 millions on the city of Paris. To this the +Duke objected, and said that the raising such enormous +contributions could only be done by common consent, and +must be a matter of general arrangement. Blücher said, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +‘Oh! I do not mean to be the only party who is to levy +anything; you may levy as much for yourselves, and, depend +upon it, if you do it will all be paid; there will be no +difficulty whatever.’ The Duke says that the two invasions +cost the French 100 millions sterling. The Allies had +1,200,000 men clothed at their expense; the allowance for +this was 60 francs a man. The army of occupation was +entirely maintained; there were the contributions, the +claims amounting to ten millions sterling. Besides this +there were towns and villages destroyed and country laid +waste.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +Popularity of George IV. — The Duke of York’s Racing Establishment — Clerk +of the Council — Lord Liverpool and Mr. Sumner — Lady Conyngham — +Death of Lady Worcester — Her Character — Ball at Devonshire House — +The Duke of York’s Aversion to the Duke of Wellington — The Pavilion +at Brighton — Lord Francis Conyngham — The King and the Duke of +Wellington — Death of the Marquis of Londonderry — His Policy — Sir +B. Bloomfield sent to Stockholm — Mr. Canning’s Foreign Secretary — +Queen Caroline and Brougham — Canning and George IV. — Lord William +Bentinck aspires to go to India — His Disappointment — The Duke +of York’s Duel with Colonel Lennox — George III.’s Will — George IV. +appropriates the late King’s Personal Property — The Duke of Wellington +on the Congress of Verona and on the Politics of Europe — Intervention in +Spain — Ferdinand VII. — M. de Villèle — The Duke’s opinion of Napoleon +— Sir William Knighton — The Duke of York’s Anecdotes of George IV. +— Death of the Marquis of Titchfield — His character. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1821.</h2> + +<h3>London, February 7th, 1821</h3> + +<p>The King went to the play last +night (Drury Lane) for the first time, the Dukes of York +and Clarence and a great suite with him. He was received +with immense acclamations, the whole pit standing up, +hurrahing and waving their hats. The boxes were very +empty at first, for the mob occupied the avenues to the +theatre, and those who had engaged boxes could not get to +them. The crowd on the outside was very great. Lord +Hertford dropped one of the candles as he was lighting the +King in, and made a great confusion in the box. The King +sat in Lady Bessborough’s box, which was fitted up for him. +He goes to Covent Garden to-night. A few people called +‘The Queen,’ but very few. A man in the gallery called out, +‘Where’s your wife, Georgy?’</p> + + +<h3>February 11th, 1821</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +I came to town from Euston the end of +last month. The debates were expected to be very stormy +and the minorities very large, not that anybody expected +Ministers to go out. It has all ended as such anticipations +usually do, in everything going off very quietly and the +Government obtaining large majorities. Their Parliamentary +successes and the King’s reception have greatly elated +them, and they think (and with reason probably) that they +are likely to enjoy their places for the term of their natural +lives, not that they care about the King’s popularity except +in as much as it may add strength to their Administration. +They do not conceal their contempt or dislike of him, and it +is one of the phenomena of the present times that the King +should have Ministers whom he abuses and hates, and who +entertain corresponding sentiments of aversion to him; yet +they defend all his errors and follies, and he affords them +constant countenance and protection. However, the King +was delighted by his reception at the theatres, and told +Lady Bessborough, as he came downstairs, he never was +more gratified.</p> + +<h3>February 23rd, 1821</h3> + +<p>Yesterday the Duke of York proposed +to me to take the management of his horses, which I +accepted. Nothing could be more kind than the manner in +which he proposed +it.<a name="FNA_02_01" id="FNA_02_01" href="#FN_02_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_01" id="FN_02_01" href="#FNA_02_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[Mr. Greville continued to manage the racing establishment of the +Duke of York from this time till the death of his Royal Highness.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 5th, 1821</h3> + +<p>I have experienced a great proof of the +vanity of human wishes. In the course of three weeks I +have attained the three things which I have most desired +in the world for years past, and upon the whole I do +not feel that my happiness is at all increased; perhaps if +it were not for one cause it might be, but until that ceases +to exist it is in vain that I acquire every other advantage +or possess the means of amusement.<a name="FNA_02_02" id="FNA_02_02" href="#FN_02_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_02" id="FN_02_02" href="#FNA_02_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[One of these things was Mr. Greville’s appointment as Clerk of the +Council; the second was his connection with the Duke of York in his +racing establishment; I am ignorant of the third.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 22nd, 1821</h3> + +<p>I was sworn in the day before yesterday, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE CLERKSHIP OF THE COUNCIL.</span> +and kissed hands at a Council at Carlton House yesterday +morning as Clerk of the Council.</p> + +<h3>March 25th, 1821</h3> + +<p>Lord Fife has been dismissed from his +place of Lord of the Bedchamber for voting against the +Malt Tax, and Lord Lovaine has been appointed instead.</p> + +<h3>April 19th, 1821</h3> + +<p>The night before last Hobhouse made his +furious attack upon Canning. Last night everybody expected +that Canning would speak, and was extremely +anxious to hear what notice he would take of Hobhouse. +The army estimates came on first in the evening, and almost +all the members went away, intending to return to the +Reform debate, but when Reform came on there were only +100 members in the House. ‘Le combat finit faute de +combattans,’ and when everybody came crowding down at +nine o’clock the House had been up half an hour, having +divided 53 to 41.<a name="FNA_02_03" id="FNA_02_03" href="#FN_02_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_03" id="FN_02_03" href="#FNA_02_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[On the 17th of April Mr. Lambton (afterwards Earl of Durham) +moved for a Committee of the whole House to consider the state of the representation +of the people in Parliament. It was owing to the misapprehension +described in the text that the division was so small.]</p></div> + +<h3>May 2nd, 1821</h3> + +<p>When the Canonry of Windsor became +vacant Lady Conyngham asked the King to give it to Mr. +Sumner,<a name="FNA_02_04" id="FNA_02_04" href="#FN_02_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +who had been Mount Charles’s tutor. The King +agreed: the man was sent for, and kissed hands at Brighton. +A letter was written to Lord Liverpool to announce the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +appointment. In the meantime Lord Liverpool had sent a +list of persons, one of whom he should recommend to succeed +to the vacancy, and the letters crossed. As soon as +Lord Liverpool received the letter from Brighton he got +into his carriage and went down to the King, to state that +unless he was allowed to have the distribution of this +patronage without any interference, he could not carry on +the Government, and would resign his office if Sumner was +appointed. The man was only a curate, and had never held +a living at all. The King ‘chanta palinodie,’ and a sort of +compromise was made, by which Lady Conyngham’s friend +was withdrawn, and the King begged it might be given to +Dr. Clarke, to which appointment Lord Liverpool consented, +although he did not approve of him; he did not, however, +wish to appear too difficult.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_04" id="FN_02_04" href="#FNA_02_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[Afterwards Bishop of Winchester. This was the beginning of the +fortune of that amiable prelate, of whom it must be said that if he owed his +early advancement to a questionable influence, no man has filled the episcopal +office with more unaffected piety, dignity, and goodness. The difference +between George IV. and Lord Liverpool on this occasion was a very +serious one. The Duke of Wellington referred to it in a confidential letter +to Lord Liverpool, written on the 26th of October, 1821, in the following +terms:—‘As I told you at Windsor, the King has never forgiven your opposition +to his wishes in the case of Mr. Sumner. This feeling has influenced +every action of his life in relation to his Government from that moment; and +I believe to more than one of us he avowed that his objection to Mr. Canning +was that his accession to the Government was peculiarly desirable to +you. Nothing can be more unjust or more unfair than this feeling; and as +there is not one of your colleagues who did not highly approve of what you +did respecting Mr. Sumner, so there is not one of them who would not +suffer with you all the consequences of that act.’ (‘Correspondence of the +Duke of Wellington,’ Second Series, vol. i. p. 195; published in 1867.)]</p></div> + +<p>Lady Conyngham lives in one of the houses in Marlborough +Row. All the members of her family are continually there, +and are supplied with horses, carriages, &c., from the King’s +stables. She rides out with her daughter, but never with +the King, who always rides with one of his gentlemen. +They never appear in public together. She dines there +every day. Before the King comes into the room she and +Lady Elizabeth join him in another room, and he always +walks in with one on each arm. She comports herself entirely +as mistress of the house, but never suffers her daughter +to leave her. She has received magnificent presents, and +Lady Elizabeth the same; particularly the mother has +strings of pearls of enormous value. Madame de Lieven +said she had seen the pearls of the Grand Duchesses and the +Prussian Princesses, but had never seen any nearly so fine +as Lady Conyngham’s. The other night Lady Bath was +coming to the Pavilion. After dinner Lady Conyngham +called to Sir William Keppel and said, ‘Sir William, do +desire them to light up the saloon’ (this saloon is lit by +hundreds of candles). When the King came in she said to +him, ‘Sir, I told them to light up the saloon, as Lady Bath +is coming this evening.’ The King seized her arm and +said with the greatest tenderness, ‘Thank you, thank you, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE DEATH OF LADY WORCESTER.</span> +my dear; you always do what is right; you cannot please +me so much as by doing everything you please, everything +to show that you are mistress here.’</p> + +<h3>May 12th, 1821</h3> + +<p>I have suffered the severest pain I ever had +in my life by the death of Lady +Worcester.<a name="FNA_02_05" id="FNA_02_05" href="#FN_02_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +I loved her +like a sister, and I have lost one of the few persons in the +world who cared for me, and whose affection and friendship +serve to make life valuable to me. She has been cut off in +the prime of her life and in the bloom of her beauty, and so +suddenly too. Seven days ago she was at a ball at Court, +and she is now no more. She died like a heroine, full of +cheerfulness and courage to the last. She has been snatched +from life at a time when she was becoming every day more +fit to live, for her mind, her temper, and her understanding +were gradually and rapidly improving; she had faults, but +her mind was not vicious, and her defects may be ascribed +to her education and to the actual state of the society in +which she lived. Her virtues were inherent in her character; +every day developed them more and more, and they were +such as to make the happiness of all who lived with her and +to captivate the affection of all who really knew her. I have +never lost anyone I loved before, and though I know the +grief I now feel will soon subside (for so the laws of nature +have ordained), long, long will it be before I forget her, or +before my mind loses the lively impression of her virtues +and of our mutual friendship.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_05" id="FN_02_05" href="#FNA_02_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Georgiana Frederica, Marchioness of Worcester, daughter of the Hon. +Charles Fitzroy, married to Henry, afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort, in +1814, died 11th of May, 1821. This lamented lady left two daughters, afterwards +Lady Augusta Neumann and Lady Georgiana Codrington.]</p></div> + +<p>This is one of those melancholy events in life to which +the mind cannot for a long time reconcile or accustom itself. +I saw her so short a time ago ‘glittering like the morning +star, full of life and splendour and joy;’ the accents of her +voice still so vibrate in my ear that I cannot believe I shall +never see her again. What a subject for contemplation and +for moralising! What reflections crowd into the mind!</p> + +<p>Dr. Hume told me once he had witnessed many death-beds, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +but he had never seen anything like the fortitude and +resignation displayed by her. She died in his arms, and +without pain. As life ebbed away her countenance changed, +and when at length she ceased to breathe, a beautiful and +tranquil smile settled upon her face.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Call round her tomb each, object of desire,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Each, purer frame informed by purer fire;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let her be all that cheers or softens life,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bid her be all that makes mankind adore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Then view this marble, and be vain no more.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<h3>June 24th, 1821</h3> + +<p>The King dined at Devonshire House last +Thursday se’nnight. Lady Conyngham had on her head a +sapphire which belonged to the Stuarts, and was given by +Cardinal York to the King. He gave it to the Princess +Charlotte, and when she died he desired to have it back, +Leopold being informed it was a crown jewel. This crown +jewel sparkled in the headdress of the Marchioness at the +ball. I ascertained the Duke of York’s sentiments upon this +subject the other day. He was not particularly anxious to +discuss it, but he said enough to show that he has no good +opinion of her. The other day, as we were going to the +races from Oatlands, he gave me the history of the Duke +of Wellington’s life. His prejudice against him is excessively +strong, and I think if ever he becomes King the +other will not be Commander-in-Chief. He does not deny +his military talents, but he thinks that he is false and +ungrateful, that he never gave sufficient credit to his officers, +and that he was unwilling to put forward men of talent who +might be in a situation to claim some share of credit, the +whole of which he was desirous of engrossing himself. +He says that at Waterloo he got into a scrape and avowed +himself to be surprised, and he attributes in great measure +the success of that day to Lord Anglesea, who, he says, +was hardly mentioned, and that in the coldest terms, in +the Duke’s despatch.<a name="FNA_02_06" id="FNA_02_06" href="#FN_02_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_06" id="FN_02_06" href="#FNA_02_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[The unjust and unfavourable opinion expressed of the Duke of Wellington +by the Duke of York dated from the appointment of Sir Arthur +Wellesley to a high command, and afterwards to the chief command of the +army in Portugal. The Duke of York had at one moment entertained hopes +of commanding that army, but when he was made to understand that this +was impossible he erroneously attributed this disappointment to the intrigues +of those who were preferred before him. This matter is explained with +further particulars <i>sub</i> 24th of December, 1822.]</p></div> + +<h3>December 18th, 1821</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE PAVILION.</span> +I have not written anything for months. +‘Quante cose mi sono accadute!’ My progress was as +follows, not very interesting:—To Newmarket, Whersted, +Riddlesworth, Sprotborough, Euston, Elveden, Welbeck, +Caversham, Nun Appleton, Welbeck, Burghley, and London. +Nothing worth mentioning occurred at any of these places. +Sprotborough was agreeable enough. The Grevilles, Montagu, +Wilmot, and the Wortleys were there. I came to town, +went to Brighton yesterday se’nnight for a Council. I was +lodged in the Pavilion and dined with the King. The +gaudy splendour of the place amused me for a little and then +bored me. The dinner was cold and the evening dull beyond +all dulness. They say the King is anxious that form and +ceremony should be banished, and if so it only proves how +impossible it is that form and ceremony should not always +inhabit a palace. The rooms are not furnished for society, +and, in fact, society cannot flourish without ease; and who +can feel at ease who is under the eternal constraint which +etiquette and respect impose? The King was in good looks +and good spirits, and after dinner cut his jokes with all the +coarse merriment which is his characteristic. Lord Wellesley +did not seem to like it, but of course he bowed and +smiled like the rest. I saw nothing very particular in the +King’s manner to Lady Conyngham. He sat by her on the +couch almost the whole evening, playing at patience, and +he took her in to dinner; but Madame de Lieven and Lady +Cowper were there, and he seemed equally civil to all of +them. I was curious to see the Pavilion and the life they +lead there, and I now only hope I may never go there again, +for the novelty is past, and I should be exposed to the whole +weight of the bore of it without the stimulus of curiosity.</p> + +<h3>December 19th, 1821</h3> + +<p>I dined with Lord Gwydir yesterday, +and sat next to Prince Lieven. He told me that Bloomfield +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +is no longer in favour, that he has been supplanted by Lord +Francis Conyngham,<a name="FNA_02_07" id="FNA_02_07" href="#FN_02_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +who now performs almost all the functions +which formerly appertained to Bloomfield. He is quite +aware of his decline, and submits himself to it in a manly +way. He is no longer so necessary to the King as he was, +for a short time ago he could not bear that Bloomfield should +be absent, and <i>now</i> his absence is unfelt. Francis goes to +the King every morning, usually breakfasts with him, and +receives all his orders. He was invited to go to Panshanger +for two days, and was very anxious to go, but he could not +obtain leave from the King to absent himself. Bloomfield +does not put himself forward; ‘même il se retire,’ he said, +and it is understood that he has made up his mind to resign +his situation and leave the Court. The King is still perfectly +civil and good-humoured to him, but has withdrawn +his confidence from him, and Bloomfield is no longer his first +servant.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_07" id="FN_02_07" href="#FNA_02_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[Lord Francis Conyngham, second son of the first Marquis of Conyngham +(who was raised to the British peerage in June 1821), afterwards +himself Marquis of Conyngham.]</p></div> + +<p>I asked Lieven whether Francis Conyngham, in performing +the other duties which had been hitherto allotted to +Bloomfield, also exercised the functions of Private Secretary, +because this involved a much more serious question. He +said that he did not know; all he knew was that whilst he +was at Brighton Bloomfield was absent for five days, and +that during that time the other had ostensibly occupied the +place which Bloomfield used to hold about the King’s person. +The commencement of this revolution in the King’s sentiments +is to be dated from the journey to Hanover. Now +Bloomfield sits amongst the guests at dinner at the Pavilion; +the honours are done by the father on one side and the son +on the other.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1822.</h2> + +<h3>July 16th, 1822</h3> + +<p>Since I wrote last I have been continually in +town. I have won on the Derby, my sister is +married,<a name="FNA_02_08" id="FNA_02_08" href="#FN_02_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY.</span> +I have done nothing worth recording. How habit and +practice change our feelings, our opinions; and what an +influence they have upon our thoughts and actions! Objects +which I used to contemplate at an immeasurable distance, +and to attain which I thought would be the summit of +felicity, I have found worth very little in comparison to the +value my imagination used to set upon them.... London +is nearly over, has been tolerably agreeable; but I have been +very often bored to death by the necessity of paying some +attention to keep up an interest.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_08" id="FN_02_08" href="#FNA_02_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[Miss Greville married Lord Francis Leveson Gower, afterwards Earl +of Ellesmere, in 1822.]</p></div> + +<h3>July 30th, 1822</h3> + +<p>Madame de Lieven is ill with the King, and +is miserable in consequence. Lady Cowper is her <i>confidante</i>, +and the Duke of Wellington; but this latter pretends to +know nothing of it, and asked me the other day what it was, +I am sure in order to discover what people say. When the +Duke was at Brighton in the winter, he and the King had a +dispute about the army. It began (it was at dinner) by the +King’s saying that the Russians or the Prussians (I forget +which) were the best infantry in the world. The Duke said, +‘Except your Majesty’s.’ The King then said the English +cavalry were the best, which the Duke denied; then that +an inferior number of French regiments would always beat a +superior number of English, and, in short, that they were +not half so effective. The King was very angry; the dispute +waxed warm, and ended by his Majesty rising from table +and saying, ‘Well, it is not for me to dispute on such a +subject with your Grace.’ The King does not like the +Duke, nor does the Duke of York. This I know from +himself.</p> + +<h3>August 13th, 1822</h3> + +<p>I went to Cirencester on Friday and came +back yesterday. At Hounslow I heard of the death of Lord +Londonderry.<a name="FNA_02_09" id="FNA_02_09" href="#FN_02_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +When I got to town I met several people +who had all assumed an air of melancholy, a <i>visage de +circonstance</i>, which provoked me inexpressibly, because it +was certain that they did not care; indeed, if they felt at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +all, it was probably rather satisfaction at an event happening +than sorrow for the death of the person. It seems Lord +Londonderry had been unwell for some time, but not seriously, +and a few days before this catastrophe he became much +worse, and was very much dejected. He told Lord Granville +some time ago that he was worn out with fatigue, and +he told Count Münster the other day that he was very +ill indeed. The Duke of Wellington saw him on Friday, +and was so struck by the appearance of illness about him +that he sent Bankhead to him. He was cupped on Saturday +in London, got better, and went to Foot’s Cray. On Sunday +he was worse, and the state of dejection in which he appeared +induced his attendants to take certain precautions, which +unfortunately, however, proved fruitless. They removed his +pistols and his razors, but he got hold of a penknife which was +in the room next his, and on Sunday night or early on Monday +morning he cut his throat with it. There is not a Minister in +town but Lord Liverpool, Vansittart, and the Chancellor. +Lord Bathurst is at Cirencester, the Duke of Wellington in +Holland, Lord Sidmouth in Yorkshire, Peel and Lord Melville +in Scotland with the King. No event ever gave rise +to more speculation with the few people there are left to +speculate, and the general opinion seems to be that Canning +will not go to +India,<a name="FNA_02_10" id="FNA_02_10" href="#FN_02_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +but will be appointed in his room. It +certainly opens a door to his ambition as well as to that of +Peel, who, unless Canning comes into office, must of necessity +lead the House of Commons. Another speculation is +that Lord Liverpool will take this opportunity of resigning, +and that the King will form a Whig Ministry. I do not +believe Lord Liverpool wishes to resign, and my opinion +is that Canning will come into office.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_09" id="FN_02_09" href="#FNA_02_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[Lord Castlereagh, far better known by that name, succeeded as second +Marquis of Londonderry on the 11th of April, 1821—only sixteen months +before his death.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_10" id="FN_02_10" href="#FNA_02_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[Mr. Canning had just accepted the office of Governor-General of +India, and was about to go out to that country.]</p></div> + +<p>I had hardly any acquaintance with Lord Londonderry, +and therefore am not in the slightest degree affected by +his death. As a Minister he is a great loss to his party, +and still greater to his friends and dependents, to whom he +was the best of patrons; to the country I think he is none. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD LONDONDERRY.</span> +Nobody can deny that his talents were great, and perhaps he +owed his influence and authority as much to his character as +to his abilities. His appearance was dignified and imposing; +he was affable in his manners and agreeable in society. The +great feature of his character was a cool and determined +courage, which gave an appearance of resolution and confidence +to all his actions, and inspired his friends with admiration +and excessive devotion to him, and caused him to be +respected by his most violent opponents. As a speaker he +was prolix, monotonous, and never eloquent, except, perhaps, +for a few minutes when provoked into a passion by something +which had fallen out in debate. But, notwithstanding +these defects, and still more the ridicule which his extraordinary +phraseology had drawn upon him, he was always +heard with attention. He never spoke ill; his speeches +were continually replete with good sense and strong argument, +and though they seldom offered much to admire, they +generally contained a great deal to be answered. I believe +he was considered one of the best managers of the House of +Commons who ever sat in it, and he was eminently possessed +of the good taste, good humour, and agreeable manners +which are more requisite to make a good leader than +eloquence, however brilliant. With these qualities, it may +be asked why he was not a better Minister, and who can +answer that question? or who can aver that he did not +pursue the policy which he conscientiously believed to be +most advantageous to his country? Nay, more, who can +say but from surmise and upon speculation that it was not +the best? I believe that he was seduced by his vanity, that +his head was turned by emperors, kings, and congresses, +and that he was resolved that the country which he represented +should play as conspicuous a part as any other in the +political dramas which were acted on the Continent. The +result of his policy is this, that we are mixed up in the +affairs of the Continent in a manner we have never been +before, which entails upon us endless negotiations and enormous +expenses. We have associated ourselves with the members +of the Holy Alliance, and countenanced the acts of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +ambition and despotism in such a manner as to have drawn +upon us the detestation of the nations of the Continent; and +our conduct towards them at the close of the war has brought +a stain upon our character for bad faith and desertion which +no time will wipe away, and the recollection of which will +never be effaced from their minds.</p> + +<h3>August 19th, 1822</h3> + +<p>I went to Brighton on Saturday to see the +Duke [of York]; returned to-day. The Pavilion is finished. +The King has had a subterranean passage made from the +house to the stables, which is said to have cost 3,000ℓ. or +5,000ℓ.; I forget which. There is also a bath in his apartment, +with pipes to conduct water from the sea; these pipes +cost 600ℓ. The King has not taken a sea bath for sixteen +years.</p> + +<p>The Marquis of Londonderry is to be buried to-morrow +in Westminster Abbey. It is thought injudicious to have +anything like an ostentatious funeral, considering the circumstances +under which he died, but it is the particular +wish of his widow. She seems to consider the respect +which is paid to his remains as a sort of testimony to his +character, and nothing will pacify her feelings or satisfy her +affection but seeing him interred with all imaginable honours. +It seems that he gave several indications of a perturbed +mind a short time previous to his death. For some time +past he had been dejected, and his mind was haunted with +various apprehensions, particularly with a notion that he +was in great personal danger. On the day (the 3rd of +August) he gave a great dinner at Cray to his political +friends, some of them finding the wine very good, wished to +compliment him upon it, and Arbuthnot called out, ‘Lord +Londonderry!’ He instantly jumped up with great vivacity, +and stood as if in expectation of something serious that was +to follow. When he was told that it was about the wine +they wished to speak to him, he sat down; but his manner +was so extraordinary that Huskisson remarked it to Wilmot +as they came home. In the last interview which the Duke of +Wellington had with him he said he never heard him converse +upon affairs with more clearness and strength of mind +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CANNING RETURNS TO OFFICE.</span> +than that day. In the middle of the conversation, however, +he said, ‘To prove to you what danger I am in, my +own servants think so, and that I ought to go off directly, +that I have no time to lose, and they keep my horses saddled +that I may get away quickly; they think that I should not +have time to go away in a carriage.’ Then ringing the bell +violently, he said to the servant, ‘Tell me, sir, instantly who +ordered my horses here; who sent them up to town?’ The +man answered that the horses were at Cray, and had never +been in town. The Duke desired the man to go, and in +consequence of this strange behaviour wrote the letter to +Bankhead which has been since published.</p> + +<h3>August 20th, 1822</h3> + +<p>Knighton went with the King to Scotland, +and slept in one of his Majesty’s own cabins, that next to +him. He is supposed to have been appointed Privy Purse. +Bloomfield has got the mission to Stockholm. When Bloomfield +was dismissed a disposition was shown to treat him in +a very unceremonious manner; but he would not stand this, +and displayed a spirit which he was probably enabled to +assume in consequence of what he knows. When they +found he was not to be bullied they treated with him, and +gave him every honour and emolument he could desire.</p> + +<h3>September 22nd, 1822</h3> + +<p>I saw Lady Bathurst on the 13th. +Canning had not then sent his answer, and greatly surprised +were the Ministers at the delay. Lord Liverpool’s proposal +to him was simple and unclogged with conditions—the +Foreign Office and the lead in the House of Commons. The +King’s repugnance to his coming into office was extreme, +and it required all the efforts of his Ministers to surmount +it. The Duke of Wellington and Peel have all the credit of +having persuaded the King to consent, but Lord Bathurst’s +arguments influenced him as much as those of any person, +and he told Lady Conyngham that he was more satisfied by +what Lord Bathurst had said to him on the subject than by +any of the Ministers. I know that amongst the Canning party +Lord Bathurst is supposed to have joined with the Chancellor +in opposing his appointment. The danger in which the +Duke of Wellington was sensibly affected the King, because +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +at this moment the Duke is in high favour with him; and +when he heard he was so ill he sent Knighton to him to +comfort him with a promise that he would reconsider the +proposal of receiving Canning, and the next day he signified +his consent. I saw a note from Lady Conyngham to Lady +Bathurst, in which she gave an account of the uneasiness +and agitation in which the King had been in consequence of +the Duke’s illness, saying how much she had suffered in +consequence, and how great had been <i>their</i> relief, when +Knighton brought word that he was better. The ‘dear +King,’ she said, was more composed. She added that she +(Lady B.) would hear that evening what would give her +pleasure, and this was that the King had agreed to take +Canning. In a conversation also Lady C. said that she +did hope, now the King had yielded his own inclination +to the wishes and advice of his Ministers, that they would +behave to him better than they had done. Canning was +sworn in on Monday. His friends say that he was very well +received. The King told Madame de Lieven that having +consented to receive him, he had behaved to him, as <i>he +always did</i>, in the most gentlemanlike manner he could, and +that on delivering to him the seals, he said to him that he +had been advised by his Ministers that his abilities and +eloquence rendered him the only fit man to succeed to the +vacancy which Lord Londonderry’s death had made, and +that, in appointing him to the situation, he had only to +desire that he would follow the steps of his predecessor. +This Madame de Lieven told to Lady Jersey, and she to me. +It seems that the King was so struck with Lord Londonderry’s +manner (for he said to the King nearly what he said +to the Duke of Wellington), and so persuaded that some +fatal catastrophe would take place, that when Peel came to +inform him of what had happened, he said to him before he +spoke, ‘I know you are come to tell me that Londonderry +is dead.’ Peel had just left him, and upon receiving the +despatches immediately returned; and when Lady Conyngham +was told by Lord Mount Charles that there was a report +that he was dead, she said, ‘Good God! then he has destroyed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">QUEEN CAROLINE’S RETURN.</span> +himself.’ She knew what had passed with the King, +and was the only person to whom he had told it.</p> + +<h3>September 23rd, 1822</h3> + +<p>George Bentinck, who thinks there +never existed such a man as Canning, and who probably has +heard from him some circumstances connected with his +resignation at the time of the Queen’s trial, told —— that +it was in consequence of a dispute between the King and +his Ministers concerning the payment of the expenses of the +Milan Commission. The Ministers wished the King to pay +the expenses himself, and he wished them to be defrayed by +Government. Lord Londonderry promised the King (without +the concurrence of the other Ministers) that the expenses +should be paid by Government, but with money ostensibly +appropriated to other purposes. This Canning could not +endure, and resigned. Such is his story, which probably is +partly true and partly false.</p> + +<h3>November 5th, 1822</h3> + +<p>I have been to Newmarket, Euston, +Riddlesworth, Rendlesham, Whersted, besides going to town +several times and to Brighton. Since I left London for the +Doncaster races I have travelled near 1,200 miles. At +Riddlesworth the Duke of York told me a great deal about the +Queen and Brougham, but he was so unintelligible that part +I could not make out and part I do not remember. What +I can recollect amounts to this, that the Emperor of Austria +was the first person who informed the King of the Queen’s conduct +in Italy, that after the enquiry was set on foot a negotiation +was entered into with the Queen, the basis of which was +that she should abdicate the title of Queen, and that to this +she had consented. He said that Brougham had acted a +double part, for that he had acquiesced in the propriety of +her acceding to those terms, and had promised that he +would go over to her and confirm her in her resolution to +agree to them; that he had not only not gone, but that +whilst he was making these promises to Government he had +written to the Queen desiring her to come over. The Duke +told me that a man (whose name he did not mention) came +to him and said, ‘So the Queen comes over?’ He said, ‘No, +she does not.’ The man said, ‘I know she does, for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +Brougham has written to her to come; I saw the letter.’ +If Lord Liverpool and Lord Londonderry had thought +proper to publish what had been done on the part of +Brougham, he would have been covered with infamy; but +they would not do it, and he thinks they were wrong. The +rest I cannot +remember.<a name="FNA_02_11" id="FNA_02_11" href="#FN_02_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_11" id="FN_02_11" href="#FNA_02_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[This is an erroneous and imperfect account of this important transaction, +the particulars of which are related by Lord Brougham in his ‘Memoirs,’ +cap. xvi. vol. ii. p. 352, and still more fully by Mr. Yonge in his ‘Life of +Lord Liverpool,’ vol. iii. p. 52. Mr. Brougham had sent his brother James +to the Queen at Geneva to dissuade her from setting out for England, but, +as he himself observes, ‘I was quite convinced that if she once set out she +never would stop short.’ He met her himself at St. Omer, being the bearer +of a memorandum dated the 15th of April, 1820, which contained the terms +proposed by the King’s Government. He went to St. Omer in company +with Lord Hutchinson, but Mr. Brougham, and not Lord Hutchinson, was +the bearer of these propositions. Lord Hutchinson had no copy of the document. +The extraordinary part of Mr. Brougham’s conduct was that he never +at all submitted or made known to the Queen the memorandum of the 15th +of April; and she knew nothing of it till she had reached London, when all +negotiation was broken off. This fact Lord Brougham does not explain in +his ‘Memoirs;’ but Lord Hutchinson declared in his report to Lord Liverpool +that in truth Brougham ‘did not appear to possess the smallest +degree of power, weight, or authority over the mind of the Queen’ when at +St. Omer.]</p></div> + +<h3>Welbeck, November 16th, 1822</h3> + +<p>I have had a great deal of +conversation with +Titchfield,<a name="FNA_02_12" id="FNA_02_12" href="#FN_02_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +particularly about Canning, +and he told me this curious fact about his coming into +office:—When the King had consented to receive him he +wrote a letter nearly in these words to Lord Liverpool: +‘The King thinks that the brightest jewel in the crown is +to extend his forgiveness [I am not sure that this was the +word<a name="FNA_02_13" id="FNA_02_13" href="#FN_02_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>] +to a subject who has offended him, and he therefore +informs Lord L. that he consents to Mr. Canning +forming a part of the Cabinet.’ This letter was communicated +by Lord Liverpool to Canning, and upon reading it he +was indignant, as were his wife and his daughter. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CANNING AND GEORGE IV.</span> +consequence was that he wrote a most violent and indignant +reply, addressed to the same person to whom the other +letter had been addressed, and which was intended in like +manner to be shown to the King, as the King’s letter was +to him. Upon hearing what had passed, however, down +came Lord Granville and Mr. Ellis in a great hurry, and +used every argument to dissuade him from sending the +letter, urging that he had entirely misunderstood the purport +of the letter which had offended him; that it was +intended as an invitation to reconciliation, and contained +nothing which could have been meant as offensive; that the +country would be so dissatisfied (which ardently desired and +expected that he should come into office) if he rejected this +overture that he would not be justified in refusing his +services to the public, who so anxiously wished for them. +These arguments, vehemently urged and put in every +possible shape, prevailed, and the angry reply was put in +the fire, and another written full of gratitude, duty, and +acquiescence.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_12" id="FN_02_12" href="#FNA_02_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[The Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth Duke of Portland, +Mr. Greville’s first cousin, died in the twenty-eighth year of his age.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_13" id="FN_02_13" href="#FNA_02_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[The exact words in the King’s letter to Lord Liverpool are ‘extend +his grace and favour to a subject who may have incurred his displeasure.’ +This letter, Lord Liverpool’s letter transmitting it to Mr. Canning, and +Mr. Canning’s answer to Lord Liverpool are now all published in Mr. +Yonge’s ‘Life and Administration of Lord Liverpool,’ vol. iii. p. 200.]</p></div> + +<h3>London, November 24th, 1822</h3> + +<p>The morning I left Welbeck I +had a long conversation with Titchfield upon various matters +connected with politics and his family, particularly relating +to Lord William’s correspondence with Lord Liverpool about +the Government of India. He showed me this correspondence, +in which, as I anticipated, Lord William had the +worst of it. Lord Liverpool’s answer was unanswerable. +He showed me also a very long letter which he had received +from Lord William, together with the copies of the correspondence, +which was written the evening before he went +abroad. In this letter (which I only read once, and which +was so long that I cannot recollect it) he gave a detailed +account of his sentiments upon the Indian matter, with the +reasons for his having acted as he did, also his feelings with +regard to the manner in which Canning had behaved upon +the occasion and a conversation which he had with Mrs. +Canning.<a name="FNA_02_14" id="FNA_02_14" href="#FN_02_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +This latter I think exceedingly curious, because +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +it serves to show what the object and the pretensions of +Canning are in taking office, and exhibit that ambition the +whole extent of which he dares not show. It seems that +the Directors were anxious that Lord William should be +appointed Governor-General, and this he knew through +friends of his in the Court. Government, however, having +signified their dissent to his nomination, Lord Amherst was +nominated by the Court and accepted. Lord William’s +displeasure with Canning arises from an idea that Canning +was backward in supporting his interests in this matter, and +that he kept aloof from Lord William, and acquiesced in +his rejection without ever communicating with him on the +subject. Had Canning stated to him the difficulties under +which he laboured, from his anxiety to serve him on the +one hand and his obligation of coinciding with his colleagues +on the other, Lord William would not have hesitated +to <i>desire</i> him to abandon his interests rather than +involve himself in any embarrassment on his account. He +wrote to Lord Liverpool to complain that the Court of +Directors being inclined to nominate him, Lord L. had interposed +his influence to prevent that nomination; that he +did not ask Lord L. to consent to his appointment, but +he did ask him not to interpose his influence to prevent +his nomination, because that nomination was essential to +his character, as proving that the Court of Directors were +satisfied of the injustice with which he had been treated in +the affair of the Vellore mutiny. Lord Liverpool’s answer +was short and civil, assuring him that he had neither +directly nor indirectly exerted any influence at all, maintaining +his right to give his opinion to the Directors in +case it had been asked, and stating that Lord Amherst had +been proposed by the Court and accepted by +Government.<a name="FNA_02_15" id="FNA_02_15" href="#FN_02_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK.</span> +Whilst this matter was still pending, and before Lord +Amherst’s appointment had been made known, Lord William +went to Gloucester Lodge. He saw Mrs. Canning, and +being anxious to acquire information concerning the Indian +appointment, he told her that she had an opportunity of +obliging him by telling him anything she knew concerning +it. She answered very quickly and in a very bad humour, +‘Oh, it is all settled; Lord Amherst is appointed.’ She +then put into his hand a letter which Canning had received +that morning from the Duke of Portland, declining his offer +of the Private Secretaryship for John and George, alleging +as a reason the hostile politics of Lord William and Titchfield. +Mrs. Canning said that she had no idea that they +would not have supported Canning, that she was aware they +differed on some matters of minor importance, but that she +had imagined their general opinions to be similar; that she +had conceived Lord William’s opposition to have been +directed against Lord Londonderry, and that it would have +ceased with his death; that ‘the present must be considered +as a new Administration, and that Canning must be virtually +Minister of the country.’ Lord William replied that +he could not view it in that light, that he thought it likely +the introduction of Canning into the Cabinet might effect a +beneficial influence on the measures of Government, and +more particularly that a system of foreign policy might be +adopted more congenial to his sentiments upon that subject; +that it would give him the greatest pleasure to see such a +change of measures as would enable him to give his support +to a Government of which Canning was so conspicuous a +member, but that he could not think that to be a new Administration +which was composed (with the sole exception of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +Canning) of precisely the same persons of which it consisted +before he joined them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_14" id="FN_02_14" href="#FNA_02_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[Mrs. Canning was the younger sister of Henrietta, wife of the fourth +Duke of Portland, both of them being the daughters and coheiresses of +Major-General John Scott of Balcomie. Lord William Bentinck, the Duke’s +brother, was therefore a near connection, and Lord George Bentinck and +Lord John Bentinck, the Duke’s sons, were by their mother’s side Mrs. +Canning’s nephews. Lady Charlotte Greville, Mr. Charles Greville’s mother, +was of course connected with Mrs. Canning in the same degree as her brother +Lord William Bentinck.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_15" id="FN_02_15" href="#FNA_02_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +[Lord Liverpool’s letter to the King on this appointment has been published +by Mr. Yonge in his Life of that statesman. He stated strongly to +George IV. his opinion that although Lord William Bentinck was supported +by a powerful party in the Court of Directors, he thought it would be +‘humiliating to the Government and productive of the very worst effects +to appoint to such a station a man who had taken so strong a part in Parliamentary +Opposition.’ George IV. replied that he thought it ‘highly unadvisable +that Lord William Bentinck should be the successor of the +Marquis of Hastings.’ (Yonge’s ‘Life of Lord Liverpool,’ vol. iii. p. 204.) +Lord William Bentinck had previously been Governor of Madras at the time +of the mutiny at Vellore.]</p></div> + +<p>George,<a name="FNA_02_16" id="FNA_02_16" href="#FN_02_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +after having refused the Private Secretaryship, +was talked over by Canning and accepted it. He tried to +gain over John, but he refused to share it.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_16" id="FN_02_16" href="#FNA_02_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +[Lord George Bentinck, third son of the fourth Duke of Portland; +born 1802, died 1848; afterwards distinguished as the leader of the Protectionist +party.]</p></div> + +<p>Canning wished that Manners Sutton should be appointed +Governor-General, in order that Wynn might be made +Speaker, and room made for Huskisson in the Cabinet; but +Wynn would not have given up his situation, and it is very +much suspected that if he had, the strength of Government +would have been insufficient to procure his election as +Speaker, so unpopular is he in the House.</p> + +<h3>December 24th, 1822</h3> + +<p>The other day I went to Bushy with the +Duke [of York], and as we passed over Wimbledon Common +he showed me the spot where he fought his duel with the +Duke of Richmond. He then told me the whole story and +all the circumstances which led to it, most of which are in +print. That which I had never heard before was that at a +masquerade three masks insulted the Prince of Wales, when +the Duke interfered, desired the one who was most prominent +to address himself to him, and added that he suspected +him to be an officer in his regiment (meaning Colonel Lennox), +and if he was he was a coward and a disgrace to his +profession; if he was not the person he took him for, he +desired him to unmask, and he would beg his pardon. The +three masks were supposed to be Colonel Lennox, the +Duke of Gordon, and Lady Charlotte. This did not lead to +any immediate consequences, but perhaps indirectly contributed +to what followed. The Duke never found out +whether the masks were the people he suspected.</p> + +<p>The last time I was with him he told me a variety of +particulars about the Duke of Wellington’s conduct at the +siege of Seringapatam, of Lord Harris’s reluctance to entrust +the command of a storming party to him, of his not arriving +at the place of rendezvous the first night, of Lord Harris’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF YORK’S DISLIKE TO WELLINGTON.</span> +anger and the difficulty with which he was brought to consent +to his being employed the second night, when he distinguished +himself so signally. Amongst various other +matters, of which it was impossible to bring away a perfect +recollection, from his confused manner of narrating, and +particularly his inaccuracy as to dates, he told me (with +many recommendations to secrecy) that which immediately +explained to me the dislike which he certainly bears to the +Duke and (which I did not know before) to Lord Londonderry. +He said that after the retreat of our army under Sir +J. Moore from Spain (he was not quite certain himself as to the +exact period, though a reference to the history of that period +will probably elucidate the matter) Lord L. sent for him, and +communicated to him that it was the intention of Government +to send out an expedition to Portugal, and to confer +the command of it upon him. He replied that if called upon +he should consider it his duty to serve, but he should never +solicit any command. Nothing more passed at that time, +but the newspapers by some means immediately got hold +of this project and violently attacked the Government for +thinking of sending him out. He does not appear to have +known what intermediate deliberation led to a change in the +determination of the Ministers in regard to himself. He says +that Lord Chatham, who was much attached to him, and +was then a Cabinet Minister, came to him one day, and told +him he was betrayed, and that he was sacrificed to make +way for Sir A. Wellesley; that soon after this Lord L. sent +for him, and said that he was extremely sorry that public +opinion was so strongly against his appointment to the +command of the army that it was impossible for Government +to confer it upon him. Soon after this the expedition +was formed, and Sir A. Wellesley was appointed to the +command. This was the Duke’s own version of the transaction.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1823.</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +Some particulars concerning the late King’s will were told +me by the Duke of York as we were going to Oatlands to +shoot on Wednesday, the 8th of January, 1823. The King +was empowered by Act of Parliament to make a will about +the year 1766. In 1770 he made a will, by which he left +all he had to the Queen for her life, Buckingham House to +the Duke of Clarence, some property to the Duke of Kent, +and to the Duke of York his second best George and some +other trifling remembrance. He considered the Duke of +York provided for by the Bishopric of Osnaburgh. Of this +will three copies were made; one was deposited in the +German <i>chancellerie</i> in England, one in Hanover, and the +other it was believed the King kept himself. He afterwards +resolved to cancel this will, and two of the copies of it were +destroyed, the third still existing (I could not make out by +what means—if he told me I have forgotten—or which copy +it was that survived). In 1810 the King made another will, +but for various reasons he always put off signing it, once or +twice because he wished to make alterations in it; at +length he appointed a day to sign it, but when the Chancellor +brought it one of the witnesses was absent, and the +signature was again postponed. Other days were afterwards +fixed for this purpose, but before the signature was affixed +the King was taken ill, and consequently the will never was +signed. After the death of the King the only good will, +therefore, was his original will of 1770, which was produced +and read in the presence of the King, the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, +Lord Liverpool, the Duke of York, Adair, the +King’s solicitor (Spyer his name), and one or two others +whom he mentioned. Buckingham House, which had been +left to the Duke of Clarence, had been twice sold; the Queen +and the Duke of Kent were dead; the only legatee, therefore, +was the Duke of York. Now arose a difficulty—whether +the property of the late King demised to the King or to +the Crown. The Chancellor said that the only person who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">GEORGE THE THIRD’S WILL.</span> +had anything to say to the will was the Duke of York; +but the Duke and the King differed with regard to the +right of inheritance, and the Duke, wishing to avoid any +dispute or discussion on the subject, begged to wash his +hands of the whole matter. The King conceives that the +whole of the late King’s property devolves upon him personally, +and not upon the Crown, and he has consequently +appropriated to himself the whole of the money and jewels. +The money did not amount to more than 120,000ℓ. So +touchy is he about pecuniary matters that his Ministers +have never dared to remonstrate with him, nor to tell him +that he has no right so to act. The consequence is that he +has spent the money, and has taken to himself the jewels as +his own private property. The Duke thinks that he has +no right thus to appropriate their father’s property, but that +it belongs to the Crown. The King has acted in a like +manner with regard to the Queen’s [Charlotte’s] jewels. She +possessed a great quantity, some of which had been given +her by the late King on her marriage, and the rest she had +received in presents at different times. Those which the +late King had given her she conceived to belong to the +Crown, and left them back to the present King; the rest +she left to her daughters. The King has also appropriated +the Queen’s [Caroline’s] jewels to himself, and conceives +that they are his undoubted private property. The Duke +thinks that the Ministers ought to have taken the opportunity +of the coronation, when a new crown was to be +provided, to state to him the truth with regard to the jewels, +and to suggest that they should be converted to that purpose. +This, however, they dared not do, and so the matter +remains. The King had even a design of selling the library +collected by the late King, but this he was obliged to +abandon, for the Ministers and the Royal Family must have +interfered to oppose so scandalous a transaction. It was +therefore presented to the British Museum.</p> + +<h3>January 25th, 1823</h3> + +<p>I came from Gorhambury with the Duke +of Wellington last Wednesday, and he was very communicative. +He gave me a detailed history of the late Congress, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +and told me many other things which I should be glad to +recollect.</p> + +<p>After the two treaties of Paris and Vienna the Allied +Powers agreed to meet in Congress from time to time to +arrange together any matters of general interest which +might arise, and to settle and discuss any differences which +might occur between any two Powers, a rule being laid down +that the affairs of no Power should be discussed without that +Power being invited to the deliberation. The affairs of +Naples were the first that attracted their attention. Austria +complained that the ramifications of the secret political +societies which had sprung up at Naples tended to disturb +and revolutionise the Italian possessions, and demanded the +consent of the Allied Powers that she should abate the +nuisance. The cause was deemed sufficient to justify her +interference, and the events followed which are known. The +Congress at Verona was assembled for the purpose of taking +into consideration the affairs of Italy, and for discussing the +propriety of relieving Naples from the burden of that +military force which had been maintained there for the +purpose of extinguishing the revolutionary spirit. At this +Congress France came forward and complained that the +revolution which had taken place in Spain menaced her +internal tranquillity, and demanded the advice of Congress as +to the measures she should adopt. In this it will be observed +that the rule of every Power being called upon to attend a +deliberation in which its affairs were to be discussed was +dispensed with. Austria, Russia, and Prussia immediately +replied that if she considered the Spanish revolution to be +dangerous to her repose, she would be justified in stifling +that revolution by force of arms, and offered to co-operate +with her in the attempt. England refused to give any +answer to the demands of France, and demanded in return +what was her case against Spain. To this no answer was +given. The part then taken by the Duke was to deprecate +hostilities, both publicly as Plenipotentiary of England and +privately in the various conversations which he had with the +Emperor of Russia, who seems to have been the strongest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE CONGRESS OF VERONA.</span> +advocate for making war with Spain. The imprudence of +the Spaniards has afforded some colour to the right assumed +by their enemies of interfering with their affairs, for they +have upon several occasions attempted to foment the troubles +which either existed or threatened to appear both in Naples +and Piedmont; and the Emperor of Russia told the Duke +that he had detected the Spanish Minister at St. Petersburg +in an attempt to corrupt his soldiers at the time of +the mutiny of the Guards, and that he had consequently sent +him out of the country. The Duke replied that if the +Emperor of Russia had reasonable grounds of complaint +against Spain, he would be fully justified in declaring war +against her, and that he would advise him to do so if he +could march 150,000 men into Spain; but in suffering three +years to elapse without making any complaint he had virtually +renounced his right to complain, and that it was +unfair to rake up a forgotten grievance against Spain at a +time when she was menaced by another Power upon other +grounds. The Duke said that the Emperor of Russia once +talked to him of the practicability of marching an army +into Spain, and seemed to think he might do so. The +Duke said that the French Government would never allow +it, when he said he could send them by sea. The Duke told +him it would take 2,000 ships. One of the arguments of the +Emperor of Russia was this: that constituted as their Governments +were (military Governments) it was impossible for +them to tolerate consistently with their own security any +revolution which originated in military insubordination.</p> + +<p>After the Congress the Duke returned to Paris, and +found that not only Monsieur de Villèle was averse to war, +but that the King, Monsieur, and the Duke and Duchess of +Angoulême were equally disinclined to commence hostilities. +His endeavours have been incessantly directed to confirm +their pacific dispositions, and to induce the Spanish Government +to display moderation in their language and conduct. +I asked him if such were the sentiments of the ruling +powers in France upon what the question now turned, and +why all idea of war was not abandoned, since both parties +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +were pacifically inclined. He +said<a name="FNA_02_17" id="FNA_02_17" href="#FN_02_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +that France had been +led into a dilemma by a series of erroneous measures, that +hers was a false position, that having made the demands she +had done to the Allied Powers, having held such lofty +language, and having made such a show of military preparation, +her difficulty was how to retract and retrace her steps +with honour and credit to herself; that she was a nation +whose character depended in great measure upon her +military renown, and that it would reflect disgrace upon her +to have made such mighty preparations and assumed so +peremptory a tone without performing any action commensurate +with the expectations she had raised. He said that +appearances certainly became more warlike, but that he still +hoped peace would be maintained; that if war ensued it +would be entered into contrary to the interests and inclinations +of all the parties concerned, and that it would have +been brought about by a succession of circumstances over +which they had no control; that it was impossible for two +armies to remain for a length of time so near each other +without mutual incursions being made, insults and injuries +exchanged, which must inevitably end in a state of warfare +and hostility; that the recall of the French Minister from +Madrid would contribute to this result, for both in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON ON FRENCH INTERVENTION.</span> +Cortes and the Andalusian Junta expressions would be +uttered offensive to the French Government, and misrepresentations +would be made which would have the effect of +exasperating the parties and of widening the breach; and +that there being no agent of France at Madrid to furnish +explanations and destroy the effect of the misrepresentations, +there would be a constant correspondence between Madrid +and Paris, in which vent would be given to all the angry +feelings that ever +existed.<a name="FNA_02_18" id="FNA_02_18" href="#FN_02_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +The Duke advised that no +answer should be given to the notes of the three Powers, nor +to that of the French Minister. Had the Spanish Government +declined to take notice of the notes, they would have +imposed upon them the difficulty of taking the next steps. +However, he admitted that the answer to the French note +was very moderate. There is no statesman in Spain. There +are some eloquent men in the Cortes, particularly Torreno +and Arguelles. Torreno is the ablest man, but he has +injured his character by peculation. The state of Spain is +such that the most violent and turbulent possess the greatest +share of influence. Portugal is in a state of greater intellectual +improvement, and amongst the Portuguese there are +some men of ability—Palmella, and another whose name I +have forgotten. But Spain is not only deficient in men of +education and talent to direct her councils, but she has no +army, and not one officer of capacity. Not one was formed +by the late war, for such were their vanity and ignorance +that they would learn nothing from the English.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_17" id="FN_02_17" href="#FNA_02_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +All this reasoning appears to me exceedingly false, and I do not understand +a Government being compelled to adopt measures adverse to her +inclinations and injurious to her interests by circumstances which she could +not control. A wise and vigorous statesman would break through such a +web as that in which the French politics are entangled, and I cannot comprehend +how the honour of a nation is to be supported by an obstinate adherence +to measures which she had been led incautiously to adopt, and which +were afterwards found to militate with her true interests. If the councils of +France were directed by a Minister of a vigorous and independent character—if +such a Minister were to come forward and state frankly to Spain, and +announce to all Europe, that he would not invade the liberty and the rights +of Spain, and instantly put a stop to all hostile preparations, finding arguments +for an act of magnanimity, moderation, and justice, which are never +wanting when some deed of lawless ambition and violent aggression is to be +perpetrated, would not such a man acquire a more solid reputation than he +who sacrifices to some punctilio the interests of his own country and the +happiness and repose of millions, how great soever might be the success +with which his efforts should be crowned?—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_18" id="FN_02_18" href="#FNA_02_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +These notes were addressed by the respective Courts to their own +Ministers at Madrid. The Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs need not +have taken any notice of them whatever according to the forms of diplomatic +communication.—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>Upon one occasion only the Spaniards gained a victory, +the day on which St. Sebastian was stormed. Soult attacked +a Spanish corps commanded by General Freyre. When the +Duke was informed of the attack he hastened to the scene of +action and placed two British divisions in reserve, to support +the Spaniards, but did not allow them to come into action. +He found the Spaniards running away as fast as they could. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +He asked them where they were going. They said they +were taking off the wounded. He immediately sent and +ordered the gates of Irun, to which they were flying, to be +shut against them, and sent to Freyre to desire he would +rally his men. This was done, and they sustained the +attack of the French; but General Freyre sent to the Duke +to beg he would let his divisions support him, as he could +not maintain himself much longer. The Duke said to +Freyre’s aide-de-camp, ‘If I let a single man fire, the +English will swear they gained the victory, and he had much +better do it all himself; besides, look through my glass, and you +will see the French are retreating.’ This was the case, for a +violent storm of rain had occurred, and the French, who had +crossed a river, finding that it began to swell, and that their +bridges were in danger of being carried away, had begun to +retreat. The Spaniards maintained their position, but the +Duke said he believed they owed it to the storm more than +to their own resolution.</p> + +<p>The Duke wrote to Alava some time ago (three years, I +think) and desired him to advise the King from him, now +that he had accepted the Constitution, to throw himself upon +his Ministers. He has not written to Alava, nor Alava to +him, for three years, because he knows that all letters are +opened and read. He says the King of Spain is not clever, +but cunning; his manners are good. He is in correspondence +with the Allied Sovereigns, and is playing false. He has the +means of corresponding, because, although his household is +composed of men friendly to the revolution, there is no +restraint upon his person, and he sees whomsoever he +pleases. In case of war the French would obtain complete +success. He conceives their object would be to obtain +possession of the person of the King, to overthrow the Constitution, +establish the King upon the throne with a Constitution +perhaps similar to the French Charte, and to establish +an army of occupation to maintain such an order of things +till he should be able to form an army of his own.</p> + +<p>The Duke saw the King of France twice while he was in +Paris. He was much broken, but talked of living twelve or +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON’S RECOLLECTIONS.</span> +fourteen years. The second time he was in better health and +spirits than the first time. Madame du Cayla sent to the Duke +to ask him to call upon her; he went twice and she was not at +home. At his levee the King said, ‘Il y a une personne qui +regrette beaucoup de n’avoir pas eu le plaisir de vous voir.’ +The courtiers told him the King meant Madame du C. +He went the same evening and saw her. She is a fine +woman, about forty, and agreeable. She sees the King every +Wednesday; he writes notes and verses to her, and he has +given her a great deal of money. He has built a house for +her, and given her a <i>terre</i> near St. Denis which is valued at +1,500,000 francs. The King likes M. de +Villèle<a name="FNA_02_19" id="FNA_02_19" href="#FN_02_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +exceedingly. +He has occasionally talked to the Duke of Bonaparte. One +day, when they were standing together at the window which +looks upon the garden of the Tuileries, he said, ‘One day +Bonaparte was standing here with ——, and he said, pointing +to the Chamber of Deputies, “Vous voyez ce bâtiment là: si +je les démuselais, je serais détrôné.” I said, “The King +has given them freedom of debate, and I think I go on very +well with it.” ’</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_19" id="FN_02_19" href="#FNA_02_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +Villèle was a lieutenant in the navy, and afterwards went to the +Isle of France, where he was a member of the council (or whatever the +legislation was called). At the revolution he returned to France and +lived with his family near Toulouse, became a member of the departmental +body, and subsequently Mayor of Toulouse; he was afterwards elected a +Member of the Chamber, when he distinguished himself by his talents for +debate, and became one of the chiefs of the Ultra party. He was a member +of the Duc de Richelieu’s Government, which he soon quitted, and was one +of the principal instruments in overturning it. He anticipates a long +administration.—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>The Duke said he had been struck down by a musket +shot whilst reconnoitring the enemy as they were retreating +in the Pyrenees. The people round him thought he was +killed, but he got up directly. Alava was wounded a few +minutes before him, and Major Brooke nearly at the same +time. He is of opinion that Massena was the best French +general to whom he was ever opposed.</p> + +<p>He said that Bonaparte had not the patience requisite +for defensive operations. His last campaign (before the +capture of Paris) was very brilliant, probably the ablest of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +all his performances. The Duke is of opinion that if he had +possessed greater patience he would have succeeded in compelling +the Allies to retreat; but they had adopted so +judicious a system of defence that he was foiled in the +impetuous attacks he made upon them, and after a partial +failure which he met with, when he attacked Blücher at +Laon and Craon, he got tired of pursuing a course which +afforded no great results, and leaving a strong body under +Marmont to watch Blücher, he threw himself into the rear +of the Grand Army. The march upon Paris entirely disconcerted +him and finished the war. The Allies could not have +maintained themselves much longer, and had he continued +to keep his force concentrated, and to carry it as occasion +required against one or other of the two armies, the Duke +thinks he must eventually have forced them to retreat, and +that their retreat would have been a difficult operation. +The British army could not have reached the scene of operations +for two months. The Allies did not dare attack +Napoleon; if he had himself come up he should certainly have +attacked him, for his army was the best that ever existed.</p> + +<p>The Duke added that he traced back the present politics +of France to their chagrin at the dissolution of the Family +Compact. At the general pacification the Duke, on the part +of the English Government, insisted upon that treaty not +being renewed, and made a journey to Madrid for the purpose +of determining the Spanish Government. Talleyrand and +the King of France made great efforts to induce the Duke +to desist from his opposition to the renewal of the treaty, +and both were exceedingly mortified at being unable to shake +the determination of our Government on this point.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Wellington told me that +Knighton<a name="FNA_02_20" id="FNA_02_20" href="#FN_02_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +managed the King’s affairs very well, that he was getting +him out of debt very quickly, and that the Ministers were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF YORK’S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.</span> +well satisfied with him. When he was appointed to the +situation he now holds, he called at Apsley House to announce +it to the Duke, and expressed his hopes that the appointment +would not displease him. The Duke said that he +could have no objection, but he would give him a piece of +advice he trusted he would take in good part: this was, +that he would confine himself to the discharge of the functions +belonging to his own situation, and that he would not in +any way interfere with the Government; that as long as he +should so conduct himself he would go on very well, but that +if ever he should meddle with the concerns of the Ministers +he would give them such offence that they would not suffer +him to remain in a situation which he should thus abuse. +Knighton thanked him very much for his advice, and +promised to conform himself to it. It seems that he told +this to the King, for the next time the Duke saw him the +King said he had heard the advice which he had given to +‘a person,’ and that he might depend upon that person’s +following it entirely.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_20" id="FN_02_20" href="#FNA_02_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> +[Sir William Knighton, who was originally the King’s physician, had +been appointed Keeper of the King’s Privy Seal and Receiver of the Duchies +of Lancaster and Cornwall; but in fact he acted as the King’s Private +Secretary, and it was to the duties of that delicate office that the Duke’s +advice applied.]</p></div> + +<h3>November 29th, 1823</h3> + +<p>In the various conversations which I +have with the Duke of York he continually tells me a variety +of facts more or less curious, sometimes relating to politics, +but more frequently concerning the affairs of the Royal +Family, that I have neglected to note down at the time, and +I generally forget them afterwards. I must acknowledge, +however, that they do not interest me so much as they +would many other people. I have not much taste for Court +gossip. Another reason, too, is the difficulty of making a +clear narrative out of his confused communications. The +principal anecdotes he has told me have been, as well as I +recollect, relative to the Duchess of Gloucester’s marriage, +to the Duke of Cumberland’s marriage and all the dissensions +to which that event gave rise in the Royal Family, the +differences between the King and Prince Leopold, and other +trifling matters which I have forgotten. In all of these +histories the King acted a part, in which his bad temper, +bad judgment, falseness, and duplicity were equally conspicuous. +I think it is not possible for any man to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +a worse opinion of another than the Duke has of the King. +From various instances of eccentricities I am persuaded +that the King is subject to occasional impressions which +produce effects like insanity; that if they continue to +increase he will end by being decidedly mad. The last +thing which I have heard was at Euston the other day. I +went into the Duke’s room, and found him writing; he got +up and told me that he was thrown into a great dilemma by +the conduct of the King, who had behaved extremely ill to +him. The matter which I could collect was this:—Upon the +disturbances breaking out in the West Indies it became +necessary to send off some troops as quickly as possible. In +order to make the necessary arrangements without delay, +the Duke made various dispositions, a part of which consisted +in the removal of the regiment on guard at Windsor +and the substitution of another in its place. Orders were +expedited to carry this arrangement into effect, and at the +same time he communicated to the King what he had done +and desired his sanction to the arrangement. The Duke’s +orders were already in operation, when he received a letter +from the King to say that he liked the regiment which +was at Windsor, and that it should not move; and in consequence +of this fancy the whole business was at a standstill. +Thus he thought proper to trifle with the interests of +the country to gratify his own childish caprice. He gave, +too, great offence to the Duke, in hindering his dispositions +from being carried into effect, at the same time.</p> + +<p>The Duke told me another thing which he thought was indirectly +connected with the first. It seems one of the people +about the Court had ordered some furniture to be removed +from Cumberland Lodge to Windsor (something for the Chapel). +Stephenson, as head of the Board of Works, on being informed +this was done, wrote to the man to know by what orders +he had done it. The man showed the letter to the King, who +was exceedingly incensed, and wrote to Lord Liverpool to say +that Stephenson’s letter was insulting to him, and desired he +might be turned out. After some correspondence on the +subject Lord Liverpool persuaded the King to reinstate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD TITCHFIELD.</span> +him; but he was obliged to make all sorts of apologies and +excuses for having done what it was his duty to do. +Stephenson is a friend and servant of the Duke’s, and in his +ill-humour he tried to revenge himself upon the Duke as +well as on Stephenson, and he thwarted the Duke in his +military arrangements. What made his conduct the less +excusable was that it was important that these things should +be done quickly, and as the Duke was out of town a correspondence +became necessary, by which great delay would be +caused.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1824.</h2> + +<h3>March 6th, 1824</h3> + +<p>Poor Titchfield<a name="FNA_02_21" id="FNA_02_21" href="#FN_02_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +died last night at eight +o’clock, having lingered for some days in a state which +gave to his family alternate hopes and fears. He was +better till yesterday afternoon, when he was removed into +another room; soon after this he grew weaker, and at eight +o’clock he expired. He is a great loss to his family, of +which he was by much the cleverest member, and he was +well calculated to fill the situation in which fortune had +placed him. His talents were certainly of a superior description, +but their efficacy was counteracted by the eccentricity +of his habits, the indolence of his mind, and his +vacillating and uncertain disposition. He was, however, +occasionally capable of intense application, and competent +to make himself master of any subject he thought fit to +grapple with; his mind was reflecting, combining, and +argumentative, but he had no imagination, and to passion, +‘the sanguine credulity of youth, and the fervent glow of +enthusiasm’ he was an entire stranger. He never had any +taste for society, and attached himself early to politics. He +started in life with an enthusiastic admiration for Mr. +Canning, but after two or three years, being thrown into the +society of many of his political opponents, he began to +entertain opinions very different from those of Mr. Canning. +He never, however, enlisted under any political banner, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +his great object seemed to be to prove to the world that he +belonged to no party. After Mr. Canning came into office +he took the earliest opportunity of informing his constituents +that he was unfettered by any political connection with him. +Titchfield was never at a public school, but was educated at +home. Such an education—the most injudicious which can +be given to a young man destined to fill a great situation—was +not without its effect upon his mind. The superior +indulgences and the early habits of authority and power +in which he was brought up, without receiving correction +from any of those levelling circumstances which are incidental +to public schools, threw a shade of selfishness and reserve +over his character, which time, the commerce of the world, +and a naturally kind disposition had latterly done much to +correct. The subject to which he had principally devoted +his attention was political economy, and in the discussions +in the House of Commons upon currency he had particularly +distinguished himself. Whatever he attempted he had done +so well that great expectations were entertained of his future +success, and the indications he had given of talent will +ensure to his memory a lasting reputation. He has died at +a moment the most fortunate, perhaps, for his fame as a +public man; but his loss to his family is very great, and by +them will be long felt and deeply lamented.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_21" id="FN_02_21" href="#FNA_02_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> +[William Henry, Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth Duke +of Portland.]</p></div> + +<p>[An interval of two years occurs in the Journal, during +which Mr. Greville wrote nothing.]</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +The Panic of 1825 — Death of Emperor Alexander — The Duke of Wellington’s +Embassy to St. Petersburg — Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer — +Small Notes Bill — Death of Arthur de Ros — George III. and Lord Bute +— Illness and Death of the Duke of York — His Funeral — Lord Liverpool +struck with Paralysis — Rundell’s Fortune and Will — Copley and +Philpots — The Cottage — Formation of Mr. Canning’s Administration — +Secession of the Tories — The Whigs join him — Dinner at the Royal +Lodge — Difficulties of Canning’s Government — Duke of Wellington +visits the King — Canning’s Death — Anecdotes of Mr. Canning — Recognition +of South American States — His Industry — The Duke of Wellington +on Canning — Lord Goderich’s Administration formed — The Difficulty +about Herries — Position of the Whigs — The King’s letter to Herries — +Peel and George IV. — Interview of Lord Lansdowne with the King — +Weakness of the Government — First Resignation of Lord Goderich — +Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership — Lord Goderich returns — +Brougham and Rogers — Conversation and Character of Brougham — Lord +Goderich’s Ministry dissolved — Cause of its Dissolution — Hostility of +Herries — Position of Huskisson and his Friends — Herries and Huskisson +both join the New Cabinet. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1826.</h2> + +<h3>February 12th, 1826</h3> + +<p>The last three months have been remarkable +for the panic in the money market, which lasted +for a week or ten days—that is, was at its height for that +time. The causes of it had been brewing for some months +before, and he must be a sanguine and sagacious politician +who shall predict the termination of its effects. There is +now no panic, but the greatest alarm, and every prospect of +great distress, and long continuation of it. The state of the +City, and the terror of all the bankers and merchants, as +well as of all owners of property, is not to be conceived but +by those who witnessed it. This critical period drew forth +many examples of great and confiding liberality, as well as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +some of a very opposite character. Men of great wealth and +parsimonious habits came and placed their whole fortunes at +the disposal of their bankers in order to support their credit. +For many days the evil continued to augment so rapidly, +and the demands upon the Bank were so great and increasing; +that a Bank restriction was expected by everyone. So +determined, however, were Ministers against this measure, +that rather than yield to it they suffered the Bank to run +the greatest risk of stopping; for on the evening of the day +on which the alarm was at its worst there were only 8,000 +sovereigns left in the +till.<a name="FNA_03_01" id="FNA_03_01" href="#FN_03_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +The next day gold was poured +in, and from that time things got better.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_01" id="FN_03_01" href="#FNA_03_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[Mr. Baring (Lord Ashburton) stated in his pamphlet on this crisis, +‘The gold of the Bank was drained to within a very few thousand pounds, +for although the public returns showed a result rather less scandalous, a +certain Saturday night closed with nothing worth mentioning. It was then +that the Bank applied to Lord Liverpool for an Order in Council to suspend +cash payment. A conference took place between Lord Liverpool, Mr. Huskisson, +the governor of the Bank, and Mr. Baring. The suspension of cash +payments was happily averted, chiefly as it was said by the accidental +discovery of a box of one-pound Bank of England notes, to the amount of a +million and a half, which had never been issued, and which the public were +content to receive.’ Mr. Tooke, however, states in his ‘History of Prices’ +(Continuation, vol. iv. p. 342) that the lowest amount of the banking +treasure was on the 24th of December, 1825: Coin, 426,000ℓ.; bullion, +601,000ℓ.: in all, 1,027,000ℓ. The passage in the text refers of course to the +banking department only.]</p></div> + +<p>In the midst of all this the Emperor Alexander died, +and after a short period of doubt concerning his successor +it was found that Nicholas was to mount the throne. The +first act of the Russian Government was to communicate to +ours their resolution no longer to delay a recognition of the +independence of Greece, and their determination to support +that measure if necessary by force of arms. They invited us +to co-operate in this object, but intimated that if we were +not disposed to join them they should undertake it alone. +The Duke of Wellington is gone to Russia, ostensibly to +compliment the new Emperor, but really to concert measures +with the Russian Ministry for carrying this measure into +effect; and it is remarkable that the Duke, upon taking +leave of his friends and family to set out on this journey, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES.</span> +was deeply affected, as if he had some presentiment that he +should never return. Alava told me that he had frequently +taken leave of him, when both expected that they should +never meet again, yet neither upon that occasion nor upon +any other in the course of the seventeen years that he has +known him did he ever see him so moved. Lady Burghersh +said that when he took leave of her the tears ran down his +cheeks; he was also deeply affected when he parted from +his mother.</p> + +<p>In the discussion which took place on Friday night in +the House of Commons, when the Chancellor of the +Exchequer<a name="FNA_03_02" id="FNA_03_02" href="#FN_03_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +opened his financial plan, he is deemed to have +made a very bad speech, and Huskisson a very good one. +Robinson is probably unequal to the present difficult conjuncture; +a fair and candid man, and an excellent Minister +in days of calm and sunshine, but not endowed with either +capacity or experience for these stormy times, besides being +disqualified for vigorous measures by the remissness and +timidity of his character. However, though it is the +peculiar province of the Finance Minister to find a remedy +for these disorders, he may well be excused for not doing +that which the united wisdom of the country seems unequal +to accomplish. All men agree as to the existence of the +evil, and all differ as to the causes of it and the measures +which will effect its removal; not one man seems to see his +way clearly through the difficulty; however, ‘time and the +hour runs through the roughest day,’ and probably the +country will what is called right itself, and then great credit +will be given to somebody or other who deserves none.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_02" id="FN_03_02" href="#FNA_03_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[Right Hon. Frederick John Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer +from January 1823 to April 1827; afterwards Viscount Goderich and Earl +of Ripon.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 20th, 1826</h3> + +<p>The Small Notes Bill,<a name="FNA_03_03" id="FNA_03_03" href="#FN_03_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +as it is called, +lowered the funds and increased the alarm among the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +monied men. Numerous were the complaints of the inefficacy +of the measure for present relief, numerous the +predictions of the ultimate impossibility of carrying it into +effect. In the City, however, on Thursday afternoon things +began to improve; there was more confidence and cheerfulness. +On Friday evening the Chancellor of the Exchequer +comes down to the House and surprises everyone +by abandoning one part of his plan, and authorising the +Bank to issue one pound notes till October. The immediate +cause of this alteration was a communication which Hudson +Gurney made to the Chancellor, that if he persisted in his +Bill he should send up 500,000ℓ. which he had in Bank of +England notes and change them for sovereigns, and that all +country bankers would follow his example. From this he +found that it would be impossible to persist in his original +plan. The great evil now is a want of circulating medium, +and as the immediate effect of the measure would be another +run upon the Bank, and that probably all the gold drawn +from it would disappear—for men now are anxious to hoard +gold—this evil would be increased tenfold. The whole +country is in distress from the absence of circulating medium +for the common purposes of life; no country banker +will issue notes, for they are instantly returned upon his +hands and exchanged for gold. The circulation of country +notes being generally confined within a very limited extent, +the holders of them can easily present them for payment. +The circulation of a quantity of Bank of England paper will +relieve the immediate distress arising from this necessity, +and the difficulty of exchanging them for gold will ensure +the continuance of their circulation. When men find that +they must take notes, and that gold is not to be had without +so much pain and trouble, they will be contented to take +the notes to which they have been accustomed, and will +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. ROBINSON’S SMALL NOTES BILL.</span> +think the paper of their own bankers as good as that of the +Bank of England, besides the advantage of being less exposed +to the losses arising from forgery. This is the argument +of the opponents of Robinson’s Bill. It is generally +thought that the Ministers have disgraced themselves by +their precipitation and by the crudeness of their measures. +Hitherto they have done nothing towards removing the +present distress, or satisfying the minds of men, but the +contrary. Robinson is obviously unequal to the present +crisis. His mind is not sufficiently enlarged, nor does he +seem to have any distinct ideas upon the subject; he is +fighting in the dark.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_03" id="FN_03_03" href="#FNA_03_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[On the 10th of February the Chancellor of the Exchequer moved in +Committee ‘That all promissory notes payable on demand issued by licensed +Bankers in England or by the Bank of England for less than 5ℓ. shall not +be issued or circulated beyond the 5th of April next.’ Mr. Huskisson made +an able speech in support of the proposal, showing that the inflation produced +by the small note paper currency had greatly contributed to cause +and aggravate the panic (‘Huskisson’s Speeches,’ vol. ii. p. 444). Mr. +Baring, afterwards Lord Ashburton, opposed the restriction of small notes, +but with small success. The period allowed for the contraction of their +circulation was, however, extended to the 10th of October.]</p></div> + +<p>Everybody knows that Huskisson is the real author of +the finance measure of Government, and there can be no +greater anomaly than that of a Chancellor of the Exchequer +who is obliged to propose and defend measures of which +another Minister is the real though not the apparent author. +The funds rose nearly two per cent, upon this alteration in +the Bill before the House, on account of the prospect of an +abundance of money. Still it is thought that nothing will +be sufficient to relieve the present distress but an issue of +Exchequer bills. So great and absorbing is the interest +which the present discussions excite that all men are +become political economists and financiers, and everybody is +obliged to have an opinion.</p> + +<h3>February 24th, 1826</h3> + +<p>I have been since yesterday the spectator +of a melancholy scene and engaged in a sad office. Arthur +de Ros,<a name="FNA_03_04" id="FNA_03_04" href="#FN_03_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +who was taken ill a fortnight ago, became worse +on Monday night. After this time he was scarcely ever +sensible, and yesterday, at a quarter-past two, he expired. +After they had given up all hopes they were induced again +to suffer them to revive from the disappearance of the most +unfavourable symptoms; but this was only the weakness +which preceded dissolution, and a few moments after his +brother Henry had told me that he did not despair he came +and said that all was over, and a little while after Rose +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +announced that he had ceased to breathe. He died tranquilly, +and did not suffer at all. I never saw such a distress. His +father, mother, sisters, William, and his wife went immediately +to Boyle Farm. Henry would have followed them, but +I persuaded him to go home. He went first to Mrs. ——, +to whom Arthur had been attached for ten years, and after +a painful interview with her he came to his own house; he +has since been too ill to move. I have never seen grief so +strong and concentrated as his; it has exhausted his body +and overwhelmed his mind, and though I knew him to have +been much attached to his brother, I did not believe him +capable of feelings so acute as those which he has evinced. +William is much more calm and resigned, a strange, unaccountable +thing considering the characters of the two men—the +one so indifferent, and with feelings so apparently +deadened to the affections of this world, and the other with +a sensibility so morbid, and such acute susceptibility and +strong feelings, that the least thing affects him more deeply +than very serious concerns do other men.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_04" id="FN_03_04" href="#FNA_03_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[Colonel the Hon. Arthur John Hill de Ros, born 1793, died February +1826. He was aide-de-camp to his Royal Highness the Duke of York.]</p></div> + +<p>Arthur was an excellent creature, and will be regretted +by the Duke and deeply lamented by all who knew him +intimately. His talents were not brilliant, but he had good +sound sense, and was besides modest, diligent, honest, and +trustworthy in a high degree. There breathed not a more +honourable man, and as his ambition did not extend beyond +the sphere in which fortune had placed him and he was +contented with his destiny, but for this illness his career +might have been long and prosperous. I went last night +to sleep at the house, that it might not appear to have been +entirely abandoned to the care of servants. The only wish +he expressed was that Francis Russell should succeed him, +which I have no doubt he will do.</p> + +<h3>February 25th, 1826</h3> + +<p>Received a letter from the Duke of +York (to whom I had written to announce poor Arthur’s +death) expressive of the greatest regret for his loss.</p> + +<h3>March 2nd, 1826</h3> + +<p>I am just come from poor Arthur’s funeral. +There were present William de Ros, the two Hills, Craufurd, +Torrens, Taylor, Francis Russell, Campbell, and B. Paget. +The Duke appointed Francis his aide-de-camp directly.</p> + +<h3>July 2nd, 1826</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span> +Four months since I have written anything. +The Duke of York has been dangerously ill, and it is still +doubtful whether he will recover. I was with him at Frogmore +before Ascot; we went with the King to see Windsor +Castle. His Majesty has since been very much annoyed +about the Duke, cried a great deal when he heard how bad +he was, and has been twice to see him.</p> + +<p>The elections have been particularly violent and the +contests very numerous. A batch of Peers has been made; +everybody cries out against Charles Ellis’s +peerage<a name="FNA_03_05" id="FNA_03_05" href="#FN_03_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +(Lord +Seaford); he has no property, and is of no family, and his +son is already a Peer. The King, when these other Peers +were created, asked Canning to name somebody. He said +he had nobody about whom he was interested but Charles +Ellis, and the King consenting to his elevation, it was all +arranged without his knowledge. However, it is thought +very ridiculous, and that he would have done much better to +have declined it. Clanricarde, too, being made a Marquis +and an English Peer is thought an indirect exertion of +Canning’s influence.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_05" id="FN_03_05" href="#FNA_03_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Charles Rose Ellis, created Baron Seaford in 1826. Lord Seaford was +the father of Charles Augustus Ellis, who succeeded to the title of Lord +Howard de Walden through his mother, Elizabeth Catherine Caroline Hervey, +granddaughter of the fourth Earl of Bristol, who was the last Baron +Howard de Walden, as heir general of Thomas, first Baron. The son of +Lord Seaford had married a daughter of the fifth Duke of Portland, and was +consequently a connection of Mr. Canning.]</p></div> + +<h3>London, December 14th, 1826</h3> + +<p>The Duke of York very ill; has +been at the point of death several times from his legs +mortifying. Canning’s speech the night before last was most +brilliant; much more cheered by the Opposition than by +his own friends. He is thought to have been imprudent, and +he gave offence to his colleagues by the concluding sentence +of his reply, when he said, ‘<i>I</i> called into existence the new +world to redress the balance of the old.’ The <i>I</i> was not +relished. Brougham’s compliment to Canning was magnificent, +and he was loudly cheered by Peel; altogether it was +a fine display.</p> + +<p>Yesterday the Duke [of York] told me that the late King +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +[George III.] was walking with him one day at Kew, and +his Majesty said, ‘The world tells many lies, and here is one +instance. I am said to have held frequent communication with +Lord Bute, and the last time I ever saw or spoke to him was +in that pavilion in the year 1764.’ The King went over to +breakfast with his mother, the Princess Dowager, and she +took him aside and said, ‘There is somebody here who +wishes very much to speak to you.’ ‘Who is it?’ ‘Lord +Bute.’ ‘Good God, mamma! how could you bring him here? +It is impossible for me to hold any communication with +Lord Bute in this manner.’ However, he did see him, +when Lord Bute made a violent attack upon him for having +abandoned and neglected him. The King replied that he +could not, in justice to his Ministers, hold any communication +with him unknown to them, when Lord Bute said that +he would never see the King again. The King became angry +in his turn, and said, ‘Then, my Lord, be it so, and remember +from henceforth we never meet again.’ And from that day +he never beheld Lord Bute or had any communication with +him.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1827.</h2> + +<h3>Friday night, January 5th, 1827, half-past one</h3> + +<p>I am just come +from taking my last look at the poor +Duke.<a name="FNA_03_06" id="FNA_03_06" href="#FN_03_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +He expired at +twenty minutes after nine. Since eleven o’clock last night +the physicians never left his room. He never moved, and +they repeatedly thought that life was extinct, but it was not +till that hour that they found it was all over. The Duke of +Sussex and Stephenson were in the next room; Taylor, +Torrens and Dighton, Armstrong and I were upstairs. +Armstrong and I had been there about half an hour when +they came and whispered something to Dighton and called +out Taylor. Dighton told Torrens and they went out; immediately +after Taylor came up, and told us it was all over +and begged we would go downstairs. We went directly +into the room. The Duke was sitting exactly as at the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span> +moment he died, in his great arm-chair, dressed in his grey +dressing-gown, his head inclined against the side of the chair, +his hands lying before him, and looking as if he were in a +deep and quiet sleep. Not a vestige of pain was perceptible +on his countenance, which, except being thinner, was exactly +such as I have seen it a hundred times during his life. In fact, +he had not suffered at all, and had expired with all the ease +and tranquillity which the serenity of his countenance betokened. +Nothing about or around him had the semblance +of death; it was all like quiet repose, and it was not without +a melancholy satisfaction we saw such evident signs of the +tranquillity of his last moments.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_06" id="FN_03_06" href="#FNA_03_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[His Royal Highness the Duke of York, second son of King George +III., died on the 5th of January, 1827.]</p></div> + +<p>In about a quarter of an hour Taylor and Halford set off +to Windsor to inform the King; the Duke of Sussex went +to the Princess Sophia; letters were written to all the Cabinet +Ministers, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop +of London, and the Speaker of the House of Commons. +Orders were given that the great bell of St. Paul’s should +toll. The servants were then admitted to see the Duke as +he lay. +Worley<a name="FNA_03_07" id="FNA_03_07" href="#FN_03_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +was very much affected at the sight, and +one woman, the wife of Kendal, cried bitterly, and I saw her +stoop down and kiss his hand. The room was then cleared +and surrendered to the Lord Chamberlain’s people. Thus +did I take my last leave of the poor Duke. I have been the +minister and associate of his pleasures and amusements for +some years, I have lived in his intimacy and experienced +his kindness, and am glad that I was present at this last sad +occasion to pay my poor tribute of respect and attachment +to his remains.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_07" id="FN_03_07" href="#FNA_03_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[Worley was the Duke’s stud-groom.]</p></div> + +<p>After the October meetings of 1825 the Duke came to +town, not in good health. At the end of November the +Duchess of Rutland died, which was a great blow to him, +and probably made him worse. A short time after her +funeral he went to Belvoir, when the Duke of Rutland took +him down into the vault, where he stayed an hour and +returned excessively chilled. From that moment he grew +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +worse till the time of the Ascot races. We went to Frogmore +two days before the party began, and for those two +days he led a quiet life. When the party was assembled he +lived as he had been used to do, going to the races, sitting at +table, and playing for hours at whist. He slept wretchedly +and seldom went to bed, but passed the greater part of the +night walking about the room or dozing in his chair. I +used to go into his room, which was next to mine, the +moment I was out of bed, and generally found him in his +dressing gown, looking harassed and ill. He showed me his +legs, which were always swelled. Still he went on till the +last day of the party, and when we got to town he was so +ill that M‘Gregor, who came to him that night, thought +him in danger. From that moment the illness was established +which has ended in his death. They began by +putting him through several courses of mercury, and they +sent him to the Greenwoods’ villa at Brompton. Here he +continued to receive everybody who called on him, and went +out in his carriage every day. They always said that he was +getting better. In August he went to Brighton, and soon +after his arrival his legs mortified. It was then that Taylor +went down to him and told him that he was in great and +immediate danger. He received the information with perfect +composure. The gangrene, however, was stopped, and he +came to town to the Duke of Rutland’s house. The dropsy +continued to make rapid progress, and some time in September +he was tapped; twenty-two pints of water were drawn. +from him. This operation was kept secret, for the Duke +did not like that his situation should be known. He recovered +from the operation and regained his strength; no +more water formed in his body, but there was still water in +his system, and a constant discharge from his legs, which +occasioned him great pain and made wounds which were +always open and extending. These wounds again produced +gangrene, but they always contrived to stop its progress, +and put the legs in a healing condition. As often, however, +as the legs began to heal the water began to rise, and the +medicines that were given to expel the water drove it again +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span> +to the legs, through which it made its way, making fresh +sores and entailing fresh mortification. In this way he +went on, the strength of his constitution still supporting +him, till towards the end of December, when the constitution +could resist no longer; his appetite totally failed, and +with loss of appetite came entire prostration of strength, +and in short a complete break-up. From that moment it +was obvious that his recovery was impossible, but he continued +to struggle till the 5th of January, although he had +tasted no solid food whatever for above a fortnight. At all +the different periods at which his state was critical it was +always made known to him, and he received the intimation +with invariable firmness and composure. He said that he +enjoyed life but was not afraid to die. But though perfectly +acquainted with his own danger he never could bear that +other people should be informed of it, and so far from +acknowledging it, he always told his friends that he was +better, and his language was invariably that of a man who +did not doubt of his recovery. He was particularly anxious +that nobody should know he had been tapped, and it was +not till many weeks after that operation that he talked of it +one day to me. Up to the last moment that I saw him (the +day week before he died) he told me he was better, and he +desired me to tell Montrond, who had called upon him, that +he would see him as soon as he was well enough. He held +the same language to everybody until the day previous to +his death, when he sent for Taylor and Stephenson into his +room. He could then hardly speak, but he took hold of +Stephenson’s hand, and looking at Taylor, said, ‘I am now +dying.’ He tried to articulate something else, but he was +unintelligible. About a fortnight before his death, soon +after his appetite began to fail, Taylor had to announce to +him his danger. He received the intelligence with the +same coolness he had before shown, but it was not without +difficulty that he admitted the conviction. A few days after +he received the Sacrament, which was administered by the +Bishop of London, in the presence of Sir H. Halford, Taylor, +and the Princess Sophia. He was then very weak, but calm +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +and collected during the ceremony. When it was over he +shook hands with the men and kissed the Princess. The King +saw him the next day, but he was in a lethargic state nearly +the whole time that he was there. For many days before +his death the physicians thought that every day must close +the scene, but such was the natural strength of his constitution +that he evinced a tenacity of life and maintained a +struggle which astonished them all, and of which they +unanimously declared that their practice had never furnished +them with a similar instance. It seems that three years +ago, when he was very unwell, M‘Gregor told him that +unless he was more prudent he would certainly be afflicted +with dropsy. He had been subject to spasms, and in consequence +of them was averse to lie down in bed, and to this +pernicious habit and that of sitting for many hours together +at table, or at cards, they attribute the origin, of the complaint +which has terminated so fatally. Had he been a +more docile patient, from the amazing vigour of his constitution +he might have looked forward to a very long life. +His sufferings in the course of his illness have been very +great, and almost without cessation. Nothing could exceed +the patience and courage with which he endured them; his +serenity and good humour were never disturbed, and he +never uttered a word or complaint, except occasionally at +the length of his confinement. He not only saw all the +visitors who chose to call upon him, even those with whom +he was not in habits of intimacy, but he transacted the +whole of his public business every day, and every paper was +laid before him and every detail gone through as if he had +been in perfect health. This he continued to within a few days +of his death, till his strength was so entirely exhausted that +he lay in a state of almost complete insensibility. It is remarkable +that from the beginning to the end of his illness +I never saw him that he did not tell me that he was a great +deal better, and he never wrote to me without assuring me +that he was going on as well as possible.</p> + +<h3>February 12th, 1827</h3> + +<p>The Duke of York was no sooner dead +than the public press began to attack him, and while those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span> +private virtues were not denied him for which he had +always been conspicuous, they enlarged in a strain of severe +invective against his careless and expensive habits, his +addiction to gambling; and above all they raked up the old +story of Mrs. Clark and the investigation of 1809, and published +many of his letters and all the disgusting details of +that unfortunate affair, and that in a manner calculated to +throw discredit on his character. The newspapers, however, +soon found they had made a mistake, that this course was +not congenial to public feeling, and from that moment their +columns have been filled with panegyrics upon his public +services and his private virtues. The King ordered that the +funeral should be public and magnificent; all the details of +the ceremonial were arranged by himself. He showed great +feeling about his brother and exceeding kindness in providing +for his servants, whom the Duke was himself unable +to provide for. He gave 6,000ℓ. to pay immediate expenses +and took many of the old servants into his own service. +There appeared a few days after the Duke’s death an +infamous forgery, purporting to be a letter or declaration +written by him a short time before his death (principally +upon the subject of the Catholic question), which, however, was +disavowed by Taylor, but not till after many thousand copies +had been sold. I dare say many people believe still that he +was the author of this pamphlet. All his effects either have +been or will be sold by auction. The funeral took place a +fortnight after his death. Nothing could be managed +worse than it was, and except the appearance of the soldiers +in the chapel, which was extremely fine, the spectacle was +by no means imposing; the cold was intense, and it is only +marvellous that more persons did not suffer from it. As it +is the Bishop of Lincoln has died of the effects of it; +Canning has been dangerously ill, and is still very unwell; +and the Dukes of Wellington and Montrose were both very +seriously unwell for some days after. The King was very +angry when he heard how miserably the ceremony had been +performed. I have been this evening to hear Peel move the +address of condolence to the King, which Canning would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +have done if he had been here; and it is a pity he was not, +for Peel did it very ill: it was poor and jejune, and +undistinguished by eloquence or the appearance of deep +feeling. I was greatly disappointed, for I expected to hear +a worthier tribute to his merits. Canning was very anxious +to have been here to have performed this duty himself. +The letters which he wrote to the Royal Family abroad announcing +the event of his death were admirable and gave +great satisfaction to the King.</p> + +<h3>February 21st, 1827</h3> + +<p>Three days ago Lord Liverpool was +seized with an apoplectic or paralytic attack. The moment +it was known every sort of speculation was afloat as to the +probable changes this event would make in the Ministry. +It was remarked how little anybody appeared to care about +the <i>man</i>; whether this indifference reflects most upon the +world or upon him, I do not pretend to say. A report +was generally circulated that the Duke of Cumberland was +dead, which was believed, but turns out to be untrue.</p> + +<p>Old Rundell (of the house of Rundell and Bridge, the +great silversmiths and jewellers) died last week, and appointed +Robarts one of his executors. Robarts called on me +this morning, and told me he had been yesterday to Doctors’ +Commons to prove the will. Rundell was eighty years old, +and died worth between 1,400,000ℓ. and 1,500,000ℓ., the +greater part of which is vested in the funds. He has left +the bulk of his property to his great-nephew, a man of the +name of Neal, who is residuary legatee and will inherit +900,000ℓ.—this Mr. Neal had taken care of him for the last +fourteen years—to a woman who had lived with him many +years, and in whose house he died, and to two natural sons +by her he only left 5,000ℓ. apiece. The old man began the +world without a guinea, became in the course of time partner +in that house during its most flourishing period, and by +steady gains and continual parsimony amassed this enormous +wealth. He never spent anything and lived wretchedly. +During the panic he came to Robarts, who was his banker, +and offered to place at his disposal any sum he might require. +When the executors went to prove the will, they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE IV.</span> +were told at Doctors’ Commons that it was the largest sum +that ever had been registered there.</p> + +<h3>March 13th, 1827</h3> + +<p>Since the debate on the Catholic question +there has been a great expectation that Canning would +resign. Many of his friends think he made an imprudent +speech that night, and if he had not lashed the Master of +the Rolls so severely that he would have got more +votes.<a name="FNA_03_08" id="FNA_03_08" href="#FN_03_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +The truth is he was mightily nettled by Dr. Philpots’ +pamphlet and at Copley making a speech taken entirely +from it. The Master protested that he had no idea of +offending Canning, and until he got up had no notion that +Canning had taken offence at his speech. The question was +lost by accident; several pro-Catholics were suddenly taken +ill or arrived too late for the division, and the election +petitions went all against them.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_08" id="FN_03_08" href="#FNA_03_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[Sir John Copley was then Master of the Rolls, but this occurrence +did not prevent Canning from making him Lord Chancellor on the 2nd of +May following, when he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron +Lyndhurst.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 16th, 1827</h3> + +<p>On Wednesday at the Council at St. +James’s the King desired I would go down to Windsor, +that he might speak to me. I went down on Thursday to +the Cottage, and, after waiting two hours and a half, was +ushered into his bedroom. I found him sitting at a round +table near his bed, in a <i>douillette</i>, and in pretty good health +and spirits. He talked about his horses and told some old +stories, lamented the death of the Duke of York, which he +said was a loss to him such as no one could conceive, and +that he felt it every instant. He kept me about an hour, was +very civil, and then dismissed me.</p> + +<p>Canning made an apology to the Master of the Rolls for +his severity in the debate on the Catholic question.</p> + +<h3>March 25th, 1827</h3> + +<p>When the King heard of Lord Liverpool’s +illness he was in great agitation. He sent for Peel in the +night, and told him he must see the Duke of Wellington. +Peel endeavoured to dissuade him, but in vain. The Duke +was sent for, but he refused to go. He sent the King word +that he had nothing to say to him, and that it would not be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +fair to his colleagues that he should see the King at such a +moment. Consequently he saw none of his Ministers till he +saw Canning, who was taken to the Pavilion in a chair one +day. There have been a variety of reports about Lord +Liverpool’s successor and a new Administration, as always +happens on such occasions.</p> + +<p>The King is in very good health and excellent spirits. +He had a large party at the Lodge last week, and Canning, +the Granvilles, Carlisles, Lievens, are going there next week. +Mount Charles told me yesterday that next week he thinks +something must be decided, and he told me what I did not +know, that the King’s opinions on the Catholic question are +just the same as those of the Duke of York, and equally +strong. This is the great difficulty which Canning has to +get over with him. He does not much like Canning, though +C. does everything he can to gratify and please him. Mount +Charles told me that his mother (Lady Conyngham) has +strong opinions in favour of the Catholics, but that she never +talks to the King on the subject, nor indeed upon politics +at all.</p> + +<h3>April 13th, 1827</h3> + +<p>The King came to town a week ago. From +the moment of his arrival every hour produced a fresh report +about the Administration; every day the new appointment +was expected to be declared, and the Ministers Peel, Lord +Bathurst, Duke of Wellington, and Canning were successively +designated as the persons chosen to form a Government. +He had no sooner arrived than he saw his Ministers +<i>seriatim</i>, but nothing could induce him to come to any +determination. He wavered and doubted, and to his confidants, +with whom he could bluster and talk big, he expressed +in no measured terms his detestation of Liberal +principles, and especially of Catholic Emancipation. He +begged his Ministers to stand by him, and day after day +elapsed and nothing was settled. In the meantime London +was alive with reports; and the <i>on dit</i> of the day, repeated +with every variety of circumstance and with the usual +positiveness of entire ignorance, would fill a volume. Time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING’S ADMINISTRATION.</span> +crept on, and Parliament was to adjourn on the 13th (this +day). On the 9th Canning went to the King, and, after a +long audience, he came away without anything being settled. +On the 10th he went again, and told his Majesty that longer +delay was impossible, and that he must come to some +determination. On the evening of the 10th we received a +note from Lord Bathurst, saying that the King had desired +Canning to form an Administration on the principles of that +of which Lord Liverpool had been at the head. This was +not generally known that evening. Last night it was said +that the Duke of Wellington would not remain in the new +Cabinet, and we heard that Peel had resigned. To-day everything +will probably be known. Canning and his friends say +that the King has behaved admirably in this business, and +they affect to consider his appointment unconditional and +unfettered; but this is by no means the view which the others +take of it. The King, however, has acted in such a way that +all his Ministers (except those whose interest it now is to +laud him to the skies) are disgusted with his doubting, +wavering, uncertain conduct, so weak in action and so intemperate +in language. It is now supposed that he has been influenced +by Knighton in coming to this determination, in +which he certainly has acted in a manner quite at variance +with his professions and the whole tenor of his language. It +must be owned, if this is so, that although Canning has gained +his point—has got the power into his hands and is nominally +Prime Minister—no man ever took office under more humiliating +circumstances or was placed in a more difficult and +uncertain situation; indeed, a greater anomaly cannot be +imagined. Canning, disliked by the King, opposed by the +aristocracy and the nation, and unsupported by the Parliament, +is appointed Prime Minister. The King, irresolute +and uncertain, is induced to nominate a man whose principles +and opinions he fears and dislikes by the advice and influence +of his physician. The measure which is of paramount +importance Canning cannot carry as he desires and believes +to be necessary; he must form a Cabinet full of disunion, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +and he is doubtful what support he can expect from the old +adherents of Government, by whom he is abhorred.</p> + +<p>The writ was moved for Canning yesterday by Wynne, +‘he having accepted the office of First Commissioner of +the Treasury.’ This morning the Chancellor, Peel, Lord +Westmoreland, and the Duke of Wellington resigned. +Lord Bathurst immediately wrote to Canning, saying that, +finding they had resigned, he could not avoid sending in +his resignation also; that it was unnecessary to enter +into explanations, which could only tend to widen the +breach such a separation must make. Afterwards Lord +Melville resigned, although well with Canning and a +friend to the Catholics; he said he could not desert the +men with whom he had acted for so many years. The +Whigs seem greatly elated at the breaking up of this Administration. +The Tories evidently think Canning is in a +scrape, that he will not be able to form a Government, and +that the power will return into their hands. How Canning +and his friends feel is not yet known, nor what the King +feels at being deserted by half his Cabinet. The opinion +prevalent with the Opposition is that Canning has been +deserted by his colleagues, who induced him to accept the +Government by promising their support and adherence, and +that when he had taken the final step they left him to make +the arrangements and fill up their places as he could. This, +however, is not the case. I saw George +Dawson<a name="FNA_03_09" id="FNA_03_09" href="#FN_03_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +this evening, +and he assured me that Canning had received ample notice +from all these Ministers that they would not hold office +under him, and that if he was appointed Prime Minister +they should resign. Peel told him this three weeks ago: +‘that he could not, with a due regard to his own character, +continue in office under a man whose opinions are so diametrically +opposite to his own upon the most important +question; that he had no views of personal ambition, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING’S ADMINISTRATION.</span> +that as the administration of Ireland was his peculiar province +it was impossible they should not come into constant +collision upon that subject.’ They had no objection to act +with Canning, always considering him as one of the most +influential members of the Cabinet, but they could not hold +offices <i>under</i> him. He said that he could not imagine how +Canning with his knowledge could take such a step, and it is +evident that he has no idea of his being able to carry on the +Government at all.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_09" id="FN_03_09" href="#FNA_03_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +The Right Hon. George Robert Dawson was Secretary of the Treasury +from 1828 to 1830, and was made a Privy Councillor on resigning that office. +He married in 1816 Mary, the eldest daughter of the first Sir Robert Peel, +and was consequently the brother-in-law of Mr. Peel, the Minister.</p></div> + +<h3>April 30th, 1827</h3> + +<p>From the period of Canning’s acceptance +of office up to Thursday night there have been continual +negotiations between Canning and the Whigs, and it is not +possible to imagine greater curiosity and more intense anxiety +than have been exhibited during the interval. The violence +and confusion of parties have been extreme—the new Ministers +furious with their old colleagues, the ex-Ministers equally +indignant with those they left behind them.</p> + +<h3>May 12th, 1827</h3> + +<p>It is necessary to go back to the first formation +of the Government.<a name="FNA_03_10" id="FNA_03_10" href="#FN_03_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +As soon as Canning had got +the King’s commission he began to negotiate, and the +Whigs readily enough entered into negotiation. The friends +of Ministers resigned one after another, and for some time it +seemed very doubtful whether Canning would be able to form +a Government at all. His first measure was, however, very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +judicious—that of appointing the Duke of Clarence Lord +High Admiral—nothing served so much to disconcert his +opponents. The negotiations went on (through the Duke +of Devonshire) up to the end of the Easter recess, when +Lord Lansdowne came to town, and after much delay it was +announced that the Whigs would support the new Government, +but that none of them would take office immediately. +The places were all filled up, but the appointments were +understood to be only provisional, and the Duke of Portland, +Lord Dudley, and Sturges Bourne were considered to hold +their offices until Lord Lansdowne, Lord Carlisle, and Tierney +should join the Cabinet. With this arrangement Parliament +met, and the rage which had been accumulating in the +minds of the seceders soon burst forth in a furious attack on +this provisional arrangement. The Whigs have nearly in a +body joined Government, with the exception of Lord Grey in +the House of Lords, who in a speech full of eloquence +attacked Canning’s political life and character and announced +his intention of remaining neuter. In the meantime +it was understood that there was a reason for Lord +Lansdowne not joining Government immediately, which was +not to be made public till that event took place, and this +secret was only imparted to a very few people; it was even +concealed from Brougham and the leaders of the party. +The secret, however, turns out to be this: Lord Lansdowne +insisted upon modelling the Irish Government as he pleased—that +is, in putting a Lord-Lieutenant, a Chancellor, and a +Secretary there favourable to the Catholic claims, to which +the King would not consent. Canning entreated Lord Lansdowne +to have patience, to allow time to elapse, during +which the King’s scruples might be removed, and promised +that every endeavour should be made to reconcile the King +to the arrangement Lord Lansdowne desired. After much +discussion it was resolved that Lord Lansdowne should +support Government, but that he should not take office +until this point was settled; and so the matter has remained.