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+Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Greville Memoirs
+       A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William
+       IV, Volume 1 (of 3)
+
+Author: Charles C. F. Greville
+
+Editor: Henry Reeve
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25700]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Eve M. Behr and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+    In this work, all spellings and punctuation were
+    reproduced from the original work except in the very few
+    cases where an obvious typo occurred. These typos are
+    corrected without comment.
+
+    In the original work, monetary pounds were expressed as
+    an italicized "l." after the number. For the text
+    version, I am using the more conventional £100 form for
+    clarity.
+
+    In the original volumes in this set, each even-numbered
+    page had a header consisting of the page number, the
+    volume title, and the chapter number. The odd-numbered
+    page header consisted of the year of the diary entry, a
+    subject phrase, and the page number. In this set of
+    e-books, the year is included as part of the date (which
+    in the original volume were in the form reproduced here,
+    minus the year). The subject phrase has been converted to
+    sidenotes, usually positioned where it seemed most
+    logical but occasionally simply between two paragraphs of
+    the even-odd pair.
+
+    In the original book set, consisting of three volumes,
+    the master index was in Volume 3. In this set of e-books,
+    the index has been duplicated into each of the other
+    volumes.  To make the index easier to use in this work,
+    the page number has been added to each Diary date.
+
+                *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       The Greville Memoirs
+
+                     A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS
+                                of
+                         KING GEORGE IV.
+                               and
+                         KING WILLIAM IV.
+
+
+                           By the Late
+                   CHARLES C. F. GREVILLE, Esq.
+             Clerk of the Council to Those Sovereigns
+
+                            Edited by
+                           HENRY REEVE
+                  Registrar of the Privy Council
+
+
+                         IN THREE VOLUMES
+                             VOL. I.
+
+                          Second Edition
+
+                              LONDON
+                     LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+                               1874
+
+
+
+
+                             PREFACE
+                          BY THE EDITOR
+
+
+The Author of these Journals requested me, in January 1865, a few
+days before his death, to take charge of them with a view to
+publication at some future time. He left that time to my
+discretion, merely remarking that Memoirs of this kind ought not,
+in his opinion, to be locked up until they had lost their
+principal interest by the death of all those who had taken any
+part in the events they describe. He placed several of the
+earlier volumes at once in my hands, and he intimated to his
+surviving brother and executor, Mr. Henry Greville, his desire
+that the remainder should be given me for this purpose. The
+injunction was at once complied with after Mr. Charles Greville's
+death, and this interesting deposit has now remained for nearly
+ten years in my possession. In my opinion this period of time is
+long enough to remove every reasonable objection to the
+publication of a contemporary record of events already separated
+from us by a much longer interval, for the transactions related
+in these volumes commence in 1818 and end in 1837. I therefore
+commit to the press that portion of these Memoirs which embraces
+the Reigns of King George IV. and King William IV., ending with
+the Accession of her present Majesty.
+
+In accepting the trust and deposit which Mr. Greville thought fit
+to place in my hands, I felt, and still feel, that I undertook a
+task and a duty of considerable responsibility; but from the time
+and the manner in which it was offered me I could not decline it.
+I had lived for more than five-and-twenty years in the daily
+intercourse of official life and private friendship with Mr.
+Greville. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, to whom he had previously
+intended to leave these Journals, died before him. After that
+event, deeply to be regretted on so many accounts, Mr. Greville
+did me the honour to select me for the performance of this duty,
+which was unexpected by myself; and my strong attachment and
+gratitude to him for numberless acts of kindness and marks of
+confidence bound me by every consideration to obey and execute
+the wishes of my late friend.
+
+In the discharge of this trust I have been guided by no other
+motive than the desire to present these Memorials to the world in
+a manner which their Author would not have disapproved, and in
+strict conformity with his own wishes and injunctions. He
+himself, it should be said, had frequently revised them with
+great care. He had studiously omitted and erased passages
+relating to private persons or affairs, which could only serve to
+gratify the love of idle gossip and scandal. The Journals contain
+absolutely nothing relating to his own family, and but little
+relating to his private life. In a passage (not now published) of
+his own writings, the Author remarks:--
+
+    'A journal to be good, true, and interesting, should be
+    written without the slightest reference to publication,
+    but without any fear of it: it should be the transcript
+    of a mind that can bear transcribing. I always
+    contemplate the possibility that hereafter my journal
+    will be read, and I regard with alarm and dislike the
+    notion of its containing matters about myself which
+    nobody will care to know' (January 2nd, 1838).
+
+These notes were designed chiefly to preserve a record of the
+less known causes and details of public events which came under
+the Author's observation, and they are interspersed with the
+conversations of many of the eminent men with whom he associated.
+But it must be borne in mind that they are essentially what they
+profess to be--a _contemporary_ record of facts and opinions, not
+altered or made up to square with subsequent experience. Hence
+some facts may be inaccurately stated, because they are given in
+the shape they assumed at the time they were recorded, and some
+opinions and judgments on men and things are at variance (as he
+himself acknowledges and points out) with those at which the
+writer afterwards arrived on the same persons and subjects. Our
+impressions of what is passing around us vary so rapidly and so
+continually, that a contemporary record of opinion, honestly
+preserved, differs very widely from the final and mature judgment
+of history: yet the judgment of history must be based upon
+contemporary evidence. It was remarked by an acute observer to
+Mr. Greville himself, that the _nuances_ in political society are
+so delicate and numerous, the details so nice and varying, that
+unless caught at the moment they escape, and it is impossible to
+collect them again. That is the charm and the merit of genuine
+contemporary records.
+
+The two leading qualities in the mind of Mr. Greville were the
+love of truth and the love of justice. His natural curiosity,
+which led him to track out and analyse the causes of events with
+great eagerness, was stimulated by the desire to arrive at their
+real origin, and to award to everyone, with judicial impartiality,
+what appeared to him to be a just share of responsibility.
+Without the passions or the motives of a party politician, he
+ardently sympathised with the cause of Liberal progress and
+Conservative improvement, or, as he himself expresses it, with
+Conservative principles on a Liberal basis. He was equally
+opposed to the prejudices of the old Tory aristocracy, amongst
+whom he had been brought up, and to the impetuous desire of
+change which achieved in his time so many vast and various
+triumphs. His own position, partly from the nature of the
+permanent office he held in the Privy Council, and partly from
+his personal intimacies with men of very opposite opinions, was a
+neutral one; but he used that neutral position with consummate
+judgment and address to remove obstacles, to allay irritations,
+to compose differences, and to promote, as far as lay in his
+power, the public welfare. Contented with his own social
+position, he was alike free from ambition and from vanity. No man
+was more entirely disinterested in his judgments on public
+affairs, for he had long made up his mind that he had nothing to
+gain or to lose by them, and in the opinions he formed, and on
+occasion energetically maintained, he cared for nothing but their
+justice and their truth. I trust that I do not deceive myself in
+the belief that the impressions of such a man, faithfully
+rendered at the time, on the events happening around him, will be
+thought to possess a permanent value and interest. But I am aware
+that opinions governed by no party standard will appear to a
+certain extent to be fluctuating and even inconsistent. I have
+not thought it consistent with my duty as the Editor of these
+papers to suppress or modify any of the statements or opinions of
+their Author on public men or public events; nor do I hold myself
+in any way responsible for the tenor of them. Some of these
+judgments of the writer may be thought harsh and severe, and some
+of them were subsequently mitigated by himself. But those who
+enter public life submit their conduct and their lives to the
+judgment of their contemporaries and of posterity, and this is
+especially true of those who fill the most exalted stations in
+society. Every act, almost every thought, which is brought home
+to them leaves its mark, and those who come after them cannot
+complain that this mark is as indelible as their fame. The only
+omissions I have thought it right to make are a few passages and
+expressions relating to persons and occurrences in private life,
+in which I have sought to publish nothing which could give pain
+or annoyance to persons still alive.
+
+It will be observed that these Journals begin in the year 1818,
+when Mr. Greville was barely twenty-four years of age, and indeed
+I possess some notes of an earlier period, which it was not
+thought desirable to include in this publication. At that age Mr.
+Greville had but a short experience of life, without the
+opportunities of information which he subsequently enjoyed;
+consequently the first two or three chapters of the first volume
+are of secondary interest, and the political value of the work
+begins with the retirement of Lord Liverpool. But it is by his
+own express desire that these chapters are retained to complete
+the series, and the particulars relating to the Duke of York and
+to the Queen's trial are not without interest. As the Author
+advanced in life his narrative increases in value both in
+substance and in style, and the most important portion of it is
+that which must at present be reserved for future publication.
+
+Of the Author of these Journals it may suffice to say that
+Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville was the eldest of the three sons
+of Charles Greville (who was grandson of the fifth Lord Warwick),
+by Lady Charlotte Cavendish Bentinck, eldest daughter of William
+Henry, third Duke of Portland, K.G., who filled many great
+offices of State. He was born on the 2nd of April, 1794. Much of
+his childhood was spent at his grandfather's house at Bulstrode.
+He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford; but he left
+the University early, having been appointed private secretary to
+Earl Bathurst before he was twenty.
+
+The influence of the Duke of Portland obtained for him early in
+life the sinecure appointment of the Secretaryship of Jamaica,
+the duties of that office being performed by deputy, and likewise
+the reversion of the Clerkship of the Council. He entered in 1821
+upon the duties of Clerk of the Council in Ordinary, which he
+discharged for nearly forty years. During the last twenty years
+of his life Mr. Greville occupied a suite of rooms in the house
+of Earl Granville in Bruton Street, and there, on the 18th of
+January, 1865, he expired. I was with him on the previous evening
+until he retired to rest; from that sleep he never woke.
+
+No additions whatever have been made to the text of these
+Journals. The passages occasionally interposed in a parenthesis,
+at a later date, to correct or comment upon a previous statement,
+are all by the hand of the Author. So likewise are the notes
+distinguished by no mark. For the notes included in brackets []
+the Editor is responsible.
+
+                                                      Henry Reeve.
+                                                 October 1st, 1874
+
+
+
+
+                   Contents of the First Volume
+
+
+                            CHAPTER I.
+
+Queen Charlotte--Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge--
+  Westminster Election--Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and
+  Sir Murray Maxwell--London Election--Oatlands--The Duke of
+  York--Duchess of York--Ampthill--Tixall--Mr. Luttrell--Lady
+  Granville--Teddesley--Macao--Burleigh--Middleton--Lady Jersey--
+  The New Parliament--Tierney and Pitt--Princess Lieven--Madame
+  de Staël on the French Revolution--Westminster Election--
+  Hobhouse Defeated--Scarlett's Maiden Speech--Influence of
+  Party--Play--The Persian Ambassador at Court--Prince Leopold--
+  Woburn--Anecdote of the Allies--Death of George III.--Illness
+  of George IV.--Queen Caroline--Fleury de Chabaulon--The Cato
+  Street Conspiracy--George IV. at Ascot--Marchioness of
+  Conyngham--Queen Caroline in London--Message to Parliament--
+  Debates--Insubordination in the Guards--Wilberforce's Motion--
+  Proceedings against the Queen--'Les Liaisons dangereuses'--The
+  Queen's Trial--The Duke of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo
+  and the Occupation of Paris.
+                                                           Page 1
+
+
+                           CHAPTER II.
+
+Popularity of George IV.--The Duke of York's Racing
+  Establishment--Clerk of the Council--Lord Liverpool and Mr.
+  Sumner--Lady Conyngham--Death of Lady Worcester--Her
+  Character--Ball at Devonshire House--The Duke of York's
+  Aversion to the Duke of Wellington--The Pavilion at Brighton--
+  Lord Francis Conyngham--The King and the Duke of Wellington--
+  Death of the Marquis of Londonderry--His Policy--Sir B.
+  Bloomfield sent to Stockholm--Mr. Canning's Foreign Secretary--
+  Queen Caroline and Brougham--Canning and George IV.--Lord
+  William Bentinck aspires to go to India--His Disappointment--
+  The Duke of York's Duel with Colonel Lennox--George III.'s
+  Will--George IV. appropriates the late King's Personal
+  Property--The Duke of Wellington on the Congress of Verona and
+  on the Politics of Europe--Intervention in Spain--Ferdinand
+  VII.--M. de Villèle--The Duke's Opinion of Napoleon--Sir
+  William Knighton--The Duke of York's Anecdotes of George IV.--
+  Death of the Marquis of Titchfield--His Character
+                                                          Page 43
+
+
+                           CHAPTER III.
+
+The Panic of 1825--Death of the Emperor Alexander--The Duke of
+  Wellington's Embassy to St. Petersburg--Robinson Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer--Small Notes Bill--Death of Arthur de Ros--George
+  III. and Lord Bute--Illness and Death of the Duke of York--His
+  Funeral--Lord Liverpool struck with Paralysis--Rundell's
+  Fortune and Will--Copley and Phillpotts--The Cottage--Formation
+  of Mr. Canning's Administration--Secession of the Tories--The
+  Whigs join him--Dinner at the Royal Lodge--Difficulties of
+  Canning's Government--Duke of Wellington visits the King--
+  Canning's Death--Anecdotes of Mr. Canning--Recognition of South
+  American States--His Industry--The Duke of Wellington on
+  Canning--Lord Goderich's Administration formed--The Difficulty
+  about Herries--Position of the Whigs--The King's Letter to
+  Herries--Peel and George IV.--Interview of Lord Lansdowne with
+  the King--Weakness of the Government--First Resignation of Lord
+  Goderich--Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership--Lord Goderich
+  returns--Brougham and Rogers--Conversation and Character of
+  Brougham--Lord Goderich's Ministry dissolved--Cause of its
+  Dissolution--Hostility of Herries--Position of Huskisson and
+  his Friends--Herries and Huskisson both join the New Cabinet
+                                                         Page  77
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Duke of Wellington's Administration--Huskisson's Speech--
+  Irritation of Mr. Canning's Friends--Tom Duncombe's Maiden
+  Speech--Mr. Huskisson resigns and the Canningites quit the
+  Government--Princess Lieven hostile to the Duke--The Catholic
+  Question--Jockey Club Dinner at St. James's--Lord Lyndhurst--
+  Sir Robert Adair--Fox and Burke--Fox and Pitt--The Lord High
+  Admiral dismissed by the King--Dawson's Speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation--The King's Health--His Pages--State of Ireland--
+  Marquis of Anglesey--O'Connell--His Influence in Ireland--Lord
+  Belmore Governor of Jamaica--The Duke's Letter to Dr. Curtis--
+  Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland--Causes of this Event--
+  Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question--His Aversion
+  to Sir William Knighton--Character of George IV.--Denman's Silk
+  Gown--Pension to Lady Westmeath--Duke of Wellington on Russia--
+  The Reis-Effendi--Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland--Privy
+  Council Register--State Paper Office--The Gunpowder Plot--
+  Catholic Emancipation--Navarino
+                                                         Page 124
+
+
+                            CHAPTER V.
+
+The Catholic Relief Bill--Inconsistency of the Tories--The
+  Catholic Association--Dinner at Charles Grant's--The Terceira
+  Expedition--Tory Discontent--Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford
+  University--A Blunder in Chancery--The Oxford Election--
+  Influence of the Duke of Wellington--Debate of Royal Dukes--
+  Peel beaten--Sir Edward Codrington--Violence of the King--
+  Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill--The Duke of Cumberland--
+  Furious State of Parties--Matuscewitz--Peel's Speech on
+  Catholic Emancipation--Exclusion of O'Connell from his Seat for
+  Clare--Pitt's View of Catholic Emancipation--'Musae
+  Cateatonenses'--'Thorough'--Mr. Lowther not turned out--Duke of
+  Newcastle's Audience of George IV.--The King's Personal
+  Habits--The Debate--Mr. Sadler--Hardness of the Duke of
+  Wellington--His Duel with Lord Winchelsea--The Bishops and the
+  Bill--Sir Charles Wetherell--The King on the Duel--Lord
+  Winchelsea's Pocket-handkerchief--Debate on the Catholic Bill--
+  The Duke of Richmond--Effects of Dawson's Speech on the King--
+  The Bill in Jeopardy--Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey--Lord
+  Falmouth and Lord Grey--O'Connell at Dinner--The Duke breaks
+  with Lord Eldon--Hibner the Murderess--Theatrical Fund--The
+  Levee--The Duke's Carriage stopped--The King's Health--Lady
+  Conyngham--O'Connell's Seat--Child's Ball at Court--Princess
+  Victoria--Legal Appointments--Lord Palmerston on Foreign
+  Affairs--The King and Lord Sefton--The King's Speech on the
+  Prorogation--Madame Du Cayla--George IV.'s Inaccuracy--
+  Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on the King and the Duke
+  of Cumberland
+                                                         Page 166
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VI.
+
+The Recorder's Report--Manners of George IV--Intrigues of the
+  Duke of Cumberland--Insults Lady Lyndhurst--Deacon Hume at the
+  Board of Trade--Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the
+  Lord Chancellor--A Bad Season--Prostration of Turkey--France
+  under Polignac--State of Ireland--Mr. Windham's Diary--George
+  IV.'s Eyesight--Junius--A Man without Money--Court-martial on
+  Captain Dickenson--The Duke and the 'Morning Journal'--Physical
+  Courage of the King--A Charade at Chatsworth--Huskisson and the
+  Duke--Irish Trials--Tom Moore--Scott--Byron--Fanny Kemble--Sir
+  James Mackintosh--His Conversation--Black Irishmen--Moore's
+  Irish Story--Moore's Singing--George IV. and Mr. Denman--
+  Strawberry Hill--Moore at Trinity College--Indian Vengeance at
+  Niagara--Count Woronzow--Lord Glengall's Play--The Recorder's
+  Report
+                                                         Page 221
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VII.
+
+Chapter of the Bath--The Duc de Dino arrested--A Ball to the
+  Divan--English Policy in Greece--Sir Thomas Lawrence--
+  Gallatin--Court of King's Bench--Accident to the Grand Duke
+  Constantine--Osterley--Young Sidney Herbert--Duke of Wellington
+  in Office--Stapleton's 'Life of Canning'--Death of Sir Thomas
+  Lawrence--Leopold and the Throne of Greece--Canning's Answers
+  to Lord Grey--Distressed State of the Country--Canning's
+  Greatness and his Failings--Death of Tierney--Sir Martin Shee
+  President--The Duke of Wellington's Views and Conduct--The
+  coming Session--Moore's 'Life of Byron'--Character of Byron--
+  Opening of Parliament--The Fire King--The Duke of Wellington's
+  Speaking--The English Opera House burnt down--Lord Thurlow on
+  Kenyon and Buller--Old Rothschild--Lansdowne House--Earl
+  Stanhope--John Murray--Departure for Italy
+                                                         Page 254
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Calais--Beau Brummell--Paris--The Polignac Ministry--Polignac and
+  Charles X.--The Duke of Orleans--State of Parties--Talleyrand--
+  Lyons--First Impressions of Mountain Scenery--Mont Cenis--
+  Turin--Marengo--Genoa--Road to Florence--Pisa--Florence--Lord
+  and Lady Burghersh--Thorwaldsen--Lord Cochrane--Rome--St.
+  Peter's--Frascati--Grotto Ferrata--Queen Hortense and Louis
+  Napoleon--Coliseum--Death of Lady Northampton--The Moses--
+  Gardens--Palm Sunday--Sistine Chapel--The Cardinals--Popes--
+  Cardinal Albani--The Farnese Palace--A Dead Cardinal--Pasquin--
+  Statue of Pompey--Galleries and Catacombs--Bunsen--The Papal
+  Benediction--Ceremonies of the Holy Week--The Grand
+  Penitentiary--A Confession--Protestant Cemetery--Illumination
+  of St. Peter's--Torlonia--Bunsen on the Forum
+                                                         Page 282
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IX.
+
+Lake of Albano--Velletri--Naples--Rapid Travelling in 1830--A
+  Trial at Naples--Deciphering Manuscripts--Ball at the Duchesse
+  d'Eboli's--Matteis's Plot and Trial--Pompeii--Taking the Veil--
+  Pausilippo--Baiae--La Cava--Salerno--Paestum--Lazaroni--Museum
+  of Naples--Grotto del Cane--The Camaldoli--Herculaneum--
+  Vesuvius--Sorrento--Miracle of St. Januarius--Astroni--Farewell
+  to Naples
+                                                         Page 331
+
+
+                            CHAPTER X.
+
+Moladi Gaeta--Capua--Lines on leaving Naples--Return to Rome--The
+  Aqueducts--'Domine, quo vadis?'--St. Peter's--The Scala Santa--
+  Reasons in Favour of San Gennaro--Ascent of St. Peter's--
+  Library of the Vatican--A racing _ex voto_--Illness of George
+  IV.--Approaching _Coup d'État_ in France--The Villa Mills--The
+  Malaria--Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg--The Emperor Nicholas on
+  his Accession--Cardinal Albani--A _Columbarium_--Maii--Sir
+  William Gell--Tivoli--Hadrian's Villa--The Adventures of Miss
+  Kelly and Mr. Swift--Audience of the Pope--Gibson's Studio--End
+  of Miss Kelly's Marriage--A Great Function--The Jesuits--
+  Saint-making--San Lorenzo in Lucina--The Flagellants--Statues
+  by Torchlight--Bunsen on the State of Rome--Frascati--Relations
+  of Protestant States with Rome--The French Ministry--M. de
+  Villèle--The Coliseum--Excommunication of a Thief--The
+  Passionists--The Corpus Domini--A Rash Marriage--Farewell to
+  Rome--Falls of Terni--Statue at Pratolino--Bologna--
+  Mezzofanti--Ferrara--Venice--Padua--Vicenza--Brescia--Verona--
+  Milan--Lago Maggiore--The Simplon--Geneva--Paris
+                                                         Page 350
+
+
+                              NOTE.
+
+Mr. Greville's Connexion with the Turf.
+
+
+
+
+                            A JOURNAL
+                              of the
+                 REIGN OF KING GEORGE THE FOURTH
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER I.
+
+Queen Charlotte--Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge--
+  Westminster Election--Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and
+  Sir Murray Maxwell--London Election--Oatlands--The Duke of
+  York--Duchess of York--Ampthill--Tixall--Mr. Luttrell--Lady
+  Granville--Teddesley--Macao--Burleigh--Middleton--Lady Jersey--
+  The New Parliament--Tierney and Pitt--Princess Lieven--Madame
+  de Staël on the French Revolution--Westminster Election--
+  Hobhouse Defeated--Scarlett's Maiden Speech--Influence of
+  Party--Play--The Persian Ambassador at Court--Prince Leopold--
+  Woburn--Anecdote of the Allies--Death of George III.--Illness
+  of George IV.--Queen Caroline--Fleury de Chabaulon--The Cato
+  Street Conspiracy--George IV. at Ascot--Marchioness of
+  Conyngham--Queen Caroline in London--Message to Parliament--
+  Debates--Insubordination in the Guards--Wilberforce's Motion--
+  Proceedings against the Queen--'Les Liaisons dangereuses'--The
+  Queen's Trial--The Duke of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo
+  and the Occupation of Paris.
+
+
+                              1818.
+
+
+I began to keep a Journal some time ago, and, after continuing it
+irregularly, dropped it entirely. I have since felt tempted to
+resume it, because, having frequent opportunities of mixing in
+the society of celebrated men, some particulars about them might
+be interesting hereafter.
+
+
+[Page Head: LAST YEARS OF THE REGENCY.]
+
+June 7th, 1818 {p.001}
+
+The dissolution of Parliament is deferred on account of the
+mistakes which have been made in passing the Alien Bill. On
+Friday night the exultation of the Opposition was very great at
+what they deemed a victory over the Ministers. It is said that
+there will be 100 contests, and that Government will lose twenty
+or thirty members. The Queen was so ill on Friday evening that
+they expected she would die. She had a severe spasm.[1]
+
+      [1] [Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., died on the
+          17th of November of this year, 1818.]
+
+The Duchess of Cambridge[2] has been received in a most
+flattering manner here, and it is said that the Duchess of
+Cumberland is severely mortified at the contrast between her
+reception and that of her sister-in-law. On the Sunday after her
+arrival the Duke took her to walk in the Park, when she was so
+terrified by the pressure of the mob about her that she nearly
+fainted away.
+
+      [2] [Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, seventh
+          son of George III., married on the 7th of May, 1818,
+          Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Princess of Hesse, youngest
+          daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. Ernest, Duke
+          of Cumberland, the King's fourth son, married on the
+          29th of August, 1815, at Strelitz, the Princess
+          Frederica, third daughter of the Duke of
+          Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This lady had been twice married
+          before, first to Prince Frederic Louis Charles of
+          Prussia, and secondly to the Prince of Salms-Braunfels.
+          As the Duchess of Cumberland had been divorced from her
+          last husband, the Queen received her with great
+          coldness; and the position in which she was placed
+          contrasted strongly with that of the Duchess of
+          Cambridge on her marriage.]
+
+The Regent drives in the Park every day in a tilbury, with his
+groom sitting by his side; grave men are shocked at this
+undignified practice.
+
+
+June 21st, 1818 {p.002}
+
+I dined at Holland House last Thursday. The party consisted of
+Lord Lansdowne, Mr. Frere, and Mrs. Tierney and her son. After
+dinner Mr. Frere repeated to us a great deal of that part of
+'Whistlecraft' which is not yet published.[3] I laughed whenever
+I could, but as I have never read the first part, and did not
+understand the second, I was not so much amused as the rest of
+the company.
+
+      [3] [The whole poem of 'Whistlecraft' has since been
+          republished in the collected works of the Right Hon.
+          Hookham Frere.]
+
+On Friday I went to the Stud-house, where a great party was
+assembled to see the stock and buy them. After visiting the
+paddocks, Bloomfield[4] gave a magnificent dinner to the company
+in a tent near the house; it was the finest feast I ever saw, but
+the badness of the weather spoilt the entertainment.
+
+      [4] [Sir Benjamin Bloomfield filled the offices of Marshal
+          and Chief Equerry to the Regent, and in 1817 he became
+          Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall and Keeper of
+          the Privy Purse to the Prince. The Stud-house of
+          Hampton Court had been given him as a residence. He was
+          raised to the peerage in 1825.]
+
+The Queen's illness was occasioned by information which she
+received of the Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge having met
+and embraced. This meeting took place as if by accident, but
+really by appointment, in Kew Gardens; and the Duke of Cambridge
+himself informed the Queen of it. She was in such a rage that the
+spasm was brought on, and she was very near dying.
+
+
+[Page Head: A GENERAL ELECTION.]
+
+June 24th, 1818 {p.003}
+
+The elections are carried on with great violence, and every day
+we hear of fresh contests being in agitation. The disgraceful
+scenes which have taken place in Westminster excite universal
+shame and indignation. The mob seem to have shaken off the
+feelings and the usual character of Englishmen, and in the brutal
+attacks which they have made on Captain Maxwell have displayed
+the savage ferocity which marked the mobs of Paris in the worst
+times. He has been so much hurt that his life is now in danger.
+Sir F. Burdett told me this morning that as soon as he was at the
+head of the poll he thought he should appear upon the hustings
+and thank the people for having raised him thus high. It is
+supposed that Burdett has laid out £10,000. on this election,
+though his friends do not acknowledge that he has spent anything.
+It is clear that the open houses, cockades, and bands of music we
+have seen these three days were not procured for nothing.
+
+Lord Castlereagh went to the hustings, and voted for Sir Murray
+Maxwell; he was hooted, pelted, and got off with some difficulty.
+His Lordship's judgment was not very conspicuous on this
+occasion; both Sir Murray's friends and enemies are of opinion
+that Lord Castlereagh's vote did him a great deal of harm and
+turned many men against him. The severest contests will be in
+Wiltshire, Herefordshire, Devonshire, and Lincolnshire. The
+elections are going against Government generally; in London
+particularly, as the Ministers lose one seat in the Borough and
+two in the City. This last election is the most unexpected of
+all. Curtis has been member for twenty-eight years, and has been
+used to come in very high on the poll. On this occasion the
+contest between him and Alderman Thorpe was severe, but Curtis
+would have carried it had not Wood and Waithman coalesced with
+Thorpe the last day, and thrown their spare votes over to him;
+this determined the election in his favour.[5]
+
+      [5] [Sir William Curtis was the Ministerial candidate in
+          the City of London; he was thrown out, and Messrs.
+          Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and Thorpe were returned.]
+
+
+June 30th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+There was an affray yesterday afternoon in Covent Garden. Sir
+Murray Maxwell's people paraded about a large boat drawn by six
+horses. Burdett's mob attacked and demolished the boat, and this
+action having raised their spirits, the contest continued. The
+consequence was that a large party of Horse Guards were marched
+into Covent Garden, and paraded there during the rest of the
+night. The people expressed their discontent by cries of 'This is
+what they call freedom of election!' 'Burdett for ever!' &c.[6]
+
+      [6] [The Westminster election terminated as follows:--Sir
+          Samuel Romilly, 5,339; Sir Francis Burdett, 5,238; Sir
+          Murray Maxwell, 4,808; Henry Hunt, 84.]
+
+
+August 4th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+I went to Oatlands[7] on Saturday. There was a very large party--
+Mr. and Mrs. Burrell, Lord Alvanley, Berkeley Craven, Cooke,
+Arthur Upton, Armstrong, Foley, Lord Lauderdale, Lake, Page, Lord
+Yarmouth. We played at whist till four in the morning. On Sunday
+we amused ourselves with eating fruit in the garden, and shooting
+at a mark with pistols, and playing with the monkeys. I bathed in
+the cold bath in the grotto, which is as clear as crystal and as
+cold as ice. Oatlands is the worst managed establishment in
+England; there are a great many servants, and nobody waits on
+you; a vast number of horses, and none to ride or drive.
+
+      [7] [Oatlands Park, Weybridge, at that time the residence
+          of the Duke of York.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.]
+
+August 15th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+The parties at Oatlands take place every Saturday, and the guests
+go away on Monday morning. These parties begin as soon as the
+Duchess leaves London, and last till the October meetings. During
+the Egham races there is a large party which remains there from
+the Saturday before the races till the Monday se'nnight
+following; this is called the Duchess's party, and she invites
+the guests. The Duke is only there himself from Saturday to
+Monday. There are almost always the same people, sometimes more,
+sometimes less. We dine at eight, and sit at table till eleven.
+In about a quarter of an hour after we leave the dining-room the
+Duke sits down to play at whist, and never stirs from the table
+as long as anybody will play with him. When anybody gives any
+hint of being tired he will leave off, but if he sees no signs of
+weariness in others he will never stop himself. He is equally
+well amused whether the play is high or low, but the stake he
+prefers is fives and ponies.[8] The Duchess generally plays also
+at half-crown whist. The Duke always gets up very early, whatever
+time he may go to bed. On Sunday morning he goes to church,
+returns to a breakfast of tea and cold meat, and afterwards rides
+or walks till the evening. On Monday morning he always sets off
+to London at nine o'clock. He sleeps equally well in a bed or in
+a carriage. The Duchess seldom goes to bed, or, if she does, only
+for an hour or two; she sleeps dressed upon a couch, sometimes in
+one room, sometimes in another. She frequently walks out very
+late at night, or rather early in the morning, and she always
+sleeps with open windows. She dresses and breakfasts at three
+o'clock, afterwards walks out with all her dogs, and seldom
+appears before dinner-time. At night, when she cannot sleep, she
+has women to read to her. The Duchess of York[9] is clever and
+well-informed; she likes society and dislikes all form and
+ceremony, but in the midst of the most familiar intercourse she
+always preserves a certain dignity of manner. Those who are in
+the habit of going to Oatlands are perfectly at their ease with
+her, and talk with as much freedom as they would to any other
+woman, but always with great respect. Her mind is not perhaps the
+most delicate; she shows no dislike to coarseness of sentiment or
+language, and I have seen her very much amused with jokes,
+stories, and allusions which would shock a very nice person. But
+her own conversation is never polluted with anything the least
+indelicate or unbecoming. She is very sensible to little
+attentions, and is annoyed if anybody appears to keep aloof from
+her or to shun conversing with her. Her dogs are her greatest
+interest and amusement, and she has at least forty of various
+kinds. She is delighted when anybody gives her a dog, or a
+monkey, or a parrot, of all of which she has a vast number; it is
+impossible to offend her or annoy her more than by ill-using any
+of her dogs, and if she were to see anybody beat or kick any one
+of them she would never forgive it. She has always lived on good
+terms with the Royal Family, but is intimate with none of them,
+and goes as little as possible to Court. The Regent dislikes her,
+and she him. With the Princess Charlotte she was latterly very
+intimate, spent a great deal of time at Claremont, and felt her
+death very severely. The Duchess has no taste for splendour or
+magnificence, and likes to live the life of a private individual
+as much as possible.
+
+      [8] [Five-pound points and twenty-five pounds on the
+          rubber.]
+
+      [9] [The Duchess of York was born Princess Royal of
+          Prussia; she married the Duke of York in 1791, and died
+          on the 6th of August, 1820.]
+
+[Page Head: DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.]
+
+The Duke of York is not clever, but he has a justness of
+understanding, which enables him to avoid the errors into which
+most of his brothers have fallen, and which have made them so
+contemptible and unpopular. Although his talents are not
+rated high, and in public life he has never been honourably
+distinguished, the Duke of York is loved and respected. He is the
+only one of the Princes who has the feelings of an English
+gentleman; his amiable disposition and excellent temper have
+conciliated for him the esteem and regard of men of all parties,
+and he has endeared himself to his friends by the warmth and
+steadiness of his attachments, and from the implicit confidence
+they all have in his truth, straightforwardness, and sincerity.
+He delights in the society of men of the world and in a life of
+gaiety and pleasure. He is very easily amused, and particularly
+with jokes full of coarseness and indelicacy; the men with whom
+he lives most are _très-polissons_, and _la polissonnerie_ is the
+_ton_ of his society. But his aides-de-camp and friends, while
+they do not scruple to say everything before and to him, always
+treat him with attention and respect. The Duke and the Duchess
+live upon the best terms; their manner to one another is cordial,
+and while full of mutual respect and attention, they follow
+separately their own occupations and amusements without
+interfering with one another. Their friends are common to both,
+and those who are most attached to the Duke are equally so to the
+Duchess. One of her few foibles is an extreme tenaciousness of
+her authority at Oatlands; one way in which this is shown is in
+the stable, where, although there are always eight or ten
+carriage-horses which seldom do any work, it is impossible ever
+to procure a horse to ride or drive, because the Duchess
+appropriates them all to herself. The other day one of the
+aides-de-camp (Cooke) wanted to drive Burrell (who was there) to
+Hampton Court; he spoke of this at breakfast, and the Duke
+hearing it, desired he would take the curricle and two Spanish
+horses which had been given to him. The Duchess, however, chose
+to call these horses hers and to consider them as her own. The
+curricle came to the door, and just as they were going to mount
+it a servant came from the Duchess (who had heard of it) and told
+the coachman that her Royal Highness knew nothing of it, had not
+ordered it, and that the curricle must go home, which it
+accordingly did.
+
+
+September 3rd, 1818 {p.007}
+
+I went to Oatlands for the Egham races. The party lasted more
+than a week; there was a great number of people, and it was very
+agreeable. Erskine was extremely mad; he read me some of his
+verses, and we had a dispute upon religious subjects one morning,
+which he finished by declaring his entire disbelief in the Mosaic
+history. We played at whist every night that the Duke was there,
+and I always won. The Duchess was unwell most of the time. We
+showed her a _galanterie_ which pleased her very much. She
+produced a picture of herself one evening, which she said she was
+going to send to the Duchess of Orleans; we all cried out, said
+it was bad, and asked her why she did not let Lawrence paint her
+picture, and send a miniature copied from that. She declared she
+could not afford it; we then said, if she would sit, we would pay
+for the picture, which she consented to do, when all the men
+present signed a paper, desiring that a picture should be painted
+and a print taken from it of her Royal Highness. Lawrence is to
+be invited to Oatlands at Christmas to paint the picture. The men
+who subscribe are Culling Smith, Alvanley, B. Craven, Worcester,
+Armstrong, A. Upton, Rogers, Luttrell, and myself, who were
+present. The Duchess desired that Greenwood and Taylor might be
+added. From Oatlands I went to Cirencester, where I stayed a week
+and then returned to Oatlands, expecting to find the Queen dead
+and the house empty, but I found the party still there.
+
+
+Ampthill,[10] September 9th, 1818 {p.008}
+
+I rode down here to-day, Alvanley and Montrond came in a chaise
+and four, and were only three hours and three-quarters coming
+from town. Luttrell and Rogers are here. The dinner very bad,
+because the cook is out of humour. The evening passed off
+heavily.
+
+     [10] [Ampthill Park, at that time the seat of Lord and Lady
+          Holland, who had inherited it from the Earl of Upper
+          Ossory. On the death of Lady Holland Ampthill was
+          purchased by the Duke of Bedford, and has since been
+          inhabited by Lord and Lady Wensleydale.]
+
+
+Ampthill, September 11th, 1818 {p.008}
+
+The Duke and Duchess of San Carlos came yesterday with their two
+daughters, one of whom is fourteen and the other twelve or
+thirteen years old. The eldest is betrothed to the Count
+Altimira, a boy of seventeen years old, son of one of the richest
+Spanish grandees. He has £70,000 a year. The Duke of Medina-Coeli
+before the French invasion had £215,000 a year.
+
+Lord Holland was talking to Mr. Fox the day after the debate on
+the war (after the Peace of Amiens) about public speakers, and
+mentioned Sheridan's speech on the Begums. Fox said, 'You may
+rest assured that that speech was the finest that ever was made
+in Parliament.' Lord Holland said, 'It is very well of you to say
+so, but I think your speech last night was a pretty good one.'
+Fox said, 'And that was a devilish fine speech too.'
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF MR. LUTTRELL.]
+
+Teddesley, November 30th, 1818 {p.009}
+
+I went to Tixall[11] on Tuesday, the 10th of November. There were
+Luttrell, Nugent, Montagu, Granville Somerset (who went away the
+next day), and afterwards Granville Vernon, Wilmot, and Mr.
+Donald. I never remember so agreeable a party--'le bon goût, les
+ris, l'aimable liberté.' Everybody was pleased because each did
+what he pleased, and the tone of the society was gay, simple, and
+clever.
+
+     [11] [Tixall, the seat of Sir Clifford Constable in
+          Staffordshire, was let at this time to Lord and Lady
+          Granville.]
+
+It is hardly possible to live with a more agreeable man than
+Luttrell. He is difficult to please, but when pleased and in good
+spirits, full of vivacity. He has a lively imagination, a great
+deal of instruction, and a very retentive memory, a memory
+particularly happy for social purposes, for he recollects a
+thousand anecdotes, fine allusions, odd expressions, or happy
+remarks, applicable to the generality of topics which fall under
+discussion. He is extremely sensitive, easily disconcerted, and
+resents want of tact in others, because he is so liable to suffer
+from any breach of it. A sceptic in religion, and by no means
+austere in morals, he views with indulgence all faults except
+those which are committed against society, but he looks upon a
+bore with unconcealed aversion. He is attached to a few persons
+whose talents he respects and whose society he covets, but
+towards the world in general he is rather misanthropical, and
+prides himself upon being free from the prejudices which he
+ridicules and despises more or less in everybody else. Detesting
+the importance and the superiority which are assumed by those who
+have only riches or rank to boast of, he delights in London,
+where such men find their proper level, and where genius and
+ability always maintain an ascendancy over pomp, vanity, and the
+adventitious circumstances of birth or position. Born in
+mystery,[12] he has always shrouded himself in a secresy which
+none of his acquaintance have ever endeavoured to penetrate. He
+has connections, but they are unknown or only guessed at. He has
+occupations, amusements, and interests unconnected with the
+society in which he publicly moves. Of these he never speaks, and
+no one ever ventures to ask him any questions. Ostensibly he has
+no friend. Standing thus alone in the world, he derives but
+little of his happiness from others; and he seems to delight in
+the independence of his feelings as well as of his situation. He
+is very witty and says excellent things, brilliant in general
+society and pleasant in _tête-à-tête._ Many men infinitely less
+clever _converse_ more agreeably than he does, because he is too
+epigrammatic, and has accustomed himself so much to make
+brilliant observations that he cannot easily descend to quiet,
+unlaboured talk. This only applies to him when in general
+society; when alone with another person he talks as agreeably as
+possible.
+
+     [12] [Mr. Luttrell was believed to be a natural son of Lord
+          Carhampton. He had sat in the last Irish Parliament
+          before the Union, and died about 1855 at a very
+          advanced age.]
+
+Nugent is clever, and in many respects a more amiable companion
+than Luttrell, though very inferior to him in ability. He is
+well-informed, gentlemanlike, sensible, with good manners, good
+taste, and has a talent for music; he is always in good humour,
+and discriminating without being difficult.
+
+Lady Granville[13] has a great deal of genial humour, strong
+feelings, enthusiasm, delicacy, refinement, good taste, _naïveté_
+which just misses being affectation, and a _bonhomie_ which
+extends to all around her.
+
+     [13] [Henrietta Elizabeth, daughter of William, fifth Duke
+          of Devonshire, married in 1809 to Lord Granville
+          Leveson Gower, created Viscount Granville in 1815, and
+          Earl Granville in 1833, during his embassy at the Court
+          of France.]
+
+Nothing could exceed the agreeableness of the life we led at
+Tixall. We breakfasted about twelve or later, dined at seven,
+played at whist and macao the whole evening, and went to bed at
+different hours between two and four. 'Nous faisions la bonne
+chère, ce qui ajoute beaucoup à l'agrément de la société. Je ne
+dis pas ceci par rapport à mes propres goûts; mais parce que je
+l'ai observé, et que les philosophes n'y sont pas plus indifférents
+que les bons vivants.'
+
+[Page Head: PARTY AT TIXALL.]
+
+When the party at Tixall was over we all removed to Teddesley.
+Littleton[14] is good-natured, liberal, hospitable, and anxious
+to oblige, but he wants tact, and his table is more copious than
+refined. The house is ugly and in an ugly situation; the rooms
+are small, but not ill furnished. The dinners were not good, and
+Luttrell and Nugent were both very angry at the badness of the
+fare. We had a brilliant _chasse_. Luttrell left Teddesley on
+Monday, the Granvilles on Sunday, and Nugent and I on Tuesday; we
+travelled together to Oxford. He is very agreeable, full of
+information, and has a great facility in expressing himself. We
+parted at Oxford. I went to Redrice, and came to town on Sunday.
+
+     [14] [Edward Littleton, Esq., at that time M.P. for the
+          county of Stafford; raised to the Privy Council in
+          1833, when he became Chief Secretary for Ireland, and
+          to the peerage under the title of Baron Hatherton in
+          1835.]
+
+Tixall was the most agreeable party I ever was at. We were all
+pleased and satisfied; we played at whist, and afterwards at
+macao. Littleton was the greatest winner and Lord Granville the
+loser. I wrote a description of the macao in verse:--
+
+                             _MACAO_
+
+         The solemn chime from out the ancient tower[15]
+         Invites to Macao at th' accustomed hour.
+         The welcome summons heard, around the board
+         Each takes his seat and counts his iv'ry hoard.
+         'Tis strange to see how in the early rounds
+         The cautious punters risk their single pounds,
+         Till, fired with generous rage, they double stake
+         And offer more than prudent dealers take.
+         My Lady[16] through her glass with keen delight
+         Observes the brisk beginnings of the fight;
+         To some propitious, but to me unkind,
+         With candour owns the bias of her mind,
+         And asks of Fortune the severe decree
+         T' enrich the happy Skew,[17] to ruin me.
+         The fickle Goddess heard one-half the prayer,
+         The rest was melted into empty air;
+         For while she smiled complacent on the Skew,[18]
+         On me she shed some trifling favours too.
+         Sure Granville's luck exceeds all other men's
+         Led through a sad variety of tens;[19]
+         The rest have sometimes eights and nines, but he
+         Is always followed by 'the jolly three;'[20]
+         But the great Skew some guardian sylph protects,
+         His judgment governs, and his hand directs
+         When to refrain, when boldly to put in
+         And catch with happy nine the wayward pin.[21]
+
+The next morning Luttrell came down with, a whole paper full of
+epigrams (I had been winning at macao, and had turned up five
+nines in my deal):--
+
+       Why should we wonder if in Greville's verses
+       Each thought so brilliant and each line so terse is?
+       For surely he in poetry must shine
+       Who is, we know, so favoured by the nine.[22]
+
+                        _THE JOLLY TENS._
+
+          Quoth Greville, 'The commandments are divine;
+            But as they're ten, I lay them on the shelf:
+          O could they change their number and be nine,
+            I'd keep them all, and keep them to myself!'
+
+Thus we trifled life away.
+
+         [15] A clock tower.
+         [16] Lady Granville.
+         [17] E. Montagu.
+         [18] We gave him this nickname.
+         [19] Tens, ruinous at macao.
+         [20] Tens.
+         [21] The middle pin, a large gain.
+         [22] _Nines_ are the grand desiderata at macao.
+
+
+                              1819.
+
+
+[Page Head: LADY JERSEY.]
+
+January 17th, 1819 {p.012}
+
+I went to Burleigh on the 23rd of December; there was no one
+there but Irby. The house disappointed me very much, but it is a
+very fine showplace. I went away on the 27th to Middleton; there
+were the Culling Smiths, Worcesters, Sir James Mackintosh,
+Ossulstons, Nugent, &c.; it was very agreeable, and the house
+extremely comfortable. Lady Jersey[23] is an extraordinary woman,
+and has many good qualities; surrounded as she is by flatterers
+and admirers, she is neither proud nor conceited. She is full of
+vivacity, spirit, and good nature, but the wide range of her
+sympathies and affections proves that she has more general
+benevolence than particular sensibility in her character. She
+performs all the ordinary duties of life with great correctness,
+because her heart is naturally good; and she is, perhaps, from
+her temperament exposed to fewer temptations than the generality
+of her sex. She is deficient in passion and in softness (which
+constitute the greatest charm in women), so that she excites more
+of admiration than of interest; in conversation she is lively and
+pleasant, without being very remarkable, for she has neither wit,
+nor imagination, nor humour; her understanding is active rather
+than strong, and her judgment is too often warped by prejudice to
+be sound. She has a retentive memory and a restless mind,
+together with a sort of intellectual arrangement, with which she
+appears rather to have been gifted by nature than to have derived
+it from the cultivation of her reasoning faculties.
+
+     [23] [Sarah Sophia, eldest daughter of John, tenth Earl of
+          Westmoreland, and heiress of Robert Child, Esq., of
+          Osterley Park, her maternal grandfather.]
+
+I went from Middleton to Oatlands. The Duke was not there. We had
+the Smiths, Worcesters, Alvanley, Stanhope, Rogers, Luttrell,
+George Dawson, Lord Lauderdale, &c. Lord Erskine was ill, and
+Lord Lauderdale was taking care of him. The house was very
+uncomfortable, and the room I was in small, noisy, and inconvenient.
+
+I came to London on Friday last. Parliament having met on the
+Thursday, it is very full, and is filling more and more every
+day. The Opposition expect to divide 180 on the Bank question;
+they talk of re-establishing the dinners which they used to have
+in Fox's time.
+
+Rogers is in a nervous state about his poem, and trembles at the
+reviewers.[24]
+
+     [24] [Rogers' poem entitled 'Human Life' was on the eve of
+          publication. The reviewers treated it more tenderly
+          than it deserved, as appears below.]
+
+
+January 28th, 1819 {p.013}
+
+I went to Gorhambury on the 24th to shoot. The Duke of York was
+there. We should have had a brilliant _chasse_, but it rained. We
+went out at three and killed 105 pheasants.
+
+There has been some skirmishing in the House of Commons,
+particularly the night before last, on Dr. Halloran's petition,
+when the Opposition (Bennet _duce_) got completely beaten. Many
+of the new members have spoken, but Mr. Lawson, a _soi-disant_
+wit, and Sir R. Wilson have failed lamentably. It is odd enough
+that Wilson made a reply to an attack which Cobbett had inserted
+in one of his papers upon him. Cobbett said that he would make a
+silly speech in Parliament and destroy himself, and it is just
+what he did. The Opposition were very angry with Sir J. Coffin,
+who, with the candour of a novice, had made himself informed of
+the facts of the petition, and finding they were against his
+friends, said so in the House.
+
+Arbuthnot told me some particulars about Tierney. He began by
+being a friend of Mr. Pitt, and in one of his speeches on the
+Southwark or Colchester election he praised him in opposition to
+Mr. Fox. This latter never liked him, and the Regent assured
+Arbuthnot he had letters of Tierney in his possession thanking
+him for having endeavoured to remove Mr. Fox's antipathy to him.
+When Addington came in, Pitt advised him to get Tierney, as
+nobody would be so useful to him. He did accordingly, and so
+Tierney became a member of the Administration.[25] When Pitt came
+again into office a negotiation was opened with him through the
+medium of Charles Long. He was offered the Chief Secretaryship in
+Ireland, which he wished to have, but he made it a condition that
+he should not be in Parliament. To this Mr. Pitt would not agree,
+as he said that he must commit himself with them entirely or not
+join them at all; he refused, not choosing to commit himself, and
+the negotiations broke off.
+
+     [25] [Right Hon. George Tierney, Treasurer of the Navy and
+          P.C. in 1803. President of the Board of Control in
+          October, 1806, Member of the Mint in 1827.]
+
+
+January 31st, 1819 {p.014}
+
+I dined with Lady Bathurst yesterday. We talked of the
+approaching contests in Parliament, and she said that she felt
+more apprehensive now than ever she had done for the safety of
+the Government, that it was impossible for Ministers to stay in
+if they were defeated, as they had occasionally been in the last
+Parliament, and that if they were defeated she should attribute
+it all to Vansittart, who is a millstone about their necks. I
+asked why they did not get rid of him, and she said that it was
+from good-nature; they had scruples about telling him he was
+inefficient and must resign. She said that Canning's conduct had
+been so good towards them, they were very anxious to put him in
+some more considerable office.
+
+
+[Page Head: PRINCESS LIEVEN.]
+
+February 3rd, 1819 {p.015}
+
+I went with Bouverie to Newmarket on Monday to look at the
+horses. On Wednesday I came to town and went on to Oatlands.
+Madame de Lieven was there. This woman is excessively clever, and
+when she chooses brilliantly agreeable. She is beyond all people
+fastidious. She is equally conscious of her own superiority and
+the inferiority of other people, and the contempt she has for the
+understandings of the generality of her acquaintance has made her
+indifferent to please and incapable of taking any delight in
+general society. Her manners are very dignified and graceful, and
+she is extremely accomplished. She sometimes endeavours to assume
+popular and gracious manners, but she does this languidly and
+awkwardly, because it is done with an effort. She carries _ennui_
+to such a pitch that even in the society of her most intimate
+friends she frequently owns that she is bored to death. She
+writes memoirs, or rather a journal, of all that falls under her
+observation. She is so clever, has so much imagination and
+penetration, that they must be very entertaining. She writes as
+well as talks with extraordinary ease and gracefulness, and both
+her letters and her conversation are full of point; yet she is
+not liked, and has made hardly any friends. Her manners are
+stately and reserved, and so little _bonhomie_ penetrates through
+her dignity that few feel sufficiently attracted to induce them
+to try and thaw the ice in which she always seems bound.[26]
+
+     [26] [A very imperfect character of Princess Lieven, with
+          whom Mr. Greville was at this time but slightly
+          acquainted. But in after years he became one of her
+          most intimate and confidential friends, and she
+          frequently reappears in the course of these memoirs.]
+
+
+February 5th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+I have finished Madame de Staël's 'Considérations sur la
+Révolution Française.' It is the best of her works, extremely
+eloquent, containing the soundest political opinions conveyed in
+a bold and eloquent style. It is perhaps too philosophical
+and not sufficiently relieved by anecdotes and historical
+illustrations. Her defence of her father is written with much
+enthusiasm and great plausibility, but the judgment of the world
+concerning Necker is formed, and it is too late to alter it. The
+effect of her eloquence is rather weakened by the recollection of
+her conduct to him, for she lived with him as little as possible,
+because she could not bear the _ennui_ of Coppet.[27]
+
+     [27] [In the latter years of Madame de Staël's life Coppet
+          became one of the most brilliant social resorts in
+          Europe, for she attracted there the Schlegels, B.
+          Constant, Bonstetten, Sismondi, Byron, and a host of
+          other celebrities. Towards her father Madame de Staël
+          expressed the most passionate regard.]
+
+
+February 9th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+The Opposition are in a state of the highest exultation on
+account of the division in the House of Commons last night on
+Brougham's being added to the Bank Committee. The numbers were
+173 to 135. They triumph particularly in this strong minority
+because the attack upon Brougham in the 'Quarterly Review' was
+deemed so successful by the Ministerial party that they thought
+he would not be able to lift up his head again. The review is
+extremely well done, as all allow. It is supposed to be written
+by Dr. Ireland [it was by Dr. Monk[28]], and that Canning
+supplied the jokes, but Arbuthnot assured me he had no hand in
+it.
+
+     [28] [Dr. Monk, not Dr. Ireland, was the author of the
+          article. Monk became Bishop of Gloucester in 1830. This
+          passage relates to the celebrated article on the Report
+          of Mr. Brougham's Committee on the Education of the
+          People which appeared in the 'Quarterly Review' of
+          December 1818. The article was a violent one, but it is
+          amusing to see the effects attributed to it at the
+          time. Some controversy has since taken place as to the
+          share Canning had in it. I have myself seen the letters
+          from Gifford (editor of the 'Review') to Dr. Monk, in
+          which he speaks of the additions which have been made
+          to the article; and there is the strongest internal
+          evidence that these _purpurei panni_ were added by
+          Canning. The subject is discussed in the 'Edinburgh
+          Review' for July 1858.]
+
+
+February 10th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+Wilberforce made a speech last night which reminded one of the
+better days of the House of Commons. He presented a petition from
+the Quakers against the Criminal Code, and introduced a
+compliment to Romilly. Castlereagh was in a minority in the
+Committee concerning the equerries of the Windsor establishment;
+he wished to keep two more than Tierney proposed; the latter had
+eight to six in the Committee.[29]
+
+     [29] [In consequence of the death of Queen Charlotte in the
+          preceding month of November, the Government visited the
+          Windsor establishment. The Duke of York was appointed
+          _custos personae_ of the King, and received in that
+          capacity £10,000 a year, which had previously been
+          allowed to the Queen. A debate took place on this
+          subject on the 25th of February, which is referred to
+          by Mr. Greville under that date.]