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p style="margin-bottom: 0em;"><a name="FN_03_10" id="FN_03_10" href="#FNA_03_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[The Cabinet formed by Mr. Canning was thus constituted:—</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Canning, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Earl of Harrowby, Lord President of the Council.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Duke of Portland, Lord Privy Seal, and afterwards the Earl of Carlisle.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Dudley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Goderich, Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs and War.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Sturges Bourne, Secretary of State for the Home Department +(this office was shortly afterwards transferred to the Marquis of Lansdowne)</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Huskisson, President of the Board of Trade.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Wynn, President of the Board of Control.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Bexley, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Tierney, Master of the Mint.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +The Duke of Clarence was named Lord High Admiral.</p> +<p style="margin-top: 0em;"> +The Office of Commander-in-Chief remained vacant during the Administration +of Mr. Canning. This Administration lasted ninety-eight days, until +the death of Mr. Canning.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 3rd, 1827</h3> + +<p>Soon after writing this Lord Lansdowne came +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING’S ADMINISTRATION.</span> +into the Cabinet, together with Tierney and Lord Carlisle, +M‘Donald and Abercromby also taking places. They found so +many objections to the unsettled state of the Cabinet, and +the provisional arrangements had brought so much odium +and ridicule upon the Government, that it was thought necessary +to settle this matter without loss of time, but Lord +Lansdowne would not consent to take the Home Office except +upon the conditions on which he had before insisted. He +therefore came into the Cabinet without a place. But it is +quite evident that the present state of affairs is far from +satisfactory; the Government is not established on a firm or +secure basis, and the members of it are not altogether satisfied +with each other or themselves. Lord Lansdowne particularly +does not feel comfortable where he is, and does not +think that he has been well treated by his own friends. It +seems that when first overtures were made to him by +Canning he called a meeting of his friends at Lansdowne +House, at which he declared his own sentiments and the +conditions on which he would join the Government. The +persons there assembled unanimously agreed with him, but +a few days after a meeting was called at Brooks’s which +was more numerously attended, and there certain resolutions +were agreed upon which were not in conformity with the +opinions expressed in Lansdowne House, and these resolutions +were communicated to Canning as the sentiments of the +great body of the Whigs, but without the same being imparted +to Lord Lansdowne, who was then at Bowood (this +fact I had last night from +Duncannon<a name="FNA_03_11" id="FNA_03_11" href="#FN_03_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +and +Hobhouse<a name="FNA_03_12" id="FNA_03_12" href="#FN_03_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>). +Matters, however, went on quietly enough till the other +night, when the Government was beat in the House of +Lords upon the clause in the Corn Bill, and this defeat it +is obvious has enraged and embarrassed them to the greatest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +degree.<a name="FNA_03_13" id="FNA_03_13" href="#FN_03_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +Duncannon, who is entirely in the confidence of +the moderate Whig party, says that it is impossible the +thing can go on in this way; three Lords in the King’s +household (Errol, Macclesfield, and Delawarr) voted against +the Bill, and if they are not dismissed it will be such a +proof of the feebleness of Government as will disgust +all the Whigs and make their support very +lukewarm.<a name="FNA_03_14" id="FNA_03_14" href="#FN_03_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +Burdett, who was more active and zealous than anybody +in bringing about the Coalition, is very much disgusted +already, and there appears altogether such a want of confidence +and unanimity among them as must lead to the +dissolution of the Government unless Canning can by some +vigorous measures establish his credit and convince the +world of his strength. In Ireland the Chancellor<a name="FNA_03_15" id="FNA_03_15" href="#FN_03_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +has refused +to put the Great Seal to the appointment of Doherty +as Solicitor-General. It is supposed that he will take this +occasion to resign, and it will then be seen what part the +King will take in the nomination of his successor. The +King sees numbers of people, talks incessantly, and does +nothing. Canning was with him yesterday evening, and the +result of his audience will be very interesting, because it will +appear whether he has insisted upon, and the King consented +to, the dismissal of the refractory Lords, as well as what he +will do about the Irish Chancellor. Government are indignant +with the Duke of Wellington and the other ex-Ministers +for opposing the Corn Bill, which they had been themselves +(when in office) instrumental in framing, as well as for the +use which the Duke made of Huskisson’s letter.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_11" id="FN_03_11" href="#FNA_03_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[John William, Viscount Duncannon, afterwards fourth Earl of Bessborough.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_12" id="FN_03_12" href="#FNA_03_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[Mr. John Cam Hobhouse, M.P. for Westminster, afterwards Sir John +C. Hobhouse, Bart., raised to the peerage in 1851 by the title of Baron +Broughton de Giffard.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_13" id="FN_03_13" href="#FNA_03_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[It was with reference to this defeat that Canning said soon afterwards +in the House of Commons that ‘the Duke of Wellington had been made the +instrument of others for their own particular views,’ and he pledged himself +to bring in another Corn Bill in the following session. But these were +almost the last words uttered by Canning in Parliament.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_14" id="FN_03_14" href="#FNA_03_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[Lord Delawarr resigned of his own accord, Lord Errol was obliged to +resign, and Lord Macclesfield came over and voted with Government on the +second reading of the Corn Bill.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_15" id="FN_03_15" href="#FNA_03_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +[Lord Manners was still Lord Chancellor of Ireland, as he had been +since 1807. Mr. Doherty was made Solicitor-General for Ireland on the +18th of June.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 17th, 1827</h3> + +<p>I was at the Royal Lodge for one night last +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE ROYAL LODGE.</span> +Wednesday; about thirty people sat down to dinner, and the +company was changed nearly every day. It is a delightful +place to live in, but the rooms are too low and too small for +very large parties. Nothing can exceed the luxury of the +internal arrangements; the King was very well and in excellent +spirits, but very weak in his knees and could not walk +without difficulty. The evening passed off tolerably, owing +to the Tyrolese, whom Esterhazy brought down to amuse the +King, and he was so pleased with them that he made them +sing and dance before him the whole evening; the women +kissed his face and the men his hand, and he talked to them +in German. Though this evening went off well enough, it is +clear that nothing would be more insupportable than to live +at this Court; the dulness must be excessive, and the people +who compose his habitual society are the most insipid and +uninteresting that can be found. As for Lady Conyngham, +she looks bored to death, and she never speaks, never appears +to have one word to say to the King, who, however, talks +himself without ceasing. Canning came the day I went +away, and was very well received by his Majesty; he looked +dreadfully ill. The only thing which interested me was the +account I heard from Francis Conyngham about Knighton. +He is seldom there, and when he comes scarcely stays above +a night or two. But he governs everything about the house, +and cannot endure anybody who is likely to dispute his empire. +The King certainly does not like him, is always +happier when he is away, and never presses him to stay or +to return. When he is there he has constant access to the King +at all times and whenever he pleases. He is on bad +terms with Mount Charles, he bullies Lord Conyngham, and +he is barely civil to Lady C.; he knows that Mount Charles +is independent of him, and that the King likes him and +admits him continually and familiarly to his presence, and +of this it seems that he is jealous. I was more struck with +one word which dropped from him than with all he told me of +Sir W. Knighton. While the Tyrolese were dancing and +singing, and there was a sort of gay uproar going on, with +which the King was greatly delighted, he said, ‘I would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +give ten guineas to see Knighton walk into the room now,’ +as if it were some master who was absent, and who should +suddenly return and find his family and servants merrymaking +in his absence; it indicates a strange sort of power +possessed by him.</p> + +<p>The King was very civil to the Duke of Dorset, and +repeatedly told him that what had passed would make no +difference in their private friendship. In the meantime the +Corn Bill has been thrown out, and I think political animosities +are full as strong as ever, though they have taken rather +a sulky than a violent tone. I had a long conversation with +Duncannon yesterday, who is fully possessed of the sentiments +of all the Whigs, and by what he says it is clear that +they are extremely dissatisfied; they want Canning to display +his power by some signal act of authority, and to show that +he is really supported cordially by the King. The opposite +party are persuaded that the King is secretly inclined to them +and averse to his present Government, and this opinion +obtains more or less with the public in consequence of the +impunity with which Canning has been braved by the Chancellor +in Ireland. The appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General +has never yet passed the Great Seal, and Lord +Manners refuses to sanction it; he has likewise refused to +put Sir Patrick Bellew (a Catholic) in the Commission of the +Peace, though he is a respectable man and he has been +strongly pressed to do it even by Protestants. This refusal +so disgusted Duncannon that he was very near withdrawing +his name from the Commission, and if he had his example +would have been followed by many others, but Lord Spencer +dissuaded him from doing so. Lord Grey is in such a state +of irritation that he will hardly speak to any of his old +friends, and he declares that he will never set his foot in +Brooks’s again. All this is the more extraordinary, and the +vivacity of his temper the more unaccountable, because he +has constantly declined taking an active part in politics when +invited to do so for a long time past; and whenever Duncannon +has asked his advice or consulted his opinions or +wishes, he has invariably referred him to Lord Lansdowne as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">HOSTILITY OF LORD GREY.</span> +the person whom his friends were to look upon as their +leader, asserting that he had withdrawn himself from public +life and would have no more concern with politics. More +than this, when first overtures were made by Canning to the +Whigs, it was the unanimous opinion of all those who have +since joined the Government that Lord Lansdowne and his +friends could not join an Administration of which Peel was +to be a member (for at that time the resignation of Peel was +not contemplated as a probable event), and this opinion was +warmly combated by Lord Grey, who contended that there +was no reason why they should not coalesce with Canning +and Peel. What induced him to alter his opinion so decidedly +and to become so bitter an enemy to the present +arrangements does not appear, unless it is to be attributed +to a feeling of pique and resentment at not having been +more consulted, or that overtures were not made to himself. +The pretext he took for declaring himself was the appointment +of Copley to be Chancellor, when he said that it was +impossible to support a Government which had made such +an appointment.</p> + +<h3>July 5th, 1827</h3> + +<p>The session is over, and has been short but +violent enough. There is apparently a majority against the +Ministry in the House of Lords, though they seem safe in the +House of Commons. All depends upon Canning’s prudence +and firmness during the recess. As to the King, he seems +desirous of living a quiet life and disposing of all patronage; +public measures and public men are equally indifferent to +him. The Duke of Wellington, who knows him well, says +he does not care a farthing about the Catholic question, but +he does not like to depart from the example of his father +and the Duke of York, to which they owed so much of their +popularity. His conduct is entirely influenced by selfish +considerations, and he neither knows nor cares what measures +the exigencies of the country demand. The present state of +parties is so extraordinary that it cannot last, and it remains +to be seen whether Lord Grey and the other Whigs will +reunite themselves to the main body and support Canning’s +Government, or whether they will join with the Tories in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +their efforts to overturn it. Lord Grey’s temper, irritated +by the attacks which have been made on him, seems likely +to urge him to the latter alternative.</p> + +<h3>July 25th, 1827</h3> + +<p>Canning is gone to Chiswick, where he has +had the lumbago, and could not go to the Council last week. +He is very unwell, and in a very precarious state, I think. +I was at the Council last Monday week; it was held for the +appointment of Lords Lansdowne and Carlisle, Lord Lansdowne +having consented to take the Home Office, and Lord +Carlisle the Privy Seal; the only Cabinet Ministers present +were the four who changed places. It was the first time the +King had given Lord Lansdowne an audience, but I believe +he was very civil to him. The King gave him an account +of the Duke of Buckingham’s visit to him (from Dropmore), +the result of which was that he sent his proxy to +Lord Goderich, but not with a good grace.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Wellington has been to the Lodge, and +great is the speculation +thereupon.<a name="FNA_03_16" id="FNA_03_16" href="#FN_03_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +It is fiercely debated +whether he went by invitation or not, and how long he +stayed. He was only with the King twenty minutes, for so +Prince Leopold, who was there, told Lambton, who told me. +I don’t know if he was invited or no. The King has taken +from Prince Leopold the plate that was given, or, as they +now say, lent to him, on his marriage. The Chamberlain +sent to Sir E. Gardiner for it in the Prince’s absence, and +he refused to give it up without his Royal Highness’s orders, +but the Prince, as soon as he heard of it, ordered it to be +sent to the Chamberlain.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_16" id="FN_03_16" href="#FNA_03_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +[The causes and consequences of this visit, which was by invitation +from the King, are related in the Duke of Wellington’s ‘Correspondence,’ +New Series, vol. iv. p. 63 <i>et seq</i>.]</p></div> + +<p>The Irish Chancellor has given way about Doherty’s +appointment, and put the Great Seal to it before his own +resignation. He did it with a good grace, Lord Lansdowne +told me.</p> + +<p>We went all over the Castle the other day; his Majesty +will not let anybody see it now. I don’t think enough is +effected for the enormous sums expended, though it is a fine +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF CANNING.</span> +and will be a good house; still, how far (as a palace) from +Versailles, St. Cloud, and the other palaces in France! The +external terrace has spoilt the old one, and is altogether a +frightful excrescence, and should never have been made.</p> + +<h3>August 9th, 1827</h3> + +<p>Canning died yesterday morning at four +o’clock. His danger was only announced on Sunday night, +though it had existed from the preceding Wednesday. +When he saw the King on Monday his Majesty told him he +looked very ill, and he replied that ‘he did not know what +was the matter with him, but that he was ill all over.’ +Nothing could exceed the consternation caused by the announcement +of his danger and the despair of his colleagues. +From the first there was no hope. He was aware of his +danger, and said, ‘It is hard upon the King to have to fight +the battle over again.’ The Cabinet met on Monday, and +great unanimity prevailed among them. They all agreed to +stand by each other in the event of his death. As soon as +it happened Lord Lansdowne went down to Windsor and +saw the King. His Majesty spoke with great affection of +Canning, and said something of the difficulties in which he +was again involved. Lord L. replied that he had come +down, as it was his official duty to do, to announce to him +the event; that nothing could be further from his wish or +intention than to elicit from him any opinion as to the +future, and he begged his Majesty would not say one word +upon that subject. The King said that the first thing he +should do would be to show every mark of respect to the +memory and attachment to the person of Canning, and that +he should therefore send for those of his Ministers who had +been the most closely connected with him in public and +private life. He sent immediately for Lord Goderich and +Sturges Bourne, who went down to him when Lord Lansdowne +returned.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I saw some letters from Mr. +Arbuthnot<a name="FNA_03_17" id="FNA_03_17" href="#FN_03_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +(Gosh) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +giving an account of the break-up of the old Government, +and of the reasons by which they had been influenced in +resigning. They were three in number, very violent and +indignant, defending the Duke and attacking Canning, but +they contained little more than has since appeared and been +made public. The only fact that appeared to me of consequence +was this: that Peel, though he had resigned on +different grounds, was indignant at the way in which the +Duke had been treated, and was resolved never to take office +till full reparation had been made to him; that Lord Bathurst +had begged Gosh (Mr. Arbuthnot) not to mention this, as it +might do harm. The next letter was a long tirade with a +great deal of wrath and indignation, such as might be expected. +He says that they knew Canning was negotiating +with the Whigs while he was pretending that he wished the +old Government to go on; and that in the course of the negotiation +with his old colleagues he offered Peel, if he +would stay with him, to recall the pro-Catholic Lord-Lieutenant +and send a Protestant. Peel wanted the Duke to +give up the army and take the Treasury, which he would +not hear of. He was miserable at the idea, and opposed it +so strongly that they could not press it upon him. However, +the Peers—meaning all the Lords who had made such a stir—applied +to the Duke to put himself at the head of the +Government, but he hardly sent an answer to their application—he +would not hear of it.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_17" id="FN_03_17" href="#FNA_03_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +[Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend of the +Duke of Wellington, with whom he lived. He was known in society by +the nickname of ‘Gosh,’ by which he is frequently described in these +Journals.]</p></div> + +<p>I may here introduce some anecdotes of Canning told +me by Lord George Bentinck, his private secretary:—</p> + +<p>Some time after they had been in office (after Lord +Londonderry’s death) they found in a drawer, which apparently +had been forgotten or overlooked, some papers, which +were despatches and copies of correspondence between Lord +Castlereagh and Lord Stewart. These despatches were very +curious, and more particularly so after his attack last year on +Canning for misappropriating the secret service money, for +they gave an account of his own employment of the secret +service money in getting Italian witnesses for the Queen’s +trial. There was likewise an account of the discovery +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ANECDOTES OF CANNING.</span> +Stewart had made of the treachery of an office messenger, +who had for a long time carried all his despatches to Metternich +before he took them to England, and Lord Stewart +says, ‘I tremble when I think of the risk which my +despatches have incurred of coming before the House of +Commons, as there were letters of Lord Londonderry’s +written expressly “to throw dust in the eyes of the Parliament.” ’ +These were his own expressions, and he said, ‘You +will understand this and know what to say to Metternich.’ +In fact, while Lord Castlereagh was obliged to pretend to +disapprove of the Continental system of the Holy Alliance +he secretly gave Metternich every assurance of his private +concurrence, and it was not till long after Mr. Canning’s +accession that Metternich could be persuaded of his sincerity +in opposing their views, always fancying that he was obliged +to act a part as his predecessor had done to keep the House +of Commons quiet.</p> + +<p>From the moment Mr. Canning came into the Cabinet he +laboured to accomplish the recognition of the South American +Republics, but all the Cabinet were against him except Lord +Liverpool, and the King would not hear of it. The King was +supported in his opposition by the Duke of Wellington and +by Lieven and Esterhazy, whom he used to have with him; +and to them he inveighed against Canning for pressing this +measure. The Duke of Wellington and those Ambassadors +persuaded his Majesty that if he consented it would produce +a quarrel between him and his allies, and involve him in +inextricable difficulties. Canning, who knew all this, wrote to +Mrs. Canning in terms of great bitterness, and said if the +King did not take care he would not let him see these Ambassadors +except in his presence, and added, ‘I can tell his +Majesty that his father would never have acted in such a +manner.’ At length after a long contest, in the course of +which Peel came round to him, he resolved to carry the +measure or resign. After a battle in the Cabinet which +lasted three hours, and from which he came heated, exhausted, +and indignant, he prepared a memorial to the King, and +Lord Liverpool another, in which they tendered their resignations, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +alleging at length their reasons, and this they submitted +to the Cabinet the following day. When their +colleagues found they were in earnest they unanimously +surrendered, and agreed upon a declaration to the King that +they would all resign unless the measure was adopted. This +communication was made to his Majesty by the Duke of +Wellington, who told him that he found Canning was in +earnest, and that the Government could not go on without +him, and he must give way. The King accordingly gave +way, but with a very ill +grace.<a name="FNA_03_18" id="FNA_03_18" href="#FN_03_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +When he saw Canning he +received him very ill, and in a letter to him signifying his +assent to the measure he said that it must be his business to +have it carried into effect in the best way it would admit of. +Canning took fire at the ungracious tone of the letter, and +wrote for answer that he feared he was not honoured with +that confidence which it was necessary that the King should +have in his Ministers, and that his Majesty had better dismiss +him at once. The King sent no answer, but a gracious message, +assuring him he had mistaken his letter, and desiring +he would come to the Cottage, when he received him very +well. From that time he grew in favour, for when the King +found that none of the evils predicted of this measure had +come to pass, and how it raised the reputation of his +Minister, he liked it very well, and Canning dexterously gave +him all the praise of it, so that he soon fancied it had +originated with himself, and became equally satisfied with +himself and with Canning.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_18" id="FN_03_18" href="#FNA_03_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +[The memorial of Mr. Canning on this subject, the counter-opinions of +the Duke of Wellington, and the King’s minute upon them have been published +in the second volume of the New Series of the ‘Duke of Wellington’s +Correspondence,’ pp. 354, 364, and 402.]</p></div> + +<p>Canning concealed nothing from Mrs. Canning, nor from +Charles Ellis. When absent from Mrs. C. he wrote everything +to her in the greatest detail. Canning’s industry was +such that he never left a moment unemployed, and such was +the clearness of his head that he could address himself +almost at the same time to several different subjects with +perfect precision and without the least embarrassment. He +wrote very fast, but not fast enough for his mind, composing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON’S OPINION OF CANNING.</span> +much quicker than he could commit his ideas to paper. He +could not bear to dictate, because nobody could write fast +enough for him; but on one occasion, when he had the gout +in his hand and could not write, he stood by the fire and +dictated at the same time a despatch on Greek affairs to +George Bentinck and one on South American politics to +Howard de Walden, each writing as fast as he could, while +he turned from one to the other without hesitation or embarrassment.</p> + +<h3>August 10th, 1827</h3> + +<p>The Cabinet sat yesterday morning and +again at night. It is generally believed that Lord Goderich +will succeed Canning at the Treasury, and Lord Lansdowne +has no objection to serve under him. The Tories were full +of hope and joy at first, but in proportion as they were elated +at first so were they dejected yesterday, when they found +that the King sent for Lord Goderich and not for the Duke +of Wellington. He never seems to have thought of the +Duke at all. It will all be out to-day or to-morrow. The +Tories may now give the King up. They have taken leave +of office, except Peel, who will come in some day or other.</p> + +<p>[They remained out of office five months. What a +prophecy!—<i>January 28th, 1828</i>.]</p> + +<p>The Duke of Wellington talked of Canning the other +day a great deal at my mother’s. He said his talents +were astonishing, his compositions admirable, that he possessed +the art of saying exactly what was necessary and +passing over those topics on which it was not advisable +to touch, his fertility and resources inexhaustible. He +thought him the finest speaker he had ever heard; though +he prided himself extremely upon his compositions, he +would patiently endure any criticisms upon such papers +as he submitted for the consideration of the Cabinet, and +would allow them to be altered in any way that was +suggested; he (the Duke) particularly had often ‘cut and +hacked’ his papers, and Canning never made the least +objection, but was always ready to adopt the suggestions of +his colleagues. It was not so, however, in conversation and +discussion. Any difference of opinion or dissent from his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +views threw him into ungovernable rage, and on such +occasions he flew out with a violence which, the Duke said, +had often compelled him to be silent that he might not be +involved in bitter personal altercation. He said that Canning +was usually very silent in the Cabinet, seldom spoke at all, +but when he did he maintained his opinions with extraordinary +tenacity. He said that he was one of the idlest of +men. This I do not believe, for I have always heard that he saw +everything and did everything himself. Not a despatch was +received that he did not read, nor one written that he did +not dictate or correct.</p> + +<h3>August 20th, 1827</h3> + +<p>There was a Council at Windsor Castle on +Friday last, which was a very curious scene. What I saw +puzzled me very much till matters have since been explained +to me.</p> + +<p>On Tuesday morning Drummond, Lord Goderich’s private +secretary, came to me at my office and told me the +Council would be held on Friday, and that Herries was to +be appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer and was going +down that day with Lord Goderich to Windsor. Accordingly +when I arrived at the Castle I found Herries in the room, +and I asked him if he was to take an oath as Chancellor of +the Exchequer, because there was none in the oath-book for +Chancellor, but one for the Treasurer of the Exchequer, and +whether he was to take that. He said he did not know, +upon which I asked Wynn if he knew. He did not; when +we all agreed to wait till Lord Bexley +came,<a name="FNA_03_19" id="FNA_03_19" href="#FN_03_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +and enquire of +him what he had done. When Lord Bexley arrived we +asked him, and he said that Herries would only be sworn +then as a Privy Councillor, and must take the oath of +Chancellor of Exchequer in the Court of Exchequer. Shortly +after we walked round the Castle, and some conversation +occurring about the elevation of the Round Tower, which +Wyattville was anxious to accomplish, Herries said to him, +‘But it is my business now to ask you what you will do it +for, how much it will cost. Will you do it for 10,000ℓ.?’ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">COUNCIL AT WINDSOR.</span> +Wyattville said, ‘You must give me 15,000ℓ.,’ so that I +could have no doubt that Herries was Chancellor of the Exchequer. +In the meantime all the Ministers arrived, the +whole Cabinet being present except the Chancellor and Lord +Anglesey, who arrived afterwards. As soon as Lord Goderich +and Lord Lansdowne were come they retired into the next +room and had a long conference. Shortly afterwards the +King came, when Lord Goderich went into his room. He +stayed some time, when the Duke of Portland went in, then +Herries. When Lord Goderich came out he had another +conference with Lord Lansdowne, at the end of which he +went again to the King. He came out, and at the end of +three-quarters of an hour went a third time, and after him +Herries a second time, and with him Lord Bexley. Another +very animated conversation took place between Lord Lansdowne +and Lord Goderich, when the latter went to the King +a fourth time, and after him Lord Lansdowne, Goderich +whispering something to him as he went in. Previous to +this I remarked a conference between Lord Lansdowne, +Goderich, and Carlisle, after which Carlisle took Tierney into +the next room, evidently communicating what had passed. +Something was clearly going on, but I could not make out +what. I fancied that Lord Lansdowne insisted upon Lord +Holland’s being in the Cabinet. Yesterday, however, I discovered +that it was all about Herries and his appointment. +The appointment was the King’s, with whom Herries had +ingratiated himself by transacting some of his pecuniary +business, and getting odds and ends for him out of <i>droits</i>, +&c. The King then named him, and Goderich made no objection. +Herries came to Windsor, not doubting but that he +was to receive the seals, which in fact Goderich brought down +with him on purpose. Lord Lansdowne, however, declared +that he would not consent to the appointment, and hence +arose all the conferences and audiences for which I could not +account at the time. The Whigs dislike Herries’ politics, +and still more do they object to the King taking upon himself +to nominate the members of the Government without +consulting his Ministers. They are determined to resist this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +nomination, and the consequence of Lord Lansdowne’s remonstrance +was the suspension at least of the appointment. +Such is the state of affairs, and not a very agreeable state +certainly.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_19" id="FN_03_19" href="#FNA_03_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +[Lord Bexley as Mr. Vansittart had been Chancellor of the Exchequer, +from 1812 to 1823.]</p></div> + +<p>The Whigs are satisfied of the candour, fairness, and +plain dealing of Goderich, but dissatisfied with his facility +and want of firmness. The King is grasping at power and +patronage, and wants to take advantage of the weakness of +the Government and their apparent dependence upon him to +exercise all the authority which ought to belong to the +Ministers. The Whigs are not easy in their places. They +feel that they are not treated with the consideration to which +they are entitled. But they have got too far to recede, and +they evidently are alarmed lest, if they exasperate the King, +he should accept their resignation and form a Government +by a junta of the old Tories with the rest of his Administration, +by which their exclusion would be made certain and +perpetual. I find that the Duke of Portland was likewise +named by the King himself. They do not object to the +Duke, on the contrary, but they object greatly to his being +so appointed. All this I have from Tierney, who added, if +the Duke had been proposed to the King by Lord Goderich, +not a member of the Cabinet would have objected, but they +don’t like his being named by the King. At the end of the +Council, on Friday, Lord Anglesey arrived, having travelled +day and night, and brought with him the Duke of Wellington’s +acceptance of the command of the army. Altogether +it was a day of unusual interest, and unlike the dulness of +ordinary Councils.</p> + +<h3>September 1st, 1827</h3> + +<p>Since the Council on the 17th the affair +of Herries has still been going on. It appears that when +Goderich went into the King (at the Council) to announce +to him the objection that had been raised, his Majesty was +very angry, angry at having been so committed and at +being obliged to give up a nomination he liked. Herries +naturally felt himself very ill treated and nettled by the +attacks upon him in the newspapers. He has ever since +insisted upon being admitted to the Cabinet as the only +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. HERRIES’ APPOINTMENT.</span> +thing which could afford due reparation to his honour, and +prove that he had not been rejected for the reasons which +had been assigned. This the Ministers opposed, and it was +at length determined that this matter should rest till +Huskisson’s return. Huskisson agreed with his colleagues +about Herries, went to the King, and spoke to him openly +and firmly on the subject. The King consented that +another arrangement should be made; the one proposed +was, that Sturges Bourne should be Chancellor of the +Exchequer, and Herries take the Woods and Forests without +a seat in the Cabinet. Herries, who had constantly +refused to accede to any arrangement by which he was to be +excluded from the Cabinet, said he would consider of it; but +in the meantime Sturges took fright, and refused to take +the Exchequer. In vain Huskisson offered to take all the +trouble on himself, and they all tried to persuade Sturges. +He would not do it, and so this arrangement fell to the +ground. They went again to the King yesterday to report +progress and state to him what had occurred. When they +came back (Goderich, Huskisson, Sturges, Herries, and the +Chancellor) Goderich wrote a long letter to Lord Lansdowne, +and he is to go to the King again this evening.</p> + +<p>I had a long conversation with Tierney yesterday, and I +find that the Whig Ministers are sick to death of their +situation and anxious to resign. They think they are not +treated with the consideration which is due to them whether +as individuals or as the representatives of a great party who +are supporting the Government. Then they think Goderich +has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence +in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his +character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in +what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such +deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation +he occupies. He has acted equally ill to the King, to +his colleagues, and to Herries himself. The history of the +transaction is this:—While Goderich was Chancellor of the +Exchequer Herries was the man upon whose assistance he +relied to carry on the business of his office, and who in fact +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +did it all for him. As soon as he was at the head of the +Treasury he felt that Herries would be equally necessary to +him, and he accordingly pressed him to take the office of +Chancellor of the Exchequer, which Herries declined. After +repeated solicitations, Herries told him that he had no +objection to belong to his Government, and that he would +take the office of Vice-President of the Board of Trade, and +do all his Treasury business for him (this is the account of +Herries’ friends, which seems to me somewhat doubtful), +though he did not wish to be in the Cabinet. At last, +however, Goderich prevailed on Herries to let him propose +him to the King, which was done. The appointment was +particularly agreeable to the King, who wrote a letter with +his own hand to Herries, desiring him to take the place. +When Goderich returned to town, with this letter in his +pocket, he went (before he delivered it) to the Cabinet, and +then mentioning Herries, without saying what had passed, +he found that the Cabinet would not approve of the appointment, +on which he went to Herries, and said that he found +that it would not do, and begged him to allow his appointment +to be cancelled. Herries told him that he had never +desired it, and was quite ready to give it up. As soon as +Herries had agreed to give it up Goderich pulls out of his +pocket the King’s letter, and says, ‘By-the-by, here is a +letter which I ought to have given you before.’ When +Herries had read this letter he said, ‘This puts me quite in +another situation, and though I am still ready to give up +being Chancellor of the Exchequer, I must have my conduct +explained to the King, and you must take me down to +Windsor to-morrow for that purpose.’ This Goderich refused +to do, when Herries said he should go down by himself. +He did so, and then passed all which I have described above +in the account of the Council on the 19th. I ought to have +mentioned, as not the least curious circumstance of the +Council, that in the middle of it the King sent for Sir +William Knighton, who was closeted with him for an +hour. I see this account is not altogether the same as +the preceding, a proof of the inaccuracy of anecdotes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD LANSDOWNE AND THE KING.</span> +and historical facts whenever they differ. This is the true +one.</p> + +<p>Henry de Ros told me that he saw George Dawson, Peel’s +brother-in-law, at Brighton, who told him that he believed +there was nobody the King was more exasperated against +than Peel, and for this reason:—When the late Government +(Canning’s) was forming, Peel went to the King, and in +reply to his desire that he should form a part of it told him +he could not continue in any Government the head of which +was a supporter of Catholic Emancipation. The King proposed +to him to remain, with a secret pledge and promise +from him that the question should not be carried. This of +course Peel refused, and the King, who construed his rejection +of the disgraceful proposal as conveying a doubt of his +word, dismissed him with much resentment.</p> + +<h3>September 15th, 1827</h3> + +<p>Taking up the account from where I +left off, Goderich went to the King, and it was settled +Herries was to be Chancellor of the Exchequer. He returned +and wrote to Lord Lansdowne entreating him to +acquiesce. Lord Lansdowne went to the King, and the +result of his interview was that he retained office together +with his friends. He wrote a letter to one of them, which +he intended might be communicated to others, giving an +account of his conduct and motives. I saw this letter. He +said the King received him very well and spared no entreaties +to him to keep office. The King said that he was most +anxious the present Government should continue on every +account, but more particularly on account of what was now +passing on the Continent; that Lord Lansdowne’s holding +office was indispensable for this object, and he asked him in +his own name and for the sake of the country not to resign; +that what had occurred had arisen out of a series of blunders +which, ‘let me say,’ he added, ‘were neither yours nor mine.’ +Lord Lansdowne said it was put to him in such a way that +he could not do otherwise; that he had insisted with Goderich +that Stanley and +Mackintosh<a name="FNA_03_20" id="FNA_03_20" href="#FN_03_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +should be employed. This +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +was the pith of his letter. I have been with Huskisson for +a week in the country; he is in good health and excellent +spirits. Capo d’Istria was there, going to Greece. Huskisson +told me he wanted money. He owned to me that he +considered Greece as a great humbug. I discovered from +what he said that they only interfered that they might keep +the Russians quiet and prevent a war between Russia and +Turkey. The Sultan had announced his intention of sending +any Minister to the Seven Towers who should communicate +the treaty to +him.<a name="FNA_03_21" id="FNA_03_21" href="#FN_03_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +Everything is now quiet for the +moment, and will probably continue so till the meeting of +Parliament.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_20" id="FN_03_20" href="#FNA_03_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> +[Mr Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, had taken office under Mr. +Canning, and was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from April +1827 till January 1828. Lord Lansdowne must have recommended him +for a higher office.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_21" id="FN_03_21" href="#FNA_03_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> +[The Treaty of London for the Settlement of the Affairs of Greece was +signed by England, France, and Russia on the 7th of July, 1827. It was +of course received with indignation by the Porte, and led three months +afterwards to the battle of Navarino, which was fought on the 20th of +October.]</p></div> + +<h3>December 13th, 1827</h3> + +<p>Three months have passed since the +above was written. I went to Doncaster and Chatsworth, +then to Newmarket, and returned to town the middle of last +month. The battle of Navarino has been fought, and +after three weeks’ expectation we know very little about +the matter. The strong part of the Cabinet, with Huskisson +at the head, are for letting things take their course, and for +suffering Russia to go to war with Turkey, and leaving it to +her to enforce the articles of the Treaty of London. The +plan is that Russia should occupy Moldavia and Wallachia; +that the terms should then be offered to the Sultan, and +that on his yielding the Greek independence these provinces +should be evacuated by the Russians; this is what they +propose that our mediation shall effect. In the meantime +the Ministers are uneasy about the approaching meeting of +Parliament. They anticipate a violent opposition in the +House of Lords; they are by no means sure of a majority +in that House, and there is not one among them who has +spirit and character enough to face it. Lord Dudley is terrified +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD GODERICH’S RESIGNATION.</span> +to the greatest degree at the notion of being attacked +by Lord Grey. Then, though they are not disunited, +they derive no strength from mutual co-operation and support, +and the tone which the King has assumed, and the peremptory +manner in which he has claimed the disposal of every +sort of patronage, is both a proof of the weakness of Government, +a source of discord among themselves, and the cause +of distrust mixed with contempt on the part of many of +their friends. The King and the Duke of Clarence made +the promotions and dispensed the honours after the battle +of Navarino without consulting the Ministers. The King +gave Sumner the Bishopric of Winchester in the same +way,<a name="FNA_03_22" id="FNA_03_22" href="#FN_03_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +and there is a very general opinion that the Cabinet is +weak, that they do not act together with cordiality, that +they have neither energy nor authority, and are not likely +to keep their places. It has been currently reported that +they would willingly have censured Codrington, and have +thrown the responsibility of the battle from their own +shoulders upon his, if they had dared, but that they were +prevented by the precipitate approbation expressed by the +King. These things are greatly exaggerated, but are not +without foundation.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_22" id="FN_03_22" href="#FNA_03_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> +[<i>Vide supra</i>, p. 45, when Lord Liverpool caused the nomination of +Mr. Sumner to a canonry of Windsor to be cancelled, because he had not +been consulted. The King took the earliest opportunity of appointing +him to the See of Llandaff, whence he was soon afterwards translated to +that of Winchester. He died in 1874.]</p></div> + +<h3>December 15th, 1827</h3> + +<p>The Ministry is at an end. Goderich +resigned either by letter to the King yesterday or at the +Council on Thursday. They have been going on ill together +for some time. Goderich has no energy, and his +colleagues are disgusted at his inefficiency, and at the +assumption by the King of all power in disposing of +patronage. Huskisson is away, and wishes to be out. They +are embarrassed with the Greek question, and have to meet +Parliament with an immense deficiency in the revenue. +This state of things and mutual irritation and dissatisfaction +have at length produced Goderich’s resignation. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +Yesterday the Chancellor, Dudley, and Huskisson were +backwards and forwards to the King all day, and when he +went to Windsor at half-past five they were still in the +Palace, and he left them there in consultation. He is gone, +but Knighton remains behind to negotiate and communicate. +In the meantime I find that the King is quite mad upon the +Catholic question, and that his real desire is to get rid of +the Whigs, take back the Duke of Wellington, and make +an anti-Catholic Government. This seems to be quite impossible +in the present state of affairs, but a few days will +probably produce some decisive change.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1828.</h2> + +<h3>January 2nd, 1828</h3> + +<p>As soon as Lord Goderich had resigned +they sent to Lord Harrowby and offered him the Premiership. +He came to town directly, and went to the King, but +refused the place. His refusal was immediately known, and +of course there were a variety of conjectures and opinions +afloat as to the man who would be chosen. A few days, +however, put an end to these, for it was announced, to the +astonishment of everybody, that Goderich had returned to +town, and that he would not resign. Here ended this +matter, which made a great noise for a few days; but the +effects of what passed are yet to be seen when Parliament +meets. The injury which Goderich’s conduct has done to the +Government is incalculable, for it has brought them into +such low estimation that it is the general opinion they will +not be able to retain their places, and there are a great +variety of persons in both Houses of Parliament who are +disposed to withdraw from them the support which they did +give to Canning’s Government, and which they were previously +inclined to give to this. As matters now stand they +do not themselves know upon whom they can count, nor +who are their friends and who their foes. They are, however, +to have Lord Holland in the Cabinet, to help them on +in the House of Lords, but it is very doubtful whether his +appointment will not lead to the resignation of some of the +Tory members of the Government and the secession of some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. BROUGHAM AT PANSHANGER.</span> +of its Tory supporters. Nothing can exceed the alarm which +they feel at the prospect of the approaching contest in +Parliament, and thus, full of fears and weakness, neither +inspiring nor feeling confidence, there seems a bad chance +of their getting through the session.</p> + +<p>I have heard no more of the King and of his intentions, +except that he said he did not see why he was to be the +only gentleman in his dominions who was not to eat his +Christmas dinner in quiet, and he was determined he would. +Don Miguel has been with him at the Cottage these two +days. He has been received with great magnificence; they +say he behaves well enough, but is very shy. He went out +stag-hunting in red coat and full hunting costume, and rode +over the fences like anybody else.</p> + +<p>M‘Gregor told me the other day that not one of the +physicians and surgeons who attended the Duke of York +through his long and painful illness had ever received the +smallest remuneration, although their names and services +had been laid before the King. He told me in addition +that during sixteen years that he attended the Duke and his +whole family he never received one guinea by way of fee or +any payment whatever.</p> + +<p>About three weeks ago I passed a few days at Panshanger, +where I met Brougham; he came from Saturday till Monday +morning, and from the hour of his arrival to that of his +departure he never ceased talking. The party was agreeable +enough—Luttrell, Rogers, &c.—but it was comical to see +how the latter was provoked at Brougham’s engrossing all +the talk, though he could not help listening with pleasure. +Brougham is certainly one of the most remarkable men I +ever met; to say nothing of what he is in the world, his +almost childish gaiety and animal spirits, his humour mixed +with sarcasm, but not ill-natured, his wonderful information, +and the facility with which he handles every subject, from +the most grave and severe to the most trifling, displaying +a mind full of varied and extensive information and a +memory which has suffered nothing to escape it, I never +saw any man whose conversation impressed me with such +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +an idea of his superiority over all others. As Rogers said +the morning of his departure, ‘this morning Solon, Lycurgus, +Demosthenes, Archimedes, Sir Isaac Newton, Lord Chesterfield, +and a great many more went away in one post chaise.’ +He told us a great many details relating to the Queen’s trial, +and amongst other things (which I do not believe) his conviction +that the Queen had never had any intrigue with +Bergami. He told us the whole story of his finding out the +departure of Rastelli, which happened from a friend of his +accidentally seeing Rastelli in the street, recognising him, and +telling +Brougham.<a name="FNA_03_23" id="FNA_03_23" href="#FN_03_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> +Brougham told none of his colleagues, +and at first did not believe the story, but by putting artful +questions, and watching their effect, he found it was so, and +then out he came with it. There was a grand discussion +whether they should not throw up their briefs and stop there, +and he was all for it, but was overruled and gave way. The +person who was most anxious they should go on was Lord Grey, +for he had got a notion that they could not any of them +speak to evidence, and he wanted to make such a speech, which +he fancied he could do very well. Brougham said that as +leading counsel for the Queen he always reserved to himself +the power of acting as he thought fit, whatever the opinions +of his colleagues might be, though they always consulted +together and gave their sentiments upon every debated +point <i>seriatim</i>. He and Denman invariably thought alike. +The Queen never could bear him, and was seldom civil to +him. When she had to answer the address of the House of +Commons she appealed to her counsel for their advice, +which they declined to give, and she was furious, for she +wanted to make them advise her to accept the propositions +of the House, which would have been very unpopular, and +then throw the odium of doing so on +them.<a name="FNA_03_24" id="FNA_03_24" href="#FN_03_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> +He spoke very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF MR. BROUGHAM.</span> +highly of Alderman Wood, who behaved very well, never +annoyed or interfered with them, and seems to have been +altogether a <i>brave homme</i>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_23" id="FN_03_23" href="#FNA_03_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> +[For the use made by Mr. Brougham of the accidental departure of +Rastelli during the Queen’s trial <i>vide supra</i>, p. 37, October 15, 1820.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_24" id="FN_03_24" href="#FNA_03_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> +[This was the address moved by Mr. Wilberforce on the 22nd of June, +1820 (<i>vide supra</i>, p. 30, June 23rd, 1820). +Lord Brougham states in his ‘Memoirs’ that the +Queen resolved to reject the advice of Parliament without consulting her +lawyers. In one of Lord Brougham’s letters written at the time he calls +Wood ‘the ass and alderman called <i>Thistle</i>-wood,’ and attributed to him the +intrigue which brought the Queen to England.]</p></div> + +<p>If it had been possible to recollect all that Brougham +said on this and a hundred other subjects, it would be well +worth writing down, but such talk is much too evanescent, +and I remember no more.</p> + +<p>After all Brougham is only a living and very remarkable +instance of the inefficacy of the most splendid talents, unless +they are accompanied with other qualities, which scarcely +admit of definition, but which must serve the same purpose +that ballast does for a ship. Brougham has prospered to a +certain degree; he has a great reputation and he makes a +considerable income at the bar; but as an advocate he is +left behind by men of far inferior capacity, whose names +are hardly known beyond the precincts of their courts or +the boundaries of their circuits. As a statesman he is not +considered eligible for the highest offices, and however he +may be admired or feared as an orator or debater, he neither +commands respect by his character nor inspires confidence +by his genius, and in this contrast between his pretensions +and his situation more humble abilities may find room for +consolation and cease to contemplate with envy his immense +superiority. To suppose that his ambition can be satisfied +in the possession of natural and acquired powers far greater +than the majority of mankind would be contrary to all +experience. Such men consider their acquirements as +means for the attainment of greater ends, and the disappointments +which they frequently meet with in the +pursuit of their objects of ambition more than counteract all +the feelings of pride and satisfaction which conscious superiority +is calculated to inspire. The life of a politician is +probably one of deep mortification, for the race is not always +to the swift nor the battle to the strong, and few things +can be more galling than to see men far inferior to ourselves +enabled by fortune and circumstances to attain what we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +toil after in vain, and to learn from our own experience how +many things there are in this life of greater practical utility +than splendid abilities and unwearied industry.</p> + +<h3>London, January 19th, 1828</h3> + +<p>The Ministry is at last settled, +and now for its history. Early in last week Goderich went +down to the King and told him there was such a quarrel in +the Cabinet between Huskisson and Herries about the +Finance Committee that both could not remain, and that +Huskisson would resign if he had not his own way. The +King was furious at this new disturbance, and said he could +not understand it; if Huskisson resigned, the Government +was at an end. ‘Go,’ he ended, ‘and send the Chancellor +to me.’ The Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] went, and was +desired to bring the Duke of Wellington. The Government +was dissolved and the King desired the Duke to form a new +one. All this was immediately known, and first it was +asked, ‘What is the quarrel between Huskisson and Herries +which broke up the old Cabinet?’ The friends of each put +about a story, one of which appeared in the ‘Times,’ the +other in the ‘Morning Chronicle.’ The question was Lord +Althorp’s appointment as chairman of the Finance Committee. +Huskisson’s story is this:—In November Tierney +went to Goderich and proposed Althorp as a good man to be +in the chair of that Committee. Goderich assented, and said, +‘But you had better speak to Huskisson about it, as it is +a House of Commons matter.’ He did so, and Huskisson +approved of it. A few days after Tierney called on Huskisson +and found Herries with him, when they discussed +the matter generally, as well as the particular appointment +of Althorp, and Herries made no objection, and, as they +thought, agreed with them; but shortly after Herries +went to Goderich, complained that this matter had been +settled without his knowledge and concurrence, that it was +a slight put upon him, and said he would not agree to +Althorp’s nomination, nor stay in office if it were persisted in.</p> + +<p>This is one story, told me by Sefton, who had it (I am +sure) from Brougham, and <i>verbatim</i> the same by Robarts, +who had it (he told me himself) from Tierney. Herries’ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">HOSTILITY OF HERRIES.</span> +story only differs in this: it omits the interview between +the three Ministers, and declares the matter was never +mentioned to him at all till they had decided on it, when it +was shown him as a plan which was not to be discussed, +but which he was at once to assent to. It appears difficult +to know which to believe, and at first my impression was +that they had probably not treated Herries with as much +consideration as he was entitled to as Finance Minister, and +that he had been prone to take offence and touchy from +old recollections, which were probably not effaced. But a +circumstance I heard afterwards convinced me that Herries +has been all along full of ill-will towards his colleagues, +and not a little desirous of breaking up the Ministry. When +he found, too, with what difficulties they would have to +contend in Parliament and the weakness of Goderich, he +probably thought they would never be able to go on, and +was not sorry to find an opportunity of accelerating their +dissolution. The circumstance is this:—In the old business +of his appointment to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, +when he thought he was <i>not</i> to be appointed, he wrote to +Arbuthnot telling him how ill he had been treated, and +promising to send him all the correspondence on the subject. +Subsequently he <i>was</i> appointed, when he wrote again to +A., saying that as it was settled and he was appointed, he +did not think it would be right to send him the correspondence, +which he was sure he would understand; that +there he was, and he should do his best to act cordially with +his new colleagues; but he finished, ‘I shall hail the day +which brings all of you back again.’ Such an expression +to a man who was the bitterest enemy of the Government +of which he was a member did not evince much cordiality +towards his colleagues.</p> + +<p>The first thing to be done by the Duke was to negotiate +with Huskisson. He sent forthwith for his own friends, +Peel, Lord Bathurst, and Melville, and for many days the +great question was whether Huskisson would join or not, +the Whigs of course most anxious he should refuse, the new +Government ready to make great concessions to tempt him to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +join them. He has acceded, however, but much to the disgust +of many of his friends, some of whom think he has behaved +shabbily in abandoning the Whigs, who supported him, and +who had supported Canning at his utmost need. Some +think he was pledged never to act with the men who they +consider to have behaved so ill to Canning, and some think +he has compromised his dignity and independence by not +insisting on higher terms, particularly the lead in the House +of Commons. At present the exact terms of his bargain are +not known, and without being acquainted with all that has +passed <i>de part et d’autre</i> it is impossible to form a judgment +as to the wisdom or the fairness of his conduct. Those +who think he would have acted a wiser part and have +made himself of greater importance by heading a third +party in the House of Commons and keeping aloof, judge +too hastily. He would have been followed by all those who +call themselves Canning’s personal friends, and probably by +a considerable body of neutrals, who would not have been +disposed to support a Tory Government, and still less to join +a Whig Opposition. But however weak the Ministry (without +Huskisson) might have appeared at first sight in the +House of Commons, it would very possibly have proved +stronger than was imagined. Strength and weakness are +relative terms, and it remained to be seen what sort of +power would have been brought against it, and to what +attacks the Government would have exposed itself. The +old Tory Ministry, which was voted out for incapacity by +the House of Commons, was the strongest and longest that +we have seen for many years, though opposed by all the +talent and power of an Opposition more formidable than this +can be. To be sure it must always be remembered that they +floated through their difficulties on the tide of the Duke of +Wellington’s victories. Of all the party who would have +ranged themselves under Huskisson, only Canning’s friends, +a select few, would have considered themselves bound to +him, and the rest, if they found the Government strong and +likely to last, would probably have dropped off and gradually +joined it. In that case Huskisson would never have been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. HUSKISSON’S POSITION.</span> +able to treat as an independent power, and though they +might have been glad to take him into the Administration, +he could not have made his own terms. I do not think he +ever could have looked to overturning the Tory Government +and coming in with the whole body of the Whigs, for he has +no natural partiality (any more than Canning had) for that +party, and he is fully aware how odious they are to the King +and how unpopular in the country, which is always more +inclined to the Tories than to them. If the Tories have +agreed to those measures (except the Catholic question, for +that is to remain on its old footing) which he deems necessary, +and of which he is the author—that is, of Free Trade, +&c.—he would probably rather act with them than with the +Whigs; and in joining Government he is liable to no reproach +but that of having shaken off his Whig colleagues +too easily. But it remains to be proved whether they could +have gone on, and at all events Lords Lansdowne and +Carlisle might have remained in office if they pleased, +though certainly it was not probable that they would do so. +The part of the transaction which will appear extraordinary +is, that the Government having been broken up by a quarrel +between Huskisson and Herries, the opposite party come in +and both these Ministers remain with them. In private life +the transaction would look very like a fraud, and be open to +great suspicion. It would appear as if they had got up a +sham quarrel in order to get out their colleagues and stay +in themselves with the Tories. This, however, I believe +not to have been the case, at least as far as Huskisson is +concerned, though perhaps Herries may not be altogether so +clear.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +The Duke of Wellington’s Administration — Huskisson’s Speech — Irritation +of Mr. Canning’s Friends — Tom Duncombe’s Maiden Speech — Mr. Huskisson +resigns and the Canningites quit the Government — Princess +Lieven Hostile to the Duke — The Catholic Question — Jockey Club +Dinner at St. James’s — Lord Lyndhurst — Sir Robert Adair — Fox and +Burke — Fox and Pitt — The Lord High Admiral dismissed by the King +— Dawson’s Speech on Catholic Emancipation — The King’s Health — His +Pages — State of Ireland — Marquis of Anglesey — O’Connell — His Influence +in Ireland — Lord Belmore Governor of Jamaica — The Duke’s +Letter to Dr. Curtis — Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland — Causes of +this Event — Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question — His +Aversion to Sir William Knighton — Character of George IV. — Denman’s +Silk Gown — Pension to Lady Westmeath — Duke of Wellington on +Russia — The Reis-Effendi — Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland — +Privy Council Register — State Paper Office — The Gunpowder Plot — +Catholic Emancipation — Navarino.</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>January 28th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Until the Duke of Wellington’s commission +as First Lord of the Treasury appeared many people doubted +that he would take the +office.<a name="FNA_04_01" id="FNA_04_01" href="#FN_04_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +The Ordnance was offered to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.</span> +Lord Rosslyn, who refused it, and then given to Lord Beresford, +but without a seat in the Cabinet (as Lord Bathurst +told me) by his own particular desire. Some days have now +elapsed, and time has been afforded for the expression of +popular feeling and opinion on the late changes. Lady +Canning and many of Canning’s friends are very much dissatisfied +with Huskisson, and think he deserted his principles +and outraged the memory of Canning. Lady C. particularly +is much hurt at what has passed. She has not seen Huskisson, +but he is aware of her sentiments, though he says she +has so high an opinion of him that she is sure he is acting for +what he believes to be the best. The majority of Canning’s +friends have adhered to the Government. The great body of +the Whigs who belonged to or supported the late Government +are indignant and violent, particularly with Huskisson, who +they think has betrayed them. An interview has taken +place between Huskisson and Lord Lansdowne, in which the +former explained his conduct, and (as far as I can learn) the +latter said but little, neither condemning nor approving. +But the great body of the party are resolved to oppose the +new Government in every way, though without attempting +to form a party, which they do not think feasible in their +present condition. They intend a desultory and harassing +warfare, particularly attacking Huskisson upon Liberal measures, +to which he stands pledged, but which they think he +will now be prevented by his colleagues from carrying into +effect. The seceding Whigs are triumphant, because they +assert that what has happened is a full justification of their +conduct. They forget, however, that all this is mainly attributable +to them and to Canning’s death, which occurred in the +interim. On the other hand the old Tories are not altogether +satisfied, and, though rejoiced at the restoration of the party, +cannot bear to see Huskisson and his friends members of the +Government from abhorrence of Canning and all Liberal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +principles. However, the principal men have sent in their +adhesions in very civil letters to the Duke.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p style="margin-bottom: 0em;"><a name="FN_04_01" id="FN_04_01" href="#FNA_04_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[The Duke of Wellington’s Administration was at first constituted as +follows:—</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Duke of Wellington, First Lord of the Treasury.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Earl Bathurst, Lord President of the Council.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Earl of Ellenborough, Lord Privy Seal.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Peel, Home Secretary.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Huskisson, Colonial Secretary.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Earl of Aberdeen, Duchy of Lancaster.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Goulburn, Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Charles Grant, President of the Board of Trade.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Mr. Herries, Master of the Mint.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Viscount Melville, President of the India Board.</p> +<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;"> +Lord Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, Mr. Grant, and Lord Palmerston (Secretary +at War, not in the Cabinet) were the four Canningite members who +resigned in May following. They were replaced by Lord Aberdeen, Sir +George Murray, Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald, and Sir Henry Hardinge respectively.] +</p></div> + +<p>All the Ministers (old and new) were at Windsor the +other day; but it was contrived that they should not meet, +the <i>ins</i> being in one room and Lansdowne and Carlisle in +another, and it was afterwards discovered that in a third +room by himself was Goderich. This Lord Sefton told me, +and he had it from Lord Lansdowne, who had it from the +King and confirmed by Lord Conyngham. His Majesty +was remarkably civil to Lords Lansdowne and Carlisle. The +King had a scene with the Duke of Devonshire, whom he +could not persuade to stay in his place, though he tried hard. +Scarlett has resigned the Attorney-Generalship, but not +very willingly. He wrote to Milton and asked his advice. +Milton advised him to resign, and so he did. One thing +that has angered the Tories is the Duke’s not having consulted +Lord Eldon, nor offered him any place; and it seems +he is extremely mortified, for though he did not want the +seals again, he would have been very glad to take office as +President of the Council.</p> + +<h3>February 25th, 1828</h3> + +<p>There is one advantage in writing at +intervals of some time instead of keeping a regular diary; +I can take a more bird’s-eye view of events, and avoid falling +into many errors, which it would be afterwards necessary to +correct. I went to Newmarket and stayed there three weeks +for my health. While I was there Huskisson made his +speech at +Liverpool.<a name="FNA_04_02" id="FNA_04_02" href="#FN_04_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +The Tories were furious, and in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.</span> +House of Lords the Duke of Wellington contradicted it, or +rather said he did not believe it was faithfully reported, for +all that he was reported to have said about <i>the guarantee</i> was +untrue. I returned to town in time for the House of Commons, +and found the greatest excitement, curiosity, and violence +generally prevailing. As to Huskisson, he had offended +the Tories, the Whigs, and Lady Canning, and everybody +condemned him. Parties were split to pieces, there was no +Opposition, and no man could tell what were the politics of +his neighbour, scarcely what his own. Lady Canning was +in a state of great rage and resentment, and had inspired +George Bentinck with the same sentiments. Clanricarde +had been sent down by her to the House of Lords furnished +with extracts of Canning’s letters to throw in the teeth of +his old friends and his old enemies, and she threatened fresh +disclosures and fresh documents which were to confound all +whom she deemed worthy of her indignation. A very angry +colloquy took place at a dinner at Warrender’s between Lord +Seaford and George Bentinck, in which the latter violently +attacked Mr. Canning’s friends for joining the present +Government, and quoted Huskisson’s declaration that he +would never act with the men who had abandoned him. Lord +Seaford grew angry, and asked George what he knew of that +declaration and what his authority was for quoting it. To +which George replied that he had it from himself—from +Lord Seaford at Paris. This confounded the noble Lord, and +altogether there was a pretty violent altercation, which +greatly annoyed both him and Howard, who was present, +and was regretted by all their common friends. Two days +after this came on the debate in the House of Commons +and the explanations of Huskisson and Herries. Their +speeches were both satisfactory enough till Tierney spoke, +who entirely knocked over their cases, or at least that of +Herries, for against Huskisson he proved nothing, except +that he might perhaps have been more communicative, +though I think this reproach applies more to Lord Goderich +than to him. The impression left with regard to Herries +was as unfavourable as possible.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_02" id="FN_04_02" href="#FNA_04_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[The speech made by Mr. Huskisson on his re-election at Liverpool on +the 5th of February, 1828, is printed in vol. iii. of his ‘Collected Speeches,’ +p. 673. It contains a full account of these transactions. The passage which +gave so much offence to the Tories was that ‘if the Government was such as +satisfied the view I took of the interests of the country, and provided such +arrangements were made in its construction <i>as afforded a guarantee</i> that the +principle I approved should not be departed from, I was not precluded from +joining it;’ and again, ‘The presence in office of such men as Lord Dudley, +Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, and Mr. Lamb is the most satisfactory of all +guarantees that the general principles of our foreign and commercial system +would remain unchanged, and that Ireland would be governed with the +strictest impartiality in respect to the Catholic question.’</p> +<p style="margin-top=0em;"> +These declarations of Mr. Huskisson had a material effect on the occurrences +which not long afterwards took place.]</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +The great event of the night was +Duncombe’s<a name="FNA_04_03" id="FNA_04_03" href="#FN_04_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +speech, +which was delivered with perfect self-possession and composure, +but in so ridiculous a manner that everybody laughed +at him, although they were amused with his impudence and +at the style and objects of his attack. However, the next +day it was discovered that he had performed a great exploit; +he was loudly applauded and congratulated on all sides, and +made into the hero of the day. His fame was infinitely increased +on a subsequent night, when Herries again came +before the House and when Tommy fired another shot at +him. The newspapers were full of his praises. The Whigs +called at his door and eagerly sought his acquaintance. +Those who love fun and personality cheered him on with +loud applause, and he now fancies himself the greatest man +going, and is ready to get up and abuse anybody on the +Treasury bench. To me, who knew all the secret strings +that moved this puppet, nothing can be more amusing.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_03" id="FN_04_03" href="#FNA_04_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, nephew of the first Lord Feversham +distinguished for his Radical opinions, M.P. for Finsbury after the Reform +Bill. He sat at this time for Hertford; and the incident related in the text +appears to have been his <i>début</i> in political life.]</p></div> + +<p>The history of Tom Duncombe and his speech is instructive +as well as amusing, for it is a curious proof of the +facility with which the world may be deceived, and of the +prodigious effect which may be produced by the smallest +means, if they are aided by some fortuitous circumstances +and happily applied. Tommy came to Henry de Ros and +told him that his constituents at Hertford were very anxious +he should make a speech, but that he did not know what to +say, and begged Henry to supply him with the necessary +materials. He advised him to strike out something new, +and having received his assurance that he should be able to +recollect anything that he learned by heart, and that he was +not afraid of his courage failing, Henry composed for him +the speech which Duncombe delivered. But knowing the +slender capacity of his man, he was not satisfied with placing +the speech in his hands, but adopted every precaution which +his ingenuity suggested to avert the danger of his breaking +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TOM DUNCOMBE’S MAIDEN SPEECH.</span> +down. He made him learn the speech by heart, and then +made him think it over again and put it into language of +his own, justly fearing that if he should forget any of the +more polished periods of the original it would appear sadly +botched by his own interpolations. He then instructed him +largely as to how and when he was to bring it in, supplying +him with various commonplace phrases to be used as connecting +links, and by the help of which he might be enabled +to fasten upon some of the preceding speeches. I saw +Henry de Ros the day before the debate, when he told me +what he was doing, and asked me to suggest anything that +occurred upon the subject, and at the same time repeated to +me the speech with which he had armed his hero. I hinted +my apprehensions that he would fail in the delivery, but +though he was not without some alarm, he expressed (as it +afterwards appeared a well-grounded) confidence in Duncombe’s +extraordinary nerve and intrepidity.</p> + +<p>His speech on the second night was got up precisely in the +same manner, and although it appeared to arise out of the +debate and of those which preceded it, the matter had been +all crammed into him by his invisible Mentor. The amusement +to him and to me (especially at the honours that have +been thickly poured upon him and the noise which he has +made in the world) is indescribably pungent.</p> + +<p>Thus Duncombe and his speech have made what is called +a great sensation, and he has the reputation (no matter +whether justly or not) of having thrown the enemy’s camp +into greater confusion by the boldness of his language than +anybody has ever done, because nobody has ever before dared +to mention those whom he dragged forward. To the ignorant +majority of the world he appears a man of great promise, of +boldness, quickness, and decision, and the uproar that is made +about him cannot fail to impress others as well as himself +with a high notion of his consequence.</p> + +<p>Knighton is gone abroad, I have very little doubt, in +consequence of what passed, and as nobody enquires very +minutely into the real causes of things where they get apparent +ones with ease, it is said and believed at once that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +Duncombe is the man who has driven him out, and that he +has given the first blow to that secret influence which has +only been obscurely hinted at before and never openly +attacked. These are great and important matters, far exceeding +any consequences which the authors of the speech +anticipated from its delivery at the time. And what are the +agents who have produced such an effect? A man of ruined +fortune and doubtful character, whose life has been spent on +the race-course, at the gaming-table, and in the green-room, +of limited capacity, exceedingly ignorant, and without any +stock but his impudence to trade on, only speaking to serve +an electioneering purpose, and crammed by another man +with every thought and every word that he uttered.</p> + +<h3>June 12th, 1828</h3> + +<p>We have now got a Tory Government, and +all that remained of Canning’s party are +gone.<a name="FNA_04_04" id="FNA_04_04" href="#FN_04_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +The case +of the Duke of Wellington and Huskisson is before the +world, but nobody judges fairly. Motives are attributed to +both parties which had no existence, and the truth is hardly +ever told at first, though it generally oozes out by degrees. +After the explanations in February the Government went +on to all appearance very well, but there lurked under this +semblance of harmony some seeds of jealousy and distrust, +not I believe so much in the mind of the Duke as in those +of his Tory colleagues, and the Canningites on their side +certainly felt no cordiality even towards the Duke himself. +They said that he never could nor would understand anything; +that he said a thing one day and forgot it the next, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DISPUTES IN THE CABINET.</span> +and instead of that clearness of intellect for which he had +credit, nothing could be more puzzled and confused than +he was; that nothing could absolve him from the suspicion +of duplicity and insincerity but the conviction that his ambiguous +conduct on various occasions arose from a confusion +of ideas. On the other hand, Lord Bathurst told my father +that he thought they (Huskisson and his friends) were too +much disposed to act together as a party in the Cabinet; and +it is clear that the Duke thought so too, and that this feeling +and the resentment it engendered in his mind are the real +reasons of his conduct on the late occasion.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_04" id="FN_04_04" href="#FNA_04_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[Bills had been brought into Parliament for the disfranchisement of +the boroughs of Penryn and East Retford, and the transfer of those seats to +Manchester and Birmingham. On the East Retford case, which came +before the House of Commons on the 19th of May, Mr. Huskisson felt bound +in honour to support the measure, and voted against his colleagues. On his +return home after the debate he wrote a hasty letter to the Duke of Wellington, +in which he said that he ‘owed it to the Duke and to Mr. Peel to +lose no time in affording them an opportunity of placing his office in other +hands.’ The Duke regarding this as a formal act of resignation, laid it +before the King and filled up the appointment. The correspondence is +published in the Duke of Wellington’s ‘Correspondence,’ New Series, vol. +iv. p. 449. The resignation of Lord Palmerston, Charles Grant, and Lord +Dudley followed. The details of this transaction are sufficiently alluded +to in the text.]</p></div> + +<p>There had been a dispute in the Cabinet about the Corn +Bill, which occasioned the discussion of it to be put off for a +few days at the time, and upon that occasion Grant resigned +his office. The matter was made up and he stayed. But +when upon the East Retford affair Huskisson resigned, and +in such an extraordinary manner, the Duke felt that there was +a disposition to embarrass him by these perpetual tenders +of resignation, which he believed they thought he would +not venture to accept. Upon receiving Huskisson’s letter +he went to Lord Bathurst and consulted him, and Lord +Bathurst advised him to take him at his word. Everybody +looks for some cause which does not appear for important +events, and people with difficulty admit of very simple +solutions and very trifling causes, though such are not +unfrequently the real ones. I believe that Huskisson had +no intention of embarrassing the Duke and none of resigning; +but for a cool and sensible man his conduct is most +extraordinary, for he acted with the precipitation of a +schoolboy and showed a complete want of all those qualities +of prudence and calm deliberation for which he has the +greatest credit. But though this breach might have been +avoided, from the sentiments which have been expressed by +both parties, it is evident other differences would have arisen +which must have dissolved the Government before long. After +putting aside the violent opinions on both sides, the conclusion +is that Huskisson acted very hastily and imprudently, +and that his letter (say what he will) was a complete resignation, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +and that the Duke had a right so to consider it; that +in the Duke’s conduct there appeared a want of courtesy +and an anxiety to get rid of him which it would have been +more fair to avow and defend than to deny; that on both +sides there was a mixture of obstinacy and angry feeling, +and a disposition to treat the question rather as a personal +matter than one in which the public interests were deeply +concerned. But the charge which is made on one side that +Huskisson wanted to embarrass the Duke’s Government and +enhance his own importance, and that on the other of the +Duke’s insincerity, are both unfounded.</p> + +<p>Some circumstances, however, contributed to place the +Duke’s conduct in an unfavourable point of view. These +were the extravagant and unconcealed joy of the High Tories +and of his immediate friends, and his attending at the same +time the Pitt dinner and sitting there while Lord Eldon +gave his famous ‘one cheer more’ for Protestant ascendency. +That he treated Huskisson with some degree of harshness +there is no doubt, but he was angry, and not without reason; +the former brought it all upon himself. During the debate +upon East Retford, when Huskisson was called upon by +Sandon to redeem his pledge, he told Peel that he could not +help himself, and must vote against him; but he begged him +to put off the question till the following week, that it might +be considered again. This Peel refused; had he acceded, all +this would not have taken place.</p> + +<p>When the King saw Huskisson he was extremely gracious +to him, expressed the utmost regret at losing him, and said +that he had wished not to see him at first, that he might +avoid receiving his resignation, and in hopes that the matter +would have been +arranged.<a name="FNA_04_05" id="FNA_04_05" href="#FN_04_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +However, the other party say +that the King is very glad to have got rid of him and his +party.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_05" id="FN_04_05" href="#FNA_04_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Huskisson solicited an audience, which his Majesty refused for some +days to grant: he would not see him until he had written again to the +Duke of Wellington.]</p></div> + +<p>In the middle of all this Madame de Lieven is supposed +to have acted with great impertinence if not imprudence, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.</span> +and to have made use of the access she has to the King to +say all sorts of things against the Duke and the present +Government. Her dislike to the Duke has been increasing +ever since that cessation of intimacy which was caused by +Canning’s accession to power, when she treated him very +uncivilly in order to pay court to Canning. Esterhazy told +me last night that although her position here was now +greatly changed, and that it was far from being so agreeable +as it was, he could not accuse her of imprudence in having +taken the part she had done, because he thought that it +had answered very well, and that the objects of her Court +had been in great measure accomplished through her +means.</p> + +<h3>June 18th, 1828</h3> + +<p>The Duke of Wellington’s speech on the +Catholic question is considered by many to have been so +moderate as to indicate a disposition on his part to concede +emancipation, and bets have been laid that Catholics will +sit in Parliament next year. Many men are resolved to see +it in this light who are anxious to join his Government, +and whose scruples with regard to that question are removed +by such an interpretation of his speech. I do not believe +he means to do anything until he is compelled to it, +which if he remains in office he will be; for the success of +the Catholic question depends neither on Whigs nor Tories, +the former of whom have not the power and the latter not +the inclination to carry it. The march of time and the +state of Ireland will effect it in spite of everything, and its +slow but continual advance can neither be retarded by its +enemies nor accelerated by its friends. In the meantime +men affect to consider his expressions as of importance +enough to influence their conduct in taking or refusing office. +Frankland +Lewis,<a name="FNA_04_06" id="FNA_04_06" href="#FN_04_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +who refused the Irish Secretaryship, said +that after that speech he regretted his refusal and would be +glad to take it, and now he wants to join the Government +again. Certainly at this moment the Tories are triumphant, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +and so far from the Duke’s Government having any difficulty +in standing, there does not appear to be a disposition in any +quarter to oppose it. Not only in Parliament there is no +Opposition, but the press is veering round and treating him +with great civility. The Government seem well disposed to +follow up the Liberal policy, to which they have been suspected +of being adverse, and have already declared that they +do not intend to deviate either in their foreign or domestic +policy from the principles on which the Government was +understood to act previous to the separation. Arbuthnot +told my father yesterday that they all regret now having +resigned in 1827, and Huskisson owned to A. that he had +acted with unfortunate precipitancy.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_06" id="FN_04_06" href="#FNA_04_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[Right Hon. T. Frankland Lewis, a member of the Grenville and +Canning section of the Tory party; made a baronet by Sir Robert Peel; +the father of the Right Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 29th, 1828</h3> + +<p>I dined yesterday with the King at St. +James’s—his Jockey Club dinner. There were about thirty +people, several not being invited whom he did not fancy. +The Duke of Leeds told me a much greater list had been +made out, but he had scratched several out of it. We +assembled in the Throne Room, and found him already there, +looking very well and walking about. He soon, however, +sat down, and desired everybody else to do so. Nobody +spoke, and he laughed and said, ‘This is more like a Quaker +than a Jockey Club meeting.’ We soon went to dinner, +which was in the Great Supper Room and very magnificent. +He sat in the middle, with the Dukes of Richmond and +Grafton on each side of him. I sat opposite to him, and he +was particularly gracious to me, talking to me across the +table and recommending all the good things; he made me +(after eating a quantity of turtle) eat a dish of crawfish soup, +till I thought I should have burst. After dinner the Duke +of Leeds, who sat at the head of the table, gave ‘The King.’ +We all stood up, when his Majesty thanked us, and said he +hoped this would be the first of annual meetings of the sort +to take place, there or elsewhere under his roof. He then +ordered paper, pens, &c., and they began making matches +and stakes; the most perfect ease was established, just as +much as if we had been dining with the Duke of York, and +he seemed delighted. He made one or two little speeches, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD LYNDHURST AND THE GREAT SEAL.</span> +one recommending that a stop should be put to the exportation +of horses. He twice gave ‘The Turf,’ and at the end +the Duke of Richmond asked his leave to give a toast, and +again gave ‘The King.’ He thanked all the gentlemen, and +said that there was no man who had the interests of the +turf more at heart than himself, that he was delighted at +having this party, and that the oftener they met the better, +and he only wanted to have it pointed out to him how he +could promote the pleasure and amusement of the turf, and +he was ready to do anything in his power. He got up +at half-past twelve and wished us good night. Nothing +could go off better, and Mount Charles told me he was sure +he was delighted.</p> + +<p>I dined with the Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] three +days ago; he talked to me a great deal about his acceptance +of the Great Seal and of the speculation it was. He was +Master of the Rolls with 7,000ℓ. a year for life when it +was offered to him; he debated whether it was worth while +to give this up to be Chancellor for perhaps only one year, +with a peerage and the pension. He talked the matter over +with his wife, and they agreed that if it only lasted one +year (which he evidently thought probable) it was worth +while, besides the contingency of a long Chancellorship. +He asked me if the Government was popular and reckoned +strong. I told him it was apparently popular and reckoned +strong, because there was no Opposition and little chance +of any. I said that however hazardous his speculation +might have been, it had turned out well, for he had a good +chance of being Chancellor as long as his predecessor had +been, there being so few candidates for the office. He said +this was true, and then he talked of his Court, and said it +was impossible for one man to do the business of it. In +talking of the speculation he had made, political opinions +and political consistency seemed never to occur to him, and +he considered the whole matter in a light so business-like +and professional as to be quite amusing. He talked of the +Duke, said he was a good man to do business with, quick +and intelligent, and ‘how well he managed that little correspondence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +with Huskisson,’ which was droll enough, for +Huskisson dined there and was in the room.</p> + +<h3>August 6th, 1828</h3> + +<p>About three weeks ago I went to Windsor +to a Council. The King had been very ill for a day or two, +but was recovered. Rob +Adair<a name="FNA_04_07" id="FNA_04_07" href="#FN_04_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +was sworn in Privy Councillor, +and he remained in the room and heard the speech, +which he ought not to have done. The Duke attacked me +afterwards (in joke) for letting him stay; but I told him it +was no business of mine, and his neighbour ought to have +told him to go. That neighbour, however, was Vesey +Fitzgerald, who said it was the first time he had attended a +Council, and he could not begin by turning another man +out. I brought Adair back to town, and he told me a great +many things about Burke, and Fox, and Fitzpatrick, and +all the eminent men of that time with whom he lived when +he was young. He said what I have often heard before, +that Fitzpatrick was the most agreeable of them all, but +Hare the most brilliant. Burke’s conversation was delightful, +so luminous and instructive. He was very passionate, +and Adair said that the first time he ever saw him he +unluckily asked him some question about the wild parts of +Ireland, when Burke broke out, ‘You are a fool and a blockhead; +there are no wild parts in Ireland.’ He was extremely +terrified, but afterwards Burke was very civil to +him, and he knew him very well.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_07" id="FN_04_07" href="#FNA_04_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[Right Hon. Sir Robert Adair, the friend of Fox, formerly ambassador +at Constantinople and Vienna. It was he whom Canning once called +‘Bobadare-a-dool-fowla.’]</p></div> + +<p>He told me a great deal about the quarrel between Fox +and Burke. Fox never ceased to entertain a regard for Burke, +and at no time would suffer him to be abused in his presence. +There was an attempt made to bring about a reconciliation, +and a meeting for that purpose took place of all the leading +men at Burlington House. Burke was on the point of yielding +when his son suddenly made his appearance unbidden, and +on being told what was going on said, ‘My father shall be +no party to such a compromise,’ took Burke aside and +persuaded him to reject the overtures. That son Adair +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIR ROBERT ADAIR’S ANECDOTES.</span> +described as the most disagreeable, violent, and wrong-headed +of men, but the idol of his father, who used to say +that he united all his own talents and acquirements with +those of Fox and everybody else. After the death of Richard +Burke, Fox and Burke met behind the throne of the House +of Lords one day, when Fox went up to Burke and put out +both his hands to him. Burke was almost surprised into +meeting this cordiality in the same spirit, but the momentary +impulse passed away, and he doggedly dropped his hands and +left the House.</p> + +<p>Adair told me that Lord Holland has written very copious +memoirs of his own time, and particularly characters of all +the eminent men who have died, in the delineation of which +he excels. Soon after Pitt’s resignation in 1801 there was +an attempt made to effect a junction between Pitt and Fox, +to which they were neither of them averse. The negotiation +was, however, entrusted to subordinate agents, and Adair +said that he had always regretted that they had not met, for if +they had he thought the matter would have been arranged. +As it was the design was thwarted by the King through the +intervention (I think he said) of Lord Loughborough.</p> + +<p>There was another Council about a week ago. On these +occasions the King always whispers to me something or other +about his racehorses or something about myself, and I am at +this moment in high favour. We had Howley and +Bloomfield<a name="FNA_04_08" id="FNA_04_08" href="#FN_04_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +at this Council, with the latter of whom I made +acquaintance, to the great amusement of the Duke. He +laughed at seeing me conversing with this bishop.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_08" id="FN_04_08" href="#FNA_04_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London.]</p></div> + +<p>I hear from Frederick Lamb that the Duke is greatly +alarmed about Ireland. By-the-by he, +Frederick,<a name="FNA_04_09" id="FNA_04_09" href="#FN_04_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +is come +back from Portugal, thinking that our Government have +acted very ill and very foolishly, first encouraging and then +abandoning these wretched Constitutionalists to their fate, +and he is no particular friend to Liberalism.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_09" id="FN_04_09" href="#FNA_04_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[Sir Frederick Lamb, afterwards created Lord Beauvale, and who became +Lord Melbourne on the death of his brother William.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 14th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Just returned from Goodwood, where I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +went on the 11th, and heard on arriving that the Lord +High Admiral had resigned, but no particulars. It is a very +good thing at all events.</p> + +<h3>August 16th, 1828</h3> + +<p>The Lord High Admiral was turned +out.<a name="FNA_04_10" id="FNA_04_10" href="#FN_04_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +The Duke told him that he must go, but that he might +resign as if of his own accord. The Duke is all-powerful. +It is strongly reported that Peel will resign, that the Duke +means to concede the Catholic question and to negotiate a +<i>concordat</i> with the Pope. Many people think Lord Grey +will join the Government, and that he will be First Lord of +the Admiralty. The Duke gave his brother Dr. Bloomfield’s +living without any solicitation. Esterhazy told me to-night +that Palmella entertains from twenty to thirty of his +countrymen at dinner every day, of whom there are several +hundred in London, of the best families, totally destitute. +All Palmella’s property is sequestrated, but he receives the +appointment of Portuguese Minister from the Brazilian +Government.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_10" id="FN_04_10" href="#FNA_04_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[The King’s letter dismissing the Duke of Clarence from the office of +Lord High Admiral was dated the 11th of August, 1828. It is published in +the Duke of Wellington’s ‘Correspondence,’ New Series, vol. iv. p. 595.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 22nd, 1828</h3> + +<p>Went to Stoke on the 19th and came +back yesterday. There were the Dowager Lady Salisbury, +Duchess of Newcastle, Worcester and Lady W. Russell, +Giles, Billy Churchill. On the 18th Dawson’s +speech<a name="FNA_04_11" id="FNA_04_11" href="#FN_04_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +at +Derry reached us, and I never remember any occurrence which +excited greater surprise. The general impression was that +he made the speech, with the Duke’s knowledge and concurrence, +which I never believed. I thought from what he +said to me just before he went to Ireland that he had +changed his own opinion, and now many people say they +knew this; but I was little prepared to hear of his making +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DAWSON’S SPEECH AT DERRY.</span> +such a speech at such a place as Derry, and on such an occasion +as a ‘Prentice Boy’ commemoration. The rage and +fury of the Orangemen there and of the Orange press here +are boundless, and the violence and scurrility of their abuse +are the more absurd because Dawson only described in +glowing colours, and certainly without reserve, the actual +state of Ireland, but did not argue the question at all further +than leaving on his hearers the inevitable inference that he +thought the time for granting emancipation was come. The +truth is that the conversion of one of the most violent anti-Catholics +must strike everybody as a strong argument in +favour of the measure, and they know not by how many and +by whom his example may be followed. The Orangemen +are moving heaven and earth to create disturbances, and +their impotent fury shows how low their cause is sunk. The +Catholics, on the contrary, are temperate and calm, from +confidence in their strength and the progressive advance of +their course. But although I think the Catholics are now +in a position which renders their ultimate success certain, I +am very far from participating in the sanguine expectations +of those who think the Duke of Wellington is convinced that +the question must be settled directly, and that he will carry +it through in the ensuing session. In the first place I see +clearly that the Government are extremely annoyed at +Dawson’s speech. I saw Goulburn to-day, and though he +did not say much, what he did say was enough to satisfy me +of this: ‘he hoped that it had been incorrectly reported.’ +Dawson has written to the +Duke,<a name="FNA_04_12" id="FNA_04_12" href="#FN_04_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +and the letter was sent +to him to-day. But what has put me in despair about it +is a letter of the Duke’s which Drummond read to me +to-day addressed, I do not know to whom, but upon that +subject. It began, ‘My dear sir,’ and after other matter +proceeded nearly as follows:—‘This subject has been more +discussed and more pamphlets have been written upon it in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +the course of the last twenty-five years than any other that +I can remember. No two people are agreed upon what +ought to be done, and yet the Government is expected at +once to settle the question.’ This is the old argument, as if +after thirty years’ discussion in every shape it was not time +to settle the question. As if those who undertake to govern +the country were not the men who are bound to find the +means of settling it and allaying the irritation it causes. +And as if, instead of no two persons being agreed upon the +subject, all the ablest and wisest men in the country were not +cordially agreed that complete emancipation is the only +remedy for the evils that exist, and that they are opposed by +the most despicable faction which ever existed, animated by +the most base and sordid motives. This letter was read to +me as conveying the Duke’s opinions, which his secretary +thought were very sound and sensible, and which I think +evinced a degree of anility quite pitiable, and proves how +little there is to expect from any liberality and good sense on +his part.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_11" id="FN_04_11" href="#FNA_04_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[Mr. Peel’s confidential letter to the Duke of Wellington, stating his +reluctant conviction that it was indispensably necessary for the Government +to change its policy on the Catholic question, was written on the 11th of +August, 1828. The letter is published in Sir Robert Peel’s ‘Posthumous +Memoirs,’ vol. i, p. 189. It is a remarkable circumstance that Mr. Dawson’s +speech at Derry was made <i>just one week afterwards</i>; but there is no evidence +that he knew of the change in his brother-in-law’s opinion. See for further +details as to the effect of Dawson’s speech <i>infra</i>.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_12" id="FN_04_12" href="#FNA_04_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[This letter is published in the Duke of Wellington’s ‘Correspondence,’ +New Series, vol. iv. p. 633. The Duke said, ‘Dawson’s speech is too bad. +Surely a man who does such things ought to be put in a strait waistcoat.’ +<i>Ibid</i>. p. 636.]</p></div> + +<p>I do not yet know the whole truth of the Lord High +Admiral’s resignation, but it seems that it is not yet certain. +Negotiations on the subject are still going on. I believe +he quarrelled with his council, particularly Cockburn, and +that Government took part with Cockburn. The Duke of +Clarence wants to promote deserving officers, but they oppose +it on account of the expense, and they find in everything great +difficulty in keeping him in order. His resignation will be very +unpopular in the navy, for his system of promotion was more +liberal and impartial than that of his predecessor, whose +administration was one perpetual job, and who made the +patronage of the Admiralty instrumental to governing Scotland. +Hitherto the appointments of Government have not +been the most judicious—Lord Belmore to Jamaica, because +he is a Lord, and a very dull one; Lord Strangford to the +Brazils, though the Duke knows as well as anybody that he +cannot be trusted, and was recalled by Canning because he +said and did all sorts of things at Constantinople for which +he had no authority, and they found that no reliance whatever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DISMISSAL OF THE LORD HIGH ADMIRAL.</span> +was to be placed in him. Lord Stuart de Rothesay, +too, is sent back to Paris, though personally obnoxious to the +King and universally disliked.</p> + +<h3>Stoke, August 25th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Went to Windsor to-day for a +Council and came on here after it. There were the Chancellor, +Peel, Fitzgerald, Ellenborough, Sir G. Murray, the Archbishop, +and Bishop of London, who came to do homage. +The King gave the Chancellor a long audience, and another +to Peel, probably to talk over Dawson’s speech and Orange +politics. After the Council the King called me and talked +to me about racehorses, which he cares more about than the +welfare of Ireland or the peace of Europe. We walked over +the Castle, which is nearly finished, but too gaudy. The +King told me he would go to Egham races to-morrow. I +talked to Fitzgerald about Dawson’s speech. He said he +believed Dawson had never told the Duke or Peel what he +meant to do, that he thought he was very bold and imprudent. +However, he was glad of it, as it must assist the cause, +and the moral effect in Ireland would be produced before the +Duke’s sentiments could be known. Lord Mount Charles +told me the day before yesterday that the reason the Duke +of Clarence had resigned was, that he had in many instances +exceeded his powers, which had produced remonstrances +from the Duke of Wellington, whereupon the Duke of +Clarence tendered his resignation, and the Duke immediately +carried it to the King without asking him to +stay.<a name="FNA_04_13" id="FNA_04_13" href="#FN_04_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +Afterwards +there were some negotiations, when the Duke of +Clarence refused to stay if Cockburn did. They would not, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> +however, part with Cockburn, but subsequently the Duke +shook hands with him and asked him to dine at Bushy on his +birthday. He said that his successor was not appointed, +but it will probably be Lord Melville. The King has not +been well; he goes fishing and dining at Virginia Water, +stays out late, and catches cold.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_13" id="FN_04_13" href="#FNA_04_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[A letter from the Duke of Wellington to Sir Robert Peel, dated the +13th of August, 1828, explains the circumstances that led to the removal of +the Duke of Clarence from the office of Lord High Admiral. This letter is +published in the first volume of Sir Robert Peel’s ‘Posthumous Memoirs on +the Catholic Question and the Repeal of the Corn Laws,’ p. 269. The Duke +of Wellington says, ‘He behaved very rudely to Cockburn. I saw Cockburn +and Croker, and both agreed in stating that the machine could no longer +work.’ In a subsequent letter the Duke added, ‘I quite agree with you +that it is very unfortunate the Duke of Clarence has resigned. I did everything +in my power to avoid that result, excepting give up Cockburn.’ The +whole correspondence is published in the fourth volume of the Duke’s ‘Correspondence,’ +New Series.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 29th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Came from Stoke last night. There were +the Lievens, Cowper, Lord Melbourne, Luttrell, Pierre +d’Aremberg, Creevy, Russell, Montrond. The King went to +Egham races Tuesday and Thursday, was very well received +and pleased. He was very gracious to me. Madame de Lieven +went over to the Lodge to see Lady Conyngham, who finding +she had never seen Clifden, carried her off there, ordered +luncheon and the pony carriage, took her all over the place, +and then carried her back to Salthill, where the King’s +carriage met her and took her back to Virginia Water to +dinner. Lieven told me they had never expected to find this +Turkish expedition an easy business, and had always been +prepared for great difficulties, &c., from which I conclude +that they have met with some check. I met Bachelor, the +poor Duke of York’s old servant, and now the King’s <i>valet +de chambre</i>, and he told me some curious things about the interior +of the Palace; but he is coming to call on me, and I +will write down what he tells me then. There is a report +that the Admiralty has been offered to Lord Melbourne. I +asked him (at Stoke), and he said he had never heard of it.</p> + +<h3>London, November 25th, 1828</h3> + +<p>I have not written anything +since I left town, because nothing occurred worth remembering. +Yesterday I went to the Council at Windsor. Most +of the Ministers were there, the Recorder, two foreign +Ministers, and the Duke of Clarence. The King seemed to be +very well. The Duke of Wellington did not arrive till late, +and before he was come the King sent for Peel and gave him +an audience of two hours at least. I thought there must be +something in the wind, and was struck with Peel’s taking +the Duke into one of the window recesses and talking to him +very earnestly as soon as he came out. I returned to town +after the Council, and in the evening went to the play, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">HEALTH AND HABITS OF GEORGE IV.</span> +coming out I met Henry de Ros and Frederick Lamb. The +former made me go with him in his carriage, when he told +me what fully explained the cause of Peel’s long audience—that +the Duke has at last made up his mind to carry the +Catholic question, and that +Peel<a name="FNA_04_14" id="FNA_04_14" href="#FN_04_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +and the rest of the violent +anti-Catholics are going out; that the Duke’s present idea +is to apply to Huskisson, but that nothing will be done or said +till the Ministers assemble in town and hold their cabinets.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_14" id="FN_04_14" href="#FNA_04_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[It had not then transpired, nor was it known until long afterwards, +that the proposal to carry Catholic Emancipation was made by Mr. Peel to +the Duke of Wellington on the 11th of August. Sir Robert Peel states, +however, in his ‘Memoir,’ p. 269, ‘At the close of the year 1828 little, if +any, progress had been made in removing the difficulties with which the +Duke of Wellington had to contend;’ and, p. 274, ‘The chief difficulty was +the King. At the commencement of the month of January 1829 his +Majesty had not yet signified his consent that the whole subject of Ireland, +including the Catholic question, should be taken into consideration by his +confidential servants.’]</p></div> + +<p>He told me also that the French Government have at last +agreed to make common cause with us in preventing the +Russians from prosecuting the war against Turkey.</p> + +<h3>December 16th, 1828</h3> + +<p>A Council at Windsor yesterday; very +few present, and no audiences but Aberdeen for three-quarters +of an hour and the Duke for five minutes. I sent +for Bachelor and had a long talk with him. He said the +King was well, but weak, his constitution very strong, no +malady about him, but irritation in the bladder which he +could not get rid of. He thinks the hot rooms and want of +air and exercise do him harm, and that he is getting every +day more averse to exercise and more prone to retirement, +which, besides that it weakens his constitution, is a proof +that he is beginning to break. Bachelor thinks he is in no +sort of danger; I think he will not live more than two years. +He says that his attendants are quite worn out with being +always about him, and living in such hot rooms (which +obliges them to drink) and seldom getting air and exercise. +B. is at present well, but he sits up every other night with +the King and never leaves him. He is in high favour, and +Sir William Knighton is now as civil and obliging to him as +he used to be the reverse. The King instructs him in his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +duties in the kindest manner, likes to have him about him, +and talks a great deal to him. But his Majesty keeps everybody +at a great distance from him, and all about him are +afraid of him, though he talks to his pages with more +openness and familiarity than to anybody. He thinks +Radford (who is dying) is not in such favour as he was, +though he is always there; of O’Reilly the surgeon, who +sees the King every day and carries him all the gossip he can +pick up, Bachelor speaks with very little ceremony. The +King told them the other day that ‘O’R. was the damnedest +liar in the world,’ and it seems he is often in the habit of +discussing people in this way to his <i>valets de chambre</i>. He +reads a great deal, and every morning has his boxes brought +to him and reads their contents. They are brought up by +Knighton or Watson, both of whom have keys of all the +boxes. He says there is not one person about him whom +he likes—Mount Charles pretty well, Taylor better than +anybody, Knighton constantly there and his influence unbounded; +he thinks K. can do anything.</p> + +<h3>December 20th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Hyde Villiers called on me ten days ago +to give me an account of his visit to Ireland. He seems +to have been intimate with several of the leading men, +particularly Shiel, whom all agree in describing as the +cleverest man of his party. He also saw a good deal of the +Lord-Lieutenant;<a name="FNA_04_15" id="FNA_04_15" href="#FN_04_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +and was struck by his imprudence and +unreserve. He spoke very positively of his determination +not to be a party to any measures contrary to his opinions, +and did not scruple to complain of the little information he +received from the Government here concerning their intentions. +He also appears to have been flattered by O’Connell +into entire confidence in him, and told Villiers that he +would trust him implicitly. O’Connell and Shiel detest each +other, though Shiel does not oppose him. Lawless detests +him too, and he does everything he can to thwart and +provoke him, and opposes him in the +Association<a name="FNA_04_16" id="FNA_04_16" href="#FN_04_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +upon all +occasions. Lately in the affair of the ‘exclusive dealing’ he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF O’CONNELL.</span> +met with such opposition in the Association that it required +a great deal of time and management to get rid of that proposition, +although in the end he carried the matter very +triumphantly. But O’Connell, though opposed by a numerous +party in the Association, is all-powerful in the country, and +there is not one individual who has a chance of supplanting +him in the affections of the great mass of the Catholics. +For twenty-five years he has been continually labouring to +obtain that authority and consideration which he possesses +without a rival, and is now so great that they yield unlimited +obedience to his individual will. As an orator he +would probably fail in the English House of Commons; but +to a mob, especially an Irish mob, he is perfect, exactly the +style and manner which suits their tastes and comprehensions, +and consequently his success with them is unbounded. +He has a large landed property, is at the head of +his profession, an admirable lawyer and manager of a cause, +and never for a moment diverted by political or other considerations +from the due discharge of his professional duties. +He is besides a man of high moral character and great +probity in private life, and has been for years in the habit of +affording his professional assistance gratis to those of his +own religion who cannot afford to pay for it. These are +some of the grounds of his popularity, to which may be +added his industry and devotion to the Roman Catholic +cause; he rises at three every morning and goes to bed at +eight. He possesses a very retentive memory, and is particularly +strong in historical and constitutional knowledge. +The great object of his ambition is to be at the head of +his own profession, and his favourite project to reform +the laws, a task for which he fancies himself eminently +qualified. To accomplish any particular object he cares +not to what charges of partial inconsistency he exposes +himself, trusting to his own ingenuity to exonerate himself +from them afterwards. Neither O’Connell nor Shiel are +supposed to be men of courage, but Lawless is, and he is +thought capable of the most desperate adventures. Shiel is +of opinion that the Association might be suppressed by law; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +O’Connell thinks it could not, and that if it might legally +it could not practically. O’Connell says he can keep the +country quiet another year certainly, Doyle thinks not. +Doyle is a very able man, a man of the world, dislikes +O’Connell, but is obliged to act in concert with him. Doyle, +conscious of his own talents, is deeply mortified that no field +is open for their display, and he is one of those men who must +be eminent in whatever cause they are engaged. +Murray<a name="FNA_04_17" id="FNA_04_17" href="#FN_04_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +is a clever man, but not so ambitious as Doyle; Francis +Leveson is extremely cautious, cold in his manners, and +therefore conciliates no general regard in Ireland, where +they like an exactly opposite character. William Lamb +was popular beyond all precedent, but Francis seems to have +avoided giving offence to either party, which is perhaps as +much as could have been expected from him, and in a +country where the rival factions are so exasperated against +each other to be able to preserve a character for impartiality +is no small praise. I wrote to my brother Henry what I have +mentioned under the head of November 21st, and in return +he told me that it was in contemplation to put down the +Association, and that the law officers in Ireland had reported +that it was practicable, and their opinion had come over +here, but the decision of the Government had not arrived.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_15" id="FN_04_15" href="#FNA_04_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +[The Marquis of Anglesey was then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_16" id="FN_04_16" href="#FNA_04_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +[The Catholic Association. The ‘exclusive dealing’ was a pledge +required of members of the Association not to deal with Orangemen.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_17" id="FN_04_17" href="#FNA_04_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +[Dr. Murray, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Lord Francis +Leveson (afterwards Lord Francis Egerton and Earl of Ellesmere), Mr. +Greville’s brother-in-law, was then Irish Secretary. William Lamb, afterwards +Lord Melbourne, had preceded him in that office. Henry Greville +held a place at the Vice-Regal Court.]</p></div> + +<p>I very soon saw enough to satisfy me that the Duke +is endeavouring to prevail on Peel to stay in office, and his +repeated conferences with the Bishop of Oxford and other +bishops are enough to prove that he is negotiating with the +Church, but nothing transpires of his intentions. Not one +word has been said to Huskisson or any of his friends. My +belief is that in that long conference at Windsor the King +tried to prevail on Peel not to go; since which discussions +between Peel, the Duke, and the Bishop have been going on +to see how the matter can be arranged so as to make +Peel’s acquiescence palatable to the Church and the Brunswickers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD BELMORE GOVERNOR OF JAMAICA.</span> +and perhaps to engage the Duke to modify his +intended measures accordingly. This is conjecture. The +Duke is gone to Wootton and to Middleton; he is always +going about.</p> + +<h3>December 21st, 1828</h3> + +<p>A few days ago I saw Lord Belmore just +as he was setting out for Jamaica. I went to talk to him +about my +plan.<a name="FNA_04_18" id="FNA_04_18" href="#FN_04_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +He was very civil and said he would do +all that depended upon him. He does not seem to be bright, +but whatever his talents may be, he seems to be left to the free +exercise of them, for he told me that he felt his situation to +be one of some difficulty, never having received any instructions +(except of course the formal instructions given to every +governor in writing) as to his conduct from the Secretary of +State, having had no conversation with any of the authorities +about the state of the colony, nor any intimation of their +views and intentions in respect to the principal matters of interest +there. He said that as the Assembly of Jamaica is now +sitting, he had proposed to postpone his departure till the +end of their session, when the Bills they passed would come +over here, and he might discuss them with the Government +and learn their sentiments and wishes as to the course +he should adopt; a very sensible proposition. But he received +for answer that he had better go now, for that when these +Bills came over here Parliament would be sitting, and +Government would not have leisure to attend to the affairs +of Jamaica. And this is the way our colonies are governed! +Stephen,<a name="FNA_04_19" id="FNA_04_19" href="#FN_04_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +to whom I told this, said he was not surprised, for +that Sir George Murray did nothing—never wrote a despatch—had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +only once since he has been in office seen Taylor, who +has got all the West Indies under his care.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_18" id="FN_04_18" href="#FNA_04_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +[Mr. Greville held the office of Secretary of the Island of Jamaica. +The duties of the office were performed by a deputy paid by the Secretary +out of the fees received in the island. He never visited Jamaica, and the +office held on these conditions was a sinecure; but he occasionally took part +in the affairs of Jamaica in this country. The ‘plan’ alluded to in this +passage is unknown to me. Somerset, second Earl of Belmore, had just been +appointed Governor of Jamaica at this time.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_19" id="FN_04_19" href="#FNA_04_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +[James Stephen, Esq., then law adviser of the Colonial Office, and +afterwards Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. Mr. Henry Taylor, +the accomplished author of ‘Philip von Artevelde,’ was at the head of the +West India department of the office. Sir George Murray was Secretary of +State.]</p></div> + +<p>I might as well have put in on the 25th of November +what the King said to me, as it seems to have amused everybody. +I was standing close to him at the Council, and he +put down his head and whispered, ‘Which are you for, +Cadland or the mare?’ (meaning the match between Cadland +and Bess of Bedlam); so I put my head down too and +said, ‘The horse;’ and then as we retired he said to the +Duke, ‘A little bit of Newmarket.’</p> + +<h3>December 30th, 1828</h3> + +<p>Hyde Villiers brought me on Thursday +or Friday last a copy of the Duke’s letter to +Dr. Curtis,<a name="FNA_04_20" id="FNA_04_20" href="#FN_04_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +which had been sent to him from Dublin under strict injunction +of not showing it. The next day it appeared in all the +newspapers, O’Connell having read it to the Association. It +has made a great noise, and being as usual ambiguous, both +parties affect to consider it to be in their favour. I fancy +the Duke is very angry at its publication, at least judging +from what his secretaries say.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_20" id="FN_04_20" href="#FNA_04_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> +[The Duke of Wellington had corresponded with Dr. Curtis, the +titular Roman Catholic Primate of Ireland, for many years. Indeed, as +appears in the text, he had known him long before at Salamanca, when this +prelate was at the Irish College there. Several excellent letters by Dr. +Curtis to the Duke are published in the second volume of the Duke’s ‘Correspondence,’ +New Series. The letter adverted to in the text was that in +which the Duke said (not very wisely) that ‘if men could bury the subject +(of Catholic Emancipation) in oblivion for a short time, it might be possible +to discover a satisfactory remedy.’ Curtis put a copy of the letter in +O’Connell’s hands, and he read it aloud at the Catholic Association. Curtis +sent a copy of the letter and his own reply to the Lord-Lieutenant, who +answered him in another letter, in which he said that ‘he did not before +know the precise sentiments of the Duke upon the present state of the +Catholic question.’ This letter was also made public, and added fuel to the +flames.]</p></div> + +<p>The word <i>the</i> in the first paragraph was substituted for <i>a</i>, +and this alteration these blockheads pretend makes a great +difference in the sense. It makes none, and is only worthy +of remark because they probably echo what he has said. It +is clear enough as to his <i>opinion</i>, but nothing more. Curtis +was in Spain and imprisoned by the French at Salamanca. +After the battle the Duke delivered him and had a good deal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.</span> +of communication with him. He returned to Ireland, and +from that period has been in occasional correspondence with +the Duke. Curtis had written him a long letter, desiring +information about his intentions, and this was the answer. +A few days ago Hyde Villiers called on the Duke and placed +in his hands the resolutions which were agreed to by a committee +of the general meeting to be held in Dublin next +month. He took them, but said he must decline saying +anything; as Minister of the Crown he could not say a +word, as whatever he did must be done in conjunction +with his colleagues and with the King; that there was a +disposition to draw inferences from everything, as, for +example, that a gentleman he had known in Spain had +written to him on the subject, and his answer had been +handed about, and all sorts of inferences drawn from it, +which was very inconvenient, and proved how cautious he +must be. No doubt it was the Curtis correspondence to +which he alluded.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>1829.</h2> + +<h3>January 2nd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Lord Anglesey was recalled last Sunday. +The Duke of Wellington came to see my mother either +Saturday or Sunday last, and told her he had been with the +King three hours the day before, talking to him about Lord A., +that his Majesty was furious with him, thought he took +upon himself as if he were King of Ireland, and was indignant +at all he said and all he did. The Duke talked a great +deal about him, but did not say he was recalled, though his +manner was such that he left an impression that he had something +in his mind which he would not let out. He gave +it to be understood, however, that he had been endeavouring +to appease the King, and that Lord A.’s recall was insisted on +by his Majesty against his (the Duke’s) desire. I enquired +warmly whether he had asserted or only implied this, because +I don’t believe one word of it. I was told that he had only +implied it, but had left that impression. But the Duke +complained of Lord A.’s conduct to himself; that he had at +first written him insolent letters, and latterly had hardly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +ever written to him at all. My belief is that the Duke +has for some time wished to get rid of Lord Anglesey, that +these Cabinets have been upon this subject, and that his +recall was settled there. As to the King’s dictation and the +Duke’s submission, I don’t believe a word of it. It has been +clear to me for some time that the Irish Government could +not remain in Lord Anglesey’s hands. I am very sorry for +it, for I think it will have a bad effect, and have little hope +of its being followed by any measures likely to counteract +the evil it immediately occasions.</p> + +<h3>January 4th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I have seen letters from Dublin stating +that the immediate cause of the recall was a letter which +Lord Anglesey had written to the Duke (but what that was I +have not ascertained), and that his imprudence was so great +it was impossible he could have gone on. Certainly the +writing and then publishing this letter of Curtis’ is an +enormous act of indiscretion. The consternation in Dublin +seems to have been great, and Henry says that if Lord A. +does not decline all demonstrations of popular feeling towards +him, he will leave Ireland as Lord Fitzwilliam did, attended +by the whole population. Yesterday I asked +Fitzgerald<a name="FNA_04_21" id="FNA_04_21" href="#FN_04_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +if +it was true that Lord A. was recalled. He put on a long +face, and said ‘he did not know; <i>recalled</i> he certainly was +not.’ I saw he was not disposed to be communicative, so +I said no more; he, however, began again of his own +accord, and asked me whether I thought, in the event of +Lord A.’s coming away, that Francis Leveson would remain. +I told him under what conditions he had taken the place, +viz. that he was only to stay while Lord A. did; that circumstances +might make a difference, but that I knew nothing. +He said he had done remarkably well, given great satisfaction, +and shown great discretion in a difficult situation; +that the rock Lord A. had split upon was his vanity.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_21" id="FN_04_21" href="#FNA_04_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> +[Right Hon. Vesey Fitzgerald, then President of the Board of Trade. +He was raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1835, as Baron +Fitzgerald and Vesci.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The exact history of what took place in +Dublin is as follows:—Lord Anglesey first of all desired +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.</span> +George Villiers would get his letter to Dr. Curtis inserted +in the newspaper. He took it to Shiel, who agreed to +write as good an article as he could to go with it, and then +he went to Dr. Murray to inform him (as Dr. Curtis’s friend) +of the intended publication, as Curtis himself was absent, +and his consent ought to have been previously obtained. He +went afterwards to the Phoenix Park, and Lord Anglesey +laid the whole case and correspondence before him. Some +time ago the Duke wrote to Lord Anglesey proposing that +O’Gorman Mahon and Steele should be removed from the +Commission of the Peace on account of their conduct to the +Sheriff of Clare. Lord Anglesey wrote word that the subject +had engaged his attention, and he had laid the case before +the law officers, who had reported to him that there were +no grounds for any legal proceedings against them. ‘How, +therefore,’ said the Lord-Lieutenant, ‘could I degrade men +against whom my law officers advised me that no charge +could be brought?’ This was one offence; and another, that +he had countenanced Lord Cloncurry, who, being a member +of the Association, was unworthy to receive the King’s representative +and the Chancellor. Lord Anglesey warmly +defended Lord Cloncurry as a magistrate and a man, and +appealed to his known loyalty and respect for the King as +a proof that he would never have done anything derogatory +to his own situation. The Duke’s letter he described +to have been overbearing and insolent, Lord +Anglesey’s<a name="FNA_04_22" id="FNA_04_22" href="#FN_04_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +temperate, but firm. Lord Anglesey declares that these +were all the grounds of offence he had given. Five weeks +elapsed, during which he heard nothing from the Duke, +and at the end of that time he received his letter of +recall, conceived nearly in these words:—‘My dear Lord +Anglesey,—I am aware of the impropriety of having +allowed your letter to remain so long unanswered, but I +wished to consult my colleagues, who were out of town. I +have now done so, and they concur with me that with such +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +a difference of opinion between the King’s Minister and +the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland the government of that +country could not be conducted by you with advantage to the +public service. I have therefore taken the King’s pleasure +on the subject, and he commands me to inform you that +you will be immediately relieved from your government. I +will give you the earliest information of the arrangement +which will be made in consequence. Believe me, &c.’ This +is nearly the +letter.<a name="FNA_04_23" id="FNA_04_23" href="#FN_04_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> +From Lord Anglesey George Villiers +went to Shiel, and with him to O’Connell, to whom Lord +A. desired he would communicate the event. O’Connell was +dreadfully dejected, so much so that Shiel and G. Villiers +were glad to go home and dine with him in order to calm +him. They at length succeeded in doing so, and made him +engage to abstain from any discussion of the recall in the +Association the next day (a promise which he did not keep). +Shiel made a very fine speech in the Association. Nothing, +they say, can exceed the general feeling on the subject, +and Lord Anglesey appears to be acting with great dignity +and reserve; he wishes to decline all popular honours, +and he put off going to the play, which he was to have +done.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_22" id="FN_04_22" href="#FNA_04_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> +[The correspondence of Lord Anglesey with the Duke of Wellington on +these charges is now published in the ‘Wellington Correspondence,’ New +Series, vol. v. p. 244.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_23" id="FN_04_23" href="#FNA_04_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> +[The letter itself is now published in the ‘Wellington Correspondence,’ +New Series, vol. v. p. 366. Mr. Greville’s version of it differs in no material +point from the original, though the language is slightly altered.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 7th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The Duke wrote to Francis Leveson to +say he must not be surprised to hear that a letter would +reach Lord Anglesey by that day’s post, conveying to him +his recall; that the King was so furious with him that he +said he would make any sacrifice rather than allow him to +remain there five minutes longer. His Secretary had repeatedly +remonstrated with the Lord-Lieutenant on his +imprudent language in Ireland, and on the tone of his +letters to the Duke, but that he always defended both on +principle. The Duke said that his letters were most offensive +towards him, yet he continued to declare that he should +have been glad to keep Lord Anglesey on but for the +King. The Lord-Lieutenant did not go to the play, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE KING AND THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.</span> +his family did, and were received with great applause, +although the pit was full of Orangemen. Lord Melville +has refused the Lord-Lieutenancy.</p> + +<h3>January 11th, 1829</h3> + +<p>When George Villiers sent me the accounts +of what had passed in Ireland about Lord Anglesey’s letter +to Curtis I wrote him a long letter, in which I told him why +I thought the letter and its publication were unjustifiable +and indiscreet, and particularly cautioned him against connecting +himself much with the agitator, on account of the +harm it would do him here. He wrote me a long answer, +defending Lord Anglesey and his measures, but I do not +think he makes out a case for him, and if the Lord-Lieutenant +makes in the House of Lords the defence which he +proposes to make I think he will fail; but if he can keep +Lord Plunket on his side, who is now said to be very eager +about him, he will do. Plunket is under the influence of +Blake, who keeps, as George Villiers says, ‘Lord Plunket’s +mind in his breeches’ pocket.’ Lord Anglesey has behaved +very well since the quarrel, declining all honours and +expressions of public feeling.</p> + +<h3>January 12th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Lord Mount Charles came to me this +morning and consulted me about resigning his seat at the +Treasury. He hates it and is perplexed with all that has +occurred between the Duke and Lord Anglesey. I advised +him to resign, feeling as he does about it. He told me that +he verily believed the King would go mad on the Catholic +question, his violence was so great about it. He is very +angry with him and his father for voting as they do, but +they have agreed never to discuss the matter at all, and his +mother never talks to the King about it. Whenever he does +get on it there is no stopping him. Mount Charles attributes +the King’s obstinacy to his recollections of his father +and the Duke of York and to the influence of the Duke of +Cumberland. He says that ‘his father would have laid his +head on the block rather than yield, and that he is equally +ready to lay his head there in the same cause.’ He is furious +with Lord Anglesey, but he will be very much afraid of him +when he sees him. Mount Charles was in the room when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +Lord Anglesey took leave of the King on going to Ireland, +and the King said, ‘God bless you, Anglesey! I know you +are a true Protestant.’ Anglesey answered, ‘Sir, I will not +be considered either Protestant or Catholic; I go to Ireland +determined to act impartially between them and without +the least bias either one way or the other.’ Lord Anglesey +dined with Mount Charles the day before he went. The +same morning he had been with the Duke and Peel to +receive their last instructions, and he came to dinner in +great delight with them, as they had told him they knew he +would govern Ireland with justice and impartiality, and they +would give him no instructions whatever. He showed me +a letter from Mr. Harcourt Lees full of invectives against +the Duke and lamentations at the recall, to show how the +Protestants regretted him as well as the Catholics.</p> + +<p>He then talked to me about Knighton, whom the King +abhors with a detestation that could hardly be described. He +is afraid of him, and that is the reason he hates him so +bitterly. When alone with him he is more civil, but when +others are present (the family, for instance) he delights in +saying the most mortifying and disagreeable things to him. +He would give the world to get rid of him, and to have either +Taylor or Mount Charles instead, to whom he has offered +the place over and over again, but Mount Charles not only +would not hear of it, but often took Knighton’s part with +the King. He says that his language about Knighton is +sometimes of the most unmeasured violence—wishes he was +dead, and one day when the door was open, so that the +pages could hear, he said, ‘I wish to God somebody would +assassinate Knighton.’ In this way he always speaks of +him and uses him. Knighton is greatly annoyed at it, and +is very seldom there. Still it appears there is some secret +chain which binds them together, and which compels the +King to submit to the presence of a man whom he detests, +and induces Knighton to remain in spite of so much hatred +and ill-usage. The King’s indolence is so great that it is next +to impossible to get him to do even the most ordinary business, +and Knighton is still the only man who can prevail on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF GEORGE IV.</span> +him to sign papers, &c. His greatest delight is to make +those who have business to transact with him, or to lay +papers before him, wait in his anteroom while he is lounging +with Mount Charles or anybody, talking of horses or any +trivial matter; and when he is told, ‘Sir, there is Watson +waiting,’ &c., he replies, ‘Damn Watson; let him wait.’ He +does it on purpose, and likes it.</p> + +<p>This account corresponds with all I have before heard, +and confirms the opinion I have long had that a more contemptible, +cowardly, selfish, unfeeling dog does not exist than +this King, on whom such flattery is constantly lavished. +He has a sort of capricious good-nature, arising however out +of no good principle or good feeling, but which is of use to +him, as it cancels in a moment and at small cost a long +score of misconduct. Princes have only to behave with +common decency and prudence, and they are sure to be +popular, for there is a great and general disposition to pay +court to them. I do not know anybody who is proof against +their seductions when they think fit to use them in the shape +of civility and condescension. The great consolation in all +this is the proof that, so far from deriving happiness from +their grandeur, they are the most miserable of all mankind. +The contrast between their apparent authority and the contradictions +which they practically meet with must be peculiarly +galling, more especially to men whose minds are +seldom regulated, as other men’s are, by the beneficial discipline +of education and early collision with their equals. +There have been good and wise kings, but not many of them. +Take them one with another they are of an inferior character, +and this I believe to be one of the worst of the kind. +The littleness of his character prevents his displaying the +dangerous faults that belong to great minds, but with vices +and weaknesses of the lowest and most contemptible order +it would be difficult to find a disposition more abundantly +furnished.</p> + +<h3>January 16th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I went to Windsor to a Council yesterday. +There were the Duke, the Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of +the Exchequer, Master of the Mint, Lord President, Lord +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +Aberdeen, Peel, Melville, Ellenborough. The King kept us +waiting rather longer than usual. He looked very well, and +was dressed in a blue great coat, all over gold frogs and +embroidery. Lord Liverpool was there to give up the late +Lord’s Garter, and had an audience. He said to me afterwards +that the King had asked him all sorts of questions +about his family concerns, with which he seemed extraordinarily +well acquainted, and to some of which he was puzzled +to give an answer. The King is the greatest master of +gossip in the world, and his curiosity about everybody’s +affairs is insatiable. I spoke to Peel about the Council +books,<a name="FNA_04_24" id="FNA_04_24" href="#FN_04_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> +which are in the State Paper Office, and he promised +they should be restored to the Council Office.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_24" id="FN_04_24" href="#FNA_04_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> +[At the fire which took place at Whitehall in 1619 several volumes of +the ‘Council Register’ were lost or dispersed. Some of these missing volumes +were in the State Paper Office, and two are still in the British Museum.]</p></div> + +<p>Just before I set off to Windsor I heard from Ireland, +and this is an extract of the letter:—‘Lord Anglesey received +a letter from Peel this morning to the effect “that as +he had written and published a letter such as no Lord-Lieutenant +was justified in writing, it was his Majesty’s pleasure +that Lords Justices should be immediately appointed.” +Francis found him very smiling and glorious, but angry, and +declaring that he would do just the same again if he had to +choose his line of conduct.’</p> + +<p><i>À propos</i> of Denman’s silk gown, Mount Charles told me +the other day that Denman wrote a most humble apology to +the King, notwithstanding which the Duke of Wellington +had great trouble in mollifying him. At last he consented, +but wrote himself on the document that in consideration of +his humble apology his Majesty forgave him, as he thought +it became the King to forgive a subject, but desired this note +might be preserved in the Treasury, where Mount Charles +says it now +is.<a name="FNA_04_25" id="FNA_04_25" href="#FN_04_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_25" id="FN_04_25" href="#FNA_04_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> +[This curious correspondence has now been published in the fifth +volume of the Duke of Wellington’s ‘Despatches,’ New Series, pp. 117 and +153. The cause of the quarrel was a Greek quotation from Dion which +Denman had introduced into one of his speeches at the Queen’s trial. In +the King’s answer to the memorial (which answer was drawn up by the +Duke of Wellington) the following passage occurs:—</p> + +<p>‘The King could not believe that the Greek quotation referred to had +occurred to the mind of the advocate in the eagerness and heat of his argument, +nor that it was not intended, nor that it had not been sought for and +suggested for the purpose of applying to the person of the Sovereign a gross +insinuation.’ Denman, however, prayed his Majesty to believe that ‘no such +insinuation was ever made by him, that the idea of it never entered his +mind,’ &c.</p> + +<p>The truth about this quotation is this:—During the Queen’s trial +Dr. Parr, who was a warm supporter of the Queen and an intimate friend +of Denman, employed himself in ransacking books for quotations which +might be used in the defence. Thus he lit in Bayle’s Dictionary, article +‘Octavia,’ upon the answer made by Pythias, one of the slaves of Octavia, +to Tigellinus, when he was torturing the slaves of the Empress in order to +convict her of adultery. The same answer occurs in substance in Tacitus’ +‘Annals,’ book xiv. cap. 60. This Parr sent to Denman, and Denman used it +in his speech. The fact is, therefore, that the quotation had been ‘sought +for and suggested’ for the express purpose of saying something personally +offensive to the King. The King’s resentment against Denman did not end +here as will be seen lower down, where he refused to receive the Recorder’s +report through the Common Serjeant.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 21st, 1829</h3> + +<p>The sealed orders with which the ships +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">STATE OF RUSSIA.</span> +have sailed from Plymouth, were orders to prevent the Portuguese +(who have been sent away) from landing at Terceira.</p> + +<p>Lady Westmeath was the woman meant in the article in +the ‘Times’ from Ireland about the pension to which Lord +Anglesey would not agree. The story is very true. There +was 700ℓ. disposable on the Pension Fund, and the Duke +of Wellington desired 400ℓ. might be given to Lady Westmeath, +which Lord Anglesey and the Secretary both protested +against, and were resolved to resign rather than +agree to it. They wrote to the Duke such strong remonstrances +that he appears to have desisted from the design, +for they heard no more of it. It is therefore false that +this had anything to do with the recall, though it is by no +means improbable that it served to alienate the Duke from +the Marquis and to make him desire the more to get rid of +him. This happened as long ago as last August, I think.</p> + +<p>Yesterday the Duke dined with us, in very good spirits, +and agreeable as he always is, though not so communicative +and free as he used to be. He had never told Francis Leveson +about the Duke of +Northumberland<a name="FNA_04_26" id="FNA_04_26" href="#FN_04_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> +till Sunday, when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +he wrote to announce the appointment. His Grace seems +mightily pleased with it, and fancies that his figure and his +fortune are more than enough to make him a very good Lord-Lieutenant. +He says he was obliged to coax him a little to +get him to accept it.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_26" id="FN_04_26" href="#FNA_04_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> +[Hugh, third Duke of Northumberland, was declared Lord-Lieutenant +of Ireland on the recall of Lord Anglesey.]</p></div> + +<p>He said that he was on the best terms with France, +talked of Russia and her losses in the war, adding that the +notion of her power was at an end. He believed that the +Russians were numerically as strong as the Turks in the last +campaign, and they were much more numerous than they +said: first, <i>because</i> they said they were not so; and secondly, +that he had other reasons for believing it; he thought they +had begun the campaign with 160,000 men and had lost +120,000.<a name="FNA_04_27" id="FNA_04_27" href="#FN_04_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +They were talking of St. Petersburg and its palaces. +The Duke said that the fortunes of the great Russian nobles—the +Tolstoys, &c.—were so diminished that they lived in +corners of their great palaces; but this was owing to the +division of property and the great military colonies, by which +the Crown lands were absorbed, and the Emperors had no +longer the means of enriching the nobles by enormous donations +as formerly. When to these circumstances are added +the amelioration of the condition of the serfs, and the spirit of +general improvement, and the growth of Liberal ideas, generated +by intercommunication with the rest of Europe, it is +impossible to doubt that a revolution must overtake Russia +within a short period, and probably the Emperor has undertaken +this war in order to give vent to the restless humours +which are beginning to work. I said so to Lord Bathurst, and +he replied that ‘he thought so too, but that the present +Emperor was a man of great firmness,’ as if any individual +authority or character could stem the torrent of determined +action impelled by universal revolution of feeling and opinion. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER I.</span> +He said the late Emperor was so well aware of this that he +died of the vexation it had caused him, which was aggravated +by the reflection that he was in great measure himself the +cause of it. He was so bit by Liberal opinions, and so delighted +with the effects he saw in other countries flowing +from the diffusion of intelligence and freedom, that he +wished to engraft these dangerous exotics upon the rude +and unprepared soil of his own slavish community. When +he went to Oxford he was so captivated with the venerable +grandeur of that University that he declared he would build +one when he got home, and it is equally true that he said he +‘would have an Opposition.’ These follies were engendered +in the brain of a very intelligent man by the mixture of +such crudities with an unbounded volition, and the whole +fermented by a lively imagination and a sincere desire to +confer great benefits on his country.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_27" id="FN_04_27" href="#FNA_04_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> +[This seems an extraordinary statement, but it shows how well informed +the Duke was. In Major von Moltke’s narrative of the campaign +of 1828 he estimates the average force of the Russian army at 100,000. +But from May 1828 to February 1829 no less than 210,108 men passed +through the hospitals, or died in them. So that, as Moltke remarks, in the +course of those ten months every man in his army was twice in hospital. +Never did an army suffer more severely from sickness.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 25th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Lord Anglesey’s departure from Dublin +was very fine, and his answer to the addresses good. I fancy +George Villiers had some hand in penning them. The Duke +when he dined with us the other day said that a Russian +Extraordinary Ambassador was coming here to overhaul +Lieven, a M. Matuscewitz. He is the principal writer in +their Foreign Office, a clever man. Their despatches are +more able than they used to be, but the Duke said that the +Turkish offices are better conducted than any, and the +Turkish Ministers extremely able. Lord Bathurst told me +he had lately read the minutes of a conversation between +the Reis-Effendi and the Allied Ministers after the battle of +Navarino, when they were ignorant whether the Turk had +received intelligence of the event, and that his superiority +over them was exceedingly striking. This was the conference +in which when they asked him ‘supposing such an +event had happened, what he should say to it,’ he replied +‘that in his country they never named a child till its sex +was ascertained.’</p> + +<p>Everybody thinks the appointment of the Duke of Northumberland +a very good one, and that the Duke is in great +luck to get him. It is surprising that he should have consented +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +to go, but he probably likes to do something and display +his magnificence. He is a very good sort of man, with a +very narrow understanding, an eternal talker, and prodigious +bore. The Duchess is a more sensible woman, and amiable +and good-humoured. He is supposed to be ruled in all +things by her advice; he has no political opinions, and +though he has hitherto voted against the Catholics, he is one +of the people who pin their faith on the Duke, and who are +made to vote in any way and upon anything as he may +please to desire them.</p> + +<p>This pension of Lady Westmeath’s makes a great noise, +and it is generally believed that when Lord Anglesey refused +to grant it the Duke got the King’s sign manual for it, and +the job was done. The truth is that Lord Anglesey had +at first refused, or rather expressed his disapprobation, and +asked the Duke if the King had commanded it, to which the +Duke sent an angry answer that he might have been sure he +should not have recommended it but by the King’s commands. +M—— told me the pension (400ℓ.) was granted four months +ago, for he signed the warrant himself.</p> + +<p>Polignac is gone to Paris, but the Duke thinks not to be +Minister. Polignac told him that he wished to return here, +as he thought he could do more good here than there.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I went with Amyot to the State Paper Office +to look after my Council books. I found one book belonging +to my office and nearly thirty volumes of the ‘Register of the +Council of +State,’<a name="FNA_04_28" id="FNA_04_28" href="#FN_04_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +which I mean to ask for, but which I suppose +they will refuse. Amyot suggests that as all the acts +of the Council of State were illegal and of no authority they +cannot be considered as belonging to the Council Office, and +are merely historical records without an official character. I +shall try, however, to get them. Mr. Lemon showed us a +great many curious papers. When he first had the care of +the State papers they were in the greatest confusion, and he +has been diligently employed in reducing them to order. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE STATE PAPER OFFICE.</span> +Every day has brought to light documents of importance +and interest which as they are successively found are classed +and arranged and rendered disposable for literary and historical +purposes.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_28" id="FN_04_28" href="#FNA_04_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> +[Of the time of the Commonwealth. The ‘Privy Council Register’ +extends from the last years of Henry VIII. to the present time, not including +the Commonwealth.]</p></div> + +<p>Lemon has found papers relating to the Powder Plot alone +sufficient to make two quarto volumes, exceedingly curious; +all Garnett’s original papers, and I hope hereafter they will +be published.<a name="FNA_04_29" id="FNA_04_29" href="#FN_04_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> +We saw the famous letter to Lord Mounteagle, +of which Lemon said he had, he thought, discovered +the author. It has been attributed to Mrs. Abington, Lord +Mounteagle’s sister, but he thinks it was written by Mrs. +Vaux, who was a friend of hers, and mistress, probably, of +Garnett; it is to her that many of Garnett’s letters are +addressed. It seems that Mrs. Vaux and Mrs. Abington +were both present at the great meeting of the conspirators +at Hendlip, and he thinks that the latter, desirous of saving +her brother’s life, prevailed on Mrs. Vaux to write the letter, +for the handwriting exactly corresponds with some other +writing of hers which he has seen. There is a remarkable +paper written by King James with directions what questions +should be put to Guy Faux, and ending with a recommendation +that he should be tortured first gently, and then more +severely as might be necessary. Then the depositions of +Faux in the Tower, which had been taken down (contrary to +his desire) in writing, and which he was compelled to sign +upon the rack; his signature was written in faint and +trembling characters, and his strength had evidently failed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +in the middle, for he had only written ‘Guido.’ There is a +distinct admission in the Plot papers in Garnett’s own hand +that he came to a knowledge of the Plot otherwise than by +the Sacrament of Confession, which oversets Lingard; a +paragraph by which it is clear that the Pope knew of it; +and a curious paper in which, having sworn that he had +never written certain letters, which letters were produced +when he was taxed with the false oath, Garnett boldly justifies +himself, and says that they ought not to have questioned +him on the subject, having the letters in their hands, and +that he had a right to deny what he believed they could not +prove—a very remarkable exposition of the tenets of his +order and the doctrines of equivocation.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_29" id="FN_04_29" href="#FNA_04_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> +[The substance of these papers has since been published by the late +David Jardine, Esq., in his excellent ‘Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot.’ +(Murray, London, 1857.) Some of the particulars here referred to by Mr. +Greville are not strictly accurate, or at least have not been confirmed by +subsequent investigation. It is not probable that the letter to Lord Mounteagle +was written by Mrs. Abington or by Mrs. Vaux, nor is it at all certain +that either of these ladies had any knowledge of the Plot. Mr. Jardine +ascribes the letter to Tresham (‘Narrative,’ &c., p. 83). Garnett’s admissions +are printed in Jardine’s Appendix. His knowledge of the Plot was derived +from Greenway, a priest to whom Catesby had revealed it in confession. +The Pope was probably not privy to the Plot. The celebrated ‘Treatise on +Equivocation’ was found in Tresham’s desk. The identical copy with +Garnett’s notes is still in the Bodleian; it was reprinted in 1851.]</p></div> + +<p>When I came away from the State Paper Office I met +George Dawson, and we had a long conversation about Irish +affairs, from which I gathered what is to be done. The +Catholic question is to be conceded, the elective franchise +altered, and the Association suppressed. This latter is, I +take it, to be a preliminary measure, and I suspect the +Duke went to the King on Monday with the resolution +of the Cabinet on the subject, and I think so the more +because the Archbishop was sent for post-haste just before +he went. Dawson talked to me a great deal about his +speech at Derry, and said that so many of his friends +were aware of the change in his opinions that he thought +it more fair and manly to declare them at once in public +than to use any dissimulation with his constituents and +leave them to be guessed at, as if he dared not own them; +that he had made a great sacrifice, for he had risked his +seat, which was very secure before, and had quarrelled with +Peel, with his family, and with all his old political friends +and associates. We talked a great deal about Peel, and I +see clearly that he has given way; probably they have compromised +the business, and he agrees to the Emancipation +part, in order to have the Association suppressed and the +40<i>s</i>. freeholders disfranchised. Lord Anglesey always said +that his removal would facilitate the business, for the Duke +wished to have all the credit of it to himself, and had no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">NAVARINO.</span> +mind to divide it with him, whereas if Lord Anglesey had +remained the chief credit would have fallen to his share.</p> + +<p>I met Sir Edward Codrington in the morning, and walked +with him to Downing Street, where he was going to talk to +the Duke about his Navarino business. He is mightily +incensed, thinks he has been scandalously used both by +Dudley and Aberdeen, is ready to tell his story and show +his documents to anybody, and says he is resolved the whole +matter shall come out, and in the House of Commons if he +can produce it. God knows how his case will turn out, but +I never saw a man so well satisfied with himself. He says +that the action at Navarino was, as an achievement, nothing +to the affair at Patras, when with one line-of-battle ship, +one frigate, and a corvette he drove before him Ibrahim +and four Turkish admirals and a numerous fleet.</p> + +<h3>February 4th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to Middleton last Friday; very +few people. I returned by Oxford, and called on Dr. +Bandinell, who took me to the Bodleian. I could not +find any Council books, but I had not much time to devote +to the search. Dr. Bandinell promised to inform me +if he could find any books or manuscripts relating to my +office. I was surprised to find in the Bodleian a vast +number of books (manuscripts) which had belonged to Pepys. +I came to town on Monday night, and found that the concession +of Catholic Emancipation was generally known; the +‘Times’ had an article on Friday which clearly announced it. +The rage and despair of the Orange papers is very amusing. +I have not yet heard how the King took it all. Glad as I +am that the measure is going to be carried, the conduct of +all those who are to assist in it (the old anti-Catholics) seems +to me despicable to the greatest degree; having opposed it +against all reason and common sense for years past, now +that the Duke of Wellington lifts up his finger they all obey, +and without any excuse for their past or present conduct. +The most agreeable event, if it turns out to be true, is the +defection of Dr. Philpots, whose conduct and that of others +of his profession will probably not be without its due effect +in sapping the foundations of the Church. All the details +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +that I have yet learnt confirm my opinion that the spirit in +which the Duke and his colleagues approach this great +measure is not that of calm and deliberate political reasoning, +but a fearful sense of necessity and danger, to which they +submit with extreme repugnance and with the most miserable +feelings of pique and mortification at being compelled +to adopt it. The Duke and Peel wrote to Francis Leveson, +complaining of my brother’s having met Shiel at dinner, +and they were so enraged with George +Villiers<a name="FNA_04_30" id="FNA_04_30" href="#FN_04_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> +that they +seriously meditated turning him out of his office. Wretched +and contemptible to the greatest degree! They are now +exceedingly annoyed because it is discovered that Woulffe +was once a member of the Association, and would willingly +have him turned out of the place of Assistant-Barrister, which +has just been given to him; but Francis is resolved to maintain +him in it. They say the Duke sent a copy of the King’s +Speech to Lord Eldon.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_30" id="FN_04_30" href="#FNA_04_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> +[Mr. George Villiers, then an Irish Commissioner of Customs (afterwards +Earl of Clarendon), had cultivated the society of Shiel and invited +him to dinner. Such an attention from an English official to an Irish +Catholic was at that time an unheard-of innovation. Shiel told his host +that he had never dined in a Protestant house before. The Duke of Wellington +took great umbrage at what he considered an unwarrantable breach +of official decorum.]</p></div> + +<h3>February 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to Brookes’ yesterday, and found +all the Whigs very merry at the Catholic news. Most of +them were just come to town and had heard nothing till +they arrived. The old Tories dreadfully dejected, but obliged +to own it was all true; intense curiosity to hear what Peel +will say for himself. The general opinion seems to be that the +Duke has managed the matter extremely well, which I am +disposed to think too, but there is always a disposition to +heap praise upon him whenever it is possible. Nobody yet +knows who are converted and who are not; they talk of +nine bishops; I think he will have them all, and I expect a +very great majority in the House of Lords. Many people +expect that Wilmot’s plan will be adopted, restraining the +Catholics from voting in matters concerning the Church, +which I do not believe, for Wilmot is at a discount and his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +plan is absurd and impracticable. Lord Harrowby, however, +is all for it. I hear many of the Liberals are exceedingly +provoked, and not unnaturally, at the Duke’s effecting this +measure, at which they have been so long labouring in vain, +and give as many spiteful flings at him as they can about +the insincerity of his letter to Curtis. It matters very little +now whether he was sincere or not. It evidently was part +of his plan to keep it all secret till it was matured, and as +Curtis chose to ask him questions he was quite right to +throw dust in his eyes.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +The Catholic Relief Bill — Inconsistency of the Tories — The Catholic +Association — Dinner at Charles Grant’s — The Terceira Expedition — Tory +Discontent — Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford University — A Blunder in +Chancery — The Oxford Election — Influence of the Duke of Wellington — +Debate of Royal Dukes — Peel beaten — Sir Edward Codrington — Violence +of the King — Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill — The Duke of Cumberland +— Furious State of Parties — Matuscewitz — Peel’s Speech on +Catholic Emancipation — Exclusion of O’Connell from his Seat for Clare +— Pitt’s View of Catholic Emancipation — ‘Musæ Cateatonenses’ — +‘Thorough’ — Mr. Lowther not turned out — Duke of Newcastle’s Audience +of George IV. — The King’s Personal Habits — The Debate — Mr. Sadler — +Hardness of the Duke of Wellington — His Duel with Lord Winchelsea +— The Bishops and the Bill — Sir Charles Wetherell — The King on the +Duel — Lord Winchelsea’s Pocket-handkerchief — Debate on the Catholic +Bill — The Duke of Richmond — Effects of Dawson’s Speech on the King +— The Bill in Jeopardy — Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey — Lord Falmouth +and Lord Grey — O’Connell at Dinner — The Duke breaks with +Lord Eldon — Hibner the Murderess — Theatrical Fund — The Levee — +The Duke’s Carriage stopped — The King’s Health — Lady Conyngham — +O’Connell’s Seat — Child’s Ball at Court — Princess Victoria — Legal +Appointments — Lord Palmerston on Foreign Affairs — The King and Lord +Sefton — The King’s Speech on the Prorogation — Madame du Cayla — +George IV.’s Inaccuracy — Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on +the King and the Duke of Cumberland. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>February 6th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Parliament met yesterday; a very full +attendance and intense interest and curiosity. The King’s +Speech, which was long and better written than usual, was +not quite satisfactory to the Catholics. I met Lord Harrowby +coming from the House of Lords, and he said they did not +like it at all; the previous suppression of the Association +was what they disliked. However, all discontent was removed +by Peel’s speech, which was deemed (as to the intentions +of Ministers) perfectly satisfactory even by those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PEEL’S SPEECH ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span> +who were most prejudiced before against Government. I +was in the House of Commons. Peel was very feeble, and +his case for himself poor and ineffective; all he said was +true enough, but it was only what had been said to him over +and over again for years past, and he did not urge a single +argument for acquiescing now which was not equally applicable +to his situation two years ago. However, everybody +was so glad to have the measure carried that they did not +care to attack Peel or his speech, though if there had been +a Brunswicker of any talent in the House he might have cut +it up finely; two or three of them spoke, but wretchedly ill, +and Lord Chandos was not at all violent, which I expected +he would have been. Lord Eldon was violent but impotent, +in the House of Lords, and Lord Bathurst made a sort of +explanation which was very poor.</p> + +<p>On leaving the House of Commons I fell in with Burdett, +Lord Sefton, and G. Bentinck, and they all owned that the +business is very handsomely done; and Morpeth and many +others whom I saw afterwards at the Club are quite satisfied. +They would have preferred that the Catholic Relief +Bill and the suppression of the Association should have gone +together, but do not make any difficulties on this head, and +acknowledge (which is the truth) that the Duke was probably +obliged to do something to cajole the Tories, and give +some colour to their conduct. I sat next to Fitzgerald in +the House, who is not yet re-elected, and he told me that +this was absolutely necessary. He was of course delighted +and said, ‘How right Lord Francis was to trust to the +Duke,’ which, however, is all nonsense. He had no reason +to trust to him at all, and I really believe would not have +continued in office as Irish Secretary unless he had +adopted this measure. He owned as Peel was speaking that +he was not doing it well; he was feeble and diffuse in the +beginning, and too full of civilities and appeals to Bankes +and his old associates. However, thank God, the event is +accomplished, no matter how; probably it could not have +been done without the concurrence of these Tories, who have, +I think, certainly lost their character by their conduct; and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +there is this evil in the history of the measure, that a blow +will have been given to the reputation of public men in +general which will, I strongly suspect, have an important +though not immediate effect upon the aristocratic influence +in this country, and tend remotely to increase the democratic +spirit which exists. In all these proceedings there has been +so little of reason, principle, or consistency; so much of +prejudice, subserviency, passion, and interest, that it is +impossible not to feel a disgust to parties in general. The +conduct of those idiots the Brunswickers is respectable in +comparison with such men as the High Churchmen; and +the Whigs and Catholic supporters, however they may have +suffered before, in this matter stand clear and have only +grounds for exultation. They accept the measure with great +moderation, and are not disposed to mar the success of it +by the introduction of any topics likely to create ill blood, +nor to damp the ardour of new converts by throwing their +former follies in their faces.</p> + +<p>Now, then, the Duke is all-powerful, and of course he +will get all the honour of the day. Not that he does not +deserve a great deal for having made up his mind to the +thing; he has managed it with firmness, prudence, and +dexterity; but to O’Connell and the Association, and those +who have fought the battle on both sides of the water, the +success of the measure is due. Indeed, Peel said as much, +for it was the Clare election which convinced both him and +the Duke that it must be done, and from that time the only +question was whether he should be a party to it or not. If +the Irish Catholics had not brought matters to this pass by +agitation and association, things might have remained as +they were for ever, and all these Tories would have voted on +till the day of their death against them.</p> + +<p>Mahony, who is here, has written over to O’Connell, +as have all the other Catholics, to implore him to use his +whole influence to procure the dissolution of the Association, +and it is said that O’Connell had an idea of resigning +his seat for Clare to Vesey, on the ground that, having +turned him out because he had joined a Government hostile +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DINNER AT CHARLES GRANT’S</span> +to their claims, he owed him this reparation on finding it +not to be the case. But I doubt whether this scheme is +practicable; still, I think if O’Connell could do it it would be a +good thing, and serve to reconcile the people here to him, and +give a great lift to his character. I expect to hear that the +Association has dissolved itself on receiving intelligence of +the proceedings in the House of Commons. Lord Anglesey +spoke very well, but nobody will care for his case now; +besides, I doubt his making out a good one. The fact is +that they laid a trap for him, and that he fell into it; that +the Duke’s letters became more insulting, and that a prudent +man would have avoided the snare into which his high spirit +and passion precipitated him.</p> + +<h3>February 8th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Peel spoke on Friday night better than he +did on Thursday. Huskisson made a spiteful speech, and +George Dawson one which I heard Huskisson say he thought +one of the neatest speeches he had ever heard. I dined +yesterday with all the Huskissonians at Grant’s. There were +there Lords Granville, Palmerston, and Melbourne, Huskisson, +Warrender, and one or two more. Huskisson is in good +humour and spirits, but rather bitter; he said that if Peel +had asked the advice of a friend what he should do, the +advice would have been for his own honour to resign. I said +I did not think Peel would have got credit by resigning. He +said, ‘But don’t you think he has quite lost it by staying in?’ +He owned, however, that the Duke could not have carried +it without Peel, that his influence with the Church party is +so great that his continuance was indispensable to the Duke.</p> + +<p>This affair of the Portuguese at +Terceira<a name="FNA_05_01" id="FNA_05_01" href="#FN_05_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +(which certainly, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +unless it can be explained, seems a gross outrage) they all +fell upon very severely, and Lord Harrowby told me afterwards +he could not understand it, and thought for the honour +of the country it should be explained forthwith.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_01" id="FN_05_01" href="#FNA_05_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[In December 1828 an expedition, consisting of 652 Portuguese +refugees of the party of the Queen, sailed from England for Terceira in four +vessels, under the command of Count Saldanha. Terceira held for the +Queen, and arms and ammunition had previously been sent them from +England. The British Government ordered Captain Walpole, of the +‘Ranger’ to stop this expedition off Terceira, which he did by firing a gun +into Saldanha’s ship. The ground taken by the Duke of Wellington in +defence of this measure was his resolution to maintain the neutrality of +England between the two parties then contending for the Crown of Portugal. +But the proceeding was vehemently attacked in Parliament and elsewhere.]</p></div> + +<p>We are now beginning to discover different people’s +feelings about this Catholic business, and it is clear that +many of the great Tories are deeply offended that the Duke +was not more communicative to them, principally, it seems, +because they have continued to talk in an opposite sense +and in their old strain up to the last moment, thereby committing +themselves, and thus becoming ridiculous by the +sudden turn they are obliged to make. This they cannot +forgive, and many of them are extremely out of humour, +although not disposed to oppose the Duke. The Duke of +Rutland means to go to Belvoir, and not vote at all. The +Duke of Beaufort does not like it, but will support the +measure. Lowther has been to the King, and it is supposed +he has resigned. They complain that the Duke has thrown +them over, still nobody doubts that he will have great +majorities in both Houses. It was asserted most positively +at Brookes’ yesterday that Peel’s offer of resigning his seat +at Oxford had been accepted. In Dublin the moderate +people are furious with O’Connell for his abuse of everybody. +There is no getting over the fact that he it is who has +brought matters to this conclusion, and that but for him the +Catholic question would never have been carried; but his +violence, bad taste, and scurrility have made him ‘lose the +lustre of his former praise.’</p> + +<h3>February 9th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I called at Devonshire House in the +morning, and there found Princess Lieven very eloquent and +very angry about the Terceira business, which certainly requires +explanation. She is very hostile to the Duke, which +is natural, as he is anti-Russian, and they have never got +over their old quarrel. Saldanha got up a <i>coup de théâtre</i> +on board his ship. When Walpole fired on him a man was +killed, and when the English officer came on board he had +the corpse stretched out and covered by a cloak, which was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DISCONTENT OF THE TORIES.</span> +suddenly withdrawn, and Saldanha said, ‘Voilà un fidèle +sujet de la Reine, qui a toujours été loyal, assassiné,’ &c.</p> + +<p>Went from thence to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who declaimed +against O’Connell and wants to have a provision in the Bill +to prevent his sitting for Clare, which I trust is only her +folly, and that there is no chance of such a thing. The +Duke came in while I was there. He said he had no doubt +he should do very well in the House of Lords, but up to that +time he could only (that he knew of for certain) reduce the +majority of last year to twenty. He did not count bishops, of +whom he said he knew nothing, but the three Irish bishops +would vote with him. There were many others he did not +doubt would, but he could only count upon that number. +He held some proxies, which he said he would not make +use of, such as Lord Strangford’s, as he could not hear from +him in time, and would not use anybody’s proxy for this +question who had voted against it before. I told him how +peevish the Duke of Rutland, and Beaufort, and others of the +High Tories were, but he only laughed. In the evening +Fitzgerald told me that the Convocation at Oxford had +accepted Peel’s resignation of his seat for the University, +but left the time to him. It seems to me that this affair +was mismanaged. In the first instance Peel wrote to the +Dean of Christ Church, but he and +Lloyd<a name="FNA_05_02" id="FNA_05_02" href="#FN_05_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +agreed that he +ought to write to the Vice-Chancellor, which he did. The +Vice-Chancellor did not read his letter till after they had +voted the address to Parliament by three to one, after which +it was difficult for them to express anything but disapprobation +of Peel’s conduct; whereas if the Vice-Chancellor had +read it first, probably the petition would not have been +carried, or at any rate not by so large a majority. He had +better have carried his Bill through and then resigned, when +I have no doubt he would have been re-elected; very likely +he may be as it is.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_02" id="FN_05_02" href="#FNA_05_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[The Bishop of Oxford, one of Sir Robert Peel’s most intimate +friends.]</p></div> + +<p>Tom Duncombe is going to make another appearance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +on the boards of St. Stephen’s, on the Terceira business, +and he is to give notice to-night. He has been with Palmella +and Frederick Lamb, who are both to assist in getting +up his case, and he expects to be supported by some of the +Whigs and by the Huskissonians, which latter are evidently +anxious to do anything they can to embarrass the Government. +I know nothing of the case, which, <i>primâ facie</i>, +appears much against Government; but the moment is so +ill-chosen, in the midst of this great pending affair, that +I think they will make nothing of it. Palmella is a great +fool for his pains, for in clamouring against the Duke he is +only kicking against the pricks. As to Duncombe, he is +egged on by Lambton and instructed by Henry de Ros, +who cares nothing about the matter, and only does it for the +fun of the thing. I have no idea but that Duncombe must +cut a sorry figure when he steps out of the line of personal +abuse and impertinence.</p> + +<h3>February 11th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Nothing is thought of or talked of but +the Catholic question; what Peers and bishops will vote for +it? who voted before against it? There is hardly any other +feeling than that of satisfaction, except on the part of the +ultra-Tories, who do not attempt to conceal their rage +and vexation; the moderate Tories, who are mortified at +not having been told of what was going on; and Huskisson’s +party, who would have been glad to have a share in the +business, and who now see themselves in all probability excluded +for ever. O’Connell arrived yesterday; it is supposed +he will not take his seat, but he does not seem inclined to +co-operate with Government in keeping things quiet. However, +his real disposition is not yet known, and probably he +has not made up his mind what to do, but waits for events. +Notwithstanding the declaration of the bishops, I do not +believe they will vote against Government. Peel spoke very +well last night, and severely trimmed old Bankes, which +gives me great pleasure, so much do I hate that old worn-out +set. How this change of measures changes one’s whole way +of thinking; though I have nothing to do with politics, I +cannot help being influenced to an extraordinary degree by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +what has passed, and can understand from my own feelings +how those who are deeply engaged may be biassed by the +prejudices and attachments of party without any imputation +against their sincerity or judgment. When we see men +pursuing a course of which we greatly disapprove, all their +actions and motives are suspected by us, and <i>vice versâ</i>. We +lend a willing ear to imputations of vanity, interest, and +other unworthy motives, and when we cannot explain or +comprehend the particulars of men’s conduct, we judge +them unfavourably while we are opposed to their measures; +but when they do what we wish, we see the same things very +differently, and begin to hesitate about the justice of our +censures and the suspicions which we previously entertained. +It is pretty clear that the Duke will have a good majority +in the House of Lords, and that many Peers and bishops will +find excuses between this and then for voting with him or +remaining neutral.</p> + +<p>A ridiculous thing happened the other day in the Vice-Chancellor’s +Court. Sugden had taken a brief on each side +of a case without knowing it. Home, who opened on one +side and was followed by another lawyer, was to be answered +by Sugden; but he, having got hold of the wrong brief, +spoke the same way as Home. The Vice-Chancellor said +coolly, ‘Mr. Sugden is with you?’ ‘Sir,’ said Home, ‘his +argument is with us, but he is engaged on the other side.’ +Finding himself in a scrape, he said ‘it was true he held +a brief for the other party, but for no client would he ever +argue against what he knew to be a clear rule of law.’ However, +the Court decided against them all.</p> + +<h3>February 13th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Still the Catholic question and the +probable numbers in the House of Lords; nobody talks of +anything else. Lord Winchelsea makes an ass of himself, +and would like to be sent to the Tower, but nobody will mind +anything such a blockhead says. Lord Holland talks of a +majority of sixty in the Lords. I walked with Ebrington +to O’Connell’s door the other day; he went in. The next day +I asked him what had passed. He said that he had pressed +him strongly to dissolve the Association; O’Connell said he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +could not press it himself, but would write to Ireland that it +was the unanimous opinion of all the friends of the cause here +that it should be done. The fact is, he does not dare to acquiesce +in all the measures of Government, though there is +little doubt but that he desires to see an end to associations +and agitations. Lady Jersey affects to be entirely in the Duke’s +confidence. She said to Lord Granville at Madame de Lieven’s +the other night that ‘she made it a rule never to talk to +the Duke about affairs in public,’ and she said to me last +night that she had known what was to be done about the +Catholics all along. Certainly she contrives to make the +Duke see a great deal of her, for he calls on her, and writes +to her perpetually, but I doubt whether he tells her much of +anything. Some of the household have made a struggle to +be exempted from the general obligation on all members of +Government to vote for the Bill, but the Duke will not stand +it, and they must all vote or go out. The Privy Seal was +offered to Lord Westmoreland, but he refused, and his +answer was good—that if he had been in the Cabinet, he +might possibly have seen the same grounds for changing +his mind on the Catholic question that the other Ministers +did; but not having had those opportunities, he retained his +former opinions, and therefore could not accept office.</p> + +<h3>February 22nd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to Newmarket last Sunday and +came back on Thursday. Still the Catholic question and +nothing else. Everybody believed that the Duke of Cumberland +would support Government till he made this last speech. +He went to the King, who desired him to call on the Duke, +and when he got to town he went uninvited to dine with him. +There has been nothing of consequence in either House, +except the dressing which Lord Plunket gave Lord Eldon, +though that hard-bitten old dog shows capital fight. Peel +has got a most active and intelligent committee at Oxford, +and they consider his election safe. Inglis’s committee, on +the contrary, is composed of men not much better than old +women, except Fynes Clinton, the chairman. Every day the +majority promises to be greater in the House of Lords, but +it is very ridiculous to see the faces many of these Tory +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +Lords make at swallowing the bitter pill. Too great a noise +is made about Peel and his sacrifices, but he must be supported +and praised at this juncture. It is not for those who +have been labouring in this cause, and want his assistance, +to reject him or treat him uncivilly now that he tenders it. +But as to the body of the High Tories, it is impossible not to +regard their conduct with disgust and contempt, for now they +feel only for themselves, and it is not apprehension of those +dangers they have been constantly crying out about that +affects them, but the necessity they are under of making +such a sudden turn, and bitter mortification at having +been kept in total ignorance, and, consequently, having +been led to hold the same violent language up to the last +moment. If Canning had lived, God knows what would +have happened, for they never would have turned round for +him as they are now about to do for the Duke. The circumstances +of the case are just the same; since 1825 the same +game has been going on in Ireland, and in the same manner, +and the Clare election was only what had happened at +Waterford before. All this has given a blow to the aristocracy, +which men only laugh at now, but of which the effects +will be felt some day or other. Who will have any dependence +hereafter on the steadiness and consistency of public +men, and what credit will be given to professions and declarations? +I am glad to see them dragged through the +mire, as far as the individuals are concerned, but I am sorry +for the effect that such conduct is likely to produce. There +was a capital paper of Cobbett’s yesterday, in his best style. +Many Liberals are uneasy about what are called the securities, +and when the Duke tells Lord Colchester that if he +will wait he will be satisfied with the Bill, it is enough to +make them so; but my hopes predominate over my fears. +Yesterday Vesey Fitzgerald said that ‘we had not yet seen +what some people might consider the objectionable parts of the +measure, but that, though certain things might be necessary, +the Government are impressed with the paramount necessity +of not leaving the Catholic question behind them, and that +the Duke was a man of too firm a mind not to go through +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +with it;’ and I think he said distinctly that Catholics and +Protestants must be placed on an equal footing, or something +to that effect. He went off into a panegyric on the Duke, and +said that seeing him as he did for several hours every day, +he had opportunities of finding out what an extraordinary +man he was, and that it was remarkable what complete +ascendency he had acquired over all who were about him. +The English of this is (what everybody knew) that he dictates +to his Cabinet. The fact is, he is a man of great +energy, decision, and authority, and his character has been +formed by the events of his life, and by the extraordinary +circumstances which have raised him to a situation higher +than any subject has attained in modern times. That his +great influence is indispensable to carry this question, and +therefore most useful at this time, cannot be doubted, for +he can address the King in a style which no other Minister +could adopt. He treats with him as with an equal, and the +King stands completely in awe of him. It will be long +before a correct and impartial estimate is formed of the +Duke’s character and abilities; his talents, however, must be +of a very superior, though not of the most shining description. +Whatever he may be, he is at this moment one of the +most powerful Ministers this country has ever seen. The +greatest Ministers have been obliged to bend to the King, or +the aristocracy, or the Commons, but he commands them +all. M—— told me that he had not seen the King, but +that he heard he was as sulky as a bear, and that he was +sure he would be very glad if anything happened to defeat +this measure, though he is too much afraid of the Duke to do +anything himself tending to thwart it.</p> + +<p>The Emperor of Russia is extremely disgusted at the +language of the newspapers here, and desired his Minister +to complain of it, and the Duke wrote the answer himself, in +which he entered at great length into the character and +utility of the press in this country, a dissertation affording a +proof certainly of his quickness and industry, overwhelmed +as he is with business. The Duke of Richmond offered to +give up his Garter, but the Duke would not take it back.</p> + +<h3>February 26th, 1829</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEBATE OF THE ROYAL DUKES.</span> +The debate on Monday night in the +House of Lords was very amusing. It was understood the +Duke of Clarence was to speak, and there was a good deal +of curiosity to hear him. Lord Bathurst was in a great +fright lest he should be violent and foolish. He made a +very tolerable speech, of course with a good deal of stuff in +it, but such as it was it has exceedingly disconcerted the +other party. The three royal Dukes Clarence, Cumberland, +and Sussex got up one after another, and attacked each other +(that is, Clarence and Sussex attacked Cumberland, and he +them) very vehemently, and they used towards each other +language that nobody else could have ventured to employ; +so it was a very droll scene. The Duke of Clarence said the +attacks on the Duke [of Wellington] had been <i>infamous</i>; the +Duke of Cumberland took this to himself, but when he began +to answer it could not recollect the expression, which the +Duke of Clarence directly supplied. ‘I said “infamous.”’ +The Duke of Sussex said that the Duke of Clarence had not +intended to apply the word to the Duke of Cumberland, but +if he chose to take it to himself he might. Then the Duke +of Clarence said that the Duke of Cumberland had lived +so long abroad that he had forgotten there was such a thing +as freedom of debate.</p> + +<h3>February 27th, 1829</h3> + +<p>They say Plunket made one of the best +speeches he ever delivered last night, and Lord Anglesey +spoke very well. There was hardly anybody in the House. +Peel’s election [Oxford University] is going on ill. The Convocation +presents a most disgraceful scene of riot and uproar. +I went to the Committee Room last night at twelve, and +found nobody there but Dr. Russell, the head-master of the +Charterhouse, who was waiting for Hobhouse and amusing +himself by correcting his boys’ exercises. He knew me, +though he had not seen me for nearly twenty years, when I +was at school. I shall be sorry if Peel does not come in, +not that I care much for him, but because I cannot bear that +his opponents should have a triumph.</p> + +<p>Lady Georgiana Bathurst told me she had had a great +scene with the Duke of Cumberland. She told him not to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +be factious and to go back to Germany; he was very angry, +and after much argument and many reproaches they made +it up, embraced, and he shed a flood of tears.</p> + +<p>I met with these lines in ‘The Duke of Milan’ (Massinger), +which are very applicable to the Duke in his dealings with +his Cabinet and his old friends the Tories:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">You never heard the motives that induced him<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To this strange course? No; these are cabinet councils,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And not to be communicated but<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To such as are his own and sure. Alas!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We fill up empty places, and in public<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are taught to give our suffrages to that<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which was before determined.</span> +</div></div> + +<h3>March 1st, 1829</h3> + +<p>As the time draws near for the development +of the plans of Government a good deal of uneasiness and +doubt prevails, though the general disposition is to rely on +the Duke of Wellington’s firmness and decision and to hope +for the best. Peel’s defeat at +Oxford,<a name="FNA_05_03" id="FNA_05_03" href="#FN_05_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +though not likely to +have any effect on the general measure, is unlucky, because +it serves to animate the anti-Catholics; and had he succeeded, +his success would have gone far to silence, as it must +have greatly discouraged, them. Then the King gives the +Ministers uneasiness, for the Duke of Cumberland has been +tampering with him, and through the agency of Lord Farnborough +great attempts have been made to induce him to +throw obstacles in the way of the measures. He is very well +inclined, and there is nothing false or base he would not do +if he dared, but he is such a coward, and stands in such awe +of the Duke, that I don’t think anything serious is to +be apprehended from him. There never was anything so +mismanaged as the whole affair of Oxford. First the letter +Peel wrote was very injudicious; it was a tender of resignation, +which being received just after the vote of Convocation, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIR E. CODRINGTON AND THE DUKE.</span> +they were obliged to accept it. Then he should never have +stood unless he had been sure of success, and it appears now +that his canvass never promised well from the beginning. +He should have taken the Chiltern Hundreds, and immediately +informed them that he had done so. Probably no +opposition would have been made, but after having accepted +his resignation they could not avoid putting up another man. +It appears that an immense number of parsons came to vote +of whose intentions both parties were ignorant, and they +almost all voted for Inglis.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_03" id="FN_05_03" href="#FNA_05_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[Upon the 4th of February Mr. Peel resigned his seat for the University +of Oxford, in consequence of the change of his opinions on the Catholic +question. A contest ensued, Sir Robert Harry Inglis being the candidate +opposed to Peel. Inglis was returned by a majority of 146. Mr. Peel sat +for the borough of Westbury during the ensuing debates.]</p></div> + +<p>Codrington was at Brookes’ yesterday, telling everybody +who would listen to him what had passed at an interview, +that I have mentioned before, with the Duke of Wellington, +and how ill the Duke had treated him. He said the Duke +assured him that neither he nor any of his colleagues, nor the +Government collectively, had any sort of hostility to him, but, +on the contrary, regarded him as a very meritorious officer, +&c. He then said, ‘May I, then, ask why I was recalled?’ +The Duke said, ‘Because you did not understand your +instructions in the sense in which they were intended by +us.’ He replied that he had understood them in their plain +obvious sense, and that everybody else who had seen them +understood them in the same way—Adam, Ponsonby, Guilleminot, +&c.—and then he asked the Duke to point out the +passages in which they differed, to which he said, ‘You +must excuse me.’ All this he was telling, and it may be +very true, and that he is very ill-used; but if he means to bring +his case before Parliament, he is unwise to chatter about it +at Brookes’, particularly to Lord Lynedoch, to whom he +was addressing himself, who is not likely to take part with +him against the Duke.</p> + +<h3>March 2nd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Saw M—— yesterday; he has been at +Windsor for several days, and confirmed all that I had heard +before about the King. The Duke of Cumberland has +worked him into a state of frenzy, and he talks of nothing +but the Catholic question in the most violent strain. M—— +told me that his Majesty desired him to tell his household +that he wished them to vote against the Bill, which M—— of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +course refused to do. I asked him if he had told the Duke +of Wellington this; he said he had not, but that the day the +Ministers came to Windsor for the Council (Thursday last, I +think) he did speak to Peel, and told him the King’s violence +was quite alarming. Peel said he was afraid the King was +greatly excited, or something to this effect, but seemed +embarrassed and not very willing to talk about it. The +result, however, was that the Duke went to him on Friday, +and was with him six hours, and spoke to his Majesty so +seriously and so firmly that he will now be quiet. Why the +Duke does not insist upon his not seeing the Duke of Cumberland +I cannot imagine. There never was such a man, or behaviour +so atrocious as his—a mixture of narrow-mindedness, +selfishness, truckling, blustering, and duplicity, with no object +but self, his own ease, and the gratification of his own fancies +and prejudices, without regard to the advice and opinion of +the wisest and best informed men or to the interests and +tranquillity of the country.</p> + +<h3>March 3rd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Called on H. de Ros yesterday morning, who +told me that the Duke of Cumberland and his party are still +active and very sanguine. Madame de Lieven is in all his +confidence, who, out of hatred to the Duke, would do anything +to contribute to his overthrow. The Duke of Cumberland +tells her everything, and makes her a medium of +communication with the Huskisson party, who, being animated +by similar sentiments towards the Duke, the Tories +think would gladly join them in making a party when the +way is clear for them. The Chancellor went to Windsor on +Sunday, and on to Strathfieldsaye at night, where he arrived +at three in the morning. Yesterday the Duke came to town, +but called at Windsor on his way. Dawson, however, told me +that he believed the Duke in <i>his</i> interview on Friday had +settled everything with the King, and had received most +positive assurances from him that no further difficulties should +be made; but it is quite impossible to trust him.</p> + +<h3>March 4th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Nothing could exceed the consternation +which prevailed yesterday about this Catholic business. +The advocates of the Bill and friends of Government +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +were in indescribable alarm, and not without good cause. +All yesterday it was thought quite uncertain whether the +Duke’s resignation would not take place, and the Chancellor +himself said that nothing was more likely than that +they should all go out. On Sunday the King sent for the +Chancellor; he went, and had an audience in which the King +pretended that he had not been made aware of all the provisions +of the Bill, that the securities did not satisfy him, and +that he could not consent to it. The Chancellor could do +nothing with him; so instead of returning to town he went +on to Strathfieldsaye, where the Duke was gone to receive +the Judges. There he arrived at three in the morning, had +a conference of two hours with the Duke, and returned to +town quite exhausted, to be in the House of Lords at ten in +the morning. The Duke called at Windsor on his way to +town on Monday, and had a conversation with the King, in +which he told him it was now impossible for him to recede, +and that if his Majesty made any more difficulties he must +instantly resign. The King said he thought he would not +desert him under any circumstances, and tried in vain to +move him, which not being able to do, he said that he must +take a day to consider his final determination, and would +communicate it. This he did yesterday afternoon, and he +consented to let the Bill go on. There was a Cabinet in the +morning, and another in the evening, the latter about the +details of the Bill, for Francis Leveson and Doherty were +both present.</p> + +<p>I met Lord Grey at dinner, and in the evening at +Brookes’ had a great deal of conversation with Scarlett, +Duncannon, and Spring Rice. They are all much alarmed, +and think the case full of difficulties, not only from the +violence and wavering of the King, but from the great objections +which so many people have to the alteration of the +elective franchise. Duncannon says nothing shall induce +him to support it, and he would rather defeat the whole +measure than consent to it; Spring Rice, on the contrary, is +ready to swallow anything to get Emancipation. The object +of the anti-Catholics is to take advantage of this disunion +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> +and of the various circumstances which throw difficulties in +the way of Government, and they think, by availing themselves +of them dexterously, they will be able to defeat the +measure. They all seem to think that the Oxford election +has been attended with most prejudicial effects to the cause. +It has served for an argument to the Cumberland faction +with the King, and has influenced his Majesty very much.</p> + +<p>Huskisson made a speech last night which must put an end +to any hopes of assistance to the Opposition from him and his +party, which it is probable they looked to before, and I dare say +the Duke of Cumberland has held out such hopes to the King. +The correspondence between the Duke of Wellington and the +Duke of Cumberland was pretty violent, I believe, but the +Duke of Cumberland misrepresents what passed both in it +and at their interview. He declared to the Duke that he +would not interfere in any manner, but refused to leave the +country; to Madame de Lieven he said that the Duke had +tried everything—entreaties, threats, and bribes—but that he +had told him he would not go away, and would do all he +could to defeat his measures, and that if he were to offer +him 100,000ℓ. to go to Calais he would not take it. The +degree of agitation, alternate hopes and fears, and excitement +of every kind cannot be conceived unless seen and +mixed in as I see and mix in it. Spring Rice said last night +he thought those next four days to come would be the most +important in the history of the country of any for ages past, +and so they are. I was told last night that Knighton has +been co-operating with the Duke of Cumberland, and done +a great deal of mischief, and that he has reason to think that +K. is intriguing deeply, with the design of expelling the +Conyngham family from Windsor. This I do not believe, +and it seems quite inconsistent with what I am also told—that +the King’s dislike of Knighton, and his desire of +getting rid of him, is just the same, and that no day +passes that he does not offer Mount Charles Knighton’s +place, and, what is more, that Knighton presses him to +take it.</p> + +<h3>March 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Great alarm again yesterday because the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +Duke, the Chancellor, and Peel went down to Windsor again. +Dined at Prince Lieven’s. In the evening we learned that +everything was settled—that as soon as the King found the +Duke would really leave him unless he gave way, he yielded +directly, and that if the Duke had told him so at first he +would not have made all this bother. The Duke of Cumberland +was there (at Lieven’s), but did not stay long. I sat next +to Matuscewitz (the Russian who is come over on a special +mission to assist Lieven), and asked him if he did not think +we were a most extraordinary people, and seeing all that goes +on, as he must do, without any prejudices about persons or +things, if it was not marvellous to behold the violence which +prevailed in the Catholic discussion. He owned that it was +inconceivable, and, notwithstanding all he had heard and +read of our history for some years past, he had no idea that +so much rage and animosity could have been manifested and +that the anti-Popery spirit was still so vigorous. The day, +however, is at last arrived, and to-night the measure will be +introduced. But the Duke of Cumberland and his faction +by no means abandon all hopes of being able to throw over +the Bill in its progress, and they will leave no stone unturned +to effect their purpose and to work on the King’s mind +while it is going on.</p> + +<h3>March 6th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Peel brought on the Catholic question last +night in a speech of four hours, and said to be far the best +he ever made. It is full of his never-failing fault, egotism, +but certainly very able, plain, clear, and statesmanlike, and +the peroration very eloquent. The University of Oxford +should have been there in a body to hear the member they +have rejected and him whom they have chosen in his place. +The House was crammed to suffocation, and the lobby likewise. +The cheering was loud and frequent, and often burst +upon the impatient listener without. I went to Brookes’ +and found them all just come from the House, full of satisfaction +at Peel’s speech and the liberality of the measure, +and in great admiration of Murray’s. The general disposition +seemed to be to support both the Bills, and they argued +justly who said that those who would have supported the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +whole measure if it had been in one Bill ought not to take +advantage of there being two to oppose the one they dislike. +The part that is the most objectionable is making the +measure so far prospective (‘hereafter to be elected’) as to +exclude O’Connell from Clare, more particularly after the +decision of the Committee in his favour. Six weeks ago +Mrs. Arbuthnot told me that it was intended to exclude +him, but I did not believe her. It seemed to me too improbable, +and I never thought more about it. If they persist +in this it is nothing short of madness, and I agree with +Spring Rice, who said last night that instead of excluding +him you should pay him to come into Parliament, and +rather buy a seat for him than let him remain out. If they +keep him out it can only be from wretched motives of +personal spite, and to revenge themselves on him for having +compelled them to take the course they have adopted. The +imprudence of this exception is obvious, for when pacification +is your object, and to heal old wounds your great desire, why +begin by opening new ones and by exasperating the man who +has the greatest power of doing mischief and creating disturbance +and discontent in Ireland? It is desirable to reconcile +the Irish to the measures of disfranchisement, and to allow +as much time as possible to elapse before the new system +comes into practical operation. By preventing O’Connell +from taking his seat his wrongs are identified with those of +the disfranchised freeholders. He will have every motive +for exasperating the public mind and exciting universal dissatisfaction, +and there will be another Clare election, and a +theatre for the display of every angry passion which interest +or revenge can possibly put in action. It is remarkable +that attacks, I will not say upon the Church, but upon +Churchmen, are now made in both Houses with much approbation. +The Oxford parsons behaved so abominably at the +election that they have laid themselves open to the severest +strictures, and last night Lord Wharncliffe in one House +and Murray in the other commented on the general conduct +of Churchmen at this crisis with a severity which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DIVISION ON THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +was by no means displeasing except to the bishops. I +am convinced that very few years will elapse before the +Church will really be in danger. People will grow tired of +paying so dearly for so bad an article.</p> + +<h3>March 8th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Yesterday the list came out of those who +had voted on the Catholic question, by which it appeared +that several people had voted against the Government (particularly +all the Lowthers) who were expected to vote with +them, and of course this will be a test by which the Duke’s +strength and absoluteness may be tried, so much so that it +is very generally thought that if he permits them to vote +with impunity he will lose the question. It was said in +the evening that Lowther and Birkett had resigned, but +Lord Aberdeen, whom I met at dinner, said they had not at +five o’clock yesterday evening. It is, I think, impossible for +the Duke to excuse anybody who votes against him or stays +away. Dined at Agar Ellis’s and met Harrowbys, Stanleys, +Aberdeen, &c. Lord Harrowby thought Peel’s speech +extremely able and judicious. He said that Lord Eldon had +asserted that Mr. Pitt’s opinions had been changed on this +question, which was entirely false, for he had been much +more intimate with Mr. Pitt than Lord Eldon ever was, and +had repeatedly discussed the question with him, and had +never found the slightest alteration in his sentiments. He +had deprecated bringing it on because at that moment he +was convinced that it would have driven the King mad and +raised a prodigious ferment in England. He talked a great +deal of Fox and Pitt, and said that the natural disposition of +the former was to arbitrary power and that of the latter to be +a reformer, so that circumstances drove each into the course +the other was intended for by nature. Lord North’s letter +to Fox when he dismissed him in 1776 was, ‘The King has +ordered a new commission of the Treasury to be made out, +in which I do not see your name.’ How dear this cost him +and what an influence that note may have had on the affairs +of the country and on Fox’s subsequent life! They afterwards +talked of the ‘Cateatonenses’ written by Canning, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +Frere, and G. Ellis. Lady Morley has a copy, which I am +to see.<a name="FNA_05_04" id="FNA_05_04" href="#FN_05_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_04" id="FN_05_04" href="#FNA_05_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[The ‘Musæ Cateatonenses,’ a burlesque narrative of a supposed expedition +of Mr. George Legge to Cateaton Street in search of a Swiss chapel. +Nothing can be more droll. The only copy I have seen is still at Saltram. +This <i>jeu d’esprit</i> (which fills a volume) was composed by Canning and his +friends one Easter recess they spent at Ashbourne.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 9th, 1829</h3> + +<p>It was reported last night that there had +been a compromise with Lowther, who is to retain his seat +and to vote for the Bill in all its other stages. But he dined +at Crockford’s, and told somebody there that he had tendered +his resignation and had received no answer. I do not understand +this indecision; they must deprive those who will not +support them thoroughly. ‘Thorough,’ as Laud and Strafford +used to say, must be their word.</p> + +<p><i>Evening</i>.—I asked Lord Bathurst to-day if Lowther, &c., +were out, and he said nothing had been done about it, that +there was plenty of time. Afterwards met Mrs. Arbuthnot +in the Park, and turned back with her. She was all against +their being turned out, from which I saw that they are to +stay in. We met Gosh, and I walked with them to the +House of Commons. We renewed the subject, and he said +that he had been just as much as I could be for the adoption of +strong measures, but that the great object was to carry the +Bill, and if the Duke did not act with the greatest prudence +and caution it would still be lost. He hinted that the difficulties +with the King are still great, and that he is in a state of +excitement which alarms them lest he should go mad. It +is pretty clear that the Duke cannot venture to turn them out. +In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland continues at work. +Lord Bathurst told me that he went to Windsor on Saturday, +that he had assured the King that great alarm prevailed +in London, that the people were very violent, and that the +Duke had been hissed by the mob in going to the House of +Lords, all of which of course he believes. The Duke is very +unwell. I think matters do not look at all well, and I am +alarmed.</p> + +<h3>March 11th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The Duke was much better yesterday, went +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span> +to the House, and made a very good and stirring speech in +answer to Lord Winchelsea, who disgusted all his own party +by announcing himself an advocate for reform in Parliament. +It is now clear that Lowther, &c., are not to quit their +places unless something fresh occurs. The reason supposed +is that the King supports them, and that the Duke does not +venture to insist on their dismissal. The real reason is +that he has got an idea that the Whigs want to make him +quarrel with his old friends in order to render him more +dependent upon them, and he is therefore anxious (as he +thinks he can) to carry through the measure without +quarrelling with anybody, so that he will retain the support +of the Tories and show the Whigs that he can do without +them, a notion which is unfounded, besides being both unwise +and illiberal. He has already given some persons to understand +that they <i>must</i> support him on this question, and now +he is going to grant a dispensation to others, nor is there +any necessity for <i>quarrelling</i> with anybody. Lowther himself +evidently felt that he could not hold his office and oppose +the measure, and consequently resigned. The Duke might +accept his resignation with a very friendly explanation on +the subject; eventually he would be certain to join Government +again, for to what other party could he betake himself? +These great Tory borough-mongering Lords have no taste +for opposition. Arbuthnot told my father that this was his +feeling, and when I told Mrs. Arbuthnot what a bad moral +effect the Duke’s lenity had, she said, ‘Oh, you hear that from +the Opposition.’ Last night in his speech, when he said he +had the cordial support of his Majesty, he turned round with +energy to the Duke of Cumberland. Several Peers upon one +pretext or another have withdrawn the support they had +intended to give to the Duke’s Bill. Fourteen Irish bishops +are coming over in a body to petition the King against this +Bill, and most foolish they. The English bishops may by +possibility be sincere and disinterested in their opposition +(not that I believe they are), but nobody will ever believe +that the Irish think of anything but their scandalous revenues. +The thing must go; the only question is when and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +how. The Kent petition to the King is to be presented, I +believe, by Lords Winchelsea and Bexley; they would not +entrust it to Peel. Lord W. wanted to march down to +Windsor at the head of 25,000 men.</p> + +<h3>March 14th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Arbuthnot told the Duke what was said +about not turning out the refractory members, and he +replied, ‘I have undertaken this business, and I am determined +to go through with it. Nobody knows the difficulties +I have in dealing with my royal master, and nobody knows +him so well as I do. I will succeed, but I am as in a field +of battle, and I must fight it out my own way.’ This would +be very well if there were not other motives mixed up with +this—jealousy of the Whigs and a desire to keep clear of +them, and quarrel with them again when this is over. +Herries told Hyde Villiers that <i>their</i> policy was conservative, +that of the Whigs subversive, and that they never could act +together. All false, for nobody’s policy is subversive who +has much to lose, and the Whigs comprise the great mass of +property and a great body of the aristocracy of the country. +Nobody seems to doubt that the Bill will pass. The day +before yesterday the Duke of Newcastle went to Windsor +and had an audience. Lord Bathurst told me that they had +reason to believe his Grace had told the King his own sentiments +on the Catholic question, but that the King had made +no answer. But as nobody was present they could not +depend on the truth of this (which they had from his +Majesty himself, of course), and he begged me to find out +what account the Duke gave of it.</p> + +<h3>March 15th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The Duke of Newcastle was with the King +an hour and a half or two hours. After he had presented +his petitions he pulled out a paper, which he read to the +King. His Majesty made him no answer, and desired him +if he had any other communications to make to him to send +them through the Duke of Wellington. I dare say this is +true, not because he says so, but because there has been no +notice taken of the Duke’s visit in any of the newspapers. +They now talk of thirteen bishops, and probably more, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PERSONAL HABITS OF GEORGE IV.</span> +voting with Government. I suppose the majority will be +very large.</p> + +<h3>March 16th to 17th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I received a message from the King, +to tell me that he was sorry I had not dined with him the +last time I was at Windsor, that he had intended to ask +me, but finding that all the Ministers dined there except +Ellenborough, he had let me go, that Ellenborough might +not be the only man not invited, and ‘he would be damned +if Ellenborough ever should dine in his house.’ I asked +Lord Bathurst afterwards, to whom I told this, why he hated +Ellenborough, and he said that something he had said during +the Queen’s trial had given the King mortal offence, and he +never forgave it. The King complains that he is tired to death +of all the people about him. He is less violent about the +Catholic question, tired of that too, and does not wish to hear +any more about it. He leads a most extraordinary life—never +gets up till six in the afternoon. They come to him and open +the window curtains at six or seven o’clock in the morning; +he breakfasts in bed, does whatever business he can be +brought to transact in bed too, he reads every newspaper +quite through, dozes three or four hours, gets up in time for +dinner, and goes to bed between ten and eleven. He sleeps +very ill, and rings his bell forty times in the night; if he +wants to know the hour, though a watch hangs close to him, +he will have his <i>valet de chambre</i> down rather than turn his +head to look at it. The same thing if he wants a glass of +water; he won’t stretch out his hand to get it. His valets +are nearly destroyed, and at last Lady Conyngham prevailed +on him to agree to an arrangement by which they wait on him +on alternate days. The service is still most severe, as on the +days they are in waiting their labours are incessant, and +they cannot take off their clothes at night, and hardly lie +down. He is in good health, but irritable, and has been +horribly annoyed by other matters besides the Catholic +affair.</p> + +<h3>March 18th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I was at Windsor for the Council and the Recorder’s +report. We waited above two hours; of course his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +Majesty did not get up till we were all there. A small +attendance in Council—the Duke, Bathurst, Aberdeen, Melville, +and I think no other Cabinet Minister. I sent for +Batchelor, the King’s <i>valet de chambre</i>, and had a pretty long +conversation with him; he talked as if the walls had ears, but +was anxious to tell me everything. He confirmed all I had +before heard of the King’s life, and said he was nearly dead +of it, that he was in high favour, and the King had given him +apartments in the Lodge and some presents. His Majesty +has been worried to death, and has not yet made up his +mind to the Catholic Bill (this man knows, I’ll be bound). +But what he most dwelt on was Sir William Knighton. I +said to him that the King was afraid of the Duke. He +replied he thought not; he thought he was afraid of nobody +but of Knighton, that he hated him, but that his influence +and authority were without any limit, that he could do anything, +and without him nothing could be done; that after +him Lady Conyngham was all-powerful, but in entire subserviency +to him; that she did not dare have anybody to +dine there without previously ascertaining that Knighton +would not disapprove of it; that he knew everything, and +nobody dared say or do a thing of any sort without his permission. +There was a sort of mysterious awe with which +he spoke of Knighton, mixed with dislike, which was curious. +He is to call on me when he comes to London, and will, I +dare say, tell me more. Returned to town at night, and +heard of Sadler’s +speech<a name="FNA_05_05" id="FNA_05_05" href="#FN_05_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +and read it. It is certainly very +clever, but better as reported than as it was delivered. He +sent the report to the ‘Morning Journal’ himself, and added +some things and omitted others, and thereby improved it. +He is sixty-seven years old, and it is his maiden speech; +certainly very remarkable and indicative of much talent. +Lord Harrowby told me he heard it, and was greatly struck +by it.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_05" id="FN_05_05" href="#FNA_05_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Mr. Sadler, who had never sat in Parliament before, was returned by +the Duke of Newcastle at this time for the express purpose of opposing the +Catholic Relief Bill, which he did with considerable ability.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 19th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Last night the debate ended, with a very excellent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span> +speech from Robert +Grant,<a name="FNA_05_06" id="FNA_05_06" href="#FN_05_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +and a speech from Lord +Palmerston which astonished everybody. The Attorney-General +was violent and brutal, and Peel’s reply very good; +he was bursting with passion, but restrained himself. I +met Tierney, and told him that there was great disappointment +that he had not answered Sadler. He said he could +not speak for coughing, that Sadler’s speech was clever, but +over-rated, nothing like so good as they talked of. Robert +Grant’s was very good indeed, the best for matter; Palmerston’s +the most brilliant, ‘an imitation of Canning, and not +a bad one.’ Though the Opposition gained eight in this +division, they are disappointed and disheartened, and will +make but little fight on the other stages (as it is thought). +Nine bishops are to vote. The meeting at Lambeth took +place the day before yesterday, but it came to nothing. They +separated agreeing to meet again, and in the meantime that +each should take his own line. Tierney talked of the Duke’s +management of this business with great admiration, as did +Lord Durham last night in the same strain; but after all +what was it but the resolution of secresy (which I think was +a most wise and judicious one)? for he did nothing but keep +the secret. However, the thing has been well imagined and +well executed. Tierney thinks Peel will resign when it is +all over, and at his father’s death will be made a Peer. I +should not wonder; he must be worn to death with the +torrents of abuse and invective with which his old friends +assail him on every occasion. I presume that if he could +have anticipated their conduct he would not have been so +civil to them in the beginning, and would have taken another +turn altogether; it would have been better for him. Lady +Worcester told me to-day what adds to many other proofs +that the Duke is a very <i>hard</i> man; he takes no notice of any +of his family; he never sees his mother, has only visited +her two or three times in the last few years; and has not now +been to see Lady Anne, though she has been in such affliction +for the death of her only son, and he passes her door every +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +time he goes to Strathfieldsaye. He is well with Lady +Maryborough, though they quarrelled after Lord M. was +driven from the Cabinet; Lord Wellesley is seriously affronted +with him at the little consideration the Duke shows for him, +and for having shown him no confidence in all this business, +especially as the Catholic question was the only political +difference that existed between them. He is a very extraordinary +man certainly, and with many contradictions in his +character; in him, however, they are so much more apparent +than in any other man, for he is always before the world—all +his actions, his motives, and even his thoughts.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_06" id="FN_05_06" href="#FNA_05_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[Robert Grant, Esq., M.P., brother of Mr. Charles Grant. He was +afterwards appointed Governor of Bombay.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 21st, 1829, at night</h3> + +<p>This morning the Duke fought a +duel with Lord Winchelsea. Nothing could equal the astonishment +caused by this event. Everybody of course sees the +matter in a different light; all blame Lord W., but they are +divided as to whether the Duke ought to have fought or not. +Lord W.’s letter appeared last Monday, and certainly from +that time to this it never entered into anybody’s head that +the Duke ought to or would take it up, though the expressions +in it were very impertinent. But Lord Winchelsea +is such a maniac, and has so lost his head (besides the +ludicrous incident of the +handkerchief<a name="FNA_05_07" id="FNA_05_07" href="#FN_05_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>), +that everybody +imagined the Duke would treat what he said with silent +contempt. He thought otherwise, however, and without +saying a word to any of his colleagues or to anybody but +Hardinge, his second, he wrote and demanded an apology. +After many letters and messages between the parties (Lord +Falmouth being Lord Winchelsea’s second) Lord Winchelsea +declined making any apology, and they met. The letters on +the Duke’s part are very creditable, so free from arrogance or +an assuming tone; those on Lord Winchelsea’s not so, for one +of them is a senseless repetition of the offence, in which he +says that if the Duke will deny that his allegations are true +he will apologise. They met at Wimbledon at eight o’clock. +There were many people about, who saw what passed. They +stood at a distance of fifteen paces. Before they began +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUEL OF THE DUKE AND LORD WINCHELSEA.</span> +Hardinge went up to Lords Winchelsea and Falmouth, and +said he must protest against the proceeding, and declare +that their conduct in refusing an apology when Lord Winchelsea +was so much in the wrong filled him with disgust. +The Duke fired and missed, and then Winchelsea fired in the +air. He immediately pulled out of his pocket the paper +which has since appeared, but in which the word ‘apology’ +was omitted. The Duke read it and said it would not do. +Lord Falmouth said he was not come there to quibble about +words, and that he was ready to make the apology in whatever +terms would be satisfactory, and the word ‘apology’ was +inserted on the ground. The Duke then touched his hat, +said ‘Good morning, my Lords,’ mounted his horse, and rode +off. Hume was there, without knowing on whose behalf till +he got to the ground. Hardinge asked him to attend, and +told him where he would find a chaise, into which he got. +He found there pistols, which told him the errand he was on, +but he had still no notion the Duke was concerned; when he +saw him he was ready to drop. The Duke went to Mrs. +Arbuthnot’s as soon as he got back, and at eleven o’clock she +wrote a note to Lord Bathurst, telling him of it, which he +received at the Council board and put into my hands. So +little idea had he of Lord Winchelsea’s letter leading to anything +serious that when on Wednesday, at the Council at +Windsor, I asked him if he had read it, he said, laughing, +‘Yes, and it is a very clever letter, much the wisest thing he +ever did; <i>he has got back his money</i>. I wish I could find some +such pretext to get back mine.’ At twelve o’clock the Duke +went to Windsor to tell the King what had happened. Winchelsea +is abused for not having made an apology when it +was first required; but I think, having committed the folly of +writing so outrageous a letter, he did the only thing a man +of honour could do in going out and receiving a shot and +then making an apology, which he was all this time prepared +to do, for he had it ready written in his pocket. I think the +Duke ought not to have challenged him; it was very juvenile, +and he stands in far too high a position, and his life is so +much <i>publica cura</i> that he should have treated him and his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +letter with the contempt they merited; it was a great error +in judgment, but certainly a venial one, for it is impossible +not to admire the high spirit which disdained to shelter itself +behind the immunities of his great character and station, +and the simplicity, and almost humility, which made him at +once descend to the level of Lord Winchelsea, when he +might, without subjecting himself to any imputation derogatory +to his honour, have assumed a tone of lofty superiority and +treated him as unworthy of his notice. Still it was beneath +his dignity; it lowered him, and was more or less ridiculous. +Lord Jersey met him coming from Windsor, and spoke to +him. He said, ‘I could not do otherwise, could I?’</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_07" id="FN_05_07" href="#FNA_05_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[The incident of the handkerchief is related below, p. 198 (March 29th, 1829).]</p></div> + +<p>I met the Bishop of Oxford in the Park this morning; he +said nine bishops, and probably ten, would vote for the Bill. +He said he was not at the meeting at Lambeth, but the Archbishop +sent for him, and despatched him to the Duke with an +account of their proceedings. The Archbishop summoned +the bishops to consult upon the course they should pursue, +and see if there was any chance of their acting with +unanimity. Finding this was not possible, they resolved +that each should take his own line; and a proposal to address +the King, which was urged by one or two of the most violent +(he did not name them), was overruled. The anti-Catholic +papers and men lavish the most extravagant encomiums on +Wetherell’s speech, and call it ‘the finest oration ever delivered +in the House of Commons,’ ‘the best since the second +Philippic.’ He was drunk, they say. The Speaker said +‘the only lucid interval he had was that between his waistcoat +and his breeches.’ When he speaks he unbuttons his braces, +and in his vehement action his breeches fall down and his +waistcoat runs up, so that there is a great interregnum. He +is half mad, eccentric, ingenious, with great and varied information +and a coarse, vulgar mind, delighting in ribaldry +and abuse, besides being an enthusiast. The first time he distinguished +himself was in Watson’s trial, when he and Copley +were his counsel, and both made very able speeches. He was +then a trading lawyer and politician, till the Queen came +over, when he made a very powerful speech in the House of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE KING ON THE DUEL.</span> +Commons, full of research, in favour of inserting her name +in the Liturgy. He was then engaged by Chancellor Eldon +for the Court, soon after made Solicitor-General, much +abused for ratting, became Attorney-General, and resigned +when Canning became Minister. He was restored when the +Duke was made Prime Minister, and now he will have to +retire again.</p> + +<h3>March 26th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Everything is getting on very quietly in the +House of Commons, and the Opposition are beginning to +squabble among themselves, some wishing to create delay, and +others not choosing to join in these tricks, when they know +it is useless. The Duke came here the night before last, but +I was not at home. He talked over the whole matter with his +usual simplicity. The King, it seems, was highly pleased with +the Winchelsea affair, and he said, ‘I did not see the letter +(which is probably a lie); if I had, I certainly should have +thought it my duty to call your attention to it.’ Somebody +added that ‘he would be wanting to fight a duel himself.’ +Sefton said, ‘he will be sure to think he has fought one.’ +Hume gave the two Lords a lecture on the ground after the +duel, and said he did not think there was a man in England +who would have lifted his hand against the Duke. Very uncalled +for, but the Duke’s friends have less humility than he +has, for Lord Winchelsea did not lift his hand against him. +It is curious that the man who threw the bottle at Lord Wellesley +in Dublin (and who is a Protestant fanatic) has been +lurking constantly about the House of Lords, so much so that +it was thought right to apprise Peel of it, and the police have +been desired in consequence to keep a strict watch over him, +and to take care that he does no mischief. The Duke after +the duel sent Lord Melville to the Duke of Montrose with a +message that his son-in-law had behaved very much like a +gentleman. The women, particularly of course Lady Jersey, +have been very ridiculous, affecting nervousness and fine +feeling, though they never heard of the business till some +hours after it was over. Mrs. Arbuthnot was not so foolish +but made very light of it all, which was in better sense and +better taste.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +M—— told me two days ago that, although he is more +quiet, the King is not at all reconciled to the Catholic question. +His Majesty was very much annoyed at his speech +the other day, having always hoped that he was at heart +too indifferent about it to take a decided line or express +publicly a strong opinion. It is supposed that either Sugden +or Alderson will be Solicitor-General. O’Connell has done +himself great credit by his moderation in the Committee. +Grattan wanted to move an amendment omitting the words +by which O’Connell is excluded from taking his seat for +Clare, when Rice and Duncannon begged him to withdraw +it, and said they were charged with the expression of +O’Connell’s wish that his individual case should not be +thought of, as he would not have it be any impediment +to the success of the measure. This, of course, greatly +annoys those who have inveighed against him, and who have +always contended that he only wished for confusion, and +would be very sorry to see the question settled.</p> + +<p>The other day Jack +Lawless<a name="FNA_05_08" id="FNA_05_08" href="#FN_05_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +called on Arbuthnot to ask +him some question about the Deccan prize money, in which +a brother of his has an interest. He entered upon politics, was +very obsequious in his manner, extravagant in praise of the +Duke, quite shocked that he should have fought a duel, and +said, ‘Sir, we are twelve of us here, and not one but what +would fight for him any day in the week.’ He said that some +years ago, when he heard the Duke speak, he was distressed +at his hesitation, but that now he spoke better than anyone; +that in the Lords he heard Eldon, and Plunket, and Grey, +and then up got the Duke and answered everybody, and +spoke better than they all. Arbuthnot says he was bowing +and scraping, and all humility and politeness, with none of +the undergrowl of the Association.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_08" id="FN_05_08" href="#FNA_05_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[A prominent member of the Catholic Association in Dublin.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 26th, 1829, at night</h3> + +<p>Just met M——, who had returned +that moment from Windsor, where he had left the +King in such an ill humour that he would not stay and dine +there. The Duke of Cumberland never goes there without +unsettling his mind, and yesterday evening Lord Mansfield +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD ELDON’S INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.</span> +had been to the Castle and had an audience. Lord Eldon +prevails on all these Peers to exercise their right and demand +audiences. Lord Mansfield had no petition to present, and +only went to remonstrate about the Catholic question and +tell the King that all the Protestants looked to him to save +them from the impending danger. The King declares he +only listens to what they say, and replies that he must leave +everything to his Ministers; but it is impossible for him +to listen (and not talk himself) for an hour and a quarter +together. He is very angry at the Bishop of Winchester’s +speech, and at the declaration in favour of the Bill by both +of the +brothers.<a name="FNA_05_09" id="FNA_05_09" href="#FN_05_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +He accused M—— of having influenced +the Bishop, which he denied, and told him that he would +not have been biassed by anybody. The King still is in +hopes that the Bill will not pass, and said that the Ministers +had only a majority of five, and with that they would not +carry it through. M—— replied that they had above fifty, +and after such a majority as there had been in the Commons +it must pass. All this he received as sulkily as possible, and +it is clear that if he dared, and if he could, he would still +defeat the measure. His dislike to it is the opposition of a +spoiled child, founded on considerations purely personal and +selfish and without any reason whatever.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_09" id="FN_05_09" href="#FNA_05_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[The two Sumners. Dr. John Bird Sumner (afterwards Archbishop of +Canterbury) had been raised to the see of Chester in 1828. They owed +their advancement to the especial favour of George IV. The bishop +adverted to in the next sentence was the Bishop of Winchester.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 29th, 1829, at night</h3> + +<p>Dined at Lady Sandwich’s, and met +Madame de Lieven, who is grown very gracious, craving for +news, and probably very malignant. Lieven told me (which +she did not) that Lord Eldon was with the King yesterday +for four hours. She confirmed it after dinner, and said that +Halford had told her, but added that he had done no +harm.<a name="FNA_05_10" id="FNA_05_10" href="#FN_05_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +Lieven also told me that Stratford Canning is coming home, +and Robert Gordon going to Constantinople. He is a dull, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +heavy man, and not able, I should think, to cope with the +Turkish Ministers, if they are (as the Duke says) the ablest +diplomatists in Europe. I don’t know why Stratford Canning +is coming home, whether <i>nolens</i> or <i>volens</i>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_10" id="FN_05_10" href="#FNA_05_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[This was the celebrated interview related in Lord Eldon’s ‘Memoirs’ +vol. iii., when, however, the King gave Lord E. a very erroneous account +of the transaction, subsequently corrected by Sir Robert Peel in his ‘Memoirs.’]</p></div> + +<p>I have, I see, alluded to Lord Winchelsea’s handkerchief +story,<a name="FNA_05_11" id="FNA_05_11" href="#FN_05_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +but have not mentioned the circumstances, which I +may as well do. Lord Holland came home one night from +the House of Lords, and as soon as he had occasion to blow +his nose pulled his handkerchief out of his pocket; upon which +my Lady exclaimed (she hates perfumes), ‘Good God, Lord +H., where did you get that handkerchief? Send it away +directly.’ He said he did not know, when it was inspected, +and the letter <i>W</i> found on it. Lord H. said, ‘I was sitting +near Lord Winchelsea, and it must be his, which I took up +by mistake and have brought home.’ Accordingly the next +day he sent it to Lord Winchelsea with his compliments. +Lord Winchelsea receiving the handkerchief and the message, +and finding it marked <i>W</i>, fancied it was the Duke’s, and that +it was sent to him by way of affronting him; on which he went +to the Duke of Newcastle and imparted to him the circumstances, +and desired him to wait on Lord Holland for an explanation. +This his Grace did, when the matter was cleared +up and the handkerchief was found to be the property of +Lord Wellesley. The next day Lord Winchelsea came up +laughing to Lord Holland in the House of Lords, and said +he had many apologies to make for what had passed, but that +he really was in such a state of excitement he did not know +what he said and +did.<a name="FNA_05_12" id="FNA_05_12" href="#FN_05_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_11" id="FN_05_11" href="#FNA_05_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[<i>Supra</i>, p. 192 (March 21st, 1829).]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_12" id="FN_05_12" href="#FNA_05_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[Lord Winchelsea was in the habit of flourishing a white pocket handkerchief +while he was speaking in the House of Lords. This peculiarity; +associated with his sonorous tones, his excited action, and his extravagant +opinions, gave point to the incident.]</p></div> + +<h3>April 4th, 1829</h3> + +<p>On the third reading of the Catholic Bill in +the House of Commons Sadler failed, and Palmerston made +a speech like one of Canning’s. The Bill has been two +nights in the House of Lords. They go on with it this +morning, and will divide this evening. The Chancellor made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span> +a very fine speech last night, and the Bishop of Oxford spoke +very well the night before, but the debate has been dull on +the whole; the subject is exhausted. The House of Lords +was very full, particularly of women; every fool in London +thinks it necessary to be there. It is only since last year +that the steps of the throne have been crowded with ladies; +formerly one or two got in, who skulked behind the throne, +or were hid in Tyrwhitt’s box, but now they fill the whole +space, and put themselves in front with their large bonnets, +without either fear or shame.</p> + +<h3>April 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The question was put at a little before twelve +last night, and carried by 105—217 to 112 (a greater majority +than the most sanguine expected)—after a splendid speech +from Lord Grey and a very good one from Lord Plunket. +Old Eldon was completely beat, and could make no fight at +all; his speech was wretched, they say, for I did not hear it. +This tremendous defeat will probably put an end to anything +like serious opposition; they will hardly rally again.</p> + +<p>I dined at Chesterfield House, but nobody came to dinner. +Chesterfield and his party were all at the House of Lords. I +found myself almost alone with Vesey Fitzgerald, with whom +I had much talk after dinner. He said that it would be a long +time before all the circumstances and all the difficulties relating +to their proceedings were known, but when they were +it would be seen how great had been the latter, how curious +the former; that the day the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel +were with the King they actually were out (all of which +I knew), and that he believes if the other party could have +made a Government with a chance of standing, out they +would have gone; but that it was put to them (this I did +not know), and they acknowledged they could not. They +held consultations on the subject, and the man they principally +relied on was the Duke of Richmond; they meant he +should be either First Lord of the Treasury or Lord-Lieutenant +of Ireland. Lord Winchelsea said to Ellenborough, +‘Why, he speaks better than the Duke of Wellington any +day.’ He happens to have his wits, such as they are, about +him, and has been quick and neat in one or two little speeches, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +though he spoke too often, and particularly in his attack on +the Bishop of Oxford the other night. Last year, on the +Wool question, he did very well, but all the details were got +up for him by George +Bentinck,<a name="FNA_05_13" id="FNA_05_13" href="#FN_05_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +who took the trouble. +Besides, his fortune consists in great measure of wool, he +lives in the country, is well versed in rural affairs and the +business of the quarter sessions, has a certain calibre of +understanding, is prejudiced, narrow-minded, illiterate, and +ignorant, good-looking, good-humoured, and unaffected, tedious, +prolix, unassuming, and a duke. There would not +have been so much to say about him if they had not excited +an idea in the minds of some people of making him Prime +Minister and successor to the Duke of Wellington.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_13" id="FN_05_13" href="#FNA_05_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[It deserves remark that Lord George Bentinck was thus early employing +his singular talents in mastering details, although he took no conspicuous +part in politics until the proposal for the repeal of the Corn Law +in 1845.]</p></div> + +<p>Vesey told me that Dawson’s speech at Derry very nearly +overturned the whole design. The King heard of it the day +of a Council at Windsor (which I well remember). The +Chancellor was with him for a long time, but it was almost +impossible to persuade the King that Dawson knew nothing +of the intention of the Government, and that his speech was +not made in concert with Peel and the Duke. This it was +which caused them such excessive annoyance, because it +raised difficulties which well-nigh prevented the accomplishment +of the design. It must be owned that the King might +well believe this, and although it is very certain that Dawson +knew nothing, and that his making such a speech ought to +have been a proof that he was in ignorance, it will always +be believed that he was aware of the intended measure, and +that his speech was made with the Duke’s concurrence. It is +curious enough that his opinion had been long changed, and +that he had intended to pronounce his recantation when +Brownlow did, but as Brownlow got the start of him he +would not. For two years after this he persevered in the +old course, and when Canning came in, and the Catholic +question was the great field on which he was to be fought, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE BILL IN JEOPARDY.</span> +Dawson reverted vigorously to his old opinions, and spoke +vehemently against emancipation. Such is party!</p> + +<p>The circumstances that Vesey talked of are in fact pretty +well known or guessed at, nor has there ever been any secret +as to the main fact of the King’s opposition and dislike to +the measure. He told me that after Eldon’s visit of four +hours the Duke remonstrated, and told the King what great +umbrage it gave his Ministers to see and hear of these long +and numerous interviews with their opponents. The King +declared that he said nothing and that nothing passed calculated +to annoy them, which they none of them believed, but +of course could make no reply to.</p> + +<h3>April 8th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I have mentioned above +(March 4th<a name="FNA_05_14" id="FNA_05_14" href="#FN_05_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>), +p. 180, the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel going to the King, +and the alarm that prevailed here. That day the Catholic +question was in great jeopardy. They went to tell the King +that unless he would give them his real, efficient support, +and not throw his indirect influence into the opposite scale, +they would resign. He refused to give them that support; +they placed their resignations in his hands and came away. +The King then sent to Eldon, and asked him if he would +undertake to form a Government. He deliberated (then it +was that it was question of the Duke of Richmond being +First Lord or Lord-Lieutenant), but eventually said he could +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +not undertake it. On his refusal the King yielded, and the +Bill went on; but if Eldon had accepted, the Duke and his +colleagues would have been out, and God knows what would +have happened. It was, of course, of all these matters that +the King talked to Eldon in the long interview they had the +other day. He is very sulky at the great majority in the +House of Lords, as I knew he would be.