+
+
+February 14th, 1819 {p.017}
+
+George Lamb has been proposed in opposition to Hobhouse.[30] The
+latter drew this opposition upon himself by his speech, and still
+more by the reports of his Committee, in which they abused the
+Whigs in unmeasured terms. Lambton went to Hobhouse and asked him
+if he would disavow the abuse of Lord Grey, which his Committee
+had inserted in the document they printed; he refused, on which
+the opposition was determined upon and begun. McDonald proposed
+Lamb, but they would not hear him; Evans seconded him. G. Jones
+made a very good speech in proposing Cartwright. Burdett and
+Kinnaird both spoke with moderation in proposing Hobhouse. It is
+generally supposed that Lamb will win.
+
+     [30] [The death of Sir Samuel Romilly in November 1818
+          caused a vacancy in the representation of Westminster,
+          and another election took place upon the meeting of
+          Parliament. The numbers were: Hon. George Lamb, 4,465;
+          John Cam Hobhouse, 3,861; Major Cartwright, 38.]
+
+Rogers' poem is disliked; the cry is all against it; some of the
+lines are pretty, but it is not perspicuous enough, and is
+deficient in novelty and force.
+
+
+[Page Head: WESTMINSTER ELECTION.]
+
+February 18th, 1819 {p.017}
+
+Yesterday Lamb was only seven behind Hobhouse on the poll;
+everybody thinks he is sure to win, even if Burdett should come
+forward with money. The day before there was great uproar and
+much abuse on the hustings. Burdett made a shameful speech full
+of blasphemy and Jacobinism, but he seems to have lost his
+popularity in a great measure even with the blackguards of
+Westminster. Hobhouse yesterday was long and dull; he did not
+speak like a clever man, and if the people would have heard Lamb,
+and he has any dexterity in reply, he must have crushed him--it
+was so answerable a speech.
+
+I went to the Berrys[31] in the evening, where the blues and the
+wits were assembled; as Sidney Smith said, 'the conversation
+raged,' but there was nothing remarkably entertaining.
+
+     [31] [Miss Berry's well-known _salon_, No. 8 Curzon Street,
+          which was for more than a half a century the resort of
+          the best company in London.]
+
+
+[Page Head: PARTY SPIRIT.]
+
+February 25th, 1819 {p.018}
+
+The debate on the £10,000 to the Duke of York on Monday produced
+four very good speeches--Peel and the Solicitor-General on one
+part, and Tierney and Scarlett[32] on the other. This latter
+spoke for the first time, and in reply to the two former. The
+Opposition came to Brookes' full of admiration of his speech,
+which is said to be the best _first speech_ that ever was made in
+the House of Commons. I, who hear all parties and care for none,
+have been amused with the different accounts of the debate; one
+man says Peel's speech was the best of the night and the finest
+that has been made in the House for a length of time; another
+prefers the Solicitor-General's; then on the other side it is
+said that Tierney was excellent, Mr. Scarlett beyond all praise.
+The friends of Government allow great merit to the two latter
+speakers, but declare that Peel was unanswerable, besides having
+been beautifully eloquent, and that Scarlett's speech was a
+fallacy from beginning to end. Again I am told Peel was not good;
+his was a speech for effect, evidently prepared, showy, but not
+argumentative; Scarlett triumphantly refuted all his reasoning.
+Thus it is that a fair judgment is never formed upon any
+question; the spirit of party influences every man's opinions. It
+is not extraordinary that each individual of a party connected by
+general similarity of opinion should adhere to the great body,
+even in cases where he may not happen to agree with them, and
+excellent reasons may be adduced for his sacrificing his own view
+for the great object of unanimity; but it is very improbable that
+on a particular question, unconnected with any general system,
+where arguments are adduced from opposite sides, and submitted to
+the enlightened judgment of an assembly, the same arguments which
+are looked upon as satisfactory and unanswerable by one set of
+men should be deemed without exception utterly fallacious by
+another. If any proof were requisite of the mighty influence of
+party spirit, it would be found in a still stronger light in the
+State trials in the House of Lords. I have in my mind the trial
+of Lord Melville; when each Peer had to deliver his judicial
+opinion upon the evidence adduced in a matter so solemn, and in
+the discharge of a duty so sacred, it might be imagined that all
+party feelings would be laid aside, and that a mature judgment
+and an enlightened conscience would alone have regulated the
+conduct of every individual. Yet either by an extraordinary
+accident or by the influence of party spirit we beheld all the
+Peers on the Ministerial side of the House declaring Lord
+Melville innocent, and all those of the Opposition pronouncing
+him guilty.
+
+     [32] [Sir James Scarlett, afterwards Lord Abinger and Lord
+          Chief Baron. It is remarkable that his first speech in
+          the House of Commons was delivered on the Whig side of
+          the House. He afterwards became a decided Tory.]
+
+
+March 5th, 1819 {p.019}
+
+George Lamb was to have been chaired on the day he was elected,
+but the mob was outrageous and would not suffer it. They broke
+into his committee room, and he and McDonald were forced to creep
+out of a two pair of stairs window into the churchyard. His
+partisans, who assembled on horseback, were attacked and pelted,
+and forced to retreat after receiving many hard knocks. In the
+evening the mob paraded the town, and broke the windows of Lord
+Castlereagh's and Lord Sefton's houses.
+
+The other night Sir James Mackintosh[33] made a splendid speech
+on the Criminal Laws; it was temperate and eloquent, and excited
+universal admiration. The Ministerial party spoke as highly of it
+as the Opposition themselves. Last night Canning moved the thanks
+to Lord Hastings, and they say it was the finest speech he ever
+made, in the best taste, the clearest narrative, and the most
+beautiful language.
+
+     [33] [Sir James Mackintosh's motion for the appointment of a
+          Committee on Capital Punishments was carried against
+          the Government on the 2nd of March by 148 to 128.]
+
+
+June 12th, 1819 {p.020}
+
+I have been at Oatlands for the Ascot party. On the course I did
+nothing. Ever since the Derby ill fortune has pursued me, and I
+cannot win anywhere. Play is a detestable occupation; it absorbs
+all our thoughts and renders us unfit for everything else in
+life. It is hurtful to the mind and destroys the better feelings;
+it incapacitates us for study and application of every sort; it
+makes us thoughtful and nervous; and our cheerfulness depends
+upon the uncertain event of our nightly occupation. How anyone
+can play who is not in want of money I cannot comprehend; surely
+his mind must be strangely framed who requires the stimulus of
+gambling to heighten his pleasures. Some indeed may have become
+attached to gaming from habit, and may not wish to throw off the
+habit from the difficulty of finding fresh employment for the
+mind at an advanced period of life. Some may be unfitted by
+nature or taste for society, and for such gaming may have a
+powerful attraction. The mind is excited; at the gaming-table all
+men are equal; no superiority of birth, accomplishments, or
+ability avail here; great noblemen, merchants, orators, jockies,
+statesmen, and idlers are thrown together in levelling confusion;
+the only pre-eminence is that of success, the only superiority
+that of temper. But why does a man play who is blessed with
+fortune, endowed with understanding, and adorned with accomplishments
+which might ensure his success in any pursuit which taste or
+fancy might incite him to follow? It is contrary to reason, but
+we see such instances every day. The passion of play is not
+artificial; it must have existed in certain minds from the
+beginning; at least some must have been so constituted that they
+yield at once to the attraction, and enter with avidity into a
+pursuit in which other men can never take the least interest.
+
+
+June 14th, 1819 {p.020}
+
+The other night in the House of Commons on the Foreign Enlistment
+Bill Sir James Mackintosh made a brilliant speech; all parties
+agree in commending it. Canning answered him, but not successfully.
+The Duke of Wellington told me on Friday that there was a good
+debate in the House of Lords the night before on the Catholic
+question, but he thought his side had the worst of it; he
+acknowledged that Lord Grey's speech had done much to shake his
+opinion, and that he had not conceived that his propositions
+would have been framed in so unobjectionable a manner.[34]
+
+     [34] [On the 10th of June Earl Grey submitted to the House
+          of Lords a Bill to relieve Roman Catholics from taking
+          the declaratory oaths against Transubstantiation and
+          the Invocation of Saints. On this occasion, for the
+          first time, Lord Grenville supported the Catholic
+          claims. But the Bill was thrown out by 141 to 92.]
+
+
+[Page Head: PERSIAN AMBASSADOR AND THE REGENT.]
+
+June 25th, 1819 {p.021}
+
+The Persian Ambassador has had a quarrel with the Court. He
+wanted to have precedence over all other Ambassadors, and because
+this was not allowed he was affronted and would not go to Court.
+This mark of disrespect was resented, and it was signified to him
+that his presence would be dispensed with at Carlton House, and
+that the Ministers could no longer receive him at their houses.
+On Sunday last the Regent went to Lady Salisbury's, where he met
+the Persian, who, finding he had given offence, had made a sort
+of apology, and said that illness had prevented him from going to
+Court. The Regent came up to him and said, 'Well, my good friend,
+how are you? I hope you are better?' He said, 'Oh, sir, I am very
+well, but I am very sorry I offended your Royal Highness by not
+going to Court. Now, sir, my Sovereign he tell me to go first,
+and your Congress, about which I know nothing, say I must go
+last; now this very bad for me (pointing to his head) when I go
+back to Persia.' The Regent said, 'Well, my good friend, never
+mind it now; it does not signify.' He answered, 'Oh yes, sir; but
+your Royal Highness still angry with me, and you have not asked
+me to your party to-morrow night.' The Regent laughed and said,
+'I was only going to have a few children to dance, but if you
+like to come I shall be very happy to see you.' Accordingly he
+went to Carlton House, and they are very good friends again.
+
+
+August 11th, 1819 {p.021}
+
+The Vice-Chancellor was going to Italy, but his journey is
+stopped, as he says, because the Prince Regent has desired him to
+stay in England in consequence of the approaching return of the
+Princess of Wales.
+
+
+August 30th, 1819 {p.022}
+
+I am just returned from Oatlands; we had an immense party, the
+most numerous ever known there. The Duchess wished it to have
+been prolonged, but there were no funds. The distress they are in
+is inconceivable. When the Duchess came down there was no water
+in the house. She asked the reason, and was informed that the
+water came by pipes from St. George's Hill, which were stopped up
+with sand; and as the workmen were never paid, they would not
+clear them out. She ordered the pipes to be cleared and the bills
+brought to her, which was done. On Thursday there was a great
+distress, as the steward had no money to pay the tradespeople,
+and the Duke was prevailed on with great difficulty to produce a
+small sum for the purpose. The house is nearly in ruins.
+
+
+December 24th, 1819 {p.022}
+
+The Duke of Kent gave the name of Alexandrina to his daughter[35]
+in compliment to the Emperor of Russia. She was to have had the
+name of Georgiana, but the Duke insisted upon Alexandrina being
+her first name. The Regent sent for Lieven and made him a great
+many compliments (_en le persiflant_) on the Emperor's being
+godfather, but informed him that the name of Georgiana could be
+second to no other in this country, and therefore she could not
+bear it at all.
+
+     [35] [The Princess, afterwards Queen, Victoria, born 24th of
+          May, 1819.]
+
+The frost is intense. The town is empty. I returned from Whersted
+last Wednesday se'nnight, and went to Oatlands on Thursday; there
+was nearly the same party. Prince Leopold came and dined there on
+Saturday. He is very dull and heavy in his manner, and seems
+overcome with the weight of his dignity. This Prince will not
+succeed here; everybody is civil to him from the interest he
+excited at the time of the Princess's death--an interest which
+has not yet subsided. There seems to be no harm in him, but
+everybody contrasts his manners with those of the Duke of York,
+and the comparison is not to his advantage. The Duchess likes the
+society of men of wit and letters; more, I think, from the
+variety of having them around her than from any pleasure she
+takes in their conversation. Lord Alvanley is the man in whom she
+takes the greatest delight.
+
+
+                              1820.
+
+
+London, January 20th, 1820 {p.023}
+
+I went last Sunday se'nnight to Woburn. The Duke of York, Duke of
+Wellington, Lievens, Jerseys, Worcesters, Tavistocks, Mr.
+Russell, Lady Sandwich, Alvanley, C. Smith, Huntleys, Frederick
+Ponsonby, Lauderdale, and others were there. The house, place,
+establishment, and manner of living are magnificent. The _chasse_
+was brilliant; in five days we killed 835 pheasants, 645 hares,
+59 rabbits, 10 partridges, and 5 woodcocks. The Duchess was very
+civil and the party very gay. I won at whist, and liked it very
+much.
+
+
+January 22nd, 1820 {p.023}
+
+Just before the advance of the allied army on Paris a council of
+war was held, when it was unanimously resolved to retreat. The
+Emperor of Russia entered the room, and said he had reasons for
+advancing, and ordered the advance; the generals remonstrated,
+but the Emperor was determined. Woronzoff told Sydenham that that
+day a courier arrived at his outposts with a letter for the
+Emperor in the handwriting of Talleyrand. This was told me by
+Frederick Ponsonby.
+
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+February 4th, 1820 {p.023}
+
+I returned to Woburn on Sunday. We shot the whole week and killed
+an immense quantity of game; the last two days we killed 245 and
+296 pheasants, 822 and 431 head. On Sunday last arrived the news
+of the King's death.[36] The new King has been desperately ill.
+He had a bad cold at Brighton, for which he lost eighty ounces of
+blood; yet he afterwards had a severe oppression, amounting
+almost to suffocation, on his chest. Halford was gone to Windsor,
+and left orders with Knighton not to bleed him again till his
+return. Knighton was afraid to bleed him. Bloomfield sent for
+Tierney,[37] who took upon himself to take fifty ounces from him.
+This gave him relief; he continued, however, dangerously ill, and
+on Wednesday he lost twenty ounces more. Yesterday afternoon he
+was materially better for the first time. Tierney certainly saved
+his life, for he must have died if he had not been blooded.
+Brougham sent a courier to the Queen immediately after the late
+King's death, and gave notice at Carlton House that he had
+applied for a passport for a courier to her Majesty the Queen.
+
+     [36] [King George III. died on the 20th of January, 1820.]
+
+     [37] [Sir Matthew Tierney, one of His Majesty's physicians.]
+
+The King has given to Lady Bloomfield the Rangership of Hampton
+Court Park. He wished to give it to both of them with the
+survivorship, but Lord Liverpool submitted to him that the
+House of Commons had pronounced so strongly their dislike to
+reversionary grants that it would be unadvisable, and it was
+accordingly given to Lady B. only.
+
+
+February 14th, 1820 {p.024}
+
+The Cabinet sat till past two o'clock this morning. The King
+refused several times to order the Queen to be prayed for in the
+alteration which was made in the Liturgy. The Ministers wished
+him to suffer it to be done, but he peremptorily refused, and
+said nothing should induce him to consent, whoever might ask him.
+Lord Harrowby told me this last night.
+
+[Page Head: NAPOLEON IN THE HUNDRED DAYS.]
+
+I think Fleury's book[38] almost the most interesting memoir I
+ever read; it is excessively well written, and his partiality to
+Bonaparte has not blinded him to the errors he committed. This
+book was wanted to bring under the same view the immediate causes
+of his return to France and the situation in which he found
+himself when seated on the throne. This was essentially different
+from that in which he had been before his abdication; so much so
+that I do not believe, if he had concluded a peace with the
+Allies, he could have remained upon the throne. Not only his
+civil power was reduced within very narrow limits, but his
+military authority was no longer the same; men seemed to have
+lost that reverential submissiveness which caused all his orders
+to be so blindly and implicitly obeyed. During the height of his
+power none of his generals would have dared to neglect or oppose
+his orders as Ney did at the battles of the 16th of June. It is
+impossible now to determine what might have been the political
+result in France of the success of Bonaparte's arms had he gained
+the battle of Waterloo. He would probably have made peace with
+the Allies. Had he returned to Paris triumphant, he might have
+dissolved the Chambers and re-established the old Imperial
+Government. In such a measure he must have depended upon his army
+for success. But a spirit of liberty had sprung up in France
+during his absence, which seemed to be the more vigorous from
+having been so long repressed. The nation, and even the army,
+appear to have imbibed the principles of freedom; and if upon
+this occasion Bonaparte was placed on the throne by the force of
+opinion, he could not have restored the ancient despotism without
+exciting universal dissatisfaction. Men seem formerly to have
+been awed by a conviction of his infallibility, and did not
+suffer themselves to reason upon the principles of action of a
+man who dazzled their imaginations by the magnificence of his
+exploits and the grandeur of his system.
+
+     [38] [M. Fleury de Chabaulon was a young _auditeur_ at the
+          Conseil d'État who had joined Napoleon at Elba, and
+          afterwards returned with him to France, when he was
+          attached to the Imperial Cabinet during the Hundred
+          Days. His memoir of that period is here referred to.]
+
+
+February 20th, 1820 {p.025}
+
+The Ministers had resigned last week because the King would not
+hear reason on the subject of the Princess. It is said that he
+treated Lord Liverpool very coarsely, and ordered him out of the
+room. The King, they say, asked him 'if he knew to whom he was
+speaking.' He replied, 'Sir, I know that I am speaking to my
+Sovereign, and I believe I am addressing him as it becomes a
+loyal subject to do.' To the Chancellor he said, 'My Lord, I know
+your conscience always interferes except where your interest is
+concerned.' The King afterwards sent for Lord Liverpool, who
+refused at first to go; but afterwards, on the message being
+reiterated, he went, and the King said, 'We have both been too
+hasty.' This is probably all false, but it is very true that they
+offered to resign.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CATO STREET CONSPIRACY.]
+
+February 24th, 1820 {p.026}
+
+The plot[39] which has been detected had for its object the
+destruction of the Cabinet Ministers, and the chief actor in the
+conspiracy was Arthur Thistlewood. I was at Lady Harrowby's last
+night, and about half-past one o'clock Lord Harrowby came in and
+told us the following particulars:--A plot has been in agitation
+for some time past, of the existence of which, the names and
+numbers of the men concerned, and of all particulars concerning
+their plans, Government has been perfectly well informed. The
+conspirators had intended to execute their design about last
+Christmas at a Cabinet dinner at Lord Westmoreland's, but for
+some reason they were unable to do so and deferred it. At length
+Government received information that they were to assemble to the
+number of from twenty to thirty at a house in Cato Street,
+Edgware Road, and that they had resolved to execute their purpose
+last night, when the Cabinet would be at dinner at Lord
+Harrowby's. Dinner was ordered as usual. Men had been observed
+watching the house, both in front and rear, during the whole
+afternoon. It was believed that nine o'clock was the hour fixed
+upon for the assault to be made. The Ministers who were expected
+at dinner remained at Fife House, and at eight o'clock Mr. Birnie
+with twelve constables was despatched to Cato Street to apprehend
+the conspirators. Thirty-five foot guards were ordered to support
+the police force. The constables arrived upon the spot a few
+moments before the soldiers, and suspecting that the conspirators
+had received intimation of the discovery of their plot, and were
+in consequence preparing to escape, they did not wait for the
+soldiers, but went immediately to the house. A man armed with a
+musket was standing sentry, whom they secured. They then ascended
+a narrow staircase which led to the room in which the gang were
+assembled, and burst the door open. The first man who entered was
+shot in the head, but was only wounded; he who followed was
+stabbed by Thistlewood and killed. The conspirators then with
+their swords put out the lights and attempted to escape. By this
+time the soldiers had arrived. Nine men were taken prisoners;
+Thistlewood and the rest escaped.
+
+     [39] [The Cato Street Conspiracy.]
+
+
+March 1st, 1820 {p.027}
+
+Thistlewood was taken the morning after the affair in Cato
+Street. It was the intention of these men to have fired a rocket
+from Lord Harrowby's house as soon as they had completed their
+work of destruction; this was to have been the signal for the
+rising of their friends. An oil shop was to have been set on fire
+to increase the confusion and collect a mob; then the Bank was to
+have been attacked and the gates of Newgate thrown open. The
+heads of the Ministers were to have been cut off and put in a
+sack which was prepared for that purpose. These are great
+projects, but it does not appear they were ever in force
+sufficient to put them in execution, and the mob (even if the mob
+had espoused their cause, which seems doubtful), though very
+dangerous in creating confusion and making havoc, are quite
+inefficient for a regular operation.
+
+
+June 4th, 1820 {p.027}
+
+I went to Oatlands on Tuesday. The Duchess continues very ill;
+she is not expected to recover. The King was at Ascot every day;
+he generally rode on the course, and the ladies came in
+carriages. One day they all rode. He was always cheered by the
+mob as he went away. One day only a man in the crowd called out,
+'Where's the Queen?' The Duke of Dorset was at the Cottage, and
+says it was exceedingly agreeable. They kept very early hours.
+The King always breakfasted with them, and Lady Conyngham looked
+remarkably well in the morning, her complexion being so fine. On
+Friday she said she was bored with the races and should not go;
+he accordingly would not go either, and sent word to say he
+should not be there. They stay there till to-morrow. In the
+meantime the Queen is coming to England, and Brougham is gone to
+meet her. Nobody knows what advice he intends to give her, but
+everybody believes that it is his intention she should come. It
+was supposed that Lady Conyngham's family (her son and brother)
+had set their faces against her connection with the King; but
+Lord Mount Charles was at the Cottage, and Denison was at the
+levee and very well received.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S RETURN.]
+
+June 7th, 1820 {p.028}
+
+The Queen arrived in London yesterday at seven o'clock. I rode as
+far as Greenwich to meet her. The road was thronged with an
+immense multitude the whole way from Westminster Bridge to
+Greenwich. Carriages, carts, and horsemen followed, preceded, and
+surrounded her coach the whole way. She was everywhere received
+with the greatest enthusiasm. Women waved pocket handkerchiefs,
+and men shouted wherever she passed. She travelled in an open
+landau, Alderman Wood sitting by her side and Lady Ann Hamilton
+and another woman opposite. Everybody was disgusted at the
+vulgarity of Wood in sitting in the place of honour, while the
+Duke of Hamilton's sister was sitting backwards in the carriage.
+The Queen looked exactly as she did before she left England, and
+seemed neither dispirited nor dismayed. As she passed by White's
+she bowed and smiled to the men who were in the window. The crowd
+was not great in the streets through which she passed. Probably
+people had ceased to expect her, as it was so much later than the
+hour designated for her arrival. It is impossible to conceive the
+sensation created by this event. Nobody either blames or approves
+of her sudden return, but all ask, 'What will be done next? How
+is it to end?' In the House of Commons there was little said; but
+the few words which fell from Creevy, Bennett, or Denman seem to
+threaten most stormy debates whenever the subject is discussed.
+The King in the meantime is in excellent spirits, and the
+Ministers affect the greatest unconcern and talk of the time it
+will take to pass the Bills to 'settle her business.' 'Her
+business,' as they call it, will in all probability raise such a
+tempest as they will find it beyond their powers to appease; and
+for all his Majesty's unconcern the day of her arrival in England
+may be such an anniversary to him as he will have no cause to
+celebrate with much rejoicing.[40]
+
+     [40] [On the day that the Queen landed at Dover a royal
+          message was sent down to Parliament, by which the King
+          commended to the Lords an enquiry into the conduct of
+          the Queen. In the House of Commons there was some
+          vehement speaking; and on the following day, before
+          Lord Castlereagh moved the address in answer to the
+          message, Mr. Brougham read to the House a message from
+          the Queen, declaring that her return to England was
+          occasioned by the necessity her enemies had laid upon
+          her of defending her character.]
+
+
+June 9th, 1820 {p.029}
+
+Brougham's speech on Wednesday is said by his friends to have
+been one of the best that was ever made, and I think all agree
+that it was good and effective. The House of Commons is evidently
+anxious to get rid of the question if possible, for the moment
+Wilberforce expressed a wish to adjourn the county members rose
+one after another and so strongly concurred in that wish that
+Castlereagh was obliged to consent. The mob have been breaking
+windows in all parts of the town and pelting those who would not
+take off their hats as they passed Wood's door. Last night Lord
+Exmouth's house was assaulted and his windows broken, when he
+rushed out armed with sword and pistol and drove away the mob.
+Frederick Ponsonby saw him. Great sums of money have been won and
+lost on the Queen's return, for there was much betting at the
+clubs. The alderman showed a specimen of his taste as he came
+into London; when the Queen's coach passed Carlton House he stood
+up and gave three cheers.
+
+It is odd enough Lady Hertford's windows have been broken to
+pieces and the frames driven in, while no assault has been made
+on Lady Conyngham's. Somebody asked Lady Hertford 'if she had
+been aware of the King's admiration for Lady Conyngham,' and
+'whether he had ever talked to her about Lady C.' She replied
+that 'intimately as she had known the King, and openly as he had
+always talked to her upon every subject, he had never ventured to
+speak to her upon that of his mistresses.'
+
+
+June 16th, 1820 {p.029}
+
+The speech which Canning made on the occasion of the King's
+message has been violently attacked by all parties, and is said
+to have given as great dissatisfaction to the Queen as to the
+King. It is not easy to discover what the Queen could have
+objected to in the speech, for it was highly favourable and
+flattering to her. It was generally supposed last Sunday that he
+would resign in the course of the week, and bets were laid that
+he would not be in office next Sunday. On Wednesday he had an
+audience of the King at the levee, which lasted fifty-two minutes
+by Yarmouth's watch; nobody knows what passed between them. Lord
+Fitzwilliam and Lord Sefton have refused to act as negotiators
+for the Queen.
+
+There was some indiscipline manifested in a battalion of the 3rd
+Guards the day before yesterday; they were dissatisfied at the
+severity of their duty and at some allowances that had been taken
+from them, and on coming off guard they refused to give up their
+ball cartridges. They were ordered off to Plymouth, and marched
+at four yesterday morning. Many people went from the ball at
+Devonshire House to see them march away. Plymouth was afterwards
+changed for Portsmouth in consequence of their good behaviour on
+the route. Worcester[41] met many of them drunk at Brentford,
+crying out, 'God save Queen Caroline!' There was some disturbance
+last night in consequence of the mob assembling round the King's
+mews, where the rest of the battalion that had marched to
+Portsmouth still remained.
+
+     [41] [The Marquis of Worcester, afterwards seventh Duke of
+          Beaufort]
+
+
+[Page Head: SECRET COMMITTEE ON THE QUEEN.]
+
+June 23rd, 1820 {p.030}
+
+I never remember to have seen the public curiosity so excited as
+on Wilberforce's motion last night.[42] Nearly 520 members voted
+in the House, and some went away; as many people as could gain
+admission attended to hear the debate. The speaking on the
+Opposition side was excellent, but as everybody differs in
+opinion with regard to the comparative merit of the speakers, it
+is impossible for one who was not present to form a correct
+judgment on the subject. The best speeches were Brougham's,
+Denman's, Burdett's, and Canning's. Denman's speech was admirable
+and, all agree, most judicious and effective for his client.
+Burdett's was extremely clever, particularly the first part of
+it. In the meantime it is doubtful whether anything is gained by
+the resolution carried last night. Public opinion seems very
+equally divided as to the probability of the Queen agreeing to
+the expressed or implied wish of the House of Commons, and even
+if she refuses to consent to the omission of her name in the
+Liturgy it seems doubtful whether the green bag will ever be
+opened, so strong is the repugnance of the House of Commons to
+enter upon such an investigation. It is this feeling in the House
+which emboldens the Queen to hold out with the firmness and
+constancy she has hitherto displayed. The House of Lords cuts a
+most ridiculous figure, having precipitately agreed to go into
+the Committee. They have since been obliged to put off the
+investigation by repeated adjournments, in order to see what
+steps the House of Commons will take. Lord Grey made an indignant
+speech, last night on this very subject; they say Lord Liverpool
+spoke remarkably well in reply.
+
+     [42] [Mr. Wilberforce moved an address to the Queen to stop
+          the investigation, by entreating her Majesty, under the
+          assurance of the protection of her honour by the
+          Commons, to yield the point of the insertion of her
+          name in the Liturgy. This proposal the Queen
+          courteously declined.]
+
+
+June 25th, 1820 {p.031}
+
+The Queen's refusal to comply with the desire of the House of
+Commons keeps conjecture afloat and divides opinions as to the
+opening of the bag. The Opposition call her answer a very good
+one; those of the other party I have seen think it too long, and
+not neatly and clearly worded. Brougham declined advising her as
+to her answer; he told her she must be guided by her own
+feelings, and was herself the only person capable of judging what
+she had best do. The discussion of the Queen's business is now
+become an intolerable nuisance in society; no other subject is
+ever talked of. It is an incessant matter of argument and dispute
+what will be done and what ought to be done. All people express
+themselves tired of the subject, yet none talk or think of any
+other. It is a great evil when a single subject of interest takes
+possession of society; conversation, loses all its lightness and
+variety, and every drawing-room is converted into an arena of
+political disputation. People even go to talk about it from habit
+long after the interest it excited has ceased.
+
+
+June 27th, 1820 {p.031}
+
+The mob was very abusive to the member who carried up the
+resolution to the Queen, and called Wilberforce 'Dr. Cantwell.'
+The Queen demanded to be heard by counsel at the bar of the House
+of Lords. Contrary to order and contrary to expectation, the
+counsel were admitted, when Brougham made a very powerful speech.
+Denman began exceedingly well; Lord Holland said his first three
+or four sentences were the best thing he ever heard; _si sic
+omnia_, he would have made the finest speech possible; but on the
+whole he was inferior to Brougham. If the House had refused to
+hear her counsel, it is said that she would have gone down to-day
+to the House of Lords and have demanded to be heard in person. As
+usual Brougham's speech is said by many of his political
+adversaries to have been weak in argument. Many, however, do him
+the justice to acknowledge that it was a very powerful appeal for
+his client.
+
+
+June 28th, 1820 {p.032}
+
+The debate last night in the House of Lords was excellent. Lord
+Grey made a powerful speech, very much against the Queen, a
+speech for office. The manager announced at Drury Lane that the
+Queen would go to the play to-night. Brougham knew nothing of
+this; she never told him. Mrs. Brougham told me so last night,
+and that he was quite worn out with the business.[43]
+
+     [43] [The report of the Secret Committee of the Lords was
+          made on the 4th of July. It declared that the evidence
+          against the Queen was such as to demand a solemn
+          enquiry. The trial, or rather investigation, began on
+          the 17th of August. The defence was opened on the 3rd
+          of October, and the Bill was abandoned on the 6th of
+          November.]
+
+
+July 6th, 1820 {p.032}
+
+Since the report of the Secret Committee public opinion is
+entirely changed as to the result of the proceedings against the
+Queen. Everybody thinks the charges will be proved and that the
+King will be divorced. It is impossible to discover what effect
+the report may have in the country; it is certain hitherto that
+all ranks of men have been decidedly favourable to the Queen, and
+disbelieve the charges against her. The military in London have
+shown alarming symptoms of dissatisfaction, so much so that it
+seems doubtful how far the Guards can be counted upon in case of
+any disturbance arising out of this subject. Luttrell says that
+'the extinguisher is taking fire.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL]
+
+July 8th, 1820 {p.033}
+
+I was in the House of Lords the night before last to hear
+Brougham and Denman speak at the bar. Brougham's speech was
+uncommonly clever, very insolent, and parts of it very eloquent.
+A very amusing episode was furnished by the Bishop of Exeter, who
+moved that the counsel should withdraw, and then asked the House
+whether they were not out of order. Lord Holland cut him up in
+the most beautiful style, and excited universal laughter. Nobody
+came to the assistance of the Bishop, and the counsel were called
+in again and resumed. Brougham's speech is reported in the
+'Morning Chronicle' of yesterday word for word.
+
+
+July 14th, 1820 {p.033}
+
+I have been at Newmarket, where I had the first fortunate turn
+this year. The conversation about the Queen begins to subside;
+everybody seems to agree that it is a great injustice not to
+allow her lists of the witnesses; the excuse that it is not usual
+is bad, for the proceedings are anomalous altogether, and it is
+absurd to attempt to adhere to precedent; here there are no
+precedents and no analogies to guide to a decision. London is
+drawing to a close, but in August it will be very full, as all
+the Peers must be here. They say the trial will last six months.
+
+Luttrell's poem[44] has succeeded. The approbation it receives is
+general but qualified; in fact, it was difficult to make such a
+sketch of life and manners sufficiently piquant without the
+infusion of a little satire, and his fear of giving offence has
+induced him to be so good-natured that he is occasionally rather
+insipid. 'Il y a des tracasseries de société.' I cannot record
+them, though perhaps years hence, when I may look over what I now
+write, I might be amused with stories of long-forgotten
+jealousies and various interests extinguished by the lapse of
+time, or perhaps silenced in the grave; still it would be
+melancholy to retrace the days of my youth and to bring before my
+imagination the blooming faces and the gaiety and brilliancy of
+those who once shone the meteors of society, but who would then
+be so changed in form and mind, and with myself rapidly
+descending to our last home.
+
+     [44] [Mr. Luttrell's 'Advice to Julia,' published in 1820.]
+
+Read 'Les Liaisons dangereuses.' Much has been said about the
+dangerous tendency of certain books, and probably this would be
+considered as one pregnant with mischief. I consider this a mere
+jargon, and although I would never recommend this book (because
+it is so grossly indecent) I should never apprehend the smallest
+danger to the most inexperienced mind or the warmest passions
+from its immoral tendency. The principle upon which books of this
+description are considered pernicious is the notion that they
+represent vice in such glowing and attractive colours as to make
+us lose sight of its deformity and fill our imagination with the
+idea of its pleasures. No one who has any feeling or a spark of
+generosity or humanity in his breast can read this book without
+being moved with compassion for Madame de Tourval and with horror
+and disgust towards Valmont and Madame de Merteuil. It raised in
+my mind a detestation of such cold-blooded, inhuman profligacy,
+and I felt that I would rather every pleasure that can flow from
+the intercourse of women were debarred me than run such a course.
+The moral effect upon my mind was stronger than any which ever
+resulted from the most didactic work, and if anyone wants to
+excite remorse in the most vicious mind I would recommend him to
+make use of 'Les Liaisons dangereuses' for the purpose.
+
+The Duchess of York died on Sunday morning of water on her chest.
+She was insensible the last two days. She is deeply regretted by
+her husband, her friends, and her servants. Probably no person in
+such a situation was ever more really liked. She has left £12,000
+to her servants and some children whom she had caused to be
+educated. She had arranged all her affairs with the greatest
+exactitude, and left nothing undone.
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL.]
+
+The Queen's letter was brought to the King whilst he was at
+dinner (at the Cottage). He said, 'Tell the Queen's messenger
+that the King can receive no communication from her except
+through the hands of his Ministers.' Esterhazy was present, and
+said he did this with extraordinary dignity.
+
+
+Newmarket, October 2nd, 1820 {p.035}
+
+I left town in the middle of August with George Fox. We went down
+with extraordinary rapidity. I never was happier than to escape
+from London and to find myself in Yorkshire. It was a new world,
+and the change was most refreshing. The refinement of London was
+not there, but there was a good humour, gaiety, and hospitality
+which amused and delighted me.
+
+
+London, October 8th, 1820 {p.035}
+
+I came to town with Payne on Friday, having won a little at
+Newmarket. He told me a good story by the way. A certain bishop
+in the House of Lords rose to speak, and announced that he should
+divide what he had to say into twelve parts, when the Duke of
+Wharton interrupted him, and begged he might be indulged for a
+few minutes, as he had a story to tell which he could only
+introduce at that moment. A drunken fellow was passing by St.
+Paul's at night, and heard the clock slowly chiming twelve. He
+counted the strokes, and when it had finished looked towards the
+clock and said, 'Damn you! why couldn't you give us all that at
+once?' There was an end of the bishop's story.
+
+The town is still in an uproar about the trial, and nobody has
+any doubt that it will finish by the Bill being thrown out and
+the Ministers turned out. Brougham's speech was the most
+magnificent display of argument and oratory that has been heard
+for years, and they say that the impression it made upon the
+House was immense; even his most violent opponents (including
+Lord Lonsdale) were struck with admiration and astonishment.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL.]
+
+October 15th, 1820 {p.035}
+
+Since I came to town I have been to the trial every day. I have
+occupied a place close to Brougham, which, besides the advantage
+it affords of enabling me to hear extremely well everything that
+passes, gives me the pleasure of talking to him and the other
+counsel, and puts me behind the scenes so far that I cannot help
+hearing all their conversation, their remarks, and learning what
+witnesses they are going to examine, and many other things which
+are interesting and amusing. Since I have been in the world I
+never remember any question which so exclusively occupied
+everybody's attention, and so completely absorbed men's thoughts
+and engrossed conversation. In the same degree is the violence
+displayed. It is taken up as a party question entirely, and the
+consequence is that everybody is gone mad about it. Very few
+people admit of any medium between pronouncing the Queen quite
+innocent and judging her guilty and passing the Bill. Until the
+evidence of Lieut. Hownam it was generally thought that proofs of
+her guilt were wanting, but since his admission that Bergami
+slept under the tent with her all unprejudiced men seem to think
+the adultery sufficiently proved. The strenuous opposers of the
+Bill, however, by no means allow this, and make a mighty
+difference between sleeping dressed under a tent and being shut
+up at night in a room together, which the supporters of the Bill
+contend would have been quite or nearly the same thing. The Duke
+of Portland, who is perfectly impartial, and who has always been
+violently against the Bill, was so satisfied by Hownam's evidence
+that he told me that after that admission by him he thought all
+further proceedings useless, and that it was ridiculous to listen
+to any more evidence, as the fact was proved; that he should
+attend no longer to any evidence upon the subject. This view of
+the case will not, however, induce him to vote for the Bill,
+because he thinks that upon grounds of expediency it ought not to
+pass. The Ministers were elated in an extraordinary manner by
+this evidence of Hownam's. The Duke of Wellington told Madame de
+Lieven that he was very tired; 'mais les grands succès fatiguent
+autant que les grands revers.' They look upon the progress of
+this trial in the light of a campaign, and upon each day's
+proceedings as a sort of battle, and by the impression made by
+the evidence they consider that they have gained a victory or
+sustained a defeat. Their anxiety that this Bill should pass is
+quite inconceivable, for it cannot be their interest that it
+should be carried; and as for the King, they have no feeling
+whatever for him. The Duke of Portland told me that he conversed
+with the Duke of Wellington upon the subject, and urged as one of
+the reasons why this Bill should not pass the House of Lords the
+disgrace that it would entail upon the King by the recrimination
+that would ensue in the House of Commons. His answer was 'that
+the King was degraded as low as he could be already.' The
+vehemence with which they pursue this object produces a
+corresponding violence in their language and sentiments. Lady
+Harrowby, who is usually very indifferent upon political
+subjects, has taken this up with unusual eagerness. In an
+argument which I had with her the day before yesterday, she said
+that if the House of Lords was to suffer itself to be influenced
+by the opinions and wishes of the people, it would be the most
+mean and pusillanimous conduct, and that after all what did it
+signify what the people thought or what they expressed if the
+army was to be depended upon? I answered that I never had
+expected that the day would come when I should be told that we
+were to disregard the feelings and wishes of the people of this
+country, and to look to our army for support. In proportion
+as the Ministers were elated by what came out in Hownam's
+cross-examination so were they depressed by the unlucky affair of
+Rastelli,[45] which has given such an important advantage to
+their adversaries. Mr. Powell's explanation was extremely
+unsatisfactory, and in his examination yesterday they elicited
+from him what is tantamount to a contradiction of what he had
+said the day before. It is not possible to doubt what is the real
+state of the case. Rastelli is an active, useful agent, and they
+had occasion for his services; consequently they sent him off,
+and trusted that he would be back here before he could possibly
+be called for, if ever he should be called for again. It was a
+rash speculation, which failed. The last two days have been more
+amusing and interesting than the preceding ones. The debates in
+the House, a good deal of violence, and some personalities have
+given spirit to the proceedings, which were getting very dull.
+Lord Holland made a violent speech, and Lord Carnarvon a clever
+one, which was violent enough too, on Rastelli's affair. Lord
+Holland made one or two little speeches which were very comical.
+Lord Lauderdale made a violent speech the other day, and paid
+himself in it a great many compliments. It must be acknowledged
+that the zeal of many of the Peers is very embarrassing,
+displayed as it is not in the elucidation of the truth, but in
+furtherance of that cause of which they desire the success. There
+is no one more violent than Lord Lauderdale,[46] and neither the
+Attorney-General nor the Solicitor-General can act with greater
+zeal than he does in support of the Bill. Lord Liverpool is a
+model of fairness, impartiality, and candour. The Chancellor is
+equally impartial, and as he decides personally all disputes on
+legal points which are referred to the House, his fairness has
+been conspicuous in having generally decided in favour of the
+Queen's counsel. Yesterday morning some discussion arose about a
+question which Brougham put to Powell. He asked him who was his
+principal, as he was an agent. The question was objected to, and
+he began to defend it in an uncommonly clever speech, but was
+stopped before he had spoken long. He introduced a very ingenious
+quotation which was suggested to him by Spencer Perceval, who was
+standing near him. Talking of the airy, unsubstantial being who
+was the principal, and one of the parties in this cause, he said
+he wished to meet
+
+                                        This shape--
+         If shape it could be called--that shape had none,
+         Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb;
+         Or substance might be called that shadow seemed,
+         For each seemed either . . .
+                             What seemed its head
+         The likeness of a kingly crown had on.
+                                 _Paradise Lost_, ii. 666.
+
+     [45] [Rastelli was a witness for the Bill--not a very
+          important one. After his examination was over he was
+          allowed to leave the country. Brougham found this out,
+          and instantly demanded that he should be recalled for
+          further cross-examination, well knowing this could not
+          at the moment be done. This answered his purpose, and
+          he then turned with incredible vehemence on the other
+          side, and accused them of spiriting away the witness.]
+
+     [46] [In the course of the trial, in order to show that the
+          Queen had associated in Italy with ladies of good
+          character, it was stated that a Countess T----
+          frequented her society at Florence. On
+          cross-examination it came out that the Countess spoke a
+          provincial dialect, anything but the purest Tuscan,
+          whence it was implied that she was a vulgar person, and
+          Lord Lauderdale especially pointed out this inference,
+          speaking himself in very broad Scotch. Upon which
+          Lord ----, a member of the Opposition, said to the
+          witness, 'Have the goodness to state whether Countess
+          T---- spoke Italian with as broad an accent as the
+          noble Earl who has just sat down speaks with in his
+          native tongue.' The late Sir Henry Holland was present
+          when this occurred, and used to relate the anecdote.]
+
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S ACCOUNT OF WATERLOO.]
+
+Whersted, December 10th, 1820 {p.039}
+
+I left Woburn on Thursday night last, and got here on Friday
+morning. The Lievens, Worcesters, Duke of Wellington, Neumann,
+and Montagu were here. The Duke went away yesterday. We acted
+charades, which were very well done. Yesterday we went to shoot
+at Sir Philip Brookes'. As we went in the carriage, the Duke
+talked a great deal about the battle of Waterloo and different
+things relating to that campaign. He said that he had 50,000 men
+at Waterloo. He began the campaign with 85,000 men, lost 5,000 on
+the 16th, and had a corps of 20,000 at Hal under Prince
+Frederick. He said that it was remarkable that nobody who had
+ever spoken of these operations had ever made mention of that
+corps,[47] and Bonaparte was certainly ignorant of it. In this
+corps were the best of the Dutch troops; it had been placed there
+because the Duke expected the attack to be made on that side. He
+said that the French army was the best army that was ever seen,
+and that in the previous operations Bonaparte's march upon
+Belgium was the finest thing that ever was done--so rapid and so
+well combined. His object was to beat the armies in detail, and
+this object succeeded in so far as that he attacked them
+separately; but from the extraordinary celerity with which the
+allied armies were got together he was not able to realise the
+advantages he had promised himself. The Duke says that they
+certainly were not prepared for this attack,[48] as the French
+had previously broken up the roads by which their army advanced;
+but as it was in summer this did not render them impassable. He
+says that Bonaparte beat the Prussians in a most extraordinary
+way, as the battle[49] was gained in less than four hours; but
+that it would probably have been more complete if he had brought
+a greater number of troops into action, and not detached so large
+a body against the British corps. There were 40,000 men opposed
+to the Duke on the 16th, but he says that the attack was not so
+powerful as it ought to have been with such a force. The French
+had made a long march the day before the battle, and had driven
+in the Prussian posts in the evening. I asked him if he thought
+Bonaparte had committed any fault. He said he thought he had
+committed a fault in attacking him in the position of Waterloo;
+that his object ought to have been to remove him as far as
+possible from the Prussian army, and that he ought consequently
+to have moved upon Hal, and to have attempted to penetrate by the
+same road by which the Duke had himself advanced. He had always
+calculated upon Bonaparte's doing this, and for this purpose he
+had posted 20,000 men under Prince Frederick at Hal. He said that
+the position at Waterloo was uncommonly strong, but that the
+strength of it consisted alone in the two farms of Hougoumont and
+La Haye Sainte, both of which were admirably situated and adapted
+for defence. In Hougoumont there were never more than from 300 to
+500 men, who were reinforced as it was necessary; and although
+the French repeatedly attacked this point, and sometimes with not
+less than 20,000 men, they never could even approach it. Had they
+obtained possession of it, they could not have maintained it, as
+it was open on one side to the whole fire of the English lines,
+whilst it was sheltered on the side towards the French. The Duke
+said the farm of La Haye Sainte was still better than that of
+Hougoumont, and that it never would have been taken if the
+officer who was commanding there had not neglected to make an
+aperture through which ammunition could be conveyed to his
+garrison.
+
+     [47] [The Duke of Wellington has frequently been criticised
+          for leaving so important a body of troops at Hal, so
+          far upon his right that they were of no use in the
+          battle. He always defended this disposition, and
+          maintained that the greater probability was that
+          Napoleon would attack his extreme right and advance by
+          Hal. On this occasion (in 1820) he himself drew
+          attention to it, as is explained in the text.]
+
+     [48] [This passage is obscure, as the pronoun _they_ can
+          hardly refer to the allied armies: but it stands so in
+          the MS.]
+
+     [49] [The battle of Ligny, 16th of June, 1815.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AND BLUCHER IN PARIS.]
+
+When we arrived at Sir Philip Brookes' it rained, and we were
+obliged to sit in the house, when the Duke talked a great deal
+about Paris and different things. He told us that Blücher was
+determined to destroy the Bridge of Jena. The Duke spoke to
+Müffling, the Governor of Paris, and desired him to persuade
+Blücher to abandon this design. However, Blücher was quite
+determined. He said the French had destroyed the pillar at
+Rosbach and other things, and that they merited this retaliation.
+He also said that the English had burnt Washington, and he did
+not see why he was not to destroy this bridge. Müffling, however,
+concerted with the Duke that English sentinels should be placed
+on the bridge, and if any Prussian soldiers should approach to
+injure it, these sentinels were not to retire. This they
+conceived would gain time, as they thought that previous to
+making any attempt on the bridge Blücher would apply to the Duke
+to withdraw the English sentinels. This was of no avail. The
+Prussians arrived, mined the arches, and attempted to blow up the
+bridge, sentinels and all. Their design, however, was frustrated,
+and the bridge received no injury. At length Müffling came to the
+Duke, and said that he was come to propose to him a compromise,
+which was that the bridge should be spared and the column in the
+Place Vendôme should be destroyed instead. 'I saw,' said the
+Duke, 'that I had got out of the frying-pan into the fire.
+Fortunately at this moment the King of Prussia arrived, and he
+ordered that no injury should be done to either.' On another
+occasion Blücher announced his intention of levying a contribution
+of 100 millions on the city of Paris. To this the Duke objected,
+and said that the raising such enormous contributions could only
+be done by common consent, and must be a matter of general
+arrangement. Blücher said, 'Oh! I do not mean to be the only
+party who is to levy anything; you may levy as much for
+yourselves, and, depend upon it, if you do it will all be paid;
+there will be no difficulty whatever.' The Duke says that the two
+invasions cost the French 100 millions sterling. The Allies had
+1,200,000 men clothed at their expense; the allowance for this
+was 60 francs a man. The army of occupation was entirely
+maintained; there were the contributions, the claims amounting to
+ten millions sterling. Besides this there were towns and villages
+destroyed and country laid waste.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER II.
+
+Popularity of George IV.--The Duke of York's Racing
+  Establishment--Clerk of the Council--Lord Liverpool and Mr.
+  Sumner--Lady Conyngham--Death of Lady Worcester--Her
+  Character--Ball at Devonshire House--The Duke of York's
+  Aversion to the Duke of Wellington--The Pavilion at Brighton--
+  Lord Francis Conyngham--The King and the Duke of Wellington--
+  Death of the Marquis of Londonderry--His Policy--Sir B.
+  Bloomfield sent to Stockholm--Mr. Canning's Foreign Secretary--
+  Queen Caroline and Brougham--Canning and George IV.--Lord
+  William Bentinck aspires to go to India--His Disappointment--
+  The Duke of York's Duel with Colonel Lennox--George III.'s
+  Will--George IV. appropriates the late King's Personal
+  Property--The Duke of Wellington on the Congress of Verona and
+  on the Politics of Europe--Intervention in Spain--Ferdinand
+  VII.--M. de Villèle--The Duke's opinion of Napoleon--Sir
+  William Knighton--The Duke of York's Anecdotes of George IV.--
+  Death of the Marquis of Titchfield--His character.
+
+
+                              1821.
+
+
+London, February 7th, 1821 {p.043}
+
+The King went to the play last night (Drury Lane) for the first
+time, the Dukes of York and Clarence and a great suite with him.
+He was received with immense acclamations, the whole pit standing
+up, hurrahing and waving their hats. The boxes were very empty at
+first, for the mob occupied the avenues to the theatre, and those
+who had engaged boxes could not get to them. The crowd on the
+outside was very great. Lord Hertford dropped one of the candles
+as he was lighting the King in, and made a great confusion in the
+box. The King sat in Lady Bessborough's box, which was fitted up
+for him. He goes to Covent Garden to-night. A few people called
+'The Queen,' but very few. A man in the gallery called out,
+'Where's your wife, Georgy?'
+
+
+February 11th, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I came to town from Euston the end of last month. The debates
+were expected to be very stormy and the minorities very large,
+not that anybody expected Ministers to go out. It has all ended
+as such anticipations usually do, in everything going off very
+quietly and the Government obtaining large majorities. Their
+Parliamentary successes and the King's reception have greatly
+elated them, and they think (and with reason probably) that they
+are likely to enjoy their places for the term of their natural
+lives, not that they care about the King's popularity except in
+as much as it may add strength to their Administration. They do
+not conceal their contempt or dislike of him, and it is one of
+the phenomena of the present times that the King should have
+Ministers whom he abuses and hates, and who entertain corresponding
+sentiments of aversion to him; yet they defend all his errors and
+follies, and he affords them constant countenance and protection.
+However, the King was delighted by his reception at the theatres,
+and told Lady Bessborough, as he came downstairs, he never was
+more gratified.
+
+
+February 23rd, 1821 {p.044}
+
+Yesterday the Duke of York proposed to me to take the management
+of his horses, which I accepted. Nothing could be more kind than
+the manner in which he proposed it.[1]
+
+      [1] [Mr. Greville continued to manage the racing
+          establishment of the Duke of York from this time till
+          the death of his Royal Highness.]
+
+
+March 5th, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I have experienced a great proof of the vanity of human wishes.
+In the course of three weeks I have attained the three things
+which I have most desired in the world for years past, and upon
+the whole I do not feel that my happiness is at all increased;
+perhaps if it were not for one cause it might be, but until that
+ceases to exist it is in vain that I acquire every other
+advantage or possess the means of amusement.[2]
+
+      [2] [One of these things was Mr. Greville's appointment as
+          Clerk of the Council; the second was his connection
+          with the Duke of York in his racing establishment; I am
+          ignorant of the third.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CLERKSHIP OF THE COUNCIL.]
+
+March 22nd, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I was sworn in the day before yesterday, and kissed hands at a
+Council at Carlton House yesterday morning as Clerk of the
+Council.
+
+
+March 25th, 1821 {p.045}
+
+Lord Fife has been dismissed from his place of Lord of the
+Bedchamber for voting against the Malt Tax, and Lord Lovaine has
+been appointed instead.
+
+
+April 19th, 1821 {p.045}
+
+The night before last Hobhouse made his furious attack upon
+Canning. Last night everybody expected that Canning would speak,
+and was extremely anxious to hear what notice he would take of
+Hobhouse. The army estimates came on first in the evening, and
+almost all the members went away, intending to return to the
+Reform debate, but when Reform came on there were only 100
+members in the House. 'Le combat finit faute de combattans,' and
+when everybody came crowding down at nine o'clock the House had
+been up half an hour, having divided 53 to 41.[3]
+
+      [3] [On the 17th of April Mr. Lambton (afterwards Earl of
+          Durham) moved for a Committee of the whole House to
+          consider the state of the representation of the people
+          in Parliament. It was owing to the misapprehension
+          described in the text that the division was so small.]
+
+
+May 2nd, 1821 {p.045}
+
+When the Canonry of Windsor became vacant Lady Conyngham asked
+the King to give it to Mr. Sumner,[4] who had been Mount
+Charles's tutor. The King agreed: the man was sent for, and
+kissed hands at Brighton. A letter was written to Lord Liverpool
+to announce the appointment. In the meantime Lord Liverpool had
+sent a list of persons, one of whom he should recommend to
+succeed to the vacancy, and the letters crossed. As soon as Lord
+Liverpool received the letter from Brighton he got into his
+carriage and went down to the King, to state that unless he was
+allowed to have the distribution of this patronage without any
+interference, he could not carry on the Government, and would
+resign his office if Sumner was appointed. The man was only a
+curate, and had never held a living at all. The King 'chanta
+palinodie,' and a sort of compromise was made, by which Lady
+Conyngham's friend was withdrawn, and the King begged it might be
+given to Dr. Clarke, to which appointment Lord Liverpool
+consented, although he did not approve of him; he did not,
+however, wish to appear too difficult.
+
+      [4] [Afterwards Bishop of Winchester. This was the
+          beginning of the fortune of that amiable prelate, of
+          whom it must be said that if he owed his early
+          advancement to a questionable influence, no man has
+          filled the episcopal office with more unaffected piety,
+          dignity, and goodness. The difference between George
+          IV. and Lord Liverpool on this occasion was a very
+          serious one. The Duke of Wellington referred to it in a
+          confidential letter to Lord Liverpool, written on the
+          26th of October, 1821, in the following terms:--'As I
+          told you at Windsor, the King has never forgiven your
+          opposition to his wishes in the case of Mr. Sumner.