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_14" id="FN_05_14" href="#FNA_05_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[It was on the 3rd of March that this interview took place, as related +by Sir R. Peel himself in his ‘Memoir’ (vol. i. p. 343). The King asked his +Ministers to explain the details of the measure they proposed to bring in. +They informed his Majesty that it would be necessary to modify in the case +of the Roman Catholics that part of the oath of supremacy which relates to +the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and supremacy of the Pope. To this the +King said he could not possibly consent. Upon this Mr. Peel and his colleagues +informed his Majesty that they must resign. His Majesty accepted +the resignations, and the Ministers returned to London (after an audience of +five hours) under the full persuasion that the Government was dissolved. +In the interval some attempt was made to form a Protestant Cabinet; +but on the evening of the following day, the 4th of March, the King +wrote a letter to the Duke of Wellington, informing him that his Majesty +anticipated so much difficulty in the attempt to form another Administration +that he could not dispense with his Ministers’ services, and that they were +at liberty to proceed with the measures of which notice had been given in +Parliament.]</p></div> + +<p>Lady Jersey is in a fury with Lord Anglesey, and goes +about saying he insulted her in the House of Lords the +other night. She was sitting on one of the steps of the +throne, and the Duchess of Richmond on the step above. +After Lord Anglesey had spoken he came to talk to the +Duchess, who said, ‘How well you did speak;’ on which he +said, ‘Hush! you must take care what you say, for here is +Lady Jersey, and she reports for the newspapers;’ on which +Lady Jersey said very angrily, ‘Lady Jersey is here for her +own amusement; what do you mean by reporting for newspapers?’ +to which he replied with a profound bow, ‘I beg +your Ladyship’s pardon; I did not mean to offend you, and if +I did I beg to make the most ample apology.’ This is his +version; hers, of course, is different. He says that he meant +the whole thing as a joke. It was a very bad joke if it was +one, and as he knows how she abuses him, one may suspect +that there was something more than joking in it.</p> + +<p>The other night Lord Grey had called Lord Falmouth to +order, and after the debate Falmouth came up to him with a +menacing air and said, ‘My Lord Grey, I wish to inform you +that if upon any future occasion you transgress in the +slightest degree the orders of the House, I shall most certainly +call you to order.’ Lord Grey, who expected from his +air something more hostile, merely said, ‘My Lord, your +Lordship will do perfectly right, and whenever I am out of +order I hope you will.’ Last night old Eldon got a dressing +again from the Chancellor.</p> + +<h3>April 9th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Met O’Connell at dinner yesterday at William +Ponsonby’s. The only Irish (agitators) were he and O’Gorman +Mahon; ——, he said, was too great a blackguard, and he would +not invite him. O’Connell arrived from Ireland that day; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">O’CONNELL AT DINNER.</span> +there is nothing remarkable in his manner, appearance, or +conversation, but he seems lively, well bred, and at his ease. +I asked him after dinner ‘whether Catholics had not taken +the oath of supremacy till it was coupled with the declaration;’ +he said, ‘in many instances in the reigns of Elizabeth, James, +and Charles, because at that time it was considered to apply +to the civil supremacy of the Pope only, and that the Government +admitted of that interpretation of it, but that no +Catholic could take it now, because that construction is never +given to the oath.’ Duncannon told me that O’Connell has +no wish to be in Parliament, that he makes so much money +by his profession that it is a great loss to him to attend +Parliament at all. What they want is a compromise with +Vesey Fitzgerald, by which he may be admitted to take his +seat in this Parliament on an understanding that he will +not oppose Vesey in the next; not that I see how that is to +be done, except by an Act of Parliament (which would never +pass) in his favour. Besides, the Duke detests him, and +Vesey likewise. They cannot forgive him for all he has done +and all he has made them do. O’Gorman, the secretary of +the Catholic Association, appears a heavy, civil, vulgar man. +I sat next to Stanley, who told me a story which amused me. +Macintosh, in the course of the recent debates, went one day +to the House of Commons at eleven in the morning to take +a place. They were all taken on the benches below the gangway, +and on asking the doorkeeper how they happened to be +all taken so early, he said, ‘Oh, sir, there is no chance of +getting a place, for Colonel Sibthorpe sleeps at a tavern close +by, and comes here every morning by eight o’clock and takes +places for all the saints.’</p> + +<h3>April 13th, 1829</h3> + +<p>On Friday last the Catholic Bill was read +a third time, after a very dull debate. Lord Eldon attempted +to rally, and made a long and wretched speech which +lasted two hours. Nobody spoke well. The Duke in his +reply dropped all the terms of courtesy and friendship he had +hitherto used in speaking of old Eldon, and broke off with +him entirely. He is disgusted at his opposition out of doors, +and at his having been the constant adviser of the Duke of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +Cumberland and all the foolish Lords who have been pestering +the King at Windsor; and he is acquainted with all his +tricks and underhand proceedings, probably with more of +them than we know of. He thanked the Opposition for their +support—thanks which they well merit from him—but of +course nobody is satisfied. He was before accused of ingratitude +in never taking notice of their conduct, and even it is +said that he gave them to understand he had no more need +of their services, and wished to make them his bow. I don’t +believe he meant any such thing; he intended to thank them +simply, though it is probably true that he does not wish to +continue in alliance with them, and is anxious to see the +Tories put themselves under his orders again. On Saturday +he sent the commission down to Windsor for the King’s +signature, with other papers as a matter of course; he would +not go himself, that there might be no fresh discussion between +them.</p> + +<p>I went on Friday morning to the Old Bailey to hear the +trials, particularly that of the women for the murder of +the apprentices; the mother was found guilty, and will be +hanged to-day—has been by this +time.<a name="FNA_05_15" id="FNA_05_15" href="#FN_05_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +The case exhibited a +shocking scene of wretchedness and poverty, such as ought +not to exist in any community, especially in one which pretends +to be so flourishing and happy as this is. It is, I suppose, +one case of many which may be found in this town, +graduating through various stages of misery and vice. These +wretched beings were described to be in the lowest state of +moral and physical degradation, with scarcely rags to cover +them, food barely sufficient to keep them alive, and working +eighteen or nineteen hours a day, without being permitted +any relaxation, or even the privilege of going to church on +Sunday. I never heard more disgusting details than this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THEATRICAL FUND DINNER.</span> +trial elicited, or a case which calls more loudly for an investigation +into the law and the system under which such proceedings +are possible. Poverty, and vice, and misery must always +be found in a community like ours, but such frightful contrasts +between the excess of luxury and splendour and these scenes +of starvation and brutality ought not to be possible; but I am +afraid there is more vice, more misery and penury in this +country than in any other, and at the same time greater +wealth. The contrasts are too striking, and such an unnatural, +artificial, and unjust state of things neither can nor +ought to be permanent. I am convinced that before many +years elapse these things will produce some great convulsion.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_15" id="FN_05_15" href="#FNA_05_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +[Two wretched women named Hibner were tried, and one of them +convicted for the murder of a parish apprentice named Francis Colepitts by +savage ill-treatment. The elder prisoner was found guilty and executed on +the 13th of April. No such concourse of people had assembled to witness +an execution since that of Fauntleroy. The details of the crime were horrible, +and had excited great sympathy for the victim amongst all classes.—<i>Ann. +Regist. for 1829, Chronicle</i>, p. 71.]</p></div> + +<p>After the Old Bailey I went and dined at the Covent +Garden Theatrical Fund dinner. The Duke of Clarence +could not come, so they put Lord Blessington in the chair, +who made an ass of himself. Among other toasts he was to +give ‘The memory of the Duke of York,’ who was the founder +of the institution. He prefaced this with a speech, but gave +‘The health,’ &c., on which Fawcett, who sat opposite, called +out in an agony, ‘The memory, my Lord!’ He corrected +himself, but in a minute after said again ‘The health.’ ‘The +memory, my Lord!’ again roared Fawcett. It was supremely +ridiculous. Francis Leveson sat on his right, Codrington on +his left, and Lawless the agitator just opposite; he is a pale, +thin, common-looking little man, and has not at all the air +of a patriot orator and agitator.</p> + +<h3>May 14th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I have been at Newmarket for three weeks, +and have had no time to write, nor has anything particular occurred. +The King came to town, and had a levee and drawing-room, +the former of which was very numerously, the other +shabbily attended. At the levee he was remarkably civil to +all the Peers, particularly the Duke of Richmond, who had +distinguished themselves in opposition to Government in +the late debates, and he turned his back on the bishops who +had voted for the Bill. O’Connell and Shiel were both at the +levee; the former had been presented in Ireland, so had not +to be presented again, but the King took no notice of him, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +and when he went by said to somebody near him, ‘Damn +the fellow! what does he come here for?’—dignified.</p> + +<p>There was an odd circumstance the day of the drawing-room. +The Duke of Cumberland, as Gold Stick, gave orders +at the Horse Guards that no carriages should be admitted +into the Park, and Peel and the Duke of Wellington, when +they presented themselves on their way to Court, were refused +admission. The officer on guard came to the Duke’s carriage +and said that such were his orders, but that he was sure +they were not meant to extend to his Grace, and if he would +authorise him he would order the gates to be opened. The +Duke said ‘By no means,’ and then desired his carriage to go +round the other way. Many people thought that this was a +piece of impertinence of the Duke of Cumberland’s, but the +Duke says that the whole thing was a mistake. Be this as +it may, the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of Wellington +do not speak, and whenever they meet, which often happens +in society, the former moves off.</p> + +<p>Yesterday morning Batchelor called on me, and sat with +me for an hour, telling me all sorts of details concerning the +interior of Windsor and St. James’s. The King is well in +health, except that since last September he has been afflicted +with a complaint in his bladder, which both annoys and +alarms him very much. There is no appearance of stone or +gravel, but violent irritation, which is only subdued by +laudanum, and always returns when the effect of the opiate +is gone off. The laudanum, too, disagrees much with his +general health. He is attended by Sir Henry Holland, Brodie, +and O’Reilly. Sir A. Cooper, who did attend him, is not now +consulted, in consequence (Batchelor thinks) of some petty +intrigue in some quarter. This O’Reilly, who has gradually +insinuated himself into the King’s confidence, and by constantly +attending him at Windsor, and bringing him all the +gossip and tittle-tattle of the neighbourhood (being on the +alert to pick up and retail all he can for the King’s amusement), +has made himself necessary, and is not now to be +shaken off, to the great annoyance of Knighton, who cannot +bear him, as well as of all the other people about the King, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LADY CONYNGHAM.</span> +who hate him for his meddling, mischievous character, The +King’s <i>valets de chambre</i> sit up alternately, and as he sleeps +very ill he rings his bell every half-hour. He talks of everybody +and everything before his valets with great freedom, +except of politics, on which he never utters a word in their +presence, and he always sends them away when he sees anybody +or speaks on business of any kind. Batchelor thinks +that this new disorder is a symptom of approaching decay, +and that the King thinks so himself.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the influence of Knighton and that of +Lady Conyngham continue as great as ever; nothing can be +done but by their permission, and they understand one another +and play into each other’s hands. Knighton opposes every +kind of expense, except that which is lavished on her. The +wealth she has accumulated by savings and presents must be +enormous. The King continues to heap all kinds of presents +upon her, and she lives at his expense; they do not possess +a servant; even Lord Conyngham’s <i>valet de chambre</i> is not +properly their servant. They all have situations in the King’s +household, from which they receive their pay, while they +continue in the service of the Conynghams. They dine every +day while in London at St. James’s, and when they give a +dinner it is cooked at St. James’s and brought up to Hamilton +Place in hackney coaches and in machines made expressly +for the purpose; there is merely a fire lit in their +kitchen for such things as must be heated on the spot. At +Windsor the King sees very little of her except of an +evening; he lies in bed half the day or more, sometimes goes +out, and sometimes goes to her room for an hour or so in the +afternoon, and that is all he sees of her. A more despicable +scene cannot be exhibited than that which the interior of +our Court presents—every base, low, and unmanly propensity, +with selfishness, avarice, and a life of petty intrigue and +mystery.</p> + +<h3>May 16th, 1829</h3> + +<p>O’Connell attempted to take his seat last +night, but the business was put off till Monday. His case +is exceedingly well got up, but too long. There are many +opinions as to his right; many people think he has established +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +it (though he had failed to do so), that a Bill ought to be +brought in to enable him to take the new oaths. It was +supposed Government would take no part, but Peel’s speech +and the language of some of the Ministers are rather unfavourable +to him. Lord Grey, when he read the case, +thought his argument on the tenth clause of the Bill conclusive, +but when he examined the Bill he thought differently, +and that the context gives a different signification to the +words on which O’Connell relies. Tierney thinks otherwise, +and this they debated Bill in hand in Lady Jersey’s room +yesterday morning. O’Connell was in a great fright when +he went up to the table. He got through the necessary +forms in the Steward’s office by means of the Commissioners +whom Duncannon provided, and who were, I believe, Burdett +and Ebrington. He ought to be allowed to take his seat, +but probably he will not; it is a very hard +case.<a name="FNA_05_16" id="FNA_05_16" href="#FN_05_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +The Duke +of Orleans is come, and his son, the Duke of Chartres; the +latter was at the opera to-night in Prince Leopold’s box.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_16" id="FN_05_16" href="#FNA_05_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +[O’Connell was excluded from taking his seat as member for Clare, for +which he had been elected before the passing of the Relief Act, because it +was held that he was bound to take the oath which was required by law at +the time of his election, and not the oath imposed on Roman Catholics by +the recent statutes. He presented himself to be sworn at the table of the +House of Commons on the 15th of May, and there refused to take the former +oath, which was tendered to him by the Clerk. The House divided 100 to +116 against his admission without taking the oath of supremacy on the 18th; +Mr. O’Connell having previously been heard at the bar in person in support +of his claim.]</p></div> + +<h3>May 29th, 1829</h3> + +<p>O’Connell is said to have made a very good +speech at the bar of the House, and produced rather a favourable +impression. He has done himself this good, that whereas +it was pretty generally thought that he was likely to +fail in the House of Commons as a speaker, he has now +altered that impression. There is but one opinion as to the +wretched feeling of excluding him, but the saddle is put upon +the right horse, and though the Government are now obliged +to enforce the provisions of their own Bill, everybody knows +that the exclusion was the work of the King. O’Connell +goes back to Clare (as he says) sure of his election; there +will be a great uproar, but at present nobody expects any +opposition, and all deprecate a contest.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PRINCESS VICTORIA AT A CHILD’S BALL.</span> +Yesterday the King gave a dinner to the Dukes of +Orleans and Chartres, and in the evening there was a child’s +ball. It was pretty enough, and I saw for the first time the +Queen of +Portugal<a name="FNA_05_17" id="FNA_05_17" href="#FN_05_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +and our little Victoria. The Queen was +finely dressed, with a ribband and order over her shoulder, and +she sat by the King. She is good-looking and has a sensible +Austrian countenance. In dancing she fell down and hurt +her face, was frightened and bruised, and went away. The +King was very kind to her. Our little Princess is a short, +plain-looking child, and not near so good-looking as the +Portuguese. However, if nature has not done so much, +fortune is likely to do a great deal more for her. The King +looked very well, and stayed at the ball till two. There were +very few people, and neither Arbuthnot nor Mrs. A. were +asked. I suspect this is owing to what passed in the House +about opening the Birdcage Walk. It puts the King in a +fury to have any such thing mentioned, not having the +slightest wish to accommodate the public, though very +desirous of getting money out of their pockets.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_17" id="FN_05_17" href="#FNA_05_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +[Donna Maria II. da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, on the abdication of +her father, Don Pedro, succeeded to the throne on the 2nd of May, 1826. +She was born on the 4th of April, 1819, and was consequently but a few weeks +older than the Princess Victoria.]</p></div> + +<p>The day before yesterday there was a review for the Duke +of Orleans, and the Marquis of Anglesey, who was there at +the head of his regiment, contrived to get a tumble, but was +not hurt. Last night at the ball the King said to Lord +Anglesey, ‘Why, Paget, what’s this I hear? they say you rolled +off your horse at the review yesterday.’ The Duke as he left +the ground was immensely cheered, and the people thronged +about his horse and would shake hands with him. When +Lord Hill went to the King the day before to give him an account +of the intended review and the dispositions that had been +made, he said, ‘Hill, if I can throw my leg over your Shropshire +horse, don’t be surprised if you see me amongst you.’</p> + +<p>The new law appointments have just been announced, +and have created some +surprise.<a name="FNA_05_18" id="FNA_05_18" href="#FN_05_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_18" id="FN_05_18" href="#FNA_05_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +[The Attorney-General, Sir Charles Wetherell, had resigned in consequence +of his violent opposition to the Catholic Relief Bill, and was succeeded +by Sir James Scarlett (afterwards Lord Abinger). The Solicitor-General, +Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, was raised on the 9th of June to +the Chief Justiceship of the Common Pleas; and was succeeded in the +Solicitorship by Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden (afterwards Lord St. +Leonards). The vacancy in the Common Pleas was caused by the resignation +of Sir William Draper Best, who was created Lord Wynford for the +purpose of assisting the Chancellor with the judicial business of the House +of Lords.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 11th, 1829</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +I have been at Epsom for a week; the Duke +of Grafton, Lords Wilton, Jersey, and Worcester, Russell, +Anson, Irby, and myself took Down Hall for the races and +lived very well. Nothing particular has occurred. Lord +and Lady Ellenborough are separated, and he is supposed to +have behaved very handsomely to her. They say he does not +now know the whole story of her intrigue with Felix Schwarzenberg; +that hero is gone to the Russian army. All the +new appointments were declared when I was out of town, +and they excited some surprise and more disapprobation. +They have made Best a Peer, who is poor and has a family, +by which another poor peerage will be added to the list; +and he is totally unfit for the situation he is to fill—that of +Deputy-Speaker of the House of Lords, and to assist the +Chancellor in deciding Scotch causes, of which he knows +nothing whatever; and as the Chancellor knows nothing +either, the Scotch law is likely to be strangely administered +in that great court of appeal. They would have done +better to have made +Alexander<a name="FNA_05_19" id="FNA_05_19" href="#FN_05_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +a Peer, who is very old, understands +Equity Law, and has no children; but he knows very +little of Common Law (which Best is well versed in), and so +they keep him on the bench and put Best on the Woolsack. +Lord Rosslyn is Privy +Seal,<a name="FNA_05_20" id="FNA_05_20" href="#FN_05_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +and Scarlett Attorney-General, +which looks like a leaning towards the Whigs; but then +Trench and Lord Edward Somerset are put into the Ordnance; +George Bankes goes back to the India Board, and Government +supports him in his contest at Cambridge against +William Cavendish. This conduct is considered very unhandsome, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD PALMERSTON ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</span> +and Tierney, who was well disposed towards the +Government, told me yesterday that if the Duke did not +take care he thought he would get swamped with such doings, +that the way he went on was neither fish nor flesh, and he +would offend more people than he would conciliate. At +present there is no party, and if Government have no opponents +they have no great body of supporters on whom they +can depend; everything is in confusion—party, politics, and +all.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_19" id="FN_05_19" href="#FNA_05_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +[Sir William Alexander, then Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. +The Court of Exchequer still retained its Equity jurisdiction.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_20" id="FN_05_20" href="#FNA_05_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> +[Lord Rosslyn was considered to be a Whig, and Sir James Scarlett +was better known for the Liberal opinions he once professed than for the Tory +opinions he afterwards assumed.]</p></div> + +<p>The event of last week was Palmerston’s speech on the +Portuguese question, which was delivered at a late hour and +in an empty House, but which they say was exceedingly able +and eloquent. This is the second he has made this year of +great merit. It was very violent against Government. He +has been twenty years in office and never distinguished himself +before, a proof how many accidental circumstances are +requisite to bring out the talents which a man may possess. +The office he held was one of dull and dry detail, and he +never travelled out of it. He probably stood in awe of +Canning and others, and was never in the Cabinet; but +having lately held higher situations and having acquired +more confidence, and the great men having been removed +from the House of Commons by death or promotion, he has +launched forth, and with astonishing success. Lord Granville +told me he had always thought Palmerston was capable +of more than he did, and had told Canning so, who did not +believe it.</p> + +<p>Yesterday the King had his racing dinner, which was +more numerously attended and just as magnificent as that +he gave last year, but not half so gay and joyous. I believe +he had some gouty feeling and was in pain, for, contrary to +his usual custom, he hardly spoke, and the Duke of Richmond, +who sat next to him, told me that the little he did say was +more about politics than the turf, and he fancied that something +had annoyed him. He looked well enough, and was +very cheerful before dinner. When his health was drunk +‘as Patron of the Jockey Club, and many thanks to him for +condescending to accept that title,’ he made a speech, in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +which he said that ‘he was much gratified by our kindness, +and he could assure us that in withdrawing himself as he had +done from the Jockey Club he was not influenced by any +unkindness to any member of it, or any indifference to the +interests of the turf.’</p> + +<h3>June 24th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to Stoke for the Ascot races. There +was such a crowd to see the cup run for as never was seen +before. The King was very anxious and disappointed. I +bought the winner for +Chesterfield<a name="FNA_05_21" id="FNA_05_21" href="#FN_05_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +two hours before the race, +he having previously asked the King’s leave, which he gave +with many gracious expressions. I have set about making a +reconciliation between the King and Lord Sefton. Both are +anxious to make it up, but each is afraid to make the first advances. +However, Sefton must make them, and he will. The +cause of their quarrel is very old, and signifies little enough +now.... They have been at daggers drawn ever since, and +Sefton has revenged himself by a thousand jokes at the +King’s expense, of which his Majesty is well aware. Their +common pursuit, and a desire on the one side to partake of +the good things of the Palace, and on the other side to be +free from future pleasantries, has generated a mutual disposition +to make it up, which is certainly sensible. The King +has bought seven horses successively, for which he has given +11,300 guineas, principally to win the cup at Ascot, which +he has never accomplished. He might have had Zinganee, +but would not, because he fancied the Colonel would beat +him; but when that appeared doubtful he was very sorry not +to have bought him, and complained that the horse was not +offered to him. He is now extravagantly fond of Chesterfield, +who is pretty well bit by it. There is always a parcel of +eldest sons and Lords in possession invited to the Cottage +for the sake of Lady Maria Conyngham. The King likes to +be treated with great deference but without fear, and that +people should be easy with him, and gay, and listen well. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE COTTAGE.</span> +There was a grand consultation at the Cottage between the +King, Lieven, Esterhazy, and the Duke of Cumberland as +to the way in which the ladies should be placed at dinner, +the object being that Lady Conyngham should sit next to +his Majesty, though according to etiquette the two Ambassadresses +should sit one on each side of him. It was contrived +by the Duke of Cumberland taking out one of them +and sitting opposite, by which means the lovely Thais sat +beside him and he was happy.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_21" id="FN_05_21" href="#FNA_05_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> +[George Augustus, sixth Earl of Chesterfield, born in 1805, died in +1866. He married in 1830 Anne, daughter of Lord Forester. In 1829 he +was one of the most brilliant of the young men of fashion of that day, having +succeeded to a large rental and large accumulations in his minority.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 26th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I met Tierney and Lord Grey at dinner +yesterday; the former wanted to know what passed about +the King’s Speech at the Council at Windsor the other day. +I had heard nothing, not having been at the Council, but it +is believed that the Ministers had put in the Speech a sentence +expressive of satisfaction and sanguine hopes about +Ireland, and that at the last moment the King would not +agree to this; for after the Duke’s audience, which lasted +a good while, there was a Cabinet, and it is supposed they +knocked under, for the paragraph about Ireland is cold +enough. The Duke of Cumberland is thought to have +had a hand in all this, and to have persuaded the King +to be obstinate. We talked a great deal about the situation +of the Government and the state of the House of +Commons, and Tierney thinks that unless the Duke +strengthens himself he will not be able to go on; that +Rosslyn and Scarlett are of little use to him, and what +he wants is the support of those who will bring followers +in their train, such as Althorp, who has extensive connections, +enjoys consideration, and would be of real use +to him. There is a strong report that Althorp is to be +Chancellor of the Exchequer, Goulburn Speaker, and +Sutton<a name="FNA_05_22" id="FNA_05_22" href="#FN_05_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +a Peer. At present the Government is anything but strong, +but then there exists no party, nor is there any man of +ability and authority enough to make one. The Duke must +strengthen himself, and have recourse for the purpose either +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +to the Whigs or to Huskisson and his friends. These latter +he detests, and he knows they hate him and are his bitterest +enemies. The Whigs he would not dislike so much, but the +King is averse to have them, and the Duke is beset by his +old suspicion that they want to break up the Tory party and +make him dependent on themselves. At the same time, in +taking in Lord Rosslyn and Scarlett, he has made some advances +towards them, though Lord Grey is displeased at his not +having shown him more deference and communicated to him +his intentions about Rosslyn. Lord Rosslyn asked Lord Grey’s +advice as to accepting, and he advised him to take office, +explaining at the same time that he should not pledge himself +to support Government, though he was at present well +disposed to do so, and should be still more disposed when +Lord Rosslyn became a part of it. Tierney said it was very +lamentable that there should be such a deficiency of talent in +the rising generation, and remarkable how few clever young +men there are now in the House of Commons. The King +did not like Lord Rosslyn’s appointment; he hates all the +Whigs; indeed, he hates the best men of all parties, and +likes none but such as will be subservient to himself. So +little public spirit has he, and so much selfishness, that +he would rather his Government was weak than strong, that +they may be the more dependent upon him; though he only +wishes to be powerful in order to exercise the most puerile +caprices, gratify ridiculous resentments, indulge vulgar prejudices, +and amass or squander money; not one great object +connected with national glory or prosperity ever enters +his brain. I am convinced he would turn out the Duke to-morrow +if he could see any means of replacing him. I +don’t think I mentioned that when he talked of giving the +child’s ball Lady Maria Conyngham said, ‘Oh, do, it will be +so nice to see the <i>two little Queens</i> dancing together’ (the little +Queen of Portugal and the Princess Victoria), at which he +was beyond measure provoked.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_22" id="FN_05_22" href="#FNA_05_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> +[Right Hon. Manners Sutton, Speaker of the House of Commons. He +retained that office till 1835, when he was beaten on the great contest with +Mr. Abercromby, and raised to the peerage as Lord Canterbury.]</p></div> + +<h3>July 10th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I dined with the Duke of Wellington yesterday; +a very large party for Mesdames the Duchesse d’Escars +and Madame du Cayla; the first is the widow of the Duc +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MADAME DU CAYLA.</span> +d’Escars, who was Premier Maître d’Hôtel of Louis XVIII., +and who was said to have died of one of the King’s good +dinners, and the joke was, ‘Hier sa Majesté a eu une indigestion, +dont M. le Duc d’Escars est mort.’ Madame du +Cayla<a name="FNA_05_23" id="FNA_05_23" href="#FN_05_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> +is come over to prosecute some claim upon this +Government, which the Duke has discovered to be unfounded, +and he had the bluntness to tell her so as they were going +to dinner. She must have been good-looking in her youth; +her countenance is lively, her eyes are piercing, clear complexion, +and very handsome hands and arms; but the best +part about her seemed to be the magnificent pearls she wore, +though these are not so fine as Lady Conyngham’s. All +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +king’s mistresses seem to have a rage for pearls; I remember +Madame Narischkin’s were splendid. Madame du Cayla is +said to be very rich and clever.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_23" id="FN_05_23" href="#FNA_05_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> +[Madame du Cayla had been the <i>soi-disant</i> mistress of Louis XVIII., +or rather the favourite of his declining years. ‘Il fallait une Esther,’ to use +her own expression, ‘à cet Assuérus.’ She was the daughter of M. Talon, +brought up by Madam Campan, and an early friend of Hortense Beauharnais. +Her marriage to an officer in the Prince de Condé’s army was an +unhappy one; and she was left, deserted by her husband, in straitened circumstances. +After the assassination of the Duc de Berry, M. de la Rochefoucauld, +one of the leaders of the ultra-Royalist party, contrived to throw +her in the way of Louis XVIII., in the hope of counteracting the more +Liberal influence which M. de Cazes had acquired over the King. Madame +du Cayla became the hope and the mainstay of the altar and the throne. +The scheme succeeded. The King was touched by her grace and beauty, +and she became indispensable to his happiness. His happiness was said to +consist in inhaling a pinch of snuff from her shoulders, which were remarkably +broad and fair. M. de Lamartine has related the romance of her life +in the thirty-eighth book of his ‘Histoire de la Restauration,’ and Béranger +satirised her in the bitterest of his songs—that which bears the name of +‘Octavie’:—</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Sur les coussins où la douleur l’enchaîne<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Quel mal, dis-tu, vous fait ce roi des rois?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Vois-le d’un masque enjoliver sa haine<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Pour étouffer notre gloire et nos lois.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vois ce coeur faux, que cherchent tes caresses,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">De tous les siens n’aimer que ses aïeux;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Charger de fer les muses vengeresses,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Et par ses moeurs nous révéler ses dieux.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Peins-nous ces feux, qu’en secret tu redoutes,<br /></span> +<span class="i2"><i>Quand sur ton sein il cuve son nectar,</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ces feux dont s’indignaient les voûtes<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Où plane encor l’aigle du grand César.</span> +</div></div> +<p>It is curious that in 1829 the last mistress of a King of France should have +visited London under the reign of the last mistress of a King of England.]</p></div> + +<p>After dinner the Duke talked to me for a long time about +the King and the Duke of Cumberland, and his quarrel with +the latter. He began about the King’s making Lord Aberdeen +stay at the Cottage the other day when he had engaged +all the foreign Ambassadors to dine with him in London. +Aberdeen represented this to him, but his Majesty said ‘it +did not matter, he should stay, and the Ambassadors should +for once see that he was King of England.’ ‘He has no idea,’ +said the Duke, ‘of what a King of England ought to do, or +he would have known that he ought to have made Aberdeen +go and receive them, instead of keeping him there.’ He said +the King was very clever and amusing, but that with a surprising +memory he was very inaccurate, and constantly told +stories the details of which all his auditors must know to be +false. One day he was talking of the late King, and asserted +that George III. had said to himself, ‘Of all the men I +have ever known you are the one on whom I have the +greatest dependence, and you are the most perfect gentleman.’ +Another day he said ‘that he recollected the old +Lord Chesterfield, who once said to him, “Sir, you are the +fourth Prince of Wales I have known, and I must give your +Royal Highness one piece of advice: stick to your father; as +long as you adhere to your father you will be a great and +a happy man, but if you separate yourself from him you +will be nothing and an unhappy one;” and, by God (added +the King), I never forgot that advice, and acted upon it all +my life.’ ‘We all,’ said the Duke, ‘looked at one another with +astonishment.’ He is extremely clever and particularly ingenious +in turning the conversation from any subject he +does not like to discuss.</p> + +<p>‘I,’ added the Duke of Wellington, </p> +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em"> +‘remember calling +upon him the day he received the news of the battle of +Navarino. I was not a Minister, but Commander-in-Chief, +and after having told me the news he asked me what I +thought of it. I said that I knew nothing about it, was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON’S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.</span> +ignorant of the instructions that had been given to the +admiral, and could not give any opinion; but “one thing is +clear to me, that your Majesty’s ships have suffered very +much, and that you ought to reinforce your fleet directly, for +whenever you have a maritime force yours ought to be +superior to all others.” This advice he did not like; I saw +this, and he said, “Oh, the Emperor of Russia is a man of +honour,” and then he began talking, and went on to Venice, +Toulon, St. Petersburg, all over the Continent, and from one +place and one subject to another, till he brought me to +Windsor Castle. I make it a rule never to interrupt him, +and when in this way he tries to get rid of a subject in +the way of business which he does not like, I let him talk +himself out, and then quietly put before him the matter in +question, so that he cannot escape from it. I remember +when the Duke of Newcastle was going to Windsor with a +mob at his heels to present a petition (during the late discussions) +I went down to him and showed him the petition, +and told him that they ought to be prevented from coming. +He went off and talked upon every subject but that which I +had come about, for an hour and a half. I let him go on till +he was tired, and then I said, “But the petition, sir; here it +is, and an answer must be sent. I had better write to the +Duke of Newcastle and tell him your Majesty will receive it +through the Secretary of State; and, if you please, I will +write the letter before I leave the house.” This I did, +finished my business in five minutes, and went away with the +letter in my pocket. I know him so well that I can deal with +him easily, but anybody who does not know him, and who is +afraid of him, would have the greatest difficulty in getting +on with him. One extraordinary peculiarity about him is, +that the only thing he fears is ridicule. He is afraid of +nothing which is hazardous, perilous, or uncertain; on the +contrary, he is all for braving difficulties; but he dreads +ridicule, and this is the reason why the Duke of Cumberland, +whose sarcasms he dreads, has such power over him, +and Lord Anglesey likewise; both of them he hates in proportion +as he fears them.’ +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +I said I was very much, surprised +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +to hear this, as neither of these men were wits, or +likely to make him ridiculous; that if he had been afraid of +Sefton or Alvanley it could have been understood. ‘But,’ +rejoined the Duke,</p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +‘he never sees these men, and he does +not mind anybody he does not see; but the Duke of +Cumberland and Lord Anglesey he cannot avoid seeing, and +the fear he has of what they may say to him, as well as of +him, keeps him in awe of them. No man, however, knows +the Duke of Cumberland better than he does; indeed, all +I know of the Duke of Cumberland I know from him, +and so I told him one day. I remember asking him why +the Duke of Cumberland was so unpopular, and he said, +“Because there never was a father well with his son, or +husband with his wife, or lover with his mistress, or a +friend with his friend, that he did not try to make mischief +between them.” And yet he suffers this man to have constant +access to him, to say what he will to him, and often +acts under his influence.’ +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +I said, ‘You and the Duke of +Cumberland speak now, don’t you?’</p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +‘Yes, we speak. The +King spoke to me about it, and wanted me to make him an +apology. I told him it was quite impossible, “Why,” said +he, “you did not mean to offend the Duke of Cumberland, I +am sure.” “No, sir,” said I; “I did not wish to offend him, +but I did not say a word that I did not mean. When we meet +the Royal Family in society, they are our superiors, and we +owe them all respect, and I should readily apologise for +anything I might have said offensive to the Duke; but in the +House of Lords we are their peers, and for what I say there +I am responsible to the House alone.” “But,” said the +King, “he said you turned on him as if you meant to address +yourself to him personally.” “I did mean it, sir,” said I, +“and I did so because I knew that he had been here, that he +had heard things from your Majesty which he had gone and +misrepresented and misstated in other quarters, and knowing +that, I meant to show him that I was aware of it. I am sorry +that the Duke is offended, but I cannot help it, and I cannot +make him an apology.” ’</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Duke went on, </p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +‘I was so afraid he would tell the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKES OF WELLINGTON AND CUMBERLAND.</span> +Duke that I was sorry for what I had said, that I repeated +to him when I went away, “Now, sir, remember that I will +not apologise to the Duke, and I hope your Majesty will +therefore not convey any such idea to his mind.” However, +he spoke to him, I suppose, for the next time I met the Duke +he bowed to me. I immediately called on him, but he did +not return my visit. On a subsequent occasion [I forget what +he said it was] I called on him again, and he returned my +visit the same day.’</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Duke then talked of the letter which the Duke of +Cumberland had just written (as Grand Master of the Orange +Lodges) to Enniskillen, which he thought was published with +the most mischievous intentions. However, he said, </p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +‘I know not what he is at, but while I am conscious of going +on in a straightforward manner I am not afraid of him, or of +anything he can do,’ +</p></blockquote> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +which I was surprised to hear, because +it looked as if he was afraid of him. I asked him whether, +with all the cleverness he thought belonged to the King, he +evinced great acuteness in discussing matters of business, to +which he replied, ‘Oh, no, not at all, the worst judgment that +can be.’ This was not the first time I had heard the Duke’s +opinion of the King. I remember him saying something to +the Duke of Portland about him during the Queen’s trial +indicative of his contempt for him.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland, instead of returning +to Berlin, has sent for the Duchess and his son, and +means to take up his abode in this country, in hopes of prevailing +upon the King to dismiss his Ministers and make a +Government under his own auspices; but however weak the +Government may be, he will not succeed, for the King has an +habitual reliance upon the Duke [of Wellington] which overcomes +the mortification and dislike he feels at being dependent +upon him; and, besides, the materials do not exist out +of which a Government could be formed that would have the +support of the House of Commons. The great want which +this Administration experiences is that of men of sufficient +information and capacity to direct the complicated machinery +of our trade and finances and adjust our colonial differences. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +Huskisson, Grant, and Palmerston were the ablest men, and +the two first the best informed in the Government. Fitzgerald +knows nothing of the business of his office, still less +of the principles of trade; he is idle, but quick. Of Murray +I know nothing; he is popular in his office, but he has neither +the capacity nor the knowledge of Huskisson.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> +The Recorder’s report — Manners of George IV. — Intrigues of the Duke of +Cumberland — Insults Lady Lyndhurst — Deacon Hume at the Board of +Trade — Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the Lord Chancellor +— A Bad Season — Prostration of Turkey — France under Polignac +— State of Ireland — Mr. Windham’s Diary — George IV.’s Eyesight — +Junius — A Man without Money — Court-martial on Captain Dickinson — +The Duke and the ‘Morning Journal’ — Physical Courage of the King — +A Charade at Chatsworth — Huskisson and the Duke — Irish Trials — Tom +Moore — Scott — Byron — Fanny Kemble — Sir James Mackintosh — His +Conversation — Black Irishmen — Moore’s Irish Story — Moore’s Singing +— George IV. and Mr. Denman — Strawberry Hill — Moore at Trinity +College — Indian Vengeance at Niagara — Count Woronzow — Lord +Glengall’s Play — The Recorder’s Report. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>July 21st, 1829</h3> + +<p>There was a Council last Thursday, and the +heaviest Recorder’s report that was ever known, I believe; +seven people left for execution. The King cannot bear this, +and is always leaning to the side of mercy. Lord Tenterden, +however, is for severity, and the Recorder still more so. It +not unfrequently happens that a culprit escapes owing to +the scruples of the King; sometimes he put the question of +life or death to the vote, and it is decided by the voices of +the majority. The King came to town at one, and gave +audiences until half-past four. He received Madame du +Cayla, whom he was very curious to see. She told me afterwards +that she was astonished at his good looks, and seemed +particularly to have been struck with his ‘belles jambes et +sa perruque bien arrangée;’ and I asked her if she had ever +seen him before, and she said no, ‘mais que le feu Roi lui +en avait souvent parlé, et de ses belles manières, qu’en vérité +elle les avait trouvées parfaites.’ There was a reigning +Margrave of Baden waiting for an audience in the room we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +assembled in. Nobody took much notice of him, and when +the Duke spoke to him he bowed to the ground, bow after +bow; when he went away nobody attended him or opened +the door for him.</p> + +<h3>July 24th, 1829</h3> + +<p>The accounts from Ireland are very bad; +nothing but massacres and tumults, and all got up by the +Protestants, who desire nothing so much as to provoke the +Catholics into acts of violence and outrage. They want a +man of energy and determination who will cause the law to +be respected and impartially administered. If Lord Anglesey +was there, it is very probable these outrages would not have +taken place, but no one cares for such a man of straw as the +present Lord Lieutenant.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Cumberland is doing all he can to set the +King against the Duke; he always calls him ‘King Arthur,’ +which made the King very angry at first, and he desired he +would not, but he calls him so still, and the King submits. +He never lets any of the Royal Family see the King alone; +the Duchess of Gloucester complains bitterly of his conduct, +and the way in which he thrusts himself in when she is with +his Majesty. The other day Count Münster came to the +King, and the Duke of Cumberland was determined he +should not have a private audience, and stayed in the room +the whole time. He hates Lady Conyngham, and she him. +They put about that he has been pressed to stay here by the +King, which is not true; the King would much rather he +went away. The Duke of Wellington told me that he one +day asked the King when the Duke was going, and he said, +‘I am sick to death of the subject. I have been told he was +going fifty times, but when he goes, or whether he ever goes +at all, I have not the least idea.’ He is now very much +provoked because the King will not talk politics with him. +His Majesty wants to be quiet, and is tired of all the Duke’s +violence and his constant attacks.</p> + +<h3>August 8th, 1829</h3> + +<p>There is a story current about the Duke of +Cumberland and Lady Lyndhurst which is more true than +most stories of this kind. The Duke called upon her, and +grossly insulted her; on which, after a scramble, she rang +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">INTRIGUES OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.</span> +the bell. He was obliged to desist and to go away, but +before he did he said, ‘By God, madam, I will be the ruin +of you and your husband, and will not rest till I have +destroyed you both.’</p> + +<p>Vesey Fitzgerald has turned out the Chief Clerk in the +Board of Trade, and put in +Hume<a name="FNA_06_01" id="FNA_06_01" href="#FN_06_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +as Assistant Secretary. +He told me it was absolutely necessary, as nobody in the +Office knew anything of its business, which is, I believe, +very true, but as true of himself as of the rest. Hume is a +very clever man, and probably knows more of the principles +of trade and commerce than anybody, but so it is in every +department of Government—great ignorance on the part of +the chiefs, and a few obscure men of industry and ability +who do the business and supply the knowledge requisite, +<i>sic vos non vobis</i> throughout.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_01" id="FN_06_01" href="#FNA_06_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[Mr. Deacon Hume, a very able public servant. He remained at the +Board of Trade many years.]</p></div> + +<p>O’Connell was elected without opposition; he was more +violent and more popular than ever. They treat him with +every indignity, and then they complain of his violence; +besides, he must speak to the Irish in the strain to which +they have been used and which pleases them. Had he +never been violent, he would not be the man he is, and +Ireland would not have been emancipated.</p> + +<h3>August 18th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Last Saturday I came back from Goodwood, +and called on Lady Jersey, whom I found very +curious about a correspondence which she told me had taken +place between the Duke of Cumberland and the Chancellor +relative to a paragraph which had appeared in the ‘Age,’ +stating that his Royal Highness had been turned out of Lady +Lyndhurst’s house in consequence of having insulted her in +it. She said she was very anxious to see the letter, for she +heard that the Duke had much the best of it, and that the +Chancellor’s letter was evasive and Jesuitical. The next +day I was informed of the details of this affair. I found +that the Duke had called upon her and had been denied; +that he had complained half in jest, and half in earnest, to +the Chancellor of her not letting him in; that on a subsequent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +day he had called so early that no orders had been +given to the porter, and he was let in; that his manner +and his language had been equally brutal and offensive; that +he afterwards went off upon politics, and abused the whole +Administration, and particularly the Chancellor, and after +staying two or three hours, insulting and offending her in +every way, he took himself off. Soon after he met her somewhere +in the evening, when he attacked her again. She +treated him with all possible indignation, and would have +nothing to say to him.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I met the Chancellor at the Castle at a +Council. He took me aside, and said that he wished to tell me +what had passed, and to show me the correspondence. He +then began, and said that after the Duke’s visit Lady L. had +told the Chancellor of his abuse of him and the Government, +but had suppressed the rest, thinking it was better not to +tell him, as it would put him in a very embarrassing position, +and contenting herself with saying she would never receive +the Duke again upon the other grounds, which were quite +sufficient; but that some time after reports reached her +from various quarters (Lord Grey, Lord Durham, Lord +Dudley, and several others) that the Duke went about +talking of her in the most gross and impertinent manner. +Upon hearing this, she thought it right to tell the Chancellor +the other part of his conduct which she had hitherto concealed, +and this she did in general terms, viz. that he had +been very insolent and made an attack upon her. The +Chancellor was exceedingly incensed, but he said after much +consideration he thought it better to let the matter drop; a +long time had elapsed since the offence was committed; all +communication had ceased between all the parties; and he +felt the ridicule and inconvenience of putting himself (holding +the high office he did) in personal collision with a Royal +Duke, besides the annoyance which it would be to Lady +Lyndhurst to become publicly the subject of such a quarrel. +There, then, he let the matter rest, but about a fortnight +ago he received a letter from the Duke enclosing a newspaper +to this effect, as well as I can recollect it, for I was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.</span> +obliged to read the letter in such a hurried way that I could +not bring the exact contents away with me, though I am +sure I do not err in stating their sense:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>‘My Lord,—I think it necessary to enclose to your Lordship +a newspaper containing a paragraph which I have +marked, and which relates to a pretended transaction in +your Lordship’s house. I think it necessary and proper to +contradict this statement, which I need not say is a gross +falsehood, and I wish, therefore, to have the authority of +Lady Lyndhurst for contradicting it.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: 50%;">‘I am, my Lord, yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right; font-variant: small-caps;">‘Ernest.’</p></blockquote> + +<p>This was the sense of the letter, though it was not so +worded; it was civil enough. The Chancellor answered:—‘The +Lord Chancellor with his duty begs to acknowledge +the favour of your Royal Highness’s letter. The Lord +Chancellor had never seen the paragraph to which your +Royal Highness alludes, and which he regards with the +most perfect indifference, considering it as one of that series +of calumnies to which Lady Lyndhurst has been for some +time exposed from a portion of the press, and which she has +at length learnt to regard with the contempt they deserve.’ +He said that he thought it better to let the matter drop, +and he wrote this answer by way of waiving any discussion +on the subject, and that the Duke might contradict the paragraph +himself if he chose to do so. To this the Duke wrote +again:—‘My Lord,—I have received your Lordship’s answer, +which is not so explicit as I have a right to expect. I repeat +again that the statement is false and scandalous, and I have +a right to require Lady Lyndhurst’s sanction to the contradiction +which I think it necessary to give to it.’ This letter +was written in a more impertinent style than the other. +On the receipt of it the Chancellor consulted the Duke of +Wellington, and the Duke suggested the following answer, +which the Chancellor sent:—‘The Lord Chancellor has had +the honour of receiving your Royal Highness’s letter of +——. The Lord Chancellor does not conceive it necessary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +to annoy Lady Lyndhurst by troubling her upon the subject, +and with what relates to your Royal Highness the Lord +Chancellor has no concern whatever; but with regard to +that part which states that your Royal Highness had been +excluded from the Lord Chancellor’s house, there could +be no question that the respect and grateful attachment +which both the Chancellor and Lady Lyndhurst felt to their +Sovereign made it impossible that any brother of that +Sovereign should ever be turned out of his house.’ To this +the Duke wrote another letter, in a very sneering and +impertinent tone in the third person, and alluding to the +<i>loose reports</i> which had been current on the subject, and +saying that ‘the Chancellor might have his own reasons for +not choosing to speak to Lady Lyndhurst on the subject;’ to +which the Chancellor replied that ‘he knew nothing of any +loose reports, but that if there were any, in whatever quarter +they might have originated, which went to affect the conduct +of Lady Lyndhurst in the matter in question, they were +most false, foul, and calumnious.’ So ended the correspondence; +all these latter expressions were intended to apply +to the Duke himself, who is the person who spread the <i>loose +reports</i> and told the lies about her. When she first denied +him, she told Lord Bathurst of it, who assured her she had +done quite right, and that she had better never let him in, for +if she did he would surely invent some lies about her. Last +Sunday week the Chancellor went down to Windsor, and +laid the whole correspondence before the King, who received +him very well, and approved of what he had done; but of +course when he saw the Duke of Cumberland and heard his +story, he concurred in all his abuse of the Chancellor. I +think the Chancellor treated the matter in the best way the +case admitted of. Had he taken it up, he must have +resigned his office and called the Duke out, and what a +mixture of folly and scandal this would have been, and how +the woman would have suffered in it all!</p> + +<h3>August 22nd, 1829</h3> + +<p>The day before yesterday Sir Henry Cooke +called on me, and told me that he came on the part of the +Duke of Cumberland, who had heard that I had seen the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.</span> +correspondence, and that I had given an account of it which +was unfavourable to him, that his Royal Highness wished +me, therefore, to call on him and hear his statement of the +facts. Cooke then entered into the history, and told me that +it was he who had originally acquainted the Duke with the +reports which were current about him, and had advised him +to contradict them, but that he had not found any opportunity +of taking it up till this paragraph appeared in the ‘Age’ +newspaper; that the Duke had given him an account of what +had passed, which was that Lady Lyndhurst had begged him +to call upon her, then to dine with her, and upon every +occasion had encouraged him. I heard all he had to say, +but declined calling on the Duke. As I wished, however, +that there should be no misrepresentation in what I said on +the subject, I wrote a letter to Cooke, to be laid before the +Duke, in which I gave an account of the circumstances +under which I had been concerned in the business, stating +that I had not expressed any opinion of the conduct of the +parties, and that I did not wish to be in any way mixed up +in it. After I had seen Cooke I went to the Chancellor and +read my letter to him. I found he had not shown the King +the two last letters that had passed; and as Cooke had told +me that the Duke meant to go to Windsor the next day and +lay the whole correspondence before the King, the Chancellor +immediately sent off a messenger with the two letters +which the King had not seen. The Chancellor has since +circulated the correspondence among his friends, but with +rather too undignified a desire to submit his conduct to the +judgment of a parcel of people who only laugh at them both, +and are amused with the gossip and malice of the thing.</p> + +<h3>August 25th, 1829</h3> + +<p>I came to town from Stoke yesterday +morning, and found a palavering letter from Cooke, returning +mine, saying that the Duke was quite satisfied, and saw that +it would be useless to have an interview with me; that he had +persuaded his Royal Highness to drop the whole affair; and +ended with many protestations of respect for the Chancellor +and the purity of his own motives in meddling with the +matter. I sent his letter to the Chancellor, together with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> +my own, that he might show them both to the Duke of Wellington.</p> + +<p>Melbourne, who is a pretty good judge of Irish affairs, +thinks that Government will probably be under the necessity +of adopting strong coercive measures there; but whether +they are adopted, or a temporary policy of expedients persisted +in, nobody is there fit to advise what is requisite. The +Duke of Northumberland is an absolute nullity, a bore beyond +all bores, and, in spite of his desire to spend money and be +affable, very unpopular. The Duchess complains of it and +can’t imagine why, for they do all they can to be liked, but +all in vain.</p> + +<h3>August 28th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Stoke since Tuesday for the Egham +races; Esterhazy, Alvanley, Montrond, Mornay, B. Craven, +&c. The King came to the races one day (the day I was +not there) in excellent health. The weather exceeds everything +that ever was known—a constant succession of gales of +wind and tempests of rain, and the sun never shining. The +oats are not cut, and a second crop is growing up, that has +been shaken out of the first. Everybody contemplates with +dismay the approach of winter, which will probably bring +with it the overthrow of the Corn Laws, for corn must be at +such a price as to admit of an immense importation. So +much for our domestic prospect here, to say nothing of +Ireland.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the Sultan with his firmness has brought +the Russians to the gates of Constantinople, and not a soul +doubts that they are already there, or that they will be +directly; there is nothing to resist either Diebitsch or Paskiewitch. +Esterhazy talks of it as certain, and so unaccountable +does it seem that Austria should have been a passive +spectator of the Russian victories, that a strong notion prevails +that Metternich has made his bargain with them, and +that in the impending partition Austria is to have her +share. Still more extraordinary does it appear that the Duke, +from whom vigour and firmness might have been expected, +should not have interfered. That cursed treaty of the 6th of +July, and the subsequent battle of Navarino, which were intended +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">RUSSIA AND TURKEY.</span> +to give us a right to arrest the ambition of Russia, have +been rendered nugatory by the obstinacy of the Turks on the +one hand, and the perpetual changes of Administration here +and in France, which have prevented any steady and consistent +course of policy from being followed; while the Russians, +availing themselves of both these circumstances, have pushed +on with singleness of purpose and great vigour of execution. +It is quite impossible now to foresee the end of all this, but +the elements are abroad of as fine disturbances as the most +restless can desire.</p> + +<p>France is probably too much occupied with her own +affairs to pay much attention to those of Turkey, nor is it +clear that the French would much regret any event which +tended to impair our commercial greatness. So busy are the +French with their own politics, that even the milliners have +left off making caps. Lady Cowper told me to-day that +Madame Maradan complained that she could get no bonnets, +&c., from Paris; for they would occupy themselves with nothing +but the change of +Administration.<a name="FNA_06_02" id="FNA_06_02" href="#FN_06_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +Nothing can exceed +the violence that prevails; the King does nothing but +cry. Polignac is said to have the fatal obstinacy of a martyr, +the worst sort of courage of the <i>ruat cœlum</i> sort. Aberdeen +said at dinner at Madame de Lieven’s the other day that he +thought him a very clever man; and that the Duke of Wellington +went still further, for he said that he was the ablest +man France had had since the Restoration. I remember +him well when he was courting his first wife, Archy Macdonald’s +sister; and if being first a prisoner, then an emigrant, +then a miser, and now a saint can make him a good +Minister, he may be one.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_02" id="FN_06_02" href="#FNA_06_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[The Polignac Ministry took office on the 8th of August.]</p></div> + +<h3>August 31st, 1829</h3> + +<p>The Duke, the Chancellor, and Privy Seal +came from Walmer to-day for a Cabinet; and Esterhazy, +who was to have dined with me, sent word that as he had received +a courier this morning, and was obliged to send off +Dietrichstein this evening, he could not come. It is said +that Sir Frederick Gordon has sent word that the Turks are +frightened and wish to treat, but probably it is now too late.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +Last night news came that Villa Flor had routed Miguel’s +expedition against Terceira, and at the same time the little +Queen is embarking with the Empress for the Brazils. This +probably comes too late; some time ago it might have been +of some use. Miguel will probably be recognised by this +country, and then the game is up. I have long been convinced +that the Duke meant eventually to acknowledge +Miguel, or he would not have tolerated Beresford’s conduct. +If Lamb is to be believed, Beresford was secretly in it all.</p> + +<p>I met the Chancellor this morning, who gave me back my +letter and Cooke’s answer. He said, ‘There are other reports +afloat now, I hear.’ I said, ‘What? I have heard none.’ ‘Oh,’ +he said, ‘on public matters, and they are put about by that +blackguard,’ meaning the Duke of Cumberland. I suppose +he alludes to changes in the Government, but I have heard +of none; they are, in fact, kept in hot water by this fellow’s +activity, though I think he cannot do the mischief he would, +like.</p> + +<p>From what I hear, it is probable that Lord William +Bentinck will be speedily recalled from India. His measures +are of too Liberal a cast to suit the taste of the present +Government. The Duke has never liked him, not since the +war in Spain, when he did not behave quite well to Lord +William, and he seldom forgets old animosities; besides, he +cannot bear anybody who takes a line of their own.</p> + +<p>Lord Ellenborough, strong in the concurrence of the Duke, +is inclined to be insolent in his tone to Lord William, which, +I take it, he will not stand. The Duke looks upon Lord +William as a hasty, imprudent man, with bad judgment, and +I am not sure that he is very wrong. He has made himself +popular by the affability and <i>bonhomie</i> of his manner, his +magnificence and hospitality, and the liberal and generous +character of his political opinions, but he is far from a +clever man, and I suspect his judgment is very indifferent.</p> + +<p>I hear from Ireland that Doherty conducts the trial of +the policeman with consummate skill; the object was that +the trial should appear fair, and that the men should be +acquitted. They were acquitted, and the people were furious. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MR. WINDHAM’S DIARY.</span> +There is excitement enough in that wretched country, and +every effort is made to keep it up at its highest pitch; the +press on each side teems with accusations and invectives, and +the Protestants strain every nerve to inflame the spirit of +rancorous fury which distinguished the Brunswickers before +the Catholic question was carried, and to provoke the Catholics +to overt acts of violence. Both sides are to blame, but the +Protestants the most. George Villiers wrote me word of a +crime that has been perpetrated, the most atrocious I ever +heard of.... The country in which such an abomination +was perpetrated should be visited with the fate of Sodom +and Gomorrah. The arm of justice is too slow; public indignation +should deal out a rapid and a terrible vengeance.</p> + +<h3>September 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>There is a strong report that the Turks +want to treat, and the proclamation of Diebitsch looks as if +the Russians were ready to make peace. There is also a +hope that the Russian army may have been too bold, and +finds itself in a scrape by having advanced too far from its +resources, but the former notion is the most likely of the +two. Three or four sail of the line are ordered out to the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I went with Amyot to his house, where he +showed me a part of Windham’s diary; there are twenty-eight +little volumes of it, begun in 1784, when he was thirty-four +years old, and continued irregularly till his death; it +seems to be written very freely and familiarly, and is probably +a correct picture of the writer’s mind. I only read a +few pages, which were chiefly notices of his moving about, +where he dined, the company he met, and other trifles, often +very trifling and sometimes not very decent; it abounds with +expressions of self-reproach for idleness, breach of resolutions, +and not taking care of his health; talks of the books +he reads and means to read, and constantly describes the +state of spirits he is in. There is a paper containing an +account of his last interview with Johnson, shortly before +Johnson died; he says that he told Johnson how much he +reproached himself for not having lived more in his society, +and that he had often resolved to be with him as much as he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> +could, but that his not having done so was a proof of the +fallacy of our resolutions, that he regretted. In Windham’s +diary are several Johnsoniana, after the manner of Boswell, +only much shorter, his opinions on one or two subjects briefly +given, some quotations and criticisms. I was much struck +with his criticisms on Virgil, whom he seems to have held +in great contempt, and to have regarded as inferior to Ovid. +He says, ‘Take away his imitation of Homer, and what do you +leave him?’ Of Homer his admiration was unbounded, although +he says that he never read the whole of the ‘Odyssey’ +in the original, but that everything which is most admirable +in poetry is to be found in Homer. I care the less about remembering +these things because they will probably appear in +print before +long.<a name="FNA_06_03" id="FNA_06_03" href="#FN_06_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_03" id="FN_06_03" href="#FNA_06_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[A selection from Mr. Windham’s journals was published by Mrs. +Henry Baring in 1866. The Johnsoniana had previously been published by +Mr. Croker in his edition of Boswell’s ‘Life of Johnson.’]</p></div> + +<p>Windham told Johnson that he regretted having omitted +to talk to him of the most important of all subjects on which +he had often doubted. Johnson said, ‘You mean natural +and revealed religion,’ and added that the historical evidences +of Christianity were so strong that it was not possible to +doubt its truth, that we had not so much evidence that +Cæsar died in the Capitol as that Christ died in the manner +related in the Bible; that three out of four of the Evangelists +died in attestation of their evidence, that the same +evidence would be considered irresistible in any ordinary +historical case. Amyot told me, as we were coming along, +that Windham had questioned Johnson about religion, having +doubts, and that Johnson had removed them by this declaration: +if, then, the commonest and hundred times repeated +arguments were sufficient to remove such doubts as were +likely to occur to a mind like Windham’s, it may be counted +a miracle, for I am sure, in the ordinary affairs of life, Windham +would not have been so easily satisfied. It has always +appeared to me questionable whether Johnson was a believer +(I mean whether his clear and unbiassed judgment was satisfied) +in Christianity; he evidently dreaded and disliked the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AND THE ‘MORNING JOURNAL.’</span> +subject, and though he would have been indignant had anybody +hinted that he had doubts, his nervous irritation at any +religious discussion betokened a mind ill at ease on the subject. +I learnt one thing from Windham’s diary which I put +into immediate practice, and that is, to write mine on one +side only, and leave the other for other matters connected +with the text; it is more convenient certainly.</p> + +<h3>September 16th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to Brighton on Saturday last to +pay Lady Jersey a visit and shoot at Firle. Jersey and I +shot 376 rabbits, the greatest number that had ever been +killed on the hills. The scenery is very fine—a range of +downs looking on one side over the sea, and on the other +over a wide extent of rich flat country. It is said that Firle +is the oldest park in England. It belongs to Lord Gage.</p> + +<p>I heard at Brighton for the first time of the Duke of +Wellington’s prosecution of the ‘Morning Journal,’ which +was announced by the paper itself in a paragraph quite as +scurrilous as those for which it is attacked. It seems that +he has long made up his mind to this measure, and that he +thinks it is a duty incumbent on him, which I do not see, +and it appears to me to be an act of great folly. He stands +much too high, has performed too great actions, and the +attacks on him were too vulgar and vague to be under the +necessity of any such retaliatory measure as this, and he +lowers his dignity by entering into a conflict with such an +infamous paper, and appearing to care about its abuse. I +think the Chancellor was right, and that he is wrong. There +is a report that the King insists upon the Duke of Cumberland +being Commander-in-Chief, and it is extraordinary how +many people think that he will succeed in turning out the +Duke. Lord Harrington died while I was at Brighton, and +it is supposed that the Duke of Cumberland will try and get +the Round +Tower,<a name="FNA_06_04" id="FNA_06_04" href="#FN_06_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +but probably the King will not like to +establish him so near himself. The King has nearly lost +his eyesight, and is to be couched as soon as his eyes are in +a proper state for the operation. He is in a great fright +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +with his father’s fate before him, and indeed nothing is more +probable than that he will become blind and mad too; he is +already a little of both. It is now a question of appointing +a Private Secretary, and Knighton, it is supposed, would be +the man; but if he is to abstain from all business, there +would seem to be no necessity for the appointment, as he +will be as little able to do business with his Private Secretary +as with his Minister.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_04" id="FN_06_04" href="#FNA_06_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +Lord Conyngham got the Round Tower, and Lord Combermere the +regiment—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>I have been living at Fulham at Lord Wharncliffe’s villa +for six or seven weeks; I have lived here in idleness and +luxury, giving dinners, and wasting my time and my money +rather more than usual. I have read next to nothing since +I have been here; I am ashamed to think how little—in +short, a most unprofitable life.</p> + +<h3>September 23rd, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Fulham till Friday, when I came +to town. Went to Stoke on Saturday, and returned yesterday; +old Lady Salisbury, Giles, E. Capel, and Conroy. +There is always something to be learnt from everybody, if +you touch them on the points they know. Giles told me +about the letter to his sister written by +Francis,<a name="FNA_06_05" id="FNA_06_05" href="#FN_06_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +and which +was supposed to have afforded another proof that he was +Junius. Many years ago Francis was in love with his sister, +Mrs. King (at Bath), and one day she received an anonymous +letter, enclosing a copy of verses. The letter said that the +writer had found the verses, and being sure they were meant +for her, had sent them to her. The verses were in Francis’ +handwriting, the envelope in a feigned hand. When the +discussion arose about Francis being Junius, Giles said to +his sister one day, ‘If you have kept those verses which +Francis wrote to you many years ago at Bath, it would be +curious to examine the handwriting and see if it corresponds +with that of Junius.’ She found the envelope and verses, +and, on comparing them, the writing of the envelope was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">A MAN WITHOUT MONEY.</span> +identical with that of Junius as published in Woodfall’s +book.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_05" id="FN_06_05" href="#FNA_06_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[Sir Philip Francis, the reputed author of the ‘Letters of Junius.’ +This anecdote has since been verified with great minuteness by Mr. Twisleton +in his researches on the authorship of ‘Junius.’ The copy of verses +and the envelope in a feigned hand are still in existence. I have seen them. +The feigned hand appears to be identical with that of Junius.]</p></div> + +<p>Old Creevey is rather an extraordinary character. I know +nothing of the early part of his history, but I believe he was +an attorney or barrister; he married a widow, who died a +few years ago; she had something, he nothing; he got into +Parliament, belonged to the Whigs, displayed a good deal of +shrewdness and humour, and was for some time very troublesome +to the Tory Government by continually attacking +abuses. After some time he lost his seat, and went to live +at Brussels, where he became intimate with the Duke of +Wellington. Then his wife died, upon which event he was +thrown upon the world with about 200ℓ. a year or less, no +home, few connections, a great many acquaintance, a good +constitution, and extraordinary spirits. He possesses nothing +but his clothes, no property of any sort; he leads a vagrant +life, visiting a number of people who are delighted to have +him, and sometimes roving about to various places, as fancy +happens to direct, and staying till he has spent what money +he has in his pocket. He has no servant, no home, no +creditors; he buys everything as he wants it at the place he +is at; he has no ties upon him, and has his time entirely at +his own disposal and that of his friends. He is certainly a +living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly +poor, or rather without riches, for he suffers none of +the privations of poverty and enjoys many of the advantages +of wealth. I think he is the only man I know in society who +possesses nothing.</p> + +<p>Captain Dickinson’s +trial<a name="FNA_06_06" id="FNA_06_06" href="#FN_06_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +ended last week, with a +sentence which was levelled against Codrington, and which +called the charges groundless, frivolous, and vexatious. It +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> +is generally thought that this sentence might have been +spared, though the acquittal was proper; that Codrington +behaved very foolishly, and in ever mentioning the round +robin after he had forgiven it, very inexcusably; but that, +on the other hand, the Admiralty had displayed a spirit of +hostility and rancour against him which is very disgusting, +and that Blackwood was sent down to the court-martial for +the express purpose of bullying and thwarting him. I saw +him after the sentence; he seemed annoyed, but said that +such a sentence made it necessary the matter should not +stop there, and that it must be taken up in Parliament. I +cannot see what he is to gain by that; he may prove that the +Ministry of that day (which was not the Duke’s) behaved +very ill, but that has nothing to do with the court-martial.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_06" id="FN_06_06" href="#FNA_06_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +[Captain Dickinson fought the ‘Genoa’ at the battle of Navarino after +Captain Bathurst, the commander of the ship, was killed. A quarrel afterwards +took place between him and Sir Edward Codrington, and Dickinson +was tried by court-martial for not making proper use of the springs ordered +by the Admiral to be placed on the anchors, the consequence of which was +that her broadside was not directed against the enemy, but fired into the +‘Albion.’ Captain Dickinson was honourably acquitted of all the charges, +and it was proved that Sir Edward Codrington’s recollection of what had +passed was inaccurate in some particulars.]</p></div> + +<p>The whole press has risen up in arms against the Duke’s +prosecution of the ‘Morning Journal,’ which appears to me, +though many people think he is right, a great act of weakness +and passion. How can such a man suffer by the attacks +of such a paper, and by such attacks, the sublime of the +ridiculous?—‘that he is aiming at the Crown, but <i>we</i> shall +take care that he does not succeed in this.’ The idea of the +Duke of Wellington seeking to make himself King, and his +ambition successfully resisted by the editor of a newspaper, +‘flogs’ any scene in the ‘Rehearsal.’ I saw the Duke +yesterday morning; he was just come from Doncaster, where +he told me he had been very well received. He was with +Chesterfield, who was to have had a large party. Afterwards +I rode with him, and he took me to see his house, which is +now excellent. He told me that both the King’s eyes were +affected, the left the most, and that he would have the +operation performed when they were fit for it; he said that +the King never evinced any fear upon these occasions, that +he was always perfectly cool, and neither feared operations +or their possible consequences; that he remembered when +he had a very painful and dangerous operation performed +some time ago upon his head, that he was not the least +nervous about it, nor at all afraid of dying, for they told him +that he would very likely not recover. I said, ‘Then, after +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHATSWORTH.</span> +all, perhaps he who has the reputation of being a coward +would prove a very brave man if circumstances occasioned +his showing what he is.’ He said, ‘Very likely;’ that he +seemed to have but one fear, that of ridicule: he cannot bear +the society of clever men, for fear of ridicule; he cannot +bear to show himself in public, because he is afraid of the +jokes that may be cut on his person.</p> + +<p>In the evening I met Matuscewitz, who is all glorious at +the Russian successes. He, Montrond, and I talked the +matter over, and he said that they should make peace, but +of course (I had said, ‘Vous serez modestes, n’est-ce pas?’) +they should profit by circumstances; that the Allied +Ministers would not be permitted to interfere, and they +should grant such terms as they pleased without consulting +them. This was a +lie,<a name="FNA_06_07" id="FNA_06_07" href="#FN_06_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +for Bandinell had told me in the +morning that the negotiations were going on in concert +with the Ambassadors of the Allies.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_07" id="FN_06_07" href="#FNA_06_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +It was not a lie though after all, for I don’t believe the Allied +Ministers had any concern in the matter. (December 5th.)—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<h3>November 4th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Left London the last week in September, +and, after visiting at several country houses, slept at Harborough, +and went to Bretby to breakfast; got there at twelve +and found nobody up. In process of time they came down +to breakfast, the party consisting of the Chancellor and Lady +Lyndhurst, the Worcesters, Mrs. Fox, and Williams, the +chaplain, and his wife. I saw very little of the place, which +seems pretty, but not large; a very large unfinished house. +I stayed two or three hours, and went on to +Chatsworth,<a name="FNA_06_08" id="FNA_06_08" href="#FN_06_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +where I arrived just as they were going to dinner, but was +not expected, and so there was no room at the table. The +party was immense; 40 people sat down to dinner every day, +and about 150 servants in the steward’s room and servants’ +hall; there were the Lievens, Cowpers, Granvilles, Wharncliffes, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> +Granthams, Wiltons, Stanleys, Belfasts, Newboroughs, +Dawsons, Matuscewitz, Clanwilliams, G. Anson, H. de Ros, +&c. Nothing could be more agreeable from the gaiety of +numbers and the entire liberty which prevails; all the +resources of the house—horses, carriages, keepers, &c.—are +placed at the disposal of the guests, and everybody does +what they like best. In the evening they acted charades or +danced, and there was plenty of whist and <i>écarté</i> high and +low. It was in the middle of that party that news came of +the negotiations being begun between the Russians and +Turks,<a name="FNA_06_09" id="FNA_06_09" href="#FN_06_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +and I received a letter from Robert Grosvenor, +which Madame de Lieven was ready to devour, and she was +very angry that I would not let her see the whole of it. Our +Russians were of course triumphant, and the Princess’s good +humour was elevated to rapture by a very pretty compliment +which was paid her in the shape of a charade, admirably +got up as a <i>pièce de circonstance</i>, and which has since made +some noise in the world. The word was Constantinople, +which was acted: <i>Constant</i>, Penelope and the suitors; <i>Inn</i>, +a tavern scene; and <i>Opal</i>, the story in ‘Anne of Geierstein.’ +The whole represented the Divan, the arrival of Diebitsch’s +Ambassadors, a battle between the Turks and Russians, the +victory of the latter, and ended by Morpeth as Diebitsch +laying a crown of laurel at Madame de Lieven’s feet. She +was enchanted, and of course wrote off an account of it to +the Empress. The whole thing is abused as a <i>bassesse</i> by +her enemies, but it was very amusing, and in the Duke’s +house, who is a friend of the Emperor, a not unbecoming +compliment.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_08" id="FN_06_08" href="#FNA_06_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +[The hospitality of Chatsworth in the lifetime of William Spencer +Cavendish, sixth Duke of Devonshire, was princely. The Duke of Portland, +Mr. Greville’s grandfather, married Dorothy, only daughter of +William, fourth Duke of Devonshire, from whom Mr. Greville derived his +second name of Cavendish. He was therefore second cousin of the sixth +Duke and of Lady Granville and Lady Carlisle.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_09" id="FN_06_09" href="#FNA_06_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[The negotiations for the peace of Adrianople, which terminated the +Russo-Turkish war.]</p></div> + +<p>I returned to Newmarket on the 11th of October. At +the end of the week I had a fall from my horse, which confined +me to my room for ten days. The Arbuthnots were at +Newmarket, having come from Sudbourne, where Lord +Hertford had brought the Duke and Huskisson together. +Nothing seems to have passed between them beyond the +common civilities of society, but Huskisson has suffered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">IRISH TRIALS.</span> +greatly from a universal opinion that the meeting was +sought by him for the purpose of re-ingratiating himself +with the Duke, and, if possible, getting into office on any +terms. It is a proof of the low estimation in which his +character is held even by those who rate his talents the +highest that all his former political adherents think this of +him. With such a reputation his political efficacy never +can be great again. There was a strong report that he +was to join the Government, which is now dying away. +The Duke is very fortunate, for his most formidable opponents +always do something to lower their own characters +and render themselves as little formidable to him as possible.</p> + +<p>The trials in Ireland are just over, and the Government +have been defeated, which I find they think may be productive +of very important consequences to the peace of the +country. The obstinacy of one man, who held out against +the other eleven, in the second batch of conspirators who were +tried, obliged them at length to dismiss the jury, and the +prisoners will be tried at the next assizes; the others were +acquitted, though the evidence against them was the same +as that on which Leary, &c., were convicted. The exertions +of O’Connell, who appears to have acted with great ability, +produced this result. The Government say, of course, that +he has acted very ill, but as the Judge, at the conclusion of +the trial, said publicly that the defence had been conducted +with perfect regard to the due administration of the laws, +we may conclude that while he availed himself of every +advantage, he did not overstep the legitimate duty of an +advocate to his client. It is, however, agreed on all hands, +notwithstanding these excesses, that the state of the country +is improving, and the Emancipation Bill producing fresh +benefits every day.</p> + +<h3>November 9th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Dined to-day with Byng and met Tom +Moore, who was very agreeable; he told us a great deal about +his forthcoming ‘Life of Byron.’ He is nervous about it; +he is employed in conjunction with Scott and Mackintosh to +write a history of England for one of the new publications like +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> +the Family +Library.<a name="FNA_06_10" id="FNA_06_10" href="#FN_06_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +Scott is to write Scotland, Mackintosh +England, and Moore Ireland; and they get 1,000ℓ. apiece; +but Scott could not compress his share into one volume, so he +is to have 1,500ℓ. The republication of Scott’s works will +produce him an enormous fortune; he has already paid off +30,000ℓ. of the Constable bankruptcy debt, and he is to pay +the remaining 30,000ℓ. very soon. A new class of readers is +produced by the Bell and Lancaster schools, and this is the +cause of the prodigious and extensive sale of cheap publications. +Moore had received a letter from Madame de Guiccioli +to-day; he says she is not handsome. Byron’s exploits, +especially at Venice, seem to have been marvellous. Moore +said he wrote with extraordinary rapidity, but his corrections +were frequent and laborious. When he wrote the +address for the opening of Drury Lane Theatre, he corrected +it repeatedly.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_10" id="FN_06_10" href="#FNA_06_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +Dr. Lardner’s ‘Cyclopædia.’ Moore told me that the editor of one of +the annuals offered him 600ℓ. to write two articles for his work, but ‘that he +loathed the task’ and refused, though the money would have been very +acceptable. The man said he did not care about the merit of the performance, +and only wanted his name; when Moore refused, the editor raked out +some old and forgotten lines of his to Perry, and inserted them with his +name.—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>I saw Miss Fanny Kemble for the first time on Friday, +and was disappointed. She is short, ill made, with large +hands and feet, an expressive countenance, though not handsome, +fine eyes, teeth, and hair, not devoid of grace, and with +great energy and spirit, her voice good, though she has a +little of the drawl of her family. She wants the pathos and +tenderness of Miss O’Neill, and she excites no emotion; but +she is very young, clever, and may become a very good, +perhaps a fine actress. Mrs. Siddons was not so good at her +age. She fills the house every night.</p> + +<p>The King, who was to have gone to Brighton, has given it +up, nobody knows why, but it is supposed that the Marchioness +is not well. This morning the Duke and my brother were +occupied for half an hour in endeavouring to fold a letter +to his Majesty in a particular way, which he has prescribed, +for he will have his envelopes made up in some French fashion. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH</span> +I hear he thinks that he rode Fleur de Lis for the cup at +Goodwood, which he may as well do as think (which he does) +that he led the heavy dragoons at Salamanca.</p> + +<p>O’Connell has been making a most infamous speech at +Youghal, and is moving heaven and earth to begin a fresh +agitation about the Union, and to do all the mischief he can. +Francis Leveson is to meet Sheil at dinner to-morrow for the +first time; he did not dare do this without asking leave of +Peel. Peel answered his letter that he ‘rather inclined +himself to do anything to win him, but stating that the +Duke would urge the difficulties of their position, and also +the King’s horror of the man,’ &c. The King’s horror is in +consequence of his speech about the Duke of York. I am +told Greece is to be erected into a kingdom, with a boundary +line drawn from Volo to Arta, and that the sovereignty is to +be offered to Prince Frederick of Orange, and, if he refuses +it, to Leopold.</p> + +<h3>November 12th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Roehampton at Lord Clifden’s from +Tuesday, the 10th, till to-day; Sir James Mackintosh, Moore, +Poodle +Byng,<a name="FNA_06_11" id="FNA_06_11" href="#FN_06_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +and the Master of the Rolls. It was uncommonly +agreeable. I never was in Mackintosh’s society for +so long before, and never was more filled with admiration. +His prodigious memory and the variety and extent of his +information remind me of all I have heard and read of +Burke and Johnson; but his amiable, modest, and unassuming +character makes him far more agreeable than they +could either of them (particularly Johnson) have been, +while he is probably equally instructive and amusing. Not +a subject could be mentioned of which he did not treat with +equal facility and abundance, from the Council of Trent to +Voltaire’s epistles; every subject, every character, every work, +all were familiar to him, and I do not know a greater treat +than to hear him talk.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_11" id="FN_06_11" href="#FNA_06_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[Hon. Frederick Byng, formerly of the Foreign Office, universally known +at this time as ‘The Poodle,’ probably because he once kept a fine animal of +that breed.]</p></div> + +<p>Mackintosh said he was a great reader of novels; had read +‘Old Mortality’ four times in English and once in French. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +Ellis said he preferred Miss Austen’s novels to Scott’s. +Talked of the old novelists—Fielding, little read now, +Smollett less; Mackintosh is a great admirer of Swift, and does +not think his infamous conduct to Vanessa quite made out. +Talked of the articles of our religion, and said that they +were in almost exact conformity with certain doctrines laid +down in the Council of Trent. The Jansenists differ very +little from our Church, except as to the doctrine of the Real +Presence. Speaking of India, Mackintosh said that it was very +remarkable that we had lost one great empire and gained +another in the same generation, and that it was still a moot +point whether the one really was a gain or the other a loss. +Called America the second Maritime Power. Franklin wept +when he quitted England. When he signed the treaty at +Paris, he retired for a moment and changed his coat. It was +remarked, and he said he had been to put on the coat in +which he had been insulted by Lord Loughborough at the +English Council Board. Madame de Staël, he said, was more +agreeable in <i>tête-à-tête</i> than in society; she despised her +children, and said, ‘Ils ne me ressemblent pas.’ He told her +she did not do them justice, particularly her daughter. She +said, ‘C’est une lune bien pâle.’ She took an aversion to +Rogers, but when she met him at Bowood, and he told her +anecdotes, she liked him. She had vanquished Brougham, +and was very proud of those conquests.</p> + +<p>Moore told several stories which I don’t recollect, but +this amused us:—Some Irish had emigrated to some West +Indian colony; the negroes soon learnt their brogue, and +when another shipload of Irish came soon after, the negroes +as they sailed in said, ‘Ah, Paddy, how are you?’ ‘Oh, +Christ!’ said one of them, ‘what, y’re become black already!’</p> + +<p>Moore, without displaying the astonishing knowledge of +Mackintosh, was very full of information, gaiety, and humour. +Two more delightful days I never passed. I could not help +reflecting what an extraordinary thing success is in this +world, when a man so gifted as Mackintosh has failed completely +in public life, never having attained honours, reputation, +or wealth, while so many ordinary men have reaped an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIR PHILIP CRAMPTON’S STORY</span> +abundant harvest of all. What a consolation this affords +to mediocrity! None can approach Mackintosh without +admiring his extraordinary powers, and at the same time +wondering why they have not produced greater effects in the +world either of literature or politics. His virtues are obstacles +to his success; he has not the art of pushing or of +making himself feared; he is too <i>doucereux</i> and complimentary, +and from some accident or defect in the composition of +his character, and in the course of events which have influenced +his circumstances, he has always been civilly neglected. +Both Mackintosh and Moore told a great many +anecdotes, but one morning at breakfast the latter related a +story which struck us all. Mackintosh said it was enough to +furnish materials for a novel, but that the simple narrative +was so striking it ought to be written down without exaggeration +or addition. I afterwards wrote it down as nearly as I +could recollect it. It was Crampton, the Surgeon-General, +who told it to Moore, and Crampton <i>loquitur</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Some years ago I was present at a duel that was fought +between a young man of the name of MacLoughlin and +another Irishman. MacL. was desperately wounded; his +second ran up to him, and thought to console him with the +intelligence that his antagonist had also fallen. He only +replied, “I am sorry for it if he is suffering as much as I +do now.” I was struck by the good feeling evinced in this +reply, and took an interest in the fate of the young man. +He recovered, and a few years after my interest was again +powerfully excited by hearing that he had been arrested on +suspicion of having murdered his father-in-law, his mother’s +second husband. He was tried and found guilty on the evidence +of a soldier who happened to be passing in the middle of +the night near the house in which the murder was committed. +Attracted by a light which gleamed through the lower part of +the window, he approached it, and through an opening between +the shutter and the frame was able to look into the room. +There he saw a man in the act of lifting a dead body from +the floor, while his hands and clothes were stained all over +with blood. He hastened to give information of what he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +had seen; MacLoughlin and his mother were apprehended, +and the former, having been identified by the soldier, was +found guilty. There was no evidence against the woman, +and she was consequently acquitted. MacLoughlin conducted +himself throughout the trial with determined calmness, and +never could be induced to acknowledge his guilt. The +morning of his execution he had an interview with his +mother; none knew what passed between them, but when +they parted he was heard to say, “Mother, may God forgive +you!” The fate of this young man made a deep impression +on me, till time and passing events effaced the occurrence +from my mind. It was several years afterwards that I one +day received a letter from a lady (a very old and intimate +acquaintance) entreating that I would immediately hasten +down to the assistance of a Roman Catholic priest who was +lying dangerously ill at her house, and the symptoms of whose +malady she described. Her description left me doubtful +whether the mind or the body of the patient was affected. +Being unable to leave Dublin, I wrote to say that if the +disease was bodily the case was hopeless, but if mental I +should recommend certain lenitives, for which I added a +prescription. The priest died, and shortly after his death +the lady confided to me an extraordinary and dreadful story. +He had been her confessor and intimate friend, and in +moments of agony and doubt produced by horrible recollections +he had revealed to her a secret which had been imparted +to him in confession. He had received the dying +confession of MacLoughlin, who, as it turned out, was not +the murderer of his father-in-law, but had died to save the +life and honour of his mother, by whom the crime had been +really committed. She was a woman of violent passions; she +had quarrelled with her husband in the middle of the night, +and after throwing him from the bed had despatched him +by repeated blows. When she found he was dead she was +seized with terror, and hastening to the apartment of her +son, called him to witness the shocking spectacle and to +save her from the consequences of her crime. It was at this +moment, when he was lifting the body and preparing to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TOM MOORE</span> +remove the bloody evidence of his mother’s guilt, that the +soldier passed by and saw him in the performance of his +dreadful task. To the priest alone he acknowledged the +truth, but his last words to his mother were now explained.’</p> + +<h3>November 20th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Roehampton. Only Moore and myself; +Washington Irving and Maclane, the American Minister, +come to-morrow. Moore spoke in the highest terms of +Luttrell, of his wit and information, and of his writings, to +which he does not think the world does justice, particularly +the ‘Advice to Julia,’ but he says Luttrell is too fearful of +giving offence. Moore was very agreeable, told a story +of Sir —— St. George in Ireland. He was to attend a +meeting at which a great many Catholics were to be present +(I forget where), got drunk and lost his hat, when he went +into the room where they were assembled and said, ‘Damnation +to you all; I came to emancipate you, and you’ve stole +my hat.’ In the evening Moore sang, but the pianoforte +was horrid, and he was not in good voice; still his singing +‘va dritto al cuore,’ for it produces an exceeding sadness, +and brings to mind a thousand melancholy recollections, and +generates many melancholy anticipations. He told me as +we came along that with him it required no thought to write, +but that there was no end to it; so many fancies on every +subject crowded on his brain; that he often read what he +had written as if it had been the composition of another, +and was amused; that it was the greatest pleasure to him to +compose those light and trifling pieces, humorous and satirical, +which had been so often successful. He holds Voltaire +to have been the most extraordinary genius that ever lived, +on account of his universality and fertility; talked of Scott +and his wonderful labour and power of composition, as well +as the extent to which he has carried the art of book-making; +besides writing this history of Scotland for Dr. Lardner’s +‘Encyclopædia,’ he is working at the prefaces for the republication +of the Waverley Novels, the ‘Tales of a Grandfather,’ +and has still found time to review Tytler, which he +has done out of the scraps and chips of his other works. A +little while ago he had to correct some of the proofs of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +history of Scotland, and, being dissatisfied with what was +done, he nearly wrote it over again, and sent it up to the +editor. Some time after finding another copy of the proofs, +he forgot that he had corrected them before, and he rewrote +these also and sent them up, and the editor is at this moment +engaged in selecting from the two corrected copies the best +parts of each.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I met the Chancellor at dinner at the Master +of the Rolls’, when he told me about the King and +Denman.<a name="FNA_06_12" id="FNA_06_12" href="#FN_06_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +The King would not have the Recorder’s report last week, +because the Recorder was too ill to attend, and he was resolved +not to see Denman. The Duke went to him, when he +threw himself into a terrible tantrum, and was so violent and +irritable that they were obliged to let him have his own way +for fear he should be ill, which they thought he would otherwise +certainly be. He is rather the more furious with Denman +from having been forced to consent to his having the silk +gown, and he said at that time that he should never set his +foot in any house of his; so that business is at a standstill, +and the unfortunate wretches under sentence of death are +suffered to linger on, because he does not choose to do his +duty and admit to his presence an officer to whom he has +taken an aversion. As the Chancellor said to me, ‘the fact is, +he is mad.’ The fact is that he is a spoiled, selfish, odious +beast, and has no idea of doing anything but what is agreeable +to himself, or of there being any duties attached to the +office he holds. The expenses of the Civil List exceed the +allowance in every branch, every quarter; but nobody can +guess how the money is spent, for the King makes no show +and never has anybody there. My belief is that —— and +—— —— plunder him, or rather the country, between them, +in certain stipulated proportions. Among other expenses +his tailor’s bill is said to be 4,000ℓ. or 5,000ℓ. a year. He is +now employed in devising a new dress for the Guards.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_12" id="FN_06_12" href="#FNA_06_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Denman and Lord Chief Justice +of England, was at this time Common Serjeant of the City of London. +George IV. hated him for the part he had taken on the Queen’s trial, and +did all he could to prevent his having a silk gown. <i>Vide supra</i>, p. 156, January 16th, 1829.]</p></div> + +<h3>November 21st, 1829</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">STRAWBERRY HILL</span> +Maclane, the American Minister, could +not come, but Irving did. He is lively and unassuming, +rather vulgar, very good-humoured. We went to Strawberry +Hill to-day—Moore, Ellis, Lady Georgiana, and I. Ellis is an +excellent cicerone; everything is in the state in which old +Horace Walpole left it, and just as his catalogue and description +describe it. He says in that work that he makes that +catalogue to provide against the dispersion of his collections, +and he tied up everything as strictly as possible. Moore +sang in the evening and was very agreeable the whole day. +He said that Byron thought that Crabbe and Coleridge had +the most genius and feeling of any living poet. Nobody +reads Crabbe now. How dangerous it is to be a story-teller, +however agreeable the manner or amusing the budget, for +Moore to-day told a story which he told here last week! +However, they all laughed just the same, except me, and I +moralised upon it thus. Clifden is a very odd man, shrewd +and well informed, and somewhat sarcastic, but very gay +and good-humoured, fond of society and the ‘Times’ newspaper, +a great enemy to the Church, and chuckles over its +alarms and its dangers, but I was amused with a comical +contradiction. Somebody told a story about an erratum in +an Irish paper, which said that such a one had abjured +the errors of the Romish Church and embraced those of the +Protestant, at which he was greatly diverted, and said, ‘That +is just what I should have said myself;’ and to-day after +dinner, all of a sudden, he said grace (he says grace on +Sunday only).</p> + +<p>Moore gave an account this morning of his being examined +in Trinity College, Dublin, when a boy, during the +rebellion. Many of the youths (himself, and he says he is +pretty sure Croker, among the number) had taken the oath +of the United +Irishmen<a name="FNA_06_13" id="FNA_06_13" href="#FN_06_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +(Emmett<a name="FNA_06_14" id="FNA_06_14" href="#FN_06_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +and some others who were +in the College had absconded). The Chancellor (Lord Clare) +came to the College, erected his tribunal, and examined all +the students upon oath. He asked first if they had belonged +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> +to any society of United Irish, and, if the answer was in the +affirmative, he asked whom they had ever seen there and +what had passed. Contumacy was punishable by expulsion +and exclusion from every profession. At the end of the +first day’s examination Moore went home to his parents, and +told them he could not take an oath which might oblige him +to criminate others (as he should be forced to answer any +question they might choose to put), and though they were +poor, and had conceived great hopes of him, they encouraged +him in this resolution. The next day he was called forth, +when he refused to be sworn, stating his reasons why. The +Chancellor said he did not come there to dispute with him, +but added that they should only ask him general questions, +on which he took the oath, but reserved to himself the +power of declining to answer particular questions. They only +asked him such questions as he could conscientiously answer +(they had got all the information they wanted, and were +beginning to relax), but when they had done with him Lord +Clare asked him why he had demurred to answer. He said +he was afraid he might be called on to criminate others, and +that he had never taken an oath before, and naturally felt +some reluctance and dread on such an occasion.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_13" id="FN_06_13" href="#FNA_06_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +He did not take the oath till after this examination.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_14" id="FN_06_14" href="#FNA_06_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +He had lived in intimacy with Emmett.</p></div> + +<p>Moore told a story of an Irishman who saw from the +pit a friend of his acting Othello, and he called out, ‘Larry, +Larry, Larry, there’s the least taste in life of your linen +hanging out!’ One day in America near the falls of Niagara +Moore saw this scene:—An Indian whose boat was moored +to the shore was making love to the wife of another Indian; +the husband came upon them unawares; he jumped into +the boat, when the other cut the cord, and in an instant +it was carried into the middle of the stream, and before he +could seize his paddle was already within the rapids. +He exerted all his force to extricate himself from the +peril, but finding that his efforts were vain, and his canoe +was drawn with increasing rapidity towards the Falls, he +threw away his paddle, drank off at a draught the contents +of a bottle of brandy, tossed the empty bottle into the air, then +quietly folded his arms, extended himself in the boat, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LORD GLENGALL’S COMEDY</span> +awaited with perfect calmness his inevitable fate. In a +few moments he was whirled down the Falls and disappeared +for ever.</p> + +<p>Washington Irving wants sprightliness and more refined +manners. He was in Spain four years, at Madrid, Seville, +and Grenada. While at the latter place he was lodged +in the Alhambra, which is excellently preserved and very +beautiful; he gives a deplorable description of the ignorance +and backward state of the Spaniards. When he returned +to France he was utterly uninformed of what had been +passing in Europe while he was in Spain, and he says that +he now constantly hears events alluded to of which he +knows nothing.</p> + +<h3>December 1st, 1829</h3> + +<p>After I left Roehampton last week came +to town and dined with Byng, Moore, Irving, Sir T. Lawrence, +and Vesey Fitzgerald; very agreeable. No news but the failure +of the Spanish expedition against Mexico, which capitulated, +and the soldiers promised never to bear arms against Mexico +again. On Friday went to see Lord Glengall’s comedy, with +a prologue by F. Mills and an epilogue by +Alvanley.<a name="FNA_06_15" id="FNA_06_15" href="#FN_06_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +It +succeeded, though the first two acts went off heavily; not +much novelty in it, but the characters well drawn and some of +the situations very good: it amused me very well, and was +exceedingly well acted. Glengall came to me afterwards +to get criticisms on his play. I told him some of the faults, +and he was not in the Sir Fretful line, but took it all very +thankfully. At Roehampton on Sunday; Byng, Sir Robert +Wilson, +Sharpe,<a name="FNA_06_16" id="FNA_06_16" href="#FN_06_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +and Luttrell. There is a joke of Luttrell’s +about Sharpe. He was a wholesale hatter formerly; having +a dingy complexion, somebody said he had transferred the +colour of his hats to his face, when Luttrell said that ‘it was +<i>darkness which might be felt</i>.’ Wilson has written to the +Sultan a letter full of advice, and he says the Turks will +be more powerful than ever. Wilson is always full of opinions +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> +and facts; the former are wild and extravagant, the latter +generally false.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_15" id="FN_06_15" href="#FNA_06_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +[A comedy by the Earl of Glengall, entitled ‘The Follies of +Fashion.’]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_16" id="FN_06_16" href="#FNA_06_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +[Richard Sharpe, Esq., well known by the <i>sobriquet</i> of ‘Conversation +Sharpe.’]</p></div> + +<p>No Council yet; the King is employed in altering the +uniforms of the Guards, and has pattern coats with various +collars submitted to him every day. The Duke of Cumberland +assists him, and this is his principal occupation; he +sees much more of his tailor than he does of his Minister. +The Duke of Cumberland’s boy, who is at Kew, diverts himself +with making the guard turn out several times in the course +of the day to salute him.</p> + +<h3>December 3rd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Came from Roehampton. Lady Pembroke +and her daughter, Luttrell and I, and the Lievens, dined there +one day. Lady Pembroke was Countess Woronzow; Lord +Pembroke pleaded poverty all his life, and died leaving each of +his five daughters 20,000ℓ., and his wife 200,000ℓ. to do what +she liked with. Old Woronzow was Ambassador here many +years, has lived here ever since, and never learnt a word of +English. His son Michel is one of the most distinguished +officers in the Russian army, and now Governor of Odessa +and the province of which that city is the capital.</p> + +<p>I went to see Glengall’s play again, which was much better +acted than the first time, and, having been curtailed, went off +very well. Henry de Ros, Glengall, and I went together. I +was very much amused (but did not venture to show it) at a +point in one of the scenes between Lureall and Sir S. Foster: +the latter said, ‘Let me tell you, sir, that a country gentleman +residing on his estate is as valuable a member of society as a +man of fashion in London who lives by plundering those who +have more money and less wit than himself;’ when De Ros +turned to Glengall and said, ‘Richard, there appears to me +to be a great deal of twaddle in this play; besides, you throw +over the good cause.’</p> + +<h3>December 5th, 1829</h3> + +<p>This morning the Duke of Wellington +sent for me about the Council on Monday, and after settling +that matter he began talking about the King’s conduct with +reference to the Recorder’s report. I told him it was thought +very extraordinary. He said, ‘You have no idea what a +scene I had with him; there never was anything like it. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE RECORDER’S REPORT</span> +I never saw him so violent.’ He then rang the bell, when +Drummond (his secretary) appeared, and the Duke desired +him to bring the correspondence with the King about the +Recorder, which was done. He then said, ‘I came to town +on the Monday for the Council and report, which was to +have been on Tuesday, and which he had himself settled, +without consulting me; in the afternoon Phillips came to me +and said that the Recorder could not attend, and that they +did not know if his Majesty would receive Denman. I +wrote to the King directly this letter.’ He then read the +letter, which was to this effect: that he informed the King +that the Recorder was ill, and therefore the Common Serjeant, +Mr. Denman, would have the honour of making the +report to his Majesty; that he thought it right to apprise +him of this, and if he had any objection to receive Mr. +Denman, it would be better to put off the Council, as no +other person could now lay the report before him. ‘To this +the King wrote an answer, beginning “My dear Duke,” +not as usual,’ the Duke said, ‘ “My dear Friend,” that the +state of his eyes would not allow him to write by candle-light, +and he was therefore obliged to make use of an +amanuensis. The letter was written by Watson, and signed +by the King, “Your sincere Friend, G. R.” It was to +the effect that he was quite surprised the Duke should have +made him such a proposal; that he had been grossly insulted +by Denman, and would never admit him to his +presence; that it had been settled the Deputy-Recorder, +Arabin, in the absence of the Recorder, should make the +report, and that he had already done so; that he was surprised, +knowing as the Duke must do the firmness of his +character, that he should think him capable of yielding +on this subject; that he never would do so, and desired +the Council might take place, and the report be made by +Arabin.’ His letter was much longer, but this was the +pith of it. On the receipt of this the Duke held a consultation +with Peel and the Chancellor, when they determined +to put off the Council, which was done, and the Duke +wrote to the King, as nearly as I can recollect, as follows. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> +This was an admirable letter—business-like, firm, and +respectful:—‘That upon the receipt of his Majesty’s letter he +had thought it his duty to consult the Chancellor, and that +they had come to the resolution of postponing the Council +and report; that the making of this report was the privilege +of the City of London, and that the Recorder in the execution +of this duty, being unable to attend, had placed it in the +hands of the Common Serjeant, whose duty it then became +to present it; that it was now in his hands, and could not +be withdrawn without his consent; that the only occasion on +which it had been presented by Mr. Serjeant Arabin had been +when the Common Serjeant was on the circuit; that as his +Majesty objected to admit Mr. Denman to his presence, they +had thought it best to put off the Council, as if Mr. Arabin +was summoned he could have no report to present, and there +would probably arise some discussion between the Common +Serjeant and him, which would be a proceeding such as ought +not to take place in his Majesty’s palace, and that he would +wait upon his Majesty the next morning and take his +commands upon the subject.’ The next day, he continued, +he went to Windsor, where he had a grand scene with his +Majesty. ‘I am sure,’ said the Duke, ‘that nobody can +manage him but me.’ He repeated all he had said in his +letter, and a great deal more; represented to him that having +given his sanction to the official appointment of Denman +since the Queen’s trial, he could not refuse to receive him in +the execution of his duty without alleging legal objections +for so doing; to which the King replied that Lord Liverpool +had behaved very ill to him, and had made him do this; and +then he became very violent, and cursed and swore, and said +he never would see him. The Duke said that he might put +off the report; that there were three men who must be +hanged, and it did not signify one farthing whether they were +kept in prison a little longer or shorter time (he forgets that +there are others lying under sentence of death, probably +several), and that he had better put it off than have the +Common Serjeant come down to a scene in his palace. After +letting him run on in his usual way, and exhaust his violence, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE CIVIL LIST</span> +he left him, and the report stands over once more; but the +Duke told me that it could not stand over after this, and if +the Recorder is not well enough when the time arrives for +the next report, his Majesty must receive Denman whether +he will or no, and that he shall insist upon it. He told me +the whole history in great detail mixed with pretty severe +strictures on the King. I have put down all I could carry +away. I have not such a memory (or such an invention) as +Bourrienne.</p> + +<p>The Duke then told me that he had made strong remonstrances +about the excess of expenditure on the Civil List; +that in the Lord Steward’s department there had been an +excess of 7,000ℓ., in that of the Master of the Horse of +5,000ℓ., and that of the Master of the Robes (the tailor’s +bill) of 10,000ℓ. in the last +half-year;<a name="FNA_06_17" id="FNA_06_17" href="#FN_06_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +that he had stated +that unless they could save the difference in the next half-year, +or pay it out of the Privy Purse, he must go to Parliament, +which would bring the whole of the expenses of the +Civil List under discussion. He said it was very extraordinary, +that the King’s expenses appeared to be nothing; +his Majesty had not more tables than he (the Duke) had.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_17" id="FN_06_17" href="#FNA_06_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +I am not sure that I am correct in the sums, but very nearly so.—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>I asked him about Brummell and his Consulship. He +said Aberdeen hesitated; that he had offered to take all the +responsibility on himself; that he had in Dudley’s time +proposed it to him (Dudley), who had objected, and at last +owned he was afraid the King might not like it, on which +he had spoken to the King, who had made objections, abusing +Brummell—said he was a damned fellow and had behaved +very ill to him (the old story, always himself—<i>moi, moi, moi</i>)—but +after having let him run out his tether of abuse, he had +at last extracted his consent; nevertheless Dudley did not +give him the appointment. The Duke said he had no acquaintance +with Brummell.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> +Chapter of the Bath — The Duc de Dino arrested — A Ball to the Divan — +English Policy in Greece — Sir Thomas Lawrence — Gallatin — Court of +King’s Bench — Accident to the Grand Duke Constantine — Osterley — +Young Sidney Herbert — Duke of Wellington in Office — Stapleton’s +‘Life of Canning’ — Death of Sir Thomas Lawrence — Leopold and the +Throne of Greece — Canning’s Answers to Lord Grey — Distressed State +of the Country — Canning’s Greatness and his Failings — Death of +Tierney — Sir Martin Shee President — The Duke of Wellington’s Views +and Conduct — The Coming Session — Moore’s ‘Life of Byron’ — Character +of Byron — Opening of Parliament — The Fire King — The Duke of +Wellington’s Speaking — The English Opera House burnt down — Lord +Thurlow on Kenyon and Buller — Old Rothschild — Lansdowne House — +Earl Stanhope — John Murray — Departure for Italy. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>December 7th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Windsor for a Council; the Duke was +there, and Lord Aberdeen, Murray, Lord Rosslyn, the Chancellor, +and Herries. There was a chapter of the Bath, when +the Duke of Clarence was installed Grand Master, Stratford +Canning and Robert Gordon Grand Crosses. The King looked +very well, but was very blind. The Council was by candle-light, +but he could not see to read the list, and begged me to +read it for him. However, I was so good a courtier that I held +the candle in such a way as to enable him to read it himself. +He saw the Duke for a short time, and the Chancellor for a +long time. I asked the latter if the King had been <i>Denmanising</i>, +and he said, ‘Oh, yes—“I said when I consented to that +fellow’s having the silk gown that I would never admit him,” +&c.’ I was amused with old Conyngham, who told me +his wife had been in danger, ‘so they tell me,’ talking of +her as if she were somebody else’s wife. The Duke went +from the Council to Stowe; we all returned to town.</p> + +<h3>December 9th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Dined with Prince Lieven; a great +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE DUC DE DINO ARRESTED</span> +dinner—Laval,<a name="FNA_07_01" id="FNA_07_01" href="#FN_07_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +Granvilles, Aberdeen, Montrond, &c. The +Duc de Dino, who came here to amuse himself, has been +arrested, and Montrond and Vaudreuil begged Laval to put +him on his list of <i>attachés</i> at the Foreign Office, which would +release him from the sponging-house. He was afraid and +made difficulties; they were excessively provoked, but at +last induced him to speak to Lord Aberdeen about it, which +he said he would do after dinner. In the meantime Montrond +got me to tell the story to Aberdeen, which I did, and got +him to encourage Laval to do the business. He then told +Laval that I had <i>aplani</i> the matter, at which the Ambassador +was rather affronted, but I suppose the thing will be done +and Dino will get out. The Duc de Dino is Talleyrand’s +nephew, and his son has married Mademoiselle de Montmorency, +a relation of the Duc de Laval.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_01" id="FN_07_01" href="#FNA_07_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[The Duc de Laval had succeeded Prince Polignac as French Ambassador +in London.]</p></div> + +<h3>December 10th, 1829</h3> + +<p>Last night Miss Kemble acted Belvidera +for the first time, and with great success.</p> + +<h3>December 18th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Roehampton last Saturday to Monday; +Granvilles, Byng, Lord Ashley, and I. Dino was extricated +from prison by Laval’s paying the money, which +he did very handsomely; he thought it wrong to have him in +prison and wrong to attach him fictitiously to his Embassy, +so he paid the debt, and Dino is gone back to France.</p> + +<p>Despatches were received from Gordon yesterday giving +an account of a ball he had given to the Divan; the Turks +came, and the Reis-Effendi waltzed with a Mrs. Moore. +After supper they drank King George IV.’s health in +bumpers of champagne. This story was told to Lord +Sidmouth as a good joke; but he said with a face of dismay, +‘Good God, is it possible? To what extent will these innovations +be carried?’</p> + +<h3>December 19th, 1829</h3> + +<p>There is a review in the ‘Foreign +Quarterly’ (the last number) on Greece, which is a remarkably +able critique of the conduct of our Government in the +affairs of that State. The writer, whoever he may be, has +been amply supplied with documents and information, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> +probably from Paris. Nothing can be more just than his +remarks on our miserable policy, or more severe. I showed +it to Lord Granville, who told me that it was generally +correct, though containing some errors; for instance, that +it was not true that we had engaged to afford the Greeks +pecuniary aid, which we never did promise, but that he had +been himself the person to negotiate with M. de la Ferronays, +then Minister for Foreign Affairs at Paris, for the more +limited boundary, and to dissuade the French from sending +their expedition to the Morea; that there had been a violent +contest in the English Cabinet on that subject, Huskisson +and Dudley being in favour of the French expedition, and +the Duke and the rest against it, but that the moment +Huskisson and his party resigned the Duke gave way and +agreed to the measure. This affords another example of his +extraordinary mode of proceeding, that of opposing the +views and plans of others violently, and when he finds +opposition fruitless, or likely to become so, turning short +round and adopting them as his own, and taking all the +credit he can get for doing so. He did so in the case of the +recognition of the South American colonies, of the Test and +Corporation Acts, the Catholic question, and in this instance. +Then his conduct on the Corn Bill is only the converse of +the same proposition—begins by being a party to it and then +procures its rejection. Greece and Portugal, if well handled, +would afford two great cases against the Duke’s foreign +policy, and they serve as admirable commentaries on each +other. The raising the siege of Previsa, and the respect +paid to Miguel’s blockade, and compulsion exercised on the +Terceira people are enough to prove everything.</p> + +<p>Ashley told me a curious thing about Sir Thomas Lawrence +the other day. His father kept the inn at +Devizes,<a name="FNA_07_02" id="FNA_07_02" href="#FN_07_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +and when Lord Shaftesbury’s father and mother were once +at the inn with Lord Shaftesbury, then a boy, the innkeeper +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">GALLATIN</span> +came into the room and said he had a son with a genius +for drawing, and, if they would allow him, his little boy +should draw their little boy’s picture; on which the little +Lawrence was sent for, who produced his chalk and paper, +and made a portrait of the young Lord.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_02" id="FN_07_02" href="#FNA_07_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[Sir Thomas Lawrence’s father at one time kept the ‘Black Bear’ at +Devizes. In 1775 Lord and Lady Kenyon had the young prodigy (as he +was called) introduced to them there. Lawrence was then only six years +old.]</p></div> + +<h3>December 21st, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Roehampton from Saturday; Maclane, +the American Minister, Washington Irving, Melbourne, +Byng, and on Sunday the Lievens to dinner. Maclane a +sensible man, with very good American manners, which are +not refined. Even Irving, who has been so many years here, +has a bluntness which is very foreign to the tone of good +society. Maclane gave me a curious account of Gallatin. +He was born at Geneva, and went over to America early in +life, possessed of nothing; there he set up a little huxtering +shop—in I forget what State—and fell in love with +one of the daughters of a poor woman at whose house he +lodged, but he was so destitute that the mother refused him. +In this abject condition accident introduced him to the celebrated +Patrick Henry, who advised him to abandon trade, +and go into the neighbouring State and try to advance +himself by his talents. He followed the advice, and soon +began to make himself known.</p> + +<h3>December 22nd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Dined with Byng yesterday and met +Moore, Fitzgerald, and Luttrell. Luttrell is a great lover of +conundrums, which taste he acquired from Beresford, the +author of the ‘Miseries of Human Life,’ who has invented some +very curious but elaborate conundrums. They are not worth +repeating. Moore told a story of an Irishman at the play +calling out, ‘Now, boys, a clap for Wellington!’ which being +complied with, ‘And now silence for the rest of the family!’ +He complained that all the humour which used to break out +in an Irish audience is extinct.</p> + +<p>Fitzgerald told me that the King had been annoying +them as much as he could, that he took pleasure in making +his Government weak, that the money matter (which the +Duke told me of before) had been settled by ‘contrivances,’ +or that they must have gone to Parliament for the amount; +that he has just ordered plate to the amount of 25,000ℓ. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> +Fitzgerald is so ill that he can scarcely carry on the business +of his office, and yet he does not like to give it up, for fear of +embarrassing the Government; he complained that the other +offices had thrown much of their business on the Board of +Trade, a custom which had grown up in Huskisson’s time, +who was the most competent man, and who took it all. +Probably Huskisson was not sorry, by making himself very +useful, to make himself nearly indispensable, and thought +that he was so; and so he was <i>de jure</i>, but the Duke would +not let him be so <i>de facto</i>.</p> + +<h3>December 23rd, 1829</h3> + +<p>Went to the Court of King’s Bench +this morning to prove that the Duke of Wellington is a +Privy Councillor, on the trial of the action which the +Duke brought against the ‘Morning Journal.’ The action +brought by the Chancellor had been tried the day before. +Scarlett was feeble; Alexander again defended himself +in a very poor speech; the jury retired for three hours, +and I thought would have said ‘Not guilty;’ but they +brought in a verdict which is tantamount to a defeat +of the prosecution on this charge, and amply proves the +folly of having instituted it at all. I did not hear the +second trial, on which they gave a verdict of guilty, after +consulting for about half an hour. The jury in each case +consisted of eight special jurors and four talesmen. Afterwards +there was a <i>crim. con</i>. case, which I did not stay out, +but which was amusing enough from the translations of the +counsel, the Judge, the witnesses, and the interpreters, for +some of the witnesses were French. Lord Tenterden has +a comical way of muttering to himself half aloud as the +counsel are speaking, either answering or commenting on +what they say. Scarlett was saying (in this last case) that +he could not prove the fact, but he could prove that the +defendant passed the night in the lady’s room, and the +jury might judge what he did, when Tenterden muttered, +‘If he did nothing, what was he there for?’</p> + +<p>The prosecution finished with the trial of Bell (of the +‘Atlas’), who made a very good speech (it was about Lord +and Lady Lyndhurst), and the jury found him guilty of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PRESS PROSECUTIONS</span> +publishing only, which I take to be an acquittal; the point, +however, will not be tried probably, for it is not likely that +he will be brought up for judgment. He will be contented +to get off, and they will not like to stir such a question. +The result of the trials proves the egregious folly of having +ever brought them on, especially the Duke’s. One of the +verdicts is, as far as he is concerned, an acquittal; the +author showed himself to be so contemptible that he had +better have been treated with indifference. He has been +converted into a sort of martyr, and whatever may have been +thought of the vulgar scurrility of the language, ruin and +imprisonment will appear to most people too severe a punishment +for the offence. Then the whole press have united +upon this occasion, and in some very powerful articles have +spread to every corner of the country the strongest condemnation +of the whole proceeding. The Government, or +rather the Duke, is likely to become unpopular, and no good +end will have been answered. I do not believe that these +prosecutions originate in a desire to curb the press, but +merely in that of punishing a writer who had so violently +abused him; not, however, that he would be sorry to adopt +any measure which should tend to fetter free discussion, and +subject the press to future punishment. But this would be +a fearful war to wage, and I do not think he is rash enough +to undertake such a crusade.</p> + +<h3>December 27th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Panshanger since the 24th; Lievens, +J. Russell, Montrond, M. de la Rochefoucauld, F. Lamb. On +Christmas Day the Princess [Lieven] got up a little <i>fête</i> +such as is customary all over Germany. Three trees in +great pots were put upon a long table covered with pink +linen; each tree was illuminated with three circular tiers of +coloured wax candles—blue, green, red, and white. Before +each tree was displayed a quantity of toys, gloves, pocket-handkerchiefs, +workboxes, books, and various articles—presents +made to the owner of the tree. It was very pretty. Here it +was only for the children; in Germany the custom extends +to persons of all ages. The Princess told us to-day about the +Emperor of Russia’s relapse and the cause of it. He had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> +had a cold which he had neglected, but at length the +physicians had given him some medicine to produce perspiration, +and he was in bed in that state, the Empress +sitting by him reading to him, when on a sudden a dreadful +noise was heard in the next (the children’s) room, followed +by loud shrieks. The Empress rushed into the room, and +the Emperor jumped out of bed in his shirt and followed +her. There the children, the governess, and the nurses +were screaming out that Constantine (the second boy, of +two years old) was destroyed; a huge vase of porphyry +had been thrown down and had fallen over the child, who +was not to be seen. So great was the weight and size of the +vase that it was several minutes before it could be raised, +though assistance was immediately fetched, and all that time +the Emperor and Empress stood there in ignorance of the +fate of the child, and expecting to see the removal of the +vase discover his mangled body, when to their delight it was +found that the vase had fallen exactly over him, without +doing him the least injury, but the agitation and the cold +brought on a violent fever, which for some time put the +Emperor in great danger. The Princess said she was surprised +that it did not kill the Empress, for she is the most +nervous woman in the world, ever since the conspiracy at +the time of his accession, when her nerves were <i>ébranlés</i> +by all she went through. That scene (of the revolt of +the Guards) took place under the window of the Palace. +The whole Imperial Family was assembled there and saw +it all, the Emperor being in the middle of men by whom +they expected him to be assassinated every moment. During +all that time—many hours—the young Empress never spoke, +but stood ‘pâle comme une statue,’ and when at length it +was all over, and the Emperor returned, she threw herself +on her knees and began to pray.</p> + +<h3>December 29th, 1829</h3> + +<p>At Osterley;<a name="FNA_07_03" id="FNA_07_03" href="#FN_07_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +Lady Euston, Mrs. Sheridan +and her son; a very fine house, which is thrown away, as +they hardly ever live there. They spent 200,000ℓ. in building +Middleton, which is the worst place in England, and now they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AS A MINISTER</span> +regret it, but Lord Jersey hates Osterley and likes Middleton. +This place belonged to Sir Thomas Gresham, but the present +house is modern. It was here that Sir Thomas Gresham +feasted Queen Elizabeth, and pulled down a wall in the +night which she had found fault with, so that in the morning +she found it was gone.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_03" id="FN_07_03" href="#FNA_07_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +[Lord Jersey’s seat near Hanwell, Middlesex.]</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">1830.</h2> + +<h3>January 2nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>At Roehampton; William Howard, Baring +Wall, and Lady Pembroke’s +son;<a name="FNA_07_04" id="FNA_07_04" href="#FN_07_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +the best sort of youth I +have seen for a long while, and he will have 12,000ℓ. a year, +besides what his mother may leave him. Vesey Fitzgerald +is so ill that it is doubtful if he will recover, and, at all +events, almost impossible that he should remain in office. It +will be very difficult for the Duke to fill his place. There is +not a man in office now who is fit for it, and where is he to +look for anyone else? Yet I think almost anybody would +take it; for although the late prosecutions are blamed, and +the foreign policy is thought by most people to have been +very miserable, there is an extensive disposition to support +the Duke and to keep him at the head of affairs. Huskisson +is the man whose knowledge and capacity would be of the +greatest service just now, but the Duke will not like to apply +to him in a moment of distress, because he would probably +take advantage of that distress to make better terms for +himself; at the same time, I should not be surprised if the +Duke were to invite him to return to the Cabinet, and that +he accepted the Chancellorship of the Exchequer or one of +the Secretaryships without any conditions. Vesey will be a +great loss, for he is clever and ready in debate, and by great +diligence and application, and the powerful assistance of +Hume and Stephen, he has made considerable progress in +the science of trade and commerce.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_04" id="FN_07_04" href="#FNA_07_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +[Sidney Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea, whose life and character +did not belie the promise of his youth.]</p></div> + +<h3>January 5th, 1830</h3> + +<p>There are many speculations about Vesey’s +successor; some think Lord Chandos or Herries; I think +Frankland Lewis, but that Lord Chandos will have some +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> +place before long; the Duke has a great hankering after that +set. In the meantime all accounts concur in admitting the +great and increasing distress; and, as such a state of things +not unnaturally produces a good deal of ill-humour, the +Duke is abused for gadding about visiting and shooting +while the country is in difficulty, and it is argued that he +must be very unfeeling and indifferent to it all to amuse +himself in this manner. Nothing can be more unjust than +such accusations as these. The sort of relaxation he takes +is necessary to his health, and, all things considered, it +is not extraordinary he should prefer other people’s houses +to his own, particularly when everyone invites him in +the most pressing manner. But these visits by no means +interrupt the course of his official business; all his letters +are regularly sent to him, and as regularly answered +every day, and it is his habit to open his letters himself, +to read them all, and to answer all. He never receives +any letter, whatever may be the subject or the situation +of the writer, that he does not answer, and that immediately, +to a degree which is not only unprecedented, but +quite unnecessary, and I think unwise, although certainly +it contributes to his popularity. It is another proof of +that simplicity of character and the absence of all arrogance +which are so remarkable in him, especially as he +has long been used to command and to implicit obedience, +and the whole tenor of his conduct since he has been in +office shows that he is covetous of power and authority, and +will not endure anybody who will not be subservient to him; +still in his manner and bearing there is nothing but openness, +frankness, civility, and good-humour. As to his supposed indifference +to the public distress, I firmly believe that his +mind is incessantly occupied with projects for its relief, and +that when unwarped by particular prejudices, partialities, +and antipathies, which have had a stronger and more frequent +influence over him than befits so great a man, he is animated +with a sincere desire to reform abuses of any kind, +and is not diverted from his purpose by any personal considerations +or collateral objects. The King is preparing for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">STAPLETON’S ‘MEMOIRS OF CANNING’</span> +a new battle with him (stimulated, I presume, by the Duke +of Cumberland) about the appointment of sheriffs. He has +taken it into his head that he will not appoint any Roman +Catholic sheriff; and as several have been named, and these +generally first on the list, according to the usual practice, +they must be chosen. The King will be obliged to give way, +but it is an additional proof of his bad disposition and his +pleasure in thwarting his Ministers on every possible occasion.</p> + +<h3>January 7th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Stapleton’s ‘Memoirs of Canning’ are +coming out directly, but he is prevented from making use of +all the documents he, or rather Lady Canning, has. She has +had an angry correspondence with the Foreign Office. Every +Minister takes away a <i>précis</i> of all he has done while in +office, but Canning’s <i>précis</i> was not finished when he died. +She wrote and demanded that what was incomplete should +be furnished to her, but claimed it as a right, and said it was +for the purpose of vindicating him. Lord Aberdeen declined +giving it, and I think very properly. The reason he assigned +was that a Minister who was furnished with such documents +for his own justification was bound by his oath of secresy not +to reveal the contents, but the secrets of the State could not +be imparted to any irresponsible person, who was under no +such restraint.</p> + +<p>Vesey Fitzgerald is better, but will hardly be able to do +any business. Some think he will have leave of absence, +that Dawson will exchange offices with Courtenay, and do +the business of the Board of Trade; others, that Herries +will succeed Vesey, or Frankland Lewis. The revenue has +fallen off one million and more. The accounts of distress +from the country grow worse and more desponding, and a +return to one pound notes begins to be talked of.</p> + +<h3>Roehampton, January 9th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday morning died Sir +Thomas Lawrence after a very short illness. Few people knew +he was ill before they heard he was dead. He was <i>longè +primus</i> of all living painters, and has left no one fit to succeed +him in the chair of the Royal Academy. Lawrence +was about sixty, very like Canning in appearance, remarkably +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +gentlemanlike, with very mild manners, though rather +too <i>doucereux</i>, agreeable in society, unassuming, and not a +great talker; his mind was highly cultivated, he had a taste +for every kind of literature, and was enthusiastically devoted +to his art; he was very industrious, and painted an enormous +number of portraits, but many of his later works are still +unfinished, and great complaints used to be made of his exacting +either the whole or half payment when he began a +picture, but that when he had got the money he could never +be prevailed on to complete it. Although he is supposed to +have earned enormous sums by his paintings, he has always +been a distressed man, without any visible means of expense, +except a magnificent collection of drawings by the ancient +masters, said to be the finest in the world, and procured at +great cost. He was, however, a generous patron of young +artists of merit and talent. It was always said that he lost +money at play, but this assertion seems to have proceeded +more from the difficulty of reconciling his pecuniary embarrassments +with his enormous profits than from any proof +of the fact. He was a great courtier, and is said to have been +so devoted to the King that he would not paint anybody who +was personally obnoxious to his Majesty; but I do not +believe this is true. He is an irreparable loss; since Sir +Joshua there has been no painter like him; his portraits as +pictures I think are not nearly so fine as Sir Joshua’s, but +as likenesses many of them are quite perfect. Moore’s was +the last portrait he painted, and Miss Kemble’s his last +drawing.</p> + +<p>The King has been very ill; lost forty ounces of blood. +Vesey is better, but has no chance of going on with his +office. The general opinion seems to be that Herries will +succeed him. I do not believe he knows anything of the +business of the Board of Trade. Charles Mills told me +yesterday that a proposal was lately made by Government +to the East India Company to reduce their dividends, and +that at the very time this was done Rothschild, who had +40,000ℓ. East India stock, sold it all out, and all his friends +who held any did the same. The matter was eventually +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LEOPOLD AND THE THRONE OF GREECE</span> +dropped, but he says nobody doubts that N—— gave notice +to Rothschild of the proposed measure. The Company are +mightily satisfied with Lord William Bentinck, who has +acted very handsomely by them in this business by the reduction +of the pay of the troops. He has written some very +trimming letters to Lord Combermere, who is coming home, +and if he had not been, would probably have been recalled. +The Duke, as well as the Company, is furious with Combermere +for the part he has acted in the affair.</p> + +<p>Leopold’s election to the throne of Greece seems to be +settled, and while everybody has been wondering what could +induce him to accept it, it turns out that he has been most +anxious for it, and has moved heaven and earth to obtain it; +that the greatest obstacle he has met with has been from the +King, who hates him, and cannot bear that he should become +a crowned head. He may think it ‘better to reign in hell +than serve in heaven,’ but I should have thought he had +a better prospect here, with 50,000ℓ. a year and as uncle +to the heiress apparent, than to go to a ruined country +without cities or inhabitants, and where everything is to +be created, and to sit on such a wretched throne as the +nominee of the Allied Powers, by whom he will be held +responsible for his acts; however, ‘il ne faut pas disputer +des goûts.’</p> + +<p>George Bentinck told me that Lady Canning is not satisfied +with Stapleton’s book, particularly with that part of it +in which he attempts to answer Lord Grey’s speech, which +she thinks poor and spiritless; he is not disposed to be very +severe on Lord Grey, being in a manner connected with +him. She is persuaded that that speech contributed to +kill Canning; his feelings were deeply wounded that not +one of his friends said a word in reply to it, although +some of them knew that the facts in Lord Grey’s speech +were incorrect. He vehemently desired to be raised to the +peerage, that he might have an opportunity of answering it, +and he had actually composed and spoken to Mrs. Canning +the speech which he intended to make in the House of +Lords. A great part of this she remembers. It seems, too, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> +that to the day of his death this was the ruling desire of his +mind, and he had declared that the following year, when he +should have carried the Corn Bill through the House of +Commons, he would go to the House of Lords and fight the +battle there.</p> + +<h3>January 17th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Charles Mills told me the other day that +the Chancellor of the Exchequer has been making enquiries +as to the fact of Rothschild having sold his India stock at +the time he did. The two Grants (Charles and Robert) are +always together, and both very forgetful and unpunctual. +Somebody said that if you asked Charles to dine with you +at six on Monday, you were very likely to have Robert at +seven on Tuesday.</p> + +<p>Edward Villiers (who has been living with Malcolm +on board his ship in the Mediterranean) writes word that +Malcolm told him that he had orders, in the event of +Diebitsch’s marching upon Constantinople, to destroy the +Russian fleet. If this is true, it would have been a great +outrage, and a most extraordinary piece of vigour, after so +much long-suffering and endurance.</p> + +<p>The country gentlemen are beginning to arrive, and they +all tell the same story as to the universally prevailing distress +and the certainty of things becoming much worse; of the +failure of rents all over England, and the necessity of some +decisive measures or the prospect of general ruin. Of course +they differ as to the measures, but there appears to be a +strong leaning towards the alteration in the currency and one +pound notes. It really does appear, from many representations, +that a notion prevails of the Duke of Wellington’s +indifference to the state of the country, and of his disposition +to treat the remonstrances and petitions of the people, as +well as their interests and feelings, with contempt, which I +believe most false and unjust. He has an overweening +opinion of his own all-sufficiency, and that is his besetting +sin, and the one which, if anything does, will overturn his +Government, for if he would be less dictatorial and opinionated, +and would call to his assistance such talents and information +as the crisis demands, he would be universally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">POLITICAL MORALITY</span> +voted the best man alive to be at the head of the Government; +but he has such a set of men under him, and Peel +will never get over the Catholic question. [Peel got over it, +but not before he had expiated his conduct by being turned +out.]</p> + +<h3>January 20th, 1830</h3> + +<p>The Duke and Lord Bathurst dined here +yesterday, the former not in good spirits. The battle about +Leopold and Greece is still going on between his Majesty +and his Ministers. The Duke was talking about the robbery +at Brussels of the Princess of Orange’s jewels, and that +there is reason to believe that Pereira, the Prince’s friend, +had some concern in it; many people suspect that both he +and the Prince were concerned. The Princess was in the +country, and only one maid-servant in the house where such +valuable property was left. The jewels were in a case, and +the key of the case was kept in a cabinet, which was opened, +the key taken, and the large case or chest opened by it. +Small footsteps (like those of Pereira, who has very small +feet) were traced in the house or near it, and the day of the +robbery the porter was taken by Pereira’s servant to his +house and there made drunk. The robbery was discovered +on Friday morning, but no steps were taken to inform the +police till Sunday night.</p> + +<h3>January 22nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>I believe it to be impossible for a man of +squeamish and uncompromising virtue to be a successful politician, +and it requires the nicest feeling and soundest judgment +to know upon what occasions and to what extent it is +allowable and expedient to diverge from the straight line. +Statesmen of the greatest power, and with the purest intentions, +are perpetually counteracted by prejudices, obstinacy, +interest, and ignorance; and in order to be efficient they must +turn, and tack, and temporise, sometimes dissemble. They +who are of the <i>ruat cœlum</i> sort, who will carry everything their +own way or not at all, must be content to yield their places +to those who are certainly less scrupulous, and submit to the +measures of those who are probably less wise. But though +it is possible that the less rigid and austere politician may +be equally virtuous and disinterested, the whole context of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> +his life must be such as to endure the most scrutinising +enquiry, which unfortunately it will very seldom do, in order +to establish a character for integrity. If Canning had had +a fair field, he would have done great things, for his lofty +and ambitious genius took an immense sweep, and the +vigour of his intellect, his penetration and sagacity, enabled +him to form mighty plans and work them out with success; +but it is impossible to believe that he was a high-minded +man, that he spurned everything that was dishonest, uncandid, +and ungentlemanlike; he was not above trick and +intrigue, and this was the fault of his character, which was +unequal to his genius and understanding. However, notwithstanding +his failings he was the greatest man we have +had for a long time, and if life had been spared to him, and +opposition had not been too much for him, he would have +raised our character abroad, and perhaps found remedies for +our difficulties at home. What a difference between his +position and that of the Duke of Wellington’s! Everybody +is disposed to support the latter and give him unlimited +credit for good intentions. The former was obliged to +carry men’s approbation by storm, and the moment he +had failed, or been caught tripping, he would have been +lost.</p> + +<p>The Duke has lately given audience to the West Indians +who came to complain of their sufferings and taxation and +to implore relief. Murray and Goulburn were present, +neither of whom, it is said, spoke a word. The Duke cut +them very short, and told them they were not distressed at +all, and that nothing would be done for them. He is like +the philosopher in Molière’s play, who says, ‘Il ne faut pas +dire que vous avez reçu des coups de bâton, mais qu’il vous +semble que vous en avez reçus.’</p> + +<p>Lawrence was buried yesterday; a magnificent funeral, +which will have cost, they say, 2,000ℓ. The pall was borne +by Clanwilliam, Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, Croker, Agar Ellis, +and three more—I forget who. There were thirty-two +mourning-coaches and eighty private carriages. The ceremony +in the church lasted two hours. Pretty well for a man +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON’S POSITION</span> +who died in very embarrassed circumstances. The favourites +for the chair of the Academy are Shee and Wilkie, painters, +and Westmacott and Chantrey, sculptors.</p> + +<p>We were talking of Clanwilliam, who Agar said was the +quickest man he had ever known; Luttrell said he and +Rogers were ‘the <i>quick</i> and the <i>dead</i>.’ Looking over the +‘Report of the Woods and Forests and the Cost of the +Palaces,’ somebody said ‘the pensive’ (meaning the public: +see Rejected Addresses) must pay; Luttrell said ‘the public +was the pensive and the King the expensive.’</p> + +<h3>January 26th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday afternoon Tierney died. He +sank back in his chair and expired suddenly, without any +previous illness; he had been in an indifferent state of health +for some time, but he had resolved to make one more effort +in Parliament and deliver his opinion on the present state +of affairs. He is a great loss to all his friends; his political +life was already closed.</p> + +<p>Shee was elected President of the Royal Academy last +night at ten o’clock. He had sixteen or eighteen votes; Sir +William Beechey six, who was the nearest to Shee; Wilkie +only two. He is an Irishman and a Catholic, a bad painter, +a tolerable poet, and a man of learning, but, it is said, +florid.</p> + +<p>Had a long conversation with Arbuthnot yesterday, who +is weak, but knows everything; his sentiments are the Duke’s. +They are furious with the old Tories, especially Lord Lonsdale, +and not well satisfied with Lowther, whom they suspect +to be playing a sneaking, underhand part. The Duke is +determined not to alter his Government, nor to take anybody +in to strengthen it. Arbuthnot said that the Duke had +shown he did not mean to be exclusive when he had taken in +Scarlett and Calcraft, and that ‘his friends’ would not have +borne any more extensive promotion from that party; that of +all Ministers he was the one who least depended upon Parliamentary +influence and the assistance of the great families; +and that if Lord Lonsdale and all his members were to leave +him to-morrow, he would not care a straw. Still he pays +them, if not court, great deference, and he keeps Lowther, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +though he suspects him. Arbuthnot said that as soon as +the Duke became Minister he said to him, ‘Now, Duke, for +God’s sake settle that question’ (the Catholic), which was +as much as to say, ‘Now that you have got rid of every +enemy and every rival, now that you can raise your own +reputation, and that you will share the glory with no one, +do that which you would never let anybody else do, and fight +for the measure you have been opposing all your life.’ It +may be imagined he would not have said this unless he had +been fully aware of the Duke’s sentiments on the subject. +This speech was made to him eight months after Canning +came into office, when they <i>all</i> went out, <i>on the Catholic +question</i>. He says it is utterly false that the Duke is unconscious +of or indifferent to the distress, but that it is +exaggerated, and the Duke attributes it to temporary and +not to permanent causes; that he labours incessantly on the +subject, and his thoughts are constantly occupied with +devising a remedy for it, which he thinks he can do. He +adverted to the difficulties with the King, who is never to be +depended upon, as his father was. He remembers upon +some occasion, when Perceval was Minister, and thought the +difficulties of his situation great, he represented to George +III. his sense of them in a letter; Perceval showed him the +King’s answer, which was in these words:—‘Do you stand +by me as I will stand by you, and while we stand by each +other we have nothing to fear.’</p> + +<p>I told Arbuthnot it was reported that the Duke had +given a very rough answer to the West Indian deputations, +and that if he had it was unwise, as, though he might not +adopt such measures of relief as they desired, he could treat +them with soft language. He said that, so far from it, Lord +Chandos had returned to the Duke the next day, and apologised +for their conduct to him, assuring him that he was +ashamed and tired of his connexion with them, and should +withdraw from it as soon as possible. This I mentioned at +Brookes’, but Gordon (a West Indian) said that they had all +been shocked at the manner in which he had used them, +that some of them had declared they would never go to him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE COMING SESSION</span> +again; and Spring Rice said that old George Hibbert, who +has been their agent these thirty years, and had attended +deputations to every Prime Minister since Pitt, had told him +that he never saw one so ill received before. It is customary +for every deputation to draw out a minute of their conversation +with the Minister, which they submit to him to admit +its correctness. They did so, but the Duke destroyed their +minute, and sent them back one drawn out by himself, +which, however, they declare was not so correct as that +which had been transmitted to him; which I can well believe, +but they had no right to complain of this, on the +contrary.</p> + +<h3>January 30th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Laid up with the gout these last three +days. George Bankes has resigned, and John Wortley is +appointed Secretary to the Board of Control. He was of the +Huskisson party, as it is called (though it does not deserve +the name), and previously to the offer of this place being +made to him was rather inimical to the Government; but +the Duke proposed, and he accepted. I doubt his being of +much use to them. Lord Ellenborough’s letter to Sir John +Malcolm, which appeared in the ‘Times’ a few days ago, +has made a great deal of noise, as it well may, for a more +flippant and injudicious performance has seldom been +seen.<a name="FNA_07_05" id="FNA_07_05" href="#FN_07_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_05" id="FN_07_05" href="#FNA_07_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[This letter, which excited much attention at this time, will be found +in the ‘Life of Sir John Malcolm,’ by Mr. (now Sir John) Kaye, vol. ii. +p. 528. It had been written a year before, and by some indiscretion obtained +publicity in India. A warm dispute had broken out between Sir +John Malcolm, then Governor of Bombay, and the Judges of the Supreme +Court there. Lord Ellenborough took Malcolm’s part with great eagerness, +and said of the Chief Justice, Sir J. P. Grant, that he ‘would be like a wild +elephant between two tame ones.’ This expression was long remembered +as a joke against Lord Ellenborough.]</p></div> + +<p>The greatest curiosity and interest prevail about the +transactions in the ensuing session—whether there will be +any opposition, and from what quarter, how Peel will +manage, how the country gentlemen will act and what +language they will hold, and whether the Duke will produce +any plan for alleviating the distress. I think there will be +a great deal of talking and complaining, a great many half-measures +suggested, but no opposition, and that the Duke +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +will do nothing, and get through the session without much +difficulty. There was to have been a Council on Thursday +to prick the sheriffs, but it was put off on account of my gout, +and I was not able to attend at the dinner at the Chancellor’s +on Wednesday for the same reason. I remember once before +a Council was put off because I was at Egham for the races; +that was a Council in ’27, I think, to admit foreign corn.</p> + +<h3>February 1st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Stapleton’s book on Mr. Canning is not to +appear. Douglas was sent to him by Aberdeen to tell him that +if anything appeared in it which ought not to be published +he would be turned out of his office. He wrote to Lady Canning +accordingly, who sent him a very kind answer, desiring +him by no means to expose himself to any such danger, and +consenting to the suppression of the work. I am glad of it +on all accounts.</p> + +<h3>February 3rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Brougham has given up Lord Cleveland’s +borough, and comes in for Knaresborough, at the Duke of +Devonshire’s invitation. He is delighted at the exchange. +I see by the ‘Gazette’ there has been a compromise with +the King about the Catholic sheriffs; only one (Petre for +Yorkshire) is chosen, the others, though first on the list and +no excuses, passed over: they were Townley for Lancashire +and Sir T. Stanley for Cheshire. It is childish and ridiculous +if so; but no matter, as the principle is admitted.</p> + +<p>I have just finished the first volume of Moore’s ‘Life of +Byron.’ I don’t think I like this style of biography, half-way +between ordinary narrative and self-delineation in the +shape of letters, diary, &c. Moore’s part is agreeably and +feelingly written, and in a very different style from the ‘Life +of Sheridan’—no turgid diction and brilliant antitheses. It +is, however, very amusing; the letters are exceedingly clever, +full of wit, humour, and point, abounding in illustration, +imagination, and information, but not the most agreeable +sort of letters. They are joined together by a succession +of little essays upon his character. But as to life, it is +no life at all; it merely tells you that the details of his life +are not tellable, that they would be like those of Tilly or +Casanova, and so indecent, and compromise so many people, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD BYRON</span> +that we must be content to look at his life through an +impenetrable veil. Then in the letters and diary the perpetual +hiatus, and asterisks, and initials are exceedingly +tantalising; but altogether it is very amusing. As to Byron, +I have never had but one opinion about his poetry, which I +think of first-rate excellence; an enormous heresy, of course, +more particularly with those whose political taste rests upon +the same foundation that their religious creed does—that of +having been taught what to admire in the one case as they +have been enjoined what to believe in the other. With +regard to his character, I think Moore has succeeded in +proving that he was far from deficient in amiable qualities; +he was high-minded, liberal, generous, and good-natured, +and, if he does not exaggerate his own feelings, a warm-hearted +and sincere friend. But what a wretch he was! +how thoroughly miserable with such splendid talents! how +little philosophy!—wretched on account of his lame foot; not +even his successes with women could reconcile him to a little +personal deformity, though this is too hard a word for it; +then tormenting himself to death nobody can tell why or +wherefore. There never was so ill-regulated a mind, and he +had not even the talent of making his pleasures subservient +to his happiness—not any notion of <i>enjoyment</i>; all with him +was riot, and debauchery, and rage and despair. That he +very sincerely entertained a bad opinion of mankind may be +easily believed; but so far from his pride and haughtiness +raising him above the influence of the opinion of those whom +he so despised, he was the veriest slave to it that ever +breathed, as he confesses when he says that he was almost +more annoyed at the censure of the meanest than pleased +with the praises of the highest of mankind; and when he +deals around his fierce vituperation or bitter sarcasms, he is +only clanking the chains which, with all his pride, and +defiance, and contempt, he is unable to throw off. Then he +despises pretenders and charlatans of all sorts, while he is +himself a pretender, as all men are who assume a character +which does not belong to them, and affect to be something +which they are all the time conscious they are not in reality. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> +But to ‘assume a virtue if you have it not’ is more allowable +than to assume a vice which you have not. To +wish to appear better or wiser than we really are is excusable +in itself, and it is only the manner of doing it +that may become ridiculous; but to endeavour to appear +worse than we are is a species of perverted vanity the most +disgusting, and a very bad compliment to the judgment, the +morals or the taste of our acquaintance. Yet, with all his +splendid genius, this sort of vanity certainly distinguished +Lord Byron, and that among many other things proves how +deeply a man may be read in human nature, what an insight +he may acquire into the springs of action and feeling, and +yet how incapable he may be of making any practical +application of the knowledge he has acquired and the result +of which he can faithfully delineate. He gives a list of the +books he had read at eighteen which appears incredible, +particularly as he says that he was always idle, and eight +years after Scott says he did not appear well read either in +poetry or history. Swift says ‘some men know books as +others do Lords—learn their titles, and then boast of their +acquaintance with them,’ and so perhaps at eighteen he knew +by name the books he mentions; indeed, the list contains +Hooker, Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Berkeley, &c. It sounds rather +improbable; but his letters contain allusions to every sort +of literature, and certainly indicate considerable information. +‘Dans le pays des aveugles les borgnes sont rois,’ and Sir +Walter Scott might think a man half read who knows +all that is contained in the brains of White’s, Brookes’, and +Boodle’s, and the greater part of the two Houses of Parliament. +But the more one reads and hears of great men the +more reconciled one becomes to one’s own mediocrity.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Say thou, whose thoughts at nothingness repine,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shall Byron’s fame with Byron’s fate be thine?</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +Who would not prefer any obscurity before such splendid +misery as was the lot of that extraordinary man? Even +Moore is not happy. One thinks how one should like to be +envied, and admired, and applauded, but after all such men +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WEAKNESS OF THE GOVERNMENT</span> +suffer more than we know or they will confess, and their +celebrity is dearly purchased.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Se di ciascun l’interno affanno<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Si leggesse in fronte scritto,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Quanti guai ch’invidia fanno<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ci farebbe pietà.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +One word more about Byron and I have done. I was much +struck by the coincidence of style between his letters and his +journal, and that appears to me a proof of the reality and +nature which prevailed in both.</p> + +<h3>February 5th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Parliament met yesterday; there was +a brisk debate and an amendment on the Address in each +House. The Duke had very indiscreetly called the distress +‘partial’ in the Speech, and the consequence was an amendment +moved by Knatchbull declaring it to be general. The +result shows that Government has not the slightest command +over the House of Commons, and that they have nothing +but casual support to rely upon, and that of course will only +be to be had ‘dum se bene gesserint.’ For a long time +Holmes and their whippers-in thought that they should be +in a minority; but Hume and a large party of Reformers +supported them (contrary to their own expectations), so they +got a majority of 50 out of 250. The division was very extraordinary, +Brougham, Sadler, and O’Connell voting together. +It is pretty clear, however, that they are in no danger of +being turned out, but that they are wretchedly off for speakers. +Huskisson made a shabby speech enough, O’Connell his +<i>début</i>, and a successful one, heard with profound attention; +his manner good and his arguments attended and replied to. +In the Lords there was nothing particular, but nothing was +concerted by any party, for the subject of the amendment in +the Commons was not even touched upon in the Lords, +which is very remarkable. Lord Chandos has refused the +Mint, because they will not give him a seat in the Cabinet, +but many people think it is because he has been pressed to +refuse by his High Tory friends. Charles Ross is the new +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +Lord of the +Admiralty,<a name="FNA_07_06" id="FNA_07_06" href="#FN_07_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +and Abercromby Chief Baron of +Scotland, which everybody is glad of.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_06" id="FN_07_06" href="#FNA_07_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +The appointment has not taken place.</p></div> + +<p>There is a charlatan of the name of Chobert, who calls +himself the Fire King, who has been imposing upon the +world for a year or more, exhibiting all sorts of juggleries in +hot ovens, swallowing poisons, hot lead, &c.; but yesterday +he was detected signally, and after a dreadful uproar was +obliged to run away to avoid the ill-usage of his exasperated +audience. He pretended to take prussic acid, and challenged +anybody to produce the poison, which he engaged to swallow. +At last Mr. Wakley, the proprietor of the ‘Lancet,’ went +there with prussic acid, which Chobert refused to take, and +then the whole deception came out, and there is an end of it; +but it has made a great deal of noise, taken everybody in, and +the fellow has made a great deal of money. It was to have +been his last performance, but ‘tant va la cruche à l’eau +qu’enfin....</p> + +<h3>February 13th, 1830</h3> + +<p>In the House of Lords last night: Lord +Holland’s motion on Greece; his speech was amusing, but +not so good as he generally is; Aberdeen wretched, the +worst speaker I ever heard and incapable of a reply; I +had no idea he was so bad. The Duke made a very clever +speech, answering Holland and Melbourne, availing himself +with great dexterity of the vulnerable parts of their +speeches and leaving the rest alone. I was sitting by +Robert Grant on the steps of the throne, and said to him, +‘That is a good speech of the Duke’s,’ and he said, ‘He +speaks like a great man;’ and so he did; it was bold and +manly, and a high tone, not like a practised debater, but a +man with a vigorous mind and determined character.</p> + +<p>In the House of Commons Graham spoke for two hours; +Burdett said not well, but others said the contrary. The +Government resolution moved as an amendment by Dawson +was better than his, so it was adopted without difficulty. Burdett +said Peel made the best speech he ever heard him make, +and threw over the Tories. Dined afterwards with Cowper, +Durham, and Glengall. Durham said that Lord Grey’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE BURNT</span> +politics were the same as his, and that before Easter he +thought an Opposition would be formed, and that the elements, +though scattered, exist of a strong one. I doubt it.</p> + +<h3>February 16th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Last night the English Opera House was +burnt down—a magnificent fire. I was playing at whist at the +‘Travellers’ with Lord Granville, Lord Auckland, and Ross, +when we saw the whole sky illuminated and a volume of fire +rising in the air. We thought it was Covent Garden, and +directly set off to the spot. We found the Opera House and +several houses in Catherine Street on fire (sixteen houses), +and, though it was three in the morning, the streets filled by +an immense multitude. Nothing could be more picturesque +than the scene, for the flames made it as light as day and +threw a glare upon the strange and motley figures moving +about. All the gentility of London was there from Princess +Esterhazy’s ball and all the clubs; gentlemen in their fur +cloaks, pumps, and velvet waistcoats mixed with objects like +the <i>sans-culottes</i> in the French Revolution—men and women +half-dressed, covered with rags and dirt, some with nightcaps +or handkerchiefs round their heads—then the soldiers, +the firemen, and the engines, and the new police running +and bustling, and clearing the way, and clattering along, and +all with that intense interest and restless curiosity produced +by the event, and which received fresh stimulus at every +renewed burst of the flames as they rose in a shower of sparks +like gold dust. Poor Arnold lost everything and was not +insured. I trust the paraphernalia of the Beefsteak Club +perished with the rest, for the enmity I bear that society for +the dinner they gave me last year.</p> + +<h3>February 19th, 1830</h3> + +<p>In the House of Lords last night to +hear Melbourne’s motion about Portugal—a rather long +and very bad debate. Melbourne spoke very ill—case very +negligently got up, weakly stated, confused, and indiscreet—in +the same sense as his brother’s pamphlet, with part +of which (the first part) none of the members of Canning’s +Administration or of Goderich’s agree, and consequently it +was answered by Lansdowne and Goderich. The latter made +an excellent speech, the only good one that was made. Aberdeen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> +was wretched; it is really too bad that a man should +be Secretary for Foreign Affairs who cannot speak better. +The Duke made no case for the Terceira business, and +delivered a very poor speech; but I like his speaking—it is so +much to the point, no nonsense and verbiage about it, and he +says strongly and simply what he has to say. The other +night on Greece there was a very brisk skirmish between +Palmerston and Peel, and the former spoke, they say, +remarkably well; the latter, as usual, was in a passion.</p> + +<h3>February 21st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined with the Chancellor; Granvilles, +Hollands, Moore, Luttrell, Lord Lansdowne, Auckland, and +one or two more; very agreeable. Lord Holland told stories +of Lord Thurlow, whom he mimicks, they say, exactly. +When Lord Mansfield died, Thurlow said, ‘I hesitated a long +time between Kenyon and Buller. Kenyon was very intemperate, +but Buller was so damned corrupt, and I thought +upon the whole that intemperance was a less fault in a judge +than corruption, not but what there was a damned deal of +corruption in Kenyon’s intemperance.’ Lady Holland and +I very friendly; the first time I have met her in company +since our separation (for we have never quarrelled). +She is mighty anxious to get me back, for no other reason +than because I won’t go. Everybody is surprised at Melbourne’s +failure the other night; some say he was not well, +some that he did not like the business. I doubt if he is up +to it; he did not speak like a man that has much in him.</p> + +<h3>February 23rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined with Lord Bathurst and a dull +party; but after dinner Lady Bathurst began talking about +the King, and told me one or two anecdotes. When the +account of Lord Liverpool’s seizure reached the King at +Brighton, Peel was at the Pavilion; the King got into one +of his nervous ways, and sent for him in the middle of the +night, desiring he would not dress; so he went down in his +bedgown and sat by the side of the King’s bed. Peel has +got an awkward way of thrusting out his hands while he +talks, which at length provoked the King so much that he +said, ‘Mr. Peel, it is no use going on so (taking him off) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">WINDSOR CASTLE</span> +and thrusting out your hands, which is no answer to my +question.’</p> + +<p>Went to Esterhazy’s ball; talked to old Rothschild, who +was there with his wife and a dandy little Jew son. He says +that Polignac’s Government will stand by the King’s support +and Polignac’s own courage; offered to give me a letter +to his brother, who would give me any information I wanted, +squeezed my hand, and looked like what he is.</p> + +<h3>February 25th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday at Windsor for a Council; +the first time I have seen one held in the new rooms of +the Castle. They are magnificent and comfortable, the corridor +really delightful—furnished through its whole length +of about 500 feet with the luxury of a drawing-room, and +full of fine busts and bronzes, and entertaining pictures, +portraits, and curious antiquities. There were the Chancellor, +the Duke, three Secretaries of State, Bathurst, and Melville. +The King very blind—did not know the Lord Chancellor, who +was standing close to him, and took him for Peel; he would +not give up the point, though, for when he found his mistake +he attributed it to the light, and appealed to Lord Bathurst, +who is stone-blind, and who directly agreed.</p> + +<h3>February 26th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Intended to go to the House of Lords +to hear the debate on Lord Stanhope’s motion (state of the +nation), but went to see Fanny Kemble in ‘Mrs. Beverley’ +instead. She had a very great success—house crowded and +plenty of emotion—but she does not touch me, though she +did more than in her other parts; however, she is very good +and will be much better.</p> + +<p>The debate in the Lords was not lively, and the Duke, +they say, made a most execrable speech. The fact is that +he is not up to a great speech on a great question; he wants +the information and preparation, the discipline of mind, that +is necessary, and accordingly he exposes himself dreadfully, +and entirely lost all the advantages he had gained by the +excellent speeches he had previously made on other and +more confined questions. He was very angry with the Duke +of Richmond, whose opposition to him is considered by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> +Duke’s adherents as a sort of political parricide. Old Eldon +spoke very well, and Radnor; the rest but moderate.</p> + +<h3>February 27th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined at Lord Lansdowne’s; Moore, +Rogers, J. Russell, Spring Rice, Charles Kemble, Auckland, +and Doherty; very agreeable, but Rogers was overpowered +by numbers and loud voices. Doherty told some good professional +stories, and they all agreed that Irish courts of +justice afforded the finest materials for novels and romances. +The ‘Mertons’ and ‘Collegians’ are both founded on facts; +the stories are in the ‘New Monthly Magazine;’ they said +the author had not made the most of the ‘Collegians’ story. +Very odd nervousness of Moore; he could not tell that story +(of Crampton’s), which I begged him to do, and which would +not have been lugged in neck and shoulders, because everybody +was telling just such stories; he is delighted with +my note of it. Charles Kemble talked of his daughter and +her success—said she was twenty, and that she had once +seen Mrs. Siddons in ‘Lady Randolph’ when she was seven +years old. She was so affected in ‘Mrs. Beverley’ that +he was obliged to carry her into her dressing-room, where +she screamed for five minutes; the last scream (when she +throws herself on his body) was involuntary, not in the part, +and she had not intended it, but could not resist the impulse. +She likes Juliet the best of her parts.</p> + +<h3>February 28th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined yesterday with Lord Stanhope; +Murray the bookseller (who published ‘Belisarius’), Wilkie +the painter, and Lord Strangford; nobody else of note. Wilkie +appears stern, and might pass for mad; he said very little. +Murray chattered incessantly; talked to me a great deal +about Moore, who would have been mightily provoked if he +had heard him. An odd dinner, not agreeable, though Lord +Stanhope is amusing, so strange in his appearance, so ultra-Tory +and anti-Liberal in his politics, full of information and +a good deal of drollery. Murray told me that Moore is +going to write a ‘Life of Petrarch.’ Croker would have +written Lawrence’s Life if Campbell [the poet] had not +seized the task before anybody else thought of laying hold of +it. He has circulated a command that all persons who have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FOR ITALY</span> +anything to communicate will send their letters to <i>his secretary</i>, +and not to him.</p> + +<h3>March 2nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>To-morrow I set out to Italy, after many +years of anxiety to go there, without violent expectations of +pleasure, but not thinking of disappointment. I care not +for leaving London or anything in it; there are a few people +whose society I regret, but as to friends or those who care +for me, or for whom I care, I leave few behind.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> +Calais — Beau Brummell — Paris — The Polignac Ministry — Polignac and +Charles X. — The Duke of Orleans — State of Parties — Talleyrand — Lyons +— First Impressions of Mountain Scenery — Mont Cenis — Turin — Marengo +— Genoa — Road to Florence — Pisa — Florence — Lord and Lady Burghersh +— Thorwaldsen — Lord Cochrane — Rome — St. Peter’s — Frascati — Grotta +Ferrata — Queen Hortense and Louis Napoleon — Coliseum — Death of +Lady Northampton — The Moses — Gardens — Palm Sunday — Sistine +Chapel — The Cardinals — Popes — Cardinal Albani — The Farnese Palace +— A Dead Cardinal — Pasquin — Statue of Pompey — Galleries and Catacombs +— Bunsen — The Papal Benediction — Ceremonies of the Holy +Week — The Grand Penitentiary — A Confession — Protestant Cemetery +— Illumination of St. Peter’s — Torlonia — Bunsen on the Forum. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>Paris, March 6th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I left London at three o’clock on +Wednesday, the 3rd, and arrived at Dover between twelve +and one. Went over in the packet at nine on Thursday, +which was not to have sailed till twelve, but did +go at nine, principally because they heard that I had got +despatches, for I had armed myself with three passports +couched in such terms as were most likely to be useful. A +good but rather long passage—near four hours—and the day +magnificent. Landed with difficulty in boats. Detained at +Calais till seven. There I had a long conversation with +Brummell about his Consulship, and was moved by his +account of his own distresses to write to the Duke of +Wellington and ask him to do what he could for him. I +found him in his old lodging, dressing; some pretty pieces +of old furniture in the room, an entire toilet of silver, and a +large green macaw perched on the back of a tattered silk +chair with faded gilding; full of gaiety, impudence, and +misery.</p> + +<p>Lord Tweeddale came over in the packet, and we dined +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PARIS IN MARCH 1830</span> +together. He was full of the Duke of Richmond’s speech +about the Duke of Wellington the other night, which he +said had annoyed the Duke of Wellington more than anything +that ever happened to him, and that the Duke of +Richmond was now equally sorry for what he had said. He +(Tweeddale) was employed to carry a message from the one +Duke to the other, which, however, the Duke of Wellington +did not take in good part, nor does it seem that he is at +all disposed to lay aside his resentment. Tweeddale ranks +Richmond’s talents very highly, and says he was greatly +esteemed in the army.</p> + +<p>Left Calais at seven; travelled all night—the roads +horrid in most parts—and arrived at Paris last night at +half-past twelve. Found everything prepared—an excellent +apartment, <i>laquais de place</i>, and courier. Called on Lady +Stewart and old Madame Craufurd, and wandered about +the whole day. Paris looking gay and brilliant in the finest +weather I ever saw. I find the real business is not to begin +in the Chambers till about the 10th, so I shall not wait for +it. Polignac is said to be very stout, but the general opinion +is that he will be in a minority in the Chambers; however, +as yet I have seen nobody who can give good information +about the state of parties. For the first time (between +Calais and Paris) I saw some new houses and barns building +near Abbeville and Beauvais, and the cottages near Monsieur +de Clermont-Tonnerre’s mansion had a very English look.</p> + +<p>It is Lent, and very little going on here. During the +Carnival they had a ball for the benefit of the poor, which +was attended by 5,000 people, and produced 116,000 francs. +Immense sums were given in charity, and well appropriated +during the severe weather. There are also nuns (<i>soeurs de +charité</i>), who visit and tend the sick, whose institution is far +more practically useful than anything of which our Protestant +country can boast. I shall only stay here a very +few days.</p> + +<h3>March 8th, 1830</h3> + +<p>It will be difficult to get away from this +place if I don’t go at once; the plot thickens, and I am in +great danger of dawdling on, Yesterday morning I walked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> +about, visiting, and then went through the Tuileries and the +Carrousel. The Gardens were full of well-dressed and good-looking +people, and the day so fine that it was a glorious sight. +The King is, after all, hardly master of his own palace, for the +people may swarm like bees all around and through it, and +he is the only man in Paris who cannot go into the Gardens. +Dined with Standish, Brooke Greville, Madame Alfred de +Noailles and her daughter, and then went to Madame de Flahault’s +to see the world and hear politics. After all, nobody +has an idea how things will turn out, or what are Polignac’s +intentions or his resources. Lord +Stuart<a name="FNA_08_01" id="FNA_08_01" href="#FN_08_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +told me that he knew +nothing, but that when he saw all the Ministers perfectly +calm and satisfied, and heard them constantly say all would +be well, although all France and a clear majority in both +Chambers seemed to be against them, he could not help thinking +they must have some reason for such confidence, and +something in reserve, of which people were not aware. Lady +Keith,<a name="FNA_08_02" id="FNA_08_02" href="#FN_08_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +with whom I had a long talk, told me that she did +not believe it possible they could stand, that there was no +revolutionary spirit abroad, but a strong determination to +provide for the stability of their institutions, a disgust at +the obstinacy and pretensions of the King, and a desire to +substitute the Orleans for the reigning branch, which was +becoming very general; that Polignac is wholly ignorant of +France, and will not listen to the opinions of those who +could enlighten him. It is supposed that the King is determined +to push matters to extremity, to try the Chambers, +and if his Ministry are beaten to dissolve them and govern +<i>par ordonnance du Roi</i>, then to try and influence the elections +and obtain a Chamber more favourable than the +present. Somebody told her the other day of a conversation +which Polignac had recently had with the King, in which +his Majesty said to him, ‘Jules, est-ce que vous m’êtes très-dévoué?’ +‘Mais oui, Sire; pouvez-vous en douter?’ ‘Jusqu’à +aller sur l’échafaud?’ ‘Mais oui. Sire, s’il le faut.’ ‘Alors +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">IMPENDING CRISIS IN FRANCE</span> +tout ira bien.’ It is thought that he has got into his head +the old saying that if Louis XVI. had got upon horseback +he could have arrested the progress of the Revolution—a piece +of nonsense, fit only for a man ‘qui n’a rien oublié ni rien +appris.’ It is supposed the Address will be carried against +the Government by about 250 to 130. (It was 221 to 180. —— has +a <i>tabatière Warin</i> of that day, with the names of +the 221 on the lid.) All the names presented to the King +yesterday for the Presidency are obnoxious to him, but he +named Royer Collard, who had twice as many votes as any +of the others. It was remarked at the <i>séance royale</i> that +the King dropped his hat, and that the Duke of Orleans +picked it up, and they always make a great deal of these +trifles. The Duke of Orleans is, however, very well with the +Court, and will not stir, let what will happen, though he +probably feels like Macbeth before the murder of Duncan—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">If chance will have me King, why let chance crown me<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Without my stir.</span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_01" id="FN_08_01" href="#FNA_08_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +[Lord Stuart de Rothesay was then British Ambassador in Paris.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_02" id="FN_08_02" href="#FNA_08_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +[Married to Count de Flahault; in her own right Baroness Keith and +Nairn. She died in 1867.]</p></div> + +<h3>March 8th, 1830, at night</h3> + +<p>Walked about visiting, and heard +all the gossip of Paris from little Madame Graham, who +also invited me to Pozzo di Borgo’s box at the Opera. I +don’t mean to record the gossip and scandal unless when I +hear something out of the common way and amusing. +Dined with Stuart; Tweeddale, Gurwood, Allen, and some +heavy <i>attachés</i>; no French. He appears to live handsomely. +Afterwards to the Opera to see Taglioni, who did not dance; +then to Madame Appony’s, to whom I was introduced, and +we had plenty of bowing and smirking and civilities about +my family. Rather bored at the party, and am come home +quite resolved to be off on Thursday, but am greatly puzzled +about my route, for everybody recommends a different +one.</p> + +<h3>March 9th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined with M. de Flahault; met M. de +Talleyrand, Madame de Dino, General Sébastiani, M. Bertin +de Vaux, Duc de Broglie, and Montrond. Sébastiani and +Bertin de Vaux are Deputies, and all violent Oppositionists. +After dinner M. de Lescure, another man, and the young +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> +Duc de Valençay, Madame de Dino’s son, came in. They +talked politics all the time, and it was curious enough to me. +Bertin is the sort of man in appearance that Tierney was, +and shrewd like him; he is brother to the editor, and +principal manager himself, of the ‘Journal des Débats.’ +Sébastiani is slow and pompous. The Duc de Broglie is +one of the best men in France. They all agreed that the +Government cannot stand. Talleyrand is as much against +it as any of them. Sébastiani told me they should have +280 against 130. Talleyrand said that it was quite impossible +to predict what might be the result of this contest (if +the Court pushed matters to extremity) both to France and +Europe, and that it was astonishing surrounding nations, +and particularly England, did not see how deeply they +were interested in the event. He said of us, ‘Vous avez +plus d’argent que de crédit.’ He looks horridly old, but +seems vigorous enough and alive to everything. After +dinner they all put their heads together and chattered +politics as fast as they could. Madame de Flahault is more +violent than her husband, and her house is the resort of all +the Liberal party. Went afterwards to the Opera and saw +Maret, the Duc de Bassano, a stupid elderly bourgeois-looking +man, with two very pretty daughters. The battle +is to begin in the Chamber on Saturday or Monday on the +Address. Talleyrand told me that the next three weeks +would be the most important of any period since the Restoration. +It is in agitation to deprive him of his place of +Grand Chambellan.</p> + +<h3>Susa, March 15th, 1830, 9 o’clock.</h3> + +<p>Just arrived at this place +at the foot of Mont Cenis. Left Paris on the 11th, at +twelve o’clock at night. On the last day, Montrond made +a dinner for me at a club to see M. des Chapelles play at +whist. I saw it, but was no wiser; but I conclude he +plays very well, for he always wins, is not suspected of +cheating, and excels at all other games. At twelve I got +into my carriage, and (only stopping an hour and a half +for two breakfasts) got to Lyons in forty-eight hours and a +half. Journey not disagreeable, and roads much better than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MOUNTAIN SCENERY</span> +I expected, particularly after Macon, when they became as +good as in England; but the country presents the same sterile, +uninteresting appearance as that between Calais and Paris—no +hedges, no trees, except tall, stupid-looking poplars, and +no châteaux or farm-houses. I am at a loss to know why +a country should look so ill which I do not believe is either +barren or ill cultivated. Lyons is a magnificent town. It +was dark when I arrived, or rather moonlight, but I could +see that the quay we came along was fine, and yesterday +morning I walked about for an hour and was struck with the +grandeur of the place; it is like a great and magnificent +Bath; but I had not time to see much of it, and, with beautiful +weather, I set off at ten o’clock. The mountains (les +Échelles de Savoie) appear almost directly in the distance, +but it was long before I could make out whether they were +clouds or mountains.</p> + +<p>After crossing the Pont de Beauvoisin we began to mount +the Échelles, which I did on foot, and I never shall forget the +first impression made upon me by the mountain scenery. +It first burst upon me at a turn of the road—one huge +perpendicular rock above me, a deep ravine with a torrent +rushing down and a mountain covered with pines and ilexes +on the other side, and in front another vast rock which was +shining in the reflected light of the setting sun. I never +shall forget it. How I turned round and round, afraid to +miss a particle of the glorious scene. It was the liveliest +impression because it was the first. I walked nearly to the +other post with the most exquisite pleasure, but it was dark +by the time I got to La Grotta. I went on, however, all +night, very unhappy at the idea of losing a great deal of this +scenery, but consoled by the reflection that there was plenty +left. As soon as it was light I found myself in the middle +of the mountains (the Lower Alps), and from thence I proceeded +across the Mont Cenis. Though not the finest pass, +to me, who had never seen anything like it, it appeared +perfectly beautiful, every turn in the road presenting a new +combination of Alpine magnificence. Nothing is more +striking than the patches of cultivation in the midst of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> +tremendous rocks and precipices, and in one or two spots +there were plots of grass and evergreens, like an English +shrubbery, at the foot of enormous mountains covered with +snow. There was not a breath of air in these valleys, and +the sun was shining in unclouded brightness, so that there +was all the atmosphere of summer below with all the livery +of winter above.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">The altitude of some tall crag<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That is the eagle’s birthplace, or some peak<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Familiar with forgotten years, that shows,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Inscribed as with the silence of the thought<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upon its bleak and visionary sides,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The history of many a winter storm<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or obscure record of the path of fire.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">There the sun himself<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At the calm close of Summer’s longest day<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rests his substantial orb; between those heights,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And on the top of either pinnacle,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">More keenly than elsewhere in night’s blue vault<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sparkle the stars, as of their station proud:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thoughts are not busier in the mind of man<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than the mute agents stirring there,—alone<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here do I sit and watch.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +In one place, too, I remarked high up on the side of the +rugged and barren mountain two or three cottages, to arrive +at which steps had been cut in the rock. No sign of vegetation +was near, so exactly the description of Goldsmith:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Dear is that shed to which their souls conform,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And dear that hill that lifts them to the storm;<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>In another place there was a cluster of houses and a +church newly built. Not far from Lans-le-Bourg (at the foot +of Mont Cenis) is a very strong fort, built by the King of +Sardinia, which commands the road. It has a fine effect +perched upon a rock, and apparently unapproachable. A +soldier was pacing the battlement, and his figure gave life to +the scene and exhibited the immensity of the surrounding +objects, so minute did he appear. At Lans-le-Bourg they +put four horses and two mules to my carriage, but I took my +courier’s horse and set off to ride up the mountain with a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE MONT CENIS</span> +guide who would insist upon going with me, and who +proposed to take me up a much shorter way by the old +road, which, however, I declined; he was on foot, and made +a short cut up the hill while I rode by the road, which winds +in several turns up the mountain. Fired with mountainous +zeal, I had a mind to try one of these short cuts, and giving +my horse to Paolo (my <i>valet de chambre</i>) set off with my guide +to climb the next intervening ascent; but I soon found that +I had better have stuck to my horse, for the immensity of +the surrounding objects had deceived me as to the distance, +and the ground was so steep and slippery that, unprepared +as I was for such an attempt, I could not keep my footing. +When about half-way up, I looked ruefully round and saw +steeps above and below covered with ice and snow and loose +earth. I could not get back, and did not know how to get +on. I felt like the man who went up in a balloon, and when +a mile in the air wanted to be let out. My feelings were very +like what Johnson describes at Hawkestone in his tour in +Wales. ‘He that mounts the precipices at —— wonders how +he came thither, and doubts how he shall return; his walk +is an adventure and his departure an escape. He has not +the tranquillity but the horrors of solitude—a kind of turbulent +pleasure between fright and admiration.’ My guide, +fortunately, was active and strong, and properly shod so +he went first, making steps for me in the snow, into which +I put my feet after his, while with one hand I grasped +the tail of his blue frock and with the other seized bits of +twig or anything I could lay hold of; and in this ludicrous +way, scrambling and clambering, hot and out of breath, to +my great joy I at last got to the road, and for the rest of the +ascent contented myself with my post-horse, who had a set +of bells jingling at his head and was a sorry beast enough. +I was never weary, however, of admiring the scenery. The +guide told me he had often seen Napoleon when he was +crossing the mountain, and that he remembered his being +caught in a +<i>tormento</i>,<a name="FNA_08_03" id="FNA_08_03" href="#FN_08_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +when his life was saved by two young +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> +Savoyards, who took him on their backs and carried him +to a <i>rifugio</i>.<a name="FNA_08_04" id="FNA_08_04" href="#FN_08_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +He asked them if they were married, and, +finding they were not, enquired how much was enough to +marry upon in that country, and then gave them the requisite +sum, and settled pensions of 600 francs on each of them. +One is dead, the other still receives it. As I got near the +top of the mountain the road, which had hitherto been +excellent, became execrable and the cold intense. I had left +summer below and found winter above. I looked in vain for +the chamois, hares, wolves, and bears, all of which I was told +are found there. At last I arrived at the summit, and found +at the inn a friar, the only inhabitant of the Hospice, who, +hearing me say I would go there (as my carriage was not yet +come), offered to go with me; he was young, fat, rosy, jolly, +and dirty, dressed in a black robe with a travelling-cap on his +head, appeared quick and intelligent, and spoke French and +Italian. He took me over the Hospice, which is now quite +empty, and showed me two very decently furnished rooms +which the Emperor Napoleon used to occupy, and two inferior +apartments which had been appropriated to the Empress +Maria Louisa. The N.’s on the <i>grille</i> of the door had been +changed for V.E.’s (Victor Emmanuel) and M.T.’s (Maria +Theresa), and frightful pictures of the Sardinian King and +Queen have replaced the Imperial portraits. All sorts of +distinguished people have slept there <i>en passant</i>, and do still +when compelled to spend the night on Mont Cenis. He offered +to lodge and feed me, but I declined. I told him I was glad to +see Napoleon’s bedroom, as I took an interest in everything +which related to that great man, at which he seemed +extremely pleased, and said, ‘Ah, monsieur, vous êtes donc +comme moi.’ I dined at the inn (a very bad one) on some +trout which they got for me from the Hospice—very fine fish, +but very ill dressed. The sun was setting by the time I set +off, it was dusk when I had got half-way down the descent, +and dark before I had reached the first stage. When half-way +down the descent, the last rays of the sun were still +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TURIN</span> +gilding the tops of the crags above, and the contrast between +that light above and the darkness below was very fine. From +what I saw of it, and from what I guess, straining my eyes +into the darkness to catch the dim and indistinct shapes of +the mountains, the Italian side is the finest—the most wild +and savage and with more variety. On the French side you +are always on the breast of the same mountain, but on the +Italian side you wind along different rocks always hanging +over a precipice with huge black, snow-topped crags frowning +from the other ridge. I was quite unhappy not to see it. +Altogether I never shall forget the pleasure of the two days’ +journey and the first sight of the Alps, exceeding the expectations +I had formed, and for years I have enjoyed nothing +so much. The descent (at the beginning of which, by-the-bye, +I was very nearly overturned) only ends at this place, where +I found a tolerable room and a good fire, but the <i>cameriere</i> +stinking so abominably of garlic that he impregnated the +whole apartment.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_03" id="FN_08_03" href="#FNA_08_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +A <i>tormento</i> (most appropriate name) is a tempest of wind, and sleet, +and snow, exceedingly dangerous to those who are met by it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_04" id="FN_08_04" href="#FNA_08_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +A <i>rifugio</i> is a sort of cabin, of which there are several built at certain +distances all the way up the mountain, where travellers may take shelter.</p></div> + +<h3>Turin, March 16th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Got here early and meant to sleep, +but have changed my mind and am going on. A fine but +dull-looking town. Found the two Forsters, who pressed me +to stay. Made an ineffectual attempt to get into the +Egyptian Museum, said to be the finest in the world. It was +collected by Drovetti, the French Consul, and offered to us +for 16,000ℓ., which we declined to give, and the King of +Sardinia bought it. Forster told me that this country is +rich, not ill governed, but plunged in bigotry. There are +near 400 convents in the King’s dominions. It is the dullest +town in Europe, and it is because it looks so dull that I +am in a hurry to get out of it. This morning was cloudy, +and presented fresh combinations of beauty in the mountains +when the clouds rolled round their great white peaks, sometimes +blending them in the murky vapour, and sometimes +exhibiting their sharp outlines above the wreath of mist. I +did not part from the Alps without casting many a lingering +look behind.</p> + +<h3>Genoa, March 18th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Got on so quick from Turin that I +went to Alessandria that night, and set off at half-past six +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> +yesterday morning. Crossed the field of battle of Marengo, +a boundless plain (now thickly studded with trees and houses), +and saw the spot where Desaix was killed. The bridge over +the Bormida which Melas crossed to attack the French army +is gone, but another has been built near it. The Austrians +or Sardinians have taken down the column which was +erected to the memory of Desaix on the spot where he fell; +they might as well have left it, for the place will always be +celebrated, though they only did as the French had done +before. After the battle of Jena they took down the Column +of Rossbach,<a name="FNA_08_05" id="FNA_08_05" href="#FN_08_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +but that was erected to commemorate the +victory, and this the death of the hero. I feel like Johnson—‘far +far from me and my friends be that frigid philosophy +which can make us pass unmoved over any scenes which +have been consecrated by virtue, by valour, or by wisdom’—and +I strained the eyes of my imagination to see all the +tumult of this famous battle, in which Bonaparte had been +actually defeated, yet (one can hardly now tell how) was in +the end completely victorious. This pillar might have been +left, too, as a striking memorial of the rapid vicissitudes of +fortune: the removal of it has been here so quick, and at +Rossbach so tardy, a reparation of national honour.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_05" id="FN_08_05" href="#FNA_08_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +The battle of Rossbach was gained by Frederick the Great over the +French and Austrians in 1757.</p></div> + +<p>The Apennines are nothing after the Alps, but the descent +to Genoa is very pretty, and Genoa itself exceeds everything +I ever saw in point of beauty and magnificence.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">How boldly doth it front us, how majestically—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like a luxurious vineyard: the hill-side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is hung with marble fabrics, line o’er line,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Terrace o’er terrace, nearer still and nearer<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To the blue heavens, here bright and sumptuous palaces<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With cool and verdant garden interspersed.<br /></span> +<span class="i6">* * * * * *<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While over all hangs the rich purple eve.<br /></span> +<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Milman’s</span> <i>Fall of Jerusalem</i>.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I passed the whole day after I got here in looking into +the palaces and gardens and admiring the prospect on every +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA</span> +side. You are met at every turn by vestiges of the old +Republic; in fact, the town has undergone very little alteration +for hundreds of years, and there is an air of gaiety and +bustling activity which, with the graceful costume of the men +and women, make it a most delightful picture. Genoa appears +to be a city of palaces, and although many of the largest +are now converted to humbler uses, and many fallen to +decay, there are ample remains to show the former grandeur +of the princely merchants who were once the lords of the +ocean. Everything bespeaks solidity, durability, and magnificence. +There are stupendous works which were done at +the expense of individuals. In every part of the town are +paintings and frescoes, which, in spite of constant exposure +to the atmosphere, have retained much of their brilliancy +and freshness. The palaces of Doria are the most interesting; +but why the Senate gave him that which bears still +the inscription denoting its being their gift it is difficult to +say, when his own is so superior and in a more agreeable +situation. The old palace of Andrew is now let for lodgings, +and the Pamfili Doria live at Rome. The walls are covered +with inscriptions, and I stopped to read two on stone slabs +on the spot where the houses of malefactors had formerly +stood, monuments of the vindictive laws of the Republic, +which not only punished the criminal himself, but consigned +his children to infamy and his habitation to destruction; +though they stand together they are not of the same date. +There is no temptation to violate the decree by building +again on the spot, for they are in a narrow, dirty court, to +which light can scarcely find access. The Ducal Palace now +belongs to the Governor. It has been modernised, but in +the dark alleys adjoining there are remains demonstrative of +its former extent—pictures of the different Doges in fresco +on the walls half erased, and little bridges extending from +the windows (or doors) of the palace to the public prisons +and other adjoining buildings. The view from my <i>albergo</i> +(<i>della villa</i>) is the gayest imaginable, looking over the +harbour, which is crowded with sailors and boats full of animation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> +<i>Evening</i>.—Passed the whole day seeing sights. Called +on Madame Durazzo, and went with her and her niece, +Madame Ferrari, to the King’s palace, formerly a Durazzo +palace. Like the others, a fine house, full of painting +and gilding, and with a terrace of black and white marble +commanding a view of the sea. The finest picture is a +Paul Veronese of a Magdalen with our Saviour. The +King and Queen sleep together, and on each side of the +royal bed there is an assortment of ivory palms, crucifixes, +boxes for holy water, and other spiritual guards for their +souls. For the comfort of their bodies he has had a machine +made like a car, which is drawn up by a chain from the +bottom to the top of the house; it holds about six people, +who can be at pleasure elevated to any storey, and at each +landing-place there is a contrivance to let them in and out. +From thence to the Brignole Palace (called the Palazzo +Rosso), where I met M. and Madame de Brignole, who were +very civil and ordered a scientific footman to show us the +pictures. They are numerous and excellent, but we could +only take a cursory look at them; the best are the Vandykes, +particularly a Christ and a portrait of one of the Brignoles on +horseback, and a beautiful Carlo Dolce, a small bleeding Christ. +I saw the churches—San Stefano, Annunziata, the Duomo, +San Ambrosio, San Cyro. There are two splendid pictures +in the Ambrosio, a Guido and a Rubens; the Martyrdom in +the San Stefano, by Julio Romano and Raphael, went to Paris +and was brought back in 1814. The churches have a profusion +of marble, and gilding, and frescoes; the Duomo is +of black and white marble, of mixed architecture, and highly +ornamented—all stinking to a degree that was perfectly intolerable, +and the same thing whether empty or full; it is +the smell of stale incense mixed with garlic and human +odour, horrible combination of poisonous exhalations. I +must say, as everybody has before remarked, that there is +something highly edifying in the appearance of devotion +which belongs to the Catholic religion; the churches are +always open, and, go into them when you will, you see men +and women kneeling and praying before this or that altar, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA</span> +absorbed in their occupation, and who must have been led +there by some devotional feeling. This seems more accordant +with the spirit and essence of religion than to have the +churches, as ours are, opened like theatres at stated hours +and days for the performance of a long service, at the end +of which the audience is turned out and the doors are locked +till the next representation. Then the Catholic religion +makes no distinctions between poverty and wealth—no pews +for the aristocracy well warmed and furnished, or seats set +apart for the rich and well dressed; here the church is open +to all, and the beggar in rags comes and takes his place by +the side of the lady in silks, and both, kneel on the same +pavement, for the moment at least and in that place reduced +to the same level.</p> + +<p>I saw the Ducal Palace, where there are two very fine +halls,<a name="FNA_08_06" id="FNA_08_06" href="#FN_08_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +the old Hall of Audience and the Hall of Council, +the latter 150 by 57 feet; and the Doria Palace, delightfully +situated with a garden and fine fountain, and a +curious old gallery opening upon a marble terrace, richly +painted, gilt and carved, though, now decayed. Here the +Emperor Napoleon lived when he was at Genoa, preferring +Andrew Doria’s palace to a better lodging: he had some +poetry in his ambition after all. Lastly to the Albergo dei +Poveri,<a name="FNA_08_07" id="FNA_08_07" href="#FN_08_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +a noble institution, built by a Brignole and enriched +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> +by repeated benefactions; like all the edifices of the +old Genoese, vast and of fine proportions. The great staircase +and hall are adorned with colossal statues of its benefactors +(among whom are many Durazzos), and the sums +that they gave or bequeathed are commemorated on the +pedestals. In the chapel is a piece of sculpture by Michael +Angelo, a dead Christ and Virgin (only heads), and an altarpiece +by Puget. Branching out from the chapel are two +vast chambers, lofty, airy, and light, one for the men, the +other for the women. About 800 men and 1,200 or 1,300 +women are supported here. Many of the nobles are said +to be rich—Ferrari, Brignole, Durazzo, and Pallavicini particularly. +I forgot to mention the chapel and tomb of +Andrew Doria; the chapel he built himself; his body, +arrayed in princely robes, lies in the vault. There is a Latin +inscription on the chapel, signifying that he stood by the +country in the days of her affliction. It is a pretty little +chapel full of painting and gilding. In the early part of +the Revolution the tomb narrowly escaped destruction, but +it was saved by the solidity of its materials. I gave the +man who showed me this tomb a franc, and he kissed my +hand in a transport of gratitude.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_06" id="FN_08_06" href="#FNA_08_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +They are left just in the state in which they were in the time of the +Republic; the balustrade still surrounds the elevated platform on which the +throne of the Doge was placed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_07" id="FN_08_07" href="#FNA_08_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +The Albergo dei Poveri and the Scoghetti Gardens pleased me more +than anything I saw in Genoa. I am sorry I did not see the Sordi e Muti, +which is admirably conducted, and where the pupils by all accounts perform +wonders. The Albergo is managed by a committee consisting of the principal +nobles in the town. The Scoghetti Gardens are delightfully laid out; +there is a shrubbery of evergreens with a cascade, and a summer-house +paved with tiles—two or three rooms in it, and a hot and cold bath. It is +astonishing how they cherish the memory of +‘Lord Bentinck.’<a name="FNA_08_07a" id="FNA_08_07a" + href="#FN_08_07a" class="fnanchor">[7a]</a> I heard of +him in various parts of the town, particularly here, as he lived in the house +when first he came to Genoa. The Gardens command a fine view of the +city, the sea, and the mountains. The saloon in the Serra is only a very +splendid room, glittering with glass, and gold, and lapis lazuli; by no means +deserves to be called, as it is by Forsyth, the finest saloon in Europe. It is +not very large, and not much more gilt than Crockford’s drawing-room, but +looks cleaner, though it has been done these seventy years or more.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_07a" id="FN_08_07a" href="#FNA_08_07a"><span class="label">[7a]</span></a> +[Lord William Bentinck was Mr. Greville’s uncle.]</p></div> + +<h3>Florence, March 21st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Arrived here at seven o’clock. +Left Genoa on the 19th (having previously gone to see the +Scoghetti Gardens and the Serra Palace), and went to Sestri +to pass that evening and the next morning with William +Ponsonby, who was staying there. The road from Genoa to +Chiavari is one continual course of magnificent scenery, +winding along the side of the mountains and hanging over +the sea, the mountains studded with villages, villas, and +cottages which appear like white specks at a distance, till +on near approach they swell into life and activity. The +villas are generally painted as at Genoa; the orange trees +were in full bloom, and the gardens often slope down to the +very margin of the sea. Every turn in the road and each +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SESTRI AND PISA</span> +fresh ascent supplies a new prospect, and the parting view +of Genoa, with the ocean before and the Apennines behind, +cannot be imagined by those who have not seen it. ‘Si +quod vere natura nobis dedit spectaculum in hac tellure vere +gratum et philosopho dignum, id semel, mihi contigisse +arbitror, cum ex celsissimâ rupe speculabundus ad oram +maris mediterranei, hinc aequor cæruleum, illinc tractus +Alpinos prospexi, nihil quidem magis dispar aut dissimile +nec in suo genere magis egregium et +singulare.’<a name="FNA_08_08" id="FNA_08_08" href="#FN_08_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_08" id="FN_08_08" href="#FNA_08_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +Burnet’s ‘Theory of the Earth.’</p></div> + +<p>Chiavari and Sestri are both beautiful, especially the +latter, in a little bay with a jutting promontory, a rocky hill +covered with evergreens, and shrubs, and heather, and +affording grand and various prospects of the still blue sea +and the white and shining coast with the dark mountains +behind—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">A sunny bay<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where the salt sea innocuously breaks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the sea breeze as innocently breathes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On Sestri’s leafy shores—a sheltered hold<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In a soft clime encouraging the soil<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To a luxuriant beauty.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>The mountain road from Chiavari to La Spezzia presents +the same scenery as far as Massa and Carrara, which +I unfortunately lost by travelling in the night. I crossed +the river in the boat by candle-light, which was picturesque +enough, the scanty light gleaming upon the rough +figures who escorted me and plied the enormous poles +by which they move the ferry-boat. Got to Pisa to breakfast +(without stopping at Lucca), and passed three hours +looking at the Cathedral, Leaning Tower, Baptistry, and +Campo Santo, the last of which alone would take up the +whole day to be seen as it ought. The Cathedral is under +repair; the pictures have been covered up or taken down, +and the whole church was full of rubbish and scaffolding; +but in this state I could see how fine it is, and admire +the columns which Forsyth praises, and the roof and many +of the marbles. The Grand Duke has ordered it all to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> +cleaned, and very little of it to be altered. One alteration, +however, is in very bad taste; he has taken away the old +confessionals of carved wood, and substituted others of +marble, fixed in the wall, which are exactly like modern +chimney-pieces, and have the worst effect amidst the +surrounding antiquities. The exterior is rather fantastic, +but the columns are beautiful, and John of Bologna’s bronze +doors admirable. The Campo Santo is full of ancient tombs, +frescoes, modern busts, and morsels of sculpture of all ages +and descriptions. The Leaning +Tower<a name="FNA_08_09" id="FNA_08_09" href="#FN_08_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +is 190 feet high, +and there are 293 steps to the top of it, which I climbed up +to view the surrounding country, but it was not clear enough +to see the sea and Elba. Here is the finest aqueduct I have +seen, which continues to pour water into the town. Part +of the old +wall<a name="FNA_08_10" id="FNA_08_10" href="#FN_08_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +with its towers is still standing. These +pugnacious republics, who were always squabbling with +each other and wasting their strength in civil broils, erected +very massive defences. The Pisans are proud of their +ancient exploits. The San Stefano or Chiesa dei Cavalieri +is full of standards taken from the Turks, and the man who +showed me the Campo Santo said that a magnificent Grecian +vase which is there had been brought from Genoa by the +Pisans before the foundation of Rome. There are Egyptian, +Etruscan, Roman, and Grecian remains, which have been +plundered, or conquered, or purchased by patriotic Pisans to +enrich their native city. The frescoes are greatly damaged. +I went to look at the celebrated house ‘Alla Giornata,’ a +white marble palace on the Arno; the chains still hang over +the door, and there is an inscription above them which looks +modern. My <i>laquais de place</i> told me what I suppose is the +tradition of the place—that the son of the family was taken +by the Turks, and that they had captured a Turk, who was +put in chains; that an exchange was agreed upon, and the +prisoners on either side released, and that the chains were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FLORENCE</span> +hung up and the inscription added, signifying that the Turk +was at liberty to go again into the light of day. But it was +a lame and improbable story, and I prefer the mystery to +the explanation.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_09" id="FN_08_09" href="#FNA_08_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +There was another leaning edifice, but the Grand Duke had it pulled +down; it was thought dangerous.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_10" id="FN_08_10" href="#FNA_08_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +It had been destroyed, but was restored by the Medici or the present +family.</p></div> + +<p>Much as I was charmed with the mountains, I was not +sorry, for a change, to get into the rich, broad plain of Tuscany, +full of vineyards and habitations along the banks of +the Arno. The voice and aspect of cheerfulness is refreshing +after a course of rugged and barren grandeur; the road is +excellent and the travelling rapid. Yesterday being a holiday, +and to-day Sunday, the whole population in their best +dresses have been out on the road, and very good-looking +they generally are. There are not more beggars than in +France, and certainly a far greater appearance of prosperity +throughout the north of Italy than in any part of France I +have seen, although there are the same complaints of distress +and poverty here that are heard both there and in England. +Thorwaldsen, the sculptor, is in this inn, and the King of +Bavaria left it this morning. The book of strangers is rather +amusing; the entries are sometimes remarkable or ridiculous. +I found ‘La Duchesse de Saint-Leu et le Prince +Louis-Napoléon; Lord and Lady Shrewsbury and family; +Miss Caroline Grinwell, of New York; the King of Bavaria +(not down in the book though); Thorwaldsen’. Tuscany +seems to be flourishing and contented; the Government is +absolute but mild, the Grand Duke enormously rich.</p> + +<h3>March 23rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday morning breakfasted with Lord +Normanby, who has got a house extending 200 feet in front, +court, garden, and stables for about 280ℓ. a year, everything +else cheap in proportion, and upon 2,000ℓ. a year a man may +live luxuriously. His house was originally fitted up for the +Pretender, and C. R.’s are still to be seen all over the place. +Called on Lord +Burghersh,<a name="FNA_08_11" id="FNA_08_11" href="#FN_08_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +who was at breakfast—the table +covered with manuscript music, a pianoforte, two fiddles, and +a fiddler in the room. He was full of composition and getting +up his opera of ‘Phædra’ for to-morrow night. The Embassy +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> +is the seat of the Arts, for Lady Burghersh has received the +gift of painting as if by inspiration, and she was in a brown +robe in the midst of oils, and brushes, and canvas; and a +model was in attendance, some part of whose person was to +be introduced into a fancy piece. She copies pictures in the +Gallery, and really extraordinarily well if it be true that till +a year ago she had never had a brush in her hand, and that +she is still quite ignorant of drawing.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_11" id="FN_08_11" href="#FNA_08_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[Lord Burghersh, afterwards Earl of Westmoreland, was then British +Minister at Florence.]</p></div> + +<p>Went into two or three of the churches, then to the +Gallery, and sat for half an hour in the Tribune, but could +not work myself into a proper enthusiasm for the ‘Venus,’ +whose head is too small and ankles too thick, but they say +the more I see her the more I shall like her. I prefer the +‘Wrestlers,’ and the head of the ‘Remontleur’ is the only +good <i>head</i> I have seen, the only one with expression. ‘Niobe’ +is fine, but I can’t bear her children, except one. Then to +the Casine on horseback to see the town and the world: it +seems a very enjoyable place. This morning again dropped +into some of the churches, after which I have always a +hankering, though there is great sameness in them, but I +have a childish liking for Catholic pomp. The fine things +are lost amidst a heap of rubbish, but there is no lack of +marble, and painting, and gilding in most of them. They +are going on with the Medici Chapel, on which millions +have been wasted and more is going after, for the Grand +Duke is gradually finishing the work. The profusion of +marble is immense, and very fine and curious if examined in +detail; the precious stones are hardly seen, and when they +are, not to be recognised as such. To the Pitti Palace, of +which one part is under repair and not visible, but I saw +most of the best pictures. I like pictures better than statues. +It is a beautiful palace, and well furnished for show. Nobody +knows what Vandyke was without coming here. To the +Gabinetto Fisico, and saw all the wax-works, the progress +of gestation, and the representation of the plague, incomparably +clever and well executed. I saw nothing disgusting in +the wax-works in the museum, which many people are so +squeamish about.</p> + +<p>Before dinner yesterday called upon Thorwaldsen, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FLORENCE</span> +was in the inn, to tell him Lord Gower likes his ‘Ganymede.’ +He was mighty polite, squeezed my hand, and reconducted me +to my own door. At night went to the Opera and heard +David and Grisi in ‘Ricciardo e Zoraida.’ She is like Pasta +in face and figure, but much handsomer, though with less +expression. She is only eighteen. He has lost much of his +voice, and embroiders to make up for it, but every now and +then he appears to find it again, and his taste and expression +are exquisite. +To-night at a child’s ball at Lady Williamson’s, +where I was introduced to Lord Cochrane, and had a +great deal of talk with him; told him I thought things +would explode at last in England, which he concurred in, +and seemed to like the idea of it, in which we differ, owing +probably to the difference of our positions; he has nothing, +and I everything, to lose by such an event.</p> + +<h3>March 25th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Went yesterday morning to Santa Croce to +hear a Mass on the completion of a monument which has +been erected to Dante; very crowded and the music indifferent. +Afterwards to the Gallery and saw all the cabinets, +but we were hurried through them too rapidly. I began to +like the ‘Venus’ better, best of all the statues. The +‘Niobe’<a name="FNA_08_12" id="FNA_08_12" href="#FN_08_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +cannot have been a group, nor the children have belonged +to the mother. Rode to Normanby’s villa at Sesto, five +miles from Florence; a large and agreeable house, gardens +full of fountains, statues, busts, orange and lemon trees, +shrubs and flowers. He pays 600 dollars a year for it, exclusive +of the race-ground. In the evening to Burghersh’s +opera, which was very well performed; pretty theatre, +crowded to suffocation. All the actors +amateurs;<a name="FNA_08_13" id="FNA_08_13" href="#FN_08_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +chorus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +composed of divers ladies and gentlemen of Florence, +principally English. Here all the society of Florence was +assembled in nearly equal proportions of Italians, English, +and other foreigners. Nothing can be worse than it is, for +there is no foundation of natives, and the rest are generally +the refuse of Europe, people who come here from want of +money or want of character. Everybody is received without +reference to their conduct, past or present, with the exception, +perhaps, of Englishwomen who have been divorced, whose +case is too notorious to allow the English Minister’s wife to +present them at Court.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_12" id="FN_08_12" href="#FNA_08_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +The ‘Niobe’ is supposed to have been a group upon some temple</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 220px;" > +<img src="images/img001.png" width="220" height="48" alt="Schematic of Temple Arch" title="" /> +</div> +<p style="text-indent: 0em">so, of which the mother was the centre figure; +this makes it more probable, but the difficulty to this hypothesis is, that +there do not appear to be the necessary gradations in the size or altitude +of the other figures; the sons in the ‘Laocoon’ are certainly little men. +</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="FN_08_13" id="FN_08_13" href="#FNA_08_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +<table style="font-size: 90%;" summary=""> +<tr> +<td>Phædra</td> +<td>Miss Williams</td> +<td>Soprano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hippolytus </td> +<td>Madame Vigano</td> +<td>Contralto.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>The Girl</td> +<td>Madame de Bombelles </td> +<td>Soprano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Theseus</td> +<td>Goretti</td> +<td>Tenor.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Attendant</td> +<td>Franceschini</td> +<td>Bass.</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + +<h3>March 26th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday morning to a Mass at the Annunziata, +to which the Grand Duke came in state, with his family +and Court. The piazza was lined with guards; seven coaches-and-six +with his <i>guardia nobile</i> and running footmen; the +Mass beautifully performed by his band, Tacchinardi (father +of Madame Persiani, I believe) singing and Manielli directing. +Then rode to Lord Cochrane’s villa, where we found +them under a matted tent in the garden, going to dinner. +He talks of going to Algiers to see the French attack it. +He has made 100,000ℓ. by the Greek bonds. It is a pity he +ever got into a scrape; he is such a fine fellow, and so +shrewd and good-humoured. To the Certosa, on a hill two +miles from Florence; very large convent, formerly very rich, +and had near forty monks, now reduced to seven residents, +though there are a few more who belong to it, but who are +absent. It is in good repair, but looks desolate. There is +an old monk, Don Fortunatus by name, who understands +English and speaks it tolerably, delights in English people +and books, received us in his cell, which consists of two or +three little apartments, not uncomfortable and commanding +a beautiful view; talked with great pleasure of his English +acquaintance, and showed all their cards, which he treasured +up. A very lively, good-humoured old friar. Returned to +ride in the Corso, which is a narrow street going from the +Duomo to the Annunziata, to drive up and down which is +one of the ceremonies of the day (Lady Day), as the people +are supposed to go and pay their respects to the Virgin. +In the evening to the Opera and heard David again.</p> + +<h3>Rome, March 29th, 1830</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ROME</span> +Set off yesterday morning at half-past +seven from Florence, and arrived here at six this evening in +a fine glowing sunset, straining my eyes to catch interesting +objects, and trying in vain to make out the different hills. +The last two days at Florence I went to the Gallery and +Pitti Palace again with the Copleys. Half the rooms were +shut up when I was at the Pitti before, but we now saw +them all, and probably the finest collection of pictures in the +world. The Raphaels, Rubens, Andrea del Sartos, and +Salvators I liked the best. On Saturday evening went to +Court and was presented to the Grand Duke, who is vulgar-looking +and has bad manners; but the whole thing is rather +handsome. Stopped at Siena to see the cathedral; very fine, +the ancient fount beautiful. The mutilated Graces I am not +connoisseur enough to appreciate, but the illuminated Missals +of the thirteenth century I thought admirable, both for +the colouring and the drawing, and as exquisitely finished as +any miniature. The entrance to Rome through the Porta +del Popolo appeared very fine, but I was disappointed in the +first distant view of the city from the hill above Viterbo. I +passed Radicofani in the dark, and saw little to admire in +the Lake of Bolsena or the surrounding country. The women +throughout Italy appeared very handsome, one quite beautiful +at Siena.</p> + +<h3>March 30th, 1830</h3> + +<p>This morning I awoke very early, and could +not rest till I had seen St. Peter’s; so set off in a hackney +coach, drove by the Piazza della Colonna and the Castle of St. +Angelo (which burst upon me unexpectedly as I turned on the +bridge), and got out as soon as St. Peter’s was in sight. My +first feeling was disappointment, but as I advanced towards +the obelisk, with the fountains on each side, and found myself +in that ocean of space with all the grand objects around, +delight and admiration succeeded. As I walked along the +piazza and then entered the church, I felt that sort of +breathless bewilderment which was produced in some degree +by the first sight of the Alps. Much as I expected I was not +disappointed. St. Peter’s sets criticism at defiance; nor +can I conceive how anybody can do anything but admire +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +and wonder there, till time and familiarity with its glories +shall have subjected the imagination to the judgment. I then +came home and went with Morier to take a cursory view of +the city and blunt the edge of curiosity. In about five hours +I galloped over the Forum, Coliseum, Pantheon, St. John +Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Vatican, and several +arches and obelisks. I cannot tell which produced the +greatest impression, St. Peter’s or the Coliseum; but if I +might only have seen one it should be the Coliseum, for there +can be nothing of the same kind +besides.<a name="FNA_08_14" id="FNA_08_14" href="#FN_08_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_14" id="FN_08_14" href="#FNA_08_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +Of the same kind there is, at Pompeii, but not near so fine; more perfect +as a specimen, far less beautiful as an object. And the amphitheatre +at Verona, but that is very inferior.</p></div> + +<p>They only who have seen Rome can have an idea of the +grandeur of it and of the wonders it contains, the treasures +of art and the records of antiquity. Of course I had the +same general idea of there being much to see that others +have, but was far from being prepared for the reality, which +exceeds my most sanguine expectations. The Vatican alone +would require years to be examined as it deserves. It is +remarkable, however, how the pleasure of the imagination +arising from antiquities depends upon their accidents. The +busts, statues, columns, tombs, and fragments of all sorts +are heaped together in such profusion at the Vatican that +the eyes ache at them, the senses are bewildered, and we +regard them (with some exceptions) almost exclusively as +objects of art, and do not feel the interest which, separately, +they might inspire by their connection with remote ages, +whereas there is scarcely one of those, if it were now to be +discovered, that would not excite the greatest curiosity, +and be, in the midst of the ruins to which it belongs, an +object of far greater interest than a finer production which +had taken its splendid but frigid position in this collection. +We went to the Sistine Chapel, and saw Michael Angelo’s +frescoes, which Sir Joshua Reynolds says are the finest +paintings in the world, and which the unlearned call great +rude daubs. I do not pretend to the capacity of appreciating +their merits, but was very much struck with the ease, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span> +grace, and majesty of some of the figures; it was, however, +too dark to see the ‘Last Judgment.’ I ended by St. Peter’s +again, where there were many devout Catholics praying round +the illuminated tomb of the Apostle, and many foolish English +poking into it to stare and ask questions, the answers to +which they did not understand. I have but one fault to +find, and that is with the Glory, a miserable transparency in +the great window opposite the entrance, throwing a yellow +light upon the Dove, which has the most paltry effect, and +is utterly unworthy of the grandeur of such a place.</p> + +<h3>April 1st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday morning at nine o’clock went with +Edward Cheney and George Hamilton to Frascati to dine with +Henry Fox, who has got a villa there. As soon as we arrived +Cheney and I walked over to Grotta Ferrata to see Domenichino’s +frescoes. The convent is about a mile and a half off, +large, formerly rich, full of monks, and a fortress; also the +scene of various miracles performed by St. Nilo, the founder +and patron saint; now tenanted by a few beggarly friars, and +part of it let to Prince Gagarin, the Russian Minister, as a +villa. Domenichino sought and found an asylum there in consequence +of some crime he had committed or debt he had incurred; +he stayed there two years, and in return for the +hospitality of the monks adorned their chapel with (some +think) the finest frescoes in the world. They are splendid +pictures, and all painted by his own hand.</p> + +<p>At dinner we had Hortense, the ex-Queen of Holland, her +son, Prince Louis Napoleon, her lady in waiting, Lady Sandwich +and her daughter, Cheney, Hamilton, Lord Lovaine, and +Fordwich. We dined in the garden, but there was too much +wind for a <i>fête champêtre</i>. Hortense is not near so ugly as I +expected, very unaffected and gay, and gives herself no royal +airs. The only difference between her and anybody else was +that, after dinner, when she rose from table, her own servant +presented her with a finger-glass and water, which nobody +else had. She is called Madame.</p> + +<p>We returned by moonlight, and though I did not go into +the Coliseum, because the moon was not full enough, it looked +fine, and the light shining through the lower arches had a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +beautiful effect. This morning went a long round of sights—Caesar’s +Palace, of which there are no remains but fragments +of walls; it really does ‘grovel on earth in indistinct decay.’ +Caracalla’s Baths, which are stupendous; the <i>custode</i> +showed us a room in which were heaped up bits of marble of +all sorts and sizes, fragments of columns and friezes; and he +told us that they never excavated without finding something. +And Titus’s Baths, less magnificent but equally curious, because +they contain the remains of the Golden House of Nero, +on which Titus built his Thermæ. The ruins are, in fact, part +of the Golden House, for the Thermæ have been altogether +destroyed. Then to the Capitol, Forum, Temple of Vesta, +Fortuna Virilis, and other places with Morier. The Capitol +contains an interesting collection of busts and statues of +all the Emperors, most famous characters of ancient Rome +and Greece together, with various magnificent objects of art. +By dint of repeatedly seeing their effigies, one becomes +acquainted with the faces of these worthies. These tastes +grow upon one strangely at Rome, and there is a sort of elevation +arising from this silent intercourse with the ‘great +of old.’</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Proud names, who once the reins of empire held,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In arms who triumphed, or in arts excell’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Chiefs graced with scars, and prodigal of blood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stern patriots who for sacred freedom stood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Just men by whom impartial laws were given,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And saints who taught, and led the way to heaven.<br /></span> +<span class="i20"><span class="smcap">Tickell.</span></span> +</div></div> + +<p>There has been a wrangle about the Borghese Gardens +which the Prince ordered to be shut up; the Government +remonstrated, and a correspondence ensued which ended in +their being reopened to the public, whom he has no right +to exclude. Paul V. gave the Borghese Gardens to his +nephew (Aldobrandini) with a condition that they should +always be open to the public, which they have been from +then till now. They were a part of the Cenci property, +which was immense, and confiscated by an enormous piece +of injustice.</p> + +<h3>April 3rd, 1830</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span> +Went on Thursday to Lady Mary Deerhurst’s +and the Duchess Torlonia’s, where all the English in Rome +(or rather all the most vulgar) were assembled. Yesterday +morning to the Colonna Palace, Museum of the Capitol, +Baths of Diocletian, now Church of Santa Maria degli +Angeli, which are very remarkable because built on the baths, +of which it has preserved the form; San Pietro in Vincoli, +San Bernardo, all built on the site and amidst the ruins of +Titus’s and Vespasian’s Baths; in various parts the old +pavement is preserved, which shows how magnificent they +must have been, for it is all of giallo, verd antique, porphyry, +&c. To the garden of the Maronite Convent to see the +Coliseum, whence there is the finest view of it in Rome. +Then to the Coliseum, and walked all over the ruins while a +parcel of friars with covered faces were chanting and praying +at each of the altars in succession round the circle below +(called the Via Crucis).</p> + +<p>I called yesterday morning on M. de la Ferronays, the +French Ambassador, who was very civil and obliging. Dined +in the evening with Lord Haddington, Lovaine, Morier, Prince +Gagarin the Russian Minister, Cheney, and M. Dedel. After +dinner George Hamilton came in and said that Lady Northampton +had died suddenly at five o’clock. I never saw her, +but they say she was a very good sort of woman, and remarkably +clever, which good sort of women seldom are. She +had written a poem full of genius and imagination. Lord +Northampton was absent at a <i>scavo</i> he has forty miles off.</p> + +<p>There has been no rain here for two months, and the +clouds of dust are insupportable; as it is the town in Europe +best supplied with water (there are three aqueducts; the +ancients had sixteen) so it is the worst watered. The excavations +which are going on (though languidly) are always +producing something. Two busts, said to be fine, were found +the day before yesterday at the Borghese Villa at Frascati.</p> + +<p>I saw yesterday at San Pietro in Vincoli Michael Angelo’s +famous Moses. It may be very fine, but to my eye is merely +a colossal statue; the two horns are meant to represent rays +of light; but how can rays of light be represented in marble, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +any more than the breath? It is impossible to make +marble imitate that which is impalpable. The beard is ropy +and unnatural; it is, however, an imposing sort of figure. +But I am more sensible to painting than to sculpture. I +delight in almost everything of Domenichino’s, who is +only inferior (if inferior) to Raphael. As to Michael Angelo, +he speaks a language the unlearned do not understand; his +merit, acknowledged to be transcendent as it is by all artists, +cannot be questioned; but he must serve as a model to form +future excellence, and not be expected to produce present +delight, except to those who, by long study, have learnt to +comprehend and appreciate him.</p> + +<p><i>Evening</i>.—This morning to the tomb of the Scipios, Catacombs, +Cecilia Metella (from which I wonder they don’t +take the battlements), the Circus of Maxentius, Temple of +Bacchus, the Fountain of Egeria, San Stefano Rotondo, +Temple of Pallas, Arches of Drusus and Dollabella, and the +Borghese Villa and Gardens. The ruins of the Gaetani +Castle are rather picturesque, but they spoil the tomb, +which would be far finer without its turrets. The Circus +is as curious as anything I have seen, for it looks like a +fresh ruin. Old Torlonia furbished it up at his own expense, +and brought to light the inscription which proved it to +be Maxentius’s instead of Caracalla’s Circus. The remains +are so perfect that it is easy to trace the whole arrangement +of the ancient games. Forsyth says very truly that the +Fountain of Egeria is a mere trough; but everybody praises +the water, which is delicious, and it falls with a murmur +which invites to idleness and contemplation. This fountain +has been beautifully sung, but it is a miserable ruin, ill deserving +of such strains.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">In vallum Egeriæ descendimus et speluncas<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dissimiles veris—quanto præstantius esset<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Numen aquæ, viridi si margine clauderet undas<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Herba, nec ingenuum violarent marmora tophum.<br /></span> +<span class="i20"><span class="smcap">Juvenal</span>.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>A little wood of firs, and pines, and ilexes about thirty or +forty years old is pointed out as the grove in which Numa +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE SISTINE CHAPEL</span> +used to meet the nymph. In all the views on one side Soracte +is a striking object, as it</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">From out the plain<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Heaves like a long-swept wave about to break<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And on the curl hangs pausing.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>I like this side of Rome, where the aqueducts stride over +the Campagna, and the ruins of the mighty Claudian tower +over the pigmy arches of the Pope, like the genius of +ancient over that of modern Rome. The Borghese is the +<i>beau idéal</i> of a villa; lofty, spacious apartments, adorned with +statues, busts, and marbles, painting and gilding, and magnificent +gardens; but deserted by its owner, who has only +been there once in the last thirty years, and untenable in +the summer from malaria, which is very unaccountable, for +it is close to Rome, high, and full of trees; but nobody +knows anything about the malaria. The Gardens are the +fashionable lounge, but after June nobody can walk there. +Though the Prince never comes here he has just bought a +large piece of ground between the Porta del Popolo and the +Gardens, and is making a handsome entrance, has already +built gates and some ugly Egyptian imitations, and is +making a waterfall. I dined with Lady William Russell, +and set off to go to Queen Hortense in the evening, but +found so few carriages in the court that we would not go in.