+          This feeling has influenced every action of his life in
+          relation to his Government from that moment; and I
+          believe to more than one of us he avowed that his
+          objection to Mr. Canning was that his accession to the
+          Government was peculiarly desirable to you. Nothing can
+          be more unjust or more unfair than this feeling; and as
+          there is not one of your colleagues who did not highly
+          approve of what you did respecting Mr. Sumner, so there
+          is not one of them who would not suffer with you all
+          the consequences of that act.' ('Correspondence of the
+          Duke of Wellington,' Second Series, vol. i. p. 195;
+          published in 1867.)]
+
+Lady Conyngham lives in one of the houses in Marlborough Row. All
+the members of her family are continually there, and are supplied
+with horses, carriages, &c., from the King's stables. She rides
+out with her daughter, but never with the King, who always rides
+with one of his gentlemen. They never appear in public together.
+She dines there every day. Before the King comes into the room
+she and Lady Elizabeth join him in another room, and he always
+walks in with one on each arm. She comports herself entirely as
+mistress of the house, but never suffers her daughter to leave
+her. She has received magnificent presents, and Lady Elizabeth
+the same; particularly the mother has strings of pearls of
+enormous value. Madame de Lieven said she had seen the pearls of
+the Grand Duchesses and the Prussian Princesses, but had never
+seen any nearly so fine as Lady Conyngham's. The other night Lady
+Bath was coming to the Pavilion. After dinner Lady Conyngham
+called to Sir William Keppel and said, 'Sir William, do desire
+them to light up the saloon' (this saloon is lit by hundreds of
+candles). When the King came in she said to him, 'Sir, I told
+them to light up the saloon, as Lady Bath is coming this
+evening.' The King seized her arm and said with the greatest
+tenderness, 'Thank you, thank you, my dear; you always do what is
+right; you cannot please me so much as by doing everything you
+please, everything to show that you are mistress here.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE DEATH OF LADY WORCESTER.]
+
+May 12th, 1821 {p.047}
+
+I have suffered the severest pain I ever had in my life by the
+death of Lady Worcester.[5] I loved her like a sister, and I have
+lost one of the few persons in the world who cared for me, and
+whose affection and friendship serve to make life valuable to me.
+She has been cut off in the prime of her life and in the bloom of
+her beauty, and so suddenly too. Seven days ago she was at a ball
+at Court, and she is now no more. She died like a heroine, full
+of cheerfulness and courage to the last. She has been snatched
+from life at a time when she was becoming every day more fit to
+live, for her mind, her temper, and her understanding were
+gradually and rapidly improving; she had faults, but her mind was
+not vicious, and her defects may be ascribed to her education and
+to the actual state of the society in which she lived. Her
+virtues were inherent in her character; every day developed them
+more and more, and they were such as to make the happiness of all
+who lived with her and to captivate the affection of all who
+really knew her. I have never lost anyone I loved before, and
+though I know the grief I now feel will soon subside (for so the
+laws of nature have ordained), long, long will it be before I
+forget her, or before my mind loses the lively impression of her
+virtues and of our mutual friendship.
+
+      [5] [Georgiana Frederica, Marchioness of Worcester,
+          daughter of the Hon. Charles Fitzroy, married to Henry,
+          afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort, in 1814, died 11th
+          of May, 1821. This lamented lady left two daughters,
+          afterwards Lady Augusta Neumann and Lady Georgiana
+          Codrington.]
+
+This is one of those melancholy events in life to which the mind
+cannot for a long time reconcile or accustom itself. I saw her so
+short a time ago 'glittering like the morning star, full of life
+and splendour and joy;' the accents of her voice still so vibrate
+in my ear that I cannot believe I shall never see her again. What
+a subject for contemplation and for moralising! What reflections
+crowd into the mind!
+
+Dr. Hume told me once he had witnessed many death-beds, but he
+had never seen anything like the fortitude and resignation
+displayed by her. She died in his arms, and without pain. As life
+ebbed away her countenance changed, and when at length she ceased
+to breathe, a beautiful and tranquil smile settled upon her face.
+
+          Call round her tomb each, object of desire,
+          Each, purer frame informed by purer fire;
+          Let her be all that cheers or softens life,
+          The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife:
+          Bid her be all that makes mankind adore,
+          Then view this marble, and be vain no more.
+
+
+June 24th, 1821 {p.048}
+
+The King dined at Devonshire House last Thursday se'nnight. Lady
+Conyngham had on her head a sapphire which belonged to the
+Stuarts, and was given by Cardinal York to the King. He gave it
+to the Princess Charlotte, and when she died he desired to have
+it back, Leopold being informed it was a crown jewel. This crown
+jewel sparkled in the headdress of the Marchioness at the ball. I
+ascertained the Duke of York's sentiments upon this subject the
+other day. He was not particularly anxious to discuss it, but he
+said enough to show that he has no good opinion of her. The other
+day, as we were going to the races from Oatlands, he gave me the
+history of the Duke of Wellington's life. His prejudice against
+him is excessively strong, and I think if ever he becomes King
+the other will not be Commander-in-Chief. He does not deny his
+military talents, but he thinks that he is false and ungrateful,
+that he never gave sufficient credit to his officers, and that he
+was unwilling to put forward men of talent who might be in a
+situation to claim some share of credit, the whole of which he
+was desirous of engrossing himself. He says that at Waterloo he
+got into a scrape and avowed himself to be surprised, and he
+attributes in great measure the success of that day to Lord
+Anglesea, who, he says, was hardly mentioned, and that in the
+coldest terms, in the Duke's despatch.[6]
+
+      [6] [The unjust and unfavourable opinion expressed of the
+          Duke of Wellington by the Duke of York dated from the
+          appointment of Sir Arthur Wellesley to a high command,
+          and afterwards to the chief command of the army in
+          Portugal. The Duke of York had at one moment
+          entertained hopes of commanding that army, but when he
+          was made to understand that this was impossible he
+          erroneously attributed this disappointment to the
+          intrigues of those who were preferred before him. This
+          matter is explained with further particulars _sub_ 24th
+          of December, 1822.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE PAVILION.]
+
+December 18th, 1821 {p.049}
+
+I have not written anything for months. 'Quante cose mi sono
+accadute!' My progress was as follows, not very interesting:--To
+Newmarket, Whersted, Riddlesworth, Sprotborough, Euston, Elveden,
+Welbeck, Caversham, Nun Appleton, Welbeck, Burghley, and London.
+Nothing worth mentioning occurred at any of these places.
+Sprotborough was agreeable enough. The Grevilles, Montagu,
+Wilmot, and the Wortleys were there. I came to town, went to
+Brighton yesterday se'nnight for a Council. I was lodged in the
+Pavilion and dined with the King. The gaudy splendour of the
+place amused me for a little and then bored me. The dinner was
+cold and the evening dull beyond all dulness. They say the King
+is anxious that form and ceremony should be banished, and if so
+it only proves how impossible it is that form and ceremony should
+not always inhabit a palace. The rooms are not furnished for
+society, and, in fact, society cannot flourish without ease; and
+who can feel at ease who is under the eternal constraint which
+etiquette and respect impose? The King was in good looks and good
+spirits, and after dinner cut his jokes with all the coarse
+merriment which is his characteristic. Lord Wellesley did not
+seem to like it, but of course he bowed and smiled like the rest.
+I saw nothing very particular in the King's manner to Lady
+Conyngham. He sat by her on the couch almost the whole evening,
+playing at patience, and he took her in to dinner; but Madame de
+Lieven and Lady Cowper were there, and he seemed equally civil to
+all of them. I was curious to see the Pavilion and the life they
+lead there, and I now only hope I may never go there again, for
+the novelty is past, and I should be exposed to the whole weight
+of the bore of it without the stimulus of curiosity.
+
+
+December 19th, 1821 {p.049}
+
+I dined with Lord Gwydir yesterday, and sat next to Prince
+Lieven. He told me that Bloomfield is no longer in favour, that
+he has been supplanted by Lord Francis Conyngham,[7] who now
+performs almost all the functions which formerly appertained to
+Bloomfield. He is quite aware of his decline, and submits himself
+to it in a manly way. He is no longer so necessary to the King as
+he was, for a short time ago he could not bear that Bloomfield
+should be absent, and _now_ his absence is unfelt. Francis goes
+to the King every morning, usually breakfasts with him, and
+receives all his orders. He was invited to go to Panshanger for
+two days, and was very anxious to go, but he could not obtain
+leave from the King to absent himself. Bloomfield does not put
+himself forward; 'même il se retire,' he said, and it is
+understood that he has made up his mind to resign his situation
+and leave the Court. The King is still perfectly civil and
+good-humoured to him, but has withdrawn his confidence from him,
+and Bloomfield is no longer his first servant.
+
+      [7] [Lord Francis Conyngham, second son of the first
+          Marquis of Conyngham (who was raised to the British
+          peerage in June 1821), afterwards himself Marquis of
+          Conyngham.]
+
+I asked Lieven whether Francis Conyngham, in performing the other
+duties which had been hitherto allotted to Bloomfield, also
+exercised the functions of Private Secretary, because this
+involved a much more serious question. He said that he did not
+know; all he knew was that whilst he was at Brighton Bloomfield
+was absent for five days, and that during that time the other had
+ostensibly occupied the place which Bloomfield used to hold about
+the King's person. The commencement of this revolution in the
+King's sentiments is to be dated from the journey to Hanover. Now
+Bloomfield sits amongst the guests at dinner at the Pavilion; the
+honours are done by the father on one side and the son on the
+other.
+
+
+                              1822.
+
+
+July 16th, 1822 {p.050}
+
+Since I wrote last I have been continually in town. I have won on
+the Derby, my sister is married,[8] and I have done nothing worth
+recording. How habit and practice change our feelings, our
+opinions; and what an influence they have upon our thoughts and
+actions! Objects which I used to contemplate at an immeasurable
+distance, and to attain which I thought would be the summit of
+felicity, I have found worth very little in comparison to the
+value my imagination used to set upon them.... London is nearly
+over, has been tolerably agreeable; but I have been very often
+bored to death by the necessity of paying some attention to keep
+up an interest.
+
+      [8] [Miss Greville married Lord Francis Leveson Gower,
+          afterwards Earl of Ellesmere, in 1822.]
+
+
+July 30th, 1822 {p.051}
+
+Madame de Lieven is ill with the King, and is miserable in
+consequence. Lady Cowper is her _confidante_, and the Duke of
+Wellington; but this latter pretends to know nothing of it, and
+asked me the other day what it was, I am sure in order to
+discover what people say. When the Duke was at Brighton in the
+winter, he and the King had a dispute about the army. It began
+(it was at dinner) by the King's saying that the Russians or the
+Prussians (I forget which) were the best infantry in the world.
+The Duke said, 'Except your Majesty's.' The King then said the
+English cavalry were the best, which the Duke denied; then that
+an inferior number of French regiments would always beat a
+superior number of English, and, in short, that they were not
+half so effective. The King was very angry; the dispute waxed
+warm, and ended by his Majesty rising from table and saying,
+'Well, it is not for me to dispute on such a subject with your
+Grace.' The King does not like the Duke, nor does the Duke of
+York. This I know from himself.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY.]
+
+August 13th, 1822 {p.051}
+
+I went to Cirencester on Friday and came back yesterday. At
+Hounslow I heard of the death of Lord Londonderry.[9] When I got
+to town I met several people who had all assumed an air of
+melancholy, a _visage de circonstance_, which provoked me
+inexpressibly, because it was certain that they did not care;
+indeed, if they felt at all, it was probably rather satisfaction
+at an event happening than sorrow for the death of the person. It
+seems Lord Londonderry had been unwell for some time, but not
+seriously, and a few days before this catastrophe he became much
+worse, and was very much dejected. He told Lord Granville some
+time ago that he was worn out with fatigue, and he told Count
+Münster the other day that he was very ill indeed. The Duke of
+Wellington saw him on Friday, and was so struck by the appearance
+of illness about him that he sent Bankhead to him. He was cupped
+on Saturday in London, got better, and went to Foot's Cray. On
+Sunday he was worse, and the state of dejection in which he
+appeared induced his attendants to take certain precautions,
+which unfortunately, however, proved fruitless. They removed his
+pistols and his razors, but he got hold of a penknife which was
+in the room next his, and on Sunday night or early on Monday
+morning he cut his throat with it. There is not a Minister in
+town but Lord Liverpool, Vansittart, and the Chancellor. Lord
+Bathurst is at Cirencester, the Duke of Wellington in Holland,
+Lord Sidmouth in Yorkshire, Peel and Lord Melville in Scotland
+with the King. No event ever gave rise to more speculation with
+the few people there are left to speculate, and the general
+opinion seems to be that Canning will not go to India,[10] but
+will be appointed in his room. It certainly opens a door to his
+ambition as well as to that of Peel, who, unless Canning comes
+into office, must of necessity lead the House of Commons. Another
+speculation is that Lord Liverpool will take this opportunity of
+resigning, and that the King will form a Whig Ministry. I do not
+believe Lord Liverpool wishes to resign, and my opinion is that
+Canning will come into office.
+
+      [9] [Lord Castlereagh, far better known by that name,
+          succeeded as second Marquis of Londonderry on the 11th
+          of April, 1821--only sixteen months before his death.]
+
+     [10] [Mr. Canning had just accepted the office of
+          Governor-General of India, and was about to go out to
+          that country.]
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD LONDONDERRY.]
+
+I had hardly any acquaintance with Lord Londonderry, and
+therefore am not in the slightest degree affected by his death.
+As a Minister he is a great loss to his party, and still greater
+to his friends and dependents, to whom he was the best of
+patrons; to the country I think he is none. Nobody can deny that
+his talents were great, and perhaps he owed his influence and
+authority as much to his character as to his abilities. His
+appearance was dignified and imposing; he was affable in his
+manners and agreeable in society. The great feature of his
+character was a cool and determined courage, which gave an
+appearance of resolution and confidence to all his actions, and
+inspired his friends with admiration and excessive devotion to
+him, and caused him to be respected by his most violent
+opponents. As a speaker he was prolix, monotonous, and never
+eloquent, except, perhaps, for a few minutes when provoked into a
+passion by something which had fallen out in debate. But,
+notwithstanding these defects, and still more the ridicule which
+his extraordinary phraseology had drawn upon him, he was always
+heard with attention. He never spoke ill; his speeches were
+continually replete with good sense and strong argument, and
+though they seldom offered much to admire, they generally
+contained a great deal to be answered. I believe he was
+considered one of the best managers of the House of Commons who
+ever sat in it, and he was eminently possessed of the good taste,
+good humour, and agreeable manners which are more requisite to
+make a good leader than eloquence, however brilliant. With these
+qualities, it may be asked why he was not a better Minister, and
+who can answer that question? or who can aver that he did not
+pursue the policy which he conscientiously believed to be most
+advantageous to his country? Nay, more, who can say but from
+surmise and upon speculation that it was not the best? I believe
+that he was seduced by his vanity, that his head was turned by
+emperors, kings, and congresses, and that he was resolved that
+the country which he represented should play as conspicuous a
+part as any other in the political dramas which were acted on the
+Continent. The result of his policy is this, that we are mixed up
+in the affairs of the Continent in a manner we have never been
+before, which entails upon us endless negotiations and enormous
+expenses. We have associated ourselves with the members of the
+Holy Alliance, and countenanced the acts of ambition and
+despotism in such a manner as to have drawn upon us the
+detestation of the nations of the Continent; and our conduct
+towards them at the close of the war has brought a stain upon our
+character for bad faith and desertion which no time will wipe
+away, and the recollection of which will never be effaced from
+their minds.
+
+
+August 19th, 1822 {p.019}
+
+I went to Brighton on Saturday to see the Duke [of York];
+returned to-day. The Pavilion is finished. The King has had a
+subterranean passage made from the house to the stables, which is
+said to have cost £3,000 or £5,000; I forget which. There is also
+a bath in his apartment, with pipes to conduct water from the
+sea; these pipes cost £600. The King has not taken a sea bath for
+sixteen years.
+
+The Marquis of Londonderry is to be buried to-morrow in
+Westminster Abbey. It is thought injudicious to have anything
+like an ostentatious funeral, considering the circumstances under
+which he died, but it is the particular wish of his widow. She
+seems to consider the respect which is paid to his remains as a
+sort of testimony to his character, and nothing will pacify her
+feelings or satisfy her affection but seeing him interred with
+all imaginable honours. It seems that he gave several indications
+of a perturbed mind a short time previous to his death. For some
+time past he had been dejected, and his mind was haunted with
+various apprehensions, particularly with a notion that he was in
+great personal danger. On the day (the 3rd of August) he gave a
+great dinner at Cray to his political friends, some of them
+finding the wine very good, wished to compliment him upon it, and
+Arbuthnot called out, 'Lord Londonderry!' He instantly jumped up
+with great vivacity, and stood as if in expectation of something
+serious that was to follow. When he was told that it was about
+the wine they wished to speak to him, he sat down; but his manner
+was so extraordinary that Huskisson remarked it to Wilmot as they
+came home. In the last interview which the Duke of Wellington had
+with him he said he never heard him converse upon affairs with
+more clearness and strength of mind than that day. In the middle
+of the conversation, however, he said, 'To prove to you what
+danger I am in, my own servants think so, and that I ought to go
+off directly, that I have no time to lose, and they keep my
+horses saddled that I may get away quickly; they think that I
+should not have time to go away in a carriage.' Then ringing the
+bell violently, he said to the servant, 'Tell me, sir, instantly
+who ordered my horses here; who sent them up to town?' The man
+answered that the horses were at Cray, and had never been in
+town. The Duke desired the man to go, and in consequence of this
+strange behaviour wrote the letter to Bankhead which has been
+since published.
+
+
+August 20th, 1822 {p.055}
+
+Knighton went with the King to Scotland, and slept in one of his
+Majesty's own cabins, that next to him. He is supposed to have
+been appointed Privy Purse. Bloomfield has got the mission to
+Stockholm. When Bloomfield was dismissed a disposition was shown
+to treat him in a very unceremonious manner; but he would not
+stand this, and displayed a spirit which he was probably enabled
+to assume in consequence of what he knows. When they found he was
+not to be bullied they treated with him, and gave him every
+honour and emolument he could desire.
+
+
+[Page Head: CANNING RETURNS TO OFFICE.]
+
+September 22nd, 1822 {p.055}
+
+I saw Lady Bathurst on the 13th. Canning had not then sent his
+answer, and greatly surprised were the Ministers at the delay.
+Lord Liverpool's proposal to him was simple and unclogged with
+conditions--the Foreign Office and the lead in the House of
+Commons. The King's repugnance to his coming into office was
+extreme, and it required all the efforts of his Ministers to
+surmount it. The Duke of Wellington and Peel have all the credit
+of having persuaded the King to consent, but Lord Bathurst's
+arguments influenced him as much as those of any person, and he
+told Lady Conyngham that he was more satisfied by what Lord
+Bathurst had said to him on the subject than by any of the
+Ministers. I know that amongst the Canning party Lord Bathurst is
+supposed to have joined with the Chancellor in opposing his
+appointment. The danger in which the Duke of Wellington was
+sensibly affected the King, because at this moment the Duke is in
+high favour with him; and when he heard he was so ill he sent
+Knighton to him to comfort him with a promise that he would
+reconsider the proposal of receiving Canning, and the next day he
+signified his consent. I saw a note from Lady Conyngham to Lady
+Bathurst, in which she gave an account of the uneasiness and
+agitation in which the King had been in consequence of the Duke's
+illness, saying how much she had suffered in consequence, and how
+great had been _their_ relief, when Knighton brought word that he
+was better. The 'dear King,' she said, was more composed. She
+added that she (Lady B.) would hear that evening what would give
+her pleasure, and this was that the King had agreed to take
+Canning. In a conversation also Lady C. said that she did hope,
+now the King had yielded his own inclination to the wishes and
+advice of his Ministers, that they would behave to him better
+than they had done. Canning was sworn in on Monday. His friends
+say that he was very well received. The King told Madame de
+Lieven that having consented to receive him, he had behaved to
+him, as _he always did_, in the most gentlemanlike manner he
+could, and that on delivering to him the seals, he said to him
+that he had been advised by his Ministers that his abilities and
+eloquence rendered him the only fit man to succeed to the vacancy
+which Lord Londonderry's death had made, and that, in appointing
+him to the situation, he had only to desire that he would follow
+the steps of his predecessor. This Madame de Lieven told to Lady
+Jersey, and she to me. It seems that the King was so struck with
+Lord Londonderry's manner (for he said to the King nearly what he
+said to the Duke of Wellington), and so persuaded that some fatal
+catastrophe would take place, that when Peel came to inform him
+of what had happened, he said to him before he spoke, 'I know you
+are come to tell me that Londonderry is dead.' Peel had just left
+him, and upon receiving the despatches immediately returned; and
+when Lady Conyngham was told by Lord Mount Charles that there was
+a report that he was dead, she said, 'Good God! then he has
+destroyed himself.' She knew what had passed with the King, and
+was the only person to whom he had told it.
+
+
+September 23rd, 1822 {p.057}
+
+George Bentinck, who thinks there never existed such a man as
+Canning, and who probably has heard from him some circumstances
+connected with his resignation at the time of the Queen's trial,
+told ---- that it was in consequence of a dispute between the
+King and his Ministers concerning the payment of the expenses of
+the Milan Commission. The Ministers wished the King to pay
+the expenses himself, and he wished them to be defrayed by
+Government. Lord Londonderry promised the King (without the
+concurrence of the other Ministers) that the expenses should be
+paid by Government, but with money ostensibly appropriated to
+other purposes. This Canning could not endure, and resigned. Such
+is his story, which probably is partly true and partly false.
+
+
+[Page Head: QUEEN CAROLINE'S RETURN.]
+
+November 5th, 1822 {p.057}
+
+I have been to Newmarket, Euston, Riddlesworth, Rendlesham,
+Whersted, besides going to town several times and to Brighton.
+Since I left London for the Doncaster races I have travelled near
+1,200 miles. At Riddlesworth the Duke of York told me a great
+deal about the Queen and Brougham, but he was so unintelligible
+that part I could not make out and part I do not remember. What I
+can recollect amounts to this, that the Emperor of Austria was
+the first person who informed the King of the Queen's conduct in
+Italy, that after the enquiry was set on foot a negotiation was
+entered into with the Queen, the basis of which was that she
+should abdicate the title of Queen, and that to this she had
+consented. He said that Brougham had acted a double part, for
+that he had acquiesced in the propriety of her acceding to those
+terms, and had promised that he would go over to her and confirm
+her in her resolution to agree to them; that he had not only not
+gone, but that whilst he was making these promises to Government
+he had written to the Queen desiring her to come over. The Duke
+told me that a man (whose name he did not mention) came to him
+and said, 'So the Queen comes over?' He said, 'No, she does not.'
+The man said, 'I know she does, for Brougham has written to
+her to come; I saw the letter.' If Lord Liverpool and Lord
+Londonderry had thought proper to publish what had been done on
+the part of Brougham, he would have been covered with infamy; but
+they would not do it, and he thinks they were wrong. The rest I
+cannot remember.[11]
+
+     [11] [This is an erroneous and imperfect account of this
+          important transaction, the particulars of which are
+          related by Lord Brougham in his 'Memoirs,' cap. xvi.
+          vol. ii. p. 352, and still more fully by Mr. Yonge in
+          his 'Life of Lord Liverpool,' vol. iii. p. 52. Mr.
+          Brougham had sent his brother James to the Queen at
+          Geneva to dissuade her from setting out for England,
+          but, as he himself observes, 'I was quite convinced
+          that if she once set out she never would stop short.'
+          He met her himself at St. Omer, being the bearer of a
+          memorandum dated the 15th of April, 1820, which
+          contained the terms proposed by the King's Government.
+          He went to St. Omer in company with Lord Hutchinson,
+          but Mr. Brougham, and not Lord Hutchinson, was the
+          bearer of these propositions. Lord Hutchinson had no
+          copy of the document. The extraordinary part of Mr.
+          Brougham's conduct was that he never at all submitted
+          or made known to the Queen the memorandum of the 15th
+          of April; and she knew nothing of it till she had
+          reached London, when all negotiation was broken off.
+          This fact Lord Brougham does not explain in his
+          'Memoirs;' but Lord Hutchinson declared in his report
+          to Lord Liverpool that in truth Brougham 'did not
+          appear to possess the smallest degree of power, weight,
+          or authority over the mind of the Queen' when at St.
+          Omer.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CANNING AND GEORGE IV.]
+
+Welbeck, November 16th, 1822 {p.058}
+
+I have had a great deal of conversation with Titchfield,[12]
+particularly about Canning, and he told me this curious fact about
+his coming into office:--When the King had consented to receive
+him he wrote a letter nearly in these words to Lord Liverpool:
+'The King thinks that the brightest jewel in the crown is to
+extend his forgiveness [I am not sure that this was the word[13]]
+to a subject who has offended him, and he therefore informs Lord
+L. that he consents to Mr. Canning forming a part of the Cabinet.'
+This letter was communicated by Lord Liverpool to Canning, and
+upon reading it he was indignant, as were his wife and his
+daughter. The consequence was that he wrote a most violent and
+indignant reply, addressed to the same person to whom the other
+letter had been addressed, and which was intended in like manner
+to be shown to the King, as the King's letter was to him. Upon
+hearing what had passed, however, down came Lord Granville and
+Mr. Ellis in a great hurry, and used every argument to dissuade him
+from sending the letter, urging that he had entirely misunderstood
+the purport of the letter which had offended him; that it was
+intended as an invitation to reconciliation, and contained nothing
+which could have been meant as offensive; that the country would
+be so dissatisfied (which ardently desired and expected that he
+should come into office) if he rejected this overture that he
+would not be justified in refusing his services to the public, who
+so anxiously wished for them. These arguments, vehemently urged
+and put in every possible shape, prevailed, and the angry reply
+was put in the fire, and another written full of gratitude, duty,
+and acquiescence.
+
+     [12] [The Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth
+          Duke of Portland, Mr. Greville's first cousin, died in
+          the twenty-eighth year of his age.]
+
+     [13] [The exact words in the King's letter to Lord Liverpool
+          are 'extend his grace and favour to a subject who may
+          have incurred his displeasure.' This letter, Lord
+          Liverpool's letter transmitting it to Mr. Canning, and
+          Mr. Canning's answer to Lord Liverpool are now all
+          published in Mr. Yonge's 'Life and Administration of
+          Lord Liverpool,' vol. iii. p. 200.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK.]
+
+London, November 24th, 1822 {p.059}
+
+The morning I left Welbeck I had a long conversation with
+Titchfield upon various matters connected with politics and his
+family, particularly relating to Lord William's correspondence
+with Lord Liverpool about the Government of India. He showed me
+this correspondence, in which, as I anticipated, Lord William had
+the worst of it. Lord Liverpool's answer was unanswerable. He
+showed me also a very long letter which he had received from Lord
+William, together with the copies of the correspondence, which
+was written the evening before he went abroad. In this letter
+(which I only read once, and which was so long that I cannot
+recollect it) he gave a detailed account of his sentiments upon
+the Indian matter, with the reasons for his having acted as he
+did, also his feelings with regard to the manner in which Canning
+had behaved upon the occasion and a conversation which he had
+with Mrs. Canning.[14] This latter I think exceedingly curious,
+because it serves to show what the object and the pretensions of
+Canning are in taking office, and exhibit that ambition the whole
+extent of which he dares not show. It seems that the Directors
+were anxious that Lord William should be appointed Governor-General,
+and this he knew through friends of his in the Court. Government,
+however, having signified their dissent to his nomination, Lord
+Amherst was nominated by the Court and accepted. Lord William's
+displeasure with Canning arises from an idea that Canning was
+backward in supporting his interests in this matter, and that he
+kept aloof from Lord William, and acquiesced in his rejection
+without ever communicating with him on the subject. Had Canning
+stated to him the difficulties under which he laboured, from his
+anxiety to serve him on the one hand and his obligation of
+coinciding with his colleagues on the other, Lord William would
+not have hesitated to _desire_ him to abandon his interests
+rather than involve himself in any embarrassment on his account.
+He wrote to Lord Liverpool to complain that the Court of
+Directors being inclined to nominate him, Lord L. had interposed
+his influence to prevent that nomination; that he did not ask
+Lord L. to consent to his appointment, but he did ask him not to
+interpose his influence to prevent his nomination, because that
+nomination was essential to his character, as proving that the
+Court of Directors were satisfied of the injustice with which he
+had been treated in the affair of the Vellore mutiny. Lord
+Liverpool's answer was short and civil, assuring him that he had
+neither directly nor indirectly exerted any influence at all,
+maintaining his right to give his opinion to the Directors in
+case it had been asked, and stating that Lord Amherst had been
+proposed by the Court and accepted by Government.[15] Whilst
+this matter was still pending, and before Lord Amherst's
+appointment had been made known, Lord William went to Gloucester
+Lodge. He saw Mrs. Canning, and being anxious to acquire
+information concerning the Indian appointment, he told her that
+she had an opportunity of obliging him by telling him anything
+she knew concerning it. She answered very quickly and in a very
+bad humour, 'Oh, it is all settled; Lord Amherst is appointed.'
+She then put into his hand a letter which Canning had received
+that morning from the Duke of Portland, declining his offer of
+the Private Secretaryship for John and George, alleging as a
+reason the hostile politics of Lord William and Titchfield. Mrs.
+Canning said that she had no idea that they would not have
+supported Canning, that she was aware they differed on some
+matters of minor importance, but that she had imagined their
+general opinions to be similar; that she had conceived Lord
+William's opposition to have been directed against Lord
+Londonderry, and that it would have ceased with his death; that
+'the present must be considered as a new Administration, and that
+Canning must be virtually Minister of the country.' Lord William
+replied that he could not view it in that light, that he thought
+it likely the introduction of Canning into the Cabinet might
+effect a beneficial influence on the measures of Government, and
+more particularly that a system of foreign policy might be
+adopted more congenial to his sentiments upon that subject; that
+it would give him the greatest pleasure to see such a change of
+measures as would enable him to give his support to a Government
+of which Canning was so conspicuous a member, but that he could
+not think that to be a new Administration which was composed
+(with the sole exception of Canning) of precisely the same
+persons of which it consisted before he joined them.
+
+     [14] [Mrs. Canning was the younger sister of Henrietta, wife
+          of the fourth Duke of Portland, both of them being the
+          daughters and coheiresses of Major-General John Scott
+          of Balcomie. Lord William Bentinck, the Duke's brother,
+          was therefore a near connection, and Lord George
+          Bentinck and Lord John Bentinck, the Duke's sons, were
+          by their mother's side Mrs. Canning's nephews. Lady
+          Charlotte Greville, Mr. Charles Greville's mother, was
+          of course connected with Mrs. Canning in the same
+          degree as her brother Lord William Bentinck.]
+
+     [15] [Lord Liverpool's letter to the King on this
+          appointment has been published by Mr. Yonge in his Life
+          of that statesman. He stated strongly to George IV. his
+          opinion that although Lord William Bentinck was
+          supported by a powerful party in the Court of
+          Directors, he thought it would be 'humiliating to the
+          Government and productive of the very worst effects to
+          appoint to such a station a man who had taken so strong
+          a part in Parliamentary Opposition.' George IV. replied
+          that he thought it 'highly unadvisable that Lord
+          William Bentinck should be the successor of the Marquis
+          of Hastings.' (Yonge's 'Life of Lord Liverpool,' vol.
+          iii. p. 204.) Lord William Bentinck had previously been
+          Governor of Madras at the time of the mutiny at
+          Vellore.]
+
+George,[16] after having refused the Private Secretaryship, was
+talked over by Canning and accepted it. He tried to gain over
+John, but he refused to share it.
+
+     [16] [Lord George Bentinck, third son of the fourth Duke of
+          Portland; born 1802, died 1848; afterwards
+          distinguished as the leader of the Protectionist
+          party.]
+
+Canning wished that Manners Sutton should be appointed
+Governor-General, in order that Wynn might be made Speaker, and
+room made for Huskisson in the Cabinet; but Wynn would not have
+given up his situation, and it is very much suspected that if he
+had, the strength of Government would have been insufficient to
+procure his election as Speaker, so unpopular is he in the House.
+
+
+December 24th, 1822 {p.062}
+
+The other day I went to Bushy with the Duke [of York], and as we
+passed over Wimbledon Common he showed me the spot where he
+fought his duel with the Duke of Richmond. He then told me the
+whole story and all the circumstances which led to it, most of
+which are in print. That which I had never heard before was that
+at a masquerade three masks insulted the Prince of Wales, when
+the Duke interfered, desired the one who was most prominent to
+address himself to him, and added that he suspected him to be an
+officer in his regiment (meaning Colonel Lennox), and if he was
+he was a coward and a disgrace to his profession; if he was not
+the person he took him for, he desired him to unmask, and he
+would beg his pardon. The three masks were supposed to be Colonel
+Lennox, the Duke of Gordon, and Lady Charlotte. This did not lead
+to any immediate consequences, but perhaps indirectly contributed
+to what followed. The Duke never found out whether the masks were
+the people he suspected.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF YORK'S DISLIKE TO WELLINGTON.]
+
+The last time I was with him he told me a variety of particulars
+about the Duke of Wellington's conduct at the siege of Seringapatam,
+of Lord Harris's reluctance to entrust the command of a storming
+party to him, of his not arriving at the place of rendezvous the
+first night, of Lord Harris's anger and the difficulty with
+which he was brought to consent to his being employed the second
+night, when he distinguished himself so signally. Amongst various
+other matters, of which it was impossible to bring away a perfect
+recollection, from his confused manner of narrating, and
+particularly his inaccuracy as to dates, he told me (with many
+recommendations to secrecy) that which immediately explained to
+me the dislike which he certainly bears to the Duke and (which I
+did not know before) to Lord Londonderry. He said that after the
+retreat of our army under Sir J. Moore from Spain (he was not
+quite certain himself as to the exact period, though a reference
+to the history of that period will probably elucidate the matter)
+Lord L. sent for him, and communicated to him that it was the
+intention of Government to send out an expedition to Portugal,
+and to confer the command of it upon him. He replied that if
+called upon he should consider it his duty to serve, but he
+should never solicit any command. Nothing more passed at that
+time, but the newspapers by some means immediately got hold of
+this project and violently attacked the Government for thinking
+of sending him out. He does not appear to have known what
+intermediate deliberation led to a change in the determination of
+the Ministers in regard to himself. He says that Lord Chatham,
+who was much attached to him, and was then a Cabinet Minister,
+came to him one day, and told him he was betrayed, and that he
+was sacrificed to make way for Sir A. Wellesley; that soon after
+this Lord L. sent for him, and said that he was extremely sorry
+that public opinion was so strongly against his appointment to
+the command of the army that it was impossible for Government to
+confer it upon him. Soon after this the expedition was formed,
+and Sir A. Wellesley was appointed to the command. This was the
+Duke's own version of the transaction.
+
+
+                              1823.
+
+
+[Page Head: GEORGE THE THIRD'S WILL.]
+
+Some particulars concerning the late King's will were told me by
+the Duke of York as we were going to Oatlands to shoot on
+Wednesday, the 8th of January, 1823. The King was empowered by
+Act of Parliament to make a will about the year 1766. In 1770 he
+made a will, by which he left all he had to the Queen for her
+life, Buckingham House to the Duke of Clarence, some property to
+the Duke of Kent, and to the Duke of York his second best George
+and some other trifling remembrance. He considered the Duke of
+York provided for by the Bishopric of Osnaburgh. Of this will
+three copies were made; one was deposited in the German
+_chancellerie_ in England, one in Hanover, and the other it was
+believed the King kept himself. He afterwards resolved to cancel
+this will, and two of the copies of it were destroyed, the third
+still existing (I could not make out by what means--if he told me
+I have forgotten--or which copy it was that survived). In 1810
+the King made another will, but for various reasons he always put
+off signing it, once or twice because he wished to make
+alterations in it; at length he appointed a day to sign it, but
+when the Chancellor brought it one of the witnesses was absent,
+and the signature was again postponed. Other days were afterwards
+fixed for this purpose, but before the signature was affixed the
+King was taken ill, and consequently the will never was signed.
+After the death of the King the only good will, therefore, was
+his original will of 1770, which was produced and read in the
+presence of the King, the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Lord
+Liverpool, the Duke of York, Adair, the King's solicitor (Spyer
+his name), and one or two others whom he mentioned. Buckingham
+House, which had been left to the Duke of Clarence, had been
+twice sold; the Queen and the Duke of Kent were dead; the
+only legatee, therefore, was the Duke of York. Now arose a
+difficulty--whether the property of the late King demised to the
+King or to the Crown. The Chancellor said that the only person
+who had anything to say to the will was the Duke of York; but
+the Duke and the King differed with regard to the right of
+inheritance, and the Duke, wishing to avoid any dispute or
+discussion on the subject, begged to wash his hands of the whole
+matter. The King conceives that the whole of the late King's
+property devolves upon him personally, and not upon the Crown,
+and he has consequently appropriated to himself the whole of the
+money and jewels. The money did not amount to more than £120,000.
+So touchy is he about pecuniary matters that his Ministers have
+never dared to remonstrate with him, nor to tell him that he has
+no right so to act. The consequence is that he has spent the
+money, and has taken to himself the jewels as his own private
+property. The Duke thinks that he has no right thus to appropriate
+their father's property, but that it belongs to the Crown. The
+King has acted in a like manner with regard to the Queen's
+[Charlotte's] jewels. She possessed a great quantity, some of
+which had been given her by the late King on her marriage, and
+the rest she had received in presents at different times. Those
+which the late King had given her she conceived to belong to the
+Crown, and left them back to the present King; the rest she left
+to her daughters. The King has also appropriated the Queen's
+[Caroline's] jewels to himself, and conceives that they are his
+undoubted private property. The Duke thinks that the Ministers
+ought to have taken the opportunity of the coronation, when a new
+crown was to be provided, to state to him the truth with regard
+to the jewels, and to suggest that they should be converted to
+that purpose. This, however, they dared not do, and so the matter
+remains. The King had even a design of selling the library
+collected by the late King, but this he was obliged to abandon,
+for the Ministers and the Royal Family must have interfered to
+oppose so scandalous a transaction. It was therefore presented to
+the British Museum.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CONGRESS OF VERONA.]
+
+January 25th, 1823 {p.065}
+
+I came from Gorhambury with the Duke of Wellington last
+Wednesday, and he was very communicative. He gave me a detailed
+history of the late Congress, and told me many other things which
+I should be glad to recollect.
+
+After the two treaties of Paris and Vienna the Allied Powers
+agreed to meet in Congress from time to time to arrange together
+any matters of general interest which might arise, and to settle
+and discuss any differences which might occur between any two
+Powers, a rule being laid down that the affairs of no Power
+should be discussed without that Power being invited to the
+deliberation. The affairs of Naples were the first that attracted
+their attention. Austria complained that the ramifications of the
+secret political societies which had sprung up at Naples tended
+to disturb and revolutionise the Italian possessions, and
+demanded the consent of the Allied Powers that she should abate
+the nuisance. The cause was deemed sufficient to justify her
+interference, and the events followed which are known. The
+Congress at Verona was assembled for the purpose of taking into
+consideration the affairs of Italy, and for discussing the
+propriety of relieving Naples from the burden of that military
+force which had been maintained there for the purpose of
+extinguishing the revolutionary spirit. At this Congress France
+came forward and complained that the revolution which had taken
+place in Spain menaced her internal tranquillity, and demanded
+the advice of Congress as to the measures she should adopt. In
+this it will be observed that the rule of every Power being
+called upon to attend a deliberation in which its affairs were to
+be discussed was dispensed with. Austria, Russia, and Prussia
+immediately replied that if she considered the Spanish revolution
+to be dangerous to her repose, she would be justified in stifling
+that revolution by force of arms, and offered to co-operate with
+her in the attempt. England refused to give any answer to the
+demands of France, and demanded in return what was her case
+against Spain. To this no answer was given. The part then taken
+by the Duke was to deprecate hostilities, both publicly as
+Plenipotentiary of England and privately in the various
+conversations which he had with the Emperor of Russia, who seems
+to have been the strongest advocate for making war with Spain.
+The imprudence of the Spaniards has afforded some colour to the
+right assumed by their enemies of interfering with their affairs,
+for they have upon several occasions attempted to foment the
+troubles which either existed or threatened to appear both in
+Naples and Piedmont; and the Emperor of Russia told the Duke that
+he had detected the Spanish Minister at St. Petersburg in an
+attempt to corrupt his soldiers at the time of the mutiny of the
+Guards, and that he had consequently sent him out of the country.
+The Duke replied that if the Emperor of Russia had reasonable
+grounds of complaint against Spain, he would be fully justified
+in declaring war against her, and that he would advise him to do
+so if he could march 150,000 men into Spain; but in suffering
+three years to elapse without making any complaint he had
+virtually renounced his right to complain, and that it was unfair
+to rake up a forgotten grievance against Spain at a time when she
+was menaced by another Power upon other grounds. The Duke
+said that the Emperor of Russia once talked to him of the
+practicability of marching an army into Spain, and seemed to
+think he might do so. The Duke said that the French Government
+would never allow it, when he said he could send them by sea. The
+Duke told him it would take 2,000 ships. One of the arguments of
+the Emperor of Russia was this: that constituted as their
+Governments were (military Governments) it was impossible for
+them to tolerate consistently with their own security any
+revolution which originated in military insubordination.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON ON FRENCH INTERVENTION.]
+
+After the Congress the Duke returned to Paris, and found that not
+only Monsieur de Villèle was averse to war, but that the King,
+Monsieur, and the Duke and Duchess of Angoulême were equally
+disinclined to commence hostilities. His endeavours have been
+incessantly directed to confirm their pacific dispositions, and
+to induce the Spanish Government to display moderation in their
+language and conduct. I asked him if such were the sentiments of
+the ruling powers in France upon what the question now turned,
+and why all idea of war was not abandoned, since both parties
+were pacifically inclined. He said[17] that France had been led
+into a dilemma by a series of erroneous measures, that hers was a
+false position, that having made the demands she had done to the
+Allied Powers, having held such lofty language, and having made
+such a show of military preparation, her difficulty was how to
+retract and retrace her steps with honour and credit to herself;
+that she was a nation whose character depended in great measure
+upon her military renown, and that it would reflect disgrace upon
+her to have made such mighty preparations and assumed so
+peremptory a tone without performing any action commensurate with
+the expectations she had raised. He said that appearances
+certainly became more warlike, but that he still hoped peace
+would be maintained; that if war ensued it would be entered into
+contrary to the interests and inclinations of all the parties
+concerned, and that it would have been brought about by a
+succession of circumstances over which they had no control; that
+it was impossible for two armies to remain for a length of time
+so near each other without mutual incursions being made, insults
+and injuries exchanged, which must inevitably end in a state of
+warfare and hostility; that the recall of the French Minister
+from Madrid would contribute to this result, for both in the
+Cortes and the Andalusian Junta expressions would be uttered
+offensive to the French Government, and misrepresentations would
+be made which would have the effect of exasperating the parties
+and of widening the breach; and that there being no agent of
+France at Madrid to furnish explanations and destroy the
+effect of the misrepresentations, there would be a constant
+correspondence between Madrid and Paris, in which vent would be
+given to all the angry feelings that ever existed.[18] The Duke
+advised that no answer should be given to the notes of the three
+Powers, nor to that of the French Minister. Had the Spanish
+Government declined to take notice of the notes, they would have
+imposed upon them the difficulty of taking the next steps.
+However, he admitted that the answer to the French note was very
+moderate. There is no statesman in Spain. There are some eloquent
+men in the Cortes, particularly Torreno and Arguelles. Torreno is
+the ablest man, but he has injured his character by peculation.
+The state of Spain is such that the most violent and turbulent
+possess the greatest share of influence. Portugal is in a state
+of greater intellectual improvement, and amongst the Portuguese
+there are some men of ability--Palmella, and another whose name I
+have forgotten. But Spain is not only deficient in men of
+education and talent to direct her councils, but she has no army,
+and not one officer of capacity. Not one was formed by the late
+war, for such were their vanity and ignorance that they would
+learn nothing from the English.
+
+     [17] All this reasoning appears to me exceedingly false, and
+          I do not understand a Government being compelled to
+          adopt measures adverse to her inclinations and
+          injurious to her interests by circumstances which she
+          could not control. A wise and vigorous statesman would
+          break through such a web as that in which the French
+          politics are entangled, and I cannot comprehend how the
+          honour of a nation is to be supported by an obstinate
+          adherence to measures which she had been led
+          incautiously to adopt, and which were afterwards found
+          to militate with her true interests. If the councils of
+          France were directed by a Minister of a vigorous and
+          independent character--if such a Minister were to come
+          forward and state frankly to Spain, and announce to all
+          Europe, that he would not invade the liberty and the
+          rights of Spain, and instantly put a stop to all
+          hostile preparations, finding arguments for an act of
+          magnanimity, moderation, and justice, which are never
+          wanting when some deed of lawless ambition and violent
+          aggression is to be perpetrated, would not such a man
+          acquire a more solid reputation than he who sacrifices
+          to some punctilio the interests of his own country and
+          the happiness and repose of millions, how great soever
+          might be the success with which his efforts should be
+          crowned?--[C.C.G.]
+
+     [18] These notes were addressed by the respective Courts to
+          their own Ministers at Madrid. The Spanish Minister for
+          Foreign Affairs need not have taken any notice of them
+          whatever according to the forms of diplomatic
+          communication.--[C.C.G.]
+
+Upon one occasion only the Spaniards gained a victory, the day on
+which St. Sebastian was stormed. Soult attacked a Spanish corps
+commanded by General Freyre. When the Duke was informed of the
+attack he hastened to the scene of action and placed two British
+divisions in reserve, to support the Spaniards, but did not allow
+them to come into action. He found the Spaniards running away as
+fast as they could. He asked them where they were going. They
+said they were taking off the wounded. He immediately sent and
+ordered the gates of Irun, to which they were flying, to be shut
+against them, and sent to Freyre to desire he would rally his
+men. This was done, and they sustained the attack of the French;
+but General Freyre sent to the Duke to beg he would let his
+divisions support him, as he could not maintain himself much
+longer. The Duke said to Freyre's aide-de-camp, 'If I let a
+single man fire, the English will swear they gained the victory,
+and he had much better do it all himself; besides, look through
+my glass, and you will see the French are retreating.' This was
+the case, for a violent storm of rain had occurred, and the
+French, who had crossed a river, finding that it began to swell,
+and that their bridges were in danger of being carried away, had
+begun to retreat. The Spaniards maintained their position, but
+the Duke said he believed they owed it to the storm more than to
+their own resolution.
+
+The Duke wrote to Alava some time ago (three years, I think) and
+desired him to advise the King from him, now that he had accepted
+the Constitution, to throw himself upon his Ministers. He has not
+written to Alava, nor Alava to him, for three years, because he
+knows that all letters are opened and read. He says the King of
+Spain is not clever, but cunning; his manners are good. He is in
+correspondence with the Allied Sovereigns, and is playing false.
+He has the means of corresponding, because, although his
+household is composed of men friendly to the revolution, there is
+no restraint upon his person, and he sees whomsoever he pleases.
+In case of war the French would obtain complete success. He
+conceives their object would be to obtain possession of the
+person of the King, to overthrow the Constitution, establish the
+King upon the throne with a Constitution perhaps similar to the
+French Charte, and to establish an army of occupation to maintain
+such an order of things till he should be able to form an army of
+his own.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S RECOLLECTIONS.]
+
+The Duke saw the King of France twice while he was in Paris. He
+was much broken, but talked of living twelve or fourteen years.
+The second time he was in better health and spirits than the
+first time. Madame du Cayla sent to the Duke to ask him to call
+upon her; he went twice and she was not at home. At his levee the
+King said, 'Il y a une personne qui regrette beaucoup de n'avoir
+pas eu le plaisir de vous voir.' The courtiers told him the King
+meant Madame du C. He went the same evening and saw her. She is a
+fine woman, about forty, and agreeable. She sees the King every
+Wednesday; he writes notes and verses to her, and he has given
+her a great deal of money. He has built a house for her, and
+given her a _terre_ near St. Denis which is valued at 1,500,000
+francs. The King likes M. de Villèle[19] exceedingly. He has
+occasionally talked to the Duke of Bonaparte. One day, when they
+were standing together at the window which looks upon the garden
+of the Tuileries, he said, 'One day Bonaparte was standing here
+with ----, and he said, pointing to the Chamber of Deputies,
+"Vous voyez ce bâtiment là: si je les démuselais, je serais
+détrôné." I said, "The King has given them freedom of debate, and
+I think I go on very well with it."'
+
+     [19] Villèle was a lieutenant in the navy, and afterwards
+          went to the Isle of France, where he was a member of
+          the council (or whatever the legislation was called).
+          At the revolution he returned to France and lived with
+          his family near Toulouse, became a member of the
+          departmental body, and subsequently Mayor of Toulouse;
+          he was afterwards elected a Member of the Chamber, when
+          he distinguished himself by his talents for debate, and
+          became one of the chiefs of the Ultra party. He was a
+          member of the Duc de Richelieu's Government, which he
+          soon quitted, and was one of the principal instruments
+          in overturning it. He anticipates a long
+          administration.--[C.C.G.]
+
+The Duke said he had been struck down by a musket shot whilst
+reconnoitring the enemy as they were retreating in the Pyrenees.
+The people round him thought he was killed, but he got up
+directly. Alava was wounded a few minutes before him, and Major
+Brooke nearly at the same time. He is of opinion that Massena was
+the best French general to whom he was ever opposed.
+
+He said that Bonaparte had not the patience requisite for
+defensive operations. His last campaign (before the capture of
+Paris) was very brilliant, probably the ablest of all his
+performances. The Duke is of opinion that if he had possessed
+greater patience he would have succeeded in compelling the Allies
+to retreat; but they had adopted so judicious a system of defence
+that he was foiled in the impetuous attacks he made upon them,
+and after a partial failure which he met with, when he attacked
+Blücher at Laon and Craon, he got tired of pursuing a course
+which afforded no great results, and leaving a strong body under
+Marmont to watch Blücher, he threw himself into the rear of the
+Grand Army. The march upon Paris entirely disconcerted him and
+finished the war. The Allies could not have maintained themselves
+much longer, and had he continued to keep his force concentrated,
+and to carry it as occasion required against one or other of the
+two armies, the Duke thinks he must eventually have forced them
+to retreat, and that their retreat would have been a difficult
+operation. The British army could not have reached the scene of
+operations for two months. The Allies did not dare attack
+Napoleon; if he had himself come up he should certainly have
+attacked him, for his army was the best that ever existed.
+
+The Duke added that he traced back the present politics of France
+to their chagrin at the dissolution of the Family Compact. At the
+general pacification the Duke, on the part of the English
+Government, insisted upon that treaty not being renewed, and made
+a journey to Madrid for the purpose of determining the Spanish
+Government. Talleyrand and the King of France made great efforts
+to induce the Duke to desist from his opposition to the renewal
+of the treaty, and both were exceedingly mortified at being
+unable to shake the determination of our Government on this
+point.
+
+The Duke of Wellington told me that Knighton[20] managed the
+King's affairs very well, that he was getting him out of debt
+very quickly, and that the Ministers were well satisfied with
+him. When he was appointed to the situation he now holds, he
+called at Apsley House to announce it to the Duke, and expressed
+his hopes that the appointment would not displease him. The Duke
+said that he could have no objection, but he would give him a
+piece of advice he trusted he would take in good part: this was,
+that he would confine himself to the discharge of the functions
+belonging to his own situation, and that he would not in any way
+interfere with the Government; that as long as he should so
+conduct himself he would go on very well, but that if ever he
+should meddle with the concerns of the Ministers he would give
+them such offence that they would not suffer him to remain in a
+situation which he should thus abuse. Knighton thanked him very
+much for his advice, and promised to conform himself to it. It
+seems that he told this to the King, for the next time the Duke
+saw him the King said he had heard the advice which he had given
+to 'a person,' and that he might depend upon that person's
+following it entirely.
+
+     [20] [Sir William Knighton, who was originally the King's
+          physician, had been appointed Keeper of the King's
+          Privy Seal and Receiver of the Duchies of Lancaster and
+          Cornwall; but in fact he acted as the King's Private
+          Secretary, and it was to the duties of that delicate
+          office that the Duke's advice applied.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF YORK'S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+November 29th, 1823 {p.073}
+
+In the various conversations which I have with the Duke of York
+he continually tells me a variety of facts more or less curious,
+sometimes relating to politics, but more frequently concerning
+the affairs of the Royal Family, that I have neglected to note
+down at the time, and I generally forget them afterwards. I must
+acknowledge, however, that they do not interest me so much as
+they would many other people. I have not much taste for Court
+gossip. Another reason, too, is the difficulty of making a clear
+narrative out of his confused communications. The principal
+anecdotes he has told me have been, as well as I recollect,
+relative to the Duchess of Gloucester's marriage, to the Duke of
+Cumberland's marriage and all the dissensions to which that event
+gave rise in the Royal Family, the differences between the King
+and Prince Leopold, and other trifling matters which I have
+forgotten. In all of these histories the King acted a part, in
+which his bad temper, bad judgment, falseness, and duplicity were
+equally conspicuous. I think it is not possible for any man to
+have a worse opinion of another than the Duke has of the King.
+From various instances of eccentricities I am persuaded that the
+King is subject to occasional impressions which produce effects
+like insanity; that if they continue to increase he will end by
+being decidedly mad. The last thing which I have heard was at
+Euston the other day. I went into the Duke's room, and found him
+writing; he got up and told me that he was thrown into a great
+dilemma by the conduct of the King, who had behaved extremely ill
+to him. The matter which I could collect was this:--Upon the
+disturbances breaking out in the West Indies it became necessary
+to send off some troops as quickly as possible. In order to make
+the necessary arrangements without delay, the Duke made various
+dispositions, a part of which consisted in the removal of the
+regiment on guard at Windsor and the substitution of another in
+its place. Orders were expedited to carry this arrangement into
+effect, and at the same time he communicated to the King what he
+had done and desired his sanction to the arrangement. The Duke's
+orders were already in operation, when he received a letter from
+the King to say that he liked the regiment which was at Windsor,
+and that it should not move; and in consequence of this fancy the
+whole business was at a standstill. Thus he thought proper to
+trifle with the interests of the country to gratify his own
+childish caprice. He gave, too, great offence to the Duke, in
+hindering his dispositions from being carried into effect, at the
+same time.