</p> + +<h3>April 4th, 1830</h3> + +<p>To the Sistine Chapel for the ceremonies of +Palm Sunday; we got into the body of the chapel, not without +difficulty; but we saw M. de la Ferronays in his box, and he +let us in (Morier and me). It was only on a third attempt I +could get there, for twice the Papal halberdiers thrust me +back, and I find since it is lucky they did not do worse; for +upon some occasion one of them knocked a cardinal’s eye +out, and when he found who he was, begged his pardon, and +said he had taken him for a bishop. Here I had a fine opportunity +of seeing the frescoes, but they are covered with +dirt, the ‘Last Judgment’ neither distinguishable nor intelligible +to me. The figures on the ceiling and walls are +very grand even to my ignorance. The music (all vocal) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +beautiful, the service harmoniously chanted, and the responsive +bursts of the chorus sublime. The cardinals appeared +a wretched set of old twaddlers, all but about three +in extreme decrepitude—Odescalchi, who is young and a +good preacher, Gregorio, Capellari [afterwards Pope Gregory +XVI.]. On seeing them, and knowing that the sovereign +is elected by and from them, nobody can wonder that the +country is so miserably governed. These old creatures, on +the demise of a Pope, are as full of ambition and intrigue +as in the high and palmy days of the Papal power. Rome +and its territory are certainly worth possessing, though +the Pontifical authority is so shorn of its beams; but the +fact is that the man who is elected does not always govern +the country,<a name="FNA_08_15" id="FNA_08_15" href="#FN_08_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +and he is condemned to a life of privation and +seclusion. An able or influential cardinal is seldom elected. +The parties in the Conclave usually end by a compromise, +and agree to elect some cardinal without weight or influence, +and there are not now any Sixtus the Fifths to +make such an arrangement hazardous. Austria, Spain, and +France have all vetos, and Portugal claims and exercises one +when she can. To this degradation Rome is now obliged to +submit. The most influential of the cardinals is +Albani.<a name="FNA_08_16" id="FNA_08_16" href="#FN_08_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> +At +the last election the Papal crown was offered to Cardinal +Caprara, but Albani stipulated that he should make him +Secretary of State; Caprara refused to promise, and Albani +procured the election of the present Pope (who did not desire +or expect the elevation), became Secretary of State +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">A DEAD CARDINAL</span> +(being eighty), and governs the country. He is rich and +stingy. The great Powers still watch the proceedings of +the Conclave with jealousy; and though it is difficult to conceive +how the Pope can assist any one of them to the detriment +of another, an Ambassador will put his veto upon any +cardinal whom he thinks unfavourable to his nation; this +produces all sorts of trickery, for when the Conclave want to +elect a man who is obnoxious to Austria, for example, they +choose another whom they think is equally so (but whom they +do not really wish to elect), that the veto may be expended +upon him, for each Government has one veto only. The last +veto absolutely put was on Cardinal ——, who was elected +on the death of Pius VII. He had behaved very rudely to +the Empress Maria Louisa when she took refuge in the north +of Italy after the downfall of Napoleon, thinking it was a +good moment to bully the abdicated Emperor’s wife. She +complained to her father, who promised her the Cardinal +never should be Pope. He was a young and ambitious man, +and the veto killed him with vexation and disappointment.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_15" id="FN_08_15" href="#FNA_08_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +This, from what I have heard since, was not true of the last Pope, +Leo XII., who was an odious, tyrannical bigot, but a man of activity, talent, +and strength of mind, a good man of business, and his own Minister. He +was detested here, and there are many stories of his violent exertions of +authority. He was a sort of bastard Sixtus V., but at an immense distance +from that great man, ‘following him of old, with steps unequal.’ He used, +however, to interfere with the private transactions of society, and banish +and imprison people, even of high rank, for immorality.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_16" id="FN_08_16" href="#FNA_08_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> +Albani holds the Austrian veto, and is supported by her authority. +But I have heard that since Clement XI., who was an Albani, there has +always been a powerful Albani faction in the Conclave. This cardinal is +enormously rich and the head of his house. The Duke of Modena is his +nephew, and it is generally thought will be his heir.</p></div> + +<p>Went and walked about St. Peter’s, and was surprised to +find how very little longer it is than St. Paul’s. To the Farnese +Palace, built by Paul III. out of the ruins of the Coliseum, +which now, with all the Farnese property, belongs to +the King of Naples, and is consequently going to decay. +It got into his hands by the marriage of a King of Naples +with the last heiress of the house of Farnese. The Neapolitan +property here consists of the Farnese and Farnesina +Palaces, the Orti Farnesiani, and the Villa Madama, all in a +wretched state; and the Orti, in which there are probably +great remains, they will not allow to be excavated. Many +of the fine things are gone to Naples, but a few remain, +most of which came out of the Thermæ of Caracalla, and +originally from the Villa of Adrian. These two, principally +the one through the other, have been the great mines from +which the existing treasures of art were drawn. The +frescoes in this palace are beautiful—a gallery by Annibal +and Agostino Caracci, with a few pictures by Domenichino, +Guido, and Lanfranco. Annibal Caracci’s are as fine as any +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> +I have seen; also a little cabinet picture painted entirely +by Annibal, which is exquisite.</p> + +<p>As we were going to this palace we drove by the Cancellaria +(which was likewise built out of the Coliseum), and +heard by accident that a dead cardinal (Somaglia) was lying +in state there. Somaglia was Secretary of State in Leo’s +time. Having seen all the living cardinals, we thought we +might as well complete our view of the Sacred College with +the dead one, and went up. After a great deal of knocking +we were admitted to a private view half an hour before the +public was let in. He had been embalmed, and lay on a +bed under a canopy on an inclined plane, full dressed in +cardinal’s robes, new shoes on, his face and hands uncovered, +the former looking very fresh (I believe he was rouged), his +fingers black, but on one of them was an emerald ring, candles +burning before the bed, and the window curtains drawn. He +was 87 years old, but did not look so much, and had a healthier +appearance in death than half the old walking mummies we +had seen with palms in their hands in the morning.</p> + +<p>Took a look at Pasquin, who had nothing but advertisements +pasted upon him. I had seen Marphorius in the +Capitol; there has long been an end to the witty dialogues +of the days of Sixtus V., so quaintly told by Leti; they are +so little ‘birds of a feather’ (for Pasquin is a mutilated +fragment, Marphorius a colossal statue of the ocean) that, +residing as they did at different parts of the town, it is difficult +to understand how they ever came to converse with each +other at all. I remember one of the best of his stories. +Sixtus V. made his sister a princess, and she had been a +washerwoman. The next day Pasquin appeared with a dirty +shirt on. Marphorius asks him ‘why he wears such foul +linen;’ and he answers ‘that his washerwoman has been +made a princess, and he can’t get it washed.’</p> + +<p>To the Farnesina: Raphael’s frescoes, the famous Galatea, +and the great head which Michael Angelo painted on the +wall, as it is said as a hint to Raphael that he was too minute. +There it is just as he left it. Here Raphael painted the +Transfiguration, and here the Fornarina was shut up with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">POMPEY’S STATUE</span> +him that he might not run away from his work. It might +be thought that to shut up his mistress with him was not the +way to keep him to his work. Be that as it may, the plan +was a good one which produced these frescoes and the Transfiguration.</p> + +<p>I very nearly forgot to mention the Palazzo Spada, where +we went to see the famous statue of Pompey, which was +found on the spot where the Senate House formerly stood, +and which is (as certainly as these things can be certain) +the identical statue at the foot of which Cæsar fell.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Muffling his face within his robe<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ev’n at the base of Pompey’s statue,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>People doubt this statue, because it is not like his busts. +There is certainly no resemblance to the bust I have seen, +which represents Pompey as a fat, vulgar-looking man with +a great double chin. It is impossible for the coldest imagination +to look at this statue without interest, for it calls up +a host of recollections and associations, standing before you +unchanged from the hour when Cæsar folded his robe round +him and ‘consented to death’ at its base. Those who cannot +feel this had better not come to Rome. Cardinal Spada +was Secretary of State when this statue was found, and Julius +III. (Giocchi del Monti, 1550) made him a present of it.</p> + +<p>The Temple of Bacchus is one of the most remarkable objects +in Rome; it is not in the least altered, merely turned +into a Christian church, and some saints, &c., painted on the +walls. The mosaic ceiling and the pavement are just the same +as when it was devoted to the worship of the jolly god. The +mosaics are beautiful, and perfect models of that sort of +ceiling. The pavement is covered with names and other +scribblings cut out upon it, all ancient Roman. Not a +column has been removed or mutilated. The fact is, Rome +possesses several complete specimens of places of heathen +worship; this temple, the Pantheon, and San Stefano Rotondo +are perfect in the inside, the Pantheon within and without, +Vesta and Fortuna Virilis perfect on the outside.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> +In the Rospigliosi Palace is the famous Aurora of Guido. +It is in excellent preservation, and three artists were copying +it in oils. One copy was just finished, and admirably done, +for which the painter asked forty louis. I begin to like +frescoes better than oils; there is such a life and brilliancy +about them. At the Quirinal, which was fitted up for the +King of Rome and inhabited by the Emperor of Austria, we +saw everything but the Pope’s apartments. It is a delightful +house, and commands a charming view of Rome. The +Pope always goes there the last day of the Holy Week, and +stays there all the summer. Nothing can be more melancholy +than his life as described by the <i>custode</i>; he gets up +very early, lives entirely alone and with the greatest simplicity. +In short, it shows what a strange thing ambition +is, which will sacrifice the substantial pleasures of life +for the miserable shadow of grandeur. Coming home we +stopped by accident at the Capuchins, and looked in to see +Guido’s St. Michael, with which I was disappointed till I +looked at it from a distance. We then went to their catacombs, +the most curious place I ever saw. There are a series +of chapels in the cloisters, or rather compartments of one +chapel, entirely fitted up with human bones arranged symmetrically +and with all sorts of devices. They are laid out +in niches, and each niche is occupied by the skeleton of a +friar in the robes of his order; a label is attached to it with +the name of the skeleton and the date of his death. Beneath +are mounds of earth, each tenanted by a dead friar with +similar labels. When a friar dies, the oldest buried friar, +or rather his skeleton, is taken up and promoted to a niche, +and the newly defunct takes possession of his grave; and +so they go on in succession. I was so struck by this strange +sight that, when I came home at night, I ventured on the +following description of it:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>THE CATACOMBS IN THE CAPUCHIN CONVENT.</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">In yonder chapel’s melancholy shade,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through which no wandering rays of daylight peep,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In strange and awful cemetery laid,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The ancient Fathers of the convent sleep.<br /></span> +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">A CAPUCHIN CHARNEL-HOUSE</span> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">No storied marble with monastic pride<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Records the actions of their tranquil life,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or tells how, fighting for their faith, they died<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Unconquer’d martyrs of religious strife.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">They are not laid in decent shroud and pall,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To wait, commingling with their kindred earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Th’ Archangel’s trumpet, whose dread blast shall call<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The whole creation to a second birth.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">But midst the mouldering relics of the dead<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In shapes fantastic, which the brethren rear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Profaned by heretic’s unhallowed tread,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The monkish skeletons erect appear.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The cowl is drawn each ghastly skull around,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Each fleshless form’s arrayed in sable vest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">About their hollow loins the cord is bound,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Like living Fathers of the Order drest.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And as the monk around this scene of gloom<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The flick’ring lustre of his taper throws,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He says, ‘Such, stranger, is my destined tomb;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Here, and with these, shall be my last repose.’</span> +</div></div> + +<p>At night I went with a party of English to see the +Coliseum, but the moon was as English as the party, and +gave a faint and feeble light. Still, with this dim moon it +was inconceivably grand. The exquisite symmetry of the +building appears better, and its vast dimensions are more +developed by night. I long to see it with an Italian sky +and full moon; but not with a parcel of chattering girls, +who only ‘flout the ruins grey.’</p> + +<h3>April 9th, 1830</h3> + +<p>On Wednesday called on Bunsen, the Prussian +Minister, who lives at the top of the Tarpeian Rock, in +a house commanding one of the best views of Rome. He has +devoted himself to the study of Roman history and antiquities, +and has the whole subject at his fingers’ ends. He is +really luminous, and his conversation equally amusing and +instructive. He is about to publish a book about ancient and +modern Rome, which, from what I hear, will be too minute +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span> +and prolix. I then went to look at the Tarpeian Rock, but +the accumulation of earth has diminished its height—there +is the Rock, but in a very obscure hole. It was probably +twice as high as it is now. I think it is now about forty +feet. Bunsen says that though the antiquaries pretend to +point out the course of the ancient triumphal way, he does +not think it can ever be ascertained. The only remains +(only bits of foundations) of the temple of the Capitoline +Jupiter, to which the conquerors ascended, are in the +garden under his windows. He thinks the population of +ancient Rome may be taken at two millions at its most +flourishing period. It is curious that there are hardly any +houses on the hills on which ancient Rome was built, and +that there were none formerly where modern Rome stands—no +private houses, only public buildings and temples.</p> + +<p>To the Mamertine Prisons, probably not a stone of which +has been changed from the time that Jugurtha was starved +in them. The tradition about St. Peter and the well of course +is not to be believed; but it is very odd there should be a +well there when there are so few in Rome. To the Sistine +Chapel with M. de la Ferronays, and very much disappointed +with the music, which was not so good as on Sunday; nor +was the ceremony accompanying the Miserere at all imposing. +Yesterday morning to the Sistine again; prodigious +crowd, music moderate. As soon as it was over we set off +to see the benediction; and, after fighting, jostling, and +squeezing through an enormous crowd, we reached the +<i>loggia</i> over one side of the colonnade. The Piazza of St. +Peter’s is so magnificent that the sight was of necessity +fine, but not near so much so as I had fancied. The people +below were not numerous or full of reverence. Till the +Pope appears the bands play and the bells ring, when +suddenly there is a profound silence; the feathers are seen +waving in the balcony, and he is borne in on his throne; he +rises, stretches out his hands, blesses the +people—<span class="smcap">urbi et +orbi</span>—and is borne out again. A couple of indulgences were +tossed out, for which there is a scramble, and so it ends. +Off we scampered, and, by dint of tremendous exertions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE HOLY WEEK AT ROME</span> +reached the hall in which the feet of the pilgrims are washed. +The Pope could not attend, so the Cardinal Deacon officiated. +No ceremony can be less imposing, but none more clean. +Thirteen men are ranged on a bench—the thirteenth represents +the angel who once joined the party—dressed in new +white caps, gowns, and shoes; each holds out his foot in +succession; an attendant pours a few drops of water on it +from a golden jug which another receives in a golden basin; +the cardinal wipes it with a towel, kisses the foot, and then +gives the towel, a nosegay, and a piece of money to the +pilgrim—the whole thing takes up about five minutes—certain +prayers are said, and it is over. Then off we +scampered again through the long galleries of the Vatican +to another hall where the pilgrims dine. The arrangements +for the accommodation of the Ambassadors and strangers +were so bad that all these passages were successive scenes +of uproar, scrambling, screaming, confusion, and danger, +and, considering that the ceremonies were all religious, +really disgraceful. We got with infinite difficulty to another +box, raised aloft in the hall, and saw a long table at +which the thirteen pilgrims seated themselves; a cardinal +in the corner read some prayers, which nobody listened to, +and another handed the dishes to the pilgrims, who looked +neither to the right nor the left, but applied themselves with +becoming gravity to the enjoyment of a very substantial +dinner. The whole hall was filled with people, all with +their hats on, chattering and jostling, and more like a ring +of blacklegs and blackguards at Tattersall’s than respectable +company at a religious ceremony in the palace of the Pope. +There remained the cardinals’ dinner, but I had had more +than enough, and came away hot, jaded, and disgusted with +the whole affair.</p> + +<p>In the evening I went to St. Peter’s, when I was amply +recompensed for the disappointment and bore of the morning. +The church was crowded; there was a Miserere in the +chapel, which was divine, far more beautiful than anything +I have heard in the Sistine, and it was the more effective +because at the close it really was night. The lamps +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +were extinguished at the shrine of the Apostle, but one +altar—the altar of the Holy Sepulchre—was brilliantly illuminated. +Presently the Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal +Gregorio, with his train entered, went and paid his devotions +at this shrine, and then seated himself on the chair of the +Great Confessional, took a golden wand, and touched all +those who knelt before him. Then came a procession of +pilgrims bearing muffled crosses; penitents with faces +covered, in white, with tapers and crosses; and one long +procession of men headed by these muffled figures, and +another of women accompanied by ladies, a lady walking +between every two pilgrims. The cross in the procession of +women was carried by the Princess Orsini, one of the +greatest ladies in Rome. They attended them to the +church (the Trinità delle Pellegrine) and washed their feet +and fed them. A real washing of dirty feet. Both the +men and the women seemed of the lowest class, but their +appearance and dresses were very picturesque. These processions +entered St. Peter’s, walked all round the church, +knelt at the altars, and retired in the same order, filing +along the piazza till they were lost behind the arches of the +colonnades. As the shades of night fell upon the vast expanse +of this wonderful building it became really sublime; +‘the dim religious light’ glimmering from a distant altar, +or cast by the passing torches of the procession, the voices +of the choir as they sang the Miserere swelling from the +chapel, which was veiled in dusk, and with no light but that +of the high taper half hid behind the altar, with the crowds +of figures assembled round the chapel moving about in the +obscurity of the aisles and columns, produced the most +striking effect I ever beheld. It was curious, interesting, +and inspiring—little of mummery and much of solemnity. +The night here brings out fresh beauties, but of the most +majestic character. There is a colour in an Italian twilight +that I have never seen in England, so soft, and beautiful, and +grey, and the moon rises ‘not as in northern climes obscurely +bright,’ but with far-spreading rays around her. +The figures, costume, and attitudes that you see in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE GRAND PENITENTIARY</span> +churches are wonderfully picturesque. I went afterwards to +the Jesù, where there was a tiresome service (the Tre Ore), +and heard a Jesuit preaching with much passion and emphasis, +but could not understand a word he said. So then I +called on Cheney and saw his mother’s illustrations of Milton, +which are admirable, full of genius.</p> + +<p><i>At night</i>.—To St. Peter’s, where the Miserere was not so +good as last night. It was reported that the Pope was +coming to St. Peter’s, and the Swiss Guards lined the nave, +but he did not arrive. Formerly, when the Cross was illuminated, +he used to come with all the cardinals to adore it. +Now the cardinals (or rather some of them) came and adored +the Cross and the relics belonging to the church, which +were exhibited in succession from one of the balconies—a +bit of the true Cross, Santa Veronica’s bloody handkerchief, +and others. There were, as the night before, several fraternities +of penitents, some in black, others in white or +brown, all disguised by long hoods, but there was to-night +one of the most striking and remarkable exhibitions I ever +beheld.</p> + +<p>The Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal Gregorio, again took +his seat in the chair of the Great Confessional. All those +who have been absolved after confession by their priest, +and who present themselves before him, are touched with +his golden wand, in token of confirmation of the absolution, +and here again that quality which I have so often +remarked as one of the peculiar characteristics of the Catholic +religion is very striking. Men and women, beggars and +princesses, present themselves indiscriminately; they all +kneel in a row, and he touches them in succession. In the +churches there seem to be no distinctions of rank; no one, +however great or rich, is contaminated by the approximation +of poverty and rags. But to return to the Confessional. +There are some crimes of such enormity that absolution +for them can only be granted by the Pope himself, who delegates +his power to the Grand Penitentiary, and he receives +such confessions in the chair in which he was seated to-day. +They are, however, very rare; but this evening, after he had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> +finished touching the people, a man, dressed like a peasant +in a loose brown frock, worsted stockings, and brogues, +apparently of the lowest order, dark, ill-looking, and squalid, +approached the Confessional to reveal some great crime. +The confession was very long, so was the admonition of +the Cardinal which followed it. The appearance of the +Cardinal is particularly dignified and noble, and, as he bent +down his head, joining it to that of this ruffian-like figure, +listening with extreme patience and attention, and occasionally +speaking to him with excessive earnestness, while the +whole surrounding multitude stood silently gazing at the +scene, all conscious that some great criminal was before +them, but none knowing the nature of the crime, it was +impossible not to be deeply interested and impressed with +such a spectacle. Nothing could exceed the patience of +the Cardinal and the intensity with which he seemed absorbed +in the tale of the penitent. When it was over he +wiped his face, as if he had been agitated by what he heard. +It was impossible not to feel that be the balance for or against +confession (which is a difficult question to decide, though I +am inclined to think the balance is against) it is productive +of some good effects, and, though susceptible of enormous +abuses, is a powerful instrument of good when properly +used. I have no doubt it is largely abused, but it is the +most powerful weapon of the Romish Church, the one, I +believe, by which it principally lives, moves, and has its being. +That penitence must be real, and of a nature to be worked +upon, which can induce a man to come forward in the face +of multitudes and exhibit himself as the perpetrator of some +atrocious though unknown crime.</p> + +<p>At night I went to the Trinità dei Pellegrini to see the +pilgrims at supper. The washing of the feet was over; a +cardinal performs it with the men, and ladies with the +women, but it is no mere ceremony as at the Vatican; they +really do wash and scrub the dirty feet perhaps of about a +dozen of them each night. I saw the room in which they +were just clearing away the apparatus and collecting piles +of dirty towels. The pilgrims sit on benches; under their feet +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PILGRIMS AT SUPPER</span> +are a number of small wooden tubs, with cocks to turn the +water into them, and there they are washed. Afterwards they +go to supper, and then to bed. The men sup in a very long +hall—most curious figures, and natives of half the world. +The Cardinal +Camerlengo<a name="FNA_08_17" id="FNA_08_17" href="#FN_08_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> +says grace and cuts the meat. +They are waited upon by gentlemen and priests, and have +a very substantial meal. The women are treated in the same +way.<a name="FNA_08_18" id="FNA_08_18" href="#FN_08_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +No men are admitted to their hall, but we contrived +to get to the door and saw it all. The Princess Orsini and +a number of Roman ladies were there (who had been washing +feet) with aprons on, waiting upon them at supper. Their +dormitories were spacious, clean, and sweet, though the beds +were crowded together. The pilgrims are kept there from +Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, when they are dismissed. +Their numbers are generally about 250 or 300. The funds +of the establishment are supplied by private subscriptions, +legacies, and donations, the names of the benefactors, with +the amount of their contributions, being recorded on boards +hung up in the hall. There were a great many spectators, +but the whole ceremony was ordered with regularity and +decency, which is more than can be said for those of the +Vatican. I walked to-night to St. Peter’s, to look at it by +moonlight. From every point of view it is magnificent; the +stillness of the night is broken only by the waters of the fountains, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> +which glitter in the moonbeams like sheets of molten +silver. The obelisk, the façade, the cupola, and the columns +all contribute to the grandeur and harmony of the scene: but +everything at Rome should be seen at night. The Castle of +St. Angelo, the Tiber, and the Bridge are all wonderfully +fine in these bright nights.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_17" id="FN_08_17" href="#FNA_08_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> +Minister of the Interior and Chamberlain; but Gonsalvi deprived the +Camerlengo of his Ministerial functions, and joined them to the Secretaryship +of State, and so it has since remained.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_18" id="FN_08_18" href="#FNA_08_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> +I met Lady ——, a very tiresome woman, a day or two after, who had +been to see this ceremony, and was most devoutly edified by the humility +and charity of the ladies. She told me a very old woman put out her foot +to her, thinking she was one of them, and begged her to be very careful, as +she had got some sores produced by the itch; but as it formed no part of +her Protestant duty, she turned her over to the Princess Orsini, who handled +this horrid old leg with great tenderness; and afterwards, when the same +Princess was handed into the other apartment to see the male pilgrims at +supper, by an attendant in the livery which they all wore, this attendant +turned out to be Prince Corsini. It sounds very fine, but after all I don’t +think there is much in it. It is ostentatious charity and humility, and +though rather disgusting and disagreeable, it is the fashion, and those who +do it are set up in a capital stock of piety and virtue. It <i>may be</i> both cause +and effect of great moral excellence, but I think it questionable.</p></div> + +<h3>April 10th, 1830</h3> + +<p>In the morning to St. John Lateran, where, +as my <i>laquais de place</i> said, ‘converted Jews, or Turks, or +<i>Lutherans</i>’ were baptised; got too late for the baptism, +which I believe is a farce regularly got up, but heard the +High Mass. The churches were crowded all this week with +pilgrims, whose appearance is always very picturesque. +Went into the cloisters, and was shown by the monk or priest +(whichever he was) some very remarkable articles that they +possess—a bit of the column on which the cock stood when +he crowed after Peter’s three denials; a slab showing the +exact height of Jesus Christ, as he could just stand under +it,<a name="FNA_08_19" id="FNA_08_19" href="#FN_08_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +and two halves which had once been a whole column, +but which was broken when the veil of the Temple was +rent on the death of Christ. The column is adorned with +sculpture, which they say is Jewish, and was brought to +Rome with the Holy Stairs. Then to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, +where they were performing High Mass, with +many assistants and a full choir, but without a congregation; +there were not six people in the church. To Minerva Medica, +a questionable and uninteresting ruin, and besides falling to +pieces. To the Barberini Palace, where there is little besides +the Cenci, which is worth going any distance to see. To the +Doria, a magnificent palace, with an immense number of +pictures, and some very fine ones, which I was hurried +through. To the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, which is in the +middle of the wall of Aurelian, and forms the back of a very +pretty Protestant burial ground, the greatest number of +those who have been buried there being of course English. +It is on the side of a hill with high, turreted walls behind it. +There are two rows of white marble tombs, whose diminutive +proportions form a contrast with the enormous sepulchre of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PROTESTANT BURIAL GROUND</span> +the Roman. Round some of the tombstones rose-trees and +other shrubs have been planted, and all but one adorned with +epitaphs and inscriptions in Latin, English, German, and +Italian. That one is the tomb of the pretty Miss Bathurst +who was drowned in the Tiber. Her mother was to have +returned to Rome and supply the epitaph, but she has never +come, and it has not even her name inscribed upon it. I +copied the following, which are apparently intended for Latin +verses, from one of the tombs—of Frederica Ursulina Arabella +de Montmorency, by her father, Colonel Raymond Henry de +Montmorency, whose feelings set quantity at defiance:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Frederica quæ Claris fueram prælata puellis<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Illa ego hoc brevi condita sum tumulo;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cui formam pulcherrimam, charites tribuere decoram<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Quam Deus cunctis artibus erudiit.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_19" id="FN_08_19" href="#FNA_08_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +He must have been just six feet high.</p></div> + +<p>Clambered up Monte Testaccio, from which the view is +beautiful, and then went on to the ruins of San Paolo fuori +le Mure. The church, which was the finest in Rome except +St. Peter’s, was entirely destroyed by fire; but although it is +near three miles from the gates, and not the least wanted, +and that there are hundreds of churches, half of which +seldom or never have congregations to fill them, they are +already rebuilding this at an enormous cost, and the priest +told me, to my great disgust, that they had got all the +materials ready, and in ten years they expected the work to +be finished. There are plenty of fools found to contribute to +the expense, the greatest part of which, however, is supplied +by the Government. It is to be built just as it was before, +but they cannot replace the enormous marble columns which +were its principal ornament. To a church to hear the +Armenian Mass. The priests arrived in splendid oriental +dresses, but I did not stay it out. Walked to the Borghese +Gardens, the fine weather being something of which no +description can convey an idea, and in it the beauty of Rome +and its gardens and environs are equally indescribable. +Groups of pilgrims in their odd dresses, with staves, and +great bundles on their heads, were lounging about, or lying +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span> +under the trees. At night to the Coliseum (but the moon +never will shine properly), and back by the Forum and the +Capitol. The columns in the Forum look beautiful, but St. +Peter’s gains at least as much as the ancient ruins by the +light of the moon. The views from different hills, and sunset +from the Pincian in such weather as this, and with spring +bursting in every direction, are things never to be forgotten.</p> + +<h3>Sunday.</h3> + +<p>High Mass in St. Peter’s, which was crowded. +I walked about the church to see the groups and the +extraordinary and picturesque figures moving through the +vast space. They are to the last degree interesting: in one +place hundreds prostrate before an altar—pilgrims, soldiers, +beggars, ladies, gentlemen, old and young in every variety +of attitude, costume, and occupation. The benediction was +much finer than on Thursday, the day magnificent, the +whole piazza filled with a countless multitude, all in their +holiday dresses, and carriages in the back-ground to the +very end. The troops forming a brilliant square in the +middle, the immense population and variety of costume, the +weather, and the glorious locality certainly made as fine a +spectacle as can possibly be seen. The Pope is dressed in +white, with the triple crown on his head; two great fans of +feathers, exactly like those of the Great Mogul, are carried +on each side of him. He sits aloft on his throne, and is +slowly borne to the front of the balcony. The moment he +appears there is a dead silence, and every head is bared. +When he rises, the soldiers all fall on their knees, and some, +but only a few, of the spectators. The distance is so great +that he looks like a puppet, and you just see him move his +hands and make some signs. When he gives the blessing—the +sign of the cross—the cannon fires. He blesses the +people twice, remains perhaps five minutes in the balcony, +and is carried out as he came in.</p> + +<p>The numbers who come to the benediction are taken as +a test of the popularity of the Pope, though I suppose the +weather has a good deal to do with it. Leo XII. was very +unpopular from his austerity, and particularly his shutting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ILLUMINATION OF ST. PETER’S</span> +up the wine shops. The first time he gave the benediction +after that measure hardly anybody came to be blessed.</p> + +<p><i>At night</i>.—The illumination of St. Peter’s is as fine as I +was told it was, and that is saying everything. I saw it +from the Pincian, from the windows of the French Academy +and Horace Vernet’s room. He is established in the Villa +Medici; a very lively little fellow, and making a great deal +of money as director of the Academy and by his paintings. +His daughter is very pretty. Here I met Savary, the Duc +de Rovigo, a tall, stout, vulgar-looking man. We were +introduced and conversed on French politics. Afterwards +drove down to the piazza and round it. The illumination is +more effective at a distance, but I think it looks best from the +entrance to the piazza and the Bridge of St. Angelo; the +blaze of light, the crowd, and the fountains, covered with a +red glare, made altogether the most splendid sight in the +world. (One poor devil was killed, and there is almost +always some accident.) Eight hundred men are employed +in illuminating St. Peter’s; the first pale and subdued light, +which covers the whole church, is brought out by the darkness +of night, the little lamps being lit in the day-time. +The blazing lights which succeed are made by large pots of +grease with wicks in them; there is one man to every two +lamps. On a given signal, each man touches his two lamps +as quick as possible, so that the whole building bursts into +light at once by a process the effect of which is quite +magical—literally, as the Rejected Addresses say, ’starts +into light, and makes the lighter start.’</p> + +<h3>April 12th, 1830</h3> + +<p>At night at Torlonia’s to see the girandola, +which is as fine as fireworks can be, but nothing will do after +the illumination of St. Peter’s. All the world was there at +an assembly after the ceremony, at which I was introduced +to Don Michele Gaetani, said to be the cleverest man in +Rome, and I had a long conversation with Monsignore Spada, +who is a young layman with ecclesiastical rank and costume, +and a judge. A Monsignore holds ecclesiastical rank at +Rome, as a Lady of the Bedchamber at St. Petersburg holds +military rank, where she is a major-general; there is no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +other. He is free to marry, and I presume to do anything +else, but he must preserve a certain orthodox gravity of dress +and conduct; he is a curious nondescript, about an equal +mixture of the cardinal and the dandy. This Monsignore is +a very clever, agreeable man, and gave me some information +about the administration of law in this country. There +seems to be a good deal of laxity in it, for a man was condemned +for stabbing another (with premeditation) a little +while ago to six months’ imprisonment, or more perhaps; +and having been George Hamilton’s <i>laquais de place</i>, his +family came to him and begged him to try and get him off. +He applied to Spada, and got the punishment commuted to +some trifling imprisonment, and when he got out he came, +with all his family, to kiss Hamilton’s hand.</p> + +<h3>April 13th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Breakfasted with Bunsen at the Capitol; +Lovaine, Morier, Haddington, Hamilton, Kestner, Falck, G. +Fitzclarence, Sir W. Gell, a little Italian servant, and Mr. +Hall, Bunsen’s brother-in-law. Haddington told the story +of Canning’s sending to Bagot a despatch in cipher, containing +these lines:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Is giving too little and asking too much;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With equal protection the French are content:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So we’ll lay on Dutch bottoms just twenty per cent.<br /></span> +<span class="i6"><i>Chorus of Officers.</i>—We’ll lay, &c.<br /></span> +<span class="i6"><i>Chorus of Douaniers.</i>—Nous frapperons Falck avec Twenty per cent.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>He received the despatch at dinner, and sent it to be deciphered. +After some hours they brought him word they did +not know what to make of it, for it seemed to be in verse, +when he at once saw there was a joke.</p> + +<p>Went to see the excavations in the Via Triumphalis and +the Temple of Concord, and heard Bunsen’s theory of the +Forum. Bunsen gives different names to the remains of the +temples in the Forum from those which have been usually +given, and by which they are known, and on very plausible +grounds, drawn chiefly from accounts in different Roman +authors and peculiarities in the buildings themselves. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">BUNSEN ON THE FORUM</span> +Temple of Fortune he thinks was the Basilica of Augustus, +and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans the Temple of Saturn; +but all his reasons I need not put down if I could remember +them, for are they not written in the voluminous work he is +going to publish in four or six volumes octavo?</p> + +<p>Bunsen’s history is rather curious. He was a poor +German student destined for the Church; came to Rome, +and got employed by Niebuhr, from whom he first got a +taste for antiquities. The King of Prussia came to Rome +and saw him; he was struck with his knowledge and the +character he heard of him, and consulted him about a new +Liturgy he wished to introduce into Prussia. Bunsen gave +him so much satisfaction in that matter, as well as in some +others which were entrusted to him, that on Niebuhr’s +return to Prussia he was appointed to succeed him, and has +been at Rome ever since—thirteen years. Some say he is +not a profound man, and that his speculations about the +ruins are all wrong. He talks English, French, and Italian +like his own language.</p> + +<p>The part of the triumphal road was discovered by accident +in digging for a drain; and an attempt is being made to procure +the permission of the Government to excavate all that +can be found of it, and ascertain its exact course. It was in +the Temple of Concord that Cicero assembled the Senate and +pronounced one of his orations against Catiline. The +building must have been large and magnificent, from the remains +now visible, which are of the finest marble. The +pavement is in a state of considerable preservation. Then +we went to the old Tabularium, standing on the Intermontium, +an undoubted work of the Republic. This was the +place where the records of the Senate were kept. It is very +perfect. Nibby, the great authority here, differs, however, +about this place; the antiquaries are at daggers drawn +upon the subject of the ruins, remains, and discoveries. +They have all different systems, which they support with +great vehemence and obstinacy, and perhaps ingenuity, but +the ignorant and curious traveller is only perplexed with their +noisy and discordant assertions. They will insist upon knowing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span> +everything, whereas there are many things here which +are so doubtful, that they can only conjecture about them; +but when once they have published a theory they will not +hear of its being erroneous, and oppose any fresh discovery +likely to throw discredit upon it. After his lecture in the +Forum we went to San Nicolo in Cercera, an old church built +on three old temples, or two and a prison, but not much to +see. The prison of San Nicolo in Cercera is said to be the +scene of the story of the Roman daughter, which it probably +is not. Over the Bridge of Fabricius to the Basilica of Saint +Bartholomew and Temple of Esculapius; small remains, but +curious; and very pretty view of the Tiber and Temple of +Vesta. To the Villa Lanti, a delicious villa belonging to +Prince Borghese, who never goes there, and will neither let +nor lend it. One of the finest views of Rome is from the +terrace, and Julio Romano’s frescoes adorn the ceilings. +When Raphael was painting the Vatican, he and Julio +Romano used to retire every night to the Villa Lanti, and +the ceilings are covered with frescoes painted by both of +them. Just below is a terrace, and on it a beautiful tree +called Tasso’s Oak, because under it he used to sit and compose +when he lived in the Convent of San Onofrio, which is +close by, and where he died. This convent is remarkably +clean, airy, and spacious. In the library is a bust of Tasso, +a mask taken from his face just after he died; in the chapel +his tomb.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And Tasso is their glory—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hark to his strain and then survey his cell.<br /></span> +<span class="i18"><span class="smcap">Byron.</span></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +In the cloister are some frescoes of the universal Domenichino. +I like the Convent of San Onofrio. To Santa Maria in +Trastevere, a very fine church; splendid ceiling with a +Domenichino in the middle. Immense granite columns of +various orders taken from God knows what temples, and +mosaic floor rich to a degree. Large pieces of porphyry and +verd antique eternally trodden by the Trasteverine mob, and +never even cleaned. It is a basilica, and at the end is an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span> +ancient stone chair, which, was evidently the old justice-seat, +though they of the Church do not know it.</p> + +<h3>April 14th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Set off early to make up an arrear of +churches. First to Santa Maria sopra Minerva, and lit +upon the funeral of a cardinal (Bertazzoli), which I was +obliged to see instead of Michael Angelo’s Christ. All the +cardinals attended; the church hung with black and gold; +guards, tapers, mob, &c. Then to the SS. Apostoli, +Araceli (built where the Citadel stood, and is a corruption +of Arx, but with a legend); a curious church enough, with +some fine frescoes of Pintoriccio, and the Chapel of the +Virgin with hundreds of ex voto’s hang round it, almost all +wretched daubs of pictures, and principally representing +accidents in gigs, carriages, or carts, broken heads or limbs. +To Santa Anastasia, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa +Sabina. Santa Maria in Cosmedin, or the Bocca della Verità, +built in and on the ruins of an old temple (di Pudicizia), is +one of the best worth seeing in Rome; the columns, if freed +from the modern church, would present as perfect a front as +the temples in the Forum. To Monte Aventino to see the +view of Rome and the Chapel of the Order of Malta, where +Cardinal Zurla as Grand Prior has a most agreeable residence. +The garden contains immense orange-trees and a +very large palm. To San Gregorio to see the famous rival +frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, which are much impaired. +I began by liking Guido’s and ended by liking the +other best. The view of the Palatine from this convent is +magnificent. To San Gregorio and San Paolo, and saw the +ruins, which must have belonged to the Coliseum, for the +architecture is exactly similar, and they have every appearance +of having been the Vivarium from their shape. To the +Corsini Palace, containing one of the best collections of +pictures, of which the finest are two portraits of cardinals by +Raphael and Domenichino. The palace is very fine, and the +villa joins it on the opposite hill of the Janiculum, but both +are affected by the malaria. Then to the Vatican and saw +all the frescoes and pictures; the collection of pictures is +very small, but they are all masterpieces. To the gallery +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> +below to see the mosaics and the process of copying the +great pictures. The coloured bits are numbered, and though +there are not above six or seven colours, the sub-divisions of +various shades amount to 18,000. This art is in a great +degree mechanical, but requires ingenuity, attention, and +some knowledge of painting. On the large pictures, such as +those which are in St. Peter’s, several men are employed +at the same time, but on the lesser only one. It is very +tedious, requiring years to copy one of the largest size. All +the pictures in St. Peter’s are in mosaic, except one, and +they are at work on one which is to replace this single oil-piece. +The studio appeared in good order, but there were +only two men at work, as the Government spends very little +money upon it at present. From one of the open galleries +we (Morier and I) saw a thunderstorm, with gusts of wind, +flashes of lightning, and rain. It was amazingly grand from +that place as it swept over the city and made us ‘sharers +in its fierce delight.’ Then to the Borghese Gardens, and +back to one of those sunsets from the Pincian which will +long be remembered among the smoke and fogs in which I +am destined to live.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> +Lake of Albano — Velletri — Naples — Rapid Travelling in 1830 — A Trial at +Naples — Deciphering Manuscripts — Ball at the Duchesse d’Eboli’s — +Matteis’s Plot and Trial — Pompeii — Taking the Veil — Pausilippo — Baiæ +— La Cava — Salerno — Pæstum — Lazaroni — Museum of Naples — Grotto +del Cane — The Camaldoli — Herculaneum — Vesuvius — Sorrento — Miracle +of St. Januarius — Astroni — Farewell to Naples. +</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>Velletri, April 15th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Left Rome at nine o’clock this +morning; at Albano procured an ancient rural cicerone, a +boy, and two donkeys, and set out on the grand <i>giro</i> of the +place. The road over the Campagna is agreeable, because +the prospect roundabout is so fine, and the aqueducts +stretching over the plain so grand. After climbing up to the +Capuchin Convent, close to which are the remains of what is +called Domitian’s Theatre, we came to the lake, which is +beautiful, but does not look large, and still less as if it had +ever threatened Rome with destruction. There is a road +called the Upper Gallery, shaded by magnificent ilexes, +which leads to the Villa Barberini, a delicious garden, once +Clodius’s and afterwards part of Domitian’s Villa, containing +many remains of former magnificence. This villa was +probably the scene of the council described by Juvenal +(Fourth Satire).</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Misso proceres exire jubentur<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Concilio, quos Albanam Dux magnus in arcem<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Traxerat attonitos.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>I could not make out that any excavations have ever +been made here, though they would be certain of finding +marbles. The road passes along the hill which overhangs +the margin of the lake to Castel Gandolfo, and thence a path +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> +leads to the bottom, where are the Emissarium, the Nyphæum +(called the Baths of Diana), and a beautiful view of the lake, +Monte Albano, and its towns. There is nothing more +curious than the Emissarium, built with a solidity which +has defied the effect of time, for it has never required reparations, +and performs its office still as it did more than 2,000 +years ago (393 years before the Christian era). Nothing is +so incomprehensible as the magnitude and grandeur of the +works of the Republic before it had acquired power, territory, +or population. The Romans built as if they had an instinctive +prescience of future greatness, and not even the +pressure of immediate danger could induce them to sacrifice +solidity to haste. After wondering at their enterprise and +industry we may go and admire their subsequent luxury in +the Baths of Diana, as the place is called, but which is +evidently a natural cave improved into a delicious retreat by +some inhabitant of one of the villas above. We mounted +the hill and went by another road (called the Lower Gallery, +shaded by the finest ilexes, elms, and oaks, which ‘high +over-arch’d embower,’ and where there is one ilex which +twelve men can hardly embrace) to the Doria Villa, once +Pompey’s and likewise Domitian’s, who included both Clodius’s +and Pompey’s in his own. There are no remains here, +but some arabesques in a sort of grotto, which I suspect are +modern. All their villas command views of the Campagna, +the sea, Rome, and the mountains. It is no wonder Hannibal +was deeply mortified when he looked down on Rome +from these hills (the hills at least close by called the Prati +d’Annibale) at having twice just missed taking it. Poetry +and history contribute alike to the interest of this beautiful +scenery. We met an Englishman, a single bird who had +lost his covey, and had procured a guide who could not +understand what he said. He wanted to go to Albano, and +the man was taking him to the Emissarium. We put him +right, but his fury in mixed Italian, French, and English +was exceedingly comical. It was unlucky that we met him +at the top instead of the bottom of the hill.</p> + +<p>The road to Aricia, where Horace got such a bad dinner— +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ALBANO—NAPLES</span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Egressum magnâ me excepit Aricia Româ<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hospitio modico—<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +is beautiful, and close to Gensano we went to look at the +Lake of Nemi, which is very pretty, but not so grand as +Albano. The peasantry are a fine race in these parts, and +we met many men driving carts or riding asses who would +not disgrace the most romantic group of banditti. The +people were all working in the open air, and seemed very +gay. There were few beggars, and not much rags and +wretchedness.</p> + +<p>Started from Velletri at six in the morning; went very +quick over the Pontine Marshes (which form an avenue of +about twenty miles, quite straight, shaded with trees, and +with vegetation of remarkable luxuriance on each side) to +Terracina (Anxur), where we breakfasted in a room looking +upon the sea. The place is extremely pretty. Thence to +Mola di Gaeta, which is very beautiful, but where we did +not stop; and, after a very tiresome journey, got to Naples +at two o’clock in the morning. Vesuvius was so obliging as +to emit some flames as we passed by, just to show us his +whereabouts. They were, however, his first and his last while +I was at Naples.</p> + +<h3>Naples, April 18th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I am disappointed with Naples. I +looked for more life and gaiety, a more delicious air, beautiful +town, and picturesque lazaroni, more of Punch, more smoke +and flame from Vesuvius. It strikes me as less beautiful +than Genoa, but these are only first impressions. The Bay +and the Villa Reale, a garden along the sea, full of sweets +and sea breezes and shade, are certainly delightful. All the +people seem anxious to cheat as much as they can, from the +master of the inn to the driver of the hackney-coach. At +present I don’t feel disposed to stay here, and when I +have seen Pæstum, Pompeii, and the environs I shall be +glad to get back to Rome. Sir Henry Lushington said +at dinner yesterday he had seen at Naples a ‘Courier’ +newspaper of that day week, produced by Rothschild and +brought by one of his couriers. I came very fast, but was +236 hours on the road, including 20 hours’ stoppage. This +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> +is 168 hours, which appears incredible, but ‘gold imp’d by +Jews can compass hardest things.’</p> + +<h3>April 19th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I retract all I said about disappointment, +for I have since seen Naples, and it is the most beautiful +and the gayest town in the world. Yesterday morning with +Morier I walked up to the Castle of St. Elmo and the +Certosa; went over the chapel, which is full of costly marbles, +and fine pictures both in oil and fresco, particularly one by +Spagnolet as fine as any at Rome or anywhere. Tasted the +<i>custode’s</i> lachryma Christi, which, if it be as good of the sort +as he pretends, is middling stuff, but not bad with water. Saw +all the views, which are magnificent. Walked down to the +Villa Reale, which was crowded with people, and the Chiaja +with carriages. Dined with Hill—half English and half +foreigners—and went to the Opera; a very indifferent opera +of Rossini, ill sung, called the ‘Siege of Corinth.’</p> + +<p>This morning at half-past eight we went to the Court +of Justice to hear an extraordinary trial which excites great +interest here. The proceedings of the day happened to be +very uninteresting, not that it made much difference, for I +could not understand a word anybody said, but I had an +opportunity of seeing the manner in which they conduct +trials in this country, and the behaviour of the judges, the +counsel, and the prisoners. Nothing can be less analogous +than the proceedings here to those which prevail in our +courts; and although it is possible that ours might be better, +it is not possible that theirs could be worse.</p> + +<p>I soon left the Court, and walked up the Strada di Toledo—the +finest and liveliest street in the world, I believe—crowded +with people. An Italian proverb says, ‘Quando Dio onnipotente +è tristo, prende una finestra nella Toledo.’ Then to +the Museum, of which everything was shut but the library +and the papyri. The former contains 180,000 volumes, but +is deficient in modern (particularly foreign) books. They +showed us the process of deciphering the papyri, which is +very ingenious. The manuscript (which is like a piece of +charcoal) is suspended by light strings in a sort of frame; +gum and goldbeater’s skin are applied to it as it is unrolled, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MARQUIS DI GALLO’S VILLA</span> +and, by extreme delicacy of touch, they contrive to unravel +without destroying a great deal of it, but probably they have +been discouraged by the small reward which has attended +their exertions; for there are several black-looking rolls +which have never yet been touched, and very few men at +work. The gentlemen who explained to us the process said +that Sir Humphrey Davy had attended them constantly, and +had taken great pains to contrive some better chemical process +for the purpose, but without success.</p> + +<h3>April 20th, 1830</h3> + +<p>A delightful drive (made by Murat) to the +Marquis di Gallo’s villa on the Capo di Monte, which far surpasses +all the villas I saw at Rome. The entrance is about half +a mile from the house, through a wood, one part of which is +a vineyard; the vines hanging in festoons from cherry trees, +and corn growing underneath. The house is not large, but +convenient; a wide terrace runs along the whole front of it +with a white marble balustrade; below this is a second terrace +covered with rose-trees; below that a third, planted +with vines, and oranges, and myrtles. From the upper +terrace the view is beautiful. Naples lies beneath, and the +Bay stretches beyond with the opposite mountains, and all +the towns and villages from Portici to Sorrento. On the +right the Castle of St. Elmo and the Certosa, and Vesuvius +on the left. There is a large wood on one side, cut into shady +walks and laid out with grottoes, and on the other a vineyard, +through which there is also a walk under a treillage of +vines for nearly half a mile. The ground extremely diversified, +and presenting in every part of it views of the surrounding +country—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Umbrageous grots and caves<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of cool recess, o’er which the mantling vine<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Luxuriant.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +It is always let, and, till he went away, was occupied by +Stackelberg, the Russian Ambassador.</p> + +<p>In the evening went to a ball at the Duchesse d’Eboli’s; +very few people, and hardly any English, and those not the +best—only four, I think: Sir Henry Lushington, the Consul; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +a Mr. Grieve, of whom I know nothing but that his father was +a physician at St. Petersburg, and that he killed his brother +at Eton by putting a cracker into his pocket on the 5th of November, +which set fire to other crackers and burnt him to +death; Mr. Auldjo, the man who made a very perilous ascent +of Mont Blanc, of which he published a narrative; Mr. Arbuthnot, +who levanted from Doncaster two years ago—but most of +the Italian women were there, and I was surprised at their +beauty. Acton, who introduced me to some of them, assured +me that they were models of conduct, which did not precisely +tally with my preconceived notions of Neapolitan society. +They danced, but with no music but a pianoforte. This is one +of the few houses here which is habitually open, for they have +not the means of doing much in the way of society and gaiety; +they are poor, and the Government (the worst in the world) +interferes. The Duchesse d’Eboli is poor, but she was a +beauty, and has had adventures of various sorts.</p> + +<h3>April 21st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined with Keppel Craven yesterday; Acton, +Morier, Duchesse d’Eboli, and some other people.</p> + +<p>The day was so disagreeable yesterday I could not go +out—not cold, but a hurricane and clouds of dust. The principal +topic of conversation at dinner was the trial, which +goes on every day, has already lasted a month, and is likely +to last two or three more. The Code Napoléon is in force +here, so that there may probably be something like a certain +and equal administration of justice between man and man; +but this is a Government prosecution, and therefore exempted +from ordinary rules. The history of this trial exemplifies +the state of both the law and the Government of this country. +The accused are five in number; the principal of them, +Matteis, was an <i>intendente</i>, or governor, of a province; 2nd, +the advocate-general of the province; 3rd, Matteis’s secretary; +and 4th and 5th, two spies. These men united in a +conspiracy to destroy various persons who were obnoxious +to them in the province, some of them actuated by political +motives, and others in order to get possession of the property +of their victims. The bugbear of the Court is Carbonarism, +and Matteis pretended that there was a Carbonari plot on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MATTEIS’S TRIAL</span> +foot, in which several persons were implicated. He employed +the spies to seduce the victims into some imprudence +of language or conduct, and then to inform against them; +in this way he apprehended various individuals, some of +whom were tortured, some imprisoned or sent to the galleys, +and some put to death. These transactions took place eight +or nine years ago, and such was the despotism of this man +and the terror he inspired, that no resistance was made to +his proceedings, or any appeal against them ever sent to +Naples. At last one of his own secretaries made some disclosures +to Government, and the case appeared so atrocious +that it was thought necessary to institute an immediate enquiry. +The <i>intendente</i> was ordered to Naples, and commissioners +were sent to obtain evidence in the province and +sift the matter to the bottom. After much delay they made +a report confirming the first accusations and designating +these five men as the criminals. As soon as the matter was +thus taken up, the public indignation burst forth, and a host +of witnesses who had been deterred by fear from opening their +lips came forward to depose against Matteis and his associates. +They were arrested in the year 1825 and thrown into +prison, but owing to the difficulties and delay which they contrived +by their influence to interpose, and to the anomalous +character of the prosecution, five years elapsed before the proceedings +began. At length a royal order constituted a Court +of Justice, composed of all the judges of the Court of Cassation +(about twenty), the highest tribunal in the kingdom, and +they have just been enjoined not to separate till the final adjudication +of the case. Although the offences with which the +criminals are charged are very different in degree, they are all +arraigned together; a host of witnesses are examined, each +of whom tells a story or makes a speech, and the evidence is +accordingly very confused, now affecting one and now another +of them. They have counsel and the right of addressing +the Court themselves, which the <i>intendente</i> avails himself of +with such insolence that they are obliged to begin the proceedings +of each day by reading an order to the prisoners +to behave themselves decently to the Court. Their counsel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> +are assigned by the Court, and it is not one of the least extraordinary +parts of this case that the advocate of Matteis +is his personal enemy, and a man whom he displaced from an +office he once held in the province. They say, however, +that he defends him very fairly and zealously. The day I +was there the proceedings were uninteresting, but yesterday +they were very important. An officer was examined +who had been imprisoned and ill-treated in prison, and who +deposed to various acts of cruelty. They on their part +hardly deny the facts, but attempt to justify them by +proving that the sufferers really were Carbonari, that other +governors had done the same thing, and that they were +doing a service to the Government by these pretended plots +and consequent executions. Though their guilt is clear, it +is by no means so clear that they will be condemned, or at +least all of them. The public indignation is so great that +they must sacrifice some of them, and the spies, it is said, +will certainly be hanged. Matteis has interest in the Court, +but, as a majority of votes will decide his fate, it is most +likely he will be condemned.</p> + +<h3>April 22nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday to Pompeii, far better worth +seeing than anything else in Italy. Who can look at +other ruins after this? At Rome there are certain places +consecrated by recollections, but the imagination must be +stirred up to enjoy them; here you are actually in a Roman +town. Shave off the upper storey of any town, take out +windows, doors, and furniture, and it will be as Pompeii now +is: it is marvellous. About one-fifth part of the town has +been excavated, and the last house found is the largest. It is +said 1,000 men would clear it in a year, and there are thirty +at work. The road is a bed of dust, and infested with blind +beggars, each led by a boy. There are habitations almost +uninterruptedly along the road between Naples and Pompeii, +built apparently for no other reason than because they are +exposed to eruptions of the mountain, for any other part +of the Bay would be just as agreeable, and safe from that +danger.</p> + +<p>This morning we went to an Ursuline convent to see two +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TAKING THE VEIL</span> +girls take the veil. The ceremony was neither imposing, nor +interesting, nor affecting, nor such as I expected. I believe +all this would have been the case had it been the black veil, +but it was the white unfortunately. I thought they would be +dressed splendidly, have their hair cut off in the church, be +divested (in the convent) of their finery, and reappear to +take leave of their relations in the habit of the order. Not +at all. I went with A. Hill and Legge, who had got tickets +from the brother of one of the <i>sposine</i>; we were admitted +to the grating, an apartment about ten feet long by five wide, +with a very thick double grating, behind which some of the +nuns appeared and chattered. A turning box supplied +coffee and cakes to the company. I went to the door of the +parlour (which was open), but they would not admit me. +There the ladies were received, and the nuns and novices +were laughing and talking and doing the honours. Their +dress was not ugly—black, white, and a yellow veil. The +chapel was adorned with gold brocade, and blue and silver +hangings, flowers, tapers; a good orchestra, and two or +three tolerable voices. It was as full as it could hold, and +soldiers were distributed about to keep order; even by the +altar four stood with fixed bayonets, who when the Host was +raised presented arms—a military salute to the Real Presence! +The brother of one of the girls did the honours of the +chapel, placing the ladies and bustling about for chairs, which +all the time the ceremony was going on were handed over +heads and bonnets, to the great danger of the latter. It was +impossible not to be struck with this man’s gaiety and <i>sang-froid</i> +on the occasion, but he is used to it, for this was the +fourth sister he has buried here. When the chapel was well +crammed the <i>sposine</i> appeared, each with two <i>marraines</i>. +A table and six chairs were placed opposite the altar; on the +table were two trays, each containing a Prayer Book, a pocket-handkerchief, +and a white veil. The girls (who were very +young, and one of them rather pretty) were dressed in long +black robes like dressing-gowns, their hair curled, hanging +down their backs and slightly powdered. On the top of their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span> +heads were little crowns of blue, studded with silver or diamonds. +The ladies attending them (one of whom was Princess +Fondi and another Princess Bressano) were very smart, and +all the people in the chapel were dressed as for a ball. There +was a priest at the table to tell the girls what to do. High +Mass was performed, then a long sermon was delivered by a +priest who spoke very fluently, but with a strange twang and +in a very odd style, continually apostrophising the two girls +by name, comparing them to olives and other fruit, to <i>candelabri</i>, +and desiring them to keep themselves pure that ‘they +might go as virgins into the chamber of their beloved.’ When +the Sacrament was administered the ladies took the crowns +off the girls, who were like automata all the time, threw the +white veils over them, and led them to the altar, where the +Sacrament was administered to them; then they were led +back to their seats, the veils taken off and the crowns replaced. +After a short interval they were again led to the +altar, where, on their knees, their profession was read to +them; in this they are made to renounce the world and their +parents; but at this part, which is at the end, a murmuring +noise is made by the four ladies who kneel with them at the +altar, that the words may not be heard, being thought too +heart-rending to the parents; then they are led out and taken +into the convent, and the ceremony ends. The girls did not +seem the least affected, but very serious; the rest of the +party appeared to consider it as a <i>fête</i>, and smirked and gossiped; +only the father of one of them, an old man, looked +as if he felt it. The brother told me his sister was eighteen; +that she would be a nun, and that they had done all they +could to dissuade her. It is a rigid order, but there is a still +more rigid rule within the convent. Those nuns who embrace +it are for ever cut off from any sort of communication with the +world, and can never again see or correspond with their own +family. They cannot enter into this last seclusion without +the consent of their parents, which another of this man’s +four sisters is now soliciting.</p> + +<p>We afterwards drove through the Grotto of Pausilippo, +that infernal grotto which one must pass through to get +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">BAIÆ</span> +out of Naples on one side; it is a source of danger, and the +ancient account of it is not the least exaggerated:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>Nihil isto carcere longius, nihil illis faucibus obscurius, quo +nobis præstant non ut per tenebras videamus sed ut ipsas.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>There are a few glimmering lamps always obscured by +dust, and it is never hardly light enough to avoid danger +except at night; in the middle it is pitch dark.</p> + +<p>Then round the Strada Nuova, Murat’s delightful +creation, and walked in the Villa Reale, where I found +Acton, who had been all the morning at the trial, which +was very interesting. A woman was examined, who deposed +that her husband was thrown into prison and ill-treated +by Matteis because he would not give some false evidence +that he required of him; that she went to Matteis and entreated +him to release him, and that he told her he would +if she would bring her daughter to him, which she refused, +and he was put to death. On this evidence being given, the +examining judge dropped the paper, and a murmur of horror +ran through the audience. The accused attacked the witness +and charged her with perjury, and said he was ill in bed at +the time alluded to. The woman retorted, ‘Canaglia, tu sai +ch’ egli è vero,’ and there was a debate between the counsel +on either side, and witnesses were called who proved that he +was in good health at the time. They think the evidence of +to-day and the apparent disposition of the judges must hang +him.</p> + +<h3>Salerno, April 24th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Here Morier and I are going to pass +the night on our way to Pæstum, and as he is gone to bed +(at half-past eight) I must write. Yesterday morning +Morier, St. John, Lady Isabella, and I went to Pozzuoli, +embarked in a wretched boat to make the <i>giro</i> of Baiæ.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ante bonam Venerem gelidæ per litora Baiæ<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Illa natare lacu cum lampade jussit amorem,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dura natat, algentes cecidit scintilla per undas,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hinc vapor ussit aquas, quicumque natavit, amavit.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Venus bade Cupid on fair Baiæ’s side<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Plunge with his torch into the glassy tide;<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span> +<span class="i0">As the boy swam the sparks of mischief flew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And fell in showers upon the liquid blue;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hence all who venture on that shore to lave<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Emerge love-stricken from the treacherous wave.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I was disappointed with the country, which is bare and +uninteresting; but the line of coast, with the various bays +and promontories and the circumjacent islands, is extremely +agreeable, and the Bay of Baiæ, with the Temple of Venus, +delightful. The Temple of Mercury is also worth seeing. +The Cave of the Sybil, Lake Avernus, and Temple of Apollo +are not worth seeing, but as they are celebrated by Virgil +they must be visited, though the embellishments of Virgil’s +imagination and the lapse of time have made disappointment +inevitable. Nature indeed no longer presents the same +aspect; for there is a mountain more (Monte Nuovo) and a +wood less about the lake than in Virgil’s time. We found +two ridiculous parties there, one English, the other French, +the latter the most numerous and chattering, and mounted on +asses, so as to make a long cavalcade. There was a fat old +gentleman just coming puffing out of the cave, and calling +with delight to his ladies, ‘Ah, mesdames, êtes-vous +noires?’ as they certainly were, for all one gets in the cave is +a blackened face from the torches. There was another +gaunt figure of the party in a fur cap, who was playing the +flute—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">His reedy pipe with music fills,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To charm the God who loves the hills<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And rich Arcadian scenery.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>We landed from our boat in various places, but declined +going down the Cento Camerelle to have a second face-blackening. +All the ruins, said to be of Cæsar’s and Marius’s +Villas, Agrippina’s Tomb, Caligula’s Bridge, &c., may be +anything; they are nothing but shapeless fragments, only +on a rock I saw a bit of marble or stucco in what they call +Cæsar’s Villa. The Stygian Lake presented no horrors, nor +the Elysian Fields any delights; the former is a great round +piece of water, and the latter are very common-looking +vineyards. When well wooded, which in the time of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">EXCAVATIONS AT POMPEII</span> +Romans it was, this coast must have been a most delicious +and luxurious retreat, so sequestered and sheltered, such a +calm sea, and soft breezes.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Mira quies pelagi; ponunt hic lassa furorem<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Æquora, et insani spirant clementius Austri.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>We went up to look at the old harbour of Misenum, +where, instead of a Roman fleet, were a few fishing-boats, +and walked back through fields in which spring was bursting +forth through endless varieties of cultivation—figs, mulberries, +and cherry trees, with festoons of vines hanging from +tree to tree, and corn, peas, and beans springing up underneath.</p> + +<p>Our boatmen, as we rowed back, were very proud of their +English, and kept on saying ‘Pull away,’ ‘Now boys,’ and +other phrases they have picked up from our sailors. This +morning we set off to come here [to Salerno] with Vetturino +horses; the dust intolerable; stopped at Pompeii, and walked +half round the walls and to the Amphitheatre. All the +ground (now covered with vineyards) belongs to the King +(for Murat bought it); the profusion and brilliancy of the +wild flowers make it quite a garden—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice art<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In beds and curious knots, but nature boon<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pours forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>If Murat had continued on the throne two or three years +longer, the whole town would have been excavated. He, and +still more the Queen, took great interest in it, and they both +went there frequently. She used to see the houses excavated, +and one day they found the skeleton of a woman with gold +bracelets and earrings, which were brought to her, and she +put them on herself directly. In their time 800 men and +50 cars were at work; now there are 40 men and 6 cars. +The expense of 800 men and 50 cars would be about 13,000ℓ. +a year, but these men will spend nothing. A car costs a +scudo, and a man four carlins, a day. (A scudo is ten carlins, +a carlin fourpence.) The Royal Family seldom or never come +here; the Duke of Calabria has been once. The Amphitheatre, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> +though not to be compared in size or beauty with the Coliseum, +is much more perfect. The road here is beautiful, +particularly about La Cava. I walked up to the Convent of +the Trinità; it stands on the brink of a deep ravine in +the middle of the hills, which are tossed into a hundred +different shapes and covered with foliage—a magnificent +situation. The convent is very large, and well kept; it +contains fifty monks, who were most of them walking about +the road. Here were all the raw materials requisite for a +romance—a splendid setting sun, mountains, convent, flock +of goats, evening bell, friars, and peasants. Arrived here, +delighted with the outside and disgusted with the inside of +the town; but the Bay of Salerno is beautiful, the place gay +and populous, all staring at a fire-balloon which was just ascending, +and soon after came down in the sea. The inns +execrable. We got into one at last, in which there is a +wide terrace looking over the sea, and there we ordered our +dinner to be laid; but we were soon driven in, not by the +cold, but by the flaring of our tallow candles.</p> + +<p>We were obliged to write our names down for the police, +who are very busy and inquisitive. One man, whose name +was just before mine, had added this poetical encomium on +the inn:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I mention by way of <i>guidanza</i><br /></span> +<span class="i2">For those who are going to Pæstum,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They’ll find at this inn, the ‘Speranza,’<br /></span> +<span class="i2">A good place to eat and to rest ’em.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>I could not concur with this poet, so I added to my name +this contradiction:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">On the ‘Hope’s’ being such a good treat<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We must both put our positive vetos;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We not only got nothing to eat,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But ourselves were ate up by mosquitos.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<h3>Naples, April 25th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Started at four o’clock in the morning +from Salerno, and got to Pæstum at eight. Tormented to +death by beggars and ciceroni (often both characters in one), +for in Italy everybody who shows a stranger about is a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PÆSTUM</span> +cicerone, from Professor Nibby down to a Calabrian peasant. +There is little beauty in the scenery of Pæstum, but the +temples amply repay the trouble of the journey. I agree +with Forsyth that they are the most impressive monuments +I have ever seen. The famed roses of Pæstum have disappeared, +but there are thousands of lizards ‘nunc virides +etiam occultant spineta lacertos.’ No excavations have ever +been made here, but they talk of excavating. There were +some fine Etruscan vases found in a tomb at Pæstum, which +we did not see. The brute of a <i>custode</i> knew nothing of it, +nor should I if I had not seen the model in the Museum +afterwards. Thousands of Etruscan vases may be had for +digging; they are found in all the tombs. The peasants +have heaps of little carved images of terra cotta and coins, +which they offer for sale. I believed they were fabricated, +but a man I met there showed me two or three that he had +turned up with his stick, so that they may be genuine. +What treasures Naples possesses, and how unworthy she is +of them! +Pæstum<a name="FNA_09_01" id="FNA_09_01" href="#FN_09_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +long neglected, and Pompeii hardly +touched! At Rome they are always digging and doing +something, and though the Papal Government is neither +active nor rich, I do believe they would not let this town +(Pompeii, I mean) remain buried when a few thousand +pounds would bring it all to light. There seem to be no +habitations near Pæstum, but there is a church, which was +well attended, for the peasants were on their knees all round +it; and while we were breakfasting (in a manger with the +horses out in the air) they came out, strange-looking figures, +rude, uncouth, and sunburnt, and without any of the finery +which they generally wear on a Sunday.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_01" id="FN_09_01" href="#FNA_09_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +The authorities of course can’t agree when Pæstum was built, and by +whom, or whether one of the temples (the largest) was a temple or a +basilica. The perfect state of these temples, particularly that called of +Neptune, is the more remarkable because there are scarcely any vestiges of +other buildings. Morier thought them inferior to the temples at Athens, +but so they may well be; the Athenian temples are built of white marble +from the Pentelic quarries, and highly ornamented by Phidias.</p></div> + +<h3>Naples, April 26th, 1830</h3> + +<p>To the Museum; met the Dalbergs +and Prince and Princess Aldobrandini, a good-looking +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> +daughter and two sons. They will have all Prince Borghese’s +estate. I only went into the Pompeii and Herculaneum +part of the collections.</p> + +<p>The lazaroni are very amusing. This morning four of +them stripped stark naked under my window, put off in a +boat, and thirty yards from the shore fished for cockle fish, +which they do by diving like ducks, throwing their feet up +in the air as the ducks do their tails. The creatures are +perfectly amphibious; they don’t care who sees them, and +their forms are perfect. Then there are little lazaroni who +ape the big ones. Met a christening this morning, and then +a funeral. The wet nurse, full dressed, was carried in a +sedan chair down the middle of the street, and the child, +dressed also, held out of the window in her arms, and so she +was going to church. The funeral was a priest’s—a long file +of penitents in white, carrying torches, a bier covered with +crimson and gold, and the priest dressed in robes and exposed +upon it, a ghastly sight, with a chalice in his hand and a +book at his feet, other priests following, the cross borne +before him. When young girls are buried in this way, they +are gaily dressed with chaplets of flowers, a flower in the +mouth, and flowers at their feet.</p> + +<p>Rode to the race-course and round the hills; such views +and such an evening! At seven o’clock I could see the houses +at Sorrento, nineteen miles off on the other side of the +Bay. Dined with Acton; none but English. In the evening +went to Toledo, the Spanish Ambassador’s. The Duc de +Dalberg talked of an association to excavate at Calabria and +Apulia. The Government reserves four places—Pompeii, +Pæstum, Stabiæ, Herculaneum—for its own use, and anybody +may excavate elsewhere who will be at the trouble and +expense.</p> + +<h3>April 29th, 1830</h3> + +<p>On Tuesday again to the Museum and +the King’s Palace; rather fine, good house, very ridiculous +pictures of the royal families of Naples and Spain. The +Duchess of Floridia’s apartment (old Ferdinand’s wife) is delightful; +the rooms are furnished with blue satin and white +silk, opening upon a terrace covered with orange-trees, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ANTIQUE PAINTING</span> +flowers, and shaded walks, and looks over the Bay. A few +fine pictures, but not many. There is a bath, built after one +of those at Pompeii.</p> + +<p>From what I saw at the Museum, I see no reason to +doubt that the ancients were as excellent in painting as in +sculpture; there are some very exquisite paintings taken from +Pompeii. Then we are not to believe that the best have +been found, or that a provincial town contained the finest +specimens of the art. Painted on walls, they appear deficient +in light and shade, but the drawing and expression, and +sometimes the colouring (allowing for spoiling), are very +good. There are some Cupids playing at games, and driving +chariots, very like the Julio Romanos in the Lanti Villa +at Rome, which indeed were borrowed from the ancient frescoes +discovered in the Baths of Titus. The bronzes taken +out of Herculaneum and Pompeii are very interesting, because +they display the whole domestic economy of the ancients, +and their excellent taste in furniture, sacrificial +instruments, &c., but there is nothing particularly curious +in the fact of their pots and pans being like our pots and +pans, for if they were to boil and stew they could not well +have performed those operations with a different kind of +utensils. However, all the people marvel at them; they +seem to think the Romans must have been beings of a different +organisation, and that everything that is not dissimilar +is strange. What is really curious is a surgical instrument +which was lately found, exactly similar to one invented thirty +years ago in France. The lava would not touch bronze; the +iron was always encrusted and spoilt, but the bronze things +all look like new.</p> + +<h3>May 2nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Went to the Lake of Agnano and the Grotto +del Cane; very pretty lake, evidently the crater of a volcano; +saw the dog perform; a sight neither interesting nor cruel; +the dog did not mind it a bit, and the old woman must make +a fortune, for she had eight carlins for it. The grotto is +very hot and steaming; a torch goes out held near the ground, +and when I put my face down the steam from the earth +went up my nose like salts. Virgil’s Tomb, which is very +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +picturesque, and from whence the common view of Naples is +taken; there has been plenty of discussion whether it really +is Virgil’s tomb or not. Forsyth seems to doubt it, with one +of his off-hand flings at the authority for its being so, a sort +of ‘Who the Devil, I humbly beg to know, is Donatus?’ but +there is tradition in its favour, the fact of Virgil having been +buried here or hereabouts, and the honour being claimed by +no other spot. When there is probability it is unwise to be +so very sceptical: take away names, and what are the places +themselves? Here not much, at Rome nothing.</p> + +<h3>Thursday.</h3> + +<p>Went a long and most beautiful ride up to +the Camaldoli, from which the view extends over sea and +land to an immense distance in every direction.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Thus was this place<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A happy rural seat of various views.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The convent was once very rich, but the French stripped +all the convents of their property, which they have never +since recovered. It is remarkably clean and spacious. Each +monk has a house of his own containing two or three little +rooms, and a little garden, and they only eat together on particular +days. The old man who took us about said he had +been there since he was eighteen, had been turned out by the +French, but came back as soon as he could, and had never +regretted becoming a monk. He showed me a bust of the +founder of their order (I think San Romualdo), and when I +asked him how many years ago it was founded, he said, +‘Perhaps 2,000.’ I said when I became a monk I would go +to that convent, when he asked very seriously if I was going +to be a monk. I said, ‘Not just yet.’ ‘Very well,’ he said; +‘you must pay 120 ducats, and you can come here.’ We +went down a road cut for miles in the mountain, very narrow +and steep, through shady lanes, groves, and vineyards (with +magnificent views), through Pianura to Pozzuoli, entering +by the old Roman road and Street of Tombs. The <i>columbaria</i> +in the Street of Tombs are the best worth seeing <i>ejus +generis</i> of any. Went to the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, of +which there are very curious remains. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">RUINS ABOUT NAPLES</span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Hard by the reverent ruins<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of a once glorious temple, reared to Jove,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose very rubbish (like the pitied fall<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of virtue, most unfortunate) yet bears<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A deathless majesty, though now quite rased,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hurl’d down by wrath and lust of impious kings,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So that where holy Flamens wont to sing<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sweet hymns to Heaven, there the daw and crow,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The ill-voiced raven, and still chattering pie<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Send out ungrateful sounds.<br /></span> +<span class="i18"><span class="smcap">Marston.</span></span> +</div></div> + +<p>To the ruins of the Amphitheatre, from the top of which +there is one of the finest views I ever saw of the Bay of +Baiæ and the islands; and then to the Solfaterra. The ruins +scattered about Naples (those at Pozzuoli, for instance) are +far more extensive than most of those at Rome, but partly +‘carent quia vate sacro,’ and partly because there are no well-known +names attached to them, the ground is not so holy, +and little is said or thought about them. If these temples +were at Rome, what an uproar they would cause! The Solfaterra +is remarkable as a sort of link between the quick and +the dead volcanoes; it is considered extinct, but the earth +is hot, the sulphur strong, and at a particular spot, when a +hole is made, it hisses and throws up little stones and ashes, +and exhibits a sort of volcano in miniature, but the surface +of the crater is overgrown with vegetation. The road to +Naples by the convent of the Jesuits and Chapel of St. Januarius +is the most beautiful I ever saw, particularly towards +sunset, when the colouring is so rich and varied. It lies +over a crest commanding a prospect of the mountains on +one side and the sea on the other.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">Quid mille revolvam<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Culmina visendique vices.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<h3>May 3rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>We sailed across the Bay to Resina, to see +Herculaneum, the old and new excavations. At the new +there are only seven or eight men at work; the old are hardly +worth seeing. So much earth and cinders are mixed with +the lava in the new part, that they might excavate largely if +they would spend money enough; at present they have only +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span> +excavated one or two houses, but have found some bronzes +and marbles. The houses are laid open, just like those at +Pompeii.</p> + +<p>The next day Morier, Watson, and I set off to ascend +Vesuvius; we rode on donkeys from Salvatore’s house to +the bottom of the last ascent, which was rather less formidable +than I expected, though fatiguing enough. Another +party went up at the same time: one man of that party, +Watson, and I walked up alone; the others were all lugged +up. They take the bridles off the donkeys and put them on +the men; the luggee holds by this tackle and the guide goes +before him. After infinite puffing and perspiring, and resting +at every big stone, I reached the top in thirty-five minutes. +It was very provoking to see the facility with which the +creatures who attended us sprang up. There was one fellow +with nothing on but a shirt and half a pair of breeches, +who walked the whole way from Resina with a basket on his +head full of wine, bread, and oranges, and while we were +slipping, and clambering, and toiling with immense difficulty +he bounded up, with his basket on his head, as straight as an +arrow all the time, and bothering us to drink when we had +not breath to answer. I took three or four oranges, some +bread, and a bottle of wine of him at the top, and when I +asked Salvatore what I should pay him, he said two carlins +(eightpence English). I gave him three (a shilling), and +he was transported. It was a magnificent evening, and the +sunset from the top of Vesuvius (setting in the sea) a glorious +sight—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i14">For the sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Declined, was hastening now with prone career<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To the ocean’s isles, and in th’ ascending scale<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of heaven the stars, that usher evening, rose.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +The view, too, all round is very grand; the towns round the +Bay appear so clear, yet so minute. I had formed to myself a +very different idea of the crater, of which the dimensions are +very deceitful; it is so much larger than it appears. The bottom +of the crater is flat, covered with masses of lava and sulphur, +but anybody may walk all about it. At one end stands what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ASCENT OF VESUVIUS</span> +looks like a little black hillock, from which smoke was rising, +as it was from various crevices in different parts; that little +hillock is the crater from which all eruptions burst. The +mountain was provokingly still, and only gave one low +grumble and a very small emission of smoke and fire while +we were there; it has never been more tranquil. The descent +is very good fun, galloping down the cinders; you have +only to take care not to tumble over the stones; slipping is +impossible. The whole ascent of the mountain is interesting, +particularly in that part which is like a great ocean of +lava, and where the guides point out the courses of the different +eruptions, all of which may be distinctly traced. We +got to the Hermitage just as it was dark; there was still a +red tint round the western horizon, and the islands were +dimly shadowed out, while the course of the Bay was marked +by a thousand dancing lights. Salvatore has especial care +of the mountain under the orders of Government, to whom +he is obliged to make a daily report of its state, and he is +as fond of it as a nurse of a favourite child, or a trainer at +Newmarket of his best race-horse, and delights in telling +anecdotes of old eruptions and phenomena, and of different +travellers who have ascended it.</p> + +<p>Two years ago an English merchant here laid a bet of +200 napoleons that he would go from +Resina<a name="FNA_09_02" id="FNA_09_02" href="#FN_09_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +to the top in +an hour and a half. Salvatore went with him, and they did +it in an hour and thirteen minutes. The Englishman rode +relays of horses, but the guide went the whole way on foot, +and the best part of the ascent had to drag up his companion +He said it nearly killed him, and he did not recover from it for +several weeks; he is 53 years old, but a very handsome man. +He said, however, that the fatigue of this exploit was not so +painful as what he went through in carrying the Duke of +Buckingham to the top; he was carried up in a chair by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> +twelve men, and the weight was so enormous that his shoulder +was afterwards swelled up nearly to his head. When the +Duke got down he gave a great dinner (on the mountain), +which he had brought with him to celebrate the exploit. +Salvatore said that he continues to write to many scientific +men in various parts of Europe when anything remarkable +occurs in the mountain, and talked of Buckland, Playfair, +and Davy. We got down to Resina about half-past nine, and +at ten embarked again and sailed over to Castel-a-Mare, where +we arrived at one o’clock.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_02" id="FN_09_02" href="#FNA_09_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +From Salvatore’s house at Resina to the top of the mountain is seven +miles; from the Hermitage to the top, 3⅓. It is a mile and 200 feet from +the bottom of the ascent (on foot) to the top, 800 feet from the point we +first gain to the bottom of the crater; the inner crater (or black hill, as I +call it) is 230 feet high and 180 feet in circumference. The miles are Neapolitan +miles, about three-fourths of an English mile.</p></div> + +<p>The next morning Mr. Watson and I got a six-oared +boat (with sails) and went to Sorrento. Castel-a-Mare and +the whole coast are beautiful. Landed a mile from Sorrento, +and walked by a path cut in the rock to the Cocomella, a +villa with a magnificent prospect of the Bay exactly opposite +Naples.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">Placido lunata recessu<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hinc atque hinc curvas perrumpunt æquora rupes.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dat natura locum, montique intervenit imum<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Litus et in terras scopulis pendentibus exit.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Then to the town to see the curiosities, which are the +Piscine, Tasso’s house, and some very romantic caverns in a +wild dell under the bridge at Sorrento; all very well worth +seeing, but Tasso’s house was locked, so we could not get +to the terrace. Just as we arrived at Sorrento we found +they were performing a ceremony which takes place there +every year on the 1st of May, and there only—the benediction +of the flowers, the ushering in the may.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">With songs and dance they celebrate the day,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with due honours usher in the may.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>It was in the Archiepiscopal church, which was gaily +adorned with hangings of various colours, gold and silver and +flowers, full of people, all in their best attire. A priest in the +pulpit opposite the Archbishop’s throne called on the representatives +of the different parishes (seven in number), who +advanced in succession, each bearing a huge cross fifteen or +twenty feet high, entirely made of flowers, and adorned with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO</span> +garlands and devices, all likewise of the most brilliant flowers, +and, as each came up, a little cannon was fired off. They +were blessed in succession, and then deposited around the +throne of the Archbishop, who, after this ceremony was +concluded, went up to the altar and celebrated High Mass. +They told me that this festival had taken place at Sorrento +from the remotest time.</p> + +<p>After seeing the Piscine we went into a garden above, +where there was a profusion of orange and lemon trees, +loaded with ripe fruit; the oranges we pulled off the +trees and ate; they were excellent, and as red as Morella +cherries—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">Whose fruit, burnished with golden rind,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">If true, here only, of delicious taste.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>We could not stay long at Sorrento, and were four hours +rowing across the Bay to Naples. Dined with Hill at the +Villa Belvidere (a delicious villa on the Vomero), with a large, +tiresome party, principally English.</p> + +<p>Yesterday the miracle of the blood of San Gennaro was +performed, and of course successfully; it will be repeated +every morning for eight days. I went to-day to the Cathedral, +where San Gennaro’s silver bust was standing on one side of +the altar, surrounded by lights, and the vessel containing +the blood on the other. Round the altar were ranged silver +heads of various saints, his particular friends, who had accompanied +him there to do him honour, and who will be +taken this evening with him in procession to his own +chapel. Acton and I went together, and one of the people +belonging to the church seeing us come in, and judging +that we wanted to see the blood, summoned one of the +canons, who was half asleep in a stall, who brought out +the blood, which is contained in a glass vase mounted with +silver. It liquefies in the morning, remains in that state all +day, and congeals again at night. A great many people +were waiting to kiss the vessel, which was handed to us +first. We kissed it, and then it went round, each person +kissing it and touching it with his head, as they do St. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> +Peter’s foot at Rome. San Gennaro and his silver companions +were brought in procession from one of the other +churches, all the nobility and an immense crowd attending. +I had fancied that the French had exposed and put +an end to this juggle, but not at all. They found the people +so attached to the superstition that they patronised it; they +adorned the Chapel of St. Januarius with a magnificent +altarpiece and other presents. The first time (after they +came to Naples) that the miracle was to be performed the +blood would not liquefy, which produced a great ferment +among the people. It was a trick of the priests to throw +odium on the French, and the French General Championnet +thought it so serious that he sent word that if the blood did +not liquefy forthwith the priests should go to the galleys. +It liquefied immediately, and the people were satisfied. +Acton told me that nobody believed it but the common +people, but that they did not dare to leave it off. It is what +is called a false position to be in, when they are obliged to +go on pretending to perform a miracle in which no men of +sense and education believe, and in which it is well known +they don’t any of them believe themselves. Miracles, if +sometimes useful and profitable, are sometimes awkward +incumbrances. Drove round the obscure parts of the town, +and through dense masses of population, by the old palace +of Queen Joan and the market place, which was the scene +of Masaniello’s sedition. He was killed in the great church +(in 1646).</p> + +<h3>May 4th, 1830</h3> + +<p>To the Museum, and saw the mummies which +have been unrolled; they are like thin, black, shrivelled +corpses; hair and shape of face perfect, even the eyelids. +The canvas fold in which they are wrapped quite fresh-looking; +the best preserved is 3,055 years old. Amongst the +bronzes there is a bust of Livia with a wig. Dined with +Toledo, the Spanish Minister. The women put their knives +into their mouths, and he is always kissing his wife’s hand—an +ugly little old woman. Toledo was Romana’s aide-de-camp.</p> + +<h3>May 5th, 1830</h3> + +<p>To Cumæ, and dined at the Lake of Fusaro +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO</span> +with the Talbots and Lushingtons; not a pretty lake, but the +country near it pretty enough. A splendid sunset, with real +purple. ‘Lumine vestit purpureo.’</p> + +<h3>May 7th, 1830</h3> + +<p>In the morning to the Chapel of St. Januarius, +to see the blood liquefy. The grand ceremony was last +Saturday at the Cathedral, but the miracle is repeated every +morning in the Chapel for eight days. I never saw such a +scene, at once so ludicrous and so disgusting, but more of the +latter. There was the saint, all bedizened with pearls, on the +altar, the other silver ladies and gentlemen all round the +chapel, with an abundance of tapers burning before them. +Certain people were admitted within the rails of the altar; +the crowd, consisting chiefly of women, and most of them +old women, were without. There is no service, but the priests +keep muttering and looking at the blood to see if it is melting. +To-day it was unusually long, so these old Sibyls kept +clamouring, ‘Santa Trinità!’ ‘Santa Vergine!’ ‘Dio onnipotente!’ +‘San Gennaro!’ in loud and discordant chorus; still the +blood was +obstinate,<a name="FNA_09_03" id="FNA_09_03" href="#FN_09_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +so the priest ordered them to go down +on their knees and to say the Athanasian Creed, which is one +of the specifics resorted to in such a case. He drawled it +out with his eyes shut, and the women screamed the +responses. This would not do, so they fell to abuse and +entreaties with a vehemence and volubility, and a shrill +clamour, which was at once a proof of their sincerity and +their folly. Such noise, such gesticulations. One woman I +never shall forget, with outstretched arm, distorted visage, +and voice of piercing sharpness. In the meantime the +priest handed about the phial to be kissed, and talked the +matter over with the bystanders. ‘È sempre duro?’ ‘Sempre +duro, adesso v’ è una piccola cosa.’ At last, after all the +handling, praying, kissing, screaming, entreating, and abusing, +the blood did +melt,<a name="FNA_09_04" id="FNA_09_04" href="#FN_09_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +when the organ struck up, they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span> +all sang in chorus, and so it ended. It struck me as particularly +disgusting, though after all it is not fair to abuse +these poor people, who have all been brought up in the belief +of the miracle, and who fancy that the prosperity of their +city and all that it contains is somehow connected with its +due performance. The priests could not discontinue it but +by acknowledging the imposture, and by an imaginative +people, who are the slaves of prejudice, and attached to it by +force of inveterate habit, the acknowledgment would not be +believed, and they would only incur odium by it; there it is, +and (for some time at least) it must go on.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_03" id="FN_09_03" href="#FNA_09_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +I dined at Hill’s; sat next to the Duchess de Dalberg, talked of the +miracle, which she told me she firmly believed. I fancied none believed it +but the lowest of the people, and was (very foolishly) astonished; for what +ought ever to produce astonishment which has to do with credulity in +matters of religion?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_04" id="FN_09_04" href="#FNA_09_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +Illarum lacrymæ meditataque murmura +præstant,—<span class="smcap">Juvenal, 6.</span></p></div> + +<p>Went up to Craven’s villa (this is the villa at which the +amour between the present Queen of Naples and Captain +Hess was carried on), and sat there doing nothing in the +middle of flowers, and sea breezes, and beautiful views. To +comprehend all the luxury of the <i>bel far niente</i> one must +come to Naples, where idleness loses half its evil by losing +all its enervating qualities; there is something in the air so +elastic that I have never been at any place where I have felt +as if I could make exertions so easily as here, and yet it is a +great pleasure to sit and look at the Bay, the mountains, the +islands, and the town, and watch its amusing inhabitants. +At least half an hour of every morning is spent at my +window, while I am dressing, watching the lazaroni, who +fish, work, swim, dress, cook, play, and quarrel under it. At +this moment the scene is as follows:—Half a dozen boats with +awnings and flags moored off the landing-place, a few fishing-boats +with men mending their nets, three fellows swimming +about them, two with red caps on perched upon the wall +playing at cards, two or three more looking on, one on the +ground being shaved by a barber with a basin (the exact +counterpart of Mambrino’s helmet), and two or three more +waiting their turn for the same operation—always a certain +number lounging about, others smoking or asleep.</p> + +<h3>May 8th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Rode with a large party to Astroni, where +they dined, but I did not. There were the Lushingtons, +Prince and Princess Dentici (he is at the head of the Douane), +Madame and Mademoiselle Galiati (she is remarkably pretty), +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ASTRONI</span> +Count (I believe) and Countess Rivalvia, her uncle, Lord A. +Chichester, Count Gregorio, and a Mr. Stuart. The park, +or whatever it is called—for it is the King’s chase and full +of wild boars—is one of the most beautiful and curious +places about Naples. Milton’s description of the approach +to Eden applies exactly to Astroni; if ever he saw it it is +likely that he meant to describe it—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">To the border comes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of Eden, where delicious Paradise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As with a rural mound, the champaign head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With thicket overgrown, grotesque, and wild,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Access denied; and overhead up grew<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Insuperable height of loftiest shade,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shade above shade, a woody theatre<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of stateliest view.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>It is an immense crater of a volcano, the amphitheatre +quite unbroken, and larger than that of Vesuvius, but covered +with wood, and the bottom with very fine trees of various sorts +and with fern—very wild and picturesque. There are several +little hillocks, supposed to have been small craters; but although +it is proved that this was a volcano from the lava under +the soil and from its shape, there is no mention of it as an +active volcano, and nobody can tell how many thousand years +ago it was in operation. The King, with his usual good taste, +is cutting down the finest trees, and has made a ride round +the bottom, which he has planted with poplars in a double +row, spoiling as much as he can all the beauty of the place. +They dined in a shady arbour, made on purpose with +branches of trees bound together, and on beds of fern, were +very merry, pelting each other with oranges and cherries, +and dealing about an abundance of manual jests.</p> + +<p><i>Evening</i>.—I have taken my last ride and last look at +Naples, and am surprised at the sorrow I feel at quitting it, +as I fear, for ever. Rode again to Astroni with Morier, and +walked through the wood and tried to scale one of the sides +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span> +of the mountain, but lost the path, and could only get half-way +up; it is the most beautiful place about Naples. Came +back by the Strada Nuova, and saw for the last time that +delicious Bay with its coast and its islands, which are as +deeply imprinted on my memory as if I had passed my life +among them. To-night I have stood once more by the shore, +and could almost have cried to think I should never see it +again—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The smooth, surface of this summer sea—</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +nor breathe this delicious air, nor feast my eyes on the scene +of gaiety, and brilliancy, and beauty around me. Nobody can +form an idea of Naples without coming to it; every gale +seems to bring health and cheerfulness with it, and appears +‘able to drive all sadness but despair.’</p> + +<p>Naples, they tell me, does very well for a short time, but +you will soon grow tired of it. To be sure, I have been here +only three weeks, but I liked it better every day, and I am +wretched at leaving it. What could I ever mean by thinking +it was not gay, and less lively than Genoa? To-night, as I +came home from riding, the shore was covered with lazaroni +and throngs of people, dancing, singing, harping, fiddling—all +so merry, and as if the open air and their own elastic +spirits were happiness enough. I suppose I shall never come +again, for when I have measured back the distance to my +own foggy country, there I shall settle for ever, and Naples +and her sunny shores and balmy winds will only be as a +short and delightful dream, from which I have waked too +soon.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> +Mola di Gaeta — Capua — Lines on leaving Naples — Return to Rome — The +Aqueducts — ‘Domine, quo vadis?’ — St. Peter’s — The Scala Santa — +Reasons in favour of San Gennaro — Ascent of St. Peter’s — Library of the +Vatican — A racing <i>ex voto</i> — Illness of George IV. — Approaching <i>Coup +d’état</i> in France — The Villa Mills — The Malaria — Duc and Duchesse de +Dalberg — The Emperor Nicholas on his Accession — Cardinal Albani — A +<i>Columbarium</i> — Maii — Sir William Gell — Tivoli — Hadrian’s Villa — The +Adventures of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift — Audience of the Pope — Gibson’s +Studio — End of Miss Kelly’s Marriage — A great Function — The Jesuits +— Saint-making — San Lorenzo in Lucina — The Flagellants — Statues by +Torchlight — Bunsen on the State of Rome — Fiascati — Relations of Protestant +States with Rome — The French Ministry — M. de Villèle — The +Coliseum — Excommunication of a Thief — The Passionists — The Corpus +Domini — A Rash Marriage — Farewell to Rome — Falls of Terni — Statue +at Pratolino — Bologna — Mezzofanti — Ferrara — Venice — Padua — +Vicenza — Brescia — Verona — Milan — Lago Maggiore — The Simplon — +Geneva — Paris.</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<h3>Mola di Gaeta, May 9th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I have dined here on an open +terrace (looking over the garden and the delicious Bay), where +I have been sitting writing the whole evening. The moon +is just rising, and throwing a flood of silver over the sea—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">Rising in cloudless majesty,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Apparent queen, unveiled her peerless light<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And o’er the dark her silver mantle threw.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>We left Naples at half-past seven in the morning, went to +Caserta, and walked over the palace, in which nothing struck +me but the dimensions, the staircase, and a few of the rooms. +The theatre is very well contrived; it is at one end of the +palace, and the back of it opens by large folding doors into +the garden, so that they can have any depth of stage they +please, and arrange any pageants or cavalcades. This +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> +could, however, only be at a theatre in a country house. +Thence to Capua, and went over the Amphitheatre, which is +very remarkable. It is said to be larger than the Coliseum, +but the arena did not appear to me so vast. Here we are +in the land of names again, and it is impossible for the imagination +not to run over the grandeur, luxury, and fate of +Capua, for on the very spot on which I was standing (for the +chief places are ascertained) in all probability Hannibal often +sat to see the +games.<a name="FNA_10_01" id="FNA_10_01" href="#FN_10_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_01" id="FN_10_01" href="#FNA_10_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> +No such thing. <i>His</i> Capua was nearly destroyed, and if it had an amphitheatre +it would have been ruined. These ruins must have belonged to +Capua the Second, which was restored by Augustus or Tiberius, and became +as flourishing and populous as the first had been.—[C.C.G.]</p></div> + +<p>The Italian postilions, it must be owned, are a comical +set. They sometimes go faster than ever I went in England, +then at others they creep like snails, and stop at the least +inclined plane to put on the <i>scarpa</i>. The occasions they +generally select for going fast are when they have six horses +harnessed to the carriage, and so extend about ten yards, +on slippery pavement, through very narrow streets, extremely +crowded with women and children; then they will flog their +horses to full speed, and clatter along without fear or shame. +Nothing happens; I have remarked that nothing ever does +anywhere in Italy.</p> + +<p>I have walked over this garden [at Gaeta], which contains +remains of one of Cicero’s villas, but they are only arched +rooms like vaults, and not worth seeing but for the name of +Cicero, and the recollection that he was murdered almost on +this spot. He had good taste in his villas, for this bay is as +placid and delicious as that of Baiæ. There is an ancient +bath, which probably belonged to the villa; it is in the sea, +and still available, when cleaned out, which just now it is not.</p> + +<h3>Rome, May 10th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Left Mola at half-past seven and got +here at ten minutes after seven. It was so kind as to rain +last night and this morning, and lay the dust all the way. +Stopped at Terracina, and went to see the ancient port, +which is worth seeing. The road is pretty all the way, but +the scenery in Italy wants verdure and foliage. The beauty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">LINES ON LEAVING NAPLES</span> +of these landscapes consists in the bold outlines, lofty +mountains, abundant vegetation, and bright atmosphere, +and they are always better to look at from a little distance +than very near. Aricia is pretty well wooded. I found a +parcel of letters with the London news; but the post is +enough to drive one mad, for I got one of the 23rd of April +and another of the 19th of March on the same day.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>ON TAKING LEAVE OF NAPLES.</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">(Written in a carriage between Naples and Mola di Gaeta.)<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>‘Nascitur poeta.’</i><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Though not a spark of true poetic fire<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Beamed at my birth, or on my cradle fell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Though rude my numbers, and untuned my lyre,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I will not leave thee with a mute farewell.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I cannot see recede thy sunny shore,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nor ling’ring look my last upon thy bay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And know that they will meet my gaze no more,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Yet tearless take my unreturning way.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">’Tis not that Love laments his broken toys,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nor is it Friendship murmurs to depart,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Touching the chords of recollected joys<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Which ring with sad vibration on the heart.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Nor bound am I in Habit’s unfelt chain,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Which o’er the fancy steals with gradual pow’r,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till local sympathy awakes in pain,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That slept unconscious till the parting hour.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">But ’tis the charm, so great, yet undefin’d,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That Nature’s self around fair Naples throws,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which now excites and elevates the mind,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And now invites it to no dull repose.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">No exhalations damp the spirits choke,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That feed on ether temp’rate and serene;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">No yellow fogs, or murky clouds of smoke,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Obscure the lustre of this joyous scene.<br /></span> +</div> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The God of Gladness with prolific ray<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Bids the rich soil its teeming womb expand,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While healthful breezes, cooled with Ocean’s spray,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Scatter a dewy freshness o’er the land.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">No mountain billow’s huge uplifted crest<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Lashes the foaming beach with sullen roar;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The smooth sea sparkles in unbroken rest,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Or lightly rakes upon the pebbled shore.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The Ocean’s Monarch on these golden sands<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Seems the luxurious laws of Love to own,<a name="FNA_10_02" id="FNA_10_02" href="#FN_10_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">And yield his trident to Thalassia’s hands,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To rule the waters from the Baian throne.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Here the green olive, and the purple vine,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The lofty poplar and the elm espouse,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or round the mulberry their tendrils twine,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Or creep in clusters through the ilex boughs.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A thousand flow’rs, enamelling the fields,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Declare the presence of returning spring;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A various harvest smiling Ceres yields,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And all the groves with vocal music sing.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Earth, air, and sea th’ enchantment of the clime,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Revived that young elation of the breast<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When Hope, undaunted, saw the form of Time<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In Fancy’s gay, deluding colours drest,<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And though those visions are for ever fled<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Which in the morning of existence rose,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And all the false and flatt’ring hopes are dead<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That vainly promised a serener close.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I’ll snatch the joys which spite of fate remain<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To cheer life’s darkness with a transient ray,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And oft in vivid fancy roam again<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through these blest regions when I’m far away.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_02" id="FN_10_02" href="#FNA_10_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> +The Temple of Venus stands upon the shore of the Bay of Baiæ.</p></div> + +<h3>Rome, May 13th.—11th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Walked about visiting to +announce my return, and found nobody at home. Hired a +horse and rode with Lovaine till near eight o’clock; rode by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">THE AQUEDUCTS</span> +the Via Sacra two or three miles along the Street of Tombs—very +interesting and curious—and then cut across to the ruin +of an old villa, where an apartment floored with marble +has lately been discovered, evidently a bath, and a very +large one; on to Torlonia’s <i>scavo</i> and under the arches of +the Claudian aqueduct. Nothing at Rome delights and +astonishes me more than the aqueducts, the way they stretch +over the +Campagna—<a name="FNA_10_03" id="FNA_10_03" href="#FN_10_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">As some earth-born giants spread<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their mighty arms along th’ indented mead.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_03" id="FN_10_03" href="#FNA_10_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +The Claudian aqueduct, which is the grandest, and whose enormous +remains form the great ornament of the Campagna, was begun by Caligula, +and finished by Claudius. The structure of the arches is exactly like those +of the Coliseum. The first aqueduct was built by Appius Cæcus, the censor, +the same who laid down the Via Appia, 310 B.C.</p></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +And when you approach them how admirable are their +vastness and solidity—each arch in itself a fabric, and the +whole so venerable and beautiful. After all my delight at +Naples I infinitely prefer Rome; there is a tranquil magnificence +and repose about Rome, and an indefinable pleasure +in the atmosphere, the colouring, and the ruins, which are +better felt than described. We lingered about the aqueducts +till dark, but there is hardly any twilight here; the sun sets, +and in half an hour it is night. Almost everybody is gone +or going, but the heat can’t have driven them away, for it is +perfectly cool.</p> + +<p>As we set out on our ride we passed a little church called +‘Domine, quo vadis?’ which was built on this occasion:—St. +Peter was escaping from Rome (he was a great coward, +that Princeps Apostolorum), and at this spot he met Christ, +and said to him, ‘Domine, quo vadis?’ ‘Why,’ replied our +Saviour, ‘I am going to be crucified over again, for you are +running away, and won’t stay to do my business here;’ on +which St. Peter returned to suffer in his own person, and the +church was built in commemoration of the event. The +Saint has no reason to be flattered at the character which is +given of him by the pious editors of his Epistles. ‘Confidence +and zeal form a conspicuous part of his character, but he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span> +was sometimes deficient in firmness and resolution. He had +the faith to walk upon the water, but when the sea grew +boisterous his faith deserted him and he became afraid. +He was forward to acknowledge Jesus to be the Messiah, +and declared himself ready to die in that profession, and yet +soon after he thrice denied, and with oaths, that he knew +anything of Jesus. The warmth of his temper led him to +cut off the ear of the High Priest’s servant, and by his +timidity and dissimulation respecting the Gentile converts at +Antioch he incurred the censure of the eager and resolute +St. Paul.’</p> + +<p>We returned through the Porta di San Giovanni, and by +the Scala Santa. There are three flights of steps; those +in the middle are covered with wood (that the marble +may not be worn out), and these are the holy steps; the +other two are for the pious to walk down. I had no idea +anybody ever went up on their knees, though I was aware +they were not allowed to go up on their feet, and with +no small surprise saw several devout females in the performance +of this ceremony. They walk up the vestibule, drop +upon their knees, rise and walk over the landing-place, +carefully tuck up their gowns, drop again, and then up they +toil in the most absurd and ridiculous postures imaginable.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Weak in their limbs, but in devotion strong,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">On their bare hands and feet they crawl along.<br /></span> +<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>, <i>Juv</i>. 6.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I suppose there is some spiritual advantage derivable +from the action, but I don’t know what. Why, however, +I should be surprised I can’t tell, after all I have seen here. +Madame de Dalberg came to my recollection, and San +Gennaro; she had owned to me that she believed in the +miracle, and we had a long dispute about it, though I have +since thought that I am wrong to regard her credulity with +such pity and contempt. The case admits of an argument, +though not that which she made use of. Many people are +right in what they do, but without knowing why; some +wrong, with very fair reasons. She, however, is wrong both +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MODERN MIRACLES</span> +ways, but she had been brought up in principles of strong +religious belief, and she belongs to a church which teaches +that miracles have never ceased from the days of the +Apostles till now. Those who believe that a miracle ever +was performed cannot doubt that another <i>may</i> be performed +now; the only question is as to the fact. <i>We</i> believe that +miracles ceased with the Apostles, and we pronounce all +that are alleged to have happened since to be fictitious. +Believing as she does that miracles have continually occurred, +it is more reasonable to believe in the reality of one she +sees herself than in those which are reported by others. +She sees this done; it is, then, a miracle or it is an imposture; +but it is declared to be a miracle by a whole body of men, +who must know whether it be so or not, and to whom she +has been accustomed to look up with respect and confidence, +and who have always been deemed worthy of belief. What +is it, then, she believes? The evidence of her own senses, +and the testimony of a number of men, and a succession of +them, who are competent witnesses, and whose characters +are for the most part unblemished, in her opinion certainly. +The objection that it is improbable, and that no sufficient +reason is assigned for its performance, is quite inadmissible, +as all considerations of reason are in matters of revelation.</p> + +<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;"> +And when the event only is revealed, it is not for men to dogmatise +about the mode or means of its accomplishment, for God’s ways are +not as our ways, nor His thoughts as our thoughts, and His purposes +may be wrought out in a manner that we wot +not.—<span class="smcap">Keith</span>.</p></blockquote> + +<p>There is nothing of which we are so continually reminded +as that we must not pretend to judge of the reasonableness +and fitness of the Divine dispensations, and there may therefore +be good cause for the San Gennaro affair, though we +cannot fathom it. Still, as the generality of people of +education have given it up, one wonders at the orthodox +few whose belief lingers on. There are other bloods that +liquefy in various places besides San Gennaro’s.</p> + +<h3>May 12th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Walked to Santa Agnese, in the Piazza Navona, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> +a pretty church, but hardly anybody in it; to Santa Maria +sopra Minerva, empty likewise, but Michael Angelo’s Christ +was there—a grand performance, though defective about the +legs, which are too thick; he has one golden foot for the +devotees, who were wearing out the marble toe, and would +soon have had it as smooth as that of Jupiter’s in St. Peter’s; +<i>ci-devant</i> Jupiter, now St. Peter.</p> + +<p>I went again to the Pantheon, and walked round and round, +and looked, and admired; even the ragged wretches who came +in seemed struck with admiration. It is so fine to see the +clouds rolling above through the roof; it passes my comprehension +how this temple escaped the general wreck of Rome. +Then to St. Peter’s, and went up to the roof and to the ball, +through the aperture of which I could just squeeze, though +there is plenty of room when once in it. The ball holds +above thirty people, stuffed close of course. Three other +men were going up at the same time, who filled the narrow +ascent with garlicky effluvia. It is impossible to have an +idea of the size and grandeur of St. Peter’s without going +over the roof, and examining all the details, and looking +down from the galleries. The ascent is very easy; there +are slabs at the bottom taken from the holy gates, as they +were successively opened and closed by the different Popes +at the +Jubilees.<a name="FNA_10_04" id="FNA_10_04" href="#FN_10_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +At the top were recorded the ascents of +various kings and princes and princesses, who had clambered +up; there was also an inscription in Latin and Italian, +the very counterpart of that which is still seen on the wall +in Titus’s Baths, only instead of ‘Jovem omnipotentem atque +omnes Deos iratos habeat,’ &c. &c., it runs, ‘Iratos habeat +Deum omnipotentem et Apostolos Petrum et Paulum,’ though +I don’t see why Paul should care about it. Went afterwards +and walked on the Pincian.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_04" id="FN_10_04" href="#FNA_10_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> +The Jubilee was established by Boniface VIII. in 1300, and was +originally a centenary commemoration, but reduced to fifty years, and afterwards +to twenty-five, as it still continues. Hallam remarks that the Court +of Rome at the next Jubilee will read with a sigh the description of that +of 1300. ‘The Pope received an incalculable sum of money, for two priests +stood day and night at the altar of St. Peter, with rakes in their hands, +raking up the heaps of money.’—<span class="smcap">Muratori</span>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">A RACING VOW</span> +This morning went with the Lovaines and Monsignore +Spada to see the library of the Vatican, which was to have +been shown us by Monsignore Maii, the librarian, but he +was engaged elsewhere and did not come. These galleries +are most beautiful, vast, and magnificent, and the painting +of the old part interesting and curious, but that which was +done by Pius VI. and Pius VII. has deformed the walls with +such trash as I never beheld; they present various scenes of +the misfortunes of these two Popes, and certain passages in +their lives. The principal manuscripts we saw were a +history of Federigo di Felto, Duke of Urbino, and nephew +of Julius II., beautifully illuminated by Julio Clovio, a scholar +of Giulio Romano. I never saw anything more exquisite +than these paintings. Amongst the most curious of the +literary treasures we saw are a manuscript of some of St. +Augustine’s works, written upon a palimpsest of Cicero’s +‘De Republicâ;’ this treatise was brought to light by Maii; +the old Latin was as nearly erased as possible, but by the +application of gall it has been brought out faintly, but +enough to be made out, and completely read: Henry VIII.’s +love-letters to Anne Boleyn, in French and English: Henry’s +reply to Luther, the presentation copy to the Pope (Clement +VII.), signed by him twice at the end, in English at the end +of the book, in Latin at the dedication, which is also written +by his own hand, only a line; the pictures representing St. +Peter’s in different stages of the work are very curious. In +the print room there is a celestial globe painted by Julio +Romano.</p> + +<p>Just before I went to the Vatican I read in ‘Galignani’ +the agreeable intelligence that my mare Lady Emily had beat +Clotilde at Newmarket, which I attribute entirely to my <i>ex voto</i> +of a silver horse-shoe, which I vowed, before I went to Naples, +to the Virgin of the Pantheon in case I won the match; and, +as I am resolved to be as good as my word, I have ordered the +horse-shoe, which is to be sent on Monday, and as soon as it +arrives it shall be suspended amongst all the arms, and legs, +and broken gigs, and heads, and silver hearts, and locks of +hair.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span> +Everybody here is in great alarm about the King (George +IV.), who I have no doubt is very ill. I am afraid he will +die before I get home, and I should like to be in at the death +and see all the proceedings of a new reign; but, now I am +here, I must stay out my time, let what will happen. I shall +probably never see Rome again, and ‘according to the law +of probability, so true in general, so false in particular,’ +I have a good chance of seeing at least one more King +leave us.</p> + +<h3>May 15th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I rode with Lord Haddington to the Villa +Mellini last evening on a confounded high-going old hunter +of Lord Lynedoch’s, which he gave to William Russell. +On my return found Henry de Ros just arrived, having been +stopped at Aquapendente and Viterbo for want of a <i>lascia +passare.</i></p> + +<p>This morning I have been dragging him about the town +till he was half dead. The three last days have been the +hottest to which Rome is subject—not much sun, no wind, +but an air like an oven. The only cool place is St. Peter’s, +that is delicious. It is the coolest place in summer and the +warmest in winter. We went to St. Peter’s, Coliseum, +gallery of the Vatican, Villa Albani, and Villa Borghese. +The Villa Albani I had not seen before; it is a good specimen +of a Roman villa, full of fine things (the finest of which +is the Antinous), but very ill kept up. The Cardinal has not +set his foot in it for a year and a half; there is one walk +of ilexes perfectly shady, but all the rest is exposed to the +sun. The post brought very bad accounts of the King, who +is certainly dying. I have no notion that he will live till I +get home, but they tell me there will be no changes. Gagarin +told me last night that Lieven is to be governor to the +Emperor of Russia’s eldest son, that for the present he will +retain the title of Ambassador, and that Matuscewitz will be +Chargé d’Affaires in London.</p> + +<h3>May 18th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Again dragging Henry de Ros about, who +likes to see sights, but is not strong enough to undergo +fatigue. Yesterday I called on M. de la Ferronays, and had +a long conversation about French politics; he is greatly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">APPROACHING COUP D’ETAT IN FRANCE</span> +alarmed at the state of affairs in France, and told me that he +had said everything he could to the King to dissuade him from +changing his Ministry and trying a <i>coup d’état</i>, that the +King has always been in his heart averse to a Constitution, +and has now got it into his head that there is a settled design +to subvert the royal authority, in which idea he is confirmed +by those about him, ‘son petit entourage.’ He anticipates +nothing but disaster to the King and disorder in the country +from these violent measures, and says that France was increasing +in prosperity, averse to change, satisfied with its +Government and Constitution, and only desirous of certain +ameliorations in the internal administration of the country, +and of preserving inviolate the institutions it had obtained. +He thinks the success of the expedition to Algiers, if it should +succeed, will have no effect in strengthening the hands of +Polignac; says they committed a capital fault in the beginning +by proroguing the Chambers upon their making that +violent Address in answer to the Speech, that they should +immediately have proceeded to propose the enactment of +those laws of which the country stands in need, when if the +Chamber had agreed to them the Ministry would have appeared +to have a majority, and would thereby gain moral +strength; and if they had been rejected, the King would +have had a fine opportunity of appealing to the nation, and +saying that as long as they had attacked him personally he +had passed it by, but as they opposed all those ameliorations +which the state of France required, his people might judge +between him and them, and that this would at least have +given him a chance of success and brought many moderate +people to his side. He added that he had also said the same +thing to Polignac, but without success, that he is totally +ignorant of France and will listen to nobody. I told him +that Henry de Ros had been at Lyons when the Dauphin +came, and how ill he was received by the townspeople and +the troops, at which he did not seem at all surprised, though +sorry.</p> + +<p>Went to Santa Maria in Trastevere to-day, the Farnese +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> +Palace, the Farnesina and Spada, Portico d’Ottavia and +Mausoleo d’Augusto; this last not worth seeing at all. The +last time I was at the Spada I did not see the pictures, some +of which are very good, particularly a Judith by Guido, and +a Dido by Guercino, which is damaged, but beautiful. Then +to Santa Maria Maggiore and St. John Lateran, and a ride +over the Campagna to the Claudian aqueduct and Torlonia’s +<i>scavo</i>.</p> + +<h3>May 20th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I breakfasted with Mills at his villa on the +Palatine; Madame de Menon, Henry Cheney, Fox, and the +Portuguese Charge d’Affaires; very agreeable: his villa +charming; it formerly belonged to Julius II., and one room +is painted in fresco by Raphael and his scholars, as they +say.</p> + +<p>The Portuguese is Donna Maria’s officer. The relations +of the Holy See with Portugal are rather anomalous, but +sensible. The Pope says he has nothing to do with politics, +does not acknowledge Don Miguel, but as he is <i>de facto</i> ruler +of Portugal, he must for the good of the Church (whose +interests are not to be abandoned for any temporal considerations) +transact business with him, and so he does. This +Envoy is very sanguine as to the ultimate success of the +Queen’s cause.</p> + +<p>Went to the Orti Farnesiani and to Livia’s Baths, where +there is still some painting and gilding to be seen. Then to +the Capitol; saw the pictures and statues (again), and called +on Bunsen, who told me a colossal head of Commodus could +not be Commodus (which stands in the court of the Capitol); +he won’t allow anything is anything. He is full of politics, +and thinks the French will get rid of their domestic difficulties +by colonising Africa, and does not see why they should +not as well as the Romans; but he seems a better antiquary +than politician.</p> + +<p>Some pictures in the Capitol are very fine—Domenichino’s +Sybil and Santa Barbara, Guercino’s Santa Petronella +(copied in mosaic in St. Peter’s) and Cleopatra and Antony. +There are several unfinished Guidos, some only just begun. +They say he played, and when he lost and could not pay, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MALARIA</span> +painted a picture; so these are the produce of bad nights, +and their progress perhaps arrested by better.</p> + +<p>To the Borghese Villa. At present I think Chiswick +better than any villa here, but they tell me when I get +home and see Chiswick and remember these I shall think +differently.</p> + +<h3>May 22nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Found it absolutely necessary to adopt +Roman customs and dine early and go out after dinner; one +must dine at four or at nine. Went to Raphael’s house, which +is painted by his scholars, and one room by himself; a very +pretty villa, uninhabited, and belongs to an old man and an old +woman, who will neither live in it nor let it. Though close +to the Villa Borghese, which is occupied by the malaria, +this villa is quite free from it. The malaria is inexplicable. +If it was ‘palpable to sight as to feeling,’ it would be like a +fog which reaches so far and no farther. Here are ague and +salubrity, cheek by jowl. To the Pamfili Doria, a bad house +with a magnificent view all round Rome; fine garden in the +regular clipped style, but very shady, and the stone pines the +finest here; this garden is well kept. Malaria again; Rome is +blockaded by malaria, and some day will surrender to it altogether; +as it is, it is melancholy to see all these deserted +villas and palaces, scarcely one of which is inhabited or +decently kept. I don’t know one palace or villa which is +lived in as we should live in England; the Borghese Villa is +the only one which is really well kept, but Prince Borghese +has 70,000ℓ. a year; he lives at Florence and never comes +here, but keeps collecting and filling his villa. The other +morning the ground here was in many parts covered by a +thin red powder, which was known to come from an eruption, +and everybody thought it was Vesuvius, and so travellers +reported, but it turns out to be from Etna or Stromboli. +Naples was covered with it, and the sun obscured, but it is +much nearer. Rome must be 300 or 400 miles from Etna.</p> + +<h3>May 23rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Went to three churches—Nuova, San Giovanni +del Fiorentini, San Agostino; in this latter is Raphael’s +fresco of the prophet Isaiah, in the style of M. Angelo, but +it did not particularly strike me. There is a remarkable +Madonna here, a great favourite; her shrine is quite illuminated +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span> +with lamps and candles, and adorned with offerings +which cover the columns on each side of the church. Numerous +devotees were kissing her gilt foot, and the Virgin +and Child were decked with earrings, bracelets, and jewels +and gold in every shape; the Child, which is of a tawny +marble, looked like some favourite little ‘nigger,’ so bedizened +was he with finery. She is a much more popular +Madonna than my friend of the Pantheon, to whom I went, +as in honour bound, and hung up my horse-shoe by a purple +riband (my racing colour) round one of the candlesticks on +the altar, with this inscription—C.C.G., P.G.R.N. A.27, +1830.<a name="FNA_10_05" id="FNA_10_05" href="#FN_10_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_05" id="FN_10_05" href="#FNA_10_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +[These letters appear to stand for the following votive inscription: +‘Charles Cavendish Greville. <i>Pro gratias receptas nuper</i>. April 27, 1830.’]</p></div> + +<p>Took H. de Ros to see the Cenci and the skeleton +friars, not exactly birds of a feather; was obliged to squabble +with the monk to get a sight of my old friends the skeletons, +who at last let us in, but would not take any money, which +I thought monks never refused, but my <i>laquais de place</i> said, +‘Lo conosco bene, c’è molto superbo.’ Rode along the Via +Appia and to Maxentius’s Circus.</p> + +<h3>May 24th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Called on Sir William Gell at his eggshell of +a house and pretty garden, which he planted himself ten +years ago, and calls it the Boschetto Gellio. He was very +agreeable, with stories of Pompeii, old walls, and ruined cities, +besides having a great deal to say on living objects and +passing events.</p> + +<p>Dined with M. de la Ferronays—a great party—and was +desired to hand out Madame la Comtesse de Maistre, wife +to the Comte Xavier de Maistre, author of the ‘Voyage +autour de ma Chambre’ and ‘Le Lépreux,’ to which works +I gave a prodigious number of compliments. The Dalbergs +and Aldobrandinis dined there, and some French whom I +did not know. The Duc de Dalberg and his wife are a +perpetual source of amusement to me, she with her devotion +and believing everything, he with his air <i>moqueur</i> and believing +nothing; she so merry, he so shrewd, and so they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">ACCESSION OF THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS</span> +squabble about religion. ‘Qui est cet homme?’ I said to +him when a ludicrous-looking abbé, broader than he was +long, came into the room. ‘Que sais-je? quelque magot.’ +‘Ah, je m’en vais dire cela à la Duchesse.’ ‘Ah, mon cher, +n’allez pas me brouiller avec ma famille.’</p> + +<p>He had been talking to me about La Ferronays the day +before, and said he was a sensible, right-headed man, ‘mais +diablement russe;’ and last night La Ferronays gave us an +account of the revolt of the Guards on the Emperor Nicholas’s +accession, of which he had been a witness—of the Emperor’s +firmness and his subsequent conversations with him, +all which was very interesting, and he recounted it with great +energy. He said that the day after the affair of the Guards +all the <i>Corps Diplomatique</i> had gone to him, that he had +addressed them in an admirable discourse and with a firm +and placid countenance. He told them that they had witnessed +what had passed, and he had no doubt would give a +faithful relation of it to their several Courts; that on dismissing +them, he had taken him (La Ferronays) into his +closet, when he burst into tears and said, ‘You have just +seen me act the part of Emperor; you must now witness the +feelings of the man. I speak to you as to my best friend, +from whom I conceal nothing.’ He went on to say that he +was the most miserable of men, forced upon a throne which +he had no desire to mount, having been no party to the abdication +of his brother, and placed in the beginning of his +reign in a position the most painful, irksome, and difficult; +but that though he had never sought this elevation, now +that he had taken it on himself he would maintain and defend +it. When La Ferronays had done, ‘L’entendez-vous?’ +said Dalberg. ‘Comme il parle avec goût; cela lui est personnel. +L’Empereur ne lui a pas dit la moitié de tout cela.’</p> + +<p>La Ferronays introduced me to Cardinal Albani, telling +him I had brought him a letter from Madame Craufurd, +which I did, and left it when I was here before. He thought +I was just come, and asked for the letter, which I told his +Eminence he had already received. He had, however, forgotten +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span> +all about me, my letter, and old Craaf. We had a long conversation +about the Catholic question, the Duke’s duel with +Lord Winchelsea (which he had evidently never heard of), +the King’s illness, &c. He is like a very ancient red-legged +macaw, but I suppose he is a dandy among the cardinals, +for he wears two stars and two watches. I asked him to +procure me an audience of the Pope, which he promised to +do. Escaped at last from the furnace his room was, and +went to air in the streets; came home early and went to bed. +This morning got up at half-past six, and went to look +out for some <i>columbaria</i> I had heard of out of the Porta +Pia, and near Santa Agnese. The drones at Santa Agnese +knew nothing about them, but I met La Ferronays riding as +I was returning in despair, and he showed me the way to +them. They have been discovered about six years, and are +in a garden. The excavation may be fifteen feet by about +eight or nine, more or less, and is full of broken urns and +inscriptions, some of which are very good indeed. One is +upon C. Cargilius Pedagogus:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vixi quandiu potui, sine lite, sine rixâ,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Sine contentione, sine ære alieno, amicis fidem<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Bonam præstiti, peculio pauper, animo divitissimus,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Benè valeat is qui hoc titulum perlegit meum.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em">Another—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">Lucius Virius Sancius æt. xxiii.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Quod tu mî debebas facere, ego tibi facio, mater pia.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em">The same idea as in Canning’s verses on his son:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whilst I, reversed our nature’s kindlier doom,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pour forth a father’s sorrows o’er his tomb.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em">And Evander on Pellas:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Contra ego vivendo vici mea fata superstes<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Restarem ut genitor.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>As I came back I looked into San Bernardo, Santa Maria +della Vittoria, and Santa Susanna, and I stopped to look at the +‘Moses striking the Rock,’ which is certainly very fine, though +there is too much of Moses and not enough of rock or water. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TIVOLI</span> +After breakfast to the Vatican library, where the Duc de +Dalberg had engaged the Abbé Maii to meet him, and he +showed us all the manuscripts, most of which I had already +seen. He is very laborious as well as learned. Maii is said +to undertake too much, and to leave a great deal half examined, +and therefore unknown; but somebody (I forget +who) is at daggers drawn with him, so it may be the accusation +of a literary enemy. Went about with the Dalbergs to +several places, to all of which I had been before. At every +church the Duchess and her daughter dropped on their knees +and sprinkled themselves with holy water, and prayed and +curtsied, but nothing could get him down upon his marrow +bones.</p> + +<h3>May 25th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Breakfasted with Gell in his Boschetto Gellio +under a treillage of vines, and surrounded by fruits and +flowers. He was very agreeable, and told us a great many +anecdotes of the Queen and her trial. We are just setting +off for Tivoli.</p> + +<h3>May 27th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Went to Tivoli. The journey hotter than +flames over the Campagna. It is the most beastly town I +ever saw, more like the Ghetto here than any other place, +full of beggars and children. The inn very moderate, but +Henry and I got a very good appartment, looking over the +country, in a private house. We all dined together.</p> + +<p>—— is the merriest of saints, the jolliest of devotees, and +very unlike the ghost in ‘Don Juan,’ who says, ‘Che si pasce +di cibo celeste non si pasce di cibo mortale,’ for though rigorously +obedient to the prescribed fasts of the Church, she +devours flesh enough on other days to suffice for those +on which it is forbidden; and on the meagre days she indemnifies +herself by any quantity of fish, vegetables, and +<i>sucreries</i> of all kinds. It is only like eating her first course +on Thursday and her second on Friday.</p> + +<p>After dinner we sent for the most famous guide, with +the magnificent name of Pietro Stupendo, called ‘Stupendous’ +from his frequent use of that adjective in pointing +out the views. His real name is Barbarossa, which is nearly +as fine. We went to see the sun set from the Villa d’Este +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span> +a very fine villa, with clipped trees, waterworks, and all the +usual beauties of Italian villas. It belongs to the Duke of +Modena, is uninhabited, and falling to decay for want of +care and attention. Thence to the Temple of the Sybil or +Vesta<a name="FNA_10_06" id="FNA_10_06" href="#FN_10_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +(for it goes by both names), which is very airy and +graceful, and perched on the point of a rock, but its effect +spoiled by being embedded in dirty, ugly houses. The fall +below was made by Bernini, and is very pretty, but not +grand, and it looks rather artificial. We saw it from what +is called the Grotto of Neptune. At night I returned again, +but nobody else would stir out. I went down to the fall, and +had bundles of hay lit on the rock above, and some blue +lights called <i>lumi di Bengala</i>, a sort of firework, put in the +temple, and the effect was beautiful. The reflected light +upon the cascade, and the light and shade upon the rocks, +and the temple made visible through the darkness by the +soft blue flame, without any of the background of buildings +appearing, were very fine, and in the obscurity it seemed +much more extensive and natural. I saw this first from the +Grotto of Neptune, and then from the opposite height.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_06" id="FN_10_06" href="#FNA_10_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +I believe it to be the Sybil’s Temple. There is a frightful square +building close to it they call the Sybil’s Temple, but I do not see by what +authority. Nibby says it is Vesta, but everybody else says the +Sybil.—<span class="smcap">Forsyth, Cramer</span>, &c.</p></div> + +<p>Yesterday morning we were to have started on the <i>giro</i> +of Tivoli at six, but as women are never ready, and a good +deal of eating and drinking was to be gone through before +we got under weigh, we were not off till near eight. The consequence +was that we got into the heat, and lost the colouring +of the early morning, and those lights and shades on which +great part of the beauty of this scenery depends. I was +altogether disappointed; the hills are either quite bare or +covered with olives, the most tiresome of trees; the falls are +all artificial, and though the view at the foot of the largest +(or as near as you can approach it) is beautiful, on the whole +no part of the scenery answered my expectations. The water +falls in eleven separate cascades (above and below), and sinking +into the gulf appears to boil up again in clouds of spray, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">TIVOLI</span> +the artificial channel above is distinctly visible. There is an +ancient bridge over the Anio and part of a road up to Tivoli in +wonderful preservation. Our party pleased their imaginations +by thinking that Augustus and Mecænas had probably gone +cheek by jowl over the road and bridge, but Stupendous told +me it was built by Valerian, A.D. 253, though he had no +notion who Valerian was, except that he was an Emperor. +There are some curious remains of Mecænas’s Villa, particularly +the places (if they are really so) where the slaves +were kept, which are just like cellars. I cannot remember +seeing any apartments destined for slaves at Pompeii, but +from all one sees or hears and reads of the Roman slaves, +they must have been treated in a manner that it is inconceivable +they should have endured, considering their +numbers, and of what they were generally composed—barbarian +prisoners or free citizens reduced to servitude. We +ended the <i>giro</i> at the Villa d’Este, and breakfasted on the +terrace; the rest of the party then retired to sleep and play +at cards at the inn, and I started with Stupendous to see +the remains of an ancient city, and some specimens of Cyclopean +walls, about four or five miles off. The first place +is called Ventidius Bassa’s, because that gentleman had a +villa there, built on the ruins of a little Cyclopean town, +where there are still some walls standing. From thence to +Mitriano, which must have been a large town, the vestiges +still covering several hills, and the remains of walls being +very large; there is nothing left but a few broken fluted +columns, and one flat marble stone perfect, with an inscription. +This jaunt was hardly worth the trouble.</p> + +<p>When I came back from Mitriano, I went down to the +Grotto of the Syrens, from whence the view of the cascade +is much finer than from the other grotto, and really grand; +but the path is very slippery from the clouds of spray constantly +falling over it. I did not go quite to the grotto, for +Stupendous told me he had nearly slipped down the rock and +cracked his crown; so I declined running that risk, but saw +just as well, for I went nearly to the bottom.</p> + +<p>At half-past four we went to Adrian’s Villa, with which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> +I was as much delighted as I was disappointed with Tivoli. +Nothing can be more picturesque than the ruins, and nothing +gives such an idea of the grandeur of the ancient masters of +the world. They are six miles in circumference, and the +remains are considerable, though not very distinct, but it is +very easy to perceive that they are the ruins of a villa, or a +collection of ornamental and luxurious buildings, and not of +a town, which from their size they might be. Almost all +the ruins of antiquity that adorn Rome were found here, +or in Caracalla’s Baths, which latter were supplied from this +stock—all the Albani collection, most of the Museo Borbonico +at Naples, and half the Vatican. The Albani collection +was made by a nephew of Clement XI., the Albani +Pope. They say only one-fourth has been excavated. The +ruins are overgrown with ivy and all sorts of creepers. The +grounds are full of pines and cypresses of great size, and it +is altogether one of the most interesting and beautiful spots +I have seen in Italy. The Villa Adriani now belongs to +Duke Braschi, nephew of Pius VI. He has not excavated, +but the truth is that there is little temptation to individuals +to do so. The Government have taken all the ruins under +their protection, and no proprietor is allowed to destroy any +part of them. So far so good, but if he digs and finds anything, +he may not sell it; the Government reserves to itself +a right of pre-emption, and should he be offered a large +sum by any foreigner for any object he may find, he is not +allowed to take it, although the Government may not choose +to buy it at the same price. They will fix a fair, but not +a fancy price, but the vendor is often obliged, when they do +buy it, to wait many years for his money. Albani employed +1,000 men to excavate.</p> + +<p>We came back in a deliciously cool evening. The Duchess +wanted us to keep with her carriage (she had a pair and +we had four horses), for fear she should be robbed—for she +had heard that somebody had been robbed somewhere a +little while ago—which we promised; but our postilions +set off in a gallop, we fell asleep, and they were left to their +fate.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY’S ADVENTURE</span> +<i>At night</i>.—This morning as I was sitting at Torlonia’s +reading the newspapers, a woman came in, whom Luigi +Chiaveri soon after begged to introduce to me. She was a +Mrs. Kelly, of whose history I had already heard, and I told +Chiaveri I would assist her if I could. She told me her case +in detail. The short of it is this:—She and her daughter +(who is very pretty) got acquainted at Florence with a family +of Swifts. Young Swift seeing the girl was good-looking, +and hearing she was rich, made up to her, gained her affections +(as they call it), and proposed to marry her. She agreed, +provided her mother did. They came to Rome. Swift followed, +established himself at the same inn, and wrote to the +mother to propose himself. The mother declined. He wrote +a second letter—same reply. He then prevailed on the girl +to promise not to give him up, but failed in persuading her +to elope with him. She said she would marry him when she +was of age. He pressed her to give him a written promise +to this effect before witnesses. After some hesitation she +agreed, and one evening (having been previously appointed +by him) she met him in another room, where she found a +priest and two men. She signed two papers without reading +them, heard a short form muttered over, which she did not +understand, and then was told to run downstairs again. A +few days after she got uneasy as to what had happened, +and confessed it all to her mother, who immediately conceived +that this was a marriage ceremony into which she +had been inveigled. She told her lover what she had +done, who asked her what her mother had said. She told +him that her mother fancied that it was a marriage, but +that she had told her it was not, when he informed her +it was, and this was the first intimation he gave her of the +sort, and the first time he had given her to understand that +he regarded her as his wife. She reproached him with his +duplicity and the imposition he had practised on her, and +told him she would have no more to say to him. This took +place in St. Peter’s one Friday at vespers. Soon after they +went to Naples, where Swift followed, and wrote to her +mother saying he had married her daughter, and asking +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span> +her forgiveness; that she might fancy the marriage was not +valid, but she would find it was, having been celebrated by +an abbé, witnessed by the nephew of a cardinal, and the +certificate signed by a cardinal, with the knowledge of the +Pope. She sent no answer, when he begged an interview, +which she granted, and then he told her that he was a +Catholic, and that her daughter had become so too, and had +signed an act of abjuration of the Protestant religion. The +mother and daughter, however, declined having anything to +do with him, and the latter declared that she had never +changed her religion at all. He then claimed her as his +wife, and tried to prevail on Hill and Lushington (Sir Henry +Lushington, Consul—the present Lord Berwick, Minister) +to prevent their leaving Naples. They declined to interfere, +and advised the mother to go home, and let the matter be +settled between them in England. She took the hint and +set off. He followed, and overtook them at Rome, and there, +by representations to the civil and religious authorities that +they were taking away his wife to prevent her being a +Catholic, and make her relapse to the Protestant faith, he +got them to interfere, and their passports were refused. +Such is their story. They have nobody to advise, assist, or +protect them.</p> + +<p>I went to La Ferronays, who was all good-nature, and +said he would go with me to Cardinal Albani; but I went +first to the hotel and saw the girl alone, who corroborated +all her mother had said. I wrote down her evidence, and +made her sign it, and then went with the Ambassador to +the Cardinal in the Quirinal Palace. The door of his cabinet +was locked, but after a sort of <i>abbé suisse</i> had knocked a +little he came and opened it, and in we went. He did not +recollect my name the last time I saw him, nor my person +this. La Ferronays explained the business, with which he +was already acquainted, partly through Kestner (the Hanoverian +Minister) and partly through the Roman authorities, +who had given him the case of the adventurer, for such he +seems to be. The Cardinal seemed disposed to do nothing +(Bunsen assures me he is a very sensible man, and right-headed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY’S ADVENTURE</span> +and well disposed), and said she was married. We +said, not at all. Then he hummed and hawed, and stammered +and slobbered, and talked of the ‘case being in the +hands of the Saint Office [the Inquisition!!] under the eyes +of his Holiness. What could he do?’ We fired off a tirade +against the infamy of the action, said that the English +tribunals ought to decide upon the validity of the marriage, +that all they wanted was to go home, that the man might +follow and make his claim good if he could, and that the +story (if they were detained here) would make a noise in +England, and would be echoed back to France by the press +of both countries, and that it was very desirable to avoid +such a scandal. He seemed struck with this, and said it +would be best to send them off to settle their disputes at +home, but that they must have patience, that time was +necessary and the case must be examined. We were obliged +to be contented with this, and saying we were sure the case +was in good hands (which I doubt, for he would leave it +there if he dared), with many scrapes and compliments we +took our leave. The girl has never dared to show her face, +for fear of being carried off by the lover or shut up in a +convent by the Grand Inquisitor, so I tranquillised their +minds and sent them out an airing. In the evening I spoke +to Monsignore Spada, who has promised to help to get up a +case in Italian, if it should be wanted.</p> + +<p>Dined with M. de la Ferronays, and went to his villa +(Mattei) afterwards. He has been perfect in this affair, full of +prompt kindness; but what a Government! how imbecile, +how superannuated!—a Minister of ninety almost, a sovereign +of whom all that can be said is that he is a great +canonist, and all that little bubbling and boiling of priestery +and monkery, which is at once odious, mischievous, and contemptible, +a sort of extinct volcano, all the stink of the sulphur +without any of the splendour of the eruption. They want the +French again sadly. English subjects detained by the Inquisition +in 1830!! La Ferronays advised me to ask the Pope for +a moment of audience, and to request him to see the girl +himself, and interrogate her, and learn the truth, of the case.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> +I had just done writing the above when a note came +from La Ferronays with the passports for the Kellys, which +Albani had sent him, so I had only to thank the Cardinal +instead of mentioning it to the Pope. I did not think +he would have been so quick. How enchanted they will be +to-morrow morning!</p> + +<h3>May 29th, 1830</h3> + +<p>At ten Kestner called for Lovaine and me, +and we went to the +Pope.<a name="FNA_10_07" id="FNA_10_07" href="#FN_10_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +His Court is by no means despicable. +A splendid suite of apartments at the Quirinal +with a very decent attendance of Swiss Guards, Guardie +Nobili, Chamberlains—generally ecclesiastics—dressed in +purple, valets in red from top to toe, of Spanish cut, and in +the midst of all a barefooted Capuchin. After waiting a +few minutes, we were introduced to the presence of the +Pope by the Chamberlain, who knelt as he showed us in. +The Pope was alone at the end of a very long and handsome +apartment, sitting under a canopy of state in an arm-chair, +with a table before him covered with books and papers, a +crucifix, and a snuff-box. He received us most graciously, +half rising and extending his hand, which we all kissed. +His dress was white silk, and very dirty, a white silk skullcap, +red silk shoes with an embroidered cross, which the +faithful kiss. He is a very nice, squinting old twaddle, and +we liked him. He asked us if we spoke Italian, and when +we modestly answered, a little, he began in the most +desperately unintelligible French I ever heard; so that, +though no doubt he said many excellent things, it was +nearly impossible to comprehend any of them; but he talked +with interest of our King’s health, of the antiquities, and +Vescovali, of Lucien Buonaparte and his extortion (for his +curiosities), said when he was Cardinal he used to go often to +Vescovali. He is, in fact, a connoisseur. Talked of quieting +religious dissensions in England and the Catholic question; +and when I said, ‘Très-Saint Père, le Roi mon maître n’a +pas de meilleurs sujets que ses sujets catholiques,’ his eyes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY’S ADVENTURE</span> +whirled round in their sockets like teetotums, and he grinned +from ear to ear. After about a quarter of an hour he bade +us farewell: we kissed his hand and backed out again. We +then went to the Cardinal, whom I thanked warmly for his +prompt attention to my request in having given the passports +to <i>my protégées</i>. It is the etiquette in the Court of +the Quirinal for the servants to descend from behind the +carriage, and the horses to go a foot pace.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_07" id="FN_10_07" href="#FNA_10_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +[The Pope was Pius VIII. (Francisco Xavierio Castiglioni), whose +reign was a very short one, for he succeeded Leo XII. in March 1829, and +was succeeded by Gregory XVI. in December, 1830.]</p></div> + +<p>After this audience I took the passport to the Kellys. +The mother was in bed, but the girl came to me in a transport +of gratitude and joy. They went off in the evening to +Florence. La Ferronays advised me to send them off directly, +for fear the priests should begin to stir in the matter and +raise fresh obstacles.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon went to Gibson’s, the sculptor. He is +very simple and intelligent, and appears to be devoted to his +art. There is a magnificent Venus, composed from various +models, like Zeuxis’s statue of Juno at Crotona.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Quando Zeusi l’immagine far volse<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Che par dovea nel tempio di Giunone,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">E tante belle nude insieme accolse,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">E per una farne in perfezione,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Da chi, una parte, e da chi, un’ altra tolse.</span> +</div></div> + +<h3>May 31st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday the advocate to whom I had +advised Mrs. Kelly to go came to me, and said he could +not understand what she said, and she had desired him to +call on me. I told him the story, and he said he would +look into it and see what was to be done. I had advised +her before she went to consult an Italian lawyer as to the +necessary steps to be taken here in order to prove the invalidity +of the marriage in England. This man, whose name +is Dottore Belli, was recommended to me by Monsignore +Spada as a clever lawyer, and particularly good for the case, +because brother of one of the judges (or other officer) in the +Vicar-General’s court. But I suppose he has less influence +over the brother than the brother over him, for this morning +he sent me a very civil but formal letter, saying ‘the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> +parties were married, and had abjured after instruction received’—evidently +a letter dictated by the court or by his +brother, or at all events by some ecclesiastical interest. +They evidently want to make the marriage good to save +their own credit, but there is a great mystery in the whole +affair. Cardinal Weld told La Ferronays that they had +not yet found the priest who had performed the ceremony. +Bunsen at my request undertook to enquire into the affair, +but up to the present moment (June 13th) he has only made +the case more confused and +inexplicable.<a name="FNA_10_08" id="FNA_10_08" href="#FN_10_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_08" id="FN_10_08" href="#FNA_10_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> +The conclusion of this affair is not less curious than its commencement. +The parties returned to this country. Swift sued Miss Kelly in the +Ecclesiastical Court for the restitution of conjugal rights. After much delay +the case was elaborately argued before Sir John Nicholl, who at very great +length pronounced judgment against the validity of the marriage. Swift +appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, when the sentence +of the Court below was reversed, and the ceremony at Rome decided to +be a good and binding marriage. The parties were thus irrevocably made +man and wife, and after some time had elapsed their mutual friends and +relations set on foot a negotiation for a reconciliation, and eventually Miss +Kelly agreed to live with Mr. Swift, on condition that the marriage ceremony +should be regularly performed, which was accordingly done: certain settlements +were made, and they are now (for all I know to the contrary) living +happily and harmoniously together. [The further proceedings in this cause +are described in the second volume of this Journal, when they came before +the Privy Council.]</p></div> + +<p>To-day there was a grand ceremony of the transportation +of the standard of a new saint (that is, one made about fifty +years ago) from St. Peter’s to San Lorenzo in Lucina, his +own church. This saint is San Francisco Carraccioli, a +Neapolitan. All the peasantry came in, covered with +religious gewgaws, and the streets were crowded. There +was a balcony at the Cardinal’s as for the Girandola, but the +Duc de Dalberg and I went to the Piazza di San Pietro, +and saw it there; it was curious. First came the guards; +then the footmen of the cardinals in State liveries, four for +each, carrying torches; the clergy of various orders with +chandeliers, crucifixes, immense crosses, standards, and all +with torches; a long file of Jesuits, whose appearance was +remarkable, so humble and absorbed did they look; bands +of music and soldiers, the whole reaching from the door of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SAINT-MAKING</span> +St. Peter’s to the other side of the Castle of St. Angelo. +This procession made the <i>giro</i> of the city, for we fell in with +it again in the Piazza della Colonna two hours afterwards. +The Church of San Lorenzo and the adjoining houses were +illuminated, and there was a picture, inscription, &c., stuck +up over the door. The Cardinal Galetti, who is the patron +of this order, asked the General of the Jesuits to send some +of his flock to swell the procession, which he was desirous of +making as brilliant as possible. The General excused himself +on the ground that the Jesuits were not in the habit of +attending processions. The Cardinal complained to the Pope +of the General’s refusal. The next time the Pope saw him +(he goes once a week to the Quirinal to make his report), +after discussing all their matters of business and giving him +the benediction, just as he was leaving the room, the Pope +called after him, ‘O reverend Father, I hope you will not +send less than a hundred of your Jesuits to the procession +to-morrow.’ The General was thunderstruck, but obliged to +obey. This ecclesiastical anecdote makes a noise here. The +present General is a Belgian, and a man of great ability. +The Jesuits have a college here, and a seminary; a hundred +in the one, and three hundred in the other.</p> + +<p>The process of saint-making is extremely curious. There +are three grades of saintship: the first, for which I forget +the name, requires irreproachable moral conduct; the second +(beatification), two well-proved miracles; the third (sanctification), +three. It costs an immense sum of money to effect +the whole, in some cases as much as 100,000 piastres. The +process begins by an application to the Pope, on the part of +the relatives of the candidate, or on that of the confraternity, +if they belong to a religious order. The Pope refers the +question to a tribunal, and the claimants are obliged to +appear with their proofs, which are severely scrutinised, and +the miracles are only admitted upon the production of the +most satisfactory evidence. Individuals continually subscribe +for this purpose, particularly for members of religious +orders, in order to increase the honour or glory of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> +society. These trials last many years, sometimes for centuries. +There is a Princess of Sardinia, sister of the late +King, who died lately, and they want to make a saint of her. +The money (estimated at 100,000 piastres) is ready, but they +cannot rout out a miracle by any means, so that they are at +a dead stand-still before the second step. Nobody can be +sanctified till two hundred years after their death, but they +may arrive at the previous grades before that, and the proofs +may be adduced and registered.</p> + +<h3>June 1st, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday news came of the change in the +French +Ministry,<a name="FNA_10_09" id="FNA_10_09" href="#FN_10_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +of which La Ferronays knew nothing +the night before, and from which Dalberg anticipates an +increase of desperate measures on the part of the Court. +Went in the morning to Gibson’s; in the evening to the +Orti Sallustiani, one of the many objects here not worth seeing, +though they show two great holes in a wall, which they +call the Campo Scelerato, and they say it is the place where the +frail vestals were buried. Coming back we met the Pope taking +a drive—two coaches-and-four, with guards and outriders. +We got out of the carriage and took off our hats, and our +<i>laquais de place</i> dropped on his knees. The Pope was in +white, two people sitting opposite to him, and as he passed +he scattered a blessing. All persons kneel when he appears—that +is, all Catholics. The equipage was not brilliant. To +the Corsini Villa, the gardens of which are some of the +shadiest and most agreeable in Rome, but nobody inhabits +the palace. The Corsinis live at Florence, and when they +come here they lodge elsewhere, for the malaria, they say, +occupies their domain. Thus it is that between poverty and +malaria Rome is deserted by its great men. But the population +ought to be increasing, for almost every woman one +meets is with child. Gell denies the malaria, says he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA</span> +should not mind living where they say it is dangerous to +live; but can this be matter of opinion?</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_09" id="FN_10_09" href="#FNA_10_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> +[Charles X. had signed the decree for the dissolution of the existing +Chamber of Deputies on the 16th of May: on the 19th of May another +ordinance appointed M. de Chantelauze to the Ministry of Justice, M. de +Peyronnet to the Interior, M. de Montbel to the Finances, and M. +Capelle to the Department of Public Works. These appointments, more +especially that of M. de Peyronnet, were deemed in the highest degree +hostile to the Liberal party.]</p></div> + +<p>In the evening looked into the Church and Piazza of San +Lorenzo in Lucina. The church is hung with drapery, +adorned with statues, and illuminated by innumerable wax +candles. The piazza is illuminated too, and drapery hung +out from the windows. There were crowds of people, lines of +chairs, and boys bawling to the people to come and sit upon +them; others selling lemonade, others the life and exploits +of the saint on penny papers; a band of military music on a +scaffolding, and guards patrolling about. Between the intervals +of the band the bells, in discordant chorus, regaled +‘the ears of the groundlings.’ This strange, discordant +scene, the foundation of which is religious, but which has but +little of the appearance of religion in it, lasts eight successive +days, and costs a vast sum of money—they say 9,000 scudi—the +greatest part of which is furnished by the Government. +It probably answers some end, for it is difficult to conceive +that any Government, even this, should spend money, of +which they have so little to spare, on these fooleries while +poverty overspreads the land. This ceremony has not taken +place before for a hundred years. The sight is certainly very +gay. Close by, in the Palazzo Mani, is a theatre of marionettes, +who play a comedy of Goldoni. The Duke Fiani lets part of +his palace for this purpose. What an exhibition of wretchedness! +He reserves a box which his servants let to anybody, +whether on his account or their own I don’t know.</p> + +<p><i>Evening</i>.—Went before dinner to the Villa Madama, a +ruined villa belonging to the royal house of Naples, with +fine paintings still on the walls and ceilings, the vestiges of +former luxury, and a capital view of Rome, the Tiber, the +Milvian Bridge, and the mountains. After dinner to the +San Gregorio to see the frescoes, the ‘Martyrdom of St. +Andrew,’ the rival frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, and +afterwards drove about till dark, when we went to a most +extraordinary performance—that of the Flagellants. I had +heard of it, and had long been curious to assist at it. The +church was dimly lit by a few candles on the altar, the congregation +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span> +not numerous. There was a service, the people +making the responses, after which a priest, or one of the +attendants of the church, went round with a bundle of whips +of knotted cord, and gave one to each person who chose to +take it. I took mine, but my companion laughed so at seeing +me gravely accept the whip, that he was obliged to hide his +face in his hands, and was passed over. In a few minutes +the candles were extinguished, and we were left in total +darkness. Then an invisible preacher began exhorting his +hearers to whip themselves severely, and as he went on his +vehemence and passion increased. Presently a loud smacking +was heard all round the church, which continued a few +minutes; then the preacher urged us to fresh exertions, and +crack went the whips again louder and faster than before +as he exhorted. The faithful flogged till a bell rang; the +whips stopped, in a few minutes the candles were lit again, +and the priest came round and collected his cords. I had +squeezed mine in my hands, so that he did not see it, and I +brought it away with me. As soon as the candles were extinguished +the doors were locked, so that nobody could go +out or come in till the discipline was over. I was rather +nervous when we were locked up in total darkness, but nobody +whipped me, and I certainly did not whip myself. A more +extraordinary thing (for sight it can’t be called) I never witnessed. +I don’t think the people stripped, nor, if they did, +that the cords could have hurt them much. From thence to +St. Peter’s, where we found the <i>quarant’ ore</i> and the high +altar illuminated with heaps of candles. Only a few lights +scattered at a great distance through the rest of the church, +very few people there; but the dim light, the deep shades, +the vast space, and the profound stillness were sublime. +Certainly nothing in the world can approach St. Peter’s, and +it always presents something new to admire.</p> + +<p>From St. Peter’s to the Vatican, to see the statues by +torchlight. The effect is wonderful, and totally unlike that +which is produced by day. The finest statues unquestionably +gain the most, and it is easy, after seeing this, to understand +why most of the best are found in the baths; a better +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">BUNSEN’S ACCOUNT OF ROME</span> +notion, too, may be formed of their magnificence. It would +seem as if some statues had been formed expressly to be thus +exhibited. There is a mutilated statue they call a Niobe +(God knows why), with drapery blown back by the wind and +appearing quite transparent. This effect cannot be produced +by daylight.</p> + +<h3>June 2nd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Called on Bunsen, who has not yet got an +answer from the agent he sent to the office of the Grand +Vicar. I had a long conversation with him about the expediency +of appointing an English Minister or agent of some +sort at Rome, which he thinks very desirable and very feasible, +upon the same plan on which the diplomatic relations +of Prussia with Rome are conducted, and which he says go +on very smoothly, and without embarrassment or inconvenience. +There is good faith on both sides. The Catholic +bishops do not attempt to deceive the Government, and he +thinks that the Court of Rome does not attempt to hold any +clandestine intercourse with the Prussian States. He says +Albani is a sensible man; that the cardinals are bigoted and +prejudiced, hostile to England, and most of them forgetful +of all the See of Rome owes to our country; but they are +still aware that, in the hour of danger, it is to England and +the Protestant countries they must look for protection, as +they found it when Austria wanted to strip them of the +March of Ancona. He thinks there is much superstition +among the lower classes, little religion among any, great immorality +in all; the same desire of intriguing and extending +its influence which the Romish Church has always had, but +with very diminished means and resources. The Inquisition +is still active in repressing heresy among Roman subjects, but +not venturing to meddle with the opinions of foreigners. Its +principles and its forms are the same as in former times. He +says we have an inefficient Consul at Ancona, who was put in +by Canning on account of his Liverpool connections. It would +be very desirable to establish a regular Protestant church in +Rome, with an able and permanent minister; but there is +only an occasional church, with anybody who will serve in it, +and who is paid by the congregation; but such a man is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> +totally unable to cope with the Catholic preachers, and consequently +many converts are made to the Catholic religion. +A Consul-General at Rome might answer the purpose of an +agent, and, without being an accredited Minister, perform +all the functions of one. This was the pith of what he said, +besides a great deal about the Catholic religion itself, its inferiority +to the Reformed, its incompatibility with free institutions, +and a good deal more, not much to the purpose. +Bunsen is a man of very considerable information, learned, +very obliging, and communicative, sensible, moderate, but +rather prejudiced. At this moment he is full of the French +expedition [to Algiers], and their colonising projects, of +which he is thoroughly persuaded and not a little afraid.</p> + +<p>The Duc de Dalberg told me that at the Congress of +Vienna he was deputed to speak to Consalvi about ceding +the March of Ancona to the Austrians. He answered, ‘My +dear Duke, the Congress can treat us as it pleases. If we are +pressed, we must retreat to the walls; further we cannot go, +and we are there already.’ The Cardinal afterwards spoke +to the Emperor, and the next day Metternich said he had +orders from the Emperor to declare that he would take nothing +from the Pontifical States without the free concurrence +of the Pope; so there ended that question.</p> + +<p><i>At night</i>.—Just returned from Frascati with Henry de +Ros—a very agreeable expedition. We went to the inn, a +most execrable hotel, but dined very well on a repast we had +the foresight to take with us. Before dinner went to the +Villa Conti, which has a delicious garden, with fine trees +and ample shade, and one of the prettiest falls of water I +have seen. The house we did not enter, but it appeared +small. To the Villa Marconi, without any garden, but a +capital house, and the only one which looks well kept and +inhabited. The Marconi house in the Conti garden would +be perfect. After dinner to Tusculum, a beautiful walk +under shade, with magnificent views over the Campagna on +one side and Monte Cavo, Rocca di Papa, and the Prati +d’Annibale on the other. The remains at Tusculum are next +to nothing, part of a theatre, of an aqueduct, and of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FRASCATI</span> +walls. I believe the town was destroyed by Pope Celestine +III. (1191), in order to extirpate a band of robbers which +had long infested the country and made Tusculum their +stronghold. All the country hereabout is beautiful, and +the air excellent, so that a more perfect residence cannot +be imagined. To the Villa Belvidere, belonging to Prince +Aldobrandini, deserted and neglected, but very enjoyable, +full of childish waterworks, but a good house, which is to be +hired for 150ℓ. a year, and might be made very comfortable. +Here is Mount Parnassus, and the water turns an organ, +and so makes Apollo and the Muses utter horrid sounds, and +a Triton has a horn which he is made to blow, producing a +very discordant noise. I fell in with Lady Sandwich, and +went back to tea with her at a villa which belonged to the +Cardinal York. There are the royal arms of England, a bust +of the Cardinal, and a picture of his father or brother. We +also went to the Rufinella, whence the view is extremely fine; +this was Lucien Buonaparte’s villa, and the scene of the capture +of a painter and a steward by the banditti, who carried +them off from the door of the villa and took them into the +Abruzzi, which may be descried from the terrace. The cicerone +who went with us (a tiresome and chattering fellow) +told us that he had attended Queen Caroline, that they had +come to him for evidence against her, and he had declared he +knew nothing; but he said he could have deposed to some +things unfavourable to her, having seen her and Bergami +together and witnessed their familiarity.</p> + +<h3>June 4th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday rode round the walls. In the +evening to the Vatican, and afterwards to Bunsen’s. He gave +me his memorandum to read, which is contained in a letter +to Wilmot Horton of the 28th of December, 1828, upon the +settlement of the Catholic question, and his view of the mode +in which it might be done. He approves of Wilmot’s plan, +not knowing at that time that the Duke had resolved to +grant unqualified emancipation. In this paper he describes +the existing arrangements between the other Protestant +Powers and the Court of Rome, and states in what manner +he thinks we might pursue a similar course. It is well done, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> +and his ideas appear to me very clear and sound. It is pretty +evident that we should meet with no difficulties here, and +that they would practically agree to everything we should require, +provided we did not insist upon their doing so in specific +terms. Our difficulties would arise from the extreme parties +at home—the ultra-Catholics and the ultra-Protestants—but +a steady hand might steer betwixt them both. Bunsen +describes what has been done in Prussia, Hanover, Netherlands, +and the minor German States; the Prussian arrangements +appear to be the wisest. When the King of Prussia +began to negotiate, he did not allow his Ministers to enter +upon any discussion of principles, nor to ask for any express +sanction of the <i>status quo</i>. On the other hand he did not +prescribe to the Church of Rome the canonical form in which +an express or tacit acknowledgment of the claims and rights +of the Crown was to be made as to the secularisation of Church +property. The Netherlands went on a different plan, and +framed a constitution of the Roman Catholic Church in their +dominions, called a Pragmatic Sanction, which they wanted +the Pope to acknowledge. The Hanoverian Government +also wished to conclude a formal treaty, and oblige the Pope +to sanction certain civil regulations concerning Church government. +He observes that the Court of Rome will appear +ignorant of, and thus tacitly acknowledge, many things which +it never will nor can expressly sanction and approve.</p> + +<p>Throughout Germany, both Catholic and Protestant, all +correspondence between the clergy and the Pope goes +through the Government by the law of the country—all +matters public and private—the Pope’s bulls and briefs are +returned in the same way; and whenever any of these +contain expressions which run against the national laws, +the <i>placet regium</i> is only given with clauses reserving the +rights of the Crown, and annulling what is irreconcilable +with the civil law. The Court of Rome is quite aware of +this practice, and the legations of Bavaria and Austria, as +well as those of Prussia and Hanover, present the respective +petitions of their clergy through their Roman agents. +Bunsen says nothing can be practically more established, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PROTESTANT STATES AND ROME</span> +but that no consideration would induce the Pope formally to +sanction the practice in a treaty.</p> + +<p>In the arrangements respecting the appointment of +bishops and dignitaries, Prussia proposed the establishment +of chapters, with the same right of election which had existed +before the French Revolution. The smaller States of +Germany followed a similar plan. Hanover proposed and +obtained a veto. The chapter presents a list; the Government +strikes out any name, but must leave two, out of which the +chapter may elect, but in case of irregularity or inconvenience +the chapter may make a second list. The Netherlands have +the same system of limited veto and second list, and the +confidential brief in +addition.<a name="FNA_10_10" id="FNA_10_10" href="#FN_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +The chapters have the right +of election, the Pope of confirmation, by canonical institution +as the necessary condition of the bishop’s consecration; +but besides a confidential brief was agreed on desiring the +chapter not to elect as bishop a person ‘minus gratam +serenissimo regi;’ this ensures respect to the royal recommendation.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_10" id="FN_10_10" href="#FNA_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +[These facts, originally suggested by Bunsen at Rome to Mr. Greville +were afterwards used by him as the basis of his argument for the establishment +of diplomatic relations with the Court of Rome in his book on the +‘Policy of England to Ireland,’ published in 1845.]</p></div> + +<h3>June 5th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Yesterday morning called on M. de la Ferronays, +but only saw him for a minute, for the Austrian Ambassador +arrived, and I was obliged to go. He is in great alarm +as well as sorrow at the appointment of M. de +Peyronnet<a name="FNA_10_11" id="FNA_10_11" href="#FN_10_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +and +the aspect of affairs in France. He told me that he had so +little idea of this appointment that he would have guessed +anybody rather than that man, who was so odious that he +had been rejected for three successive places, for the representation +of which he had stood when he was Minister; that +Villèle, with all his influence, could not get him elected; and +that in the Chamber of Peers he had been so intemperate +that he had been repeatedly called to order, a thing which +hardly ever occurred; that the Government had evidently +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span> +thrown away the scabbard by naming him on the eve of a +general election, and thus offering a sort of insult to the +whole nation; that it rendered his own position here very +disagreeable, although his was an ecclesiastical and not a +political mission, and that he in fact considered it only as an +honourable retreat; yet he had written to Polignac the +moment the news reached him, saying that if he considered +him as in the least degree implicated politically with +his Government he should immediately resign, and that if +he found by his answer that he looked upon him as in the +remotest degree connected with their measures he should +instantly retire. I saw Dalberg afterwards, who appears to +me deeply alarmed. He looks with anxiety to the Duke of +Wellington as the only man whose authority or interference +can arrest the French Ministry in the career which must +plunge France into a civil war, if not create a general war +in Europe. He believes that Metternich and the Austrians +are backing up Charles X., and that, in case of any troubles, +they will, in virtue of the Treaty of Chaumont, pour troops +into France. His hope, then, is that the Duke will interpose +and prevent this Austrian interference.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_11" id="FN_10_11" href="#FNA_10_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +[M. de Peyronnet was the Garde des Sceaux in the Polignac Cabinet: +he was considered one of the most reactionary members of that ill-fated +Administration.]</p></div> + +<p>When La Ferronays told Polignac his opinion of the +course he was beginning, the other only said, ‘Mon cher, +tu ne connais pas le pays.’ The King told Dalberg himself +that he would rather labour for his bread than be King of +England; that it was not being a king. In his presence, +too, he asked General ——, the Governor of Paris, what was +the disposition of the troops, and he answered, ‘Excellent, +sir; I have been in all the <i>casernes</i>, and they desire nothing +so much as to fight for your Majesty;’ and such words as +these the King swallows and acts upon. Their confidence, +audacity, and presumption are certainly admirable, disdaining +any art and management, and apparently anxious to +bring about a crisis with the least possible delay.</p> + +<h3>June 7th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Drove about yesterday taking leave of people +and places, the former of which I probably shall, and the +latter shall not, see again. I have seen almost everything, +but leave Rome with great regret, principally because I am +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">POLIGNAC AND VILLÈLE</span> +afraid I shall never come again. If I was sure of returning +I should not mind it.</p> + +<p><i>Three o’clock</i>.—Have determined to stay till after the +Corpus Domini. Called on the Cardinal, who received me <i>à +bras ouverts</i>, was full of civilities, and reconducted me to the +outward room; talked of the Catholics and of the anxiety +of his Government to see relations established with ours. +I was obliged to go and take leave of him, for Bruti brought +me a message full of politeness and a letter to convey to the +Nuncio at Paris. Then to La Ferronays, who says, as does +Dalberg, that he is persuaded it will end by the recall of +Villèle to the Ministry, a compromise that all parties will +be glad to make—that he has had the prudence to decline +being a party to Polignac’s Administration, and when he is +called to form one he will have nothing to say to +Polignac.<a name="FNA_10_12" id="FNA_10_12" href="#FN_10_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> +It certainly will be curious if Villèle, after being driven from +the Government with universal execration, and almost proscribed, +should in two years be recalled by the general voice +as the only man who can save France from anarchy and civil +war. La Ferronays says that Villèle is not a great Minister, +but a clever man, with great ingenuity and the art of management. +He wishes to be thought like Pitt, who was also +obliged to quit the Ministry, and afterwards resumed it; +and he considers Polignac as his Addington, not that the +resemblance holds good in any of the particulars, either of +the men, or the times, or the circumstances.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_12" id="FN_10_12" href="#FNA_10_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +[M. de Villèle had come to Paris from his country seat in April, and a +secret attempt had been made to bring him back to power. Prince Polignac +offered him a seat in the Cabinet, but showed no disposition to make way +for him. The King feared Villèle and preferred Polignac. Yet if M. de +Villèle had then returned to power, he would probably have saved the +monarchy and changed the course of events in Europe. (See Duvergier +de Hauranne, ‘Histoire du Gouvernement parlementaire en France,’ tome x. +p. 468; for a narration of these transactions.)]</p></div> + +<h3>June 8th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Last night to the La Ferronays’, when the +Princess Aldobrandini was so delighted with the anecdote of +my horse-shoe that she is gone off to the Pantheon to look +at it. It was a full moon and a clear night, so I went to +the Coliseum, and passed an hour there. I never saw it so +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span> +well; the moon rode above without a cloud, but with a +brilliant planet close to her; there was not a breath of air, +not a human being near but the soldiers at the gates below, +and the monk above with me; not a sound was heard but +those occasional noises of the night, the bark of a dog, the +chimes from churches and convents, the chirp of a bird, +which only served to make silence audible. Though I have +seen the Coliseum a dozen times before, I never was so +delighted with its beauty and grandeur as to-night. No +description in poetry or painting can do it justice; it is a +‘wreck of ruinous perfection,’ whose charm must be felt, +and on such a night as this. The measures which the +Government have taken to save the Coliseum from destruction +will certainly accomplish that end, but its picturesque +appearance will be greatly damaged. There is no part of +the ruin which is not already supported by some modern +brickwork, and they are building a wall which will nearly +surround it. If they had been more selfish they would +have left it to moulder away, and posterity to grumble over +their stinginess or indifference. I am always tossed backwards +and forwards between admiration of the Coliseum and +St. Peter’s, and admire most that which I see last. They +are certainly ‘magis pares quam similes,’ but worth everything +else in Italy put together, except Pæstum.</p> + +<p>To-day the spiritual arms of the Church are to be fulminated +against a sinner in a case which is rather curious. +There are two brothers who live at a place called Genezzano, +in two adjoining houses, which formerly formed but one, +belonging to the Colonna family, of whom the progenitors +of these men bought it. A short time ago a man came to +the brothers, and told them that in a particular spot on the +premises there was a treasure concealed, the particulars of +which he had learned from a memorandum in the papers of +the Colonna family, to which he had got access, and he +proposed to discover the same to them, if they would give +him a part of it. They agreed, when he told them that +under a little column built against a wall they would find a +flat brick, covering a hole, in which was an earthen pot +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">EXCOMMUNICATION OF A THIEF</span> +containing 2,000 ducats in gold. The column was there, so +at night the brothers set to work to take it down, and beneath +it they found the flat stone as described. When one +of them (an apothecary) said to the other that, after all, +it was probably an invention, that they should be laughed +at for their pains, and he thought they had better give up +the search, the other (who must be a great flat) said, ‘Very +well,’ and they retired to bed. In the morning the apothecary +told the other that in the night he could not help thinking +of this business, and that his curiosity had induced him to +get up and dig on, and that he had actually found the pot, +but nothing in it. The other, flat as he was, could not +stand this, and, on examining the pot, he found marks which, +on further investigation, turned out to be indications of coin +having been in it. The thief stuck to his story, so the +dupe complained, and, as the presumption is considered to +be strongly against him, they are going to try what excommunication +will do. It is remarkable that they asked this +man if he would swear upon the Host that he had not found +any money, and this he refused to do, though he continued +to deny it and to decline restitution. He was accounted a +very religious man, and these were religious scruples, which, +however, were not incompatible with robbery and fraud. +His refusal to swear was taken as a moral evidence of guilt, +and he was to be excommunicated to-day.</p> + +<h3>June 9th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Saw Torlonia’s house; very fine, and the only +one in Rome which is comfortably furnished, and looks as +if it was inhabited. A great many good pictures, and +Canova’s Hercules and Lycus, which I do not admire. In +the evening to the Convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, which +is remarkably clean and well kept. There are forty-five +friars (Passionisti), whose vows were not irrevocable, and, +though the cases do not often occur, they can lay aside the +habit if they please. They live on charity. In their garden +is a beautiful palm, one of three which grow in Rome. They +have several apartments for strangers who may like to retire +to the convent for a few days, which are very decently +furnished, clean, and not uncomfortable. They were at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span> +supper when I got there, so I went to look at them. They +eat in silence at two long tables like those in our college +halls, and instead of conversation they were entertained by +some passages of the life of St. Ignatius, which a friar was +reading from a pulpit. Their supper seemed by no means +despicable, for I met a smoking <i>frittura</i> which looked and +smelt very good, and the table was covered with bread, fruit, +vegetables, and wine. But they fast absolutely three times +a week, and whip themselves (<i>la disciplina</i>) three others. +They teach theology and <i>la dogmatica</i>, and there is a +library containing (they told me) books of all sorts, though +their binding (for I only saw them through a trellis) looked +desperately theological. At night to a very fine <i>feu d’artifice</i> +in the Piazza San Lorenzo, which ended the festivities in +honour of San Francisco Caraccioli, whose name appeared +emblazoned amidst rockets and squibs and crackers, and the +uproarious delight of the mob. Afterwards to the Pantheon +to see it by moonlight, but the moon was not exactly over +the roof, so it failed, but the effect of the partial light and +the stars above was fine with the torches below half hid behind +the columns.</p> + +<h3>June 10th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I thought I had seen everything here worth +seeing, yet, though I have been several times to the Capitol, +I have somehow missed seeing the Palazzo dei Conservatori, +containing the famous wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus, +in bronze, said to have been struck by lightning (of which +it bears all the marks) the day Julius Cæsar was killed; the +boy picking the thorn from his foot; the statue of the first +Brutus; the geese of the Capitol (which are more like ducks); +and the Fasti Consulares. It just occurred to me in time, +and I went there yesterday morning. After dinner to the +Villa Ludovisi with the Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis, which +must owe its celebrity principally to the difficulty of getting +access to it. I was extremely disappointed; Guercino’s +‘Aurora’ is not to be compared to Guido’s; his ‘Day’ and +‘Night’ are very fine, and the ‘Fame’ magnificent, but the +ladies bustled through so rapidly that it was not possible to +examine anything. The gardens are large, but all straight +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">PROCESSION OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI</span> +walks and clipped hedges. The gallery of statues contains +three or four fine things, but they are huddled together and +their effect spoilt.</p> + +<h3>June 11th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Whilst the carriage is getting ready I may as +well scribble the last day at Rome. And this morning went at +eight to the Palazzo Accoramboni, to see the procession of +the Corpus Domini, and was disappointed. This Palazzo +Accoramboni, in which we were accommodated, belonged to +a very rich old man, who was married to a young and pretty +wife. He died and left her all his fortune, but, suspecting +that she was attached to a young man who used to frequent +the house, he made the bequest conditional upon her not +marrying again, and if she did the whole property was to +go to some religious order. She was fool enough (and the +man too) to marry, but clandestinely. She had two children, +and this brought the marriage to light. They therefore lost +the property, amounting to 10,000ℓ. or 12,000ℓ. a year; but +the Pope, in his vast generosity, allows her out of it 300 +piastres (about 65ℓ.) a year, and gives a portion of 1,000 +piastres (200ℓ.) to each of the little girls. It is supposed +that she consulted some priest, who urged her to marry +secretly, and then revealed the fact to the order interested. +Otherwise it is difficult to account for their folly.</p> + +<p>The magnificence of ceremonies and processions here depends +upon the locality, and the awnings and flowers round +the piazza spoilt it all. It was long and rather tiresome—all +the monks and religious orders in Rome, the cardinals +and the Pope, plenty of wax-lights, banners, and crosses, the +crosses of Constantine and Charlemagne. The former is +not genuine; that of Charlemagne is really the one he gave +to the See. The Pope looks as if he was huddled into a +short bed, and his throne, or whatever it is called, is ill +managed. He is supposed to be in the act of adoration of +the Host, which is raised before him, but as he cannot kneel +for such a length of time, he sits covered with drapery, and +with a pair of false legs stuck out behind to give his figure +the appearance of kneeling. Before him are borne the triple +crown and other Pontifical ornaments. The Guardia Nobile, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span> +commanded by Prince Barberini, looked very handsome, and +all the troops <i>en très-belle tenue</i>. All the Ambassadors +and foreigners were in this palace, and from it we flocked +to St. Peter’s, which is always a curious sight on these occasions +from the multitudes in it and the variety of their appearance +and occupation—cardinals, princes, princesses, +mixed up with footmen, pilgrims, and peasants. Here, Mass +going on at an altar, and crowds kneeling round it; there, +the Host deposited amidst a peal of music at another; in +several corners, cardinals dressing or undressing, for they all +take off the costume they wore in the procession and resume +their scarlet robes in the church; men hurrying about with +feathers, banners, and other paraphernalia of the day, the +peasantry in their holiday attire, and crowds of curious +idlers staring about. All this is wonderfully amusing, and +is a scene which presents itself in continual variety. Went +afterwards and took leave of all my friends—La Ferronays, +Dalbergs, Bunsens, Lovaines, &c.—and at seven, to my great +sorrow, left Rome. But as I do all that superstition dictates, +I drank in the morning a glass of water at the Fountain of +Trevi, for they say that nobody ever drinks of the Fountain +of Trevi without returning to Rome.</p> + +<p>The road about Narni and Augustus’s Bridge is beautifully +picturesque. I set off directly to the cascade, with which I +was as much delighted as I was disappointed with that of +Tivoli. It is difficult to conceive anything more magnificent +than the whole of this scenery.</p> + +<h3>Florence, June 10th, 1830</h3> + +<p>The horses were announced, and I +was obliged to break off my account of Terni and resume it +here, where I arrived after a tedious journey of forty hours, +from Rome.</p> + +<p>Most people are dragged up the mountain by <i>bovi</i>, see the +upper part of the fall, and walk down. But as the <i>bovi</i> were +not at hand, I reversed the usual order, walked to the bottom, +and then toiled to the top. The walk, which is lovely, lies +through the grounds of a count, who has a house close to +the Nera (the Nera (Nar) is the river into which the Velino +runs, and in which there is very good trout fishing), where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FALLS OF TERNI</span> +the Queen of England once lived for a month. At the different +points of view are little cabins (which would be very +picturesque if they were less rudely constructed) for the accommodation +of artists and other travellers. This gentleman +has got a house which he reserves for the use of +artists, of which there are always several on the spot during +the summer. They pay nothing for the accommodation, but +each is obliged to leave a drawing when he goes away; and +by this means he has got an interesting collection, of the +scenery of Terni. Nothing can be more accurate, as well as +beautiful, than Byron’s description of the cascade, and it is +wonderful in his magnificent poetry, how he has kept his +imagination within the bounds of truth, and neither added +a circumstance nor lavished an epithet to which it is not +entitled.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Horribly beautiful! but on the verge<br /></span> +<span class="i0">From side to side, beneath the glittering morn,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">An Iris sits amidst the infernal surge,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Like Hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Its steady dyes, while all around is torn<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By the distracted waters, bears serene<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Resembling, ’mid the torture of the scene,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Love watching Madness with unalterable mien.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>The rainbows are very various, seen from different points: +from the middle, where the river rushes from the vortex of +the great fall to plunge into another, the stream appears to +be painted with a broad layer of divers colours, never broken +or mixed till they are tossed up in the cloud of spray, and +mingled with it in a thousand variegated sparkles. Above, +an iris bestrides the moist green hill which rises by the side +of the fall; and, as the spray is whirled up in greater or +less abundance, it perpetually and rapidly changes its +colours, now disappearing altogether, and now beaming with +the utmost vividness. The man told me that at night the +moon forms a white rainbow on the hill. There is a delicious +but dangerous coolness all about the cascade. All +the scenery about is as beautiful as possible. Just above +the great fall is the Velinus tearing along in the same +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> +channel, which was first made for him by the Roman Consul +2,200 years ago—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice—</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"> +and there, the guide told me, some years ago a man threw +in a young and beautiful wife of whom he was jealous. He +took her to see the cascade, and when he got to this part +(which is at the end of a narrow path overhung with brushwood) +he got rid of the boys who always follow visitors, and +after some delay returned alone, and said the woman had +fallen in. One scream had been heard, but there was nobody +to witness the truth. The mangled body was found in +the stream below. Jealousy is probably common here. As +I was walking a man passed me, going in great haste to the +mountain, but I paid no attention to him. When I got back +I heard that he was escaping from justice (into the Abruzzi, +which are in the Neapolitan dominions), having stabbed his +brother-in-law a few moments before out of jealousy of his +wife. The wounded man was still alive, but badly hurt. +The murderer was <i>un bravo mechanico</i>.</p> + +<p>The mountain and the river have undergone many revolutions. +The rock through which the present path is cut +has been formed entirely by petrified deposits, and there are +marks in various parts of former cascades, from which the +water has been turned away. Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini) +turned the water into its present course. At the bottom the +old outlet of the Romans is dry, but is marked with that +solidity which defies time, like all their works of this kind. +Great part of the road from Terni is beautiful, and the +Papal towns and villages appear to be in much better condition +than on the other road. Some of them perched on +the mountains are remarkably picturesque.</p> + +<h3>Bologna, June 14th, 1830</h3> + +<p>I went yesterday morning to Pratolino +to see the statue of the genius of the Apennines, by +John of Bologna, six miles from Florence. Pratolino was +the favourite residence of the famous Bianca Capello. The +house has been pulled down. It is in a very pretty English +garden belonging to the Grand Duke, and, I think, amazingly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">MEZZOFANTI</span> +grand, but disgraced by presiding over a duck pond. They +told me that if he stood up (and he looks as if he could if +he would) he would be thirty <i>braccia</i> in height. I went +into his head, and surveyed him on all sides. He ought to +be placed over some torrent, or on the side of a mountain; +but as he is, from a little distance (whence the ducks and +their pond are not visible) he is sublime. Myriads of +fire-flies sparkled in every bush; they are beautiful in a +night journey, flitting about like meteors and glittering +like shooting stars.</p> + +<p>Dined with Lady Normanby at Sesto, set off at half-past +eight, and arrived here at nine this morning. The first thing +I did was to present my letter to Madame de Marescalchi +from her sister, the Duchesse de Dalberg, who received me +graciously and asked me to dinner; the next to call on +Mezzofanti at the public library, whom I found at his desk +in the great room, surrounded by a great many people reading. +He received me very civilly, and almost immediately +took me into another room, where I had a long conversation +with him. He seems to be between fifty and sixty years of +age, short, pale, and thin, and not at all remarkable in +countenance or manner. He spoke English with extraordinary +fluency and correctness, and with a very slight accent. +I endeavoured to detect some inaccuracy of expression, but +could not, though perhaps his phraseology was occasionally +more stiff than that of an Englishman would be. He gave +me an account of his beginning to study languages, which +he did not do till he was of a mature age. The first he +mastered were the Greek and Hebrew, the latter on account +of divinity, and afterwards he began the modern languages, +acquiring the idioms of each as he became acquainted with +the parent tongue. He said that he had no particular disposition +that way when a child, and I was surprised when +he said that the knowledge of several languages was of no +assistance to him in mastering others; on the contrary, +that when he set to work at a fresh language he tried to +put out of his head all others. I asked him of all modern +languages which he preferred, and which he considered the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +richest in literature. He said, ‘Without doubt the Italian.’ +He then discussed the genius of the English language, and +the merits of our poets and historians, read, and made me +read, a passage of an English book, and then examined the +etymology and pronunciation of several words. He has never +been out of Italy, or further in it than Leghorn, talks of +going to Rome, but says it is so difficult to leave his library. +He is very pleasing, simple, and communicative, and it is +extraordinary, with his wonderful knowledge, that he should +never have written and published any work upon languages. +He asked me to return if I stayed at Bologna. The library +has a tolerable suite of apartments, and the books, amounting +to about 80,000 volumes, are in excellent order. One +thousand crowns a year are allowed for the purchase of +new books.</p> + +<p>The Bolognese jargon is unintelligible. A man came +and asked him some questions while I was there in a +language that was quite strange to me, and when I asked +Mezzofanti what it was, he said Bolognese, and that, though +not harmonious, it was forcible and expressive. Afterwards +to the gallery, which contains the finest pictures in +Italy, though only a few: the Guidos and Domenichinos are +splendid. I think Domenichino the finest painter that ever +existed.</p> + +<h3>June 15th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Dined yesterday with Madame de Marescalchi, +who lives in a great palace, looking dirty and uncomfortable, +except one or two rooms which they occupy. There is a +gallery of pictures, all of which are for sale. Seven or eight +Italians came to dinner, whose names I never discovered. +After dinner she took me to the Certosa, to see the Campo +Santo, which is a remarkably pretty spot, and the dead appear +to be more agreeably lodged at Bologna than the living. I +had much rather die here than live here. It is very unlike +the Campo Santo at Pisa, entirely modern, and looks exceedingly +cheerful. Guido’s skull is kept here.</p> + +<p>Went again to the gallery, and the Zambeccari Palace, +where there are a few good pictures, but not many. All the +pictures in all the palaces are for sale.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">FERRARA</span> +<i>In the ferry, crossing the Po</i> (i.e. written in the ferry).—Called +on Madame de Marescalchi to take leave. Set off +at half-past one, and in clouds of dust arrived at Ferrara. +It is curious to see this town, so large, deserted, and melancholy. +A pestilence might have swept over it, for there +seems no life in it, and hardly a soul is to be seen in the +streets. It is eight and a half miles round, and contains +24,000 inhabitants, of which 3,000 are Jews, and their quarter +is the only part of the town which seems alive. They are, as +usual, crammed into a corner, five streets being allotted to +them, at each end of which is a gate that is closed at nine +o’clock, when the Jews are shut in for the night. The +houses are filthy, stinking, and out of repair. The Corso +is like a street in an English town, broad, long, the houses +low, and with a <i>trottoir</i> on both sides. The Castle, surrounded +by a moat, stands in the middle of the town, a +gloomy place. In it lives the Cardinal Legate. I went to +see the dungeon in which Tasso was confined; and the +library, where they show Ariosto’s chair and inkstand, a +medal found upon his body when his tomb was opened, two +books of his manuscript poetry; also the manuscript of the +‘Gerusalemme,’ with the alterations which Tasso made in it +while in prison, and the original manuscript of Guarini’s +‘Pastor Fido.’ The <i>custode</i> told me that in the morning the +library was full of readers, which I did not believe. There +are some illuminated Missals, said to be the finest in Italy. +Though the idea of gaiety seems inconsistent with Ferrara, +they have an opera, corso, and the same round of festivals +and merriment as other Italian towns, but I never saw so +dismal a place.</p> + +<h3>Venice, June 16th, 1830</h3> + +<p>We crossed the Po, and afterwards +the Adige, in boats. The country is flat, and reminded me +of the Netherlands. I was asleep all night, but awoke in +time to see some of the villas on the banks of the Brenta. +Of Padua I was unconscious. Embarked in a gondola at +Fusina, and arrived at this remarkable city under the bad +auspices of a dark, gloomy, and very cold day. It is Venice, +but living Venice no more. In my progress to the inn I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span> +saw nothing but signs of ruin and blasted grandeur, palaces +half decayed, and the windows boarded up. The approach +to the city is certainly as curious as possible, so totally unlike +everything else, and on entering the Great Canal, and +finding</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The death-like silence and the dread repose</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em">of a place which was once the gayest and most brilliant in the +world, a little pang shoots across the imagination, recollecting +its strange and romantic history and its poetical associations.</p> + +<p><i>Two o’clock</i>.—I am just driven in by a regular rainy day, +and have the prospect of shivering through the rest of it in +a room with marble floor and hardly any furniture. However, +it is the only bad day there has been since the beginning +of my expedition. The most striking thing in Venice (at +least in such weather as this) is the unbroken silence. The +gondolas glide along without noise or motion, and, except +other gondolas, one may traverse the city without perceiving +a sign of life. I went first to the Church of Santa +Maria dei Frati, which is fine, old, and adorned with painting +and sculpture. At Santa Maria dei Frati Titian was buried. +Canova intended a monument for him, but after his death his +design was executed and put up in this church, but for him, +and not for Titian, the reverse of ‘sic vos non vobis.’ Here +are tombs of several Doges, of Francis Foscari, with a pompous +inscription. The body of Carmagnola lies here in a wooden +coffin; his head is under the stone on which it was cut off +in the Piazza di San Marco. He was beheaded by one of +those pieces of iniquity and treachery which the Venetian +Government never scrupled to use when it suited them. +Then to the Scuola di San Rocco, containing a splendid +apartment and staircase, all richly gilded, painted by Tintoret, +and with bronze doors. To the Church of Santa Maria della +Salute, containing a very rich altar-piece of precious stones, +which is locked up, and produced on great occasions; and in +the sacristy three fine pictures by Titian. To the Church +of St. Mark and the Doge’s Palace—all very interesting, +antique, and splendid. But the Austrians have modernised +some of the rooms, and consequently spoilt them. They +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">VENICE</span> +have also blocked up the Bridge of Sighs, and the reason (they +told me) is that all the foreigners who come here are so curious +to walk over it, which seems an odd one for shutting it up. +The halls of audience and of the different councils are magnificently +gilded, and contain some very fine pictures.</p> + +<p>The Hall of the Council of Ten (the most powerful and +the most abominable tribunal that ever existed) has been +partly modernised. In the Chamber of the Inquisitors of +State is still the hole in the wall which was called the ‘Lion’s +Mouth,’ through which written communications were made; +and the box into which they fell, which the Inquisitors alone +could open. There were ‘Bocche di Lioni’ in several places +at the head of the Giant’s Staircase, and in others. The +mouths are gone, but the holes remain. Though the +interior of the Ponte di Sospiri is no longer visible, the +prisons are horrible places, twenty-four in number, besides +three others under water which the French had closed up. +They are about fourteen feet long, seven wide, and seven +high, with one hole to admit air, a wooden bed, which was +covered with straw, and a shelf. In one of the prisons are +several inscriptions, scrawled on the wall and ceiling.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Di chi mi fido, mi guardi Iddio,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Di chi non mi fido, mi guardo io.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Un parlar pocho, un negar pronto,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Un pensar in fine può dar la vita<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A noi altri meschini.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Non fida d’alcuno, pensi e tacci<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Se fuggir vuoi di spioni, insidie e lacci.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Il pentirti, il pentirti, nulla giova<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ma ben del valor tuo far vera prova.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>There are two places in which criminals, or prisoners, +were secretly executed; they were strangled, and without +seeing their executioner, for a cord was passed through an +opening, which he twisted till the victim was dead. This +was the mode pursued with the prisoners of the Inquisitors; +those of the Council were often placed in a cell to which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> +there was a thickly grated window, through which the +executioner did his office, and if they resisted he stabbed +them in the throat. The wall is still covered with the blood +of those who have thus suffered. From the time of their erection, +800 years ago, to the destruction of the Republic nobody +was ever allowed to see these prisons, till the French came and +threw them open, when the people set fire to them and +burnt all the woodwork; the stone was too solid to be +destroyed. One or two escaped, and they remain as +memorials of the horrors that were perpetrated in them.</p> + +<h3>June 17th, 1830</h3> + +<p>This morning was fine again, and everything +looks gayer than yesterday. From the Rialto to the Piazza +di San Marco there is plenty of life and movement, and it +is exactly like Cranbourne Alley and the other alleys out of +Leicester Square. While Venice was prosperous St. Mark’s +must have been very brilliant, but everything is decayed. +All round the piazza are coffee houses, which used to be open +and crowded all night, and some of them are still open, but +never crowded. They used to be illuminated with lamps all +round, but most of these are gone. One sees a few Turks +smoking and drinking their coffee here, but they are all +obliged to dine and sleep in one house, which is on the +Grand Canal, and called the Casa dei Turchi. I went this +morning to the Chiesa Scalzi, San Georgio Meggiore, Redentore, +SS. Giovanni e Paolo, and the Gesuiti. The +latter is the most beautiful church I ever saw, the whole of +it adorned with white marble inlaid with verd antique in a +regular pattern. SS. Giovanni e Paolo has no marble or +gilding, but is full of monuments of Doges and generals. +To the Manfrini Palace for the pictures. The finest picture +in the palace is Titian’s ‘Deposition from the Cross,’ for which +the Marchese Manfrini refused 10,000 ducats. A Guido +(Lucretia) and some others. Tintoret was no doubt a great +genius, but his large pictures I cannot admire, and Bassano’s +still less. Titian’s portrait of Ariosto is the most interesting +in the collection. To the Arsenal, which is three miles in +circumference, and a prodigious establishment. In the time +of the Republic there were nearly 6,000 men employed in it, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">VENICE</span> +in that of the French 4,000, now 800. The old armoury +is very curious, full of ancient weapons, the armour of +Henry IV. of France, and of several Doges, Turkish spoils, +and instruments of torture. The Austrians have made the +French much regretted here. It is since the last peace that +the population of Venice has diminished a fourth, and +the palaces of the nobles have been abandoned. There is +no commerce; the Government spend no money, and do +nothing to enliven or benefit the town (there has not yet +been time to see the effect of making it a free port). The +French employed the people, and spent money and embellished +the place. They covered over a wide canal and +turned it into a fine street, and adjoining it they formed a +large public garden, which is a delightful addition to the +town. Till the French came the bridges were dangerous; +there was no balustrade on either side, and people often fell +into the water. They built side walls to all of them, which +was the most useful gift they could bestow upon the Venetians.</p> + +<p>This morning I asked for the newspapers which came +by the post yesterday, and found that they had not yet +returned from the police, and would not be till to-morrow. +Before anybody is allowed to read their newspapers they +must undergo examination, and if they contain anything +which the censor deems objectionable they detain them altogether. +After dinner I went to the public gardens, and +into a theatre which is in them; there is no roof to it, and +the acting is all by daylight, and in the open air. I only +arrived at the end, just in time to see the deliverance of +a Christian heroine and a very truculent-looking Turk +crammed down a trap-door, but I could not understand the +dialogue. Nothing certainly can be more extraordinary or +more beautiful than Venice with her adjacent islands, and +nothing more luxurious than throwing oneself into a gondola +and smoothly gliding about the whole day, without noise, +motion, or dust. At night I went to a dirty, ill-lit theatre, +to see the ‘Barbiere di Seviglia,’ which was very ill performed. +There was a ballet, but I did not stay for it.</p> + +<h3>June 18th, 1830</h3> + +<p>To the Church of St. Mark, and examined +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span> +it. It is not large, but very curious, so loaded with ornament +within and without, and so unlike any other church. +The pavement, instead of being flat, is made to undulate +like the waves of the sea. All the sides are marble, all the +top mosaic, all the pavement coloured marble in exquisite +patterns. There is not a single tomb in it, but it wants no +ornament that the wealth and skill of ages could supply. +Climbed up the tower to see Venice and the islands; a +man is posted here day and night to strike the hours and +quarters on a great bell, to ring the alarm in case of fire in +any part of the city. It is a very curious panorama, and +the only spot from which this strange place can be completely +seen. In the Grimani Palace there are some Titians +(not very good) of Grimani Doges, and others of the family; +the famous statue of Agrippa, which Cardinal Grimani +brought from Home, and a ceiling by Salviati of Neptune +and Minerva contending to give a name to Athens. In the +Pisani Palace, a fine picture of P. Veronese, ‘Darius’s Family +at the Feet of Alexander.’<a name="FNA_10_13" id="FNA_10_13" href="#FN_10_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +The Barbarigo Palace has never +been modernised, has kept all its original form and decorations. +It is full of Titians, all very dirty and spoiling. The +finest is the ‘Magdalen,’ which is famous. The Royal +Academy, called the Scuola della Carità, contains a magnificent +collection of the Venetian school.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_13" id="FN_10_13" href="#FNA_10_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> +[This fine work is now in the National Gallery, London.]</p></div> + +<p>In I forget which church is the ‘Martyrdom of St. Peter’ +by Titian, so like in composition the same subject by +Domenichino at Bologna that the one is certainly an imitation +of the other (Titian died in 1576; Domenichino was +born in 1581). There is the same sort of landscape, same +number of figures, and in the same respective attitudes +and actions, and even the same dress to each. In the hall +of the Academy are preserved Canova’s right hand in an +urn, and underneath it his chisel, with these words inscribed: +‘Quod amoris monumentum idem gloriæ instrumentum +fuit.’ There is also a collection of drawings and +sketches by various masters; some by M. Angelo and some +by Raphael.</p> + +<h3>Vicenza, June 19th, 1830</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">VINCENZA AND PADUA</span> +This morning went again to St. +Mark’s to examine the library and the palace, which I could +hardly see the other day, it was such, gloomy weather. +The library is open to everybody, but with a long list of +rules, among which silence is particularly enjoined. The +<i>custos librorum</i> is a thorough Venetian; talked with fond +regret of the splendour of the Republic, and is very angry +with Daru for his history. The Hall of the Great Council, +containing the portraits of the Doges (and Marino Faliero’s +black curtain), is splendid, and adorned with paintings of +Paul Veronese, Bassano, Tintoret, and Palma Giovane. At +twelve o’clock I got into the gondola and left Venice without +the least regret or desire to return there. The banks of the +Brenta would be very gay if the villas were inhabited, but +most of them are shut up, like the palaces at Venice. There +is one magnificent building, formerly a Pisani palace, which +belongs to the Viceroy, the Archduke Rainer.</p> + +<p>Padua is a large and rather gloomy town. They say it is +beginning to flourish, having been ruined by the French, and +that, since their downfall, the population has increased immensely. +The University contains 1,400 scholars. It contained +52,500 in the time of the French, and in the great +days of Padua 18,000. I went to look at the outside of +the building, which is not large, but handsome. The old +palace of the Carraras is half ruined, and what remains is +tenanted by the commandant of the place. The old Sala +di Giustizia, which, is very ancient, is now a lumber room, +and they were painting scenes in it. Still it is undamaged, +and they call it the finest room in Europe, and perhaps it is. +It is 300 feet long, 100 wide, and 100 high. At one end of +it is the monument and bust of Livy, the latter of which +they pretend to have found here; they also talk of his +house and the marbles, &c., that have been dug up in it, +which they may believe who can. The Cathedral has nothing +to boast of, except that Petrarch was one of its canons, and +in it is his bust, put up by a brother canon. I had not time +to go to the churches.</p> + +<p>The whole road from Fusina to this place is as flat as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> +the paper on which I am writing. I really don’t believe +there is a molehill, but it is extremely gay from the variety +of habitations and the prodigious cultivation of all sorts. +Vicenza is one of the most agreeable towns I ever saw, and +I would rather live in it than in any place I have seen since +Rome. It is spacious and clean, full of Palladio’s architecture; +besides the Palazzo della Ragione, a very fine +building, there are twenty-two palaces built by him in +various parts of the town. They show the house in which +he lived. From the Church of Santa Maria del Monte, a +mile from the town, there is a magnificent view, and the +town itself, under the mountains of the Tyrol, and the end +of a vast cultivated plain, looks very inviting and gay. There +is a Campo di Marte, a public walk and drive, and from it a +covered walk (colonnade) half a mile long up to the church +on the hill. One of the most remarkable things here is the +Olympic Theatre, which was begun by Palladio and finished +by his son. It is a small Grecian theatre, exactly as he +supposes those ancient theatres to have been, with the same +proscenium, scenes, decorations, and seats for the audience. +There appeared to me to be some material variations from +the theatre at Pompeii. In the latter the seats go down to +the level of the orchestra, which they do not here, and at +Pompeii there is no depth behind the proscenium, whereas +here there is very considerable. It is, however, a beautiful +model. The air and the water are good, and there is shooting, +so that I really think it would be possible to live here. +They talk with horror of the French, and of the two seem to +prefer the Austrians, but peace is better than war, <i>cæteris +paribus</i>.</p> + +<h3>Brescia, June 21st, 1830</h3> + +<p>This is a particularly nice town, +airy, spacious, and clean, and in my life I never saw so +many good-looking women. There is a drive and walk on +the ramparts, where I found all the beauty and fashion of +Brescia, a string of carriages not quite so numerous as in +Hyde Park, but a very decent display. The women are excessively +dressed, and almost all wear black lace veils, thrown +over the back of the head, which are very becoming. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">BRESCIA AND MILAN</span> +walks on the ramparts are shaded by double rows of trees, +and command a very pretty view of the mountains and +country round. This inn is execrable. I stopped at Verona +to see the Amphitheatre, which is only perfect in the inside, +and has been kept so by repeated repairs. It is hardly worth +seeing after the Flavian and the Pompeiian. There is a wooden +theatre in it, where they act, and the spectators occupy the +ancient seats. The tombs of the Scaligeri are admirable, +the most beautiful and graceful Gothic; their castle (now +the Castle Vecchio) a gloomy old building in a moat, but +with a very curious bridge over the Po. The Church of St. +Zeno is remarkable from its Gothic antiquity and the profusion +of ornament about it of a strange sort. Here is the +tomb of Pepin, erected by Charlemagne, but empty; for the +French, in one of their invasions, carried the body to France. +In the Cathedral is a fine picture of the ‘Assumption of the +Virgin’ by Titian. I saw many Veronese beauties in their +balconies, but none quite like Juliet. Her tomb (or, as they +would say at Rome, ‘sepolcro detto di Giulietta’) I did not +see, for it was too far off. I was in a hurry to be off, and +there was nobody to detain me with a tender ‘Wilt thou be +gone? It is not yet near’ <i>night</i>. The road, which is excellent, +runs in sight of the Alps all the way, and the Lago di Garda +is excessively pretty.</p> + +<h3>Milan, June 23rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Milan is a very fine town, without +much to see in it. The Duomo, Amphitheatre, Arch of the +Simplon, Brera (pictures). There are a few fine pictures +in the Brera; among others Guido’s famous ‘St. Peter and +St. Paul,’ Guercino’s ‘Hagar and Abraham;’ a row of old +columns which were broken and lying about till the French +set them upon their legs; Leonardo da Vinci’s fresco, which +is entirely spoilt. The view from the top of the Duomo is +superb, over the boundless plain of Lombardy with the range +of the Alps, and the Apennines in the distance. I like the +Duomo, but I know my taste is execrable in architecture. I +don’t, however, like the mixture of Italian with the Gothic—balustrades +over the door, for instance—but I admire +its tracery and laborious magnificence. Buonaparte went +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span> +on with it (for it was never finished), and this Government +are completing it by degrees; there will be 7,000 statues +on different parts of the outside, and there are already 4,500. +St. Charles Borromeo’s tomb is very splendid, and for five +francs they offered to uncover the glass case in which his +much esteemed carcase reposes, and show me the venerable +mummy, but I could not afford it. The entrance to Milan +from Venice, and the Corso, are as handsome as can be. The +Opera is very bad, but the Scala is not open, and none of the +good singers are here.</p> + +<h3>Varese, June 26th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Left Milan at six o’clock on the 24th, +and got to Como after dark. Embarked in the steam boat +at eight yesterday morning, went as far as Cadenebbia, where +I got out, saw the Villa Sommariva, then crossed over and +went round the point of Bellagio to see the opening of the +Lake of Lecco, turned back to the Villa Melzi, saw the house +and gardens, and then went back to dine at Cadenebbia, +and waited for the steam boat, which returned at four, and +got back to Como at half-past six. Nothing can surpass +the beauty of all this scenery, or the luxury of the villas, +particularly Melzi, which is the best house, and contains +abundance of shade, flowers, statues, and shrubberies. The +owners live very little there, and principally in winter, when, +they say, it is seldom cold in this sheltered spot. The late +Count Melzi was Governor of Milan under Napoleon, and +used to feast the Viceroy here. He once gave him a <i>fête</i>, +and had all the mountain tops illuminated, of which the effect +must have been superb.</p> + +<p><i>Evening. Top of the Simplon</i>.—Set off at five from Varese, +travelled very slowly through a very pretty road to Navero, +where I crossed the Lago Maggiore in a boat, and landed at +the Isola Bella, which is very fine in its way, though rather +flattered in its pictures. The house is large and handsome, +and there is a curious suite of apartments fitted up with +pebbles, spars, and marble, a suite of habitable grottoes. +The garden and terraces are good specimens of formal +grandeur, and as the Count Borromeo’s son is a botanist, +they are full of flowers and shrubs of all sorts and climates. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">RETURN TO ENGLAND</span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whatever fruits in different climes are found,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That proudly rise or humbly court the ground;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whatever sweets salute the northern sky<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With vernal flowers, that blossom, but to die;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">These, here disporting, own the kindred soil,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nor ask luxuriance from the planter’s toil.</span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: 0em"> +The expense of keeping this place up is immense, but the +owner is very rich. He lives there during August and +September, and has fifteen other country houses. All the +island belongs to him, and is occupied by the palace and +gardens, except some fishermen’s huts, which are held by a +sort of feudal tenure. They live there as his vassals, fishing +for him, rowing him about the lake, and their children and +wives alone are employed in the gardens. It was built about +150 years ago by a younger son (a nephew of San Carlo), who +was richer than his elder brother. He was his own architect, +and planned both house and garden, but never completed +his designs. The cost was enormous, but if he had lived +and finished it all, he would have spent four millions more. +There is a laurel in the garden, the largest in Europe, two +trees growing from one stem, one nine and the other ten feet +round and eighty high; under this tree Buonaparte dined, +as he came into Italy, before the battle of Marengo, and with +a knife he cut the word ‘Battaglia’ on the bark, which has +since been stripped off, or has grown out—so the gardeners +said at least. Breakfasted at Baveno, which is the best inn +I have seen in Italy. The road from Baveno is exceedingly +beautiful, but on the whole I am rather disappointed with +the Simplon, though it is very wild and grand; but I am no +longer struck with the same admiration at the sight of +mountains that I was when I entered Savoy and saw them +for the first time. I walked the last thirteen miles of the +ascent to this place, and found one of the best dinners I ever +tasted, or one which my hunger made appear such.</p> + +<h3>Geneva, June 29th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Got here last night, and found +twenty letters at least. I only think of getting home as +fast as I can. Left the Simplon in torrents of rain, which +lasted the whole day. The descent is uncommonly grand, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span> +wild, savage, and picturesque, the Swiss side the finest. All +along the valley of the Rhone fine scenery; and yesterday, +in the most delightful weather I ever saw, the drive from +Martigny, along the lake and under the mountains, is +as beautiful as possible. The approach to Geneva is +gay, but Mont Blanc looks only very white, and not very +tall, which is owing to the level from which he is seen. +They tell me it has never ceased raining here, while on the +other side of the Alps hardly a drop has fallen. Only three +rainy days while I was in Italy—one at Venice, one at Rome, +and a couple of halves elsewhere.</p> + +<p><i>Evening</i>.—Passed the whole day driving about Geneva, in +Bautt’s shop, and at the Panorama of Switzerland. Dined +with Newton, drove round the environs by Sécheron; a +great appearance of wealth and comfort, much cultivation, +no beggars, and none of the houses tumbling down and +deserted. Altogether I like the appearance of the place, +though in a great hurry to get away from it. We had a +storm of thunder and lightning in the evening, which was +neither violent nor long, but I had the pleasure of +hearing</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Jura answer from her misty shroud<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Back to the joyous Alps, that call on her aloud.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Mont Blanc was hid in clouds all day, but the mountains +owe me some grudge. Mont Blanc won’t show his snows, +nor would Vesuvius his fires. It was dark when I crossed +the Cenis, and raining when I descended the Simplon.</p> + +<h3>Paris, July 3rd, 1830</h3> + +<p>Got here last night, after a fierce +journey of sixty-three hours from Geneva, only stopping +two hours for breakfast; but by never touching anything +but bread and coffee I was neither heated nor tired. The +Jura Mountains, which they say are so tedious, were the +pleasantest part of the way, for the road is beautiful all +through them, not like the Alps, but like a hilly, wooded +park. It rained torrents when I set out, but soon cleared +up, and when I got to the top of the first mountain, I saw a +mass of clouds rise like a curtain and unveil the whole landscape +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span> +<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF GEORGE IV.</span> +of Geneva, lake, mountains, and country—very fine +sight. We heard of the King’s death in the middle of the +night.