+
+The Duke told me another thing which he thought was indirectly
+connected with the first. It seems one of the people about the
+Court had ordered some furniture to be removed from Cumberland
+Lodge to Windsor (something for the Chapel). Stephenson, as head
+of the Board of Works, on being informed this was done, wrote to
+the man to know by what orders he had done it. The man showed the
+letter to the King, who was exceedingly incensed, and wrote to
+Lord Liverpool to say that Stephenson's letter was insulting to
+him, and desired he might be turned out. After some correspondence
+on the subject Lord Liverpool persuaded the King to reinstate him;
+but he was obliged to make all sorts of apologies and excuses for
+having done what it was his duty to do. Stephenson is a friend
+and servant of the Duke's, and in his ill-humour he tried to
+revenge himself upon the Duke as well as on Stephenson, and he
+thwarted the Duke in his military arrangements. What made his
+conduct the less excusable was that it was important that these
+things should be done quickly, and as the Duke was out of town a
+correspondence became necessary, by which great delay would be
+caused.
+
+
+                              1824.
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD TITCHFIELD.]
+
+March 6th, 1824 {p.075}
+
+Poor Titchfield[21] died last night at eight o'clock, having
+lingered for some days in a state which gave to his family
+alternate hopes and fears. He was better till yesterday
+afternoon, when he was removed into another room; soon after this
+he grew weaker, and at eight o'clock he expired. He is a great
+loss to his family, of which he was by much the cleverest member,
+and he was well calculated to fill the situation in which fortune
+had placed him. His talents were certainly of a superior
+description, but their efficacy was counteracted by the
+eccentricity of his habits, the indolence of his mind, and his
+vacillating and uncertain disposition. He was, however,
+occasionally capable of intense application, and competent to
+make himself master of any subject he thought fit to grapple
+with; his mind was reflecting, combining, and argumentative, but
+he had no imagination, and to passion, 'the sanguine credulity of
+youth, and the fervent glow of enthusiasm' he was an entire
+stranger. He never had any taste for society, and attached
+himself early to politics. He started in life with an enthusiastic
+admiration for Mr. Canning, but after two or three years, being
+thrown into the society of many of his political opponents, he
+began to entertain opinions very different from those of Mr.
+Canning. He never, however, enlisted under any political banner,
+and his great object seemed to be to prove to the world that he
+belonged to no party. After Mr. Canning came into office he took
+the earliest opportunity of informing his constituents that he
+was unfettered by any political connection with him. Titchfield
+was never at a public school, but was educated at home. Such an
+education--the most injudicious which can be given to a young man
+destined to fill a great situation--was not without its effect
+upon his mind. The superior indulgences and the early habits of
+authority and power in which he was brought up, without receiving
+correction from any of those levelling circumstances which are
+incidental to public schools, threw a shade of selfishness and
+reserve over his character, which time, the commerce of the
+world, and a naturally kind disposition had latterly done much to
+correct. The subject to which he had principally devoted his
+attention was political economy, and in the discussions in the
+House of Commons upon currency he had particularly distinguished
+himself. Whatever he attempted he had done so well that great
+expectations were entertained of his future success, and the
+indications he had given of talent will ensure to his memory a
+lasting reputation. He has died at a moment the most fortunate,
+perhaps, for his fame as a public man; but his loss to his family
+is very great, and by them will be long felt and deeply lamented.
+
+     [21] [William Henry, Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of
+          the fourth Duke of Portland.]
+
+[An interval of two years occurs in the Journal, during which Mr.
+Greville wrote nothing.]
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER III.
+
+The Panic of 1825--Death of Emperor Alexander--The Duke of
+  Wellington's Embassy to St. Petersburg--Robinson Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer--Small Notes Bill--Death of Arthur de Ros--
+  George III. and Lord Bute--Illness and Death of the Duke of
+  York--His Funeral--Lord Liverpool struck with Paralysis--
+  Rundell's Fortune and Will--Copley and Philpots--The Cottage--
+  Formation of Mr. Canning's Administration--Secession of the
+  Tories--The Whigs join him--Dinner at the Royal Lodge--
+  Difficulties of Canning's Government--Duke of Wellington visits
+  the King--Canning's Death--Anecdotes of Mr. Canning--
+  Recognition of South American States--His Industry--The Duke of
+  Wellington on Canning--Lord Goderich's Administration formed--
+  The Difficulty about Herries--Position of the Whigs--The King's
+  letter to Herries--Peel and George IV.--Interview of Lord
+  Lansdowne with the King--Weakness of the Government--First
+  Resignation of Lord Goderich--Lord Harrowby declines the
+  Premiership--Lord Goderich returns--Brougham and Rogers--
+  Conversation and Character of Brougham--Lord Goderich's
+  Ministry dissolved--Cause of its Dissolution--Hostility of
+  Herries--Position of Huskisson and his Friends--Herries and
+  Huskisson both join the New Cabinet.
+
+
+                              1826.
+
+
+[Page Head: FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES.]
+
+February 12th, 1826 {p.077}
+
+The last three months have been remarkable for the panic in the
+money market, which lasted for a week or ten days--that is, was
+at its height for that time. The causes of it had been brewing
+for some months before, and he must be a sanguine and sagacious
+politician who shall predict the termination of its effects.
+There is now no panic, but the greatest alarm, and every prospect
+of great distress, and long continuation of it. The state of the
+City, and the terror of all the bankers and merchants, as well as
+of all owners of property, is not to be conceived but by those
+who witnessed it. This critical period drew forth many examples
+of great and confiding liberality, as well as some of a very
+opposite character. Men of great wealth and parsimonious habits
+came and placed their whole fortunes at the disposal of their
+bankers in order to support their credit. For many days the evil
+continued to augment so rapidly, and the demands upon the Bank
+were so great and increasing; that a Bank restriction was
+expected by everyone. So determined, however, were Ministers
+against this measure, that rather than yield to it they suffered
+the Bank to run the greatest risk of stopping; for on the evening
+of the day on which the alarm was at its worst there were only
+8,000 sovereigns left in the till.[1] The next day gold was
+poured in, and from that time things got better.
+
+      [1] [Mr. Baring (Lord Ashburton) stated in his pamphlet on
+          this crisis, 'The gold of the Bank was drained to
+          within a very few thousand pounds, for although the
+          public returns showed a result rather less scandalous,
+          a certain Saturday night closed with nothing worth
+          mentioning. It was then that the Bank applied to Lord
+          Liverpool for an Order in Council to suspend cash
+          payment. A conference took place between Lord
+          Liverpool, Mr. Huskisson, the governor of the Bank, and
+          Mr. Baring. The suspension of cash payments was happily
+          averted, chiefly as it was said by the accidental
+          discovery of a box of one-pound Bank of England notes,
+          to the amount of a million and a half, which had never
+          been issued, and which the public were content to
+          receive.' Mr. Tooke, however, states in his 'History of
+          Prices' (Continuation, vol. iv. p. 342) that the lowest
+          amount of the banking treasure was on the 24th of
+          December, 1825: Coin, £426,000; bullion, £601,000: in
+          all, £1,027,000. The passage in the text refers of
+          course to the banking department only.]
+
+In the midst of all this the Emperor Alexander died, and after a
+short period of doubt concerning his successor it was found that
+Nicholas was to mount the throne. The first act of the Russian
+Government was to communicate to ours their resolution no longer
+to delay a recognition of the independence of Greece, and their
+determination to support that measure if necessary by force of
+arms. They invited us to co-operate in this object, but intimated
+that if we were not disposed to join them they should undertake
+it alone. The Duke of Wellington is gone to Russia, ostensibly to
+compliment the new Emperor, but really to concert measures with
+the Russian Ministry for carrying this measure into effect; and
+it is remarkable that the Duke, upon taking leave of his friends
+and family to set out on this journey, was deeply affected, as if
+he had some presentiment that he should never return. Alava told
+me that he had frequently taken leave of him, when both expected
+that they should never meet again, yet neither upon that occasion
+nor upon any other in the course of the seventeen years that he
+has known him did he ever see him so moved. Lady Burghersh said
+that when he took leave of her the tears ran down his cheeks; he
+was also deeply affected when he parted from his mother.
+
+In the discussion which took place on Friday night in the House
+of Commons, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer[2] opened his
+financial plan, he is deemed to have made a very bad speech, and
+Huskisson a very good one. Robinson is probably unequal to the
+present difficult conjuncture; a fair and candid man, and an
+excellent Minister in days of calm and sunshine, but not endowed
+with either capacity or experience for these stormy times,
+besides being disqualified for vigorous measures by the
+remissness and timidity of his character. However, though it is
+the peculiar province of the Finance Minister to find a remedy
+for these disorders, he may well be excused for not doing that
+which the united wisdom of the country seems unequal to
+accomplish. All men agree as to the existence of the evil, and
+all differ as to the causes of it and the measures which will
+effect its removal; not one man seems to see his way clearly
+through the difficulty; however, 'time and the hour runs through
+the roughest day,' and probably the country will what is called
+right itself, and then great credit will be given to somebody or
+other who deserves none.
+
+      [2] [Right Hon. Frederick John Robinson, Chancellor of the
+          Exchequer from January 1823 to April 1827; afterwards
+          Viscount Goderich and Earl of Ripon.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. ROBINSON'S SMALL NOTES BILL.]
+
+February 20th, 1826 {p.079}
+
+The Small Notes Bill,[3] as it is called, lowered the funds and
+increased the alarm among the monied men. Numerous were the
+complaints of the inefficacy of the measure for present relief,
+numerous the predictions of the ultimate impossibility of
+carrying it into effect. In the City, however, on Thursday
+afternoon things began to improve; there was more confidence and
+cheerfulness. On Friday evening the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+comes down to the House and surprises everyone by abandoning one
+part of his plan, and authorising the Bank to issue one pound
+notes till October. The immediate cause of this alteration was a
+communication which Hudson Gurney made to the Chancellor, that if
+he persisted in his Bill he should send up £500,000 which he had
+in Bank of England notes and change them for sovereigns, and that
+all country bankers would follow his example. From this he found
+that it would be impossible to persist in his original plan. The
+great evil now is a want of circulating medium, and as the
+immediate effect of the measure would be another run upon the
+Bank, and that probably all the gold drawn from it would
+disappear--for men now are anxious to hoard gold--this evil would
+be increased tenfold. The whole country is in distress from the
+absence of circulating medium for the common purposes of life; no
+country banker will issue notes, for they are instantly returned
+upon his hands and exchanged for gold. The circulation of country
+notes being generally confined within a very limited extent, the
+holders of them can easily present them for payment. The
+circulation of a quantity of Bank of England paper will relieve
+the immediate distress arising from this necessity, and the
+difficulty of exchanging them for gold will ensure the continuance
+of their circulation. When men find that they must take notes,
+and that gold is not to be had without so much pain and trouble,
+they will be contented to take the notes to which they have been
+accustomed, and will think the paper of their own bankers as
+good as that of the Bank of England, besides the advantage of
+being less exposed to the losses arising from forgery. This is
+the argument of the opponents of Robinson's Bill. It is generally
+thought that the Ministers have disgraced themselves by their
+precipitation and by the crudeness of their measures. Hitherto
+they have done nothing towards removing the present distress, or
+satisfying the minds of men, but the contrary. Robinson is
+obviously unequal to the present crisis. His mind is not
+sufficiently enlarged, nor does he seem to have any distinct
+ideas upon the subject; he is fighting in the dark.
+
+      [3] [On the 10th of February the Chancellor of the
+          Exchequer moved in Committee 'That all promissory notes
+          payable on demand issued by licensed Bankers in England
+          or by the Bank of England for less than £5 shall not be
+          issued or circulated beyond the 5th of April next.' Mr.
+          Huskisson made an able speech in support of the
+          proposal, showing that the inflation produced by the
+          small note paper currency had greatly contributed to
+          cause and aggravate the panic ('Huskisson's Speeches,'
+          vol. ii. p. 444). Mr. Baring, afterwards Lord
+          Ashburton, opposed the restriction of small notes, but
+          with small success. The period allowed for the
+          contraction of their circulation was, however, extended
+          to the 10th of October.]
+
+Everybody knows that Huskisson is the real author of the finance
+measure of Government, and there can be no greater anomaly than
+that of a Chancellor of the Exchequer who is obliged to propose
+and defend measures of which another Minister is the real though
+not the apparent author. The funds rose nearly two per cent, upon
+this alteration in the Bill before the House, on account of the
+prospect of an abundance of money. Still it is thought that
+nothing will be sufficient to relieve the present distress but an
+issue of Exchequer bills. So great and absorbing is the interest
+which the present discussions excite that all men are become
+political economists and financiers, and everybody is obliged to
+have an opinion.
+
+
+February 24th, 1826 {p.081}
+
+I have been since yesterday the spectator of a melancholy scene
+and engaged in a sad office. Arthur de Ros,[4] who was taken ill
+a fortnight ago, became worse on Monday night. After this time he
+was scarcely ever sensible, and yesterday, at a quarter-past two,
+he expired. After they had given up all hopes they were induced
+again to suffer them to revive from the disappearance of the most
+unfavourable symptoms; but this was only the weakness which
+preceded dissolution, and a few moments after his brother Henry
+had told me that he did not despair he came and said that all was
+over, and a little while after Rose announced that he had ceased
+to breathe. He died tranquilly, and did not suffer at all. I
+never saw such a distress. His father, mother, sisters, William,
+and his wife went immediately to Boyle Farm. Henry would have
+followed them, but I persuaded him to go home. He went first to
+Mrs. ----, to whom Arthur had been attached for ten years, and
+after a painful interview with her he came to his own house; he
+has since been too ill to move. I have never seen grief so
+strong and concentrated as his; it has exhausted his body and
+overwhelmed his mind, and though I knew him to have been much
+attached to his brother, I did not believe him capable of
+feelings so acute as those which he has evinced. William is
+much more calm and resigned, a strange, unaccountable thing
+considering the characters of the two men--the one so indifferent,
+and with feelings so apparently deadened to the affections of
+this world, and the other with a sensibility so morbid, and such
+acute susceptibility and strong feelings, that the least thing
+affects him more deeply than very serious concerns do other men.
+
+      [4] [Colonel the Hon. Arthur John Hill de Ros, born 1793,
+          died February 1826. He was aide-de-camp to his Royal
+          Highness the Duke of York.]
+
+Arthur was an excellent creature, and will be regretted by the
+Duke and deeply lamented by all who knew him intimately. His
+talents were not brilliant, but he had good sound sense, and was
+besides modest, diligent, honest, and trustworthy in a high
+degree. There breathed not a more honourable man, and as his
+ambition did not extend beyond the sphere in which fortune had
+placed him and he was contented with his destiny, but for this
+illness his career might have been long and prosperous. I went
+last night to sleep at the house, that it might not appear to
+have been entirely abandoned to the care of servants. The only
+wish he expressed was that Francis Russell should succeed him,
+which I have no doubt he will do.
+
+
+February 25th, 1826 {p.082}
+
+Received a letter from the Duke of York (to whom I had written to
+announce poor Arthur's death) expressive of the greatest regret
+for his loss.
+
+
+March 2nd, 1826 {p.082}
+
+I am just come from poor Arthur's funeral. There were present
+William de Ros, the two Hills, Craufurd, Torrens, Taylor, Francis
+Russell, Campbell, and B. Paget. The Duke appointed Francis his
+aide-de-camp directly.
+
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+July 2nd, 1826 {p.083}
+
+Four months since I have written anything. The Duke of York has
+been dangerously ill, and it is still doubtful whether he will
+recover. I was with him at Frogmore before Ascot; we went with
+the King to see Windsor Castle. His Majesty has since been very
+much annoyed about the Duke, cried a great deal when he heard how
+bad he was, and has been twice to see him.
+
+The elections have been particularly violent and the contests
+very numerous. A batch of Peers has been made; everybody cries
+out against Charles Ellis's peerage[5] (Lord Seaford); he has no
+property, and is of no family, and his son is already a Peer. The
+King, when these other Peers were created, asked Canning to name
+somebody. He said he had nobody about whom he was interested but
+Charles Ellis, and the King consenting to his elevation, it was
+all arranged without his knowledge. However, it is thought very
+ridiculous, and that he would have done much better to have
+declined it. Clanricarde, too, being made a Marquis and an
+English Peer is thought an indirect exertion of Canning's
+influence.
+
+      [5] [Charles Rose Ellis, created Baron Seaford in 1826.
+          Lord Seaford was the father of Charles Augustus Ellis,
+          who succeeded to the title of Lord Howard de Walden
+          through his mother, Elizabeth Catherine Caroline
+          Hervey, granddaughter of the fourth Earl of Bristol,
+          who was the last Baron Howard de Walden, as heir
+          general of Thomas, first Baron. The son of Lord Seaford
+          had married a daughter of the fifth Duke of Portland,
+          and was consequently a connection of Mr. Canning.]
+
+
+London, December 14th, 1826 {p.083}
+
+The Duke of York very ill; has been at the point of death several
+times from his legs mortifying. Canning's speech the night before
+last was most brilliant; much more cheered by the Opposition than
+by his own friends. He is thought to have been imprudent, and he
+gave offence to his colleagues by the concluding sentence of his
+reply, when he said, '_I_ called into existence the new world to
+redress the balance of the old.' The _I_ was not relished.
+Brougham's compliment to Canning was magnificent, and he was
+loudly cheered by Peel; altogether it was a fine display.
+
+Yesterday the Duke [of York] told me that the late King [George
+III.] was walking with him one day at Kew, and his Majesty said,
+'The world tells many lies, and here is one instance. I am said
+to have held frequent communication with Lord Bute, and the last
+time I ever saw or spoke to him was in that pavilion in the year
+1764.' The King went over to breakfast with his mother, the
+Princess Dowager, and she took him aside and said, 'There is
+somebody here who wishes very much to speak to you.' 'Who is it?'
+'Lord Bute.' 'Good God, mamma! how could you bring him here? It
+is impossible for me to hold any communication with Lord Bute in
+this manner.' However, he did see him, when Lord Bute made a
+violent attack upon him for having abandoned and neglected him.
+The King replied that he could not, in justice to his Ministers,
+hold any communication with him unknown to them, when Lord Bute
+said that he would never see the King again. The King became
+angry in his turn, and said, 'Then, my Lord, be it so, and
+remember from henceforth we never meet again.' And from that day
+he never beheld Lord Bute or had any communication with him.
+
+
+                              1827.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+Friday night, January 5th, 1827, half-past one {p.084}
+
+I am just come from taking my last look at the poor Duke.[6] He
+expired at twenty minutes after nine. Since eleven o'clock last
+night the physicians never left his room. He never moved, and
+they repeatedly thought that life was extinct, but it was not
+till that hour that they found it was all over. The Duke of
+Sussex and Stephenson were in the next room; Taylor, Torrens and
+Dighton, Armstrong and I were upstairs. Armstrong and I had been
+there about half an hour when they came and whispered something
+to Dighton and called out Taylor. Dighton told Torrens and they
+went out; immediately after Taylor came up, and told us it was
+all over and begged we would go downstairs. We went directly into
+the room. The Duke was sitting exactly as at the moment he died,
+in his great arm-chair, dressed in his grey dressing-gown, his
+head inclined against the side of the chair, his hands lying
+before him, and looking as if he were in a deep and quiet sleep.
+Not a vestige of pain was perceptible on his countenance, which,
+except being thinner, was exactly such as I have seen it a
+hundred times during his life. In fact, he had not suffered at
+all, and had expired with all the ease and tranquillity which the
+serenity of his countenance betokened. Nothing about or around
+him had the semblance of death; it was all like quiet repose, and
+it was not without a melancholy satisfaction we saw such evident
+signs of the tranquillity of his last moments.
+
+      [6] [His Royal Highness the Duke of York, second son of
+          King George III., died on the 5th of January, 1827.]
+
+In about a quarter of an hour Taylor and Halford set off to
+Windsor to inform the King; the Duke of Sussex went to the
+Princess Sophia; letters were written to all the Cabinet
+Ministers, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London,
+and the Speaker of the House of Commons. Orders were given that
+the great bell of St. Paul's should toll. The servants were then
+admitted to see the Duke as he lay. Worley[7] was very much
+affected at the sight, and one woman, the wife of Kendal, cried
+bitterly, and I saw her stoop down and kiss his hand. The room
+was then cleared and surrendered to the Lord Chamberlain's
+people. Thus did I take my last leave of the poor Duke. I have
+been the minister and associate of his pleasures and amusements
+for some years, I have lived in his intimacy and experienced his
+kindness, and am glad that I was present at this last sad
+occasion to pay my poor tribute of respect and attachment to his
+remains.
+
+      [7] [Worley was the Duke's stud-groom.]
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+After the October meetings of 1825 the Duke came to town, not in
+good health. At the end of November the Duchess of Rutland died,
+which was a great blow to him, and probably made him worse. A
+short time after her funeral he went to Belvoir, when the Duke of
+Rutland took him down into the vault, where he stayed an hour and
+returned excessively chilled. From that moment he grew worse till
+the time of the Ascot races. We went to Frogmore two days before
+the party began, and for those two days he led a quiet life. When
+the party was assembled he lived as he had been used to do, going
+to the races, sitting at table, and playing for hours at whist.
+He slept wretchedly and seldom went to bed, but passed the
+greater part of the night walking about the room or dozing in his
+chair. I used to go into his room, which was next to mine, the
+moment I was out of bed, and generally found him in his dressing
+gown, looking harassed and ill. He showed me his legs, which were
+always swelled. Still he went on till the last day of the party,
+and when we got to town he was so ill that M'Gregor, who came to
+him that night, thought him in danger. From that moment the
+illness was established which has ended in his death. They began
+by putting him through several courses of mercury, and they sent
+him to the Greenwoods' villa at Brompton. Here he continued to
+receive everybody who called on him, and went out in his carriage
+every day. They always said that he was getting better. In August
+he went to Brighton, and soon after his arrival his legs
+mortified. It was then that Taylor went down to him and told him
+that he was in great and immediate danger. He received the
+information with perfect composure. The gangrene, however, was
+stopped, and he came to town to the Duke of Rutland's house. The
+dropsy continued to make rapid progress, and some time in
+September he was tapped; twenty-two pints of water were drawn.
+from him. This operation was kept secret, for the Duke did not
+like that his situation should be known. He recovered from the
+operation and regained his strength; no more water formed in his
+body, but there was still water in his system, and a constant
+discharge from his legs, which occasioned him great pain and made
+wounds which were always open and extending. These wounds again
+produced gangrene, but they always contrived to stop its
+progress, and put the legs in a healing condition. As often,
+however, as the legs began to heal the water began to rise, and
+the medicines that were given to expel the water drove it again
+to the legs, through which it made its way, making fresh sores
+and entailing fresh mortification. In this way he went on, the
+strength of his constitution still supporting him, till towards
+the end of December, when the constitution could resist no
+longer; his appetite totally failed, and with loss of appetite
+came entire prostration of strength, and in short a complete
+break-up. From that moment it was obvious that his recovery was
+impossible, but he continued to struggle till the 5th of January,
+although he had tasted no solid food whatever for above a
+fortnight. At all the different periods at which his state was
+critical it was always made known to him, and he received the
+intimation with invariable firmness and composure. He said that
+he enjoyed life but was not afraid to die. But though perfectly
+acquainted with his own danger he never could bear that other
+people should be informed of it, and so far from acknowledging
+it, he always told his friends that he was better, and his
+language was invariably that of a man who did not doubt of his
+recovery. He was particularly anxious that nobody should know he
+had been tapped, and it was not till many weeks after that
+operation that he talked of it one day to me. Up to the last
+moment that I saw him (the day week before he died) he told me he
+was better, and he desired me to tell Montrond, who had called
+upon him, that he would see him as soon as he was well enough. He
+held the same language to everybody until the day previous to his
+death, when he sent for Taylor and Stephenson into his room. He
+could then hardly speak, but he took hold of Stephenson's hand,
+and looking at Taylor, said, 'I am now dying.' He tried to
+articulate something else, but he was unintelligible. About a
+fortnight before his death, soon after his appetite began to
+fail, Taylor had to announce to him his danger. He received the
+intelligence with the same coolness he had before shown, but it
+was not without difficulty that he admitted the conviction. A few
+days after he received the Sacrament, which was administered by
+the Bishop of London, in the presence of Sir H. Halford, Taylor,
+and the Princess Sophia. He was then very weak, but calm and
+collected during the ceremony. When it was over he shook hands
+with the men and kissed the Princess. The King saw him the next
+day, but he was in a lethargic state nearly the whole time that
+he was there. For many days before his death the physicians
+thought that every day must close the scene, but such was the
+natural strength of his constitution that he evinced a tenacity
+of life and maintained a struggle which astonished them all, and
+of which they unanimously declared that their practice had never
+furnished them with a similar instance. It seems that three years
+ago, when he was very unwell, M'Gregor told him that unless he
+was more prudent he would certainly be afflicted with dropsy. He
+had been subject to spasms, and in consequence of them was averse
+to lie down in bed, and to this pernicious habit and that of
+sitting for many hours together at table, or at cards, they
+attribute the origin, of the complaint which has terminated so
+fatally. Had he been a more docile patient, from the amazing
+vigour of his constitution he might have looked forward to a very
+long life. His sufferings in the course of his illness have been
+very great, and almost without cessation. Nothing could exceed
+the patience and courage with which he endured them; his serenity
+and good humour were never disturbed, and he never uttered a
+word or complaint, except occasionally at the length of his
+confinement. He not only saw all the visitors who chose to call
+upon him, even those with whom he was not in habits of intimacy,
+but he transacted the whole of his public business every day, and
+every paper was laid before him and every detail gone through as
+if he had been in perfect health. This he continued to within a
+few days of his death, till his strength was so entirely
+exhausted that he lay in a state of almost complete insensibility.
+It is remarkable that from the beginning to the end of his
+illness I never saw him that he did not tell me that he was a
+great deal better, and he never wrote to me without assuring me
+that he was going on as well as possible.
+
+
+[Page Head: FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+February 12th, 1827
+
+The Duke of York was no sooner dead than the public press began
+to attack him, and while those private virtues were not denied
+him for which he had always been conspicuous, they enlarged in a
+strain of severe invective against his careless and expensive
+habits, his addiction to gambling; and above all they raked up
+the old story of Mrs. Clark and the investigation of 1809, and
+published many of his letters and all the disgusting details of
+that unfortunate affair, and that in a manner calculated to throw
+discredit on his character. The newspapers, however, soon found
+they had made a mistake, that this course was not congenial to
+public feeling, and from that moment their columns have been
+filled with panegyrics upon his public services and his private
+virtues. The King ordered that the funeral should be public and
+magnificent; all the details of the ceremonial were arranged by
+himself. He showed great feeling about his brother and exceeding
+kindness in providing for his servants, whom the Duke was himself
+unable to provide for. He gave £6,000 to pay immediate expenses
+and took many of the old servants into his own service. There
+appeared a few days after the Duke's death an infamous forgery,
+purporting to be a letter or declaration written by him a short
+time before his death (principally upon the subject of the
+Catholic question), which, however, was disavowed by Taylor, but
+not till after many thousand copies had been sold. I dare say
+many people believe still that he was the author of this
+pamphlet. All his effects either have been or will be sold by
+auction. The funeral took place a fortnight after his death.
+Nothing could be managed worse than it was, and except the
+appearance of the soldiers in the chapel, which was extremely
+fine, the spectacle was by no means imposing; the cold was
+intense, and it is only marvellous that more persons did not
+suffer from it. As it is the Bishop of Lincoln has died of the
+effects of it; Canning has been dangerously ill, and is still
+very unwell; and the Dukes of Wellington and Montrose were both
+very seriously unwell for some days after. The King was very
+angry when he heard how miserably the ceremony had been
+performed. I have been this evening to hear Peel move the address
+of condolence to the King, which Canning would have done if he
+had been here; and it is a pity he was not, for Peel did it very
+ill: it was poor and jejune, and undistinguished by eloquence or
+the appearance of deep feeling. I was greatly disappointed, for I
+expected to hear a worthier tribute to his merits. Canning was
+very anxious to have been here to have performed this duty
+himself. The letters which he wrote to the Royal Family abroad
+announcing the event of his death were admirable and gave great
+satisfaction to the King.
+
+
+February 21st, 1827 {p.090}
+
+Three days ago Lord Liverpool was seized with an apoplectic or
+paralytic attack. The moment it was known every sort of
+speculation was afloat as to the probable changes this event
+would make in the Ministry. It was remarked how little anybody
+appeared to care about the _man_; whether this indifference
+reflects most upon the world or upon him, I do not pretend to
+say. A report was generally circulated that the Duke of
+Cumberland was dead, which was believed, but turns out to be
+untrue.
+
+Old Rundell (of the house of Rundell and Bridge, the great
+silversmiths and jewellers) died last week, and appointed Robarts
+one of his executors. Robarts called on me this morning, and told
+me he had been yesterday to Doctors' Commons to prove the will.
+Rundell was eighty years old, and died worth between £1,400,000
+and £1,500,000, the greater part of which is vested in the funds.
+He has left the bulk of his property to his great-nephew, a man
+of the name of Neal, who is residuary legatee and will inherit
+£900,000--this Mr. Neal had taken care of him for the last
+fourteen years--to a woman who had lived with him many years, and
+in whose house he died, and to two natural sons by her he only
+left £5,000 apiece. The old man began the world without a guinea,
+became in the course of time partner in that house during its
+most flourishing period, and by steady gains and continual
+parsimony amassed this enormous wealth. He never spent anything
+and lived wretchedly. During the panic he came to Robarts, who
+was his banker, and offered to place at his disposal any sum he
+might require. When the executors went to prove the will, they
+were told at Doctors' Commons that it was the largest sum that
+ever had been registered there.
+
+
+March 13th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+Since the debate on the Catholic question there has been a great
+expectation that Canning would resign. Many of his friends think
+he made an imprudent speech that night, and if he had not lashed
+the Master of the Rolls so severely that he would have got more
+votes.[8] The truth is he was mightily nettled by Dr. Philpots'
+pamphlet and at Copley making a speech taken entirely from it.
+The Master protested that he had no idea of offending Canning,
+and until he got up had no notion that Canning had taken offence
+at his speech. The question was lost by accident; several
+pro-Catholics were suddenly taken ill or arrived too late for the
+division, and the election petitions went all against them.
+
+      [8] [Sir John Copley was then Master of the Rolls, but this
+          occurrence did not prevent Canning from making him Lord
+          Chancellor on the 2nd of May following, when he was
+          raised to the peerage with the title of Baron
+          Lyndhurst.]
+
+
+[Page Head: INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE IV.]
+
+March 16th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+On Wednesday at the Council at St. James's the King desired I
+would go down to Windsor, that he might speak to me. I went down
+on Thursday to the Cottage, and, after waiting two hours and a
+half, was ushered into his bedroom. I found him sitting at a
+round table near his bed, in a _douillette_, and in pretty good
+health and spirits. He talked about his horses and told some old
+stories, lamented the death of the Duke of York, which he said
+was a loss to him such as no one could conceive, and that he felt
+it every instant. He kept me about an hour, was very civil, and
+then dismissed me.
+
+Canning made an apology to the Master of the Rolls for his
+severity in the debate on the Catholic question.
+
+
+March 25th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+When the King heard of Lord Liverpool's illness he was in great
+agitation. He sent for Peel in the night, and told him he must
+see the Duke of Wellington. Peel endeavoured to dissuade him, but
+in vain. The Duke was sent for, but he refused to go. He sent the
+King word that he had nothing to say to him, and that it would
+not be fair to his colleagues that he should see the King at such
+a moment. Consequently he saw none of his Ministers till he saw
+Canning, who was taken to the Pavilion in a chair one day. There
+have been a variety of reports about Lord Liverpool's successor
+and a new Administration, as always happens on such occasions.
+
+The King is in very good health and excellent spirits. He had a
+large party at the Lodge last week, and Canning, the Granvilles,
+Carlisles, Lievens, are going there next week. Mount Charles told
+me yesterday that next week he thinks something must be decided,
+and he told me what I did not know, that the King's opinions on
+the Catholic question are just the same as those of the Duke of
+York, and equally strong. This is the great difficulty which
+Canning has to get over with him. He does not much like Canning,
+though C. does everything he can to gratify and please him. Mount
+Charles told me that his mother (Lady Conyngham) has strong
+opinions in favour of the Catholics, but that she never talks to
+the King on the subject, nor indeed upon politics at all.
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+April 13th, 1827 {p.092}
+
+The King came to town a week ago. From the moment of his arrival
+every hour produced a fresh report about the Administration;
+every day the new appointment was expected to be declared, and
+the Ministers Peel, Lord Bathurst, Duke of Wellington, and
+Canning were successively designated as the persons chosen to
+form a Government. He had no sooner arrived than he saw his
+Ministers _seriatim_, but nothing could induce him to come to any
+determination. He wavered and doubted, and to his confidants,
+with whom he could bluster and talk big, he expressed in no
+measured terms his detestation of Liberal principles, and
+especially of Catholic Emancipation. He begged his Ministers to
+stand by him, and day after day elapsed and nothing was settled.
+In the meantime London was alive with reports; and the _on dit_
+of the day, repeated with every variety of circumstance and with
+the usual positiveness of entire ignorance, would fill a volume.
+Time crept on, and Parliament was to adjourn on the 13th (this
+day). On the 9th Canning went to the King, and, after a long
+audience, he came away without anything being settled. On the
+10th he went again, and told his Majesty that longer delay was
+impossible, and that he must come to some determination. On the
+evening of the 10th we received a note from Lord Bathurst, saying
+that the King had desired Canning to form an Administration on
+the principles of that of which Lord Liverpool had been at the
+head. This was not generally known that evening. Last night it
+was said that the Duke of Wellington would not remain in the new
+Cabinet, and we heard that Peel had resigned. To-day everything
+will probably be known. Canning and his friends say that the King
+has behaved admirably in this business, and they affect to
+consider his appointment unconditional and unfettered; but this
+is by no means the view which the others take of it. The King,
+however, has acted in such a way that all his Ministers (except
+those whose interest it now is to laud him to the skies) are
+disgusted with his doubting, wavering, uncertain conduct, so weak
+in action and so intemperate in language. It is now supposed
+that he has been influenced by Knighton in coming to this
+determination, in which he certainly has acted in a manner quite
+at variance with his professions and the whole tenor of his
+language. It must be owned, if this is so, that although Canning
+has gained his point--has got the power into his hands and is
+nominally Prime Minister--no man ever took office under more
+humiliating circumstances or was placed in a more difficult and
+uncertain situation; indeed, a greater anomaly cannot be
+imagined. Canning, disliked by the King, opposed by the
+aristocracy and the nation, and unsupported by the Parliament, is
+appointed Prime Minister. The King, irresolute and uncertain, is
+induced to nominate a man whose principles and opinions he fears
+and dislikes by the advice and influence of his physician. The
+measure which is of paramount importance Canning cannot carry as
+he desires and believes to be necessary; he must form a Cabinet
+full of disunion, and he is doubtful what support he can expect
+from the old adherents of Government, by whom he is abhorred.
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+The writ was moved for Canning yesterday by Wynne, 'he having
+accepted the office of First Commissioner of the Treasury.' This
+morning the Chancellor, Peel, Lord Westmoreland, and the Duke of
+Wellington resigned. Lord Bathurst immediately wrote to Canning,
+saying that, finding they had resigned, he could not avoid
+sending in his resignation also; that it was unnecessary to enter
+into explanations, which could only tend to widen the breach such
+a separation must make. Afterwards Lord Melville resigned,
+although well with Canning and a friend to the Catholics; he said
+he could not desert the men with whom he had acted for so many
+years. The Whigs seem greatly elated at the breaking up of this
+Administration. The Tories evidently think Canning is in a
+scrape, that he will not be able to form a Government, and that
+the power will return into their hands. How Canning and his
+friends feel is not yet known, nor what the King feels at being
+deserted by half his Cabinet. The opinion prevalent with the
+Opposition is that Canning has been deserted by his colleagues,
+who induced him to accept the Government by promising their
+support and adherence, and that when he had taken the final step
+they left him to make the arrangements and fill up their places
+as he could. This, however, is not the case. I saw George
+Dawson[9] this evening, and he assured me that Canning had
+received ample notice from all these Ministers that they would
+not hold office under him, and that if he was appointed Prime
+Minister they should resign. Peel told him this three weeks ago:
+'that he could not, with a due regard to his own character,
+continue in office under a man whose opinions are so diametrically
+opposite to his own upon the most important question; that he had
+no views of personal ambition, but that as the administration of
+Ireland was his peculiar province it was impossible they should
+not come into constant collision upon that subject.' They had no
+objection to act with Canning, always considering him as one of
+the most influential members of the Cabinet, but they could not
+hold offices _under_ him. He said that he could not imagine how
+Canning with his knowledge could take such a step, and it is
+evident that he has no idea of his being able to carry on the
+Government at all.
+
+      [9] The Right Hon. George Robert Dawson was Secretary of
+          the Treasury from 1828 to 1830, and was made a Privy
+          Councillor on resigning that office. He married in 1816
+          Mary, the eldest daughter of the first Sir Robert Peel,
+          and was consequently the brother-in-law of Mr. Peel,
+          the Minister.
+
+
+April 30th, 1827 {p.095}
+
+From the period of Canning's acceptance of office up to Thursday
+night there have been continual negotiations between Canning and
+the Whigs, and it is not possible to imagine greater curiosity
+and more intense anxiety than have been exhibited during the
+interval. The violence and confusion of parties have been
+extreme--the new Ministers furious with their old colleagues, the
+ex-Ministers equally indignant with those they left behind them.
+
+
+May 12th, 1827 {p.095}
+
+It is necessary to go back to the first formation of the
+Government.[10] As soon as Canning had got the King's commission
+he began to negotiate, and the Whigs readily enough entered into
+negotiation. The friends of Ministers resigned one after another,
+and for some time it seemed very doubtful whether Canning would
+be able to form a Government at all. His first measure was,
+however, very judicious--that of appointing the Duke of Clarence
+Lord High Admiral--nothing served so much to disconcert his
+opponents. The negotiations went on (through the Duke of
+Devonshire) up to the end of the Easter recess, when Lord
+Lansdowne came to town, and after much delay it was announced
+that the Whigs would support the new Government, but that none of
+them would take office immediately. The places were all filled
+up, but the appointments were understood to be only provisional,
+and the Duke of Portland, Lord Dudley, and Sturges Bourne were
+considered to hold their offices until Lord Lansdowne, Lord
+Carlisle, and Tierney should join the Cabinet. With this
+arrangement Parliament met, and the rage which had been
+accumulating in the minds of the seceders soon burst forth in a
+furious attack on this provisional arrangement. The Whigs have
+nearly in a body joined Government, with the exception of Lord
+Grey in the House of Lords, who in a speech full of eloquence
+attacked Canning's political life and character and announced his
+intention of remaining neuter. In the meantime it was understood
+that there was a reason for Lord Lansdowne not joining Government
+immediately, which was not to be made public till that event took
+place, and this secret was only imparted to a very few people; it
+was even concealed from Brougham and the leaders of the party.
+The secret, however, turns out to be this: Lord Lansdowne
+insisted upon modelling the Irish Government as he pleased--that
+is, in putting a Lord-Lieutenant, a Chancellor, and a Secretary
+there favourable to the Catholic claims, to which the King would
+not consent. Canning entreated Lord Lansdowne to have patience,
+to allow time to elapse, during which the King's scruples might
+be removed, and promised that every endeavour should be made to
+reconcile the King to the arrangement Lord Lansdowne desired.
+After much discussion it was resolved that Lord Lansdowne should
+support Government, but that he should not take office until this
+point was settled; and so the matter has remained.
+
+     [10] [The Cabinet formed by Mr. Canning was thus
+          constituted:--
+            Mr. Canning, First Lord of the Treasury and
+               Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+            Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor.
+            Earl of Harrowby, Lord President of the Council.
+            Duke of Portland, Lord Privy Seal, and afterwards the
+               Earl of Carlisle.
+            Lord Dudley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+            Lord Goderich, Secretary of State for Colonial
+               Affairs and War.
+            Mr. Sturges Bourne, Secretary of State for the Home
+               Department (this office was shortly afterwards
+               transferred to the Marquis of Lansdowne)
+            Mr. Huskisson, President of the Board of Trade.
+            Mr. Wynn, President of the Board of Control.
+            Lord Bexley, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+            Mr. Tierney, Master of the Mint.
+            The Duke of Clarence was named Lord High Admiral.
+            The Office of Commander-in-Chief remained vacant
+               during the Administration of Mr. Canning. This
+               Administration lasted ninety-eight days, until the
+               death of Mr. Canning.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+June 3rd, 1827 {p.096}
+
+Soon after writing this Lord Lansdowne came into the Cabinet,
+together with Tierney and Lord Carlisle, M'Donald and Abercromby
+also taking places. They found so many objections to the
+unsettled state of the Cabinet, and the provisional arrangements
+had brought so much odium and ridicule upon the Government, that
+it was thought necessary to settle this matter without loss of
+time, but Lord Lansdowne would not consent to take the Home
+Office except upon the conditions on which he had before
+insisted. He therefore came into the Cabinet without a place. But
+it is quite evident that the present state of affairs is far from
+satisfactory; the Government is not established on a firm or
+secure basis, and the members of it are not altogether satisfied
+with each other or themselves. Lord Lansdowne particularly does
+not feel comfortable where he is, and does not think that he has
+been well treated by his own friends. It seems that when first
+overtures were made to him by Canning he called a meeting of his
+friends at Lansdowne House, at which he declared his own
+sentiments and the conditions on which he would join the
+Government. The persons there assembled unanimously agreed with
+him, but a few days after a meeting was called at Brooks's which
+was more numerously attended, and there certain resolutions were
+agreed upon which were not in conformity with the opinions
+expressed in Lansdowne House, and these resolutions were
+communicated to Canning as the sentiments of the great body of
+the Whigs, but without the same being imparted to Lord Lansdowne,
+who was then at Bowood (this fact I had last night from
+Duncannon[11] and Hobhouse[12]). Matters, however, went on
+quietly enough till the other night, when the Government was beat
+in the House of Lords upon the clause in the Corn Bill, and this
+defeat it is obvious has enraged and embarrassed them to the
+greatest degree.[13] Duncannon, who is entirely in the confidence
+of the moderate Whig party, says that it is impossible the thing
+can go on in this way; three Lords in the King's household
+(Errol, Macclesfield, and Delawarr) voted against the Bill, and
+if they are not dismissed it will be such a proof of the
+feebleness of Government as will disgust all the Whigs and make
+their support very lukewarm.[14] Burdett, who was more active and
+zealous than anybody in bringing about the Coalition, is very
+much disgusted already, and there appears altogether such a want
+of confidence and unanimity among them as must lead to the
+dissolution of the Government unless Canning can by some vigorous
+measures establish his credit and convince the world of his
+strength. In Ireland the Chancellor[15] has refused to put the
+Great Seal to the appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General. It
+is supposed that he will take this occasion to resign, and it
+will then be seen what part the King will take in the nomination
+of his successor. The King sees numbers of people, talks
+incessantly, and does nothing. Canning was with him yesterday
+evening, and the result of his audience will be very interesting,
+because it will appear whether he has insisted upon, and the King
+consented to, the dismissal of the refractory Lords, as well as
+what he will do about the Irish Chancellor. Government are
+indignant with the Duke of Wellington and the other ex-Ministers
+for opposing the Corn Bill, which they had been themselves (when
+in office) instrumental in framing, as well as for the use which
+the Duke made of Huskisson's letter.
+
+     [11] [John William, Viscount Duncannon, afterwards fourth
+          Earl of Bessborough.]
+
+     [12] [Mr. John Cam Hobhouse, M.P. for Westminster,
+          afterwards Sir John C. Hobhouse, Bart., raised to the
+          peerage in 1851 by the title of Baron Broughton de
+          Giffard.]
+
+     [13] [It was with reference to this defeat that Canning said
+          soon afterwards in the House of Commons that 'the Duke
+          of Wellington had been made the instrument of others
+          for their own particular views,' and he pledged himself
+          to bring in another Corn Bill in the following session.
+          But these were almost the last words uttered by Canning
+          in Parliament.]
+
+     [14] [Lord Delawarr resigned of his own accord, Lord Errol
+          was obliged to resign, and Lord Macclesfield came over
+          and voted with Government on the second reading of the
+          Corn Bill.]
+
+     [15] [Lord Manners was still Lord Chancellor of Ireland, as
+          he had been since 1807. Mr. Doherty was made
+          Solicitor-General for Ireland on the 18th of June.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE ROYAL LODGE.]
+
+June 17th, 1827 {p.098}
+
+I was at the Royal Lodge for one night last Wednesday; about
+thirty people sat down to dinner, and the company was changed
+nearly every day. It is a delightful place to live in, but the
+rooms are too low and too small for very large parties. Nothing
+can exceed the luxury of the internal arrangements; the King was
+very well and in excellent spirits, but very weak in his knees
+and could not walk without difficulty. The evening passed off
+tolerably, owing to the Tyrolese, whom Esterhazy brought down to
+amuse the King, and he was so pleased with them that he made them
+sing and dance before him the whole evening; the women kissed his
+face and the men his hand, and he talked to them in German.
+Though this evening went off well enough, it is clear that
+nothing would be more insupportable than to live at this Court;
+the dulness must be excessive, and the people who compose his
+habitual society are the most insipid and uninteresting that can
+be found. As for Lady Conyngham, she looks bored to death, and
+she never speaks, never appears to have one word to say to the
+King, who, however, talks himself without ceasing. Canning came
+the day I went away, and was very well received by his Majesty;
+he looked dreadfully ill. The only thing which interested me was
+the account I heard from Francis Conyngham about Knighton. He is
+seldom there, and when he comes scarcely stays above a night or
+two. But he governs everything about the house, and cannot endure
+anybody who is likely to dispute his empire. The King certainly
+does not like him, is always happier when he is away, and never
+presses him to stay or to return. When he is there he has
+constant access to the King at all times and whenever he pleases.
+He is on bad terms with Mount Charles, he bullies Lord Conyngham,
+and he is barely civil to Lady C.; he knows that Mount Charles is
+independent of him, and that the King likes him and admits him
+continually and familiarly to his presence, and of this it seems
+that he is jealous. I was more struck with one word which dropped
+from him than with all he told me of Sir W. Knighton. While the
+Tyrolese were dancing and singing, and there was a sort of gay
+uproar going on, with which the King was greatly delighted, he
+said, 'I would give ten guineas to see Knighton walk into the
+room now,' as if it were some master who was absent, and who
+should suddenly return and find his family and servants
+merrymaking in his absence; it indicates a strange sort of power
+possessed by him.
+
+[Page Head: HOSTILITY OF LORD GREY.]
+
+The King was very civil to the Duke of Dorset, and repeatedly
+told him that what had passed would make no difference in their
+private friendship. In the meantime the Corn Bill has been thrown
+out, and I think political animosities are full as strong as
+ever, though they have taken rather a sulky than a violent tone.
+I had a long conversation with Duncannon yesterday, who is fully
+possessed of the sentiments of all the Whigs, and by what he says
+it is clear that they are extremely dissatisfied; they want
+Canning to display his power by some signal act of authority, and
+to show that he is really supported cordially by the King. The
+opposite party are persuaded that the King is secretly inclined
+to them and averse to his present Government, and this opinion
+obtains more or less with the public in consequence of the
+impunity with which Canning has been braved by the Chancellor in
+Ireland. The appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General has
+never yet passed the Great Seal, and Lord Manners refuses to
+sanction it; he has likewise refused to put Sir Patrick Bellew (a
+Catholic) in the Commission of the Peace, though he is a
+respectable man and he has been strongly pressed to do it even by
+Protestants. This refusal so disgusted Duncannon that he was very
+near withdrawing his name from the Commission, and if he had his
+example would have been followed by many others, but Lord Spencer
+dissuaded him from doing so. Lord Grey is in such a state of
+irritation that he will hardly speak to any of his old friends,
+and he declares that he will never set his foot in Brooks's
+again. All this is the more extraordinary, and the vivacity of
+his temper the more unaccountable, because he has constantly
+declined taking an active part in politics when invited to do so
+for a long time past; and whenever Duncannon has asked his advice
+or consulted his opinions or wishes, he has invariably referred
+him to Lord Lansdowne as the person whom his friends were to look
+upon as their leader, asserting that he had withdrawn himself
+from public life and would have no more concern with politics.
+More than this, when first overtures were made by Canning to the
+Whigs, it was the unanimous opinion of all those who have since
+joined the Government that Lord Lansdowne and his friends could
+not join an Administration of which Peel was to be a member (for
+at that time the resignation of Peel was not contemplated as a
+probable event), and this opinion was warmly combated by Lord
+Grey, who contended that there was no reason why they should not
+coalesce with Canning and Peel. What induced him to alter his
+opinion so decidedly and to become so bitter an enemy to the
+present arrangements does not appear, unless it is to be
+attributed to a feeling of pique and resentment at not having
+been more consulted, or that overtures were not made to himself.
+The pretext he took for declaring himself was the appointment of
+Copley to be Chancellor, when he said that it was impossible to
+support a Government which had made such an appointment.
+
+
+July 5th, 1827 {p.101}
+
+The session is over, and has been short but violent enough. There
+is apparently a majority against the Ministry in the House of
+Lords, though they seem safe in the House of Commons. All depends
+upon Canning's prudence and firmness during the recess. As to the
+King, he seems desirous of living a quiet life and disposing of
+all patronage; public measures and public men are equally
+indifferent to him. The Duke of Wellington, who knows him well,
+says he does not care a farthing about the Catholic question, but
+he does not like to depart from the example of his father and the
+Duke of York, to which they owed so much of their popularity. His
+conduct is entirely influenced by selfish considerations, and he
+neither knows nor cares what measures the exigencies of the
+country demand. The present state of parties is so extraordinary
+that it cannot last, and it remains to be seen whether Lord Grey
+and the other Whigs will reunite themselves to the main body and
+support Canning's Government, or whether they will join with the
+Tories in their efforts to overturn it. Lord Grey's temper,
+irritated by the attacks which have been made on him, seems
+likely to urge him to the latter alternative.
+
+
+July 25th, 1827 {p.102}
+
+Canning is gone to Chiswick, where he has had the lumbago, and
+could not go to the Council last week. He is very unwell, and in
+a very precarious state, I think. I was at the Council last
+Monday week; it was held for the appointment of Lords Lansdowne
+and Carlisle, Lord Lansdowne having consented to take the Home
+Office, and Lord Carlisle the Privy Seal; the only Cabinet
+Ministers present were the four who changed places. It was the
+first time the King had given Lord Lansdowne an audience, but I
+believe he was very civil to him. The King gave him an account of
+the Duke of Buckingham's visit to him (from Dropmore), the result
+of which was that he sent his proxy to Lord Goderich, but not
+with a good grace.
+
+The Duke of Wellington has been to the Lodge, and great is the
+speculation thereupon.[16] It is fiercely debated whether he went
+by invitation or not, and how long he stayed. He was only with
+the King twenty minutes, for so Prince Leopold, who was there,
+told Lambton, who told me. I don't know if he was invited or no.
+The King has taken from Prince Leopold the plate that was given,
+or, as they now say, lent to him, on his marriage. The Chamberlain
+sent to Sir E. Gardiner for it in the Prince's absence, and he
+refused to give it up without his Royal Highness's orders, but
+the Prince, as soon as he heard of it, ordered it to be sent to
+the Chamberlain.
+
+     [16] [The causes and consequences of this visit, which was
+          by invitation from the King, are related in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 63 _et seq_.]
+
+The Irish Chancellor has given way about Doherty's appointment,
+and put the Great Seal to it before his own resignation. He did
+it with a good grace, Lord Lansdowne told me.
+
+We went all over the Castle the other day; his Majesty will not
+let anybody see it now. I don't think enough is effected for the
+enormous sums expended, though it is a fine and will be a good
+house; still, how far (as a palace) from Versailles, St. Cloud,
+and the other palaces in France! The external terrace has spoilt
+the old one, and is altogether a frightful excrescence, and
+should never have been made.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF CANNING.]
+
+August 9th, 1827 {p.103}
+
+Canning died yesterday morning at four o'clock. His danger was
+only announced on Sunday night, though it had existed from the
+preceding Wednesday. When he saw the King on Monday his Majesty
+told him he looked very ill, and he replied that 'he did not know
+what was the matter with him, but that he was ill all over.'
+Nothing could exceed the consternation caused by the announcement
+of his danger and the despair of his colleagues. From the first
+there was no hope. He was aware of his danger, and said, 'It is
+hard upon the King to have to fight the battle over again.' The
+Cabinet met on Monday, and great unanimity prevailed among them.
+They all agreed to stand by each other in the event of his death.
+As soon as it happened Lord Lansdowne went down to Windsor and
+saw the King. His Majesty spoke with great affection of Canning,
+and said something of the difficulties in which he was again
+involved. Lord L. replied that he had come down, as it was his
+official duty to do, to announce to him the event; that nothing
+could be further from his wish or intention than to elicit from
+him any opinion as to the future, and he begged his Majesty would
+not say one word upon that subject. The King said that the first
+thing he should do would be to show every mark of respect to the
+memory and attachment to the person of Canning, and that he
+should therefore send for those of his Ministers who had been the
+most closely connected with him in public and private life. He
+sent immediately for Lord Goderich and Sturges Bourne, who went
+down to him when Lord Lansdowne returned.
+
+Yesterday I saw some letters from Mr. Arbuthnot[17] (Gosh) giving
+an account of the break-up of the old Government, and of the
+reasons by which they had been influenced in resigning. They were
+three in number, very violent and indignant, defending the Duke
+and attacking Canning, but they contained little more than has
+since appeared and been made public. The only fact that appeared
+to me of consequence was this: that Peel, though he had resigned
+on different grounds, was indignant at the way in which the Duke
+had been treated, and was resolved never to take office till full
+reparation had been made to him; that Lord Bathurst had begged
+Gosh (Mr. Arbuthnot) not to mention this, as it might do harm.
+The next letter was a long tirade with a great deal of wrath and
+indignation, such as might be expected. He says that they knew
+Canning was negotiating with the Whigs while he was pretending
+that he wished the old Government to go on; and that in the
+course of the negotiation with his old colleagues he offered
+Peel, if he would stay with him, to recall the pro-Catholic
+Lord-Lieutenant and send a Protestant. Peel wanted the Duke to
+give up the army and take the Treasury, which he would not hear
+of. He was miserable at the idea, and opposed it so strongly that
+they could not press it upon him. However, the Peers--meaning all
+the Lords who had made such a stir--applied to the Duke to put
+himself at the head of the Government, but he hardly sent an
+answer to their application--he would not hear of it.