</p> + +<h3>Calais, July 6th, 1830</h3> + +<p>Voilà qui est fini. Got here last night, +and found the Government packet only goes out five days a +week, and not to-day. I am very sorry my journey is all over, +but glad to find myself in England again—that is, when I +get there. I saw Lord Stuart at Paris, just breaking up his +establishment and sending his wife off to the Pyrenees. +Heard all the news of London and Paris, such as it was. +Not a soul left in Paris, which was like a dead city. I only +heard that, notwithstanding the way the elections are going +against the Government, Polignac is in high spirits. The +King of France was very civil about the death of our +King,<a name="FNA_10_14" id="FNA_10_14" href="#FN_10_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +and, without waiting, as is usual, for the announcement of +the event by the English Ambassador, he ordered the Court +into mourning upon the telegraphic account reaching +Paris.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_14" id="FN_10_14" href="#FNA_10_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +[George IV. died at Windsor on the 26th of June, 1830.]</p></div> + +<p>Here is the end of my brief but most agreeable expedition, +probably the only one I shall ever make. However +this may be, I have gained thus much at least—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A consciousness remains that it has left,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deposited upon the silent shore<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of memory, images, and precious thoughts,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That shall not die, and cannot be destroyed.</span> +</div></div> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="NOTE" id="NOTE"></a>NOTE.</h2> + +<p style="text-align: center"><i>MR. GREVILLE’S CONNEXION WITH THE TURF.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">Frequent references</span> will be remarked in these volumes to the connexion +of their author with the Turf, which was his favourite +amusement, and to his position as an influential member of the +Jockey Club. It may, therefore, be worth while to record in this +place the principal incidents in his racing career; and we are tempted, +in spite of the strange and incorrect phraseology of the writer, to +borrow the following notice of them from the pages of ‘Bailey’s +Magazine,’ published soon after Mr. Greville’s death:—</p> + +<p>‘Though the Warwick family have long been identified with the +sports of the field, it is fair to assume that Mr. Greville’s love for +the turf came from his mother’s side, as the Portlands, especially +the late Duke, have always been amongst the strongest supporters +of the national sport, and raced, as became their position in society. +That Mr. Greville took to racing early may be imagined when we +state he saw his first Derby in 1809, when the Duke of Grafton’s Pope +won it, beating five others. At that period he was barely fifteen years +of age, and the impression the sight of the race made upon him at the +time was very great, and it was rekindled more strongly when, in 1816, +travelling with his father and mother to Ickworth, the seat of the +Marquis of Bristol, he stopped at Newmarket and saw Invalid and +Deceiver run a match on the heath; and subsequently he saw a +great sweepstakes come off between Spaniard, Britannia, and Pope, +which the latter won. Four years elapse, and, as a proof that the +lad we have described had kept pace with the times, we find him +selected to manage the racing establishment of the late Duke of +York, on the death of Mr. Warwick Lake. The first step taken by +Mr. Greville on being installed in office was to weed the useless ones +and the ragged lot; and with the aid of Butler (father of the late +Frank and the present William Butler) he managed so well that in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span> +his second year he won the Derby for him with Moses. As the +Duke’s affairs at that time were in anything but a flourishing condition, +Mr. Greville did not persuade him to back his horse for much +money; still his Royal Highness won a fair stake, and was not a +little pleased at the result. He likewise carried off the Claret with +him the following year. With Banker, who was a very useful horse +at all distances, he won for him many good races; and, by a reference +to the “Calendars” of the day, it will be seen the Duke won in his +turn, if he did not carry all before him. To reproduce the names of +his horses now would not be worth while, as from the effluxion of +time the interest in them has ceased. The first animal in the shape +of a race-horse that Mr. Greville ever possessed was a filly by Sir +Harry Dimsdale, which he trained in the Duke’s stable with a few +others of no great standing.</p> + +<p>‘Circumstances with which the world are familiar rendering the +retirement of the Duke of York requisite, his stud came to the +hammer, and Mr. Greville came to the assistance of his uncle, the +Duke of Portland, who trained with Prince. With the Duke Mr. +Greville remained some little time, and afterwards became confederate +with Lord Chesterfield, who was at that time coming out, and +was in great force with his Zinganee, Priam, Carew, Glaucus, and +other crack horses. During this time he had few horses of any great +account of his own, although his confederate had nothing to complain +of in the shape of luck. At the termination of this confederacy +Mr. Greville entered upon another with his cousin, Lord George +Bentinck, who, from his father’s hostility to his racing, was unable +to run horses in his own name. The extent of this stud was so +great that we are unable to deal with it at the same time with the +horses of the subject of our memoir, who can scarcely be said to +have come across a really smashing good mare until he met with +Preserve, with whom, in 1834, he won the Clearwell and Criterion, +and in the following year the One Thousand Guineas, besides +running second for the Oaks to Queen of Trumps. A difference of +opinion as to the propriety of starting Preserve for the Goodwood +Stakes led to their separation, and for a time they were on very bad +terms, but by the aid of mutual friends a reconciliation was effected. +From what Preserve did for him, Mr. Greville was induced to dip +more freely into the blood, or, as old John Day would have said, +to take to the family, and accordingly he bought Mango, her own +brother, of Mr. Thornhill, who bred him. Mango only ran once as +a two-year-old, when, being a big, raw colt, he was not quick +enough on his legs for the speedy Garcia filly of Col. Peel and +John Day’s Chapeau d’Espagne, and was easily beaten. In the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> +spring Mango made so much improvement that Mr. Greville +backed him for the Derby for a good stake; and had he been able +to have continued his preparation at Newmarket, and been vanned +to Epsom, as is the custom in the present day, there is little +doubt he would have won; but having to walk all the way from +Newmarket, he could not afford to lose the days that were thus +consumed, and although he ran forward he did not get a place. +That this view of the case is not a sanguine one is proved by his +beating Chapeau d’Espagne, the second for the Oaks, for the Ascot +Derby, and within an hour afterwards bowling over Velure, the +third in that race, for William the Fourth’s Plate. On the Cup +Day he likewise beat the Derby favourite, Rat-Trap, over the Old +Mile. At Stockbridge, in a sweepstakes of 100 sovs. each, with +thirteen subscribers, he frightened all the field away with the exception +of Wisdom, whom he beat cleverly, and then he remained +at Dilly’s, at Littleton, to be prepared for the St. Leger. Having +stood his work well, John Day brought over The Drummer and +Chapeau d’Espagne from Stockbridge to try him on Winchester +race-course. Both Mr. Greville and Lord George Bentinck had +reason to be satisfied with what Mango did in his gallop on that +morning, and the latter backed him very heavily for the race—much +more so, indeed, than his owner. Mr. Greville was anxious +to have put up John Day, but the Duke of Cleveland having +claimed him for Henriade, he was obliged to substitute his son Sam, +a very rising lad, with nerves of iron and the coolest of heads. +The race was a memorable one, inasmuch as William Scott, who +was on Epirus, the first favourite, fell into the ditch soon after +starting, and Prince Warden running over him and striking him +with his hind leg, he sustained a severe fracture of the collar-bone. +Henriade also came down about a distance from home from a dog +crossing the course. John Day, however, soon righted him, but +the <i>contretemps</i> spoilt his chance. At the stand there were but +three in the struggle—The Doctor, Abraham Newland, and Mango. +The two former seemed to be making a match of it, and it looked +impossible for Mango to get up; but a slight opening presenting +itself, which was not visible to the spectators, Sam Day, with a +degree of resolution which justifies the attributes we have before +ascribed to him, sent his horse through with such a terrific rush +that his breeches were nearly torn off his boots, and won by a neck.</p> + +<p>‘After the race Lord George, who was a very heavy winner, +gave Honest John 500ℓ. for his trial with the Drummer; +the like sum to Sam Day for having ridden him better than +he was ridden in the Derby, and an equivalent proportion to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> +Montgomery Dilly for preparing him better than Prince for the +same race. Mango was afterwards sent to Newmarket for the St. +Leger, and “Craven,” who then edited the “Sporting Magazine,” +having asserted that Mr. Greville had caused it to be reported that +Mango was lame to get him back in the markets for that race, he +called on him to apologise for the statement, which proving, by +the volunteered testimony of Lord George Bentinck, Colonel Anson, +and Admiral Rous, to be wholly without foundation, the writer in +question made Mr. Greville the fullest <i>amende honorable</i>. Mango +only won once again as a four-year-old, when he carried off a sweepstakes +of 300 sovereigns at Newmarket, beating Chapeau d’Espagne +and Adrian. Having thus established himself with Dilly, owing to +Mr. Payne, with whom he had become confederate, training at +Littleton, Mr. Greville made no change until Dilly gave up, when he +continued his confidence to his brother William Dilly, who succeeded +him on his retirement from Lord Glasgow.</p> + +<p>‘It was some few years before Mr. Greville had another good horse, +at least one that is worth dwelling upon, and Alarm must be considered +the legitimate successor to Mango. This colt Mr. Greville purchased +of his breeder, Captain George Delmé, and tried him good +enough to win the Derby in 1845 in a canter, even in the face of such +animals as Idas and The Libel. But just prior to starting an accident +occurred by which all Mr. Greville’s hopes were destroyed; for The +Libel flying at Alarm very savagely, he jumped the chains, threw Nat +who lay for a time insensible on the ground, and ran away. He was, +however, soon caught and remounted, and although much cut about +ran forward enough to justify the idea that but for his accident he +must have won, as no other animal could have got through the +Cambridgeshire with 7st. 10lb. on him so easily as he did in a field +of such quality as he met. In the following year Alarm made some +amends for his Epsom failure, by winning the Ascot Cup, as well as +the Orange Cup at Goodwood, the latter after a terrific race with +Jericho. He also, at Newmarket in the autumn, won three great +matches in succession, viz. with Oakley, the Bishop of Romford’s +cob, and Sorella. Going through the “Calendar,” Cariboo is the +next most noteworthy animal we come across, for it will be recollected +he ran second to Canezou for the Goodwood Cup, having been lent +to make running for her. But it is almost needless to add that, had +Mr. Greville known him to be as good as he was, he would have +been started on his own account, in which case the cup in all +probability would have gone to Bruton Street instead of to Knowsley. +Continuing our track through the “Calendar,” we light on +a better year for Mr. Greville, in 1852, when he had really two +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> +good animals in Adine and Frantic. With the former, at York, he +had perhaps the best week he ever had in his life, having won both +the Yorkshire Oaks and Ebor Handicap with her, besides beating +Daniel O’Rourke with Frantic, who two months before had carried +off the Union Cup for him at Manchester. The following year +Adine did a good thing for him by winning the Goodwood Stakes, +and two years afterwards he again won that race with Quince.</p> + +<p>‘Between Adine and Quince’s years came Mr. Greville’s last good +horse, Muscovite, whom he thought impossible to lose the Metropolitan, +and backed him accordingly. He was much put out, +however, by old John Day telling him he had no chance with his +mare Virago. At first Mr. Greville was incredulous at what John +told him, and made him acquainted with the form of Muscovite. +This made not the slightest impression on the old man, who merely +went on repeating Mr. Greville must back Virago for 500ℓ., and +the value of the advice was proved by the mare beating the +horse very easily. Muscovite’s career for a time was a very unfortunate +one, for when in Dockeray’s stable he was so “shinned” that +his chance for the Goodwood Stakes was completely out, and his +trainer, who could not discover the offender, and who was terribly +annoyed at the circumstance, begged he might be transferred to +William Dilly’s, at Littleton. While there he was betted against for +the Cæsarewitch in the same determined manner as he had been for +his other races, and when he arrived at Newmarket, and stood in +Nat’s stables, which were perfectly impregnable, there was no +cessation in the opposition to him, although his trainer told everybody +that unless he was shot on the Heath, which he could not +prevent, he would walk in. This he did, and the crash he produced +is still fresh in the public recollection; but it is creditable to the +bookmaker who laid the most money against him to state that out of +23,000ℓ. which he lost, he paid 16,000ℓ. down on the spot, an act +which procured him time for the remainder.</p> + +<p>‘Since Muscovite, who is now at the stud at Newmarket, Mr. +Greville has had no animal that has done a really good thing for him, +though Anfield made another determined attempt at the Goodwood +Stakes this year; and having, at Lord Ribblesdale’s sale of General +Peel’s horses, purchased Orlando, and added him to his establishment +at Hampton Court, he has turned his attention perhaps more to +breeding than racing. For some time his returns were very large, but +of late, from the age of Orlando, and from getting some of his stock +so small, they have diminished in amount, although the old horse +looks as fresh as a four-year-old, and preserves all that fine symmetry +for which he was remarkable both in and out of training. Latterly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span> +Mr. Greville, from being the confederate of Mr. Payne, has trained +with Alec Taylor at Fyfield; but with Godding he has generally two +or three at Newmarket.</p> + +<p>‘In turning to Mr. Greville in his private capacity we hardly +know how to treat him, for his is a nature that shrinks from having +his good deeds brought before the glare of the public eye. No man, +ever so high or low, we believe, ever sought his advice and assistance +in vain; and to no one individual, probably, have so many and such +various difficulties been submitted. Neither can we remember a new +trial or even an appeal demanded by those who had sought his +counsel. Beloved by his friends, and feared by his opponents, Mr. +Greville will ever be considered one of the most remarkable men +that have lent lustre to the English turf.’</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="END_OF_THE_FIRST_VOLUME" id="END_OF_THE_FIRST_VOLUME"></a>END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> + +<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary=""> + <tr> + <td> <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_Q">Q</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_X">X</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td> + <td> <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_A" id="IX_A"></a> +Abercromby, Right Hon. James, + proposed as Speaker, ii. 333; + Master of the Mint, iii. 95; + proposed as Speaker, 201; + the Speakership, 204; + elected Speaker, 213</li> + +<li>Aberdeen, Earl of, + Duchy of Lancaster, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + motion about Belgium, ii. 238</li> + +<li>Achmet Pacha, + concludes a treaty with Russia, iii. 69</li> + +<li>Adair, Right Hon. Sir Robert, + sworn in Privy Councillor, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Addington, Henry Unwin, + recalled from Madrid, iii. 14</li> + +<li>Address, proposed amendment to the, iii. 217</li> + +<li>Adelaide, Queen, ii. 7; + at the Ancient Concert, 133; + mobbed in the City, 141; + audience of, about the crown, 179; + coronation of, 190; + Lord Howe, 338; + yacht, iii. 99; + return of, 125; + illness of, 125; + supposed to be with child, 198, 199, 201</li> + +<li>Adrian’s Villa, i. <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li>Agar Ellis, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Dover">Dover, Lord</a></li> + +<li>Alava, General, and the Duke of Cumberland, iii. 275</li> + +<li>Albani, Cardinal, + influence of, i. <a href="#Page_310">310</a>; + conversation with, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; + interview with, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li> + +<li>Albano, i. <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li> + +<li>Alexander, Emperor of Russia, + death of, i. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; + coronation of, described by Talleyrand, ii. 185</li> + +<li>Allen, Dr., Bishop of Ely, iii. 363</li> + +<li>Allen, John, iii. 135; + unbelief of, 324</li> + +<li>Althorp, Viscount, + <a name="IX_Althorp" id="IX_Althorp"></a> + proposed as Chairman of the Finance Committee, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, ii. 66, + introduces the budget, 114; + leader of the House of Commons, 116, 200; + letter to Attwood, 205, 206; + hurries on the Irish Church Bill, 364; + as Chancellor of the Exchequer, iii. 2; + arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms, 56; + financial statement, 60; + defects as leader, 62; + summons a meeting of the supporters of Government, 92; + resigns, 101; + popularity of, 105; + Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Melbourne, 113; + succeeds his father as Earl Spencer, 140</li> + +<li>Alvanley, Lord, + duel with Morgan O’Connell, ii. 257; + on Irish affairs, 348</li> + +<li>America, + dispute with France, iii. 322</li> + +<li>Anglesey, Marquis of, + recalled, i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; + entry into Dublin, ii. 99; + disputes with O’Connell, 106</li> + +<li>Antwerp, + threatened bombardment of, by the Dutch, ii. 321; + French army marches to, 329</li> + +<li>Arbuthnot, Right Hon. Charles, + nickname ‘Gosh,’ i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + conversation with, on the Duke of Wellington’s Administration, ii. 51; + conversation with, at Oatlands, 170</li> + +<li>Arbuthnot, Mrs., + death of, iii. 116</li> + +<li>Arkwright, Sir Richard, + fortunes of iii. 50</li> + +<li>Arkwright, Mrs., visit to, iii. 49</li> + +<li>Arms Bill, the, ii. l96</li> + +<li>Arnold, Dr., proposed for a bishopric, iii. 325</li> + +<li>Artevelde, Philip van, iii. 114; + discussed at Holland House, 128</li> + +<li>Ascot Races, + 1831, ii. 147; + 1833, 375</li> + +<li>Attwood, + chairman of the Birmingham Union, ii. 205, 208; + proclamation against, 215</li> + +<li>Auckland, Lord, + Board of Trade, ii. 66; + First Lord of the Admiralty, iii. 88, 113; + on the state of affairs, 238; + First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Melbourne’s second Administration, 256</li> + +<li>Augustus, Prince, of Prussia, ii. 319</li> + +<li>Austin, Mr. John, his work on Jurisprudence, iii. 138</li> + +<li>Austin, Mr. Charles, ii. 306</li> + +<li>Aylmer, Lord, + recalled from Canada, iii. 394; + the King’s address to him, 395</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_B" id="IX_B"></a> +Bachelor, + valet to the Duke of York and to King George IV., + i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; + conversation with, ii. 30</li> + +<li>Bagot, Lord, conduct to Lord Harrowby, ii. 253</li> + +<li>Baiæ, Bay of, i. <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> + +<li>Baring, House of, ii. 53</li> + +<li>Baring, Right Hon. Alexander, + offered the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, ii. 299; + proposes a compromise with the ex-Ministers, 300</li> + +<li>Baring, Francis, + Chairman of the West India Committee, iii. 279</li> + +<li>Barnes, Mr., editor of the ‘Times,’ ii. 97, 214; + negotiations with, for supporting the Government, iii. 155, 156, 157 + dines with Lord Lyndhurst, 167, 169 + alarm of, at the prevailing spirit, 188</li> + +<li>Barri, Madame du, ii. 219</li> + +<li>Barry, Dr., + sent to Sunderland, ii. 216; + report on cholera, 217</li> + +<li>Bath, Chapter of the Order of the, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> + +<li>Bathurst, Earl, + Lord President, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + death of, iii. 115; + character of, 115</li> + +<li>Bathurst, Countess, conversation with, ii. 62</li> + +<li>Bathurst, Hon. William, + appointed Clerk of the Council, ii. 61, 86; + delay in appointment of, 74; + sworn in Clerk of the Council, 94</li> + +<li>Bathurst, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Seymour, + death of, iii. 79</li> + +<li>Baudrand, General, ii. 33; + reception of, 38</li> + +<li>Bazaar, in Hanover Square, ii. 383</li> + +<li>Beauclerc, Lord Aurelius, + dances a country dance with the King, ii. 341</li> + +<li>Belgian question, the, settlement of, ii. 314</li> + +<li>Belgium, + revolution in, ii. 41; + affairs of, 44; + unsettled state of, 69; + deputation from, 160; + fortresses of, 169; + invaded by the Dutch, 175; + French army refuses to leave, 181; + end of hostilities with the Dutch, 184; + Conference, 1832, 321</li> + +<li>Belmore, Earl of, Governor of Jamaica, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li>Belvoir Castle, iii. 46</li> + +<li>Benson, Canon, sermon at the Temple Church, ii. 113</li> + +<li>Bentinck, Right Hon. Lord William, + desires to be appointed Governor-General of India, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + address to the electors of Glasgow, iii. 339, 343; + qualities of, 339; + inscription on monument in honour of, 340</li> + +<li>Bentinck, Lord Henry, quarrel with Sir Roger Gresley, ii. 148</li> + +<li>Bergara, Convention of, iii. 259</li> + +<li>Berri, Duchesse de, in La Vendée, ii. 322</li> + +<li>Berry, Miss, iii. 58</li> + +<li>Berryer, M., iii. 379; + appearance of, 380</li> + +<li>Best, Right Hon. William Draper, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Wynford">Lord Wynford</a></li> + +<li>Bethnal Green, distress in, ii. 261</li> + +<li>Bexley, Lord, + Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Biekersteth, Henry, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Langdale">Lord Langdale</a></li> + +<li>Blacas, M. de, + favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305</li> + +<li>Black Book, the, ii. 79</li> + +<li>Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin, + dismissal of, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Blount, Rev. Mr., + sermon, iii. 12</li> + +<li>Body-snatchers, ii. 227</li> + +<li>Bologna, i. <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> + +<li>Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon, + in the 100 days, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + campaigns of, described by Marshal Marmont, ii. 35</li> + +<li>Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, + Strasburg attempt, iii. 381</li> + +<li>Bonaparte, Joseph, + at dinner at Lady Cork’s, iii. 18</li> + +<li>Bonaparte, Lucien, + introduced to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 11; + at dinner at Lady Cork’s, 18</li> + +<li>Boodle’s, dinner at, ii. 124</li> + +<li>Bosanquet, Right Hon. Sir John Bernard, + sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 30; + Judge of the King’s Bench, 71</li> + +<li>Boswell, ‘Life of Johnson,’ anecdotes lost, ii. 105</li> + +<li>Boulogne, iii. 388</li> + +<li>Bourbon, Duke de, death of, ii. 50</li> + +<li>Bourmont, Marshal de, marches on Lisbon, iii. 25</li> + +<li>Bourne, Right Hon. Sturges, + Secretary of State for the Home Department, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Bowring, Dr., + sent to Paris, ii. 219; + satire of Moore on, 219; + career of, 220</li> + +<li>Bradshaw, Mrs., acting of, at Bridgewater House, ii. 353</li> + +<li>Brescia, i. <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> + +<li>Bretby, + visit to, iii. 327; + Chesterfield Papers, 327</li> + +<li>Bridgewater House, dramatic performances at, iii. 352, 355</li> + +<li>Bridgewater Election, iii. 398</li> + +<li>Brighton, + the Court at, 1832, ii. 334; + races, 1835, iii. 284</li> + +<li>Bristol, riots at, ii. 208</li> + +<li>Broglie, Duke de. conduct of, iii. 386</li> + +<li>Brooks’s Club, iii. 320</li> + +<li>Brougham, Lord, + attack upon, in ‘Quarterly Review,’ i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + speech on the Queen’s trial, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; + letter to the Queen, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; + qualities of, ii. 18, 33; + appointed Lord High Chancellor, 65; + discontent of, 65; + social qualities of, 69; + anecdote of, 106; + quarrel with Sugden, 106; + correspondence with Southey on rewards to literary men, 112; + speech on Chancery Reform, 118; + domestic kindness of, 120; + origin of representation of Yorkshire, 125; + as Lord Chancellor, 128; + at the Horse Guards, 129; + as a judge, 145; + at dinner at Hanbury’s brewery, 148; + at the British Museum, 149; + claims the old Great Seal, 188; + intention of sitting at the Privy Council, 223; + speech on the Russian Loan, 244; + quarrel with Sugden, 312; + anecdote of, 314; + Bill for creating a new Court of Appeal, 342; + Bill objected to, 344; + Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Bill, 365; + sits on the case of Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, 370; + as Chancellor, iii. 22; + anecdotes of Queen Caroline, 36; + and Sir William Home, 67; + meets Sir Thomas Denman in Bedfordshire, 71; + judicial changes, 71; + defence of himself, 72; + apology for, 76; + speech on Lord Wynford’s Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83; + on the Pluralities Bill, 86; + on the Irish Church, 94; + and the ‘Times,’ 96; + Lord Chancellor in Lord Melbourne’s Administration, 113; + and Lord Westmeath, 119; + conduct in the Westmeath case, 119, 124; + versatility of, 121; + lines applied to, 121; + Greek epigrams, 121; + ambition of, 122; + in Scotland, 133; + communicates to the ‘Times’ the fall of Lord Melbourne’s first + Administration, 145; + resigns the Great Seal, 156; + takes leave of the Bar, 156; + asks for the Chief Baronship, 157; + anecdote, 232; + conduct of, in the case of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 260, 267; + on the London University Charter, 261; + judgment in the case of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 274; + on the Corporation Bill, 286; + violence in the House of Lords, 303; + illness of, 329; + and Macaulay, 337, 338; + at Queen Victoria’s first Council, 408</li> + +<li>Brummel, ‘Beau,’ i. <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> + +<li>Brussels, disturbances at, ii. 40</li> + +<li>Buccleuch, Duke of, + subscription to election expenses, iii. 182</li> + +<li>Budget, the, 1831, ii. 113</li> + +<li>Buller, James, death of, ii. 59</li> + +<li>Bülow, Baron von, on English affairs, iii. 211</li> + +<li>Bulwer, Sir Edward Lytton, iii. 348</li> + +<li>Bunsen, Baron, i. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>; + career of, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>; + on Roman affairs, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> + +<li>Burdett, Sir Francis, + returned for Westminster, 1837, iii. 398</li> + +<li>Burghersh, Lord, + at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; + amateur opera, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> + +<li>Burghersh, Lady, + intercedes for a prisoner at the Old Bailey, ii. 85</li> + +<li>Burghley, party at, iii. 53</li> + +<li>Burke, Right Hon. Edmund, + writings of, iii. 209; + compared with Mackintosh, 314</li> + +<li>Burke, Sir G., conversation with, on O’Connell, ii. 111</li> + +<li>Buxton, Fowell, dinner at the brewery, ii. 148</li> + +<li>Byng, Right Hon. George, Lord of the Treasury, iii. 95</li> + +<li>Byron, Lord, + Moore’s Life of, i. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_C" id="IX_C"></a> +Cambridge, H.R.H. the Duchess of, + reception of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li>Cambridge, University of, + petition for the admission of Dissenters to the, iii. 72, 75</li> + +<li>Campbell, Sir John, Solicitor-General, ii. 333; + Attorney-General, iii. 141</li> + +<li>Canada, affairs in, iii. 350</li> + +<li>Canning, Right Hon. Sir Stratford, + Ambassador at St. Petersburg, ii. 352, 357; + anecdote of, iii. 39; + offered the Governor-Generalship of Canada, 234</li> + +<li>Canning, Right Hon. George. Foreign Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; + correspondence with the King on taking office, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + forms an Administration (1827), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; + anecdotes of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; + industrious habits of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; + memoirs of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>; + despatch in verse, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; + sagacity of, ii. 42; + conversation with the King, 102; + correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, 103; + coldness to the Duke of Wellington, 103; + anecdote of, 125; + negotiation with the Whigs, 170; + influence over Lord Liverpool, 172; + in favour with the King, 172; + on Reform, iii. 135; + and King George IV., 137</li> + +<li>Canning, Lady, + visit to, ii. 101; + authorship of pamphlet, iii. 40</li> + +<li>Canning, Mr. Charles, + offered a Lordship of the Treasury, iii. 202</li> + +<li>Cannizzaro, Duchess of, iii. 11; + crowns the Duke of Wellington, 406</li> + +<li>Canterbury, Archbishop of, + indecision of the, ii. 250, 262, 263; + importance of support of the, 252, 253</li> + +<li>Canterbury, Viscount, + declines to go to Canada, iii. 234</li> + +<li>Capo di Monte, i. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> + +<li>Capua, i. <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Cardinals, the, i. <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> + +<li>Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; iii. 88</li> + +<li>Carlists, the, + in Spain, iii. 66</li> + +<li>Carlos, Don, + in London, iii. 98</li> + +<li>Carlow election, iii. 348</li> + +<li>Carnarvon, Earl of, + refuses to move the address in the House of Lords, iii. 202</li> + +<li>Caroline, Queen, + return of, i. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; + trial of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; + anecdote of, iii. 37</li> + +<li>Carvalho, Minister of Finance to Dom Pedro, iii. 93</li> + +<li>Catacombs, the, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Rome">Rome</a></li> + +<li>Catholic emancipation, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, + <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li>Catholic Relief Bill, + excitement concerning the, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords</a> and <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons</a></li> + +<li>Cato Street Conspiracy, the, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Cayla, Madame du, i. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + dinner at the Duke of Wellington’s, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; + Béranger’s verses on, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; + favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 306</li> + +<li>Cenis, the Mont, i. <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> + +<li>Champollion, Jean François, + death of, ii. 307</li> + +<li>Chapeau de Paille, the, + purchase of, ii. 125</li> + +<li>Chapel, near Holland House, unable to be consecrated, iii. 200</li> + +<li>Charles I., King, + head of, discovered at Windsor, ii. 168; + executioner of, iii. 132</li> + +<li>Charles X., King, of France, + arrival of in England, ii. 31; + at Lulworth Castle, 33; + off Cowes, 34</li> + +<li>Charlotte, Queen, + illness of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li>Charlotte, H.R.H. the Princess, + anecdotes of, ii. 319</li> + +<li>Chartres, H.R.H. the Duc de, + arrival of, i. <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li>Chatham, Earl of, + death of, iii. 316</li> + +<li>Chatsworth, + hospitality at, i. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; + charade at, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; + party at, ii. 51</li> + +<li>Chesterfield Papers, the, iii. 327</li> + +<li>Chobert, the ‘Fire King,’ i. <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li>Cholera, the, + in Russia, ii. 57; + account of, 150; + preventive measures against, 154, 216; + effect on trade of, 156; + spread of, 161; + alarm about, 169; + at Berlin, 192; + at Sunderland, 208, 210; + at Marseilles, 221; + on the decline, 224; + near Edinburgh, 240; + in London, 258, 259; + in Bethnal Green, 261; + account of, 278; + diminution of, 285; + in Paris, 287; + alarm in London, 309, 311</li> + +<li>Christina, Queen, of Spain, iii. 66, 72; + reported flight of, 360; + courage of, 365</li> + +<li>Christmas trees, + introduced by Princess Lieven at Panshanger, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> + +<li>Church Bill, the, + Committee on, iii. 199</li> + +<li>Church Reform, iii. 206</li> + +<li>City, the, + address to the King, ii. 126; + illumination in, 140; + election, 1835, iii. 184, 186, 187; + anxiety in the money-market, 373, 376</li> + +<li>Civil List, the, + excess of expenditure on, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; + for debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Clanricarde, Marquis of, + sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78</li> + +<li>Clarence, H.R.H. the Duke of, + Lord High Admiral, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + removal of, from the office of Lord High Admiral, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a>. + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_William">William IV.</a></li> + +<li>Cobbett, William, + trial of, ii. 158; + returned for Oldham, 335; + takes his seat, 351; + and Sir Robert Peel, 373</li> + +<li>Cochrane, Lord, + at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; + villa near Florence, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li>Codrington, Sir E., + interview with the Duke of Wellington, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li>Coercion Bill, the, introduced, ii. 359</li> + +<li>Colchester Election, iii. 112</li> + +<li>Commons, House of; + <a name="IX_Commons" id="IX_Commons"></a> + Alien Bill, i. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + Dr. Halloran’s petition, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + debate on grant to the Duke of York, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; + debates on Queen Caroline, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; + Small Notes Bill, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + debates on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, + <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, + <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; + division on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; + Catholic Relief Bill read a third time, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; + Regency and Civil List, ii. 45; + debate on the Evesham election, 25; + debate on the Civil List, 110; + announcement of the Reform Bill, 110; + Pension List, 111; + debate on Ireland, 112; + Budget of 1831, 113; + proposed reductions, 118; + introduction of the first Reform Bill, 121; + debates on the Reform Bill, 123, 125; + debate on the Timber duties, 130; + debate on the Reform Bill, 131; + division on the Reform Bill, 132; + Government defeated, 135; + scene in the House, 135; + second reading of the Reform Bill, 156; + Wine duties, 160; + Reform Bill, Schedule A, 170; + second Reform Bill, 227; + debate on, and second reading of the second Reform Bill carried, 228; + Reform Bill supported by the Irish Members, 239; + division on the Russian Loan, 240; + division on the sugar duties, 267; + Reform Bill passed, 270; + debates, 296; + violent scene in debate on petition of the City of London, 299; + Irish Tithe question, 308; + debate on, 309; + debate on the Address, 353; + Irish Church Reform, 354; + aspect of the reformed House, 360; + debate on Slave Emancipation, 371; + vote of confidence in the Ministers, 376; + division on the Irish Church Bill, 381; + vote against sinecures, iii. 13; + division on Apprenticeship Clause of West India Bill, 16; + disorganised state of the House, 17; + Pension List, 60; + business of the House, 61; + debate on the Corn Laws, 68; + debate on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75; + debate on Repeal of the Union, 80; + Pension List, 80; + debate on Portugal, 82; + Poor Law Bill, 83; + debate on Irish Tithe Bill, 98, 99; + gallery for reporters, 205; + debate on the Speakership, 214; + debate on the Address, 221; + debate and division on amendment to the Address, 223; + Malt Tax, 224; + debate on appointment of Lord Londonderry, 225; + Dissenters’ Marriage Bill, 230; + Government beaten on Chatham election, 234; + state of parties in the House, 234; + debate and division on Irish Church question, 240; + uproar in the House, 243; + Government defeated on Irish Tithe Bill, 246; + debate on Irish Church Bill, 281; + position of the House, 288, 291; + conflict with the House of Lords, 225; + debate and division on the amendment to the Address, 334; + effect of division, 336; + Opposition defeated, 347; + division, 359; + Irish Corporation Bill, 388; + insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389; + debates on Irish Tithe Bill, 391; + abandonment of the appropriation clauses, 393</li> + +<li>Como, i. <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li> + +<li>Conroy, Sir John, ii. 190; iii. 3</li> + +<li>Conservative Club, + dinner at, ii. 327; + speeches, 327</li> + +<li>Constantine, the Grand Duke, + accident to, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; + death of, ii. 164</li> + +<li>Convention signed between France, England, and Holland, ii. 375</li> + +<li>Conyngham, Marquis of, Postmaster-General, iii. 88, 113</li> + +<li>Conyngham, Marchioness of, i. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + wears a Crown jewel, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; + Court intrigues, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li>Conyngham, Lord Francis, i. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Coprogli, History of the Grand Vizier, iii. 115</li> + +<li>Cornelius, painter, ii. 149</li> + +<li>Coronation, the, of William IV. + decided on, ii. 156; + preparations for, 157, 163, 165; + estimates for, 181; + disputes over the arrangements for, 187</li> + +<li>Cottenham, Lord, + <a name="IX_Cottenham" id="IX_Cottenham"></a> + Lord High Chancellor, iii. 328</li> + +<li>Cotton, Sir Willoughby, + suppresses the insurrection in Jamaica, ii. 262; + on affairs in Jamaica, 380</li> + +<li>Council, Clerk of the, + Mr. Greville sworn in, i. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + after the accession of William IV., ii. 12; + Lord Grey’s Administration sworn in, 71; + for the proclamation against rioters, 73; + recorder’s report in, 85; + clerks of the, 87; + scene at Council for a new Great Seal, 188</li> + +<li>Council, Privy: + suttee case before the, ii. 307; + embargo on Dutch ships, 343; + meeting of the, on the London University petition, iii. 80; + counter petition of Oxford and Cambridge, 80</li> + +<li>Council, Cabinet: + the first of Lord Melbourne’s Administration, iii. 120; + the first of Sir Robert Peel’s Administration, 174</li> + +<li>Covent Garden Theatrical Fund Dinner, i. <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Coventry, glove trade, ii. 224</li> + +<li>Cowley, Abraham, + lines from ‘Ode to Solitude,’ ii. 272</li> + +<li>Cowper, Earl, at Panshanger, ii. 229</li> + +<li>Cowper, Countess, at Panshanger, ii. 229</li> + +<li>Cowper, William, Life of, by Southey, iii. 134</li> + +<li>Cradock, Colonel, sent to Charles X., ii. 37</li> + +<li>Crampton, Sir Philip, Irish story, i. <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> + +<li>Craven, Earl of, disperses a mob, ii. 77; + on the proposed new Peers, 232</li> + +<li>Craven, General the Hon. Berkeley, suicide of, iii. 350</li> + +<li>Crawford, William, member for the City of London, iii. 188</li> + +<li>Creevey, Mr., i. <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> + +<li>Croker, Right Hon. John Wilson, edition of ‘Boswell’s Life of Johnson,’ ii. 105; + reviews lost, 106</li> + +<li>Cumberland, H.S.H. the Duke of, + opposition to Catholic Relief Bill, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + intrigues at Court, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + insults Lady Lyndhurst, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; + quarrel with Lord Lyndhurst, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; + disputes concerning the office of ‘Gold Stick,’ ii. 5, 21</li> + +<li>Cumberland, H.P..H. the Duchess of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li>Cuvier, Baron, death of, ii. 307</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_D" id="IX_D"></a> +Dalberg, Duke de, letter on European affairs, ii. 44</li> + +<li>Dawson, Right Hon. George Robert, + speech on Catholic Emancipation, i. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, + <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; + sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 71</li> + +<li>De Gazes, Duke, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305; + Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 306</li> + +<li>Dedel, M., Dutch Minister at the Court of St. James, iii, 32</li> + +<li>Denbigh, Earl of, Chamberlain to Queen Adelaide, ii. 342; + sworn in Privy Councillor, 352</li> + +<li>Denman, Lord, correspondence with the King, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; + sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 329; + Lord Chief Justice, 330; + qualities of, 331; + meeting of, with Lord Brougham, in Bedfordshire, iii. 71; + raised to the Peerage, 74</li> + +<li>Derby Dilly, the, iii. 236, 237, 253</li> + +<li>De Ros, Lord, in Rome, i. <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li> + +<li>De Ros, Colonel, the Hon. Arthur John Hill, + death of, i. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Dickenson, Captain, trial of, by court-martial, i. <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> + +<li>Diebitsch, Marshal, death of, from cholera, ii. 154</li> + +<li>Dino, Duc de, arrest of the, i. <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> + +<li>Dino, Duchesse de, ii. 57; + on the state of France, 195</li> + +<li>Discontent throughout the country, ii. 108</li> + +<li>Disraeli, Benjamin, projects for sitting in Parliament, iii. 170</li> + +<li>Dissenters’ Marriage Bill, iii. 207, 230. + For debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Dorsetshire election, 1831, ii. 203, 207; + crime in, iii. 77</li> + +<li>Dover, Lord, + <a name="IX_Dover" id="IX_Dover"></a> + resigns the Woods and Forests, ii. 109; + created a Peer, 150; + death of, iii. 4; + character of, 4; + Life of Frederick II., 6; + book on the Man in the Iron Mask, 6</li> + +<li>Down, deanery of, iii. 70</li> + +<li>Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, case of, ii. 224; + lunacy case, 369; + decision on, 375; + final meeting on, 377</li> + +<li>Drummond, Henry, mission to the Archbishop of York, iii. 333</li> + +<li>Dublin Police Bill, iii. 333</li> + +<li>Dudley, Earl of, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, + i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + dinner to Marshal Marmont, ii. 38; + eccentricity of, 271, 272</li> + +<li>‘Duke of Milan,’ quotation from the, i. <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Dulcken, Madam, performs before the Judicial Committee, iii. 325</li> + +<li>Duncannon, Viscount, iii. 104; + called to the House of Lords, and Secretary of State, 109; + sworn in, 112; + Home Secretary, 113; + on O’Connell, 117; + at a fire in Edward Street, 117; + on the state of affairs, 196; + Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord Melbourne, 256</li> + +<li>Duncombe, Hon. Thomas Slingsby, maiden speech of, + i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; + petition from Barnet, ii. 255; + guilty of libel, iii. 9; + at Hillingdon, 123</li> + +<li>Durham, Earl of, quarrel with Lady Jersey, ii. 119; + influence over Lord Grey, 222; + attack on Lord Grey at a Cabinet dinner, 226; + rudeness of, 269; + return from Russia, 333; + violence of, 333; + created an earl, 365</li> + +<li>Dwarris, Sir Fortunatus, dinner at the house of, ii. 359</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_E" id="IX_E"></a> +East, Sir E. Hyde, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li> + +<li>Eboli, Duchesse d’, ball at Naples, i. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> + +<li>Ebrington, Viscount, moves a vote of + confidence in the Government, ii. 202, 204</li> + +<li>Ebury, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78</li> + +<li>Egremont, Earl of, at Petworth, ii. 336; + wealth of, 337; + hospitality to the poor, iii. 84</li> + +<li>Eldon, Earl of, audience of King George IV., i. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; + speech at Apsley House, ii. 198; + career of, 378; + tribute to, iii. 42</li> + +<li>Election, General, in 1830, ii. 20, 29; + in 1831, 139, 141, 142, 145; + in 1832, 335; + in 1835, iii. 184, 189, 191, 193; + results of, 195; + in the counties, 198; + result, 201</li> + +<li>Eliot, Lord, return of, from Spain, iii. 259; + conversation with Louis Philippe, 259</li> + +<li>Ellenborough, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + letter to Sir John Malcolm, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>; + on West India affairs, ii. 350; + on Egypt, 351; + speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, iii. 73</li> + +<li>Ellesmere, Earl of, + <a name="IX_Ellesmere" id="IX_Ellesmere"></a> + Irish Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Ellice, Right Hon. Edward, iii. 104; + and the Colchester election, 112; + Secretary for War, 113; + in Paris, 379</li> + +<li>Elliot, Frederic, letter from Canada, iii. 325</li> + +<li>Epsom races, 1831, ii. 143; + in 1833, 373</li> + +<li>Erskine, Right Hon. Thomas, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 223; + Chief Judge in Bankruptcy, 223</li> + +<li>Escars, Duchesse d’, at a party given by the Duke of Wellington, + i. <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li>Este, Sir Augustus d’, behaviour of, ii. 194</li> + +<li>Esterhazy, Prince Paul, conversation with, ii. 40; + on Belgian affairs, 189; + on the state of England, iii. 32; + on affairs in Europe, 370; + conversation with, 373</li> + +<li>Europe, state of, ii. 126; + in 1831, 187; + in 1836, iii. 370</li> + +<li>Evans, General de Lacy, iii. 265; + reported death of, 359</li> + +<li>Evans, the incendiary, arrest of, ii. 70</li> + +<li>Exeter, Bishop of, + <a name="IX_Exeter" id="IX_Exeter"></a> + correspondence with Lord Melbourne, ii. 97; + interview with Lord Grey, 205; + talents of, 287; + ambition of, 289</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_F" id="IX_F"></a> +Falck, Baron, ii. 15, 41</li> + +<li>Ferdinand, Emperor, of Austria, iii. 374</li> + +<li>Fergusson, Right Hon. Cutlar, Judge Advocate, iii. 95</li> + +<li>Ferrara, i. <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> + +<li>Fieschi conspiracy, iii. 286</li> + +<li>Fingall, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li> + +<li>Finsbury election, 1834, Radical returned, iii. 100</li> + +<li>Fitzclarence, Colonel George, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Munster">Munster, Earl of</a></li> + +<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Frederick, resigns appointment at the Tower, ii. 362</li> + +<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Adolphus, picture of, ii. 179</li> + +<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Augustus, at Ascot, ii. 147; + picture of, 176</li> + +<li>Fitzclarence, Lady Augusta, marriage of, iii. 363</li> + +<li>Fitzgerald, Right Hon. Vesey, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Fitzherbert, Sirs., death of, iii. 396; + documents of, 396</li> + +<li>Flahault, Madame de, anecdotes of Princess Charlotte, ii. 319; + <i>salon</i> of, in Paris, iii. 381</li> + +<li>Fleury, Cardinal, ii. 347</li> + +<li>Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; + sights of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>; + society at, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>; + sculpture, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; + pictures, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; + Grand Duke, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> + +<li>Foley, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84; + Lord-Lieutenant of Worcestershire, 84; + at St. James’s, 297</li> + +<li>Fonblanque, Albany, iii. 348</li> + +<li>Forester, Right Hon. Colonel Cecil, + resigns his appointment as Groom of the Bedchamber, ii. 118</li> + +<li>Forfar election, 1835, iii. 197</li> + +<li>Fox, Mrs. Lane, accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend, ii. 133; + receives the Cabinet Ministers, iii. 140</li> + +<li>Fox, Right Hon. Charles James, described by Talleyrand, ii. 344</li> + +<li>Fox, W.J., Unitarian minister, sermon, iii. 43</li> + +<li>France, state of affairs in, i. <a href="#Page_284">284</a>; + appearance of the country, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>; + impending crisis in 1830, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; + events in 1830, ii. 17; + revolution, 19; + Duke of Orleans ascends the throne, 26; + political prospects, 26; + reconstruction of the Constitution, 28; + army ordered to Belgium, 178; + army in Belgium, 181; + seizure of Portuguese ships, 182, 184; + republican tendencies of, 187; + state of the country, 1831, 195; + weakness of the Government of Louis Philippe, 322; + dispute with America, iii. 322; + state of the country, 382</li> + +<li>Francis, Sir Philip, handwriting of, i. <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 185</li> + +<li>Franz Joseph, Archduke, iii. 374</li> + +<li>Frascati, convent at, i. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>; + dinner at, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>; + visit to, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_G" id="IX_G"></a> +Gallatin, Albert, i. <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> + +<li>Gambier, Lord, proxy of, ii. 286</li> + +<li>Garrick, David, anecdotes of ii. 316</li> + +<li>Gell, Sir William, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, + <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> + +<li>Geneva, i. <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> + +<li>Genoa, i. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>; + palaces, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; + churches, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; + tomb of Andrew Doria, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> + +<li>George III., death of, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + will, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; + jewels and property, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; + dislike of the Duke of Richmond, iii. 129</li> + +<li>George IV., + illness of, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + at the Pavilion, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; + interview with, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; + health and habits of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; + violent dislike to the Catholic Relief Bill, + <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; + personal habits of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; + interview with the Lord Chancellor, + the Duke of Wellington, and Sir Robert Peel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; + health of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; + racing interests of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + anecdotes concerning, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; + eyesight affected, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; + courage of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; + conduct in reference to Mr. Denman, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>; + illness of, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; + funeral of, ii. 4; + sale of wardrobe, 23; + details of last illness, 30; + anecdotes concerning, 189</li> + +<li>Gérard, Marshal, reported resignation of, ii. 45; + ordered to Belgium, 178</li> + +<li>Gibson, John, R.A., at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li> + +<li>Gladstone, William Ewart, West India Committee, iii. 280</li> + +<li>Glenelg, Lord, + <a name="IX_Glenelg" id="IX_Glenelg"></a> + President of the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + Board of Control, ii. 66, iii. 113; + Colonial Secretary in Lord Melbourne’s second Administration, 256; + and the King, 276</li> + +<li>‘Glenfinlas’ performed at Bridgewater House, iii. 353, 355</li> + +<li>Glengall, Earl of, comedy by the, i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Glengall, Countess of, ii. 85</li> + +<li>Gloucester, H.R.H. the Duke of, ii. 8</li> + +<li>Goderich, Viscount, + <a name="IX_Goderich" id="IX_Goderich"></a> + Small Notes Bill, i. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs and War, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + sent for by the King, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + scene at Windsor, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + Administration of, formed, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + resignation of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; + returns to office, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; + Ministry dissolved, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + Colonial Secretary, ii. 66; + Lord Privy Seal, 365; + created an earl, 367; + invested with the Order of the Garter, 367</li> + +<li>Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, death of, ii. 307</li> + +<li>Goodwood, ii. 182; + in 1833, iii. 20</li> + +<li>Gorhambury, party at, ii. 188</li> + +<li>‘Goriot, Le Père,’ iii. 378</li> + +<li>Goulburn, Right Hon. Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer, + i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Graham, Right Hon. Sir James, First Lord of the Admiralty, ii. 66; + elevation of, 90; + remarks on, 91; + resignation of, iii. 88; + declines to join the Peel Administration, 176; + conservative spirit of, 249; + on the crisis of 1835, 249; + joins the Opposition, 272</li> + +<li>Grange, The, attacked by a mob, ii. 68</li> + +<li>Grant, Right Hon. Charles, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Glenelg">Glenelg, Lord</a></li> + +<li>Granville, Earl, Ambassador in Paris, iii. 385</li> + +<li>Granville, Countess, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + quarrel with M. Thiers, iii. 380</li> + +<li>Greece, policy of the English Government towards, i. <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> + +<li>Greenwich, dinner at, iii. 1</li> + +<li>Grenville, Thomas, conduct during the riots of 1780, iii. 129</li> + +<li>Gresley, Sir Roger, quarrel with Lord H. Bentinck, ii. 148</li> + +<li>Greville, Charles, sen., death of, ii. 318</li> + +<li>Greville, Mrs., ‘Ode to Indifference,’ ii. 319</li> + +<li>Greville, Algernon, private secretary to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 163</li> + +<li>Grey, Earl, hostility to the Government, i. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; + forms an Administration, 1830, ii. 64, 66; + First Lord of the Treasury, 66; + at dinner at Lord Sefton’s, 69; + nepotism of, 78; + character of, 88; + relations with Lord Lyndhurst, 88; + lays the Reform Bill before the King, 109; + weakness of Government in the House of Commons, 116; + remarks on Administration of, 137; + invested with the Order of the Garter, 146; + at dinner at Hanbury’s Brewery, 149; + attacked on his foreign policy, 178; + on Belgian affairs, 178; + attacked by Lord Durham, 226; + proposed new Peers, 230; + altered conduct of, 232; + reluctance to make new Peers, 247; + conversation with, 248; + interview with Lord Harrowby and Lord Wharncliffe, 259; + minute of compromise with Lord Harrowby and Lord Wharncliffe, 260; + speech on Ancona, 269; + speech at the close of the Reform debate, 288; + continued efforts for a compromise, 291; + Government defeated in committee, 293; + resignation of Administration of, 294; + resumes office with his colleagues, 300; + remarks on the members of the Administration of, 322; + embarrassment of Government, 369; + instance of readiness of, iii. 10; + on Portuguese affairs, 21; + compared with the Duke of Wellington, 73; + changes in the Administration of, 88, 90, 91; + situation of, in the crisis of 1834, 91; + letter to Lord Ebrington, 92; + weakness of the Government, 97; + resignation of, 101; + refuses the Privy Seal, 112; + desires to retire, 124; + dinner to, at Edinburgh, 135; + events subsequent to retirement of, 145; + intrigue, 145; + conservative spirit of, 249; + audience of the King, 251; + dissatisfaction of, 352</li> + +<li>Grey, Sir Charles, Governor of Jamaica, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 271</li> + +<li>Grote, George, returned for the City of London, iii. 188</li> + +<li>Guixot, Monsieur, reported resignation of, ii. 45; + eminence of, iii. 379</li> + +<li>Gully, Mr., account of, ii. 335; + returned for Pontefract, 336</li> + +<li>Gunpowder Plot, papers relating to, i. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_H" id="IX_H"></a> +Haddington, Earl of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 181</li> + +<li>Halford, Sir Henry, report on the cholera, ii. 137</li> + +<li>Hampden, Dr. Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, iii. 341, 342</li> + +<li>Hanbury’s Brewery, dinner at, ii. 148</li> + +<li>Happiness, reflections on, iii. 293</li> + +<li>Hardinge, Right Hon. Sir Henry, + on the prospects of the Tory Government, iii. 167; + on the King and Lord Melbourne, 168</li> + +<li>Harrowby, Earl of, Lord President, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + speech on Reform, ii. 206; + interview with Lord Grey, 224; + circular to the Peers, 242, 248; + interview with Lord Grey, 259; + discussions on letter of, 262; + letter shown to Lord Grey, 264; + the ‘Times’ on the letter of, 264, 265; + patriotic conduct of, 275; + declines to vote on Schedule A, 281; + character of, iii. 52; + subscription to election expenses, 182</li> + +<li>Harrowby, Countess of, iii. 52</li> + +<li>Hartwell, visit to, ii. 345</li> + +<li>Harvey, Whittle, committee, iii. 112; + speech of, at Southwark, 188</li> + +<li>Harwich election, 1835, iii. 186</li> + +<li>Health, formation of a board of, ii. 154</li> + +<li>Henry II., King, and Thomas à Becket, iii. 130</li> + +<li>Henry VIII., King, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168</li> + +<li>Herbert, Sydney, Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194</li> + +<li>Herculaneum, i. <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li> + +<li>‘Hernani,’ ii. 154</li> + +<li>Herries, Right Hon. John Charles, scene at Council, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; + discussions on appointment of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; + ill-will of, towards his colleagues, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; + Master of the Mint, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Hertford, Marchioness of, funeral of, iii. 79</li> + +<li>Hess, Captain, ii. 319, 320</li> + +<li>Heurteloup, Baron, before the Judicial Committee, iii. 332</li> + +<li>Heythrop, riot at, ii. 77</li> + +<li>Hill, Mr., Irish members’ squabble, iii. 55</li> + +<li>Hobhouse, Right Hon. Sir John Cam, speech on the Reform Bill, ii. 123; + Secretary of War, 243; + resigns Irish Secretaryship and seat for Westminster, ii. 368; + on the state of affairs, iii. 195; + Board of Control, in Lord Melbourne’s second Administration, 256</li> + +<li>Holland, the King of, invades Belgium, ii. 175; + state of, 200; + conduct of the King of, 314; + the King refuses to give up Antwerp, 321, 329; + obstinacy of the King, 324; + bankrupt condition of, iii. 32</li> + +<li>Holland, Lord, at Panshanger, ii. 47; + Duchy of Lancaster, iii. 113; + anecdotes related by, 131; + on Reform, 135; + on Mr. Canning, <i>ib.</i>; + anecdotes, 335; + on Mr. Fox, <i>ib.</i>; + contempt for the Tory party, 336</li> + +<li>Holland, Lady, fancies of, ii. 331; + and Spencer Perceval, iii. 331</li> + +<li>Holland House, dinner at, ii. 245; + conversation at, 316; + Allen and Macaulay, 317; + sketch of, 331; + conversation at, iii. 127, 129; + literary criticisms, 130; + Lord Melbourne’s conversation, 131; + dinner at, 132; + news of the fall of Lord Melbourne’s Administration, 147; + party spirit at, 192</li> + +<li>Holmes boroughs, ii. 140</li> + +<li>Hook, Theodore, improvisation of, iii. 119, 197; + singing of, 197</li> + +<li>Home, Sir William, Attorney-General, ii. 333; + and Lord Brougham, iii. 67</li> + +<li>Hortense, Queen, at Frascati, i. <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> + +<li>Horton, Wilmot, lectures at the Mechanics’ Institute, ii. 97</li> + +<li>Howe, Earl, dismissal of, ii. 203; + Queen’s Chamberlain, 319; + and Queen Adelaide, 331; + correspondence about the Chamberlainship, 339</li> + +<li>Howick, Viscount, Under-secretary, ii. 78; + in office, iii. 254; + civility of the King to, 255; + Secretary of War, 256; + acrimony of, 312; + interview with Spencer Perceval, 330; + on the position of parties, 360</li> + +<li>Hudson, Sir James, page of honour, ii. 339</li> + +<li>Hume, John Deacon, + Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; ii. 49</li> + +<li>Hume, Joseph, extreme Radical views of, ii. 361; + speech on the Orangemen, iii. 344; + deputation to Lord Melbourne, 357</li> + +<li>‘Hunchback, The,’ ii. 285</li> + +<li>Hunt, Henry, speech of, ii. 112; + speech of, against the Reform Bill, 134</li> + +<li>Huskisson, Right Hon. William, + President of the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + dispute in the Cabinet, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; + joins the new Government, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; + Colonial Secretary, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + resignation of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; + Lord Melbourne’s opinion of, ii. 46; + death of, 47; + character of, 49; + funeral of, 51</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_I" id="IX_I"></a> +Incendiarism in the country, ii. 84</li> + +<li>Ireland, trials in, i. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>; + dissatisfaction in, ii. 76; + unpopularity of Government changes in, 89; + state of, 112, 114; + education in, 267, 271; + tithes, 309; + Church difficulties in, 323</li> + +<li>Irish Church, abuses in, iii. 9; + the Irish Church Bill dangerous to the Government, 86; + differences in the Cabinet, 89; + difficulties of the Irish Church question, 240, 253; + opinions of Lord Melbourne on the, 269. + For debates on the Irish Church Bill, + <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords, House of</a>, and + <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Irish Tithe Bill, thrown out, iii. 117; + divisions on the, 246; + conduct of the Government, 298; + difficulties of, 353, 354; + abandonment of the Appropriation Clause, 355</li> + +<li>Irving, Edward, service in chapel, iii. 40; + the unknown tongues, 41; + sermon of, <i>ib.</i>; + interview with Lord Melbourne, 129</li> + +<li>Irving, Washington, i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Istria, Duchesse d’, beauty of, iii. 381</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_J" id="IX_J"></a> +Jacquemont’s Letters, iii. 115</li> + +<li>Jamaica, insurrection in, ii. 262; + Mr. Greville, Secretary of the Island of, 349; + petition to the King, 352; + affairs of, <i>ib.</i>; + anecdote of a slave, 359; + opinion of Sir Willoughby Cotton, 380; + office of Secretary to the Island of, threatened, iii. 266, 268, 275; + secured, 279</li> + +<li>Jebb, Judge, charge of, at O’Connell’s trial, ii. 109</li> + +<li>Jeffrey, Lord, and Professor Leslie, iii. 44</li> + +<li>Jersey, Countess of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + party at the house of, ii. 64; + quarrel with Lord Durham, 119; + correspondence with Lord Brougham, 126</li> + +<li>Jockey Club, + dinner given by the King to the, 1828, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + in 1829, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li>‘John Bull,’ the, newspaper, ii. 97</li> + +<li>Johnson, Dr., anecdotes of, ii. 316</li> + +<li>Johnstone, Right Hon. Sir Alexander, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 27, 30; + at the Judicial Committee, 125</li> + +<li>Jones Loyd, Mr., iii. 188</li> + +<li>Jones, ‘Radical,’ interview with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 200</li> + +<li>Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Bill for the establishment of the, iii. 21; + meeting to make regulations for the, 35; + first sitting of the, 38; + working of the, 205</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_K" id="IX_K"></a> +Kelly, Mrs., adventures of her daughter, i. <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; + case before the Privy Council, iii. 259, 261, 266, 267; + judgment, 274</li> + +<li>Kemble, Charles, and his family, iii. 260</li> + +<li>Kemble, Miss Fanny, i. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, ii. 129; + tragedy by, 270; + in the ‘Hunchback,’ 285</li> + +<li>Kempt, Right Hon. Sir James, Master-General of the Ordnance, + sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84</li> + +<li>Kent, H.R.H. the Duchess of, disputes + in the Royal Family, ii. 190; + and the Duke of Wellington, <i>ib.</i>; + the Regency Bill, 191; + salutes to, iii. 3; + at Burghley, 315; + quarrels with the King, 366; + scene at Windsor, 367; + answer to the address of the City of London, 399; + squabble with the King, 400</li> + +<li>Kenyon, Lord, speech at Apsley House, ii. 198</li> + +<li>Kinnaird, Lord, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li> + +<li>Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, anecdote of, iii. 130</li> + +<li>Knatchbull, Right Hon. Sir Edward, joins the Peel Government, iii. 176, 177; + attack on, 226</li> + +<li>Knighton, Sir William, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; + influence with the King, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; + behaviour of, during the King’s illness, ii. 174</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_L" id="IX_L"></a> +Lafayette, Marquis de, resignation of, ii. 99</li> + +<li>La Ferronays, M. de, French Ambassador at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; + on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; + on French politics, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; + civility of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; + on French affairs, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> + +<li>La Granja, revolution of, iii. 364, 365</li> + +<li>‘Lalla Rookh,’ at Bridgewater House, iii. 353</li> + +<li>Lamb, Sir Frederick, ii. 94; + reported letter to the King of France from the Duke of Wellington, 94</li> + +<li>Lambeth Palace, restoration of, ii. 34</li> + +<li>Lancashire election, 1835, iii. 198</li> + +<li>Langdale, Lord, + <a name="IX_Langdale" id="IX_Langdale"></a> + reply to Lord Brougham, iii. 81; + declines the Solicitor-Generalship, 141; + peerage, 328; + Master of the Rolls, 328</li> + +<li>Lansdowne, Marquis of, + Secretary of State for the Home Department, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + Lord President, ii. 66; + dinner to name the sheriffs, 109; + on the Reform Bill, 131; + and Lord Brougham, 347; + Lord President in both of the Administrations of Lord Melbourne, iii. 113, 256</li> + +<li>La Roncière, case of, iii. 202</li> + +<li>Laval, M. de, at Apsley House, ii. 15</li> + +<li>Law, History of English, iii. 114</li> + +<li>Lawrence, Sir Thomas, early genius of, i. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; + funeral of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>; + engagement of, to the Misses Siddons, iii. 50</li> + +<li>Leach, Right Hon. Sir John, disappointed of the Woolsack, ii. 68; + in the case of Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, 378</li> + +<li>Leigh, Colonel George, ii. 189</li> + +<li>Leinster, Duke of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li> + +<li>Leitrim, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li> + +<li>Le Marchant, Denis, at Stoke, iii. 21</li> + +<li>Lemon, Robert, F.S.A., Deputy Keeper of the State Papers, iii. 44</li> + +<li>Lennard, John Barrett, Chief Clerk of the Privy Council Office, ii. 370</li> + +<li>Leopold, King, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; + desires to ascend the throne of Greece, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>; + anxiety to ascend the throne of Belgium, ii. 153; + accepts the throne of Belgium, 158; + starts for Belgium, 167; + proposes to the Princess Louise of France, 168; + in Belgium, 177; + want of confidence in, 177; + cold reception of, at Windsor, iii. 370</li> + +<li>Leuchtenberg, Duke of, at Havre, iii. 33; + marriage of, 33; + letter to Lord Palmerston, 34; + arrival of, 195</li> + +<li>Leveson, Lord Francis, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Ellesmere">Ellesmere, Earl of</a></li> + +<li>Levee, iii. 213</li> + +<li>Lewis, Matthew Gregory, (‘Monk’ Lewis), + journals and voyages to the West Indies, ii. 382; + anecdote of, iii. 2; + agreement with Mr. Murray for the Journal, 8</li> + +<li>Lichfield, Earl of, at Runton, iii. 51</li> + +<li>Lichfield Cathedral, iii. 327</li> + +<li>Lieven, Prince, recalled, iii. 87</li> + +<li>Lieven, Princess, character of, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + attacks Lord Grey, ii. 261; + on the Belgian question, 266; + conversation with, 322; + renews her friendship with the Duke of Wellington, 325; + grievances of, 351; + interference of, 358; + diplomatic difficulties, 357; + reception of, at St. Petersburg, iii. 23; + position, of, in Paris, 379</li> + +<li>Littleton, Right Hon. Edward, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + proposed by Lord Althorp as Speaker, ii. 333; + Secretary for Ireland, 372; + and O’Connell, iii. 99; + instrumental in breaking up the Government, 102; + political career of, 103; + letter to Lord Wellesley, 103, 110; + in communication with O’Connell, 103, 110; + Irish Secretary, 113</li> + +<li>Liverpool, Earl of, and the King, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; + paralytic seizure, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; + transactions before the close of Administration of, ii. 173</li> + +<li>Liverpool, opening of the railroad, ii. 43, 47; + bribery at election, 79</li> + +<li>Lobau, Marshal, Commandant-Général, ii. 99</li> + +<li>Lodge, the Royal, entertainments at, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>London, speech of Bishop of, iii. 391; + University Charter, iii. 80, 81, 237; + meeting of Committee of Council on, 260, 262</li> + +<li>Londonderry, Marquis of, death of, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; + funeral of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Londonderry, Marquis of, motion on Belgium, ii. 180; + attacks Lord Plunket, 266; + debate on appointment of, to St. Petersburg, iii. 225; + opinion of the Duke of Wellington, 227; + speech of, 228; + resignation of, 229</li> + +<li>Long, St. John, trial of, ii. 85</li> + +<li>Lords, House of, debate of Royal Dukes, i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + <a name="IX_Lords" id="IX_Lords"></a> + debate on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; + division on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; + debate on affairs in Portugal, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>; + debate on the Methuen Treaty, ii. 118; + speech of Lord Brougham, 118; + violent scene in the, 136; + debate on Lord Londonderry’s motion, 180; + prospects of the Reform Bill, 193; + First Reform Bill thrown out, 202; + attack on the Bishops, 205; + new Peers, 230; + measures for carrying the second reading of the Second Reform Bill, 235, 237; + division on the Belgian question, 240; + Reform Bill, 271; + Irish education, 271; + debates on second reading of the Reform Bill, 272, 286; + list of proposed new Peers, 283; + Reform Bill carried, 287; + in Committee on the Reform Bill, 291; + debate on conduct of the Tory party, 303; + Russo-Dutch Loan, 315; + Government beaten on Portuguese question, 376; + powerlessness of, 377; + Local Courts Bill, 382, 384; + debate on Local Courts Bill, iii. 7; + Government defeated, 7; + Irish Church Bill, 8; + Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83; + debate on the Irish Church Bill, 94; + Poor Law Bill, 114; + debate on Irish Tithe Bill, 117; + conduct of the House, 239; + debate on Corporation Bill, 286, 290; + position of the House, 288, 291; + Irish Tithe Bill thrown up, 295; + conflict with the House of Commons, 295; + state of the House, 307; + debate on Corporation Bill, 308, 351; + hostility to the House of Commons, 359; + conduct of the House, 360, 361</li> + +<li>Louis XVIII., King, memoirs of, ii. 305; + favourites of, 305; + at Hartwell, 345</li> + +<li>Louis Philippe, King, accession of, ii. 26; + conduct of, 27; + tranquillises Paris, 99; + speech of, 169; + averse to French attack on Antwerp, 334; + behaviour of, to the Queen of Portugal, iii. 33; + power of, in the Chamber, 142; + courage of, 286; + conduct towards Spain, 321, 360, 364; + at the Tuileries, 382; + dislike to the Duke de Broglie, 386</li> + +<li>Louise, H.R.H. Princess, daughter of King Louis Philippe, ii. 168</li> + +<li>Louis, Baron, reported resignation of, ii. 45</li> + +<li>Luckner, General, ii. 219</li> + +<li>Lushington, Dr., speech of, in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, ii. 383</li> + +<li>Lushington, Sir Henry, and ‘Monk’ Lewis, iii. 2</li> + +<li>Luttrell, Henry, character of, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + ‘Advice to Julia,’ <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Lyndhurst, Lord, + Lord High Chancellor, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + quarrel with the Duke of Cumberland, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; + dissatisfaction at Lord Brougham’s being raised to the Woolsack, ii. 68; + reported appointment to be Lord Chief Baron, 89; + opinion of the Government, 93; + Lord Chief Baron, 106; + political position of, 107; + anecdote of a trial, 107; + retort to the Duke of Richmond, 139; + on the Government, 143; + on Sir Robert Peel, 144; + on Lord Brougham, 144; + sent for by the King, 294; + efforts to form a Tory Government, 326; + judgment in Small <i>v</i>. Attwood, 330; + account of the efforts of the Tory party to form a Government, 340; + forgets the message of the King to Lord Grey, iii. 49; + account of transactions between the King and Lord Melbourne, 150; + policy of, 151; + on Lord Brougham, 153; + Lord High Chancellor, 156; + on the Administration of Sir Robert Peel, 189; + conduct on the Corporation Bill, 288, 292; + on the prospects of the session, 332; + on the business of the House of Lords, 333; + speech in vindication of conduct, 362; + in Paris, 378; + insult offered to, in House of Commons, 389; + capacity of, 390; + violent speech of, 401</li> + +<li>Lyndhurst, Lady, + insulted by the Duke of Cumberland, i. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + conversation with, ii. 93</li> + +<li>Lynn Regis, election, iii. 170, 171, 175, 181</li> + +<li>Lyons, riots at, ii. 219</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_M" id="IX_M"></a> +Macao, verses on, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Macaulay, Thomas Babington, + speeches on the Reform Bill, ii. 123, 199; + eloquence of, 204; + at Holland House, 245; + appearance of, 246; + character of, 317; + on the Coercion Bill, 363; + conversation of, iii. 35; + memory of, 337; + eloquence of, compared to Lord Brougham, 338; + inscription on monument erected in honour of Lord William Bentinck, 339</li> + +<li>Macaulay, Zachary, iii. 337</li> + +<li>Mackintosh, Right Hon. Sir James, + speech of, on the criminal laws, i. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + conversation of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; + death of, ii. 307; + ‘History of England,’ iii. 139; + remarks on life of, 293, 314; + compared with Burke, 314; + life of, 316; + abilities of, 316; + religious belief of, 324</li> + +<li>Maggiore, Lago, i. <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li> + +<li>Maidstone, state of the borough, iii. 184</li> + +<li>Maii, Monsignore, i. <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> + +<li>Malibran, Maria Felicita, in the ‘Sonnambula,’ iii. 12</li> + +<li>Mallet, conspiracy of, ii. 186</li> + +<li>Malt Tax, the, Government defeated on, ii. 368</li> + +<li>Manners Sutton, Sir Charles, G.C.B., + proposed as Premier, ii. 326; + conduct of, 341; + reappointed Speaker, 343; + Knight of the Bath, iii. 30; + the Speakership, 204, + <i>see</i> Canterbury, Lord</li> + +<li>Mansfield, Lord, + speech against the Government, ii. 136; + audience of the King, 138; + meeting of Peers, 152</li> + +<li>Mansion House, the, dinner at, iii. 178</li> + +<li>Marengo, battle-field of, i. <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Maria, Donna, Queen of Portugal, + at a child’s ball, i. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; + proposals of marriage for, iii. 33; + at Windsor, 33; + picture of, 195</li> + +<li>Marie Amélie, Queen, iii. 383</li> + +<li>Marmont, Marshal, + at Lady Glengall’s, ii. 34; + conversation with, <i>ib.</i>; + revolution of 1830, 37; + at Woolwich, 38; + dinner at Lord Dudley’s, 38</li> + +<li>Matteis, trial of, i. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, + <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> + +<li>Matuscewitz, + Russian Ambassador Extraordinary, i. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; + on affairs in Europe, ii. 176; + conduct of, 324; + conversation with, iii. 314</li> + +<li>Maule, Mr. Justice, at dinner at the Athenæum. ii. 101</li> + +<li>Meeting of moderate men, origin of the ‘Derby Dilly,’ iii. 219</li> + +<li>Meiningen, château of, + model of the, iii. 122; + the Queen revisits the, 125</li> + +<li>Melbourne, Viscount, Home Secretary, ii. 66; + efficiency of, in office, 90; + negotiations with, 104; + dissatisfaction of, 245; + on the proposed new Peers, 254; + on the Reform Bill, 277; + on the members of Lord Grey’s Administration, 322; + sent for by the King, iii. 102; + forms an Administration, 108; + letter to the Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, and Mr. Stanley, 109; + Administration of, 113; + anecdote of, 126; + information of, 130; + literary conversation of, 131; + on Benthamites, 138; + theological reading of, 138; + fall of Government of, 143; + dismissal of, 144; + details of fall of Government, 147; + account of dismissal, 150, 168; + with the King, 163, 168; + with his colleagues, 164; 165, 166; + dispute with Lord Duncannon, 166; + speeches at Derby, 170; + weakness of, <i>ib.</i>; + second Administration formed, 253; + composition of, 256; + theological reading of, 324; + appointment of Dr. Hampden, 342; + action against, brought by the Hon. Mr. Norton, 349; + result of the trial, 351; + difficulties of the Government, 355</li> + +<li>Melville, Viscount, President of the India Board, + i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Mendizabal, + ability of, iii. 321; + dismissal of, 350</li> + +<li>Messiah, the oratorio of the, performed in Westminster Abbey, iii. 98</li> + +<li>Methuen, Paul, M.P., + on supporting the Government, iii. 65; + retort of O’Connell to, 65</li> + +<li>Metternich, Princess, anecdote of, iii. 187</li> + +<li>Mexico, failure of the Spanish expedition against, + i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Meynell, Mr., retires from the Lord Chamberlain’s department, ii. 133</li> + +<li>Mezzofanti, i. <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> + +<li>Middlesex election, 1835, iii. 197</li> + +<li>Middleton, party at, i. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Miguel, Dom. ii. 312, 315, 321; + attacks Oporto, 324; + fleet captured by Captain Napier, iii. 9; + anecdote of, 26; + blunders of, 93</li> + +<li>Milan, i. <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> + +<li>Mill, John Stuart, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59</li> + +<li>Milton, Viscount, at a meeting at Lord Althorp’s, ii. 161</li> + +<li>Mirabeau, Count de, Talleyrand’s account of, ii. 384</li> + +<li>Miraflores, Count de, Spanish Ambassador in London, iii. 98; + doubtful compliment to Madame de Lieven, 99</li> + +<li>Mola di Gaeta, i. <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; + Cicero’s villa, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li> + +<li>Molé. M., Prime Minister of France, iii. 379; + abilities of, 380</li> + +<li>Montalivet, case of the French refugee, iii. 386</li> + +<li>Monti, Vincenzo, anecdote of, ii. 186</li> + +<li>Moore, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; + conversation of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; + anecdotes, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; + Irish patriotism of, ii. 98; + opinions on Reform, 140; + copy of ‘Lord Edward Fitzgerald,’ 169; + satire on Dr. Bowring, 219; + compared with Rogers, iii. 324; + quarrel with O’Connell, 346</li> + +<li>‘Morning Herald,’ the, moderate Tory organ, ii. 269</li> + +<li>Mornington, Countess of, death of, ii. 194</li> + +<li>Morpeth, Viscount, Irish Secretary, iii. 256; + speech on Irish Tithe Bill, 256</li> + +<li>Mosley, Sir Oswald, meeting of moderate men, iii. 220</li> + +<li>Mulgrave, Earl of, in Jamaica, ii. 352; + refuses the office of Postmaster-General, iii. 90; + Lord Privy Seal, 113; + capability of, 255</li> + +<li>Municipal Corporation Bill, iii. 263, 284, 290; + policy of Tory Peers on the, 283; + prospects of the, 295; + effects of the, 309, 313; + the Bill carried, 310</li> + +<li>Munster, Earl of, employed by the King, ii. 10; + <a name="IX_Munster" id="IX_Munster"></a> + raised to the Peerage, 143; + Lieutenant of the Tower, 168; + sworn in a Privy Councillor, 352</li> + +<li>Murat, Achille, ii. 115</li> + +<li>Murray, Dr., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Murray, Sir George, Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, ii. 11</li> + +<li>Murray, Lady Augusta, marriage of, ii. 194</li> + +<li>Musard’s ball, iii. 384</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_N" id="IX_N"></a> +Namik Pacha, Turkish Ambassador, ii. 339</li> + +<li>Napier, Sir William, on the state of the country, ii. 108; + ‘History of the Peninsular War,’ iii. 271</li> + +<li>Napier, Captain Charles, captures Dom Miguel’s fleet, iii. 9; + cause of capture of a French squadron, 11; + anecdote of, 34</li> + +<li>Naples, i. <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; + sight-seeing at, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; + Court of Justice, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; + manuscripts, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; + ceremony of taking the veil, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; + sights of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>; + miracle of the blood of San Gennaro, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, + <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; + excursions to Astroni, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>; + lines on leaving, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li> + +<li>Navarino, battle of, i. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Nemours, H.R.H. Duc de, accompanies King Louis Philippe, ii. 99; + nomination to the throne of Belgium declined, 111; + in the House of Commons, iii. 306; + at Doncaster, 315</li> + +<li>Newmarket, political negotiations at, ii. 290</li> + +<li>Nicholas, Emperor, accession of, i. <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; + reception of strangers, iii. 24; + on the change of Government in England, 211; + speech at Warsaw, 319; + dislike to King Louis Philippe, 387; + qualities of, 371</li> + +<li>‘Norma,’ the opera of, iii. 2</li> + +<li>North, Lord, Letters of George III. to, iii. 129; + anecdote of, 132</li> + +<li>Northamptonshire election, iii. 326</li> + +<li>Northumberland, Duke of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, + i. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Northumberland, Duchess of, + resigns her office of governess to the Princess Victoria, iii. 400</li> + +<li>Norton, Hon. Mr., action brought against Lord Melbourne, iii. 349; + result of the trial, 351</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_O" id="IX_O"></a> +Oaks, The. ii. 374; + party at, 374</li> + +<li>Oatlands, the residence of the Duke of York, i. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>; + weekly parties at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li>O’Connell, Daniel, character of, i. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; + at dinner, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; + attempts to take his seat, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; + elected for Clare, 1829, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; + insult to, ii. 76; + in Ireland, 96; + opposition to Lord Anglesey, 98; + abilities of, 100; + violence of, 106; + arrest of, 107; + trial of, 109; + position of, 111; + pleads guilty, 114; + opposition to Lord Duncannon in Kilkenny, 115; + explanation of, 123; + dread of cholera, 309; + member for Ireland, 351; + violent speech at the Trades’ Union, 362, 363; + attack on Baron Smith, iii. 59; + retort to Mr. Methuen, 65; + and the Coercion Bill, 103, 110; + in correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 110; + union with the Whig party, 219; + power of, 255; + affair with Lord Alvanley, 256; + in Scotland, 316; + proposed expulsion from Brooks’s club, 320; + quarrel with Moore, 346; + Carlow election, 348</li> + +<li>O’Connell, Morgan, duel with Lord Alvanley, iii. 256</li> + +<li>Old Bailey, trials at, i. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; ii. 85</li> + +<li>Opera House, the English, burnt, i. <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> + +<li>Orange, Prince of, dinner to the, ii. 57; + returns to Holland, 133</li> + +<li>Orange, Princess of, robbery of jewels of, i. <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li>Orange Lodge, association of, iii. 343</li> + +<li>Orangemen, meeting of, ii. 123</li> + +<li>Orleans, H.R.H. Duke of, arrival of, i. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; + sent to Lyons, ii. 219; + in England, 373; + project of marriage at Vienna, iii. 372; + question of marriage of, 387</li> + +<li>Orloff, Count, arrival of, ii. 278; + delay in ratification of the Belgian Treaty, 285</li> + +<li>Osterley, party at, ii. 187</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_P" id="IX_P"></a> +Padua, i. <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li> + +<li>Pæstum, i. <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Palmella, Duke of, arrival of in London, ii. 315</li> + +<li>Palmerston, Viscount, + speech on the Portuguese question, i. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; + Foreign Secretary, ii. 66; + suggests a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211; + on proposed new Peers, 254; + on prospects of the Reform Bill, 256; + business habits of, iii. 20, 21; + unpopularity of, 56; + speech on the Turkish question, 71; + Foreign Secretary in Lord Melbourne’s Administration, 113; + unpopularity with the <i>corps diplomatique</i>, 136; + loses his election in Hampshire, 197; + as a man of business, 210; + Foreign Secretary, 256; + abilities of, 360</li> + +<li>Panic, the, 1825, i. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + on the Stock Exchange, 1830, ii. 43</li> + +<li>Panshanger, parties at, ii. 46, 47, 229</li> + +<li>Paris, society at, in 1830, i. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; + in July, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>; + Marshal Marmont’s account of events at, in 1830, ii. 36; + alarm felt in, 99; + change of Ministry, 133; + in 1837, iii. 377; + society at, 378, 385; + sight-seeing, 381, 383</li> + +<li>Park, Judge, anecdotes of, ii. 92; iii. 372</li> + +<li>Parke, Right Hon. Sir James, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 21; + Baron of the Exchequer, 71; + in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 268</li> + +<li>Parliament, meeting of, 1830, ii. 53; + meeting of, 1831, ii. 110; + dissolution of 1831, 137; + opening of, 153; + in 1831, 223; + dissolution of, 1832, 334; + opening of, 1833, 351; + prorogation of, 1833, iii. 27; + opening of, 1834, 55; + dissolution of, 183; + temporary buildings for Houses of, 205; + opening of, 219; + in 1836, 334; + prorogation of, 1836, 361</li> + +<li>Parnell, Sir Henry, turned out of office, ii. 243</li> + +<li>Parsons, anecdotes of, ii. 108</li> + +<li>Paskiewitch, Marshal, in quarantine, ii. 162</li> + +<li>Pattison, James, returned to Parliament for the City of London, iii. 188</li> + +<li>Pavilion, The, dinner at, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; + completion of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Pease, Mr., and O’Dwyer, iii. 59</li> + +<li>Pedro, Dom, expedition of, ii. 312, 315; + proposal to combine with Spain, iii. 72; + in possession of Portugal, 93</li> + +<li>Peel, Right Hon. Sir Robert, Home Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + speeches on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, + <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; + Oxford University election, 1829, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + defeated, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; + political prospects of, ii. 95, 96; + power in the House of Commons, 116; + speech on the Reform Bill, 123; + inactivity of, on the Reform Bill, 130, 134; + complaints of policy of, 141; + conduct of, 160; + reserve of, 161, 174; + excellence in debate, 200; + answer to Lord Harrowby, 248, 249; + policy of, 264; + speech on Irish Tithes, 269; + invited to form a Government, 294; + refuses to take office, 296; + defence of conduct, 304; + conduct during the Tory efforts to form a Government, 327, 328; + conduct compared with that of the Duke of Wellington, 328; + character of, 354; + on political unions, iii. 12; + in society, 35; + position of, in the House of Commons, 64; + collection of pictures, 70; + great dinner given by, 72; + speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75; + policy of the Administration of, 161; + friendship with the Duke of Wellington renewed, 167; + arrival of, from the Continent, 174; + formation of Administration, 177; + manifesto to the country, 178; + prospects of the Ministry, 179; + qualities of, 189; + Toryism of Administration of, 194; + false position of, 208; + prospects of Government, 214, 235, 236; + talents of, 224; + conduct to his adherents, 230, 244; + courage of, 283; + impending resignation of, 242; + Government defeated, 246; + resignation of Administration of, 1835, 246, 248; + speech on Corporation Reform, 263; + on Irish Church Bill, 281; + relations with Lord John Russell, 282; + seclusion of, 297; + speech on Corporation Reform, 304; + consideration for Lord Stanley, 335; + conduct with regard to the Corporation Bill, 340; + position of, 358; + on the beginning of the new reign, 402</li> + +<li>Peel, Sir Robert, sen., account of, ii. 125</li> + +<li>Peel, Right Hon. Jonathan, iii. 243</li> + +<li>Pemberton, Thomas, ii. 314; + in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, iii. 267, 271</li> + +<li>Pembroke, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li>Pension List, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Pepys, Right Hon. Sir Christopher, Master of the Rolls, iii. 328. + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Cottenham">Cottenham, Lord</a></li> + +<li>Perceval, Spencer, discourse of, iii, 41; + the Unknown Tongue, 41; + on the condition of the Church, 123; + apostolic mission to the members of the Government, 331; + at Holland House, 331; + apostolic mission of, 333</li> + +<li>Périer, Casimir, momentary resignation of, ii. 175; + attacked by cholera, 288; + death of, 307</li> + +<li>Persian Ambassador, the, quarrel of, with the Regent, + i. <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li>Perth election, 1835, iii. 197</li> + +<li>Petworth House and pictures, ii. 336; + fête at, iii. 84</li> + +<li>Peyronnet, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> + +<li>Phillpotts, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Exeter">Exeter, Bishop of</a></li> + +<li>Pisa, i. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li>Pitt, Right Hon. William, described by Talleyrand, ii. 345; + anecdotes of, iii. 131</li> + +<li>Plunket, Lord, Lord Chancellor in Ireland, ii. 90; + anecdote of, 107; + at Stoke, iii. 21; + Deanery of Down, 70</li> + +<li>Poland, contest in, ii. 157</li> + +<li>Polignac, Prince Jules de, + head of the Administration in France; i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, + <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; + Administration of, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>; + behaviour of, ii. 29; + letter to M. de Molé, 33; + exasperation against, 38, 39</li> + +<li>Pompeii, i. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; + excavations at, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> + +<li>Ponsonby, Viscount, Minister at Naples, ii. 155; + letters of, 172; + conduct of, as Ambassador at Constantinople, iii. 405</li> + +<li>Pope, the, audience of Pius VIII., i. <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; + Irish appointments of the, iii. 269. + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Rome">Rome</a></li> + +<li>Portfolio, the, iii. 327</li> + +<li>Portland, Duke of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li>Portugal, ships seized by the French, ii. 182, 184; + affairs in, iii. 25, 79; + bankrupt state of, 93</li> + +<li>Powell, Mr., ii. 52</li> + +<li>Pozzo di Borgo, Count, ii. 347; + views of, on the state of Europe, iii. 182; + Russian Ambassador in London, 201, 203</li> + +<li>Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, first speech of, ii. 115; + First Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194</li> + +<li>Pratolino, i. <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> + +<li>Prayer, form of, on account of the disturbed state of the kingdom, ii. 99</li> + +<li>Proclamation against rioters, ii. 73</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_Q" id="IX_Q"></a> +‘Quakers’, the, address to King William IV, ii. 17</li> + +<li>‘Quarterly Review, The,’ attacks Lord Harrowby, ii. 269, 270; + pamphlet in answer to article, 270</li> + +<li>Quintus Curtius, iii. 130</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_R" id="IX_R"></a> +Racing, remarks on, ii. 373; + anecdote, 374</li> + +<li>Redesdale, Lord, letter of, ii. 269</li> + +<li>Reform, plan of, ii. 105; + remarks on, 207; + negotiations concerning, 215, 217, 218</li> + +<li>Reform Bill, the, laid before the King, ii. 109; + excitement concerning, 124; + carried by one vote, 132; + alterations in, 134; + Government defeated, 135; + remarks on, 180; + attitude of the press, 193; + prospects of, 199; + negotiations for a compromise, 211; + altered tone of the press, 225; + meeting of Peers in Downing Street, 225; + measures for carrying the second reading in the House of Lords, 235, 237, 239, 241; + continued efforts to compromise, 268; + finally passed in the House of Commons, 270; + continued discussions on, 274; + difficulty with Schedule A, 280; + carried in the House of Lords, 287; + in committee, 292; + passes through committee, 304; + results of, iii. 27, 191. + For debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords, House of</a>, and + <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Reichstadt, Duke of, and Marshal Marmont, iii. 374</li> + +<li>Reis-Effendi, the, i. <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Renfrewshire election, iii. 388</li> + +<li>Rice, Right Hon. Thomas Spring, + Colonial Secretary, iii. 88, 113; + difficulties with, 253; + Chancellor of the Exchequer, 256; + incapacity of, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 376</li> + +<li>Richmond, Duke of, and King George III. at a naval review, iii. 129</li> + +<li>Richmond, Duke of, + summary of character of, i. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; + Postmaster-General, ii. 66; + refuses the appointment of Master of the Horse, 67; + difficulties with his labourers, 68; + at Goodwood, ii. 182; + on Reform, 211; + character of, iii. 15; + resignation of, 88</li> + +<li>Riots, + in London, 1830, ii. 55; + among the farm labourers, 68; + proclamation against, 73; + in the country, 77</li> + +<li>Ripon, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 66; + resignation of, iii. 88. + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Goderich">Goderich, Viscount</a></li> + +<li>Robarts, Mr., dinner given by, iii. 184</li> + +<li>Robinson, Right Hon. Frederick John, + Chancellor of the Exchequer, i. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Goderich">Goderich, Viscount</a></li> + +<li>Rochester election, 183.3, iii. 193</li> + +<li>Roden, Earl of, declines the office of Lord Steward, iii. 179, 181</li> + +<li>Rogers, Samuel, + breakfast given by, ii. 150; + compared with Moore, iii. 324</li> + +<li>Rolle, Lord, remark to Lord Brougham, iii. 107</li> + +<li>Rome, i. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>; + <a name="IX_Rome" id="IX_Rome"></a> + St. Peter’s, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>; + sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; + the Sistine Chapel, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; + the cardinals, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; + a cardinal lying in state, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>; + Pompey’s statue, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>; + Temple of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>; + the Catacombs, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; + the Pope’s blessing, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>; + Holy Week observances, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>; + the Grand Penitentiary, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; + washing of pilgrims’ feet, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; + supper to pilgrims, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>; + Protestant burial-ground, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; + St. Peter’s illuminated, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>; + excavations, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>; + sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, + <a href="#Page_362">362</a>; + aqueducts, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; + the Scala Santa, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; + St. Peter’s, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; + Library of the Vatican, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; + votive offering of a horse-shoe, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; + Columbaria, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>; + saints, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>; + the Flagellants, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>; + relations with Protestant countries, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; + the Coliseum, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; + story of a thief, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>; + convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; + sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li> + +<li>Rosslyn, Earl of, + Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; + Lord President of the Council, iii. 177; + dinner for selecting the Sheriffs, 201</li> + +<li>Roussin, Admiral, at Constantinople ii. 367</li> + +<li>Rovigo, the Duke de, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li> + +<li>Rundell, Mr., fortune of, will of, i. <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Runton Abbey, + shooting at, iii. 51; + murder in the neighbourhood, 51</li> + +<li>Russell, Right Hon. Lord John, + introduces the Reform Bill, ii. 121; + seat in the Cabinet, 150; + brings in his Bill, 155; + letter to Attwood, 205, 206; + willing to compromise, 223; + brings on the second Reform Bill, 227; + Paymaster, of the Forces, iii. 113; + objected to by the King as leader of the House of Commons, 160; + speech at Totness, 171; + on the Speakership, 205; + on Church Reform, 206; + first speech as leader of the House of Commons, 214; + letter of, on the Speakership, 218; + as leader of the House of Commons, 221; + marriage of, 252; + Home Secretary in Lord Melbourne’s second Administration, 256; + introduction of Corporation Reform, 263; + relations with Sir Robert Peel, 282; + course to be pursued on the Corporation Bill, 303, 310; + speech on the Orangemen, 344; + moderation of, 352; + meeting at the Foreign Office, 357, 358; + intention of the Government to proceed with their Bills, 397; + speech in answer to Roebuck, 401</li> + +<li>Russia, state of, 1829, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; + intrigues of, ii. 351; + diplomatic relations with, 352; + combines with Turkey against Egypt, 366; + fleet sent to Constantinople, <i>ib.</i>; + establishes her power in the East, 371; + quarrel with, iii. 44; + policy towards Turkey, 48; + treaty with Turkey, 69; + relations with Turkey, 183</li> + +<li>Russo-Dutch Loan, + question of the, ii. 240, 241; + origin of the, 244; + debate on the, in the House of Lords, 315</li> + +<li>Rutland, Duke of, + anti-Reform petition, ii. 263; + birthday party, iii. 46</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_S" id="IX_S"></a> +Sadler, Mr., maiden speech of, + in opposition to the Catholic Relief Bill, i. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Saint-Aulaire, M. de, + French Ambassador at Vienna, ii. 187; + anecdote of, 187</li> + +<li>Saint-Aulaire, Madame de, iii. 187</li> + +<li>Saint-Germain, Count de, account of, ii. 186; + the ‘Wandering Jew,’ 186</li> + +<li>Salerno, i. <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Salisbury, Marquis of, petition to the King, ii. 231</li> + +<li>Saltash, borough of, division on, ii. 170</li> + +<li>San Carlos, Duke and Duchess of, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li>Sandon, Viscount, moves the Address in the House of Commons, iii. 202; + on Sir Robert Peel, 340</li> + +<li>Sandys, Lord, iii. 359</li> + +<li>Sartorius, Admiral, petition, iii. 366</li> + +<li>Scarlett, Sir James, Attorney-General, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Scott, Sir Walter, death of, ii. 307</li> + +<li>Seaford, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Sebastiani, Count, + French Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s, iii. 180</li> + +<li>Sefton, Earl of, dinner to Lord Grey and Lord Brougham, ii. 69; + on Lord Brougham, 148; + created a Peer of the United Kingdom, 150; + qualities of, 183</li> + +<li>Segrave, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, iii. 322</li> + +<li>Senior, Nassau, at Holland House, iii. 138</li> + +<li>Session of 1833, review of the, iii. 28</li> + +<li>Sestri, i. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li>Seton, Sir Henry, arrival of, from Belgium, ii. 178</li> + +<li>Seymour, Lord, withdraws his support from the Government, ii. 124</li> + +<li>Seymour, George, Master of the Robes, ii. 50</li> + +<li>Seymour, Horace, retires from the Lord Chamberlain’s Department, ii. 133</li> + +<li>Seymour, Jane, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168</li> + +<li>Shadwell, Right Hon. Sir Lancelot, on legal business, iii. 76</li> + +<li>Shee, Sir Martin, elected President of the Royal Academy, + i. <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> + +<li>Sheil, Right Hon. Richard, dispute with Lord Althorp, iii. 55; + arrest of, by the Serjeant-at-Arms, 56; + committee, 57, 58; + insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389</li> + +<li>Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 336</li> + +<li>Siege of Saragossa, the, iii. 40</li> + +<li>Siena, i. <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> + +<li>Simplon, the, i. <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> + +<li>Slavery, abolition of, ii. 347; + for debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>Smith, Baron, ii. 105; + O’Connell’s attack upon, iii. 59, 61, 63</li> + +<li>Smith, Sydney, and the siege of Saragossa, iii. 39; + and Professor Leslie, 44; + sermon of, in St. Paul’s Cathedral, 166; + on Sir James Mackintosh, 317; + dispute of, with the Bishop of London, 395; + letter to Archdeacon Singleton, 395</li> + +<li>Smithson, Sir Hugh, ii. 337, 338</li> + +<li>Somaglia, Cardinal, i. <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Somerville, Mrs., iii. 58</li> + +<li>Sorrento, i. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>; + Benediction of the Flowers, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> + +<li>Soult, Marshal, sent to Lyons, ii. 219; + Prime Minister of France, 324</li> + +<li>Southey, Robert, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59; + letter to Lord Brougham on rewards to literary men, 111</li> + +<li>Spain, the Duke of Wellington on affairs in, iii. 47; + state of, 55; + affairs in, 66, 72; + proposal to combine with Dom Pedro, 72; + affairs in, 183; + deplorable state of, 359</li> + +<li>Spanish Legion, formation of the, iii. 265</li> + +<li>Speaker, the, indecision of, ii. 299; + disputes on the Speakership, 333; iii. 204</li> + +<li>Spencer, Earl, death of, iii. 140</li> + +<li>Spencer, Earl, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Althorp">Althorp, Viscount</a></li> + +<li>Sprotborough, party at, for the races, ii. 50</li> + +<li>Staël, Madame de, + ‘Considérations sur la Révolution française,’ i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + anecdote of, ii. 186</li> + +<li>Stafford House, concert at, iii. 278</li> + +<li>Stanley, Right Hon. Edward, Irish Secretary, ii. 66; + speech on the Reform Bill, 123; + seat in the Cabinet, 150; + speech in answer to Croker, 228; + Secretary for the Colonial Department, 365; + at The Oaks, 374; + indecision of, iii. 17; + racing interests of, 35; + resignation of, 88; + in opposition, 93; + ‘Thimblerig’ speech, 100; + conciliatory letter to Lord Grey, 107; + disposition of, 165, 167; + declines to join Sir R. Peel, 175, 176; + speech at Glasgow, 180; + formation of the Stanley party, 220; + position of Mr. Stanley, 222; + policy of, 228; + meeting of party at the ‘King’s Head,’ 237; + speech on Irish Church question, 240; + character of, 250; + letter to Sir Thomas Hesketh, 265; + joins the Opposition, 272; + conduct of, 336</li> + +<li>Stanley, Right Hon. Edward John, Under-Secretary of State, iii. 112</li> + +<li>State Paper Office, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; iii. 44</li> + +<li>Stephen, James, opinions on emancipation, ii. 359</li> + +<li>Stephenson, George, on steam-engines, iii. 54</li> + +<li>Stewart, Lady Dudley, party given by, ii. 115; + accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend, 133</li> + +<li>Stoke, party at, i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; ii. 185</li> + +<li>Strangford, Viscount, sent to the Brazils, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Strasburg prisoners, acquittal of, iii. 381</li> + +<li>Strawberry Hill, party at, i. <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> + +<li>Strutt, Edward, ii. 59</li> + +<li>Stuart de Rothesay, Lord, Ambassador in France, + i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Sugden, Right Hon. Sir Edward, quarrel of, with Lord Brougham, ii. 312; + origin of animosity towards Lord Brougham, iii. 22; + Irish Chancellor, 178; + resignation of, 231; + retains his appointment, 234</li> + +<li>Sugden, Lady, not received at Court, iii. 231</li> + +<li>Sunderland, state of, ii. 216</li> + +<li>Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, marriage of, ii. 194</li> + +<li>Sutherland, Duke of, death of the, iii. 19; + wealth, of the, 19</li> + +<li>Suttee case, before the Privy Council, ii. 307</li> + +<li>Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, + before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, iii. 259, 266, 267, 271; + judgment, 274</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_T" id="IX_T"></a> +Tallyrand, Charles Maurice de, + letter to the Emperor of Russia, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + Ambassador to the Court of St. James, ii. 44; + conversation of, 185; + anecdotes, 185; + <i>mot</i> of, 195; + dinner with, 222; + on Fox and Pitt, 344; + detained in the Thames, 346; + on Portuguese affairs, iii. 25; + on relations between France and England, 314; + opinion of, of Lord Palmerston, 360; + dissatisfaction at his position in London, 386</li> + +<li>Tasso, i. <a href="#Page_328">328</a>; + bust of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li>Tavistock, Marquis of, on the prospects of the Liberal party, iii. 43</li> + +<li>Taylor, Sir Herbert, conversation with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 251; + correspondence with, about the Chancellorship, 339</li> + +<li>Taylor, Henry, breakfast at the house of, ii. 58; + breakfast to Wordsworth, Mill, Elliot, Charles Villiers, 120; + on the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 348; + ‘Philip van Artevelde,’ iii. 114</li> + +<li>Taylor, Brook, mission to Rome, ii. 153</li> + +<li>Teddesley, party at, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li>Tenterden, Lord, death of, ii. 329; + character of, 331; + classical knowledge of, 331</li> + +<li>Terceira, Portuguese expedition to, i. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Terni, Falls of, i. <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li> + +<li>Thiers, Adolphe, dinner to, iii. 31; + account of, 31; + at the head of the French Government, 66; + on interference in Spain, 66; + foreign policy of, 364; + social qualities of, 370; + quarrel with Lady Granville, 380; + courts the favour of Austria, 387</li> + +<li>Thompson, Alderman, difficulties with his constituents, ii. 166</li> + +<li>Thomson, Right Hon. Charles Poulett, + originates a commercial treaty with France, ii. 219; + Board of Trade, iii. 113, 256; + self-complacency of, 330</li> + +<li>Thorwaldsen, Albert, at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, + <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> + +<li>Tierney, Right Hon. George, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + Master of the Mint, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> + +<li>‘Times,’ the, on Lord Harrowby’s letter, ii. 264, 265; + attacks Lord Grey, 267; + Lord Chancellor’s speech, 313; + influence of the, 362; + and Lord Brougham, iii. 133; + disposition of, to support a Tory Government, 149, 152; + terms of support to the Duke of Wellington, 155; + power of the, 156, 157; + negotiations with Lord Lyndhurst, 171; + letter signed ‘Onslow,’ 199</li> + +<li>Titchfield, Marquis of, death of, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; + character of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Tivoli, i. <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> + +<li>Tixall, party at, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + Macao, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li>Torrington, Viscount, and the King, iii. 285</li> + +<li>Tory party, state of the, ii. 162; + meeting at Bridgewater House, iii. 237; + state of the, 306; + indifference of members of the, 389</li> + +<li>Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, iii. 45; + between Russia and Turkey, 1834, 69; + the Quadruple, for the pacification of the Peninsula, signed 1834, 94</li> + +<li>Tree, Ellen, at the City Theatre, ii. 181</li> + +<li>Tuileries, the, reception at, iii. 382; + ball at, 383; + small ball at, 385</li> + +<li>Turf, the, reflections on, iii. 139</li> + +<li>Turin, i. <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> + +<li>Turkey, threatened by Russia, i. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; + critical state of, ii. 351; + relations with Russia, iii. 183</li> + +<li>Tusculum, i. <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> + +<li>Twiss, Horace, supper party given by, iii. 260</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_U" id="IX_U"></a> +Union, speech of O’Connell on the repeal of the, iii. 80</li> + +<li>Unions, proclamation against the, ii. 215; + procession of trades, iii. 79</li> + +<li>Urquhart, Mr., Secretary to the Embassy at Constantinople, iii. 405</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_V" id="IX_V"></a> +Van de Weyer, Sylvain, Belgian Minister to the Court of St. James, ii. 180</li> + +<li>Vaudreuil, M. de, + French <i>chargé d’affaires</i> in London, on French affairs, ii. 24</li> + +<li>Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir Charles, special mission to Constantinople, iii. 405</li> + +<li>Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir John, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li> + +<li>Venice, i. <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; + sights of, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, + <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li> + +<li>Vernet, Horace, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li> + +<li>Verona, Congress of, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; + visit to, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> + +<li>Verulam, Earl of, petition to the King, ii. 231</li> + +<li>Vesuvius, ascent of, i. <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Vicenza, i. <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> + +<li>Victoria, H.R.H. the Princess, + at a child’s ball, i. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; + first appearance of, at a drawing-room, ii. 119; + at Burghley iii. 315; + health of, proposed by the King, 364; + at Windsor, 367; + letter from the King, 400; + seclusion of, 403; + first Council of, 406; + proclaimed <span class="smcap">Queen</span>, 408; + impression produced on all, 409</li> + +<li>Villiers, Hon. Hyde, appointed to the Board of Control, ii. 145</li> + +<li>Villiers, Hon. George, at the Grove, ii. 105; + conversation with the Duke of Wellington, 105; + mission to Paris for a commercial treaty, 219; + Minister at Madrid, iii. 14, 20, 21; + on prospects in Spain, 69, 79; + letters of, from Madrid, 321, 360, 365</li> + +<li>Villiers, Hon. Charles Pelham, ii. 59</li> + +<li>Virginia Water, ii. 25; + visit to, 30</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_W" id="IX_W"></a> +Walewski, Count Alexander, arrival of, in London, ii. 104</li> + +<li>Walpole, Horace, letters to Sir Horace Mann, iii. 2</li> + +<li>‘Wandering Jew, The,’ ii. 186</li> + +<li>Warsaw, affair at, ii. 95; + taken by the Russians, 192</li> + +<li>Warwickshire Election, iii. 353, 354</li> + +<li>Wellesley, Marquis of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 31; + correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 103, 110; + resigns the White Wand, 258</li> + +<li>Wellesley, Long, Esq., committed for contempt of court, ii. 166</li> + +<li>Wellington, Duke of, + account of the battle of Waterloo, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; + in Paris with Blücher, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; + dispute with the King, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; + on affairs of France and Spain, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + opinion of Bonaparte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + mission to Russia, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; + visit to the Royal Lodge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; + opinion of Mr. Canning, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + forms a Government, 1828, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + resolves to carry the Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; + correspondence with Dr. Curtis, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; + ascendency of, in the Cabinet, and over the King, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; + hardness of character of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; + duel with Lord Winchelsea, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; + conversation with, on King George IV. and the Duke of Cumberland, + <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + prosecution of the press, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; + business habits of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>; + conversation with on the French Revolution, ii. 21; + qualities of, 41; + confidence in, 45; + declaration against Reform, 53; + Administration of, defeated, 61; + resignation of, 62; + suppresses disturbance in Hampshire, 75; + political character of, 81; + reported letter of advice to the King of France, 94; + correspondence with Mr. Canning, 103; + conduct towards the Government, 159; + objections to Mr. Canning, 170; + dinner at Apsley House, 188; + anti-Reform dinner at Apsley House, 197; + remarks upon, 204; + memorial to the King, 211; + correspondence with Lord Wharncliffe, 221; + obstinacy of, 234; + letter to Lord Wharncliffe, 248; + unbecoming letter laid before the King, 252; + reply to Lord Wharncliffe, 253; + speech on Irish Education, 272; + sent for by the King, 294; + efforts of, to form an Administration, 299; + inability of, to form an Administration, 300; + statement of his case, 302; + conduct of the Tory party, 302; + ill-feeling towards Peel, 325; + view of affairs, 1833, 363; + government of French provinces, 363; + respect evinced towards, 372; + defence of policy, 379; + Speech on the Coronation Oath, iii. 9, 10; + policy on the Irish Church Bill, 10; + on Portuguese affairs, 11, 26; + and the Bonaparte family, 26; + subsequent account of attempt to form a Government, 48; + compared with Lord Grey, 73; + speech on the admission of Dissenters to the University, 73; + presents the Oxford petition, 79; + and the Whigs, 82; + installed as Chancellor of the University of Oxford, 95; + First Lord of the Treasury, and Secretary of State for the Home Office, 149; + arrangement for a provisional Government, 149; + at the public offices, 1834, 154; + account of crisis of 1834, 162; + inconsistencies of, 172; + on the division on the Speakership, 216; + on Lord Londonderry’s appointment, 227; + anecdote of Lord Brougham, 232; + on Spain, 270; + on the Walcheren expedition, 271; + policy of, on the Corporation Bill, 283; + letter to the Duke of Cumberland, 320; + speech in answer to Lord Lyndhurst, 362; + meeting of Tory Peers, 397; + crowned by the Duchess of Cannizzaro, 406; + quarrel with the Duke of Clarence, 406</li> + +<li>Western, Lord, evidence of, iii. 112</li> + +<li>West India Body, consternation of the, ii. 350; + deputation of the, 350</li> + +<li>West India Bill, prospects of the, iii. 13. + For debates on the, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li> + +<li>West Indies, Lord Chandos’s motion on the state of the, ii. 116; + project of emancipation, 347; + alarm in the, 352; + difficulties attending emancipation, 360; + committee on affairs of the, iii. 266; + decision on the office of Secretary of the Island of Jamaica, 279</li> + +<li>Westmeath, Marchioness of, pension, i. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, + <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Westmeath <i>v</i>. Westmeath, appeal before the Judicial Committee, + iii. 119, 124; + decision in, 140</li> + +<li>Westminster election, 1818, contest, i. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + in 1819, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; + in 1833, ii. 370; + in 1837, iii. 398</li> + +<li>Wetherell, Sir Charles, account of, i. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; + speech on the Reform Bill, ii. 123; + supports Sir E. Sugden’s motion, 314</li> + +<li>Wharncliffe, Lord, + <a name="IX_Wharncliffe" id="IX_Wharncliffe"></a> + interview with Radical Jones, ii. 200; + overtures for a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211; + character of, 213; + draws up a declaration for signature in the City, 214; + disappointment of, 218; + final interview of, with Lord Grey, 220; + correspondence of, with the Duke of Wellington, 221; + interview of, with the King on the proposed new Peers, 231, 233; + memorandum laid before the King, 252; + as chief of a party, 289; + in communication with Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Ellenborough, 290; + defends his policy, 292; + paper on the Tory party, 343; + on the prospects of the country, iii. 54; + joins the Peel Government, 175; + on the prospects of the session, 341</li> + +<li>Whately, Richard, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 280</li> + +<li>Whig party, state of the, iii. 159; + tactics of the, 216; + union with O’Connell, 219; + symptoms of disunion in the, 221; + meeting at Lichfield House, 224; + prospects of the, 235</li> + +<li>Wicklow, Earl of, attack on the Government, iii. 110</li> + +<li>Wilberforce, William, speech of, i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + negotiation with Mr. Canning, ii. 125</li> + +<li>William IV., King, accession of, ii. 1; + <a name="IX_William" id="IX_William"></a> + dislike of, to the Duke of Cumberland, 5; + behaviour of, 6, 9; + at the House of Lords, 11; + personal anecdotes of, 11, 12, 13, 14; + dinner at Apsley House, 14; + at Windsor, 25; + pays the racing debts of the Duke of York, 50; + speech on the change of Government, 72; + levee, 74; + health of, 106, 108; + mobbed on returning from the theatre, 117; + in mourning for his son-in-law, 133; + in the House of Lords, 136; + dissolves Parliament, 136; + conduct to his Ministers, 138; + at Ascot, 147; + opens Parliament, 153; + at Windsor, 179; + and the Bishops, 185; + divides the old Great Seal, 188; + crowned at Westminster, 190; + levee, 192; + toasts at dinner at St James’s, 193; + interview with Lord Wharncliffe on creation of new Peers, 233; + health of, 282; + reluctance of, to make Peers, 283; + adverse sentiments towards the Whigs, 298; + dinner to the Jockey Club, 301; + levity of, 302; + letter to the Peers, 303; + character of, 307; + struck by a stone, 307; + country dance, 341; + anecdotes of, 342; + state of mind of, 364; + letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 382, 383; + letter-writing, iii. 2; + animosity to the French, 33; + irritability of, 81; + conduct of, 84; + personal feelings towards the members of Lord + Melbourne’s Administration, 137; + dismissal of Lord Melbourne, 144; + speech to the Tory Lords, 148; + provisional appointments, 148; + account of difference with Lord Melbourne, 150; + resolution of, to support the Tory Government, 161; + address to the new Ministers, 175; + on the state of Persia, 184; + whims of, 203; + Island of St. Bartholomew, 203; + indignation of, at the affair of Lord Londonderry, 231; + distress of, 245; + and the Ministers, 251; + personal habits of, 264; + speech to Sir Charles Grey, 272; + audience to Lord Durham, 272; + hostility towards Lord Glenelg and the Ministers, 276; + conduct to the Speaker, 279; + scene with Lord Torrington, 285; + speech to the Bishops, 303; + speech on the Militia, 311; + and the Duchess of Kent, 313; + speech at dinner to the Jockey Club, 351; + Toryism of, 358; + joke, 361; + speech to the Bishop of Ely, 363; + proposes the health of the Princess Victoria, 364; + aversion to his Ministers, 364, 366; + speech to Lord Minto, <i>ib.</i>; + rudeness to the Duchess of Kent, 366; + scene at birthday party, 367; + reception of King Leopold, 370; + speech, 1837, 385; + address to Lord Aylmer, 394; + illness of, 399, 400; + letter to the Princess Victoria, 399; + dangerous illness of, 401; + prayers offered up for, 403; + death of, 406; + kindness of heart of, 410</li> + +<li>Williams, Sir John, Justice of the Common Pleas, iii. 71</li> + +<li>Winchelsea, Earl of, + duel of, with the Duke of Wellington, i. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; + incident of the handkerchief, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>Winchester Cathedral, iii. 283</li> + +<li>Windham, Right Hon. William, diary of, i. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; + conversation with Doctor Johnson, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li>Windsor Castle, dinner in St. George’s Hall, ii. 34, 42; + dinner during the Ascot week, 147</li> + +<li>Windsor election, mobs at the, iii. 130</li> + +<li>Woburn, party at, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; + riot at, ii. 77</li> + +<li>Wood, Charles, on the Reform Bill, ii. 280</li> + +<li>Wood, Matthew, returned to Parliament for the City of London, iii. 188</li> + +<li>Worcester, Marchioness of, death of the, i. <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Worcester Cathedral, iii. 327; + monument of Bishop Hough, 327</li> + +<li>Wordsworth, William, characteristics of, ii. 120</li> + +<li>Wortley, Right Hon. John, Secretary to the Board of Control, + i. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. + <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Wharncliffe">Wharncliffe</a></li> + +<li>Wrottesley, Sir John, motion of, for a call of the House, iii. 8, 13</li> + +<li>Wynford, Lord, + <a name="IX_Wynford" id="IX_Wynford"></a> + raised to the Peerage, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; + Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Wynn, Right Hon. Charles, + President of the Board of Control, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + resignation of, ii. 124</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_X" id="IX_X"></a> +<a name="IX_Y" id="IX_Y"></a> +York, H.R.H. the Duke of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + management of racing establishment, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; + dislike to the Duke of Wellington, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + duel with the Duke of Richmond, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + anecdotes of King George IV., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; + illness of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; + funeral of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + letter to Lord Liverpool on the Catholic question, ii. 104</li> + +<li>York, H.R.H. the Duchess of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; + portrait of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + illness of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; + death of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Young, Thomas, private secretary to Lord Melbourne, iii. 126</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a name="IX_Z" id="IX_Z"></a> +Zea Bermudez, iii. 21; + dismissal of, 55</li> + +<li>Zumalacarreguy, ii. 270</li> +</ul> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. 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