+
+     [17] [Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential
+          friend of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he lived.
+          He was known in society by the nickname of 'Gosh,' by
+          which he is frequently described in these Journals.]
+
+[Page Head: ANECDOTES OF CANNING.]
+
+I may here introduce some anecdotes of Canning told me by Lord
+George Bentinck, his private secretary:--
+
+Some time after they had been in office (after Lord Londonderry's
+death) they found in a drawer, which apparently had been
+forgotten or overlooked, some papers, which were despatches and
+copies of correspondence between Lord Castlereagh and Lord
+Stewart. These despatches were very curious, and more particularly
+so after his attack last year on Canning for misappropriating the
+secret service money, for they gave an account of his own
+employment of the secret service money in getting Italian
+witnesses for the Queen's trial. There was likewise an account of
+the discovery Stewart had made of the treachery of an office
+messenger, who had for a long time carried all his despatches to
+Metternich before he took them to England, and Lord Stewart says,
+'I tremble when I think of the risk which my despatches have
+incurred of coming before the House of Commons, as there were
+letters of Lord Londonderry's written expressly "to throw dust in
+the eyes of the Parliament."' These were his own expressions, and
+he said, 'You will understand this and know what to say to
+Metternich.' In fact, while Lord Castlereagh was obliged to
+pretend to disapprove of the Continental system of the Holy
+Alliance he secretly gave Metternich every assurance of his
+private concurrence, and it was not till long after Mr. Canning's
+accession that Metternich could be persuaded of his sincerity in
+opposing their views, always fancying that he was obliged to act
+a part as his predecessor had done to keep the House of Commons
+quiet.
+
+From the moment Mr. Canning came into the Cabinet he laboured to
+accomplish the recognition of the South American Republics, but
+all the Cabinet were against him except Lord Liverpool, and the
+King would not hear of it. The King was supported in his
+opposition by the Duke of Wellington and by Lieven and Esterhazy,
+whom he used to have with him; and to them he inveighed against
+Canning for pressing this measure. The Duke of Wellington and
+those Ambassadors persuaded his Majesty that if he consented it
+would produce a quarrel between him and his allies, and involve
+him in inextricable difficulties. Canning, who knew all this,
+wrote to Mrs. Canning in terms of great bitterness, and said if
+the King did not take care he would not let him see these
+Ambassadors except in his presence, and added, 'I can tell his
+Majesty that his father would never have acted in such a manner.'
+At length after a long contest, in the course of which Peel came
+round to him, he resolved to carry the measure or resign. After a
+battle in the Cabinet which lasted three hours, and from which he
+came heated, exhausted, and indignant, he prepared a memorial to
+the King, and Lord Liverpool another, in which they tendered
+their resignations, alleging at length their reasons, and this
+they submitted to the Cabinet the following day. When their
+colleagues found they were in earnest they unanimously surrendered,
+and agreed upon a declaration to the King that they would all
+resign unless the measure was adopted. This communication was
+made to his Majesty by the Duke of Wellington, who told him that
+he found Canning was in earnest, and that the Government could
+not go on without him, and he must give way. The King accordingly
+gave way, but with a very ill grace.[18] When he saw Canning he
+received him very ill, and in a letter to him signifying his
+assent to the measure he said that it must be his business to
+have it carried into effect in the best way it would admit of.
+Canning took fire at the ungracious tone of the letter, and wrote
+for answer that he feared he was not honoured with that
+confidence which it was necessary that the King should have in
+his Ministers, and that his Majesty had better dismiss him at
+once. The King sent no answer, but a gracious message, assuring
+him he had mistaken his letter, and desiring he would come to the
+Cottage, when he received him very well. From that time he grew
+in favour, for when the King found that none of the evils
+predicted of this measure had come to pass, and how it raised the
+reputation of his Minister, he liked it very well, and Canning
+dexterously gave him all the praise of it, so that he soon
+fancied it had originated with himself, and became equally
+satisfied with himself and with Canning.
+
+     [18] [The memorial of Mr. Canning on this subject, the
+          counter-opinions of the Duke of Wellington, and the
+          King's minute upon them have been published in the
+          second volume of the New Series of the 'Duke of
+          Wellington's Correspondence,' pp. 354, 364, and 402.]
+
+Canning concealed nothing from Mrs. Canning, nor from Charles
+Ellis. When absent from Mrs. C. he wrote everything to her in the
+greatest detail. Canning's industry was such that he never left a
+moment unemployed, and such was the clearness of his head that he
+could address himself almost at the same time to several
+different subjects with perfect precision and without the least
+embarrassment. He wrote very fast, but not fast enough for his
+mind, composing much quicker than he could commit his ideas to
+paper. He could not bear to dictate, because nobody could write
+fast enough for him; but on one occasion, when he had the gout in
+his hand and could not write, he stood by the fire and dictated
+at the same time a despatch on Greek affairs to George Bentinck
+and one on South American politics to Howard de Walden, each
+writing as fast as he could, while he turned from one to the
+other without hesitation or embarrassment.
+
+
+August 10th, 1827 {p.107}
+
+The Cabinet sat yesterday morning and again at night. It is
+generally believed that Lord Goderich will succeed Canning at the
+Treasury, and Lord Lansdowne has no objection to serve under him.
+The Tories were full of hope and joy at first, but in proportion
+as they were elated at first so were they dejected yesterday,
+when they found that the King sent for Lord Goderich and not for
+the Duke of Wellington. He never seems to have thought of the
+Duke at all. It will all be out to-day or to-morrow. The Tories
+may now give the King up. They have taken leave of office, except
+Peel, who will come in some day or other.
+
+[They remained out of office five months. What a prophecy!--
+_January 28th, 1828_.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S OPINION OF CANNING.]
+
+The Duke of Wellington talked of Canning the other day a great
+deal at my mother's. He said his talents were astonishing, his
+compositions admirable, that he possessed the art of saying
+exactly what was necessary and passing over those topics on which
+it was not advisable to touch, his fertility and resources
+inexhaustible. He thought him the finest speaker he had ever
+heard; though he prided himself extremely upon his compositions,
+he would patiently endure any criticisms upon such papers as he
+submitted for the consideration of the Cabinet, and would allow
+them to be altered in any way that was suggested; he (the Duke)
+particularly had often 'cut and hacked' his papers, and Canning
+never made the least objection, but was always ready to adopt the
+suggestions of his colleagues. It was not so, however, in
+conversation and discussion. Any difference of opinion or dissent
+from his views threw him into ungovernable rage, and on such
+occasions he flew out with a violence which, the Duke said, had
+often compelled him to be silent that he might not be involved in
+bitter personal altercation. He said that Canning was usually
+very silent in the Cabinet, seldom spoke at all, but when he did
+he maintained his opinions with extraordinary tenacity. He said
+that he was one of the idlest of men. This I do not believe, for
+I have always heard that he saw everything and did everything
+himself. Not a despatch was received that he did not read, nor
+one written that he did not dictate or correct.
+
+
+[Page Head: COUNCIL AT WINDSOR.]
+
+August 20th, 1827 {p.108}
+
+There was a Council at Windsor Castle on Friday last, which was a
+very curious scene. What I saw puzzled me very much till matters
+have since been explained to me.
+
+On Tuesday morning Drummond, Lord Goderich's private secretary,
+came to me at my office and told me the Council would be held on
+Friday, and that Herries was to be appointed Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and was going down that day with Lord Goderich to
+Windsor. Accordingly when I arrived at the Castle I found Herries
+in the room, and I asked him if he was to take an oath as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, because there was none in the
+oath-book for Chancellor, but one for the Treasurer of the
+Exchequer, and whether he was to take that. He said he did not
+know, upon which I asked Wynn if he knew. He did not; when we all
+agreed to wait till Lord Bexley came,[19] and enquire of him what
+he had done. When Lord Bexley arrived we asked him, and he said
+that Herries would only be sworn then as a Privy Councillor, and
+must take the oath of Chancellor of Exchequer in the Court of
+Exchequer. Shortly after we walked round the Castle, and some
+conversation occurring about the elevation of the Round Tower,
+which Wyattville was anxious to accomplish, Herries said to him,
+'But it is my business now to ask you what you will do it for,
+how much it will cost. Will you do it for £10,000?' Wyattville
+said, 'You must give me £15,000,' so that I could have no doubt
+that Herries was Chancellor of the Exchequer. In the meantime all
+the Ministers arrived, the whole Cabinet being present except the
+Chancellor and Lord Anglesey, who arrived afterwards. As soon as
+Lord Goderich and Lord Lansdowne were come they retired into the
+next room and had a long conference. Shortly afterwards the King
+came, when Lord Goderich went into his room. He stayed some time,
+when the Duke of Portland went in, then Herries. When Lord
+Goderich came out he had another conference with Lord Lansdowne,
+at the end of which he went again to the King. He came out, and
+at the end of three-quarters of an hour went a third time, and
+after him Herries a second time, and with him Lord Bexley.
+Another very animated conversation took place between Lord
+Lansdowne and Lord Goderich, when the latter went to the King a
+fourth time, and after him Lord Lansdowne, Goderich whispering
+something to him as he went in. Previous to this I remarked a
+conference between Lord Lansdowne, Goderich, and Carlisle, after
+which Carlisle took Tierney into the next room, evidently
+communicating what had passed. Something was clearly going on,
+but I could not make out what. I fancied that Lord Lansdowne
+insisted upon Lord Holland's being in the Cabinet. Yesterday,
+however, I discovered that it was all about Herries and his
+appointment. The appointment was the King's, with whom Herries
+had ingratiated himself by transacting some of his pecuniary
+business, and getting odds and ends for him out of _droits_, &c.
+The King then named him, and Goderich made no objection. Herries
+came to Windsor, not doubting but that he was to receive the
+seals, which in fact Goderich brought down with him on purpose.
+Lord Lansdowne, however, declared that he would not consent to
+the appointment, and hence arose all the conferences and
+audiences for which I could not account at the time. The Whigs
+dislike Herries' politics, and still more do they object to the
+King taking upon himself to nominate the members of the
+Government without consulting his Ministers. They are determined
+to resist this nomination, and the consequence of Lord Lansdowne's
+remonstrance was the suspension at least of the appointment. Such
+is the state of affairs, and not a very agreeable state
+certainly.
+
+     [19] [Lord Bexley as Mr. Vansittart had been Chancellor of
+          the Exchequer, from 1812 to 1823.]
+
+The Whigs are satisfied of the candour, fairness, and plain
+dealing of Goderich, but dissatisfied with his facility and want
+of firmness. The King is grasping at power and patronage, and
+wants to take advantage of the weakness of the Government and
+their apparent dependence upon him to exercise all the authority
+which ought to belong to the Ministers. The Whigs are not easy in
+their places. They feel that they are not treated with the
+consideration to which they are entitled. But they have got too
+far to recede, and they evidently are alarmed lest, if they
+exasperate the King, he should accept their resignation and form
+a Government by a junta of the old Tories with the rest of his
+Administration, by which their exclusion would be made certain
+and perpetual. I find that the Duke of Portland was likewise
+named by the King himself. They do not object to the Duke, on the
+contrary, but they object greatly to his being so appointed. All
+this I have from Tierney, who added, if the Duke had been
+proposed to the King by Lord Goderich, not a member of the
+Cabinet would have objected, but they don't like his being named
+by the King. At the end of the Council, on Friday, Lord Anglesey
+arrived, having travelled day and night, and brought with him the
+Duke of Wellington's acceptance of the command of the army.
+Altogether it was a day of unusual interest, and unlike the
+dulness of ordinary Councils.
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. HERRIES' APPOINTMENT.]
+
+September 1st, 1827 {p.110}
+
+Since the Council on the 17th the affair of Herries has still
+been going on. It appears that when Goderich went into the King
+(at the Council) to announce to him the objection that had been
+raised, his Majesty was very angry, angry at having been so
+committed and at being obliged to give up a nomination he liked.
+Herries naturally felt himself very ill treated and nettled by
+the attacks upon him in the newspapers. He has ever since
+insisted upon being admitted to the Cabinet as the only thing
+which could afford due reparation to his honour, and prove that
+he had not been rejected for the reasons which had been assigned.
+This the Ministers opposed, and it was at length determined that
+this matter should rest till Huskisson's return. Huskisson agreed
+with his colleagues about Herries, went to the King, and spoke to
+him openly and firmly on the subject. The King consented that
+another arrangement should be made; the one proposed was, that
+Sturges Bourne should be Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Herries
+take the Woods and Forests without a seat in the Cabinet.
+Herries, who had constantly refused to accede to any arrangement
+by which he was to be excluded from the Cabinet, said he would
+consider of it; but in the meantime Sturges took fright, and
+refused to take the Exchequer. In vain Huskisson offered to take
+all the trouble on himself, and they all tried to persuade
+Sturges. He would not do it, and so this arrangement fell to the
+ground. They went again to the King yesterday to report progress
+and state to him what had occurred. When they came back
+(Goderich, Huskisson, Sturges, Herries, and the Chancellor)
+Goderich wrote a long letter to Lord Lansdowne, and he is to go
+to the King again this evening.
+
+I had a long conversation with Tierney yesterday, and I find that
+the Whig Ministers are sick to death of their situation and
+anxious to resign. They think they are not treated with the
+consideration which is due to them whether as individuals or as
+the representatives of a great party who are supporting the
+Government. Then they think Goderich has behaved so ill in this
+affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so
+much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect
+him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been
+marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for
+the situation he occupies. He has acted equally ill to the King,
+to his colleagues, and to Herries himself. The history of the
+transaction is this:--While Goderich was Chancellor of the
+Exchequer Herries was the man upon whose assistance he relied to
+carry on the business of his office, and who in fact did it all
+for him. As soon as he was at the head of the Treasury he
+felt that Herries would be equally necessary to him, and he
+accordingly pressed him to take the office of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, which Herries declined. After repeated solicitations,
+Herries told him that he had no objection to belong to his
+Government, and that he would take the office of Vice-President
+of the Board of Trade, and do all his Treasury business for him
+(this is the account of Herries' friends, which seems to me
+somewhat doubtful), though he did not wish to be in the Cabinet.
+At last, however, Goderich prevailed on Herries to let him
+propose him to the King, which was done. The appointment was
+particularly agreeable to the King, who wrote a letter with his
+own hand to Herries, desiring him to take the place. When
+Goderich returned to town, with this letter in his pocket, he
+went (before he delivered it) to the Cabinet, and then mentioning
+Herries, without saying what had passed, he found that the
+Cabinet would not approve of the appointment, on which he went to
+Herries, and said that he found that it would not do, and begged
+him to allow his appointment to be cancelled. Herries told him
+that he had never desired it, and was quite ready to give it up.
+As soon as Herries had agreed to give it up Goderich pulls out of
+his pocket the King's letter, and says, 'By-the-by, here is a
+letter which I ought to have given you before.' When Herries had
+read this letter he said, 'This puts me quite in another
+situation, and though I am still ready to give up being
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, I must have my conduct explained to
+the King, and you must take me down to Windsor to-morrow for that
+purpose.' This Goderich refused to do, when Herries said he
+should go down by himself. He did so, and then passed all which I
+have described above in the account of the Council on the 19th. I
+ought to have mentioned, as not the least curious circumstance of
+the Council, that in the middle of it the King sent for Sir
+William Knighton, who was closeted with him for an hour. I see
+this account is not altogether the same as the preceding, a proof
+of the inaccuracy of anecdotes and historical facts whenever they
+differ. This is the true one.
+
+Henry de Ros told me that he saw George Dawson, Peel's
+brother-in-law, at Brighton, who told him that he believed there
+was nobody the King was more exasperated against than Peel, and
+for this reason:--When the late Government (Canning's) was
+forming, Peel went to the King, and in reply to his desire that
+he should form a part of it told him he could not continue in any
+Government the head of which was a supporter of Catholic
+Emancipation. The King proposed to him to remain, with a secret
+pledge and promise from him that the question should not be
+carried. This of course Peel refused, and the King, who construed
+his rejection of the disgraceful proposal as conveying a doubt of
+his word, dismissed him with much resentment.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD LANSDOWNE AND THE KING.]
+
+September 15th, 1827
+
+Taking up the account from where I left off, Goderich went to the
+King, and it was settled Herries was to be Chancellor of the
+Exchequer. He returned and wrote to Lord Lansdowne entreating him
+to acquiesce. Lord Lansdowne went to the King, and the result of
+his interview was that he retained office together with his
+friends. He wrote a letter to one of them, which he intended
+might be communicated to others, giving an account of his conduct
+and motives. I saw this letter. He said the King received him
+very well and spared no entreaties to him to keep office. The
+King said that he was most anxious the present Government should
+continue on every account, but more particularly on account of
+what was now passing on the Continent; that Lord Lansdowne's
+holding office was indispensable for this object, and he asked
+him in his own name and for the sake of the country not to
+resign; that what had occurred had arisen out of a series of
+blunders which, 'let me say,' he added, 'were neither yours nor
+mine.' Lord Lansdowne said it was put to him in such a way that
+he could not do otherwise; that he had insisted with Goderich
+that Stanley and Mackintosh[20] should be employed. This was the
+pith of his letter. I have been with Huskisson for a week in the
+country; he is in good health and excellent spirits. Capo
+d'Istria was there, going to Greece. Huskisson told me he wanted
+money. He owned to me that he considered Greece as a great
+humbug. I discovered from what he said that they only interfered
+that they might keep the Russians quiet and prevent a war between
+Russia and Turkey. The Sultan had announced his intention of
+sending any Minister to the Seven Towers who should communicate
+the treaty to him.[21] Everything is now quiet for the moment,
+and will probably continue so till the meeting of Parliament.
+
+     [20] [Mr Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, had taken office
+          under Mr. Canning, and was Under-Secretary of State for
+          the Colonies from April 1827 till January 1828. Lord
+          Lansdowne must have recommended him for a higher
+          office.]
+
+     [21] [The Treaty of London for the Settlement of the Affairs
+          of Greece was signed by England, France, and Russia on
+          the 7th of July, 1827. It was of course received with
+          indignation by the Porte, and led three months
+          afterwards to the battle of Navarino, which was fought
+          on the 20th of October.]
+
+
+December 13th, 1827 {p.114}
+
+Three months have passed since the above was written. I went to
+Doncaster and Chatsworth, then to Newmarket, and returned to town
+the middle of last month. The battle of Navarino has been fought,
+and after three weeks' expectation we know very little about the
+matter. The strong part of the Cabinet, with Huskisson at the
+head, are for letting things take their course, and for suffering
+Russia to go to war with Turkey, and leaving it to her to enforce
+the articles of the Treaty of London. The plan is that Russia
+should occupy Moldavia and Wallachia; that the terms should then
+be offered to the Sultan, and that on his yielding the Greek
+independence these provinces should be evacuated by the Russians;
+this is what they propose that our mediation shall effect. In the
+meantime the Ministers are uneasy about the approaching meeting
+of Parliament. They anticipate a violent opposition in the House
+of Lords; they are by no means sure of a majority in that House,
+and there is not one among them who has spirit and character
+enough to face it. Lord Dudley is terrified to the greatest
+degree at the notion of being attacked by Lord Grey. Then, though
+they are not disunited, they derive no strength from mutual
+co-operation and support, and the tone which the King has assumed,
+and the peremptory manner in which he has claimed the disposal of
+every sort of patronage, is both a proof of the weakness of
+Government, a source of discord among themselves, and the cause
+of distrust mixed with contempt on the part of many of their
+friends. The King and the Duke of Clarence made the promotions
+and dispensed the honours after the battle of Navarino without
+consulting the Ministers. The King gave Sumner the Bishopric of
+Winchester in the same way,[22] and there is a very general
+opinion that the Cabinet is weak, that they do not act together
+with cordiality, that they have neither energy nor authority, and
+are not likely to keep their places. It has been currently
+reported that they would willingly have censured Codrington, and
+have thrown the responsibility of the battle from their own
+shoulders upon his, if they had dared, but that they were
+prevented by the precipitate approbation expressed by the King.
+These things are greatly exaggerated, but are not without
+foundation.
+
+     [22] [_Vide supra_, p. 45, when Lord Liverpool caused the
+          nomination of Mr. Sumner to a canonry of Windsor to be
+          cancelled, because he had not been consulted. The King
+          took the earliest opportunity of appointing him to the
+          See of Llandaff, whence he was soon afterwards
+          translated to that of Winchester. He died in 1874.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD GODERICH'S RESIGNATION.]
+
+December 15th, 1827
+
+The Ministry is at an end. Goderich resigned either by letter to
+the King yesterday or at the Council on Thursday. They have been
+going on ill together for some time. Goderich has no energy, and
+his colleagues are disgusted at his inefficiency, and at the
+assumption by the King of all power in disposing of patronage.
+Huskisson is away, and wishes to be out. They are embarrassed
+with the Greek question, and have to meet Parliament with an
+immense deficiency in the revenue. This state of things and
+mutual irritation and dissatisfaction have at length produced
+Goderich's resignation. Yesterday the Chancellor, Dudley, and
+Huskisson were backwards and forwards to the King all day, and
+when he went to Windsor at half-past five they were still in the
+Palace, and he left them there in consultation. He is gone, but
+Knighton remains behind to negotiate and communicate. In the
+meantime I find that the King is quite mad upon the Catholic
+question, and that his real desire is to get rid of the Whigs,
+take back the Duke of Wellington, and make an anti-Catholic
+Government. This seems to be quite impossible in the present
+state of affairs, but a few days will probably produce some
+decisive change.
+
+
+                              1828.
+
+
+January 2nd, 1828 {p.116}
+
+As soon as Lord Goderich had resigned they sent to Lord Harrowby
+and offered him the Premiership. He came to town directly, and
+went to the King, but refused the place. His refusal was
+immediately known, and of course there were a variety of
+conjectures and opinions afloat as to the man who would be
+chosen. A few days, however, put an end to these, for it was
+announced, to the astonishment of everybody, that Goderich had
+returned to town, and that he would not resign. Here ended this
+matter, which made a great noise for a few days; but the effects
+of what passed are yet to be seen when Parliament meets. The
+injury which Goderich's conduct has done to the Government is
+incalculable, for it has brought them into such low estimation
+that it is the general opinion they will not be able to retain
+their places, and there are a great variety of persons in both
+Houses of Parliament who are disposed to withdraw from them the
+support which they did give to Canning's Government, and which
+they were previously inclined to give to this. As matters now
+stand they do not themselves know upon whom they can count, nor
+who are their friends and who their foes. They are, however, to
+have Lord Holland in the Cabinet, to help them on in the House of
+Lords, but it is very doubtful whether his appointment will not
+lead to the resignation of some of the Tory members of the
+Government and the secession of some of its Tory supporters.
+Nothing can exceed the alarm which they feel at the prospect of
+the approaching contest in Parliament, and thus, full of fears
+and weakness, neither inspiring nor feeling confidence, there
+seems a bad chance of their getting through the session.
+
+I have heard no more of the King and of his intentions, except
+that he said he did not see why he was to be the only gentleman
+in his dominions who was not to eat his Christmas dinner in
+quiet, and he was determined he would. Don Miguel has been with
+him at the Cottage these two days. He has been received with
+great magnificence; they say he behaves well enough, but is very
+shy. He went out stag-hunting in red coat and full hunting
+costume, and rode over the fences like anybody else.
+
+M'Gregor told me the other day that not one of the physicians and
+surgeons who attended the Duke of York through his long and
+painful illness had ever received the smallest remuneration,
+although their names and services had been laid before the King.
+He told me in addition that during sixteen years that he attended
+the Duke and his whole family he never received one guinea by way
+of fee or any payment whatever.
+
+[Page Head: MR. BROUGHAM AT PANSHANGER.]
+
+About three weeks ago I passed a few days at Panshanger, where I
+met Brougham; he came from Saturday till Monday morning, and from
+the hour of his arrival to that of his departure he never ceased
+talking. The party was agreeable enough--Luttrell, Rogers, &c.--
+but it was comical to see how the latter was provoked at
+Brougham's engrossing all the talk, though he could not help
+listening with pleasure. Brougham is certainly one of the most
+remarkable men I ever met; to say nothing of what he is in the
+world, his almost childish gaiety and animal spirits, his humour
+mixed with sarcasm, but not ill-natured, his wonderful information,
+and the facility with which he handles every subject, from the
+most grave and severe to the most trifling, displaying a mind
+full of varied and extensive information and a memory which has
+suffered nothing to escape it, I never saw any man whose
+conversation impressed me with such an idea of his superiority
+over all others. As Rogers said the morning of his departure,
+'this morning Solon, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Archimedes, Sir Isaac
+Newton, Lord Chesterfield, and a great many more went away in one
+post chaise.' He told us a great many details relating to the
+Queen's trial, and amongst other things (which I do not believe)
+his conviction that the Queen had never had any intrigue with
+Bergami. He told us the whole story of his finding out the
+departure of Rastelli, which happened from a friend of his
+accidentally seeing Rastelli in the street, recognising him, and
+telling Brougham.[23] Brougham told none of his colleagues, and
+at first did not believe the story, but by putting artful
+questions, and watching their effect, he found it was so, and
+then out he came with it. There was a grand discussion whether
+they should not throw up their briefs and stop there, and he was
+all for it, but was overruled and gave way. The person who was
+most anxious they should go on was Lord Grey, for he had got a
+notion that they could not any of them speak to evidence, and he
+wanted to make such a speech, which he fancied he could do very
+well. Brougham said that as leading counsel for the Queen he
+always reserved to himself the power of acting as he thought fit,
+whatever the opinions of his colleagues might be, though they
+always consulted together and gave their sentiments upon every
+debated point _seriatim_. He and Denman invariably thought alike.
+The Queen never could bear him, and was seldom civil to him. When
+she had to answer the address of the House of Commons she
+appealed to her counsel for their advice, which they declined to
+give, and she was furious, for she wanted to make them advise her
+to accept the propositions of the House, which would have been
+very unpopular, and then throw the odium of doing so on them.[24]
+He spoke very highly of Alderman Wood, who behaved very well,
+never annoyed or interfered with them, and seems to have been
+altogether a _brave homme_.
+
+     [23] [For the use made by Mr. Brougham of the accidental
+          departure of Rastelli during the Queen's trial _vide
+          supra_, p. 37, October 15, 1820.]
+
+     [24] [This was the address moved by Mr. Wilberforce on the
+          22nd of June, 1820 (_vide supra_, p. 30, June 23rd,
+          1820). Lord Brougham states in his 'Memoirs' that the
+          Queen resolved to reject the advice of Parliament
+          without consulting her lawyers. In one of Lord
+          Brougham's letters written at the time he calls Wood
+          'the ass and alderman called _Thistle_-wood,' and
+          attributed to him the intrigue which brought the Queen
+          to England.]
+
+If it had been possible to recollect all that Brougham said on
+this and a hundred other subjects, it would be well worth writing
+down, but such talk is much too evanescent, and I remember no
+more.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF MR. BROUGHAM.]
+
+After all Brougham is only a living and very remarkable instance
+of the inefficacy of the most splendid talents, unless they are
+accompanied with other qualities, which scarcely admit of
+definition, but which must serve the same purpose that ballast
+does for a ship. Brougham has prospered to a certain degree; he
+has a great reputation and he makes a considerable income at the
+bar; but as an advocate he is left behind by men of far inferior
+capacity, whose names are hardly known beyond the precincts of
+their courts or the boundaries of their circuits. As a statesman
+he is not considered eligible for the highest offices, and
+however he may be admired or feared as an orator or debater, he
+neither commands respect by his character nor inspires confidence
+by his genius, and in this contrast between his pretensions and
+his situation more humble abilities may find room for consolation
+and cease to contemplate with envy his immense superiority. To
+suppose that his ambition can be satisfied in the possession of
+natural and acquired powers far greater than the majority of
+mankind would be contrary to all experience. Such men consider
+their acquirements as means for the attainment of greater ends,
+and the disappointments which they frequently meet with in the
+pursuit of their objects of ambition more than counteract all the
+feelings of pride and satisfaction which conscious superiority is
+calculated to inspire. The life of a politician is probably one
+of deep mortification, for the race is not always to the swift
+nor the battle to the strong, and few things can be more galling
+than to see men far inferior to ourselves enabled by fortune and
+circumstances to attain what we toil after in vain, and to learn
+from our own experience how many things there are in this life of
+greater practical utility than splendid abilities and unwearied
+industry.
+
+
+London, January 19th, 1828 {p.120}
+
+The Ministry is at last settled, and now for its history. Early
+in last week Goderich went down to the King and told him there
+was such a quarrel in the Cabinet between Huskisson and Herries
+about the Finance Committee that both could not remain, and that
+Huskisson would resign if he had not his own way. The King was
+furious at this new disturbance, and said he could not understand
+it; if Huskisson resigned, the Government was at an end. 'Go,' he
+ended, 'and send the Chancellor to me.' The Chancellor [Lord
+Lyndhurst] went, and was desired to bring the Duke of Wellington.
+The Government was dissolved and the King desired the Duke to
+form a new one. All this was immediately known, and first it was
+asked, 'What is the quarrel between Huskisson and Herries which
+broke up the old Cabinet?' The friends of each put about a story,
+one of which appeared in the 'Times,' the other in the 'Morning
+Chronicle.' The question was Lord Althorp's appointment as
+chairman of the Finance Committee. Huskisson's story is this:--In
+November Tierney went to Goderich and proposed Althorp as a good
+man to be in the chair of that Committee. Goderich assented, and
+said, 'But you had better speak to Huskisson about it, as it is a
+House of Commons matter.' He did so, and Huskisson approved of
+it. A few days after Tierney called on Huskisson and found
+Herries with him, when they discussed the matter generally, as
+well as the particular appointment of Althorp, and Herries made
+no objection, and, as they thought, agreed with them; but shortly
+after Herries went to Goderich, complained that this matter had
+been settled without his knowledge and concurrence, that it was a
+slight put upon him, and said he would not agree to Althorp's
+nomination, nor stay in office if it were persisted in.
+
+[Page Head: HOSTILITY OF HERRIES.]
+
+This is one story, told me by Sefton, who had it (I am sure) from
+Brougham, and _verbatim_ the same by Robarts, who had it (he told
+me himself) from Tierney. Herries' story only differs in this: it
+omits the interview between the three Ministers, and declares the
+matter was never mentioned to him at all till they had decided on
+it, when it was shown him as a plan which was not to be
+discussed, but which he was at once to assent to. It appears
+difficult to know which to believe, and at first my impression
+was that they had probably not treated Herries with as much
+consideration as he was entitled to as Finance Minister, and that
+he had been prone to take offence and touchy from old recollections,
+which were probably not effaced. But a circumstance I heard
+afterwards convinced me that Herries has been all along full of
+ill-will towards his colleagues, and not a little desirous of
+breaking up the Ministry. When he found, too, with what
+difficulties they would have to contend in Parliament and the
+weakness of Goderich, he probably thought they would never be
+able to go on, and was not sorry to find an opportunity of
+accelerating their dissolution. The circumstance is this:--In the
+old business of his appointment to the Chancellorship of the
+Exchequer, when he thought he was _not_ to be appointed, he wrote
+to Arbuthnot telling him how ill he had been treated, and
+promising to send him all the correspondence on the subject.
+Subsequently he _was_ appointed, when he wrote again to A.,
+saying that as it was settled and he was appointed, he did not
+think it would be right to send him the correspondence, which he
+was sure he would understand; that there he was, and he should do
+his best to act cordially with his new colleagues; but he
+finished, 'I shall hail the day which brings all of you back
+again.' Such an expression to a man who was the bitterest enemy
+of the Government of which he was a member did not evince much
+cordiality towards his colleagues.
+
+[Page Head: MR. HUSKISSON'S POSITION.]
+
+The first thing to be done by the Duke was to negotiate with
+Huskisson. He sent forthwith for his own friends, Peel, Lord
+Bathurst, and Melville, and for many days the great question was
+whether Huskisson would join or not, the Whigs of course most
+anxious he should refuse, the new Government ready to make great
+concessions to tempt him to join them. He has acceded, however,
+but much to the disgust of many of his friends, some of whom
+think he has behaved shabbily in abandoning the Whigs, who
+supported him, and who had supported Canning at his utmost need.
+Some think he was pledged never to act with the men who they
+consider to have behaved so ill to Canning, and some think he has
+compromised his dignity and independence by not insisting on
+higher terms, particularly the lead in the House of Commons. At
+present the exact terms of his bargain are not known, and without
+being acquainted with all that has passed _de part et d'autre_ it
+is impossible to form a judgment as to the wisdom or the fairness
+of his conduct. Those who think he would have acted a wiser part
+and have made himself of greater importance by heading a third
+party in the House of Commons and keeping aloof, judge too
+hastily. He would have been followed by all those who call
+themselves Canning's personal friends, and probably by a
+considerable body of neutrals, who would not have been disposed
+to support a Tory Government, and still less to join a Whig
+Opposition. But however weak the Ministry (without Huskisson)
+might have appeared at first sight in the House of Commons, it
+would very possibly have proved stronger than was imagined.
+Strength and weakness are relative terms, and it remained to be
+seen what sort of power would have been brought against it, and
+to what attacks the Government would have exposed itself. The old
+Tory Ministry, which was voted out for incapacity by the House of
+Commons, was the strongest and longest that we have seen for many
+years, though opposed by all the talent and power of an
+Opposition more formidable than this can be. To be sure it must
+always be remembered that they floated through their difficulties
+on the tide of the Duke of Wellington's victories. Of all the
+party who would have ranged themselves under Huskisson, only
+Canning's friends, a select few, would have considered themselves
+bound to him, and the rest, if they found the Government strong
+and likely to last, would probably have dropped off and gradually
+joined it. In that case Huskisson would never have been able to
+treat as an independent power, and though they might have been
+glad to take him into the Administration, he could not have made
+his own terms. I do not think he ever could have looked to
+overturning the Tory Government and coming in with the whole body
+of the Whigs, for he has no natural partiality (any more than
+Canning had) for that party, and he is fully aware how odious
+they are to the King and how unpopular in the country, which is
+always more inclined to the Tories than to them. If the Tories
+have agreed to those measures (except the Catholic question, for
+that is to remain on its old footing) which he deems necessary,
+and of which he is the author--that is, of Free Trade, &c.--he
+would probably rather act with them than with the Whigs; and in
+joining Government he is liable to no reproach but that of having
+shaken off his Whig colleagues too easily. But it remains to be
+proved whether they could have gone on, and at all events Lords
+Lansdowne and Carlisle might have remained in office if they
+pleased, though certainly it was not probable that they would do
+so. The part of the transaction which will appear extraordinary
+is, that the Government having been broken up by a quarrel
+between Huskisson and Herries, the opposite party come in and
+both these Ministers remain with them. In private life the
+transaction would look very like a fraud, and be open to great
+suspicion. It would appear as if they had got up a sham quarrel
+in order to get out their colleagues and stay in themselves with
+the Tories. This, however, I believe not to have been the case,
+at least as far as Huskisson is concerned, though perhaps Herries
+may not be altogether so clear.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Duke of Wellington's Administration--Huskisson's Speech--
+  Irritation of Mr. Canning's Friends--Tom Duncombe's Maiden
+  Speech--Mr. Huskisson resigns and the Canningites quit the
+  Government--Princess Lieven Hostile to the Duke--The Catholic
+  Question--Jockey Club Dinner at St. James's--Lord Lyndhurst--
+  Sir Robert Adair--Fox and Burke--Fox and Pitt--The Lord High
+  Admiral dismissed by the King--Dawson's Speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation--The King's Health--His Pages--State of Ireland--
+  Marquis of Anglesey--O'Connell--His Influence in Ireland--Lord
+  Belmore Governor of Jamaica--The Duke's Letter to Dr. Curtis--
+  Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland--Causes of this Event--
+  Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question--His Aversion
+  to Sir William Knighton--Character of George IV.--Denman's Silk
+  Gown--Pension to Lady Westmeath--Duke of Wellington on Russia--
+  The Reis-Effendi--Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland--Privy
+  Council Register--State Paper Office--The Gunpowder Plot--
+  Catholic Emancipation--Navarino.
+
+
+[Page Head: IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.]
+
+January 28th, 1828 {p.124}
+
+Until the Duke of Wellington's commission as First Lord of the
+Treasury appeared many people doubted that he would take the
+office.[1] The Ordnance was offered to Lord Rosslyn, who refused
+it, and then given to Lord Beresford, but without a seat in the
+Cabinet (as Lord Bathurst told me) by his own particular desire.
+Some days have now elapsed, and time has been afforded for the
+expression of popular feeling and opinion on the late changes.
+Lady Canning and many of Canning's friends are very much
+dissatisfied with Huskisson, and think he deserted his principles
+and outraged the memory of Canning. Lady C. particularly is much
+hurt at what has passed. She has not seen Huskisson, but he is
+aware of her sentiments, though he says she has so high an
+opinion of him that she is sure he is acting for what he believes
+to be the best. The majority of Canning's friends have adhered to
+the Government. The great body of the Whigs who belonged to or
+supported the late Government are indignant and violent,
+particularly with Huskisson, who they think has betrayed them. An
+interview has taken place between Huskisson and Lord Lansdowne,
+in which the former explained his conduct, and (as far as I can
+learn) the latter said but little, neither condemning nor
+approving. But the great body of the party are resolved to oppose
+the new Government in every way, though without attempting to
+form a party, which they do not think feasible in their present
+condition. They intend a desultory and harassing warfare,
+particularly attacking Huskisson upon Liberal measures, to which
+he stands pledged, but which they think he will now be prevented
+by his colleagues from carrying into effect. The seceding Whigs
+are triumphant, because they assert that what has happened is a
+full justification of their conduct. They forget, however, that
+all this is mainly attributable to them and to Canning's death,
+which occurred in the interim. On the other hand the old Tories
+are not altogether satisfied, and, though rejoiced at the
+restoration of the party, cannot bear to see Huskisson and his
+friends members of the Government from abhorrence of Canning and
+all Liberal principles. However, the principal men have sent in
+their adhesions in very civil letters to the Duke.
+
+      [1] [The Duke of Wellington's Administration was at first
+          constituted as follows:--
+            Duke of Wellington, First Lord of the Treasury.
+            Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor.
+            Earl Bathurst, Lord President of the Council.
+            Earl of Ellenborough, Lord Privy Seal.
+            Mr. Peel, Home Secretary.
+            Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary.
+            Mr. Huskisson, Colonial Secretary.
+            Earl of Aberdeen, Duchy of Lancaster.
+            Mr. Goulburn, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+            Mr. Charles Grant, President of the Board of Trade.
+            Mr. Herries, Master of the Mint.
+            Viscount Melville, President of the India Board.
+            Lord Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, Mr. Grant, and Lord
+               Palmerston (Secretary at War, not in the Cabinet)
+               were the four Canningite members who resigned in
+               May following. They were replaced by Lord
+               Aberdeen, Sir George Murray, Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald,
+               and Sir Henry Hardinge respectively.]
+
+All the Ministers (old and new) were at Windsor the other day;
+but it was contrived that they should not meet, the _ins_ being
+in one room and Lansdowne and Carlisle in another, and it was
+afterwards discovered that in a third room by himself was
+Goderich. This Lord Sefton told me, and he had it from Lord
+Lansdowne, who had it from the King and confirmed by Lord
+Conyngham. His Majesty was remarkably civil to Lords Lansdowne
+and Carlisle. The King had a scene with the Duke of Devonshire,
+whom he could not persuade to stay in his place, though he tried
+hard. Scarlett has resigned the Attorney-Generalship, but not
+very willingly. He wrote to Milton and asked his advice. Milton
+advised him to resign, and so he did. One thing that has angered
+the Tories is the Duke's not having consulted Lord Eldon, nor
+offered him any place; and it seems he is extremely mortified,
+for though he did not want the seals again, he would have been
+very glad to take office as President of the Council.
+
+
+[Page Head: IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.]
+
+February 25th, 1828 {p.126}
+
+There is one advantage in writing at intervals of some time
+instead of keeping a regular diary; I can take a more bird's-eye
+view of events, and avoid falling into many errors, which it
+would be afterwards necessary to correct. I went to Newmarket and
+stayed there three weeks for my health. While I was there
+Huskisson made his speech at Liverpool.[2] The Tories were
+furious, and in the House of Lords the Duke of Wellington
+contradicted it, or rather said he did not believe it was
+faithfully reported, for all that he was reported to have said
+about _the guarantee_ was untrue. I returned to town in time for
+the House of Commons, and found the greatest excitement,
+curiosity, and violence generally prevailing. As to Huskisson, he
+had offended the Tories, the Whigs, and Lady Canning, and
+everybody condemned him. Parties were split to pieces, there was
+no Opposition, and no man could tell what were the politics of
+his neighbour, scarcely what his own. Lady Canning was in a state
+of great rage and resentment, and had inspired George Bentinck
+with the same sentiments. Clanricarde had been sent down by her
+to the House of Lords furnished with extracts of Canning's
+letters to throw in the teeth of his old friends and his old
+enemies, and she threatened fresh disclosures and fresh documents
+which were to confound all whom she deemed worthy of her
+indignation. A very angry colloquy took place at a dinner at
+Warrender's between Lord Seaford and George Bentinck, in which
+the latter violently attacked Mr. Canning's friends for joining
+the present Government, and quoted Huskisson's declaration that
+he would never act with the men who had abandoned him. Lord
+Seaford grew angry, and asked George what he knew of that
+declaration and what his authority was for quoting it. To which
+George replied that he had it from himself--from Lord Seaford at
+Paris. This confounded the noble Lord, and altogether there was a
+pretty violent altercation, which greatly annoyed both him and
+Howard, who was present, and was regretted by all their common
+friends. Two days after this came on the debate in the House of
+Commons and the explanations of Huskisson and Herries. Their
+speeches were both satisfactory enough till Tierney spoke, who
+entirely knocked over their cases, or at least that of Herries,
+for against Huskisson he proved nothing, except that he might
+perhaps have been more communicative, though I think this
+reproach applies more to Lord Goderich than to him. The
+impression left with regard to Herries was as unfavourable as
+possible.
+
+      [2] [The speech made by Mr. Huskisson on his re-election at
+          Liverpool on the 5th of February, 1828, is printed in
+          vol. iii. of his 'Collected Speeches,' p. 673. It
+          contains a full account of these transactions. The
+          passage which gave so much offence to the Tories was
+          that 'if the Government was such as satisfied the view
+          I took of the interests of the country, and provided
+          such arrangements were made in its construction _as
+          afforded a guarantee_ that the principle I approved
+          should not be departed from, I was not precluded from
+          joining it;' and again, 'The presence in office of such
+          men as Lord Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, and Mr.
+          Lamb is the most satisfactory of all guarantees that
+          the general principles of our foreign and commercial
+          system would remain unchanged, and that Ireland would
+          be governed with the strictest impartiality in respect
+          to the Catholic question.'
+            These declarations of Mr. Huskisson had a material
+          effect on the occurrences which not long afterwards
+          took place.]
+
+[Page Head: TOM DUNCOMBE'S MAIDEN SPEECH.]
+
+The great event of the night was Duncombe's[3] speech, which was
+delivered with perfect self-possession and composure, but in so
+ridiculous a manner that everybody laughed at him, although they
+were amused with his impudence and at the style and objects of
+his attack. However, the next day it was discovered that he
+had performed a great exploit; he was loudly applauded and
+congratulated on all sides, and made into the hero of the day.
+His fame was infinitely increased on a subsequent night, when
+Herries again came before the House and when Tommy fired another
+shot at him. The newspapers were full of his praises. The Whigs
+called at his door and eagerly sought his acquaintance. Those who
+love fun and personality cheered him on with loud applause, and
+he now fancies himself the greatest man going, and is ready to
+get up and abuse anybody on the Treasury bench. To me, who knew
+all the secret strings that moved this puppet, nothing can be
+more amusing.
+
+      [3] [Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, nephew of the first Lord
+          Feversham distinguished for his Radical opinions, M.P.
+          for Finsbury after the Reform Bill. He sat at this time
+          for Hertford; and the incident related in the text
+          appears to have been his _début_ in political life.]
+
+The history of Tom Duncombe and his speech is instructive as well
+as amusing, for it is a curious proof of the facility with which
+the world may be deceived, and of the prodigious effect which may
+be produced by the smallest means, if they are aided by some
+fortuitous circumstances and happily applied. Tommy came to Henry
+de Ros and told him that his constituents at Hertford were very
+anxious he should make a speech, but that he did not know what to
+say, and begged Henry to supply him with the necessary materials.
+He advised him to strike out something new, and having received
+his assurance that he should be able to recollect anything that
+he learned by heart, and that he was not afraid of his courage
+failing, Henry composed for him the speech which Duncombe
+delivered. But knowing the slender capacity of his man, he was
+not satisfied with placing the speech in his hands, but adopted
+every precaution which his ingenuity suggested to avert the
+danger of his breaking down. He made him learn the speech by
+heart, and then made him think it over again and put it into
+language of his own, justly fearing that if he should forget any
+of the more polished periods of the original it would appear
+sadly botched by his own interpolations. He then instructed him
+largely as to how and when he was to bring it in, supplying him
+with various commonplace phrases to be used as connecting links,
+and by the help of which he might be enabled to fasten upon some
+of the preceding speeches. I saw Henry de Ros the day before the
+debate, when he told me what he was doing, and asked me to
+suggest anything that occurred upon the subject, and at the same
+time repeated to me the speech with which he had armed his hero.
+I hinted my apprehensions that he would fail in the delivery, but
+though he was not without some alarm, he expressed (as it
+afterwards appeared a well-grounded) confidence in Duncombe's
+extraordinary nerve and intrepidity.
+
+His speech on the second night was got up precisely in the same
+manner, and although it appeared to arise out of the debate and
+of those which preceded it, the matter had been all crammed into
+him by his invisible Mentor. The amusement to him and to me
+(especially at the honours that have been thickly poured upon him
+and the noise which he has made in the world) is indescribably
+pungent.
+
+Thus Duncombe and his speech have made what is called a great
+sensation, and he has the reputation (no matter whether justly or
+not) of having thrown the enemy's camp into greater confusion by
+the boldness of his language than anybody has ever done, because
+nobody has ever before dared to mention those whom he dragged
+forward. To the ignorant majority of the world he appears a man
+of great promise, of boldness, quickness, and decision, and the
+uproar that is made about him cannot fail to impress others as
+well as himself with a high notion of his consequence.
+
+Knighton is gone abroad, I have very little doubt, in consequence
+of what passed, and as nobody enquires very minutely into the
+real causes of things where they get apparent ones with ease, it
+is said and believed at once that Duncombe is the man who has
+driven him out, and that he has given the first blow to that
+secret influence which has only been obscurely hinted at before
+and never openly attacked. These are great and important matters,
+far exceeding any consequences which the authors of the speech
+anticipated from its delivery at the time. And what are the
+agents who have produced such an effect? A man of ruined fortune
+and doubtful character, whose life has been spent on the
+race-course, at the gaming-table, and in the green-room, of
+limited capacity, exceedingly ignorant, and without any stock
+but his impudence to trade on, only speaking to serve an
+electioneering purpose, and crammed by another man with every
+thought and every word that he uttered.
+
+
+[Page Head: DISPUTES IN THE CABINET.]
+
+June 12th, 1828 {p.130}
+
+We have now got a Tory Government, and all that remained of
+Canning's party are gone.[4] The case of the Duke of Wellington
+and Huskisson is before the world, but nobody judges fairly.
+Motives are attributed to both parties which had no existence,
+and the truth is hardly ever told at first, though it generally
+oozes out by degrees. After the explanations in February the
+Government went on to all appearance very well, but there lurked
+under this semblance of harmony some seeds of jealousy and
+distrust, not I believe so much in the mind of the Duke as in
+those of his Tory colleagues, and the Canningites on their side
+certainly felt no cordiality even towards the Duke himself. They
+said that he never could nor would understand anything; that he
+said a thing one day and forgot it the next, and instead of that
+clearness of intellect for which he had credit, nothing could be
+more puzzled and confused than he was; that nothing could absolve
+him from the suspicion of duplicity and insincerity but the
+conviction that his ambiguous conduct on various occasions arose
+from a confusion of ideas. On the other hand, Lord Bathurst told
+my father that he thought they (Huskisson and his friends) were
+too much disposed to act together as a party in the Cabinet; and
+it is clear that the Duke thought so too, and that this feeling
+and the resentment it engendered in his mind are the real reasons
+of his conduct on the late occasion.
+
+      [4] [Bills had been brought into Parliament for the
+          disfranchisement of the boroughs of Penryn and East
+          Retford, and the transfer of those seats to Manchester
+          and Birmingham. On the East Retford case, which came
+          before the House of Commons on the 19th of May, Mr.
+          Huskisson felt bound in honour to support the measure,
+          and voted against his colleagues. On his return home
+          after the debate he wrote a hasty letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, in which he said that he 'owed it to the
+          Duke and to Mr. Peel to lose no time in affording them
+          an opportunity of placing his office in other hands.'
+          The Duke regarding this as a formal act of resignation,
+          laid it before the King and filled up the appointment.
+          The correspondence is published in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 449. The resignation of Lord Palmerston, Charles
+          Grant, and Lord Dudley followed. The details of this
+          transaction are sufficiently alluded to in the text.]
+
+There had been a dispute in the Cabinet about the Corn Bill,
+which occasioned the discussion of it to be put off for a few
+days at the time, and upon that occasion Grant resigned his
+office. The matter was made up and he stayed. But when upon
+the East Retford affair Huskisson resigned, and in such an
+extraordinary manner, the Duke felt that there was a disposition
+to embarrass him by these perpetual tenders of resignation, which
+he believed they thought he would not venture to accept. Upon
+receiving Huskisson's letter he went to Lord Bathurst and
+consulted him, and Lord Bathurst advised him to take him at his
+word. Everybody looks for some cause which does not appear for
+important events, and people with difficulty admit of very simple
+solutions and very trifling causes, though such are not
+unfrequently the real ones. I believe that Huskisson had no
+intention of embarrassing the Duke and none of resigning; but for
+a cool and sensible man his conduct is most extraordinary, for he
+acted with the precipitation of a schoolboy and showed a complete
+want of all those qualities of prudence and calm deliberation for
+which he has the greatest credit. But though this breach might
+have been avoided, from the sentiments which have been expressed
+by both parties, it is evident other differences would have
+arisen which must have dissolved the Government before long.
+After putting aside the violent opinions on both sides, the
+conclusion is that Huskisson acted very hastily and imprudently,
+and that his letter (say what he will) was a complete resignation,
+and that the Duke had a right so to consider it; that in the
+Duke's conduct there appeared a want of courtesy and an anxiety
+to get rid of him which it would have been more fair to avow and
+defend than to deny; that on both sides there was a mixture of
+obstinacy and angry feeling, and a disposition to treat the
+question rather as a personal matter than one in which the public
+interests were deeply concerned. But the charge which is made on
+one side that Huskisson wanted to embarrass the Duke's Government
+and enhance his own importance, and that on the other of the
+Duke's insincerity, are both unfounded.
+
+Some circumstances, however, contributed to place the Duke's
+conduct in an unfavourable point of view. These were the
+extravagant and unconcealed joy of the High Tories and of his
+immediate friends, and his attending at the same time the Pitt
+dinner and sitting there while Lord Eldon gave his famous 'one
+cheer more' for Protestant ascendency. That he treated Huskisson
+with some degree of harshness there is no doubt, but he was
+angry, and not without reason; the former brought it all upon
+himself. During the debate upon East Retford, when Huskisson was
+called upon by Sandon to redeem his pledge, he told Peel that he
+could not help himself, and must vote against him; but he begged
+him to put off the question till the following week, that it
+might be considered again. This Peel refused; had he acceded, all
+this would not have taken place.
+
+When the King saw Huskisson he was extremely gracious to him,
+expressed the utmost regret at losing him, and said that he had
+wished not to see him at first, that he might avoid receiving his
+resignation, and in hopes that the matter would have been
+arranged.[5] However, the other party say that the King is very
+glad to have got rid of him and his party.
+
+      [5] [Huskisson solicited an audience, which his Majesty
+          refused for some days to grant: he would not see him
+          until he had written again to the Duke of Wellington.]
+
+In the middle of all this Madame de Lieven is supposed to have
+acted with great impertinence if not imprudence, and to have made
+use of the access she has to the King to say all sorts of things
+against the Duke and the present Government. Her dislike to the
+Duke has been increasing ever since that cessation of intimacy
+which was caused by Canning's accession to power, when she
+treated him very uncivilly in order to pay court to Canning.
+Esterhazy told me last night that although her position here was
+now greatly changed, and that it was far from being so agreeable
+as it was, he could not accuse her of imprudence in having taken
+the part she had done, because he thought that it had answered
+very well, and that the objects of her Court had been in great
+measure accomplished through her means.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.]
+
+June 18th, 1828
+
+The Duke of Wellington's speech on the Catholic question is
+considered by many to have been so moderate as to indicate a
+disposition on his part to concede emancipation, and bets have
+been laid that Catholics will sit in Parliament next year. Many
+men are resolved to see it in this light who are anxious to join
+his Government, and whose scruples with regard to that question
+are removed by such an interpretation of his speech. I do not
+believe he means to do anything until he is compelled to it,
+which if he remains in office he will be; for the success of the
+Catholic question depends neither on Whigs nor Tories, the former
+of whom have not the power and the latter not the inclination to
+carry it. The march of time and the state of Ireland will effect
+it in spite of everything, and its slow but continual advance can
+neither be retarded by its enemies nor accelerated by its
+friends. In the meantime men affect to consider his expressions
+as of importance enough to influence their conduct in taking or
+refusing office. Frankland Lewis,[6] who refused the Irish
+Secretaryship, said that after that speech he regretted his
+refusal and would be glad to take it, and now he wants to join
+the Government again. Certainly at this moment the Tories are
+triumphant, and so far from the Duke's Government having any
+difficulty in standing, there does not appear to be a disposition
+in any quarter to oppose it. Not only in Parliament there is no
+Opposition, but the press is veering round and treating him with
+great civility. The Government seem well disposed to follow up
+the Liberal policy, to which they have been suspected of being
+adverse, and have already declared that they do not intend to
+deviate either in their foreign or domestic policy from the
+principles on which the Government was understood to act previous
+to the separation. Arbuthnot told my father yesterday that they
+all regret now having resigned in 1827, and Huskisson owned to A.
+that he had acted with unfortunate precipitancy.
+
+      [6] [Right Hon. T. Frankland Lewis, a member of the
+          Grenville and Canning section of the Tory party; made a
+          baronet by Sir Robert Peel; the father of the Right
+          Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis.]
+
+
+June 29th, 1828 {p.134}
+
+I dined yesterday with the King at St. James's--his Jockey Club
+dinner. There were about thirty people, several not being invited
+whom he did not fancy. The Duke of Leeds told me a much greater
+list had been made out, but he had scratched several out of it.
+We assembled in the Throne Room, and found him already there,
+looking very well and walking about. He soon, however, sat down,
+and desired everybody else to do so. Nobody spoke, and he laughed
+and said, 'This is more like a Quaker than a Jockey Club
+meeting.' We soon went to dinner, which was in the Great Supper
+Room and very magnificent. He sat in the middle, with the Dukes
+of Richmond and Grafton on each side of him. I sat opposite to
+him, and he was particularly gracious to me, talking to me across
+the table and recommending all the good things; he made me (after
+eating a quantity of turtle) eat a dish of crawfish soup, till I
+thought I should have burst. After dinner the Duke of Leeds, who
+sat at the head of the table, gave 'The King.' We all stood up,
+when his Majesty thanked us, and said he hoped this would be the
+first of annual meetings of the sort to take place, there or
+elsewhere under his roof. He then ordered paper, pens, &c., and
+they began making matches and stakes; the most perfect ease was
+established, just as much as if we had been dining with the Duke
+of York, and he seemed delighted. He made one or two little
+speeches, one recommending that a stop should be put to the
+exportation of horses. He twice gave 'The Turf,' and at the end
+the Duke of Richmond asked his leave to give a toast, and again
+gave 'The King.' He thanked all the gentlemen, and said that
+there was no man who had the interests of the turf more at heart
+than himself, that he was delighted at having this party, and
+that the oftener they met the better, and he only wanted to have
+it pointed out to him how he could promote the pleasure and
+amusement of the turf, and he was ready to do anything in his
+power. He got up at half-past twelve and wished us good night.
+Nothing could go off better, and Mount Charles told me he was
+sure he was delighted.
+
+[Page Head: LORD LYNDHURST AND THE GREAT SEAL.]
+
+I dined with the Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] three days ago; he
+talked to me a great deal about his acceptance of the Great Seal
+and of the speculation it was. He was Master of the Rolls with
+£7,000 a year for life when it was offered to him; he debated
+whether it was worth while to give this up to be Chancellor for
+perhaps only one year, with a peerage and the pension. He talked
+the matter over with his wife, and they agreed that if it only
+lasted one year (which he evidently thought probable) it was
+worth while, besides the contingency of a long Chancellorship. He
+asked me if the Government was popular and reckoned strong. I
+told him it was apparently popular and reckoned strong, because
+there was no Opposition and little chance of any. I said that
+however hazardous his speculation might have been, it had turned
+out well, for he had a good chance of being Chancellor as long as
+his predecessor had been, there being so few candidates for the
+office. He said this was true, and then he talked of his Court,
+and said it was impossible for one man to do the business of it.
+In talking of the speculation he had made, political opinions and
+political consistency seemed never to occur to him, and he
+considered the whole matter in a light so business-like and
+professional as to be quite amusing. He talked of the Duke, said
+he was a good man to do business with, quick and intelligent, and
+'how well he managed that little correspondence with Huskisson,'
+which was droll enough, for Huskisson dined there and was in the
+room.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIR ROBERT ADAIR'S ANECDOTES.]
+
+August 6th, 1828 {p.136}
+
+About three weeks ago I went to Windsor to a Council. The King
+had been very ill for a day or two, but was recovered. Rob
+Adair[7] was sworn in Privy Councillor, and he remained in the
+room and heard the speech, which he ought not to have done. The
+Duke attacked me afterwards (in joke) for letting him stay; but I
+told him it was no business of mine, and his neighbour ought to
+have told him to go. That neighbour, however, was Vesey
+Fitzgerald, who said it was the first time he had attended a
+Council, and he could not begin by turning another man out. I
+brought Adair back to town, and he told me a great many things
+about Burke, and Fox, and Fitzpatrick, and all the eminent men of
+that time with whom he lived when he was young. He said what I
+have often heard before, that Fitzpatrick was the most agreeable
+of them all, but Hare the most brilliant. Burke's conversation
+was delightful, so luminous and instructive. He was very
+passionate, and Adair said that the first time he ever saw him he
+unluckily asked him some question about the wild parts of
+Ireland, when Burke broke out, 'You are a fool and a blockhead;
+there are no wild parts in Ireland.' He was extremely terrified,
+but afterwards Burke was very civil to him, and he knew him very
+well.
+
+      [7] [Right Hon. Sir Robert Adair, the friend of Fox,
+          formerly ambassador at Constantinople and Vienna. It
+          was he whom Canning once called 'Bobadare-a-dool-fowla.']
+
+He told me a great deal about the quarrel between Fox and Burke.
+Fox never ceased to entertain a regard for Burke, and at no time
+would suffer him to be abused in his presence. There was an
+attempt made to bring about a reconciliation, and a meeting for
+that purpose took place of all the leading men at Burlington
+House. Burke was on the point of yielding when his son suddenly
+made his appearance unbidden, and on being told what was going on
+said, 'My father shall be no party to such a compromise,' took
+Burke aside and persuaded him to reject the overtures. That
+son Adair described as the most disagreeable, violent, and
+wrong-headed of men, but the idol of his father, who used to say
+that he united all his own talents and acquirements with those of
+Fox and everybody else. After the death of Richard Burke, Fox and
+Burke met behind the throne of the House of Lords one day, when
+Fox went up to Burke and put out both his hands to him. Burke was
+almost surprised into meeting this cordiality in the same spirit,
+but the momentary impulse passed away, and he doggedly dropped
+his hands and left the House.
+
+Adair told me that Lord Holland has written very copious memoirs
+of his own time, and particularly characters of all the eminent
+men who have died, in the delineation of which he excels. Soon
+after Pitt's resignation in 1801 there was an attempt made to
+effect a junction between Pitt and Fox, to which they were
+neither of them averse. The negotiation was, however, entrusted
+to subordinate agents, and Adair said that he had always
+regretted that they had not met, for if they had he thought the
+matter would have been arranged. As it was the design was
+thwarted by the King through the intervention (I think he said)
+of Lord Loughborough.
+
+There was another Council about a week ago. On these occasions
+the King always whispers to me something or other about his
+racehorses or something about myself, and I am at this moment in
+high favour. We had Howley and Bloomfield[8] at this Council,
+with the latter of whom I made acquaintance, to the great
+amusement of the Duke. He laughed at seeing me conversing with
+this bishop.
+
+      [8] [The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of
+          London.]
+
+I hear from Frederick Lamb that the Duke is greatly alarmed about
+Ireland. By-the-by he, Frederick,[9] is come back from Portugal,
+thinking that our Government have acted very ill and very
+foolishly, first encouraging and then abandoning these wretched
+Constitutionalists to their fate, and he is no particular friend
+to Liberalism.
+
+      [9] [Sir Frederick Lamb, afterwards created Lord Beauvale,
+          and who became Lord Melbourne on the death of his
+          brother William.]
+
+
+August 14th, 1828 {p.137}
+
+Just returned from Goodwood, where I went on the 11th, and heard
+on arriving that the Lord High Admiral had resigned, but no
+particulars. It is a very good thing at all events.
+
+
+August 16th, 1828 {p.138}
+
+The Lord High Admiral was turned out.[10] The Duke told him that
+he must go, but that he might resign as if of his own accord. The
+Duke is all-powerful. It is strongly reported that Peel will
+resign, that the Duke means to concede the Catholic question and
+to negotiate a _concordat_ with the Pope. Many people think Lord
+Grey will join the Government, and that he will be First Lord of
+the Admiralty. The Duke gave his brother Dr. Bloomfield's living
+without any solicitation. Esterhazy told me to-night that
+Palmella entertains from twenty to thirty of his countrymen at
+dinner every day, of whom there are several hundred in London, of
+the best families, totally destitute. All Palmella's property is
+sequestrated, but he receives the appointment of Portuguese
+Minister from the Brazilian Government.
+
+     [10] [The King's letter dismissing the Duke of Clarence from
+          the office of Lord High Admiral was dated the 11th of
+          August, 1828. It is published in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 595.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DAWSON'S SPEECH AT DERRY.]
+
+August 22nd, 1828 {p.138}
+
+Went to Stoke on the 19th and came back yesterday. There were the
+Dowager Lady Salisbury, Duchess of Newcastle, Worcester and Lady
+W. Russell, Giles, Billy Churchill. On the 18th Dawson's
+speech[11] at Derry reached us, and I never remember any
+occurrence which excited greater surprise. The general impression
+was that he made the speech, with the Duke's knowledge and
+concurrence, which I never believed. I thought from what he said
+to me just before he went to Ireland that he had changed his own
+opinion, and now many people say they knew this; but I was little
+prepared to hear of his making such a speech at such a place as
+Derry, and on such an occasion as a 'Prentice Boy' commemoration.
+The rage and fury of the Orangemen there and of the Orange press
+here are boundless, and the violence and scurrility of their
+abuse are the more absurd because Dawson only described in
+glowing colours, and certainly without reserve, the actual state
+of Ireland, but did not argue the question at all further than
+leaving on his hearers the inevitable inference that he thought
+the time for granting emancipation was come. The truth is that
+the conversion of one of the most violent anti-Catholics must
+strike everybody as a strong argument in favour of the measure,
+and they know not by how many and by whom his example may be
+followed. The Orangemen are moving heaven and earth to create
+disturbances, and their impotent fury shows how low their cause
+is sunk. The Catholics, on the contrary, are temperate and calm,
+from confidence in their strength and the progressive advance of
+their course. But although I think the Catholics are now in a
+position which renders their ultimate success certain, I am very
+far from participating in the sanguine expectations of those who
+think the Duke of Wellington is convinced that the question must
+be settled directly, and that he will carry it through in the
+ensuing session. In the first place I see clearly that the
+Government are extremely annoyed at Dawson's speech. I saw
+Goulburn to-day, and though he did not say much, what he did say
+was enough to satisfy me of this: 'he hoped that it had been
+incorrectly reported.' Dawson has written to the Duke,[12] and
+the letter was sent to him to-day. But what has put me in despair
+about it is a letter of the Duke's which Drummond read to me
+to-day addressed, I do not know to whom, but upon that subject.
+It began, 'My dear sir,' and after other matter proceeded nearly
+as follows:--'This subject has been more discussed and more
+pamphlets have been written upon it in the course of the last
+twenty-five years than any other that I can remember. No two
+people are agreed upon what ought to be done, and yet the
+Government is expected at once to settle the question.' This is
+the old argument, as if after thirty years' discussion in every
+shape it was not time to settle the question. As if those who
+undertake to govern the country were not the men who are bound to
+find the means of settling it and allaying the irritation it
+causes. And as if, instead of no two persons being agreed upon
+the subject, all the ablest and wisest men in the country were
+not cordially agreed that complete emancipation is the only
+remedy for the evils that exist, and that they are opposed by the
+most despicable faction which ever existed, animated by the most
+base and sordid motives. This letter was read to me as conveying
+the Duke's opinions, which his secretary thought were very sound
+and sensible, and which I think evinced a degree of anility quite
+pitiable, and proves how little there is to expect from any
+liberality and good sense on his part.
+
+     [11] [Mr. Peel's confidential letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, stating his reluctant conviction that it
+          was indispensably necessary for the Government to
+          change its policy on the Catholic question, was written
+          on the 11th of August, 1828. The letter is published in
+          Sir Robert Peel's 'Posthumous Memoirs,' vol. i, p. 189.
+          It is a remarkable circumstance that Mr. Dawson's
+          speech at Derry was made _just one week afterwards_;
+          but there is no evidence that he knew of the change in
+          his brother-in-law's opinion. See for further details
+          as to the effect of Dawson's speech _infra_.]
+
+     [12] [This letter is published in the Duke of Wellington's
+          'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv. p. 633. The Duke
+          said, 'Dawson's speech is too bad. Surely a man who
+          does such things ought to be put in a strait
+          waistcoat.' _Ibid._ p. 636.]
+
+[Page Head: DISMISSAL OF THE LORD HIGH ADMIRAL.]
+
+I do not yet know the whole truth of the Lord High Admiral's
+resignation, but it seems that it is not yet certain. Negotiations
+on the subject are still going on. I believe he quarrelled with
+his council, particularly Cockburn, and that Government took part
+with Cockburn. The Duke of Clarence wants to promote deserving
+officers, but they oppose it on account of the expense, and they
+find in everything great difficulty in keeping him in order. His
+resignation will be very unpopular in the navy, for his system of
+promotion was more liberal and impartial than that of his
+predecessor, whose administration was one perpetual job, and who
+made the patronage of the Admiralty instrumental to governing
+Scotland. Hitherto the appointments of Government have not been
+the most judicious--Lord Belmore to Jamaica, because he is a
+Lord, and a very dull one; Lord Strangford to the Brazils, though
+the Duke knows as well as anybody that he cannot be trusted, and
+was recalled by Canning because he said and did all sorts of
+things at Constantinople for which he had no authority, and they
+found that no reliance whatever was to be placed in him. Lord
+Stuart de Rothesay, too, is sent back to Paris, though personally
+obnoxious to the King and universally disliked.
+
+
+Stoke, August 25th, 1828 {p.141}
+
+Went to Windsor to-day for a Council and came on here after it.
+There were the Chancellor, Peel, Fitzgerald, Ellenborough, Sir G.
+Murray, the Archbishop, and Bishop of London, who came to do
+homage. The King gave the Chancellor a long audience, and another
+to Peel, probably to talk over Dawson's speech and Orange
+politics. After the Council the King called me and talked to me
+about racehorses, which he cares more about than the welfare of
+Ireland or the peace of Europe. We walked over the Castle, which
+is nearly finished, but too gaudy. The King told me he would go
+to Egham races to-morrow. I talked to Fitzgerald about Dawson's
+speech. He said he believed Dawson had never told the Duke or
+Peel what he meant to do, that he thought he was very bold and
+imprudent. However, he was glad of it, as it must assist the
+cause, and the moral effect in Ireland would be produced before
+the Duke's sentiments could be known. Lord Mount Charles told me
+the day before yesterday that the reason the Duke of Clarence had
+resigned was, that he had in many instances exceeded his powers,
+which had produced remonstrances from the Duke of Wellington,
+whereupon the Duke of Clarence tendered his resignation, and the
+Duke immediately carried it to the King without asking him to
+stay.[13] Afterwards there were some negotiations, when the Duke
+of Clarence refused to stay if Cockburn did. They would not,
+however, part with Cockburn, but subsequently the Duke shook
+hands with him and asked him to dine at Bushy on his birthday. He
+said that his successor was not appointed, but it will probably
+be Lord Melville. The King has not been well; he goes fishing and
+dining at Virginia Water, stays out late, and catches cold.
+
+     [13] [A letter from the Duke of Wellington to Sir Robert
+          Peel, dated the 13th of August, 1828, explains the
+          circumstances that led to the removal of the Duke of
+          Clarence from the office of Lord High Admiral. This
+          letter is published in the first volume of Sir Robert
+          Peel's 'Posthumous Memoirs on the Catholic Question and
+          the Repeal of the Corn Laws,' p. 269. The Duke of
+          Wellington says, 'He behaved very rudely to Cockburn. I
+          saw Cockburn and Croker, and both agreed in stating
+          that the machine could no longer work.' In a subsequent
+          letter the Duke added, 'I quite agree with you that it
+          is very unfortunate the Duke of Clarence has resigned.
+          I did everything in my power to avoid that result,
+          excepting give up Cockburn.' The whole correspondence
+          is published in the fourth volume of the Duke's
+          'Correspondence,' New Series.]
+
+
+August 29th, 1828 {p.142}
+
+Came from Stoke last night. There were the Lievens, Cowper, Lord
+Melbourne, Luttrell, Pierre d'Aremberg, Creevy, Russell,
+Montrond. The King went to Egham races Tuesday and Thursday, was
+very well received and pleased. He was very gracious to me.
+Madame de Lieven went over to the Lodge to see Lady Conyngham,
+who finding she had never seen Clifden, carried her off there,
+ordered luncheon and the pony carriage, took her all over the
+place, and then carried her back to Salthill, where the King's
+carriage met her and took her back to Virginia Water to dinner.
+Lieven told me they had never expected to find this Turkish
+expedition an easy business, and had always been prepared for
+great difficulties, &c., from which I conclude that they have met
+with some check. I met Bachelor, the poor Duke of York's old
+servant, and now the King's _valet de chambre_, and he told me
+some curious things about the interior of the Palace; but he is
+coming to call on me, and I will write down what he tells me
+then. There is a report that the Admiralty has been offered to
+Lord Melbourne. I asked him (at Stoke), and he said he had never
+heard of it.
+
+
+London, November 25th, 1828 {p.142}
+
+I have not written anything since I left town, because nothing
+occurred worth remembering. Yesterday I went to the Council at
+Windsor. Most of the Ministers were there, the Recorder, two
+foreign Ministers, and the Duke of Clarence. The King seemed to
+be very well. The Duke of Wellington did not arrive till late,
+and before he was come the King sent for Peel and gave him an
+audience of two hours at least. I thought there must be something
+in the wind, and was struck with Peel's taking the Duke into one
+of the window recesses and talking to him very earnestly as soon
+as he came out. I returned to town after the Council, and in the
+evening went to the play, and coming out I met Henry de Ros and
+Frederick Lamb. The former made me go with him in his carriage,
+when he told me what fully explained the cause of Peel's long
+audience--that the Duke has at last made up his mind to carry the
+Catholic question, and that Peel[14] and the rest of the violent
+anti-Catholics are going out; that the Duke's present idea is to
+apply to Huskisson, but that nothing will be done or said till
+the Ministers assemble in town and hold their cabinets.
+
+     [14] [It had not then transpired, nor was it known until
+          long afterwards, that the proposal to carry Catholic
+          Emancipation was made by Mr. Peel to the Duke of
+          Wellington on the 11th of August. Sir Robert Peel
+          states, however, in his 'Memoir,' p. 269, 'At the close
+          of the year 1828 little, if any, progress had been made
+          in removing the difficulties with which the Duke of
+          Wellington had to contend;' and, p. 274, 'The chief
+          difficulty was the King. At the commencement of the
+          month of January 1829 his Majesty had not yet signified
+          his consent that the whole subject of Ireland,
+          including the Catholic question, should be taken into
+          consideration by his confidential servants.']
+
+He told me also that the French Government have at last agreed to
+make common cause with us in preventing the Russians from
+prosecuting the war against Turkey.
+
+
+[Page Head: HEALTH AND HABITS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+December 16th, 1828 {p.143}
+
+A Council at Windsor yesterday; very few present, and no
+audiences but Aberdeen for three-quarters of an hour and the Duke
+for five minutes. I sent for Bachelor and had a long talk with
+him. He said the King was well, but weak, his constitution very
+strong, no malady about him, but irritation in the bladder which
+he could not get rid of. He thinks the hot rooms and want of air
+and exercise do him harm, and that he is getting every day more
+averse to exercise and more prone to retirement, which, besides
+that it weakens his constitution, is a proof that he is beginning
+to break. Bachelor thinks he is in no sort of danger; I think he
+will not live more than two years. He says that his attendants
+are quite worn out with being always about him, and living in
+such hot rooms (which obliges them to drink) and seldom getting
+air and exercise. B. is at present well, but he sits up every
+other night with the King and never leaves him. He is in high
+favour, and Sir William Knighton is now as civil and obliging to
+him as he used to be the reverse. The King instructs him in his
+duties in the kindest manner, likes to have him about him, and
+talks a great deal to him. But his Majesty keeps everybody at a
+great distance from him, and all about him are afraid of him,
+though he talks to his pages with more openness and familiarity
+than to anybody. He thinks Radford (who is dying) is not in such
+favour as he was, though he is always there; of O'Reilly the
+surgeon, who sees the King every day and carries him all the
+gossip he can pick up, Bachelor speaks with very little ceremony.
+The King told them the other day that 'O'R. was the damnedest
+liar in the world,' and it seems he is often in the habit of
+discussing people in this way to his _valets de chambre_. He
+reads a great deal, and every morning has his boxes brought to
+him and reads their contents. They are brought up by Knighton or
+Watson, both of whom have keys of all the boxes. He says there is
+not one person about him whom he likes--Mount Charles pretty
+well, Taylor better than anybody, Knighton constantly there and
+his influence unbounded; he thinks K. can do anything.
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF O'CONNELL.]
+
+December 20th, 1828 {p.144}
+
+Hyde Villiers called on me ten days ago to give me an account of
+his visit to Ireland. He seems to have been intimate with several
+of the leading men, particularly Shiel, whom all agree in
+describing as the cleverest man of his party. He also saw a good
+deal of the Lord-Lieutenant;[15] and was struck by his imprudence
+and unreserve. He spoke very positively of his determination not
+to be a party to any measures contrary to his opinions, and did
+not scruple to complain of the little information he received
+from the Government here concerning their intentions. He also
+appears to have been flattered by O'Connell into entire
+confidence in him, and told Villiers that he would trust him
+implicitly. O'Connell and Shiel detest each other, though Shiel
+does not oppose him. Lawless detests him too, and he does
+everything he can to thwart and provoke him, and opposes him in
+the Association[16] upon all occasions. Lately in the affair of
+the 'exclusive dealing' he met with such opposition in the
+Association that it required a great deal of time and management
+to get rid of that proposition, although in the end he carried
+the matter very triumphantly. But O'Connell, though opposed by a
+numerous party in the Association, is all-powerful in the
+country, and there is not one individual who has a chance of
+supplanting him in the affections of the great mass of the
+Catholics. For twenty-five years he has been continually
+labouring to obtain that authority and consideration which he
+possesses without a rival, and is now so great that they yield
+unlimited obedience to his individual will. As an orator he would
+probably fail in the English House of Commons; but to a mob,
+especially an Irish mob, he is perfect, exactly the style and
+manner which suits their tastes and comprehensions, and
+consequently his success with them is unbounded. He has a large
+landed property, is at the head of his profession, an admirable
+lawyer and manager of a cause, and never for a moment diverted by
+political or other considerations from the due discharge of his
+professional duties. He is besides a man of high moral character
+and great probity in private life, and has been for years in the
+habit of affording his professional assistance gratis to those of
+his own religion who cannot afford to pay for it. These are some
+of the grounds of his popularity, to which may be added his
+industry and devotion to the Roman Catholic cause; he rises at
+three every morning and goes to bed at eight. He possesses a very
+retentive memory, and is particularly strong in historical and
+constitutional knowledge. The great object of his ambition is to
+be at the head of his own profession, and his favourite project
+to reform the laws, a task for which he fancies himself eminently
+qualified. To accomplish any particular object he cares not to
+what charges of partial inconsistency he exposes himself,
+trusting to his own ingenuity to exonerate himself from them
+afterwards. Neither O'Connell nor Shiel are supposed to be men of
+courage, but Lawless is, and he is thought capable of the most
+desperate adventures. Shiel is of opinion that the Association
+might be suppressed by law; O'Connell thinks it could not, and
+that if it might legally it could not practically. O'Connell says
+he can keep the country quiet another year certainly, Doyle
+thinks not. Doyle is a very able man, a man of the world,
+dislikes O'Connell, but is obliged to act in concert with him.
+Doyle, conscious of his own talents, is deeply mortified that no
+field is open for their display, and he is one of those men who
+must be eminent in whatever cause they are engaged. Murray[17] is
+a clever man, but not so ambitious as Doyle; Francis Leveson
+is extremely cautious, cold in his manners, and therefore
+conciliates no general regard in Ireland, where they like an
+exactly opposite character. William Lamb was popular beyond all
+precedent, but Francis seems to have avoided giving offence to
+either party, which is perhaps as much as could have been
+expected from him, and in a country where the rival factions are
+so exasperated against each other to be able to preserve a
+character for impartiality is no small praise. I wrote to my
+brother Henry what I have mentioned under the head of November
+21st, and in return he told me that it was in contemplation to
+put down the Association, and that the law officers in Ireland
+had reported that it was practicable, and their opinion had come
+over here, but the decision of the Government had not arrived.
+
+     [15] [The Marquis of Anglesey was then Lord-Lieutenant of
+          Ireland.]
+
+     [16] [The Catholic Association. The 'exclusive dealing' was
+          a pledge required of members of the Association not to
+          deal with Orangemen.]
+
+     [17] [Dr. Murray, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Lord
+          Francis Leveson (afterwards Lord Francis Egerton and
+          Earl of Ellesmere), Mr. Greville's brother-in-law, was
+          then Irish Secretary. William Lamb, afterwards Lord
+          Melbourne, had preceded him in that office. Henry
+          Greville held a place at the Vice-Regal Court.]
+
+I very soon saw enough to satisfy me that the Duke is
+endeavouring to prevail on Peel to stay in office, and his
+repeated conferences with the Bishop of Oxford and other bishops
+are enough to prove that he is negotiating with the Church, but
+nothing transpires of his intentions. Not one word has been said
+to Huskisson or any of his friends. My belief is that in that
+long conference at Windsor the King tried to prevail on Peel not
+to go; since which discussions between Peel, the Duke, and the
+Bishop have been going on to see how the matter can be arranged
+so as to make Peel's acquiescence palatable to the Church and the
+Brunswickers, and perhaps to engage the Duke to modify his
+intended measures accordingly. This is conjecture. The Duke is
+gone to Wootton and to Middleton; he is always going about.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD BELMORE GOVERNOR OF JAMAICA.]
+
+December 21st, 1828 {p.147}
+
+A few days ago I saw Lord Belmore just as he was setting out for
+Jamaica. I went to talk to him about my plan.[18] He was very
+civil and said he would do all that depended upon him. He does
+not seem to be bright, but whatever his talents may be, he seems
+to be left to the free exercise of them, for he told me that he
+felt his situation to be one of some difficulty, never having
+received any instructions (except of course the formal instructions
+given to every governor in writing) as to his conduct from the
+Secretary of State, having had no conversation with any of the
+authorities about the state of the colony, nor any intimation of
+their views and intentions in respect to the principal matters of
+interest there. He said that as the Assembly of Jamaica is now
+sitting, he had proposed to postpone his departure till the end
+of their session, when the Bills they passed would come over
+here, and he might discuss them with the Government and learn
+their sentiments and wishes as to the course he should adopt; a
+very sensible proposition. But he received for answer that he had
+better go now, for that when these Bills came over here
+Parliament would be sitting, and Government would not have
+leisure to attend to the affairs of Jamaica. And this is the way
+our colonies are governed! Stephen,[19] to whom I told this,
+said he was not surprised, for that Sir George Murray did
+nothing--never wrote a despatch--had only once since he has been
+in office seen Taylor, who has got all the West Indies under his
+care.
+
+     [18] [Mr. Greville held the office of Secretary of the
+          Island of Jamaica. The duties of the office were
+          performed by a deputy paid by the Secretary out of the
+          fees received in the island. He never visited Jamaica,
+          and the office held on these conditions was a sinecure;
+          but he occasionally took part in the affairs of Jamaica
+          in this country. The 'plan' alluded to in this passage
+          is unknown to me. Somerset, second Earl of Belmore, had
+          just been appointed Governor of Jamaica at this time.]
+
+     [19] [James Stephen, Esq., then law adviser of the Colonial
+          Office, and afterwards Under-Secretary of State for the
+          Colonies. Mr. Henry Taylor, the accomplished author of
+          'Philip von Artevelde,' was at the head of the West
+          India department of the office. Sir George Murray was
+          Secretary of State.]
+
+I might as well have put in on the 25th of November what the King
+said to me, as it seems to have amused everybody. I was standing
+close to him at the Council, and he put down his head and
+whispered, 'Which are you for, Cadland or the mare?' (meaning the
+match between Cadland and Bess of Bedlam); so I put my head down
+too and said, 'The horse;' and then as we retired he said to the
+Duke, 'A little bit of Newmarket.'
+
+
+December 30th, 1828 {p.148}
+
+Hyde Villiers brought me on Thursday or Friday last a copy of the
+Duke's letter to Dr. Curtis,[20] which had been sent to him from
+Dublin under strict injunction of not showing it. The next day it
+appeared in all the newspapers, O'Connell having read it to the
+Association. It has made a great noise, and being as usual
+ambiguous, both parties affect to consider it to be in their
+favour. I fancy the Duke is very angry at its publication, at
+least judging from what his secretaries say.
+
+     [20] [The Duke of Wellington had corresponded with Dr.
+          Curtis, the titular Roman Catholic Primate of Ireland,
+          for many years. Indeed, as appears in the text, he had
+          known him long before at Salamanca, when this prelate
+          was at the Irish College there. Several excellent
+          letters by Dr. Curtis to the Duke are published in the
+          second volume of the Duke's 'Correspondence,' New
+          Series. The letter adverted to in the text was that in
+          which the Duke said (not very wisely) that 'if men
+          could bury the subject (of Catholic Emancipation) in
+          oblivion for a short time, it might be possible to
+          discover a satisfactory remedy.' Curtis put a copy of
+          the letter in O'Connell's hands, and he read it aloud
+          at the Catholic Association. Curtis sent a copy of the
+          letter and his own reply to the Lord-Lieutenant, who
+          answered him in another letter, in which he said that
+          'he did not before know the precise sentiments of the
+          Duke upon the present state of the Catholic question.'
+          This letter was also made public, and added fuel to the
+          flames.]
+
+The word _the_ in the first paragraph was substituted for _a_,
+and this alteration these blockheads pretend makes a great
+difference in the sense. It makes none, and is only worthy of
+remark because they probably echo what he has said. It is clear
+enough as to his _opinion_, but nothing more. Curtis was in Spain
+and imprisoned by the French at Salamanca. After the battle the
+Duke delivered him and had a good deal of communication with him.
+He returned to Ireland, and from that period has been in
+occasional correspondence with the Duke. Curtis had written him a
+long letter, desiring information about his intentions, and this
+was the answer. A few days ago Hyde Villiers called on the Duke
+and placed in his hands the resolutions which were agreed to by a
+committee of the general meeting to be held in Dublin next month.
+He took them, but said he must decline saying anything; as
+Minister of the Crown he could not say a word, as whatever he did
+must be done in conjunction with his colleagues and with the
+King; that there was a disposition to draw inferences from
+everything, as, for example, that a gentleman he had known in
+Spain had written to him on the subject, and his answer had been
+handed about, and all sorts of inferences drawn from it, which
+was very inconvenient, and proved how cautious he must be. No
+doubt it was the Curtis correspondence to which he alluded.
+
+
+                              1829.
+
+
+[Page Head: RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.]
+
+January 2nd, 1829 {p.149}
+
+Lord Anglesey was recalled last Sunday. The Duke of Wellington
+came to see my mother either Saturday or Sunday last, and told
+her he had been with the King three hours the day before, talking
+to him about Lord A., that his Majesty was furious with him,
+thought he took upon himself as if he were King of Ireland, and
+was indignant at all he said and all he did. The Duke talked a
+great deal about him, but did not say he was recalled, though his
+manner was such that he left an impression that he had something
+in his mind which he would not let out. He gave it to be
+understood, however, that he had been endeavouring to appease the
+King, and that Lord A.'s recall was insisted on by his Majesty
+against his (the Duke's) desire. I enquired warmly whether he had
+asserted or only implied this, because I don't believe one word
+of it. I was told that he had only implied it, but had left that
+impression. But the Duke complained of Lord A.'s conduct to
+himself; that he had at first written him insolent letters, and
+latterly had hardly ever written to him at all. My belief is that
+the Duke has for some time wished to get rid of Lord Anglesey,
+that these Cabinets have been upon this subject, and that his
+recall was settled there. As to the King's dictation and the
+Duke's submission, I don't believe a word of it. It has been
+clear to me for some time that the Irish Government could not
+remain in Lord Anglesey's hands. I am very sorry for it, for I
+think it will have a bad effect, and have little hope of its
+being followed by any measures likely to counteract the evil it
+immediately occasions.
+
+
+January 4th, 1829 {p.150}
+
+I have seen letters from Dublin stating that the immediate cause
+of the recall was a letter which Lord Anglesey had written to the
+Duke (but what that was I have not ascertained), and that his
+imprudence was so great it was impossible he could have gone on.
+Certainly the writing and then publishing this letter of Curtis'
+is an enormous act of indiscretion. The consternation in Dublin
+seems to have been great, and Henry says that if Lord A. does not
+decline all demonstrations of popular feeling towards him, he
+will leave Ireland as Lord Fitzwilliam did, attended by the whole
+population. Yesterday I asked Fitzgerald[21] if it was true that
+Lord A. was recalled. He put on a long face, and said 'he did not
+know; _recalled_ he certainly was not.' I saw he was not disposed
+to be communicative, so I said no more; he, however, began again
+of his own accord, and asked me whether I thought, in the event
+of Lord A.'s coming away, that Francis Leveson would remain. I
+told him under what conditions he had taken the place, viz. that
+he was only to stay while Lord A. did; that circumstances might
+make a difference, but that I knew nothing. He said he had done
+remarkably well, given great satisfaction, and shown great
+discretion in a difficult situation; that the rock Lord A. had
+split upon was his vanity.
+
+     [21] [Right Hon. Vesey Fitzgerald, then President of the
+          Board of Trade. He was raised to the peerage of the
+          United Kingdom in 1835, as Baron Fitzgerald and Vesci.]
+
+
+[Page Head: RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.]
+
+January 5th, 1829 {p.150}
+
+The exact history of what took place in Dublin is as follows:--
+Lord Anglesey first of all desired George Villiers would get his
+letter to Dr. Curtis inserted in the newspaper. He took it to
+Shiel, who agreed to write as good an article as he could to go
+with it, and then he went to Dr. Murray to inform him (as Dr.
+Curtis's friend) of the intended publication, as Curtis himself
+was absent, and his consent ought to have been previously
+obtained. He went afterwards to the Phoenix Park, and Lord
+Anglesey laid the whole case and correspondence before him. Some
+time ago the Duke wrote to Lord Anglesey proposing that O'Gorman
+Mahon and Steele should be removed from the Commission of the
+Peace on account of their conduct to the Sheriff of Clare. Lord
+Anglesey wrote word that the subject had engaged his attention,
+and he had laid the case before the law officers, who had
+reported to him that there were no grounds for any legal
+proceedings against them. 'How, therefore,' said the Lord-Lieutenant,
+'could I degrade men against whom my law officers advised me that
+no charge could be brought?' This was one offence; and another,
+that he had countenanced Lord Cloncurry, who, being a member
+of the Association, was unworthy to receive the King's representative
+and the Chancellor. Lord Anglesey warmly defended Lord Cloncurry
+as a magistrate and a man, and appealed to his known loyalty and
+respect for the King as a proof that he would never have done
+anything derogatory to his own situation. The Duke's letter
+he described to have been overbearing and insolent, Lord
+Anglesey's[22] temperate, but firm. Lord Anglesey declares that
+these were all the grounds of offence he had given. Five weeks
+elapsed, during which he heard nothing from the Duke, and at the
+end of that time he received his letter of recall, conceived
+nearly in these words:--'My dear Lord Anglesey,--I am aware of
+the impropriety of having allowed your letter to remain so long
+unanswered, but I wished to consult my colleagues, who were out
+of town. I have now done so, and they concur with me that with
+such a difference of opinion between the King's Minister and the
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland the government of that country could
+not be conducted by you with advantage to the public service. I
+have therefore taken the King's pleasure on the subject, and he
+commands me to inform you that you will be immediately relieved
+from your government. I will give you the earliest information of
+the arrangement which will be made in consequence. Believe me,
+&c.' This is nearly the letter.[23] From Lord Anglesey George
+Villiers went to Shiel, and with him to O'Connell, to whom Lord
+A. desired he would communicate the event. O'Connell was
+dreadfully dejected, so much so that Shiel and G. Villiers were
+glad to go home and dine with him in order to calm him. They at
+length succeeded in doing so, and made him engage to abstain from
+any discussion of the recall in the Association the next day (a
+promise which he did not keep). Shiel made a very fine speech in
+the Association. Nothing, they say, can exceed the general
+feeling on the subject, and Lord Anglesey appears to be acting
+with great dignity and reserve; he wishes to decline all popular
+honours, and he put off going to the play, which he was to have
+done.
+
+     [22] [The correspondence of Lord Anglesey with the Duke of
+          Wellington on these charges is now published in the
+          'Wellington Correspondence,' New Series, vol. v. p.
+          244.]
+
+     [23] [The letter itself is now published in the 'Wellington
+          Correspondence,' New Series, vol. v. p. 366. Mr.
+          Greville's version of it differs in no material point
+          from the original, though the language is slightly
+          altered.]
+
+
+January 7th, 1829 {p.152}
+
+The Duke wrote to Francis Leveson to say he must not be surprised
+to hear that a letter would reach Lord Anglesey by that day's
+post, conveying to him his recall; that the King was so furious
+with him that he said he would make any sacrifice rather than
+allow him to remain there five minutes longer. His Secretary had
+repeatedly remonstrated with the Lord-Lieutenant on his imprudent
+language in Ireland, and on the tone of his letters to the Duke,
+but that he always defended both on principle. The Duke said that
+his letters were most offensive towards him, yet he continued to
+declare that he should have been glad to keep Lord Anglesey on
+but for the King. The Lord-Lieutenant did not go to the play, but
+his family did, and were received with great applause, although
+the pit was full of Orangemen. Lord Melville has refused the
+Lord-Lieutenancy.
+
+
+January 11th, 1829 {p.153}
+
+When George Villiers sent me the accounts of what had passed in
+Ireland about Lord Anglesey's letter to Curtis I wrote him a long
+letter, in which I told him why I thought the letter and its
+publication were unjustifiable and indiscreet, and particularly
+cautioned him against connecting himself much with the agitator,
+on account of the harm it would do him here. He wrote me a long
+answer, defending Lord Anglesey and his measures, but I do not
+think he makes out a case for him, and if the Lord-Lieutenant
+makes in the House of Lords the defence which he proposes to make
+I think he will fail; but if he can keep Lord Plunket on his
+side, who is now said to be very eager about him, he will do.
+Plunket is under the influence of Blake, who keeps, as George
+Villiers says, 'Lord Plunket's mind in his breeches' pocket.'
+Lord Anglesey has behaved very well since the quarrel, declining
+all honours and expressions of public feeling.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE KING AND THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.]
+
+January 12th, 1829 {p.153}
+
+Lord Mount Charles came to me this morning and consulted me about
+resigning his seat at the Treasury. He hates it and is perplexed
+with all that has occurred between the Duke and Lord Anglesey. I
+advised him to resign, feeling as he does about it. He told me
+that he verily believed the King would go mad on the Catholic
+question, his violence was so great about it. He is very angry
+with him and his father for voting as they do, but they have
+agreed never to discuss the matter at all, and his mother never
+talks to the King about it. Whenever he does get on it there is
+no stopping him. Mount Charles attributes the King's obstinacy to
+his recollections of his father and the Duke of York and to the
+influence of the Duke of Cumberland. He says that 'his father
+would have laid his head on the block rather than yield, and that
+he is equally ready to lay his head there in the same cause.' He
+is furious with Lord Anglesey, but he will be very much afraid of
+him when he sees him. Mount Charles was in the room when Lord
+Anglesey took leave of the King on going to Ireland, and the King
+said, 'God bless you, Anglesey! I know you are a true Protestant.'
+Anglesey answered, 'Sir, I will not be considered either
+Protestant or Catholic; I go to Ireland determined to act
+impartially between them and without the least bias either one
+way or the other.' Lord Anglesey dined with Mount Charles the day
+before he went. The same morning he had been with the Duke and
+Peel to receive their last instructions, and he came to dinner in
+great delight with them, as they had told him they knew he would
+govern Ireland with justice and impartiality, and they would give
+him no instructions whatever. He showed me a letter from
+Mr. Harcourt Lees full of invectives against the Duke and
+lamentations at the recall, to show how the Protestants regretted
+him as well as the Catholics.
+
+He then talked to me about Knighton, whom the King abhors with a
+detestation that could hardly be described. He is afraid of him,
+and that is the reason he hates him so bitterly. When alone with
+him he is more civil, but when others are present (the family,
+for instance) he delights in saying the most mortifying and
+disagreeable things to him. He would give the world to get rid of
+him, and to have either Taylor or Mount Charles instead, to whom
+he has offered the place over and over again, but Mount Charles
+not only would not hear of it, but often took Knighton's part
+with the King. He says that his language about Knighton is
+sometimes of the most unmeasured violence--wishes he was dead,
+and one day when the door was open, so that the pages could hear,
+he said, 'I wish to God somebody would assassinate Knighton.' In
+this way he always speaks of him and uses him. Knighton is
+greatly annoyed at it, and is very seldom there. Still it appears
+there is some secret chain which binds them together, and which
+compels the King to submit to the presence of a man whom he
+detests, and induces Knighton to remain in spite of so much
+hatred and ill-usage. The King's indolence is so great that it is
+next to impossible to get him to do even the most ordinary
+business, and Knighton is still the only man who can prevail on
+him to sign papers, &c. His greatest delight is to make those who
+have business to transact with him, or to lay papers before him,
+wait in his anteroom while he is lounging with Mount Charles or
+anybody, talking of horses or any trivial matter; and when he is
+told, 'Sir, there is Watson waiting,' &c., he replies, 'Damn
+Watson; let him wait.' He does it on purpose, and likes it.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+This account corresponds with all I have before heard, and
+confirms the opinion I have long had that a more contemptible,
+cowardly, selfish, unfeeling dog does not exist than this King,
+on whom such flattery is constantly lavished. He has a sort of
+capricious good-nature, arising however out of no good principle
+or good feeling, but which is of use to him, as it cancels in a
+moment and at small cost a long score of misconduct. Princes have
+only to behave with common decency and prudence, and they are
+sure to be popular, for there is a great and general disposition
+to pay court to them. I do not know anybody who is proof against
+their seductions when they think fit to use them in the shape of
+civility and condescension. The great consolation in all this is
+the proof that, so far from deriving happiness from their
+grandeur, they are the most miserable of all mankind. The
+contrast between their apparent authority and the contradictions
+which they practically meet with must be peculiarly galling, more
+especially to men whose minds are seldom regulated, as other
+men's are, by the beneficial discipline of education and early
+collision with their equals. There have been good and wise kings,
+but not many of them. Take them one with another they are of an
+inferior character, and this I believe to be one of the worst of
+the kind. The littleness of his character prevents his displaying
+the dangerous faults that belong to great minds, but with vices
+and weaknesses of the lowest and most contemptible order it would
+be difficult to find a disposition more abundantly furnished.
+
+
+January 16th, 1829 {p.155}
+
+I went to Windsor to a Council yesterday. There were the Duke,
+the Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of
+the Mint, Lord President, Lord Aberdeen, Peel, Melville,
+Ellenborough. The King kept us waiting rather longer than usual.
+He looked very well, and was dressed in a blue great coat, all
+over gold frogs and embroidery. Lord Liverpool was there to give
+up the late Lord's Garter, and had an audience. He said to me
+afterwards that the King had asked him all sorts of questions
+about his family concerns, with which he seemed extraordinarily
+well acquainted, and to some of which he was puzzled to give an
+answer. The King is the greatest master of gossip in the world,
+and his curiosity about everybody's affairs is insatiable. I
+spoke to Peel about the Council books,[24] which are in the State
+Paper Office, and he promised they should be restored to the
+Council Office.
+
+     [24] [At the fire which took place at Whitehall in 1619
+          several volumes of the 'Council Register' were lost or
+          dispersed. Some of these missing volumes were in the
+          State Paper Office, and two are still in the British
+          Museum.]
+
+Just before I set off to Windsor I heard from Ireland, and this
+is an extract of the letter:--'Lord Anglesey received a letter
+from Peel this morning to the effect "that as he had written and
+published a letter such as no Lord-Lieutenant was justified in
+writing, it was his Majesty's pleasure that Lords Justices should
+be immediately appointed." Francis found him very smiling and
+glorious, but angry, and declaring that he would do just the same
+again if he had to choose his line of conduct.'
+
+_À propos_ of Denman's silk gown, Mount Charles told me the other
+day that Denman wrote a most humble apology to the King,
+notwithstanding which the Duke of Wellington had great trouble in
+mollifying him. At last he consented, but wrote himself on the
+document that in consideration of his humble apology his Majesty
+forgave him, as he thought it became the King to forgive a
+subject, but desired this note might be preserved in the
+Treasury, where Mount Charles says it now is.[25]
+
+     [25] [This curious correspondence has now been published in
+          the fifth volume of the Duke of Wellington's
+          'Despatches,' New Series, pp. 117 and 153. The cause of
+          the quarrel was a Greek quotation from Dion which
+          Denman had introduced into one of his speeches at the
+          Queen's trial. In the King's answer to the memorial
+          (which answer was drawn up by the Duke of Wellington)
+          the following passage occurs:--
+             'The King could not believe that the Greek quotation
+          referred to had occurred to the mind of the advocate in
+          the eagerness and heat of his argument, nor that it was
+          not intended, nor that it had not been sought for and
+          suggested for the purpose of applying to the person of
+          the Sovereign a gross insinuation.' Denman, however,
+          prayed his Majesty to believe that 'no such insinuation
+          was ever made by him, that the idea of it never entered
+          his mind,' &c.
+             The truth about this quotation is this:--During the
+          Queen's trial Dr. Parr, who was a warm supporter of the
+          Queen and an intimate friend of Denman, employed
+          himself in ransacking books for quotations which might
+          be used in the defence. Thus he lit in Bayle's
+          Dictionary, article 'Octavia,' upon the answer made by
+          Pythias, one of the slaves of Octavia, to Tigellinus,
+          when he was torturing the slaves of the Empress in
+          order to convict her of adultery. The same answer
+          occurs in substance in Tacitus' 'Annals,' book xiv.
+          cap. 60. This Parr sent to Denman, and Denman used it
+          in his speech. The fact is, therefore, that the
+          quotation had been 'sought for and suggested' for the
+          express purpose of saying something personally
+          offensive to the King. The King's resentment against
+          Denman did not end here as will be seen lower down,
+          where he refused to receive the Recorder's report
+          through the Common Serjeant.]
+
+
+January 21st, 1829 {p.156}
+
+The sealed orders with which the ships have sailed from Plymouth,
+were orders to prevent the Portuguese (who have been sent away)
+from landing at Terceira.
+
+Lady Westmeath was the woman meant in the article in the 'Times'
+from Ireland about the pension to which Lord Anglesey would not
+agree. The story is very true. There was £700 disposable on the
+Pension Fund, and the Duke of Wellington desired £400 might be
+given to Lady Westmeath, which Lord Anglesey and the Secretary
+both protested against, and were resolved to resign rather than
+agree to it. They wrote to the Duke such strong remonstrances
+that he appears to have desisted from the design, for they heard
+no more of it. It is therefore false that this had anything to do
+with the recall, though it is by no means improbable that it
+served to alienate the Duke from the Marquis and to make him
+desire the more to get rid of him. This happened as long ago as
+last August, I think.
+
+[Page Head: STATE OF RUSSIA.]
+
+Yesterday the Duke dined with us, in very good spirits, and
+agreeable as he always is, though not so communicative and free
+as he used to be. He had never told Francis Leveson about the
+Duke of Northumberland[26] till Sunday, when he wrote to announce
+the appointment. His Grace seems mightily pleased with it, and
+fancies that his figure and his fortune are more than enough to
+make him a very good Lord-Lieutenant. He says he was obliged to
+coax him a little to get him to accept it.
+
+     [26] [Hugh, third Duke of Northumberland, was declared
+          Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland on the recall of Lord
+          Anglesey.]
+
+[Page Head: THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER I.]
+
+He said that he was on the best terms with France, talked of
+Russia and her losses in the war, adding that the notion of her
+power was at an end. He believed that the Russians were
+numerically as strong as the Turks in the last campaign, and they
+were much more numerous than they said: first, _because_ they
+said they were not so; and secondly, that he had other reasons
+for believing it; he thought they had begun the campaign with
+160,000 men and had lost 120,000.[27] They were talking of St.
+Petersburg and its palaces. The Duke said that the fortunes of
+the great Russian nobles--the Tolstoys, &c.--were so diminished
+that they lived in corners of their great palaces; but this was
+owing to the division of property and the great military
+colonies, by which the Crown lands were absorbed, and the
+Emperors had no longer the means of enriching the nobles by
+enormous donations as formerly. When to these circumstances are
+added the amelioration of the condition of the serfs, and the
+spirit of general improvement, and the growth of Liberal ideas,
+generated by intercommunication with the rest of Europe, it is
+impossible to doubt that a revolution must overtake Russia within
+a short period, and probably the Emperor has undertaken this war
+in order to give vent to the restless humours which are beginning
+to work. I said so to Lord Bathurst, and he replied that 'he
+thought so too, but that the present Emperor was a man of great
+firmness,' as if any individual authority or character could stem
+the torrent of determined action impelled by universal revolution
+of feeling and opinion. He said the late Emperor was so well
+aware of this that he died of the vexation it had caused him,
+which was aggravated by the reflection that he was in great
+measure himself the cause of it. He was so bit by Liberal
+opinions, and so delighted with the effects he saw in other
+countries flowing from the diffusion of intelligence and freedom,
+that he wished to engraft these dangerous exotics upon the rude
+and unprepared soil of his own slavish community. When he went to
+Oxford he was so captivated with the venerable grandeur of that
+University that he declared he would build one when he got
+home, and it is equally true that he said he 'would have an
+Opposition.' These follies were engendered in the brain of a very
+intelligent man by the mixture of such crudities with an
+unbounded volition, and the whole fermented by a lively
+imagination and a sincere desire to confer great benefits on his
+country.
+
+     [27] [This seems an extraordinary statement, but it shows
+          how well informed the Duke was. In Major von Moltke's
+          narrative of the campaign of 1828 he estimates the
+          average force of the Russian army at 100,000. But from
+          May 1828 to February 1829 no less than 210,108 men
+          passed through the hospitals, or died in them. So that,
+          as Moltke remarks, in the course of those ten months
+          every man in his army was twice in hospital. Never did
+          an army suffer more severely from sickness.]
+
+
+January 25th, 1829 {p.159}
+
+Lord Anglesey's departure from Dublin was very fine, and his
+answer to the addresses good. I fancy George Villiers had some
+hand in penning them. The Duke when he dined with us the other
+day said that a Russian Extraordinary Ambassador was coming here
+to overhaul Lieven, a M. Matuscewitz. He is the principal writer
+in their Foreign Office, a clever man. Their despatches are more
+able than they used to be, but the Duke said that the Turkish
+offices are better conducted than any, and the Turkish Ministers
+extremely able. Lord Bathurst told me he had lately read the
+minutes of a conversation between the Reis-Effendi and the Allied
+Ministers after the battle of Navarino, when they were ignorant
+whether the Turk had received intelligence of the event, and that
+his superiority over them was exceedingly striking. This was the
+conference in which when they asked him 'supposing such an event
+had happened, what he should say to it,' he replied 'that in his
+country they never named a child till its sex was ascertained.'
+
+Everybody thinks the appointment of the Duke of Northumberland a
+very good one, and that the Duke is in great luck to get him. It
+is surprising that he should have consented to go, but he
+probably likes to do something and display his magnificence. He
+is a very good sort of man, with a very narrow understanding, an
+eternal talker, and prodigious bore. The Duchess is a more
+sensible woman, and amiable and good-humoured. He is supposed to
+be ruled in all things by her advice; he has no political
+opinions, and though he has hitherto voted against the Catholics,
+he is one of the people who pin their faith on the Duke, and who
+are made to vote in any way and upon anything as he may please to
+desire them.
+
+This pension of Lady Westmeath's makes a great noise, and it is
+generally believed that when Lord Anglesey refused to grant it
+the Duke got the King's sign manual for it, and the job was done.
+The truth is that Lord Anglesey had at first refused, or rather
+expressed his disapprobation, and asked the Duke if the King had
+commanded it, to which the Duke sent an angry answer that he
+might have been sure he should not have recommended it but by the
+King's commands. M---- told me the pension (£400) was granted
+four months ago, for he signed the warrant himself.
+
+Polignac is gone to Paris, but the Duke thinks not to be
+Minister. Polignac told him that he wished to return here, as he
+thought he could do more good here than there.
+
+[Page Head: THE STATE PAPER OFFICE.]
+
+Yesterday I went with Amyot to the State Paper Office to look
+after my Council books. I found one book belonging to my office
+and nearly thirty volumes of the 'Register of the Council of
+State,'[28] which I mean to ask for, but which I suppose they
+will refuse. Amyot suggests that as all the acts of the Council
+of State were illegal and of no authority they cannot be
+considered as belonging to the Council Office, and are merely
+historical records without an official character. I shall try,
+however, to get them. Mr. Lemon showed us a great many curious
+papers. When he first had the care of the State papers they were
+in the greatest confusion, and he has been diligently employed in
+reducing them to order. Every day has brought to light documents
+of importance and interest which as they are successively found
+are classed and arranged and rendered disposable for literary and
+historical purposes.
+
+     [28] [Of the time of the Commonwealth. The 'Privy Council
+          Register' extends from the last years of Henry VIII. to
+          the present time, not including the Commonwealth.]
+
+Lemon has found papers relating to the Powder Plot alone
+sufficient to make two quarto volumes, exceedingly curious; all
+Garnett's original papers, and I hope hereafter they will be
+published.[29] We saw the famous letter to Lord Mounteagle, of
+which Lemon said he had, he thought, discovered the author. It
+has been attributed to Mrs. Abington, Lord Mounteagle's sister,
+but he thinks it was written by Mrs. Vaux, who was a friend of
+hers, and mistress, probably, of Garnett; it is to her that many
+of Garnett's letters are addressed. It seems that Mrs. Vaux and
+Mrs. Abington were both present at the great meeting of the
+conspirators at Hendlip, and he thinks that the latter, desirous
+of saving her brother's life, prevailed on Mrs. Vaux to write the
+letter, for the handwriting exactly corresponds with some other
+writing of hers which he has seen. There is a remarkable paper
+written by King James with directions what questions should be
+put to Guy Faux, and ending with a recommendation that he should
+be tortured first gently, and then more severely as might be
+necessary. Then the depositions of Faux in the Tower, which had
+been taken down (contrary to his desire) in writing, and which he
+was compelled to sign upon the rack; his signature was written in
+faint and trembling characters, and his strength had evidently
+failed in the middle, for he had only written 'Guido.' There is a
+distinct admission in the Plot papers in Garnett's own hand that
+he came to a knowledge of the Plot otherwise than by the
+Sacrament of Confession, which oversets Lingard; a paragraph by
+which it is clear that the Pope knew of it; and a curious paper
+in which, having sworn that he had never written certain letters,
+which letters were produced when he was taxed with the false
+oath, Garnett boldly justifies himself, and says that they ought
+not to have questioned him on the subject, having the letters in
+their hands, and that he had a right to deny what he believed
+they could not prove--a very remarkable exposition of the tenets
+of his order and the doctrines of equivocation.
+
+     [29] [The substance of these papers has since been published
+          by the late David Jardine, Esq., in his excellent
+          'Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot.' (Murray, London,
+          1857.) Some of the particulars here referred to by Mr.
+          Greville are not strictly accurate, or at least have
+          not been confirmed by subsequent investigation. It is
+          not probable that the letter to Lord Mounteagle was
+          written by Mrs. Abington or by Mrs. Vaux, nor is it at
+          all certain that either of these ladies had any
+          knowledge of the Plot. Mr. Jardine ascribes the letter
+          to Tresham ('Narrative,' &c., p. 83). Garnett's
+          admissions are printed in Jardine's Appendix. His
+          knowledge of the Plot was derived from Greenway, a
+          priest to whom Catesby had revealed it in confession.
+          The Pope was probably not privy to the Plot. The
+          celebrated 'Treatise on Equivocation' was found in
+          Tresham's desk. The identical copy with Garnett's notes
+          is still in the Bodleian; it was reprinted in 1851.]
+
+When I came away from the State Paper Office I met George Dawson,
+and we had a long conversation about Irish affairs, from which I
+gathered what is to be done. The Catholic question is to be
+conceded, the elective franchise altered, and the Association
+suppressed. This latter is, I take it, to be a preliminary
+measure, and I suspect the Duke went to the King on Monday with
+the resolution of the Cabinet on the subject, and I think so the
+more because the Archbishop was sent for post-haste just before
+he went. Dawson talked to me a great deal about his speech at
+Derry, and said that so many of his friends were aware of the
+change in his opinions that he thought it more fair and manly to
+declare them at once in public than to use any dissimulation with
+his constituents and leave them to be guessed at, as if he dared
+not own them; that he had made a great sacrifice, for he had
+risked his seat, which was very secure before, and had quarrelled
+with Peel, with his family, and with all his old political
+friends and associates. We talked a great deal about Peel, and I
+see clearly that he has given way; probably they have compromised
+the business, and he agrees to the Emancipation part, in order to
+have the Association suppressed and the 40s. freeholders
+disfranchised. Lord Anglesey always said that his removal would
+facilitate the business, for the Duke wished to have all the
+credit of it to himself, and had no mind to divide it with him,
+whereas if Lord Anglesey had remained the chief credit would have
+fallen to his share.
+
+[Page Head: NAVARINO.]
+
+I met Sir Edward Codrington in the morning, and walked with him
+to Downing Street, where he was going to talk to the Duke about
+his Navarino business. He is mightily incensed, thinks he has
+been scandalously used both by Dudley and Aberdeen, is ready to
+tell his story and show his documents to anybody, and says he is
+resolved the whole matter shall come out, and in the House of
+Commons if he can produce it. God knows how his case will turn
+out, but I never saw a man so well satisfied with himself. He
+says that the action at Navarino was, as an achievement, nothing
+to the affair at Patras, when with one line-of-battle ship, one
+frigate, and a corvette he drove before him Ibrahim and four
+Turkish admirals and a numerous fleet.
+
+
+February 4th, 1829 {p.163}
+
+Went to Middleton last Friday; very few people. I returned by
+Oxford, and called on Dr. Bandinell, who took me to the Bodleian.
+I could not find any Council books, but I had not much time to
+devote to the search. Dr. Bandinell promised to inform me if he
+could find any books or manuscripts relating to my office. I was
+surprised to find in the Bodleian a vast number of books
+(manuscripts) which had belonged to Pepys. I came to town on
+Monday night, and found that the concession of Catholic
+Emancipation was generally known; the 'Times' had an article on
+Friday which clearly announced it. The rage and despair of the
+Orange papers is very amusing. I have not yet heard how the King
+took it all. Glad as I am that the measure is going to be
+carried, the conduct of all those who are to assist in it (the
+old anti-Catholics) seems to me despicable to the greatest
+degree; having opposed it against all reason and common sense for
+years past, now that the Duke of Wellington lifts up his finger
+they all obey, and without any excuse for their past or present
+conduct. The most agreeable event, if it turns out to be true, is
+the defection of Dr. Philpots, whose conduct and that of others
+of his profession will probably not be without its due effect in
+sapping the foundations of the Church. All the details that I
+have yet learnt confirm my opinion that the spirit in which the
+Duke and his colleagues approach this great measure is not that
+of calm and deliberate political reasoning, but a fearful sense
+of necessity and danger, to which they submit with extreme
+repugnance and with the most miserable feelings of pique and
+mortification at being compelled to adopt it. The Duke and Peel
+wrote to Francis Leveson, complaining of my brother's having
+met Shiel at dinner, and they were so enraged with George
+Villiers[30] that they seriously meditated turning him out of his
+office. Wretched and contemptible to the greatest degree! They
+are now exceedingly annoyed because it is discovered that Woulffe
+was once a member of the Association, and would willingly have
+him turned out of the place of Assistant-Barrister, which has
+just been given to him; but Francis is resolved to maintain him
+in it. They say the Duke sent a copy of the King's Speech to Lord
+Eldon.
+
+     [30] [Mr. George Villiers, then an Irish Commissioner of
+          Customs (afterwards Earl of Clarendon), had cultivated
+          the society of Shiel and invited him to dinner. Such an
+          attention from an English official to an Irish Catholic
+          was at that time an unheard-of innovation. Shiel told
+          his host that he had never dined in a Protestant house
+          before. The Duke of Wellington took great umbrage at
+          what he considered an unwarrantable breach of official
+          decorum.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 5th, 1829 {p.164}
+
+Went to Brookes' yesterday, and found all the Whigs very merry at
+the Catholic news. Most of them were just come to town and had
+heard nothing till they arrived. The old Tories dreadfully
+dejected, but obliged to own it was all true; intense curiosity
+to hear what Peel will say for himself. The general opinion seems
+to be that the Duke has managed the matter extremely well, which
+I am disposed to think too, but there is always a disposition to
+heap praise upon him whenever it is possible. Nobody yet knows
+who are converted and who are not; they talk of nine bishops; I
+think he will have them all, and I expect a very great majority
+in the House of Lords. Many people expect that Wilmot's plan will
+be adopted, restraining the Catholics from voting in matters
+concerning the Church, which I do not believe, for Wilmot is at a
+discount and his plan is absurd and impracticable. Lord Harrowby,
+however, is all for it. I hear many of the Liberals are
+exceedingly provoked, and not unnaturally, at the Duke's
+effecting this measure, at which they have been so long labouring
+in vain, and give as many spiteful flings at him as they can
+about the insincerity of his letter to Curtis. It matters very
+little now whether he was sincere or not. It evidently was part
+of his plan to keep it all secret till it was matured, and as
+Curtis chose to ask him questions he was quite right to throw
+dust in his eyes.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER V.
+
+The Catholic Relief Bill--Inconsistency of the Tories--The
+  Catholic Association--Dinner at Charles Grant's--The Terceira
+  Expedition--Tory Discontent--Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford
+  University--A Blunder in Chancery--The Oxford Election--
+  Influence of the Duke of Wellington--Debate of Royal Dukes--
+  Peel beaten--Sir Edward Codrington--Violence of the King--
+  Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill--The Duke of Cumberland--
+  Furious State of Parties--Matuscewitz--Peel's Speech on
+  Catholic Emancipation--Exclusion of O'Connell from his Seat for
+  Clare--Pitt's View of Catholic Emancipation--'Musae
+  Cateatonenses'--'Thorough'--Mr. Lowther not turned out--Duke of
+  Newcastle's Audience of George IV.--The King's Personal
+  Habits--The Debate--Mr. Sadler--Hardness of the Duke of
+  Wellington--His Duel with Lord Winchelsea--The Bishops and the
+  Bill--Sir Charles Wetherell--The King on the Duel--Lord
+  Winchelsea's Pocket-handkerchief--Debate on the Catholic Bill--
+  The Duke of Richmond--Effects of Dawson's Speech on the King--
+  The Bill in Jeopardy--Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey--Lord
+  Falmouth and Lord Grey--O'Connell at Dinner--The Duke breaks
+  with Lord Eldon--Hibner the Murderess--Theatrical Fund--The
+  Levee--The Duke's Carriage stopped--The King's Health--Lady
+  Conyngham--O'Connell's Seat--Child's Ball at Court--Princess
+  Victoria--Legal Appointments--Lord Palmerston on Foreign
+  Affairs--The King and Lord Sefton--The King's Speech on the
+  Prorogation--Madame du Cayla--George IV.'s Inaccuracy--
+  Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on the King and the Duke
+  of Cumberland.
+
+
+[Page Head: PEEL'S SPEECH ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+February 6th, 1829 {p.166}
+
+Parliament met yesterday; a very full attendance and intense
+interest and curiosity. The King's Speech, which was long and
+better written than usual, was not quite satisfactory to the
+Catholics. I met Lord Harrowby coming from the House of Lords,
+and he said they did not like it at all; the previous suppression
+of the Association was what they disliked. However, all
+discontent was removed by Peel's speech, which was deemed (as to
+the intentions of Ministers) perfectly satisfactory even by those
+who were most prejudiced before against Government. I was in the
+House of Commons. Peel was very feeble, and his case for himself
+poor and ineffective; all he said was true enough, but it was
+only what had been said to him over and over again for years
+past, and he did not urge a single argument for acquiescing now
+which was not equally applicable to his situation two years ago.
+However, everybody was so glad to have the measure carried that
+they did not care to attack Peel or his speech, though if there
+had been a Brunswicker of any talent in the House he might have
+cut it up finely; two or three of them spoke, but wretchedly ill,
+and Lord Chandos was not at all violent, which I expected he
+would have been. Lord Eldon was violent but impotent, in the
+House of Lords, and Lord Bathurst made a sort of explanation
+which was very poor.
+
+On leaving the House of Commons I fell in with Burdett, Lord
+Sefton, and G. Bentinck, and they all owned that the business is
+very handsomely done; and Morpeth and many others whom I saw
+afterwards at the Club are quite satisfied. They would have
+preferred that the Catholic Relief Bill and the suppression of
+the Association should have gone together, but do not make any
+difficulties on this head, and acknowledge (which is the truth)
+that the Duke was probably obliged to do something to cajole the
+Tories, and give some colour to their conduct. I sat next to
+Fitzgerald in the House, who is not yet re-elected, and he told
+me that this was absolutely necessary. He was of course delighted
+and said, 'How right Lord Francis was to trust to the Duke,'
+which, however, is all nonsense. He had no reason to trust to him
+at all, and I really believe would not have continued in office
+as Irish Secretary unless he had adopted this measure. He owned
+as Peel was speaking that he was not doing it well; he was feeble
+and diffuse in the beginning, and too full of civilities and
+appeals to Bankes and his old associates. However, thank God, the
+event is accomplished, no matter how; probably it could not have
+been done without the concurrence of these Tories, who have, I
+think, certainly lost their character by their conduct; and there
+is this evil in the history of the measure, that a blow will have
+been given to the reputation of public men in general which will,
+I strongly suspect, have an important though not immediate effect
+upon the aristocratic influence in this country, and tend
+remotely to increase the democratic spirit which exists. In all
+these proceedings there has been so little of reason, principle,
+or consistency; so much of prejudice, subserviency, passion, and
+interest, that it is impossible not to feel a disgust to parties
+in general. The conduct of those idiots the Brunswickers is
+respectable in comparison with such men as the High Churchmen;
+and the Whigs and Catholic supporters, however they may have
+suffered before, in this matter stand clear and have only grounds
+for exultation. They accept the measure with great moderation,
+and are not disposed to mar the success of it by the introduction
+of any topics likely to create ill blood, nor to damp the ardour
+of new converts by throwing their former follies in their faces.
+
+Now, then, the Duke is all-powerful, and of course he will get
+all the honour of the day. Not that he does not deserve a great
+deal for having made up his mind to the thing; he has managed it
+with firmness, prudence, and dexterity; but to O'Connell and the
+Association, and those who have fought the battle on both sides
+of the water, the success of the measure is due. Indeed, Peel
+said as much, for it was the Clare election which convinced both
+him and the Duke that it must be done, and from that time the
+only question was whether he should be a party to it or not. If
+the Irish Catholics had not brought matters to this pass by
+agitation and association, things might have remained as they
+were for ever, and all these Tories would have voted on till the
+day of their death against them.
+
+Mahony, who is here, has written over to O'Connell, as have all
+the other Catholics, to implore him to use his whole influence to
+procure the dissolution of the Association, and it is said that
+O'Connell had an idea of resigning his seat for Clare to Vesey,
+on the ground that, having turned him out because he had joined a
+Government hostile to their claims, he owed him this reparation
+on finding it not to be the case. But I doubt whether this scheme
+is practicable; still, I think if O'Connell could do it it would
+be a good thing, and serve to reconcile the people here to him,
+and give a great lift to his character. I expect to hear that the
+Association has dissolved itself on receiving intelligence of the
+proceedings in the House of Commons. Lord Anglesey spoke very
+well, but nobody will care for his case now; besides, I doubt his
+making out a good one. The fact is that they laid a trap for him,
+and that he fell into it; that the Duke's letters became more
+insulting, and that a prudent man would have avoided the snare
+into which his high spirit and passion precipitated him.
+
+
+[Page Head: DINNER AT CHARLES GRANT'S]
+
+February 8th, 1829
+
+Peel spoke on Friday night better than he did on Thursday.
+Huskisson made a spiteful speech, and George Dawson one which I
+heard Huskisson say he thought one of the neatest speeches he had
+ever heard. I dined yesterday with all the Huskissonians at
+Grant's. There were there Lords Granville, Palmerston, and
+Melbourne, Huskisson, Warrender, and one or two more. Huskisson
+is in good humour and spirits, but rather bitter; he said that if
+Peel had asked the advice of a friend what he should do, the
+advice would have been for his own honour to resign. I said I did
+not think Peel would have got credit by resigning. He said, 'But
+don't you think he has quite lost it by staying in?' He owned,
+however, that the Duke could not have carried it without Peel,
+that his influence with the Church party is so great that his
+continuance was indispensable to the Duke.
+
+This affair of the Portuguese at Terceira[1] (which certainly,
+unless it can be explained, seems a gross outrage) they all fell
+upon very severely, and Lord Harrowby told me afterwards he could
+not understand it, and thought for the honour of the country it
+should be explained forthwith.
+
+      [1] [In December 1828 an expedition, consisting of 652
+          Portuguese refugees of the party of the Queen, sailed
+          from England for Terceira in four vessels, under the
+          command of Count Saldanha. Terceira held for the Queen,
+          and arms and ammunition had previously been sent them
+          from England. The British Government ordered Captain
+          Walpole, of the 'Ranger' to stop this expedition off
+          Terceira, which he did by firing a gun into Saldanha's
+          ship. The ground taken by the Duke of Wellington in
+          defence of this measure was his resolution to maintain
+          the neutrality of England between the two parties then
+          contending for the Crown of Portugal. But the
+          proceeding was vehemently attacked in Parliament and
+          elsewhere.]
+
+[Page Head: DISCONTENT OF THE TORIES.]
+
+We are now beginning to discover different people's feelings
+about this Catholic business, and it is clear that many of the
+great Tories are deeply offended that the Duke was not more
+communicative to them, principally, it seems, because they have
+continued to talk in an opposite sense and in their old strain up
+to the last moment, thereby committing themselves, and thus
+becoming ridiculous by the sudden turn they are obliged to make.
+This they cannot forgive, and many of them are extremely out of
+humour, although not disposed to oppose the Duke. The Duke of
+Rutland means to go to Belvoir, and not vote at all. The Duke of
+Beaufort does not like it, but will support the measure. Lowther
+has been to the King, and it is supposed he has resigned. They
+complain that the Duke has thrown them over, still nobody doubts
+that he will have great majorities in both Houses. It was
+asserted most positively at Brookes' yesterday that Peel's offer
+of resigning his seat at Oxford had been accepted. In Dublin the
+moderate people are furious with O'Connell for his abuse of
+everybody. There is no getting over the fact that he it is who
+has brought matters to this conclusion, and that but for him the
+Catholic question would never have been carried; but his
+violence, bad taste, and scurrility have made him 'lose the
+lustre of his former praise.'
+
+
+February 9th, 1829 {p.179}
+
+I called at Devonshire House in the morning, and there found
+Princess Lieven very eloquent and very angry about the Terceira
+business, which certainly requires explanation. She is very
+hostile to the Duke, which is natural, as he is anti-Russian, and
+they have never got over their old quarrel. Saldanha got up a
+_coup de théâtre_ on board his ship. When Walpole fired on him a
+man was killed, and when the English officer came on board he had
+the corpse stretched out and covered by a cloak, which was
+suddenly withdrawn, and Saldanha said, 'Voilà un fidèle sujet de
+la Reine, qui a toujours été loyal, assassiné,' &c.
+
+Went from thence to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who declaimed against
+O'Connell and wants to have a provision in the Bill to prevent
+his sitting for Clare, which I trust is only her folly, and that
+there is no chance of such a thing. The Duke came in while I was
+there. He said he had no doubt he should do very well in the
+House of Lords, but up to that time he could only (that he knew
+of for certain) reduce the majority of last year to twenty. He
+did not count bishops, of whom he said he knew nothing, but the
+three Irish bishops would vote with him. There were many others
+he did not doubt would, but he could only count upon that number.
+He held some proxies, which he said he would not make use of,
+such as Lord Strangford's, as he could not hear from him in time,
+and would not use anybody's proxy for this question who had voted
+against it before. I told him how peevish the Duke of Rutland,
+and Beaufort, and others of the High Tories were, but he only
+laughed. In the evening Fitzgerald told me that the Convocation
+at Oxford had accepted Peel's resignation of his seat for the
+University, but left the time to him. It seems to me that this
+affair was mismanaged. In the first instance Peel wrote to the
+Dean of Christ Church, but he and Lloyd[2] agreed that he ought
+to write to the Vice-Chancellor, which he did. The Vice-Chancellor
+did not read his letter till after they had voted the address
+to Parliament by three to one, after which it was difficult for
+them to express anything but disapprobation of Peel's conduct;
+whereas if the Vice-Chancellor had read it first, probably the
+petition would not have been carried, or at any rate not by so
+large a majority. He had better have carried his Bill through
+and then resigned, when I have no doubt he would have been
+re-elected; very likely he may be as it is.
+
+      [2] [The Bishop of Oxford, one of Sir Robert Peel's most
+          intimate friends.]
+
+Tom Duncombe is going to make another appearance on the boards of
+St. Stephen's, on the Terceira business, and he is to give notice
+to-night. He has been with Palmella and Frederick Lamb, who are
+both to assist in getting up his case, and he expects to be
+supported by some of the Whigs and by the Huskissonians, which
+latter are evidently anxious to do anything they can to embarrass
+the Government. I know nothing of the case, which, _primâ facie_,
+appears much against Government; but the moment is so ill-chosen,
+in the midst of this great pending affair, that I think they will
+make nothing of it. Palmella is a great fool for his pains, for
+in clamouring against the Duke he is only kicking against the
+pricks. As to Duncombe, he is egged on by Lambton and instructed
+by Henry de Ros, who cares nothing about the matter, and only
+does it for the fun of the thing. I have no idea but that
+Duncombe must cut a sorry figure when he steps out of the line of
+personal abuse and impertinence.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 11th, 1829 {p.172}
+
+Nothing is thought of or talked of but the Catholic question;
+what Peers and bishops will vote for it? who voted before against
+it? There is hardly any other feeling than that of satisfaction,
+except on the part of the ultra-Tories, who do not attempt to
+conceal their rage and vexation; the moderate Tories, who are
+mortified at not having been told of what was going on; and
+Huskisson's party, who would have been glad to have a share in
+the business, and who now see themselves in all probability
+excluded for ever. O'Connell arrived yesterday; it is supposed he
+will not take his seat, but he does not seem inclined to
+co-operate with Government in keeping things quiet. However, his
+real disposition is not yet known, and probably he has not made
+up his mind what to do, but waits for events. Notwithstanding the
+declaration of the bishops, I do not believe they will vote
+against Government. Peel spoke very well last night, and severely
+trimmed old Bankes, which gives me great pleasure, so much do I
+hate that old worn-out set. How this change of measures changes
+one's whole way of thinking; though I have nothing to do with
+politics, I cannot help being influenced to an extraordinary
+degree by what has passed, and can understand from my own
+feelings how those who are deeply engaged may be biassed by the
+prejudices and attachments of party without any imputation
+against their sincerity or judgment. When we see men pursuing a
+course of which we greatly disapprove, all their actions and
+motives are suspected by us, and _vice versâ_. We lend a willing
+ear to imputations of vanity, interest, and other unworthy
+motives, and when we cannot explain or comprehend the particulars
+of men's conduct, we judge them unfavourably while we are opposed
+to their measures; but when they do what we wish, we see the same
+things very differently, and begin to hesitate about the justice
+of our censures and the suspicions which we previously entertained.
+It is pretty clear that the Duke will have a good majority in the
+House of Lords, and that many Peers and bishops will find excuses
+between this and then for voting with him or remaining neutral.
+
+A ridiculous thing happened the other day in the Vice-Chancellor's
+Court. Sugden had taken a brief on each side of a case without
+knowing it. Home, who opened on one side and was followed by
+another lawyer, was to be answered by Sugden; but he, having got
+hold of the wrong brief, spoke the same way as Home. The
+Vice-Chancellor said coolly, 'Mr. Sugden is with you?' 'Sir,'
+said Home, 'his argument is with us, but he is engaged on the
+other side.' Finding himself in a scrape, he said 'it was true he
+held a brief for the other party, but for no client would he ever
+argue against what he knew to be a clear rule of law.' However,
+the Court decided against them all.
+
+
+February 13th, 1829 {p.173}
+
+Still the Catholic question and the probable numbers in the House
+of Lords; nobody talks of anything else. Lord Winchelsea makes an
+ass of himself, and would like to be sent to the Tower, but
+nobody will mind anything such a blockhead says. Lord Holland
+talks of a majority of sixty in the Lords. I walked with
+Ebrington to O'Connell's door the other day; he went in. The next
+day I asked him what had passed. He said that he had pressed him
+strongly to dissolve the Association; O'Connell said he could not
+press it himself, but would write to Ireland that it was the
+unanimous opinion of all the friends of the cause here that it
+should be done. The fact is, he does not dare to acquiesce in all
+the measures of Government, though there is little doubt but that
+he desires to see an end to associations and agitations. Lady
+Jersey affects to be entirely in the Duke's confidence. She said
+to Lord Granville at Madame de Lieven's the other night that 'she
+made it a rule never to talk to the Duke about affairs in
+public,' and she said to me last night that she had known what
+was to be done about the Catholics all along. Certainly she
+contrives to make the Duke see a great deal of her, for he calls
+on her, and writes to her perpetually, but I doubt whether he
+tells her much of anything. Some of the household have made a
+struggle to be exempted from the general obligation on all
+members of Government to vote for the Bill, but the Duke will not
+stand it, and they must all vote or go out. The Privy Seal was
+offered to Lord Westmoreland, but he refused, and his answer was
+good--that if he had been in the Cabinet, he might possibly have
+seen the same grounds for changing his mind on the Catholic
+question that the other Ministers did; but not having had those
+opportunities, he retained his former opinions, and therefore
+could not accept office.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 22nd, 1829 {p.174}
+
+Went to Newmarket last Sunday and came back on Thursday. Still
+the Catholic question and nothing else. Everybody believed that
+the Duke of Cumberland would support Government till he made
+this last speech. He went to the King, who desired him to call
+on the Duke, and when he got to town he went uninvited to dine
+with him. There has been nothing of consequence in either House,
+except the dressing which Lord Plunket gave Lord Eldon, though
+that hard-bitten old dog shows capital fight. Peel has got a
+most active and intelligent committee at Oxford, and they
+consider his election safe. Inglis's committee, on the contrary,
+is composed of men not much better than old women, except Fynes
+Clinton, the chairman. Every day the majority promises to be
+greater in the House of Lords, but it is very ridiculous to see
+the faces many of these Tory Lords make at swallowing the
+bitter pill. Too great a noise is made about Peel and his
+sacrifices, but he must be supported and praised at this
+juncture. It is not for those who have been labouring in this
+cause, and want his assistance, to reject him or treat him
+uncivilly now that he tenders it. But as to the body of the High
+Tories, it is impossible not to regard their conduct with
+disgust and contempt, for now they feel only for themselves,
+and it is not apprehension of those dangers they have been
+constantly crying out about that affects them, but the necessity
+they are under of making such a sudden turn, and bitter
+mortification at having been kept in total ignorance, and,
+consequently, having been led to hold the same violent language
+up to the last moment. If Canning had lived, God knows what
+would have happened, for they never would have turned round for
+him as they are now about to do for the Duke. The circumstances
+of the case are just the same; since 1825 the same game has been
+going on in Ireland, and in the same manner, and the Clare
+election was only what had happened at Waterford before. All
+this has given a blow to the aristocracy, which men only laugh
+at now, but of which the effects will be felt some day or other.
+Who will have any dependence hereafter on the steadiness and
+consistency of public men, and what credit will be given to
+professions and declarations? I am glad to see them dragged
+through the mire, as far as the individuals are concerned, but I
+am sorry for the effect that such conduct is likely to produce.
+There was a capital paper of Cobbett's yesterday, in his best
+style. Many Liberals are uneasy about what are called the
+securities, and when the Duke tells Lord Colchester that if he
+will wait he will be satisfied with the Bill, it is enough to
+make them so; but my hopes predominate over my fears. Yesterday
+Vesey Fitzgerald said that 'we had not yet seen what some people
+might consider the objectionable parts of the measure, but that,
+though certain things might be necessary, the Government are
+impressed with the paramount necessity of not leaving the
+Catholic question behind them, and that the Duke was a man of
+too firm a mind not to go through with it;' and I think he said
+distinctly that Catholics and Protestants must be placed on an
+equal footing, or something to that effect. He went off into a
+panegyric on the Duke, and said that seeing him as he did for
+several hours every day, he had opportunities of finding out
+what an extraordinary man he was, and that it was remarkable
+what complete ascendency he had acquired over all who were about
+him. The English of this is (what everybody knew) that he
+dictates to his Cabinet. The fact is, he is a man of great
+energy, decision, and authority, and his character has been
+formed by the events of his life, and by the extraordinary
+circumstances which have raised him to a situation higher than
+any subject has attained in modern times. That his great
+influence is indispensable to carry this question, and therefore
+most useful at this time, cannot be doubted, for he can address
+the King in a style which no other Minister could adopt. He
+treats with him as with an equal, and the King stands completely
+in awe of him. It will be long before a correct and impartial
+estimate is formed of the Duke's character and abilities; his
+talents, however, must be of a very superior, though not of the
+most shining description. Whatever he may be, he is at this
+moment one of the most powerful Ministers this country has ever
+seen. The greatest Ministers have been obliged to bend to the
+King, or the aristocracy, or the Commons, but he commands them
+all. M---- told me that he had not seen the King, but that he
+heard he was as sulky as a bear, and that he was sure he would
+be very glad if anything happened to defeat this measure, though
+he is too much afraid of the Duke to do anything himself tending
+to thwart it.
+
+The Emperor of Russia is extremely disgusted at the language of
+the newspapers here, and desired his Minister to complain of it,
+and the Duke wrote the answer himself, in which he entered at
+great length into the character and utility of the press in this
+country, a dissertation affording a proof certainly of his
+quickness and industry, overwhelmed as he is with business. The
+Duke of Richmond offered to give up his Garter, but the Duke
+would not take it back.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE OF THE ROYAL DUKES.]
+
+February 26th, 1829 {p.177}
+
+The debate on Monday night in the House of Lords was very
+amusing. It was understood the Duke of Clarence was to speak, and
+there was a good deal of curiosity to hear him. Lord Bathurst was
+in a great fright lest he should be violent and foolish. He made
+a very tolerable speech, of course with a good deal of stuff in
+it, but such as it was it has exceedingly disconcerted the other
+party. The three royal Dukes Clarence, Cumberland, and Sussex got
+up one after another, and attacked each other (that is, Clarence
+and Sussex attacked Cumberland, and he them) very vehemently, and
+they used towards each other language that nobody else could have
+ventured to employ; so it was a very droll scene. The Duke of
+Clarence said the attacks on the Duke [of Wellington] had been
+_infamous_; the Duke of Cumberland took this to himself, but when
+he began to answer it could not recollect the expression, which
+the Duke of Clarence directly supplied. 'I said "infamous."' The
+Duke of Sussex said that the Duke of Clarence had not intended to
+apply the word to the Duke of Cumberland, but if he chose to take
+it to himself he might. Then the Duke of Clarence said that the
+Duke of Cumberland had lived so long abroad that he had forgotten
+there was such a thing as freedom of debate.
+
+
+February 27th, 1829 {p.177}
+
+They say Plunket made one of the best speeches he ever delivered
+last night, and Lord Anglesey spoke very well. There was hardly
+anybody in the House. Peel's election [Oxford University] is
+going on ill. The Convocation presents a most disgraceful scene
+of riot and uproar. I went to the Committee Room last night at
+twelve, and found nobody there but Dr. Russell, the head-master
+of the Charterhouse, who was waiting for Hobhouse and amusing
+himself by correcting his boys' exercises. He knew me, though he
+had not seen me for nearly twenty years, when I was at school. I
+shall be sorry if Peel does not come in, not that I care much for
+him, but because I cannot bear that his opponents should have a
+triumph.
+
+Lady Georgiana Bathurst told me she had had a great scene with
+the Duke of Cumberland. She told him not to be factious and to go
+back to Germany; he was very angry, and after much argument and
+many reproaches they made it up, embraced, and he shed a flood of
+tears.
+
+I met with these lines in 'The Duke of Milan' (Massinger), which
+are very applicable to the Duke in his dealings with his Cabinet
+and his old friends the Tories:--
+
+      You never heard the motives that induced him
+      To this strange course? No; these are cabinet councils,
+      And not to be communicated but
+      To such as are his own and sure. Alas!
+      We fill up empty places, and in public
+      Are taught to give our suffrages to that
+      Which was before determined.
+
+
+March 1st, 1829 {p.178}
+
+As the time draws near for the development of the plans of
+Government a good deal of uneasiness and doubt prevails, though
+the general disposition is to rely on the Duke of Wellington's
+firmness and decision and to hope for the best. Peel's defeat at
+Oxford,[3] though not likely to have any effect on the general
+measure, is unlucky, because it serves to animate the anti-Catholics;
+and had he succeeded, his success would have gone far to silence,
+as it must have greatly discouraged, them. Then the King gives
+the Ministers uneasiness, for the Duke of Cumberland has been
+tampering with him, and through the agency of Lord Farnborough
+great attempts have been made to induce him to throw obstacles in
+the way of the measures. He is very well inclined, and there is
+nothing false or base he would not do if he dared, but he is such
+a coward, and stands in such awe of the Duke, that I don't think
+anything serious is to be apprehended from him. There never was
+anything so mismanaged as the whole affair of Oxford. First the
+letter Peel wrote was very injudicious; it was a tender of
+resignation, which being received just after the vote of
+Convocation, they were obliged to accept it. Then he should
+never have stood unless he had been sure of success, and it
+appears now that his canvass never promised well from the
+beginning. He should have taken the Chiltern Hundreds, and
+immediately informed them that he had done so. Probably no
+opposition would have been made, but after having accepted his
+resignation they could not avoid putting up another man. It
+appears that an immense number of parsons came to vote of whose
+intentions both parties were ignorant, and they almost all voted
+for Inglis.
+
+      [3] [Upon the 4th of February Mr. Peel resigned his seat
+          for the University of Oxford, in consequence of the
+          change of his opinions on the Catholic question. A
+          contest ensued, Sir Robert Harry Inglis being the
+          candidate opposed to Peel. Inglis was returned by a
+          majority of 146. Mr. Peel sat for the borough of
+          Westbury during the ensuing debates.]
+
+[Page Head: SIR E. CODRINGTON AND THE DUKE.]
+
+Codrington was at Brookes' yesterday, telling everybody who would
+listen to him what had passed at an interview, that I have
+mentioned before, with the Duke of Wellington, and how ill the
+Duke had treated him. He said the Duke assured him that neither
+he nor any of his colleagues, nor the Government collectively,
+had any sort of hostility to him, but, on the contrary, regarded
+him as a very meritorious officer, &c. He then said, 'May I,
+then, ask why I was recalled?' The Duke said, 'Because you did
+not understand your instructions in the sense in which they were
+intended by us.' He replied that he had understood them in their
+plain obvious sense, and that everybody else who had seen them
+understood them in the same way--Adam, Ponsonby, Guilleminot,
+&c.--and then he asked the Duke to point out the passages in
+which they differed, to which he said, 'You must excuse me.' All
+this he was telling, and it may be very true, and that he is very
+ill-used; but if he means to bring his case before Parliament, he
+is unwise to chatter about it at Brookes', particularly to Lord
+Lynedoch, to whom he was addressing himself, who is not likely to
+take part with him against the Duke.
+
+
+March 2nd, 1829 {p.179}
+
+Saw M---- yesterday; he has been at Windsor for several days, and
+confirmed all that I had heard before about the King. The Duke of
+Cumberland has worked him into a state of frenzy, and he talks of
+nothing but the Catholic question in the most violent strain.
+M---- told me that his Majesty desired him to tell his household
+that he wished them to vote against the Bill, which M---- of
+course refused to do. I asked him if he had told the Duke of
+Wellington this; he said he had not, but that the day the
+Ministers came to Windsor for the Council (Thursday last, I
+think) he did speak to Peel, and told him the King's violence was
+quite alarming. Peel said he was afraid the King was greatly
+excited, or something to this effect, but seemed embarrassed and
+not very willing to talk about it. The result, however, was that
+the Duke went to him on Friday, and was with him six hours, and
+spoke to his Majesty so seriously and so firmly that he will now
+be quiet. Why the Duke does not insist upon his not seeing the
+Duke of Cumberland I cannot imagine. There never was such a man,
+or behaviour so atrocious as his--a mixture of narrow-mindedness,
+selfishness, truckling, blustering, and duplicity, with no object
+but self, his own ease, and the gratification of his own fancies
+and prejudices, without regard to the advice and opinion of the
+wisest and best informed men or to the interests and tranquillity
+of the country.
+
+
+March 3rd, 1829 {p.180}
+
+Called on H. de Ros yesterday morning, who told me that the Duke
+of Cumberland and his party are still active and very sanguine.
+Madame de Lieven is in all his confidence, who, out of hatred to
+the Duke, would do anything to contribute to his overthrow. The
+Duke of Cumberland tells her everything, and makes her a medium
+of communication with the Huskisson party, who, being animated by
+similar sentiments towards the Duke, the Tories think would
+gladly join them in making a party when the way is clear for
+them. The Chancellor went to Windsor on Sunday, and on to
+Strathfieldsaye at night, where he arrived at three in the
+morning. Yesterday the Duke came to town, but called at Windsor
+on his way. Dawson, however, told me that he believed the Duke in
+_his_ interview on Friday had settled everything with the King,
+and had received most positive assurances from him that no
+further difficulties should be made; but it is quite impossible
+to trust him.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 4th, 1829 {p.180}
+
+Nothing could exceed the consternation which prevailed yesterday
+about this Catholic business. The advocates of the Bill and
+friends of Government were in indescribable alarm, and not
+without good cause. All yesterday it was thought quite uncertain
+whether the Duke's resignation would not take place, and the
+Chancellor himself said that nothing was more likely than that
+they should all go out. On Sunday the King sent for the
+Chancellor; he went, and had an audience in which the King
+pretended that he had not been made aware of all the provisions
+of the Bill, that the securities did not satisfy him, and that he
+could not consent to it. The Chancellor could do nothing
+with him; so instead of returning to town he went on to
+Strathfieldsaye, where the Duke was gone to receive the Judges.
+There he arrived at three in the morning, had a conference of two
+hours with the Duke, and returned to town quite exhausted, to be
+in the House of Lords at ten in the morning. The Duke called at
+Windsor on his way to town on Monday, and had a conversation with
+the King, in which he told him it was now impossible for him to
+recede, and that if his Majesty made any more difficulties he
+must instantly resign. The King said he thought he would not
+desert him under any circumstances, and tried in vain to move
+him, which not being able to do, he said that he must take a day
+to consider his final determination, and would communicate it.
+This he did yesterday afternoon, and he consented to let the Bill
+go on. There was a Cabinet in the morning, and another in the
+evening, the latter about the details of the Bill, for Francis
+Leveson and Doherty were both present.
+
+I met Lord Grey at dinner, and in the evening at Brookes' had a
+great deal of conversation with Scarlett, Duncannon, and Spring
+Rice. They are all much alarmed, and think the case full of
+difficulties, not only from the violence and wavering of the
+King, but from the great objections which so many people have to
+the alteration of the elective franchise. Duncannon says nothing
+shall induce him to support it, and he would rather defeat the
+whole measure than consent to it; Spring Rice, on the contrary,
+is ready to swallow anything to get Emancipation. The object of
+the anti-Catholics is to take advantage of this disunion and of
+the various circumstances which throw difficulties in the way of
+Government, and they think, by availing themselves of them
+dexterously, they will be able to defeat the measure. They all
+seem to think that the Oxford election has been attended with
+most prejudicial effects to the cause. It has served for an
+argument to the Cumberland faction with the King, and has
+influenced his Majesty very much.
+
+Huskisson made a speech last night which must put an end to any
+hopes of assistance to the Opposition from him and his party,
+which it is probable they looked to before, and I dare say the
+Duke of Cumberland has held out such hopes to the King. The
+correspondence between the Duke of Wellington and the Duke of
+Cumberland was pretty violent, I believe, but the Duke of
+Cumberland misrepresents what passed both in it and at their
+interview. He declared to the Duke that he would not interfere in
+any manner, but refused to leave the country; to Madame de Lieven
+he said that the Duke had tried everything--entreaties, threats,
+and bribes--but that he had told him he would not go away, and
+would do all he could to defeat his measures, and that if he were
+to offer him £100,000 to go to Calais he would not take it. The
+degree of agitation, alternate hopes and fears, and excitement of
+every kind cannot be conceived unless seen and mixed in as I see
+and mix in it. Spring Rice said last night he thought those next
+four days to come would be the most important in the history of
+the country of any for ages past, and so they are. I was told
+last night that Knighton has been co-operating with the Duke of
+Cumberland, and done a great deal of mischief, and that he has
+reason to think that K. is intriguing deeply, with the design of
+expelling the Conyngham family from Windsor. This I do not
+believe, and it seems quite inconsistent with what I am also
+told--that the King's dislike of Knighton, and his desire of
+getting rid of him, is just the same, and that no day passes that
+he does not offer Mount Charles Knighton's place, and, what is
+more, that Knighton presses him to take it.
+
+
+March 5th, 1829 {p.182}
+
+Great alarm again yesterday because the Duke, the Chancellor, and
+Peel went down to Windsor again. Dined at Prince Lieven's. In the
+evening we learned that everything was settled--that as soon as
+the King found the Duke would really leave him unless he gave
+way, he yielded directly, and that if the Duke had told him so at
+first he would not have made all this bother. The Duke of
+Cumberland was there (at Lieven's), but did not stay long. I sat
+next to Matuscewitz (the Russian who is come over on a special
+mission to assist Lieven), and asked him if he did not think we
+were a most extraordinary people, and seeing all that goes on, as
+he must do, without any prejudices about persons or things, if it
+was not marvellous to behold the violence which prevailed in the
+Catholic discussion. He owned that it was inconceivable, and,
+notwithstanding all he had heard and read of our history for some
+years past, he had no idea that so much rage and animosity could
+have been manifested and that the anti-Popery spirit was still so
+vigorous. The day, however, is at last arrived, and to-night the
+measure will be introduced. But the Duke of Cumberland and his
+faction by no means abandon all hopes of being able to throw over
+the Bill in its progress, and they will leave no stone unturned
+to effect their purpose and to work on the King's mind while it
+is going on.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 6th, 1829
+
+Peel brought on the Catholic question last night in a speech of
+four hours, and said to be far the best he ever made. It is full
+of his never-failing fault, egotism, but certainly very able,
+plain, clear, and statesmanlike, and the peroration very
+eloquent. The University of Oxford should have been there in a
+body to hear the member they have rejected and him whom they have
+chosen in his place. The House was crammed to suffocation, and
+the lobby likewise. The cheering was loud and frequent, and often
+burst upon the impatient listener without. I went to Brookes' and
+found them all just come from the House, full of satisfaction at
+Peel's speech and the liberality of the measure, and in great
+admiration of Murray's. The general disposition seemed to be to
+support both the Bills, and they argued justly who said that
+those who would have supported the whole measure if it had been
+in one Bill ought not to take advantage of there being two to
+oppose the one they dislike. The part that is the most objectionable
+is making the measure so far prospective ('hereafter to be
+elected') as to exclude O'Connell from Clare, more particularly
+after the decision of the Committee in his favour. Six weeks ago
+Mrs. Arbuthnot told me that it was intended to exclude him, but I
+did not believe her. It seemed to me too improbable, and I never
+thought more about it. If they persist in this it is nothing
+short of madness, and I agree with Spring Rice, who said last
+night that instead of excluding him you should pay him to come
+into Parliament, and rather buy a seat for him than let him
+remain out. If they keep him out it can only be from wretched
+motives of personal spite, and to revenge themselves on him for
+having compelled them to take the course they have adopted. The
+imprudence of this exception is obvious, for when pacification is
+your object, and to heal old wounds your great desire, why begin
+by opening new ones and by exasperating the man who has the
+greatest power of doing mischief and creating disturbance and
+discontent in Ireland? It is desirable to reconcile the Irish to
+the measures of disfranchisement, and to allow as much time as
+possible to elapse before the new system comes into practical
+operation. By preventing O'Connell from taking his seat
+his wrongs are identified with those of the disfranchised
+freeholders. He will have every motive for exasperating the
+public mind and exciting universal dissatisfaction, and there
+will be another Clare election, and a theatre for the display of
+every angry passion which interest or revenge can possibly put in
+action. It is remarkable that attacks, I will not say upon the
+Church, but upon Churchmen, are now made in both Houses with much
+approbation. The Oxford parsons behaved so abominably at the
+election that they have laid themselves open to the severest
+strictures, and last night Lord Wharncliffe in one House and
+Murray in the other commented on the general conduct of Churchmen
+at this crisis with a severity which was by no means displeasing
+except to the bishops. I am convinced that very few years will
+elapse before the Church will really be in danger. People will
+grow tired of paying so dearly for so bad an article.
+
+
+[Page Head: DIVISION ON THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 8th, 1829 {p.185}
+
+Yesterday the list came out of those who had voted on the
+Catholic question, by which it appeared that several people had
+voted against the Government (particularly all the Lowthers) who
+were expected to vote with them, and of course this will be a
+test by which the Duke's strength and absoluteness may be tried,
+so much so that it is very generally thought that if he permits
+them to vote with impunity he will lose the question. It was said
+in the evening that Lowther and Birkett had resigned, but Lord
+Aberdeen, whom I met at dinner, said they had not at five o'clock
+yesterday evening. It is, I think, impossible for the Duke to
+excuse anybody who votes against him or stays away. Dined at Agar
+Ellis's and met Harrowbys, Stanleys, Aberdeen, &c. Lord Harrowby
+thought Peel's speech extremely able and judicious. He said that
+Lord Eldon had asserted that Mr. Pitt's opinions had been changed
+on this question, which was entirely false, for he had been much
+more intimate with Mr. Pitt than Lord Eldon ever was, and had
+repeatedly discussed the question with him, and had never found
+the slightest alteration in his sentiments. He had deprecated
+bringing it on because at that moment he was convinced that it
+would have driven the King mad and raised a prodigious ferment in
+England. He talked a great deal of Fox and Pitt, and said that
+the natural disposition of the former was to arbitrary power and
+that of the latter to be a reformer, so that circumstances drove
+each into the course the other was intended for by nature. Lord
+North's letter to Fox when he dismissed him in 1776 was, 'The
+King has ordered a new commission of the Treasury to be made out,
+in which I do not see your name.' How dear this cost him and what
+an influence that note may have had on the affairs of the country
+and on Fox's subsequent life! They afterwards talked of the
+'Cateatonenses' written by Canning, Frere, and G. Ellis. Lady
+Morley has a copy, which I am to see.[4]
+
+      [4] [The 'Musae Cateatonenses,' a burlesque narrative of a
+          supposed expedition of Mr. George Legge to Cateaton
+          Street in search of a Swiss chapel. Nothing can be more
+          droll. The only copy I have seen is still at Saltram.
+          This _jeu d'esprit_ (which fills a volume) was composed
+          by Canning and his friends one Easter recess they spent
+          at Ashbourne.]
+
+
+March 9th, 1829 {p.186}
+
+It was reported last night that there had been a compromise with
+Lowther, who is to retain his seat and to vote for the Bill in
+all its other stages. But he dined at Crockford's, and told
+somebody there that he had tendered his resignation and had
+received no answer. I do not understand this indecision; they
+must deprive those who will not support them thoroughly.
+'Thorough,' as Laud and Strafford used to say, must be their
+word.
+
+_Evening._--I asked Lord Bathurst to-day if Lowther, &c., were
+out, and he said nothing had been done about it, that there was
+plenty of time. Afterwards met Mrs. Arbuthnot in the Park, and
+turned back with her. She was all against their being turned out,
+from which I saw that they are to stay in. We met Gosh, and I
+walked with them to the House of Commons. We renewed the subject,
+and he said that he had been just as much as I could be for the
+adoption of strong measures, but that the great object was to
+carry the Bill, and if the Duke did not act with the greatest
+prudence and caution it would still be lost. He hinted that the
+difficulties with the King are still great, and that he is in a
+state of excitement which alarms them lest he should go mad. It
+is pretty clear that the Duke cannot venture to turn them out. In
+the meantime the Duke of Cumberland continues at work. Lord
+Bathurst told me that he went to Windsor on Saturday, that he had
+assured the King that great alarm prevailed in London, that the
+people were very violent, and that the Duke had been hissed by
+the mob in going to the House of Lords, all of which of course he
+believes. The Duke is very unwell. I think matters do not look at
+all well, and I am alarmed.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 11th, 1829 {p.186}
+
+The Duke was much better yesterday, went to the House, and made a
+very good and stirring speech in answer to Lord Winchelsea, who
+disgusted all his own party by announcing himself an advocate for
+reform in Parliament. It is now clear that Lowther, &c., are not
+to quit their places unless something fresh occurs. The reason
+supposed is that the King supports them, and that the Duke does
+not venture to insist on their dismissal. The real reason is that
+he has got an idea that the Whigs want to make him quarrel with
+his old friends in order to render him more dependent upon them,
+and he is therefore anxious (as he thinks he can) to carry
+through the measure without quarrelling with anybody, so that he
+will retain the support of the Tories and show the Whigs that he
+can do without them, a notion which is unfounded, besides being
+both unwise and illiberal. He has already given some persons to
+understand that they _must_ support him on this question, and now
+he is going to grant a dispensation to others, nor is there any
+necessity for _quarrelling_ with anybody. Lowther himself
+evidently felt that he could not hold his office and oppose the
+measure, and consequently resigned. The Duke might accept his
+resignation with a very friendly explanation on the subject;
+eventually he would be certain to join Government again, for to
+what other party could he betake himself? These great Tory
+borough-mongering Lords have no taste for opposition. Arbuthnot
+told my father that this was his feeling, and when I told Mrs.
+Arbuthnot what a bad moral effect the Duke's lenity had, she
+said, 'Oh, you hear that from the Opposition.' Last night in his
+speech, when he said he had the cordial support of his Majesty,
+he turned round with energy to the Duke of Cumberland. Several
+Peers upon one pretext or another have withdrawn the support they
+had intended to give to the Duke's Bill. Fourteen Irish bishops
+are coming over in a body to petition the King against this Bill,
+and most foolish they. The English bishops may by possibility be
+sincere and disinterested in their opposition (not that I believe
+they are), but nobody will ever believe that the Irish think of
+anything but their scandalous revenues. The thing must go; the
+only question is when and how. The Kent petition to the King is
+to be presented, I believe, by Lords Winchelsea and Bexley; they
+would not entrust it to Peel. Lord W. wanted to march down to
+Windsor at the head of 25,000 men.
+
+
+March 14th, 1829 {p.188}
+
+Arbuthnot told the Duke what was said about not turning out the
+refractory members, and he replied, 'I have undertaken this
+business, and I am determined to go through with it. Nobody knows
+the difficulties I have in dealing with my royal master, and
+nobody knows him so well as I do. I will succeed, but I am as in
+a field of battle, and I must fight it out my own way.' This
+would be very well if there were not other motives mixed up with
+this--jealousy of the Whigs and a desire to keep clear of them,
+and quarrel with them again when this is over. Herries told Hyde
+Villiers that _their_ policy was conservative, that of the Whigs
+subversive, and that they never could act together. All false,
+for nobody's policy is subversive who has much to lose, and the
+Whigs comprise the great mass of property and a great body of the
+aristocracy of the country. Nobody seems to doubt that the Bill
+will pass. The day before yesterday the Duke of Newcastle went to
+Windsor and had an audience. Lord Bathurst told me that they had
+reason to believe his Grace had told the King his own sentiments
+on the Catholic question, but that the King had made no answer.
+But as nobody was present they could not depend on the truth of
+this (which they had from his Majesty himself, of course), and he
+begged me to find out what account the Duke gave of it.
+
+
+March 15th, 1829 {p.188}
+
+The Duke of Newcastle was with the King an hour and a half or two
+hours. After he had presented his petitions he pulled out a
+paper, which he read to the King. His Majesty made him no answer,
+and desired him if he had any other communications to make to him
+to send them through the Duke of Wellington. I dare say this is
+true, not because he says so, but because there has been no
+notice taken of the Duke's visit in any of the newspapers. They
+now talk of thirteen bishops, and probably more, voting with
+Government. I suppose the majority will be very large.
+
+
+[Page Head: PERSONAL HABITS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+March 16th to 17th, 1829
+
+I received a message from the King, to tell me that he was sorry
+I had not dined with him the last time I was at Windsor, that he
+had intended to ask me, but finding that all the Ministers dined
+there except Ellenborough, he had let me go, that Ellenborough
+might not be the only man not invited, and 'he would be damned if
+Ellenborough ever should dine in his house.' I asked Lord
+Bathurst afterwards, to whom I told this, why he hated Ellenborough,
+and he said that something he had said during the Queen's trial
+had given the King mortal offence, and he never forgave it. The
+King complains that he is tired to death of all the people about
+him. He is less violent about the Catholic question, tired of
+that too, and does not wish to hear any more about it. He leads a
+most extraordinary life--never gets up till six in the afternoon.
+They come to him and open the window curtains at six or seven
+o'clock in the morning; he breakfasts in bed, does whatever
+business he can be brought to transact in bed too, he reads every
+newspaper quite through, dozes three or four hours, gets up in
+time for dinner, and goes to bed between ten and eleven. He
+sleeps very ill, and rings his bell forty times in the night; if
+he wants to know the hour, though a watch hangs close to him, he
+will have his _valet de chambre_ down rather than turn his head
+to look at it. The same thing if he wants a glass of water; he
+won't stretch out his hand to get it. His valets are nearly
+destroyed, and at last Lady Conyngham prevailed on him to agree
+to an arrangement by which they wait on him on alternate days.
+The service is still most severe, as on the days they are in
+waiting their labours are incessant, and they cannot take off
+their clothes at night, and hardly lie down. He is in good
+health, but irritable, and has been horribly annoyed by other
+matters besides the Catholic affair.
+
+
+March 18th, 1829 {p.189}
+
+I was at Windsor for the Council and the Recorder's report. We
+waited above two hours; of course his Majesty did not get up till
+we were all there. A small attendance in Council--the Duke,
+Bathurst, Aberdeen, Melville, and I think no other Cabinet
+Minister. I sent for Batchelor, the King's _valet de chambre_,
+and had a pretty long conversation with him; he talked as if the
+walls had ears, but was anxious to tell me everything. He
+confirmed all I had before heard of the King's life, and said he
+was nearly dead of it, that he was in high favour, and the King
+had given him apartments in the Lodge and some presents. His
+Majesty has been worried to death, and has not yet made up his
+mind to the Catholic Bill (this man knows, I'll be bound). But
+what he most dwelt on was Sir William Knighton. I said to him
+that the King was afraid of the Duke. He replied he thought not;
+he thought he was afraid of nobody but of Knighton, that he hated
+him, but that his influence and authority were without any limit,
+that he could do anything, and without him nothing could be done;
+that after him Lady Conyngham was all-powerful, but in entire
+subserviency to him; that she did not dare have anybody to dine
+there without previously ascertaining that Knighton would not
+disapprove of it; that he knew everything, and nobody dared say
+or do a thing of any sort without his permission. There was a
+sort of mysterious awe with which he spoke of Knighton, mixed
+with dislike, which was curious. He is to call on me when he
+comes to London, and will, I dare say, tell me more. Returned to
+town at night, and heard of Sadler's speech[5] and read it. It is
+certainly very clever, but better as reported than as it was
+delivered. He sent the report to the 'Morning Journal' himself,
+and added some things and omitted others, and thereby improved
+it. He is sixty-seven years old, and it is his maiden speech;
+certainly very remarkable and indicative of much talent. Lord
+Harrowby told me he heard it, and was greatly struck by it.
+
+      [5] [Mr. Sadler, who had never sat in Parliament before,
+          was returned by the Duke of Newcastle at this time for
+          the express purpose of opposing the Catholic Relief
+          Bill, which he did with considerable ability.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+March 19th, 1829 {p.190}
+
+Last night the debate ended, with a very excellent speech from
+Robert Grant,[6] and a speech from Lord Palmerston which
+astonished everybody. The Attorney-General was violent and
+brutal, and Peel's reply very good; he was bursting with passion,
+but restrained himself. I met Tierney, and told him that there
+was great disappointment that he had not answered Sadler. He said
+he could not speak for coughing, that Sadler's speech was clever,
+but over-rated, nothing like so good as they talked of. Robert
+Grant's was very good indeed, the best for matter; Palmerston's
+the most brilliant, 'an imitation of Canning, and not a bad one.'
+Though the Opposition gained eight in this division, they are
+disappointed and disheartened, and will make but little fight on
+the other stages (as it is thought). Nine bishops are to vote.
+The meeting at Lambeth took place the day before yesterday, but
+it came to nothing. They separated agreeing to meet again, and in
+the meantime that each should take his own line. Tierney talked
+of the Duke's management of this business with great admiration,
+as did Lord Durham last night in the same strain; but after all
+what was it but the resolution of secresy (which I think was a
+most wise and judicious one)? for he did nothing but keep the
+secret. However, the thing has been well imagined and well
+executed. Tierney thinks Peel will resign when it is all over,
+and at his father's death will be made a Peer. I should not
+wonder; he must be worn to death with the torrents of abuse and
+invective with which his old friends assail him on every
+occasion. I presume that if he could have anticipated their
+conduct he would not have been so civil to them in the beginning,
+and would have taken another turn altogether; it would have been
+better for him. Lady Worcester told me to-day what adds to many
+other proofs that the Duke is a very _hard_ man; he takes no
+notice of any of his family; he never sees his mother, has only
+visited her two or three times in the last few years; and has not
+now been to see Lady Anne, though she has been in such affliction
+for the death of her only son, and he passes her door every time
+he goes to Strathfieldsaye. He is well with Lady Maryborough,
+though they quarrelled after Lord M. was driven from the Cabinet;
+Lord Wellesley is seriously affronted with him at the little
+consideration the Duke shows for him, and for having shown him no
+confidence in all this business, especially as the Catholic
+question was the only political difference that existed between
+them. He is a very extraordinary man certainly, and with many
+contradictions in his character; in him, however, they are so
+much more apparent than in any other man, for he is always before
+the world--all his actions, his motives, and even his thoughts.
+
+      [6] [Robert Grant, Esq., M.P., brother of Mr. Charles
+          Grant. He was afterwards appointed Governor of Bombay.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUEL OF THE DUKE AND LORD WINCHELSEA.]
+
+March 21st, 1829, at night {p.192}
+
+This morning the Duke fought a duel with Lord Winchelsea. Nothing
+could equal the astonishment caused by this event. Everybody of
+course sees the matter in a different light; all blame Lord W.,
+but they are divided as to whether the Duke ought to have fought
+or not. Lord W.'s letter appeared last Monday, and certainly from
+that time to this it never entered into anybody's head that the
+Duke ought to or would take it up, though the expressions in it
+were very impertinent. But Lord Winchelsea is such a maniac, and
+has so lost his head (besides the ludicrous incident of the
+handkerchief[7]), that everybody imagined the Duke would treat
+what he said with silent contempt. He thought otherwise, however,
+and without saying a word to any of his colleagues or to anybody
+but Hardinge, his second, he wrote and demanded an apology. After
+many letters and messages between the parties (Lord Falmouth
+being Lord Winchelsea's second) Lord Winchelsea declined making
+any apology, and they met. The letters on the Duke's part are
+very creditable, so free from arrogance or an assuming tone;
+those on Lord Winchelsea's not so, for one of them is a senseless
+repetition of the offence, in which he says that if the Duke will
+deny that his allegations are true he will apologise. They met at
+Wimbledon at eight o'clock. There were many people about, who saw
+what passed. They stood at a distance of fifteen paces. Before
+they began Hardinge went up to Lords Winchelsea and Falmouth, and
+said he must protest against the proceeding, and declare that
+their conduct in refusing an apology when Lord Winchelsea was so
+much in the wrong filled him with disgust. The Duke fired and
+missed, and then Winchelsea fired in the air. He immediately
+pulled out of his pocket the paper which has since appeared, but
+in which the word 'apology' was omitted. The Duke read it and
+said it would not do. Lord Falmouth said he was not come there to
+quibble about words, and that he was ready to make the apology in
+whatever terms would be satisfactory, and the word 'apology' was
+inserted on the ground. The Duke then touched his hat, said 'Good
+morning, my Lords,' mounted his horse, and rode off. Hume was
+there, without knowing on whose behalf till he got to the ground.
+Hardinge asked him to attend, and told him where he would find a
+chaise, into which he got. He found there pistols, which told him
+the errand he was on, but he had still no notion the Duke was
+concerned; when he saw him he was ready to drop. The Duke went to
+Mrs. Arbuthnot's as soon as he got back, and at eleven o'clock
+she wrote a note to Lord Bathurst, telling him of it, which he
+received at the Council board and put into my hands. So little
+idea had he of Lord Winchelsea's letter leading to anything
+serious that when on Wednesday, at the Council at Windsor, I
+asked him if he had read it, he said, laughing, 'Yes, and it is a
+very clever letter, much the wisest thing he ever did; _he has
+got back his money_. I wish I could find some such pretext to get
+back mine.' At twelve o'clock the Duke went to Windsor to tell
+the King what had happened. Winchelsea is abused for not having
+made an apology when it was first required; but I think, having
+committed the folly of writing so outrageous a letter, he did the
+only thing a man of honour could do in going out and receiving a
+shot and then making an apology, which he was all this time
+prepared to do, for he had it ready written in his pocket. I
+think the Duke ought not to have challenged him; it was very
+juvenile, and he stands in far too high a position, and his life
+is so much _publica cura_ that he should have treated him and his
+letter with the contempt they merited; it was a great error in
+judgment, but certainly a venial one, for it is impossible not to
+admire the high spirit which disdained to shelter itself behind
+the immunities of his great character and station, and the
+simplicity, and almost humility, which made him at once descend
+to the level of Lord Winchelsea, when he might, without
+subjecting himself to any imputation derogatory to his honour,
+have assumed a tone of lofty superiority and treated him as
+unworthy of his notice. Still it was beneath his dignity; it
+lowered him, and was more or less ridiculous. Lord Jersey met him
+coming from Windsor, and spoke to him. He said, 'I could not do
+otherwise, could I?'
+
+      [7] [The incident of the handkerchief is related below, p.
+          198 (March 29th, 1829).]
+
+I met the Bishop of Oxford in the Park this morning; he said nine
+bishops, and probably ten, would vote for the Bill. He said he
+was not at the meeting at Lambeth, but the Archbishop sent for
+him, and despatched him to the Duke with an account of their
+proceedings. The Archbishop summoned the bishops to consult upon
+the course they should pursue, and see if there was any chance of
+their acting with unanimity. Finding this was not possible, they
+resolved that each should take his own line; and a proposal to
+address the King, which was urged by one or two of the most
+violent (he did not name them), was overruled. The anti-Catholic
+papers and men lavish the most extravagant encomiums on
+Wetherell's speech, and call it 'the finest oration ever
+delivered in the House of Commons,' 'the best since the second
+Philippic.' He was drunk, they say. The Speaker said 'the only
+lucid interval he had was that between his waistcoat and his
+breeches.' When he speaks he unbuttons his braces, and in his
+vehement action his breeches fall down and his waistcoat runs up,
+so that there is a great interregnum. He is half mad, eccentric,
+ingenious, with great and varied information and a coarse, vulgar
+mind, delighting in ribaldry and abuse, besides being an
+enthusiast. The first time he distinguished himself was in
+Watson's trial, when he and Copley were his counsel, and both
+made very able speeches. He was then a trading lawyer and
+politician, till the Queen came over, when he made a very
+powerful speech in the House of Commons, full of research, in
+favour of inserting her name in the Liturgy. He was then engaged
+by Chancellor Eldon for the Court, soon after made Solicitor-General,
+much abused for ratting, became Attorney-General, and resigned
+when Canning became Minister. He was restored when the Duke was
+made Prime Minister, and now he will have to retire again.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE KING ON THE DUEL.]
+
+March 26th, 1829 {p.195}
+
+Everything is getting on very quietly in the House of Commons,
+and the Opposition are beginning to squabble among themselves,
+some wishing to create delay, and others not choosing to join in
+these tricks, when they know it is useless. The Duke came here
+the night before last, but I was not at home. He talked over the
+whole matter with his usual simplicity. The King, it seems, was
+highly pleased with the Winchelsea affair, and he said, 'I did
+not see the letter (which is probably a lie); if I had, I
+certainly should have thought it my duty to call your attention
+to it.' Somebody added that 'he would be wanting to fight a duel
+himself.' Sefton said, 'he will be sure to think he has fought
+one.' Hume gave the two Lords a lecture on the ground after the
+duel, and said he did not think there was a man in England who
+would have lifted his hand against the Duke. Very uncalled for,
+but the Duke's friends have less humility than he has, for Lord
+Winchelsea did not lift his hand against him. It is curious that
+the man who threw the bottle at Lord Wellesley in Dublin (and who
+is a Protestant fanatic) has been lurking constantly about the
+House of Lords, so much so that it was thought right to apprise
+Peel of it, and the police have been desired in consequence to
+keep a strict watch over him, and to take care that he does no
+mischief. The Duke after the duel sent Lord Melville to the Duke
+of Montrose with a message that his son-in-law had behaved very
+much like a gentleman. The women, particularly of course Lady
+Jersey, have been very ridiculous, affecting nervousness and fine
+feeling, though they never heard of the business till some hours
+after it was over. Mrs. Arbuthnot was not so foolish but made
+very light of it all, which was in better sense and better taste.
+
+M---- told me two days ago that, although he is more quiet, the
+King is not at all reconciled to the Catholic question. His
+Majesty was very much annoyed at his speech the other day, having
+always hoped that he was at heart too indifferent about it to
+take a decided line or express publicly a strong opinion. It is
+supposed that either Sugden or Alderson will be Solicitor-General.
+O'Connell has done himself great credit by his moderation in the
+Committee. Grattan wanted to move an amendment omitting the words
+by which O'Connell is excluded from taking his seat for Clare,
+when Rice and Duncannon begged him to withdraw it, and said they
+were charged with the expression of O'Connell's wish that his
+individual case should not be thought of, as he would not have it
+be any impediment to the success of the measure. This, of course,
+greatly annoys those who have inveighed against him, and who have
+always contended that he only wished for confusion, and would be
+very sorry to see the question settled.
+
+The other day Jack Lawless[8] called on Arbuthnot to ask him some
+question about the Deccan prize money, in which a brother of his
+has an interest. He entered upon politics, was very obsequious in
+his manner, extravagant in praise of the Duke, quite shocked that
+he should have fought a duel, and said, 'Sir, we are twelve of us
+here, and not one but what would fight for him any day in the
+week.' He said that some years ago, when he heard the Duke speak,
+he was distressed at his hesitation, but that now he spoke better
+than anyone; that in the Lords he heard Eldon, and Plunket, and
+Grey, and then up got the Duke and answered everybody, and spoke
+better than they all. Arbuthnot says he was bowing and scraping,
+and all humility and politeness, with none of the undergrowl of
+the Association.
+
+      [8] [A prominent member of the Catholic Association in
+          Dublin.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD ELDON'S INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.]
+
+March 26th, 1829, at night {p.196}
+
+Just met M----, who had returned that moment from Windsor, where
+he had left the King in such an ill humour that he would not stay
+and dine there. The Duke of Cumberland never goes there without
+unsettling his mind, and yesterday evening Lord Mansfield had
+been to the Castle and had an audience. Lord Eldon prevails on
+all these Peers to exercise their right and demand audiences.
+Lord Mansfield had no petition to present, and only went to
+remonstrate about the Catholic question and tell the King that
+all the Protestants looked to him to save them from the impending
+danger. The King declares he only listens to what they say, and
+replies that he must leave everything to his Ministers; but it is
+impossible for him to listen (and not talk himself) for an hour
+and a quarter together. He is very angry at the Bishop of
+Winchester's speech, and at the declaration in favour of the Bill
+by both of the brothers.[9] He accused M---- of having influenced
+the Bishop, which he denied, and told him that he would not have
+been biassed by anybody. The King still is in hopes that the Bill
+will not pass, and said that the Ministers had only a majority of
+five, and with that they would not carry it through. M----
+replied that they had above fifty, and after such a majority as
+there had been in the Commons it must pass. All this he received
+as sulkily as possible, and it is clear that if he dared, and if
+he could, he would still defeat the measure. His dislike to it is
+the opposition of a spoiled child, founded on considerations
+purely personal and selfish and without any reason whatever.
+
+      [9] [The two Sumners. Dr. John Bird Sumner (afterwards
+          Archbishop of Canterbury) had been raised to the see of
+          Chester in 1828. They owed their advancement to the
+          especial favour of George IV. The bishop adverted to in
+          the next sentence was the Bishop of Winchester.]
+
+
+March 29th, 1829, at night {p.197}
+
+Dined at Lady Sandwich's, and met Madame de Lieven, who is grown
+very gracious, craving for news, and probably very malignant.
+Lieven told me (which she did not) that Lord Eldon was with the
+King yesterday for four hours. She confirmed it after dinner, and
+said that Halford had told her, but added that he had done no
+harm.[10] Lieven also told me that Stratford Canning is coming
+home, and Robert Gordon going to Constantinople. He is a dull,
+heavy man, and not able, I should think, to cope with the Turkish
+Ministers, if they are (as the Duke says) the ablest diplomatists
+in Europe. I don't know why Stratford Canning is coming home,
+whether _nolens_ or _volens_.
+
+     [10] [This was the celebrated interview related in Lord
+          Eldon's 'Memoirs' vol. iii., when, however, the King
+          gave Lord E. a very erroneous account of the
+          transaction, subsequently corrected by Sir Robert Peel
+          in his 'Memoirs.']
+
+I have, I see, alluded to Lord Winchelsea's handkerchief
+story,[11] but have not mentioned the circumstances, which I may
+as well do. Lord Holland came home one night from the House of
+Lords, and as soon as he had occasion to blow his nose pulled his
+handkerchief out of his pocket; upon which my Lady exclaimed (she
+hates perfumes), 'Good God, Lord H., where did you get that
+handkerchief? Send it away directly.' He said he did not know,
+when it was inspected, and the letter _W_ found on it. Lord H.
+said, 'I was sitting near Lord Winchelsea, and it must be his,
+which I took up by mistake and have brought home.' Accordingly
+the next day he sent it to Lord Winchelsea with his compliments.
+Lord Winchelsea receiving the handkerchief and the message, and
+finding it marked _W_, fancied it was the Duke's, and that it was
+sent to him by way of affronting him; on which he went to the
+Duke of Newcastle and imparted to him the circumstances, and
+desired him to wait on Lord Holland for an explanation. This his
+Grace did, when the matter was cleared up and the handkerchief
+was found to be the property of Lord Wellesley. The next day Lord
+Winchelsea came up laughing to Lord Holland in the House of
+Lords, and said he had many apologies to make for what had
+passed, but that he really was in such a state of excitement he
+did not know what he said and did.[12]
+
+     [11] [_Supra_, p. 192 (March 21st, 1829).]
+
+     [12] [Lord Winchelsea was in the habit of flourishing a
+          white pocket handkerchief while he was speaking in the
+          House of Lords. This peculiarity; associated with his
+          sonorous tones, his excited action, and his extravagant
+          opinions, gave point to the incident.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+April 4th, 1829 {p.198}
+
+On the third reading of the Catholic Bill in the House of Commons
+Sadler failed, and Palmerston made a speech like one of
+Canning's. The Bill has been two nights in the House of Lords.
+They go on with it this morning, and will divide this evening.
+The Chancellor made a very fine speech last night, and the Bishop
+of Oxford spoke very well the night before, but the debate has
+been dull on the whole; the subject is exhausted. The House of
+Lords was very full, particularly of women; every fool in London
+thinks it necessary to be there. It is only since last year that
+the steps of the throne have been crowded with ladies; formerly
+one or two got in, who skulked behind the throne, or were hid in
+Tyrwhitt's box, but now they fill the whole space, and put
+themselves in front with their large bonnets, without either fear
+or shame.
+
+
+April 5th, 1829 {p.199}
+
+The question was put at a little before twelve last night, and
+carried by 105--217 to 112 (a greater majority than the most
+sanguine expected)--after a splendid speech from Lord Grey and a
+very good one from Lord Plunket. Old Eldon was completely beat,
+and could make no fight at all; his speech was wretched, they
+say, for I did not hear it. This tremendous defeat will probably
+put an end to anything like serious opposition; they will hardly
+rally again.
+
+I dined at Chesterfield House, but nobody came to dinner.
+Chesterfield and his party were all at the House of Lords. I
+found myself almost alone with Vesey Fitzgerald, with whom I had
+much talk after dinner. He said that it would be a long time
+before all the circumstances and all the difficulties relating to
+their proceedings were known, but when they were it would be seen
+how great had been the latter, how curious the former; that the
+day the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel were with the King they
+actually were out (all of which I knew), and that he believes if
+the other party could have made a Government with a chance of
+standing, out they would have gone; but that it was put to them
+(this I did not know), and they acknowledged they could not. They
+held consultations on the subject, and the man they principally
+relied on was the Duke of Richmond; they meant he should be
+either First Lord of the Treasury or Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+Lord Winchelsea said to Ellenborough, 'Why, he speaks better than
+the Duke of Wellington any day.' He happens to have his wits,
+such as they are, about him, and has been quick and neat in
+one or two little speeches, though he spoke too often, and
+particularly in his attack on the Bishop of Oxford the other
+night. Last year, on the Wool question, he did very well, but all
+the details were got up for him by George Bentinck,[13] who took
+the trouble. Besides, his fortune consists in great measure of
+wool, he lives in the country, is well versed in rural affairs
+and the business of the quarter sessions, has a certain calibre
+of understanding, is prejudiced, narrow-minded, illiterate, and
+ignorant, good-looking, good-humoured, and unaffected, tedious,
+prolix, unassuming, and a duke. There would not have been so much
+to say about him if they had not excited an idea in the minds of
+some people of making him Prime Minister and successor to the
+Duke of Wellington.
+
+     [13] [It deserves remark that Lord George Bentinck was thus
+          early employing his singular talents in mastering
+          details, although he took no conspicuous part in
+          politics until the proposal for the repeal of the Corn
+          Law in 1845.]
+
+[Page Head: THE BILL IN JEOPARDY.]
+
+Vesey told me that Dawson's speech at Derry very nearly
+overturned the whole design. The King heard of it the day of a
+Council at Windsor (which I well remember). The Chancellor was
+with him for a long time, but it was almost impossible to
+persuade the King that Dawson knew nothing of the intention of
+the Government, and that his speech was not made in concert with
+Peel and the Duke. This it was which caused them such excessive
+annoyance, because it raised difficulties which well-nigh
+prevented the accomplishment of the design. It must be owned that
+the King might well believe this, and although it is very certain
+that Dawson knew nothing, and that his making such a speech ought
+to have been a proof that he was in ignorance, it will always be
+believed that he was aware of the intended measure, and that his
+speech was made with the Duke's concurrence. It is curious enough
+that his opinion had been long changed, and that he had intended
+to pronounce his recantation when Brownlow did, but as Brownlow
+got the start of him he would not. For two years after this he
+persevered in the old course, and when Canning came in, and the
+Catholic question was the great field on which he was to be
+fought, Dawson reverted vigorously to his old opinions, and spoke
+vehemently against emancipation. Such is party!
+
+The circumstances that Vesey talked of are in fact pretty well
+known or guessed at, nor has there ever been any secret as to the
+main fact of the King's opposition and dislike to the measure. He
+told me that after Eldon's visit of four hours the Duke
+remonstrated, and told the King what great umbrage it gave his
+Ministers to see and hear of these long and numerous interviews
+with their opponents. The King declared that he said nothing and
+that nothing passed calculated to annoy them, which they none of
+them believed, but of course could make no reply to.
+
+
+April 8th, 1829 {p.200}
+
+I have mentioned above (March 4th[14]), p. 180, the Chancellor,
+the Duke, and Peel going to the King, and the alarm that
+prevailed here. That day the Catholic question was in great
+jeopardy. They went to tell the King that unless he would give
+them his real, efficient support, and not throw his indirect
+influence into the opposite scale, they would resign. He refused
+to give them that support; they placed their resignations in his
+hands and came away. The King then sent to Eldon, and asked him
+if he would undertake to form a Government. He deliberated (then
+it was that it was question of the Duke of Richmond being First
+Lord or Lord-Lieutenant), but eventually said he could not
+undertake it. On his refusal the King yielded, and the Bill went
+on; but if Eldon had accepted, the Duke and his colleagues would
+have been out, and God knows what would have happened. It was, of
+course, of all these matters that the King talked to Eldon in the
+long interview they had the other day. He is very sulky at the
+great majority in the House of Lords, as I knew he would be.
+
+     [14] [It was on the 3rd of March that this interview took
+          place, as related by Sir R. Peel himself in his
+          'Memoir' (vol. i. p. 343). The King asked his Ministers
+          to explain the details of the measure they proposed to
+          bring in. They informed his Majesty that it would be
+          necessary to modify in the case of the Roman Catholics
+          that part of the oath of supremacy which relates to the
+          ecclesiastical jurisdiction and supremacy of the Pope.
+          To this the King said he could not possibly consent.
+          Upon this Mr. Peel and his colleagues informed his
+          Majesty that they must resign. His Majesty accepted the
+          resignations, and the Ministers returned to London
+          (after an audience of five hours) under the full
+          persuasion that the Government was dissolved. In the
+          interval some attempt was made to form a Protestant
+          Cabinet; but on the evening of the following day, the
+          4th of March, the King wrote a letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, informing him that his Majesty anticipated
+          so much difficulty in the attempt to form another
+          Administration that he could not dispense with his
+          Ministers' services, and that they were at liberty to
+          proceed with the measures of which notice had been
+          given in Parliament.]
+
+Lady Jersey is in a fury with Lord Anglesey, and goes about
+saying he insulted her in the House of Lords the other night. She
+was sitting on one of the steps of the throne, and the Duchess of
+Richmond on the step above. After Lord Anglesey had spoken he
+came to talk to the Duchess, who said, 'How well you did speak;'
+on which he said, 'Hush! you must take care what you say, for
+here is Lady Jersey, and she reports for the newspapers;' on
+which Lady Jersey said very angrily, 'Lady Jersey is here for her
+own amusement; what do you mean by reporting for newspapers?' to
+which he replied with a profound bow, 'I beg your Ladyship's
+pardon; I did not mean to offend you, and if I did I beg to make
+the most ample apology.' This is his version; hers, of course, is
+different. He says that he meant the whole thing as a joke. It
+was a very bad joke if it was one, and as he knows how she abuses
+him, one may suspect that there was something more than joking in
+it.
+
+The other night Lord Grey had called Lord Falmouth to order, and
+after the debate Falmouth came up to him with a menacing air and
+said, 'My Lord Grey, I wish to inform you that if upon any future
+occasion you transgress in the slightest degree the orders of the
+House, I shall most certainly call you to order.' Lord Grey, who
+expected from his air something more hostile, merely said, 'My
+Lord, your Lordship will do perfectly right, and whenever I am
+out of order I hope you will.' Last night old Eldon got a
+dressing again from the Chancellor.
+
+
+[Page Head: O'CONNELL AT DINNER.]
+
+April 9th, 1829 {p.202}
+
+Met O'Connell at dinner yesterday at William Ponsonby's. The only
+Irish (agitators) were he and O'Gorman Mahon; ----, he said, was
+too great a blackguard, and he would not invite him. O'Connell
+arrived from Ireland that day; there is nothing remarkable in his
+manner, appearance, or conversation, but he seems lively, well
+bred, and at his ease. I asked him after dinner 'whether
+Catholics had not taken the oath of supremacy till it was coupled
+with the declaration;' he said, 'in many instances in the reigns
+of Elizabeth, James, and Charles, because at that time it was
+considered to apply to the civil supremacy of the Pope only, and
+that the Government admitted of that interpretation of it, but
+that no Catholic could take it now, because that construction is
+never given to the oath.' Duncannon told me that O'Connell has no
+wish to be in Parliament, that he makes so much money by his
+profession that it is a great loss to him to attend Parliament at
+all. What they want is a compromise with Vesey Fitzgerald, by
+which he may be admitted to take his seat in this Parliament on
+an understanding that he will not oppose Vesey in the next; not
+that I see how that is to be done, except by an Act of Parliament
+(which would never pass) in his favour. Besides, the Duke detests
+him, and Vesey likewise. They cannot forgive him for all he has
+done and all he has made them do. O'Gorman, the secretary of the
+Catholic Association, appears a heavy, civil, vulgar man. I sat
+next to Stanley, who told me a story which amused me. Macintosh,
+in the course of the recent debates, went one day to the House of
+Commons at eleven in the morning to take a place. They were all
+taken on the benches below the gangway, and on asking the
+doorkeeper how they happened to be all taken so early, he said,
+'Oh, sir, there is no chance of getting a place, for Colonel
+Sibthorpe sleeps at a tavern close by, and comes here every
+morning by eight o'clock and takes places for all the saints.'
+
+
+April 13th, 1829 {p.203}
+
+On Friday last the Catholic Bill was read a third time, after a
+very dull debate. Lord Eldon attempted to rally, and made a long
+and wretched speech which lasted two hours. Nobody spoke well.
+The Duke in his reply dropped all the terms of courtesy and
+friendship he had hitherto used in speaking of old Eldon, and
+broke off with him entirely. He is disgusted at his opposition
+out of doors, and at his having been the constant adviser of the
+Duke of Cumberland and all the foolish Lords who have been
+pestering the King at Windsor; and he is acquainted with all his
+tricks and underhand proceedings, probably with more of them than
+we know of. He thanked the Opposition for their support--thanks
+which they well merit from him--but of course nobody is
+satisfied. He was before accused of ingratitude in never taking
+notice of their conduct, and even it is said that he gave them to
+understand he had no more need of their services, and wished to
+make them his bow. I don't believe he meant any such thing; he
+intended to thank them simply, though it is probably true that he
+does not wish to continue in alliance with them, and is anxious
+to see the Tories put themselves under his orders again. On
+Saturday he sent the commission down to Windsor for the King's
+signature, with other papers as a matter of course; he would not
+go himself, that there might be no fresh discussion between them.
+
+I went on Friday morning to the Old Bailey to hear the trials,
+particularly that of the women for the murder of the apprentices;
+the mother was found guilty, and will be hanged to-day--has been
+by this time.[15] The case exhibited a shocking scene of
+wretchedness and poverty, such as ought not to exist in any
+community, especially in one which pretends to be so flourishing
+and happy as this is. It is, I suppose, one case of many which
+may be found in this town, graduating through various stages of
+misery and vice. These wretched beings were described to be in
+the lowest state of moral and physical degradation, with scarcely
+rags to cover them, food barely sufficient to keep them alive,
+and working eighteen or nineteen hours a day, without being
+permitted any relaxation, or even the privilege of going to
+church on Sunday. I never heard more disgusting details than this
+trial elicited, or a case which calls more loudly for an
+investigation into the law and the system under which such
+proceedings are possible. Poverty, and vice, and misery must
+always be found in a community like ours, but such frightful
+contrasts between the excess of luxury and splendour and these
+scenes of starvation and brutality ought not to be possible; but
+I am afraid there is more vice, more misery and penury in this
+country than in any other, and at the same time greater wealth.
+The contrasts are too striking, and such an unnatural, artificial,
+and unjust state of things neither can nor ought to be permanent.
+I am convinced that before many years elapse these things will
+produce some great convulsion.
+
+     [15] [Two wretched women named Hibner were tried, and one of
+          them convicted for the murder of a parish apprentice
+          named Francis Colepitts by savage ill-treatment. The
+          elder prisoner was found guilty and executed on the
+          13th of April. No such concourse of people had
+          assembled to witness an execution since that of
+          Fauntleroy. The details of the crime were horrible, and
+          had excited great sympathy for the victim amongst all
+          classes.--_Ann. Regist. for 1829, Chronicle_, p. 71.]
+
+[Page Head: THEATRICAL FUND DINNER.]
+
+After the Old Bailey I went and dined at the Covent Garden
+Theatrical Fund dinner. The Duke of Clarence could not come, so
+they put Lord Blessington in the chair, who made an ass of
+himself. Among other toasts he was to give 'The memory of the
+Duke of York,' who was the founder of the institution. He
+prefaced this with a speech, but gave 'The health,' &c., on which
+Fawcett, who sat opposite, called out in an agony, 'The memory,
+my Lord!' He corrected himself, but in a minute after said again
+'The health.' 'The memory, my Lord!' again roared Fawcett. It was
+supremely ridiculous. Francis Leveson sat on his right,
+Codrington on his left, and Lawless the agitator just opposite;
+he is a pale, thin, common-looking little man, and has not at all
+the air of a patriot orator and agitator.
+
+
+May 14th, 1829 {p.205}
+
+I have been at Newmarket for three weeks, and have had no time to
+write, nor has anything particular occurred. The King came to
+town, and had a levee and drawing-room, the former of which was
+very numerously, the other shabbily attended. At the levee he was
+remarkably civil to all the Peers, particularly the Duke of
+Richmond, who had distinguished themselves in opposition to
+Government in the late debates, and he turned his back on the
+bishops who had voted for the Bill. O'Connell and Shiel were both
+at the levee; the former had been presented in Ireland, so had
+not to be presented again, but the King took no notice of him,
+and when he went by said to somebody near him, 'Damn the fellow!
+what does he come here for?'--dignified.
+
+There was an odd circumstance the day of the drawing-room. The
+Duke of Cumberland, as Gold Stick, gave orders at the Horse
+Guards that no carriages should be admitted into the Park, and
+Peel and the Duke of Wellington, when they presented themselves
+on their way to Court, were refused admission. The officer on
+guard came to the Duke's carriage and said that such were his
+orders, but that he was sure they were not meant to extend to his
+Grace, and if he would authorise him he would order the gates to
+be opened. The Duke said 'By no means,' and then desired his
+carriage to go round the other way. Many people thought that this
+was a piece of impertinence of the Duke of Cumberland's, but the
+Duke says that the whole thing was a mistake. Be this as it may,
+the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of Wellington do not speak,
+and whenever they meet, which often happens in society, the
+former moves off.
+
+Yesterday morning Batchelor called on me, and sat with me for an
+hour, telling me all sorts of details concerning the interior of
+Windsor and St. James's. The King is well in health, except that
+since last September he has been afflicted with a complaint in
+his bladder, which both annoys and alarms him very much. There is
+no appearance of stone or gravel, but violent irritation, which
+is only subdued by laudanum, and always returns when the effect
+of the opiate is gone off. The laudanum, too, disagrees much with
+his general health. He is attended by Sir Henry Holland, Brodie,
+and O'Reilly. Sir A. Cooper, who did attend him, is not now
+consulted, in consequence (Batchelor thinks) of some petty
+intrigue in some quarter. This O'Reilly, who has gradually
+insinuated himself into the King's confidence, and by constantly
+attending him at Windsor, and bringing him all the gossip and
+tittle-tattle of the neighbourhood (being on the alert to pick up
+and retail all he can for the King's amusement), has made himself
+necessary, and is not now to be shaken off, to the great
+annoyance of Knighton, who cannot bear him, as well as of all the
+other people about the King, who hate him for his meddling,
+mischievous character, The King's _valets de chambre_ sit up
+alternately, and as he sleeps very ill he rings his bell every
+half-hour. He talks of everybody and everything before his valets
+with great freedom, except of politics, on which he never utters
+a word in their presence, and he always sends them away when he
+sees anybody or speaks on business of any kind. Batchelor thinks
+that this new disorder is a symptom of approaching decay, and
+that the King thinks so himself.
+
+[Page Head: LADY CONYNGHAM.]
+
+In the meantime the influence of Knighton and that of Lady
+Conyngham continue as great as ever; nothing can be done but by
+their permission, and they understand one another and play into
+each other's hands. Knighton opposes every kind of expense,
+except that which is lavished on her. The wealth she has
+accumulated by savings and presents must be enormous. The King
+continues to heap all kinds of presents upon her, and she lives
+at his expense; they do not possess a servant; even Lord
+Conyngham's _valet de chambre_ is not properly their servant.
+They all have situations in the King's household, from which they
+receive their pay, while they continue in the service of the
+Conynghams. They dine every day while in London at St. James's,
+and when they give a dinner it is cooked at St. James's and
+brought up to Hamilton Place in hackney coaches and in machines
+made expressly for the purpose; there is merely a fire lit in
+their kitchen for such things as must be heated on the spot. At
+Windsor the King sees very little of her except of an evening; he
+lies in bed half the day or more, sometimes goes out, and
+sometimes goes to her room for an hour or so in the afternoon,
+and that is all he sees of her. A more despicable scene cannot be
+exhibited than that which the interior of our Court presents--
+every base, low, and unmanly propensity, with selfishness,
+avarice, and a life of petty intrigue and mystery.
+
+
+May 16th, 1829 {p.207}
+
+O'Connell attempted to take his seat last night, but the business
+was put off till Monday. His case is exceedingly well got up, but
+too long. There are many opinions as to his right; many people
+think he has established it (though he had failed to do so), that
+a Bill ought to be brought in to enable him to take the new
+oaths. It was supposed Government would take no part, but Peel's
+speech and the language of some of the Ministers are rather
+unfavourable to him. Lord Grey, when he read the case, thought
+his argument on the tenth clause of the Bill conclusive, but when
+he examined the Bill he thought differently, and that the context
+gives a different signification to the words on which O'Connell
+relies. Tierney thinks otherwise, and this they debated Bill in
+hand in Lady Jersey's room yesterday morning. O'Connell was in a
+great fright when he went up to the table. He got, through the
+necessary forms in the Steward's office by means of the
+Commissioners whom Duncannon provided, and who were, I believe,
+Burdett and Ebrington. He ought to be allowed to take his seat,
+but probably he will not; it is a very hard case.[16] The Duke of
+Orleans is come, and his son, the Duke of Chartres; the latter
+was at the opera to-night in Prince Leopold's box.
+
+     [16] [O'Connell was excluded from taking his seat as member
+          for Clare, for which he had been elected before the
+          passing of the Relief Act, because it was held that he
+          was bound to take the oath which was required by law at
+          the time of his election, and not the oath imposed on
+          Roman Catholics by the recent statutes. He presented
+          himself to be sworn at the table of the House of
+          Commons on the 15th of May, and there refused to take
+          the former oath, which was tendered to him by the
+          Clerk. The House divided 100 to 116 against his
+          admission without taking the oath of supremacy on the
+          18th; Mr. O'Connell having previously been heard at the
+          bar in person in support of his claim.]
+
+
+May 29th, 1829 {p.208}
+
+O'Connell is said to have made a very good speech at the bar of
+the House, and produced rather a favourable impression. He has
+done himself this good, that whereas it was pretty generally
+thought that he was likely to fail in the House of Commons as a
+speaker, he has now altered that impression. There is but one
+opinion as to the wretched feeling of excluding him, but the
+saddle is put upon the right horse, and though the Government are
+now obliged to enforce the provisions of their own Bill,
+everybody knows that the exclusion was the work of the King.
+O'Connell goes back to Clare (as he says) sure of his election;
+there will be a great uproar, but at present nobody expects any
+opposition, and all deprecate a contest.
+
+[Page Head: PRINCESS VICTORIA AT A CHILD'S BALL.]
+
+Yesterday the King gave a dinner to the Dukes of Orleans and
+Chartres, and in the evening there was a child's ball. It was
+pretty enough, and I saw for the first time the Queen of
+Portugal[17] and our little Victoria. The Queen was finely dressed,
+with a ribband and order over her shoulder, and she sat by the
+King. She is good-looking and has a sensible Austrian countenance.
+In dancing she fell down and hurt her face, was frightened and
+bruised, and went away. The King was very kind to her. Our little
+Princess is a short, plain-looking child, and not near so
+good-looking as the Portuguese. However, if nature has not done
+so much, fortune is likely to do a great deal more for her. The
+King looked very well, and stayed at the ball till two. There
+were very few people, and neither Arbuthnot nor Mrs. A. were
+asked. I suspect this is owing to what passed in the House about
+opening the Birdcage Walk. It puts the King in a fury to have
+any such thing mentioned, not having the slightest wish to
+accommodate the public, though very desirous of getting money out
+of their pockets.
+
+     [17] [Donna Maria II. da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, on the
+          abdication of her father, Don Pedro, succeeded to the
+          throne on the 2nd of May, 1826. She was born on the 4th
+          of April, 1819, and was consequently but a few weeks
+          older than the Princess Victoria.]
+
+The day before yesterday there was a review for the Duke of
+Orleans, and the Marquis of Anglesey, who was there at the head
+of his regiment, contrived to get a tumble, but was not hurt.
+Last night at the ball the King said to Lord Anglesey, 'Why,
+Paget, what's this I hear? they say you rolled off your horse at
+the review yesterday.' The Duke as he left the ground was
+immensely cheered, and the people thronged about his horse and
+would shake hands with him. When Lord Hill went to the King the
+day before to give him an account of the intended review and the
+dispositions that had been made, he said, 'Hill, if I can throw
+my leg over your Shropshire horse, don't be surprised if you see
+me amongst you.'
+
+The new law appointments have just been announced, and have
+created some surprise.[18]
+
+     [18] [The Attorney-General, Sir Charles Wetherell, had
+          resigned in consequence of his violent opposition to
+          the Catholic Relief Bill, and was succeeded by Sir
+          James Scarlett (afterwards Lord Abinger). The
+          Solicitor-General, Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, was
+          raised on the 9th of June to the Chief Justiceship of
+          the Common Pleas; and was succeeded in the
+          Solicitorship by Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden
+          (afterwards Lord St. Leonards). The vacancy in the
+          Common Pleas was caused by the resignation of Sir
+          William Draper Best, who was created Lord Wynford for
+          the purpose of assisting the Chancellor with the
+          judicial business of the House of Lords.]
+
+
+June 11th, 1829 {p.210}
+
+I have been at Epsom for a week; the Duke of Grafton, Lords
+Wilton, Jersey, and Worcester, Russell, Anson, Irby, and myself
+took Down Hall for the races and lived very well. Nothing
+particular has occurred. Lord and Lady Ellenborough are
+separated, and he is supposed to have behaved very handsomely to
+her. They say he does not now know the whole story of her
+intrigue with Felix Schwarzenberg; that hero is gone to the
+Russian army. All the new appointments were declared when I was
+out of town, and they excited some surprise and more disapprobation.
+They have made Best a Peer, who is poor and has a family, by
+which another poor peerage will be added to the list; and he
+is totally unfit for the situation he is to fill--that of
+Deputy-Speaker of the House of Lords, and to assist the
+Chancellor in deciding Scotch causes, of which he knows nothing
+whatever; and as the Chancellor knows nothing either, the Scotch
+law is likely to be strangely administered in that great court of
+appeal. They would have done better to have made Alexander[19] a
+Peer, who is very old, understands Equity Law, and has no
+children; but he knows very little of Common Law (which Best is
+well versed in), and so they keep him on the bench and put Best
+on the Woolsack. Lord Rosslyn is Privy Seal,[20] and Scarlett
+Attorney-General, which looks like a leaning towards the Whigs;
+but then Trench and Lord Edward Somerset are put into the
+Ordnance; George Bankes goes back to the India Board, and
+Government supports him in his contest at Cambridge against
+William Cavendish. This conduct is considered very unhandsome,
+and Tierney, who was well disposed towards the Government, told
+me yesterday that if the Duke did not take care he thought he
+would get swamped with such doings, that the way he went on was
+neither fish nor flesh, and he would offend more people than he
+would conciliate. At present there is no party, and if Government
+have no opponents they have no great body of supporters on whom
+they can depend; everything is in confusion--party, politics, and
+all.
+
+     [19] [Sir William Alexander, then Lord Chief Baron of the
+          Exchequer. The Court of Exchequer still retained its
+          Equity jurisdiction.]
+
+     [20] [Lord Rosslyn was considered to be a Whig, and Sir
+          James Scarlett was better known for the Liberal
+          opinions he once professed than for the Tory opinions
+          he afterwards assumed.]
+
+[Page Head: LORD PALMERSTON ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS.]
+
+The event of last week was Palmerston's speech on the Portuguese
+question, which was delivered at a late hour and in an empty
+House, but which they say was exceedingly able and eloquent. This
+is the second he has made this year of great merit. It was very
+violent against Government. He has been twenty years in office
+and never distinguished himself before, a proof how many
+accidental circumstances are requisite to bring out the talents
+which a man may possess. The office he held was one of dull and
+dry detail, and he never travelled out of it. He probably stood
+in awe of Canning and others, and was never in the Cabinet; but
+having lately held higher situations and having acquired more
+confidence, and the great men having been removed from the House
+of Commons by death or promotion, he has launched forth, and with
+astonishing success. Lord Granville told me he had always thought
+Palmerston was capable of more than he did, and had told Canning
+so, who did not believe it.
+
+Yesterday the King had his racing dinner, which was more
+numerously attended and just as magnificent as that he gave last
+year, but not half so gay and joyous. I believe he had some gouty
+feeling and was in pain, for, contrary to his usual custom, he
+hardly spoke, and the Duke of Richmond, who sat next to him, told
+me that the little he did say was more about politics than the
+turf, and he fancied that something had annoyed him. He looked
+well enough, and was very cheerful before dinner. When his health
+was drunk 'as Patron of the Jockey Club, and many thanks to him
+for condescending to accept that title,' he made a speech, in
+which he said that 'he was much gratified by our kindness, and he
+could assure us that in withdrawing himself as he had done from
+the Jockey Club he was not influenced by any unkindness to any
+member of it, or any indifference to the interests of the turf.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE COTTAGE.]
+
+June 24th, 1829 {p.212}
+
+Went to Stoke for the Ascot races. There was such a crowd to see
+the cup run for as never was seen before. The King was very
+anxious and disappointed. I bought the winner for Chesterfield[21]
+two hours before the race, he having previously asked the King's
+leave, which he gave with many gracious expressions. I have set
+about making a reconciliation between the King and Lord Sefton.
+Both are anxious to make it up, but each is afraid to make the
+first advances. However, Sefton must make them, and he will. The
+cause of their quarrel is very old, and signifies little enough
+now.... They have been at daggers drawn ever since, and Sefton
+has revenged himself by a thousand jokes at the King's expense,
+of which his Majesty is well aware. Their common pursuit, and a
+desire on the one side to partake of the good things of
+the Palace, and on the other side to be free from future
+pleasantries, has generated a mutual disposition to make it up,
+which is certainly sensible. The King has bought seven horses
+successively, for which he has given 11,300 guineas, principally
+to win the cup at Ascot, which he has never accomplished. He
+might have had Zinganee, but would not, because he fancied the
+Colonel would beat him; but when that appeared doubtful he was
+very sorry not to have bought him, and complained that the horse
+was not offered to him. He is now extravagantly fond of
+Chesterfield, who is pretty well bit by it. There is always a
+parcel of eldest sons and Lords in possession invited to the
+Cottage for the sake of Lady Maria Conyngham. The King likes to
+be treated with great deference but without fear, and that people
+should be easy with him, and gay, and listen well. There was a
+grand consultation at the Cottage between the King, Lieven,
+Esterhazy, and the Duke of Cumberland as to the way in which the
+ladies should be placed at dinner, the object being that Lady
+Conyngham should sit next to his Majesty, though according to
+etiquette the two Ambassadresses should sit one on each side of
+him. It was contrived by the Duke of Cumberland taking out one of
+them and sitting opposite, by which means the lovely Thais sat
+beside him and he was happy.
+
+     [21] [George Augustus, sixth Earl of Chesterfield, born in
+          1805, died in 1866. He married in 1830 Anne, daughter
+          of Lord Forester. In 1829 he was one of the most
+          brilliant of the young men of fashion of that day,
+          having succeeded to a large rental and large
+          accumulations in his minority.]
+
+
+June 26th, 1829 {p.213}
+
+I met Tierney and Lord Grey at dinner yesterday; the former
+wanted to know what passed about the King's Speech at the Council
+at Windsor the other day. I had heard nothing, not having been at
+the Council, but it is believed that the Ministers had put in the
+Speech a sentence expressive of satisfaction and sanguine hopes
+about Ireland, and that at the last moment the King would not
+agree to this; for after the Duke's audience, which lasted a good
+while, there was a Cabinet, and it is supposed they knocked
+under, for the paragraph about Ireland is cold enough. The Duke
+of Cumberland is thought to have had a hand in all this, and to
+have persuaded the King to be obstinate. We talked a great deal
+about the situation of the Government and the state of the House
+of Commons, and Tierney thinks that unless the Duke strengthens
+himself he will not be able to go on; that Rosslyn and Scarlett
+are of little use to him, and what he wants is the support of
+those who will bring followers in their train, such as Althorp,
+who has extensive connections, enjoys consideration, and would be
+of real use to him. There is a strong report that Althorp is to
+be Chancellor of the Exchequer, Goulburn Speaker, and Sutton[22]
+a Peer. At present the Government is anything but strong, but
+then there exists no party, nor is there any man of ability and
+authority enough to make one. The Duke must strengthen himself,
+and have recourse for the purpose either to the Whigs or to
+Huskisson and his friends. These latter he detests, and he knows
+they hate him and are his bitterest enemies. The Whigs he would
+not dislike so much, but the King is averse to have them, and the
+Duke is beset by his old suspicion that they want to break up the
+Tory party and make him dependent on themselves. At the same
+time, in taking in Lord Rosslyn and Scarlett, he has made some
+advances towards them, though Lord Grey is displeased at his not
+having shown him more deference and communicated to him his
+intentions about Rosslyn. Lord Rosslyn asked Lord Grey's advice
+as to accepting, and he advised him to take office, explaining at
+the same time that he should not pledge himself to support
+Government, though he was at present well disposed to do so, and
+should be still more disposed when Lord Rosslyn became a part of
+it. Tierney said it was very lamentable that there should be such
+a deficiency of talent in the rising generation, and remarkable
+how few clever young men there are now in the House of Commons.
+The King did not like Lord Rosslyn's appointment; he hates all
+the Whigs; indeed, he hates the best men of all parties, and
+likes none but such as will be subservient to himself. So little
+public spirit has he, and so much selfishness, that he would
+rather his Government was weak than strong, that they may be the
+more dependent upon him; though he only wishes to be powerful in
+order to exercise the most puerile caprices, gratify ridiculous
+resentments, indulge vulgar prejudices, and amass or squander
+money; not one great object connected with national glory or
+prosperity ever enters his brain. I am convinced he would turn
+out the Duke to-morrow if he could see any means of replacing
+him. I don't think I mentioned that when he talked of giving the
+child's ball Lady Maria Conyngham said, 'Oh, do, it will be so
+nice to see the _two little Queens_ dancing together' (the little
+Queen of Portugal and the Princess Victoria), at which he was
+beyond measure provoked.
+
+     [22] [Right Hon. Manners Sutton, Speaker of the House of
+          Commons. He retained that office till 1835, when he was
+          beaten on the great contest with Mr. Abercromby, and
+          raised to the peerage as Lord Canterbury.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MADAME DU CAYLA.]
+
+July 10th, 1829 {p.214}
+
+I dined with the Duke of Wellington yesterday; a very large party
+for Mesdames the Duchesse d'Escars and Madame du Cayla; the first
+is the widow of the Duc d'Escars, who was Premier Maître d'Hôtel
+of Louis XVIII., and who was said to have died of one of the
+King's good dinners, and the joke was, 'Hier sa Majesté a eu une
+indigestion, dont M. le Duc d'Escars est mort.' Madame du
+Cayla[23] is come over to prosecute some claim upon this
+Government, which the Duke has discovered to be unfounded, and he
+had the bluntness to tell her so as they were going to dinner.
+She must have been good-looking in her youth; her countenance is
+lively, her eyes are piercing, clear complexion, and very
+handsome hands and arms; but the best part about her seemed to be
+the magnificent pearls she wore, though these are not so fine as
+Lady Conyngham's. All king's mistresses seem to have a rage for
+pearls; I remember Madame Narischkin's were splendid. Madame du
+Cayla is said to be very rich and clever.
+
+     [23] [Madame du Cayla had been the _soi-disant_ mistress of
+          Louis XVIII., or rather the favourite of his declining
+          years. 'Il fallait une Esther,' to use her own
+          expression, 'à cet Assuérus.' She was the daughter of
+          M. Talon, brought up by Madam Campan, and an early
+          friend of Hortense Beauharnais. Her marriage to an
+          officer in the Prince de Condé's army was an unhappy
+          one; and she was left, deserted by her husband, in
+          straitened circumstances. After the assassination of
+          the Duc de Berry, M. de la Rochefoucauld, one of the
+          leaders of the ultra-Royalist party, contrived to throw
+          her in the way of Louis XVIII., in the hope of
+          counteracting the more Liberal influence which M. de
+          Cazes had acquired over the King. Madame du Cayla
+          became the hope and the mainstay of the altar and the
+          throne. The scheme succeeded. The King was touched by
+          her grace and beauty, and she became indispensable to
+          his happiness. His happiness was said to consist in
+          inhaling a pinch of snuff from her shoulders, which
+          were remarkably broad and fair. M. de Lamartine has
+          related the romance of her life in the thirty-eighth
+          book of his 'Histoire de la Restauration,' and Béranger
+          satirised her in the bitterest of his songs--that which
+          bears the name of 'Octavie':--
+
+               Sur les coussins où la douleur l'enchaîne
+                 Quel mal, dis-tu, vous fait ce roi des rois?
+               Vois-le d'un masque enjoliver sa haine
+                 Pour étouffer notre gloire et nos lois.
+
+               Vois ce coeur faux, que cherchent tes caresses,
+                 De tous les siens n'aimer que ses aïeux;
+               Charger de fer les muses vengeresses,
+                 Et par ses moeurs nous révéler ses dieux.
+
+               Peins-nous ces feux, qu'en secret tu redoutes,
+                 _Quand sur ton sein il cuve son nectar,_
+               Ces feux dont s'indignaient les voûtes
+                 Où plane encor l'aigle du grand César.
+
+          It is curious that in 1829 the last mistress of a King
+          of France should have visited London under the reign of
+          the last mistress of a King of England.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+After dinner the Duke talked to me for a long time about the King
+and the Duke of Cumberland, and his quarrel with the latter. He
+began about the King's making Lord Aberdeen stay at the Cottage
+the other day when he had engaged all the foreign Ambassadors to
+dine with him in London. Aberdeen represented this to him, but
+his Majesty said 'it did not matter, he should stay, and the
+Ambassadors should for once see that he was King of England.' 'He
+has no idea,' said the Duke, 'of what a King of England ought to
+do, or he would have known that he ought to have made Aberdeen go
+and receive them, instead of keeping him there.' He said the King
+was very clever and amusing, but that with a surprising memory he
+was very inaccurate, and constantly told stories the details of
+which all his auditors must know to be false. One day he was
+talking of the late King, and asserted that George III. had said
+to himself, 'Of all the men I have ever known you are the one on
+whom I have the greatest dependence, and you are the most perfect
+gentleman.' Another day he said 'that he recollected the old Lord
+Chesterfield, who once said to him, "Sir, you are the fourth
+Prince of Wales I have known, and I must give your Royal Highness
+one piece of advice: stick to your father; as long as you adhere
+to your father you will be a great and a happy man, but if you
+separate yourself from him you will be nothing and an unhappy
+one;" and, by God (added the King), I never forgot that advice,
+and acted upon it all my life.' 'We all,' said the Duke, 'looked
+at one another with astonishment.' He is extremely clever and
+particularly ingenious in turning the conversation from any
+subject he does not like to discuss.
+
+'I,' added the Duke of Wellington, 'remember calling upon him the
+day he received the news of the battle of Navarino. I was not a
+Minister, but Commander-in-Chief, and after having told me the
+news he asked me what I thought of it. I said that I knew nothing
+about it, was ignorant of the instructions that had been given to
+the admiral, and could not give any opinion; but "one thing is
+clear to me, that your Majesty's ships have suffered very much,
+and that you ought to reinforce your fleet directly, for whenever
+you have a maritime force yours ought to be superior to all
+others." This advice he did not like; I saw this, and he said,
+"Oh, the Emperor of Russia is a man of honour," and then he began
+talking, and went on to Venice, Toulon, St. Petersburg, all over
+the Continent, and from one place and one subject to another,
+till he brought me to Windsor Castle. I make it a rule never to
+interrupt him, and when in this way he tries to get rid of a
+subject in the way of business which he does not like, I let him
+talk himself out, and then quietly put before him the matter in
+question, so that he cannot escape from it. I remember when the
+Duke of Newcastle was going to Windsor with a mob at his heels to
+present a petition (during the late discussions) I went down to
+him and showed him the petition, and told him that they ought to
+be prevented from coming. He went off and talked upon every
+subject but that which I had come about, for an hour and a half.
+I let him go on till he was tired, and then I said, "But the
+petition, sir; here it is, and an answer must be sent. I had
+better write to the Duke of Newcastle and tell him your Majesty
+will receive it through the Secretary of State; and, if you
+please, I will write the letter before I leave the house." This I
+did, finished my business in five minutes, and went away with the
+letter in my pocket. I know him so well that I can deal with him
+easily, but anybody who does not know him, and who is afraid of
+him, would have the greatest difficulty in getting on with him.
+One extraordinary peculiarity about him is, that the only thing
+he fears is ridicule. He is afraid of nothing which is hazardous,
+perilous, or uncertain; on the contrary, he is all for braving
+difficulties; but he dreads ridicule, and this is the reason why
+the Duke of Cumberland, whose sarcasms he dreads, has such power
+over him, and Lord Anglesey likewise; both of them he hates in
+proportion as he fears them.' I said I was very much, surprised
+to hear this, as neither of these men were wits, or likely to
+make him ridiculous; that if he had been afraid of Sefton or
+Alvanley it could have been understood. 'But,' rejoined the Duke,
+'he never sees these men, and he does not mind anybody he does
+not see; but the Duke of Cumberland and Lord Anglesey he cannot
+avoid seeing, and the fear he has of what they may say to him, as
+well as of him, keeps him in awe of them. No man, however, knows
+the Duke of Cumberland better than he does; indeed, all I know of
+the Duke of Cumberland I know from him, and so I told him one
+day. I remember asking him why the Duke of Cumberland was so
+unpopular, and he said, "Because there never was a father well
+with his son, or husband with his wife, or lover with his
+mistress, or a friend with his friend, that he did not try to
+make mischief between them." And yet he suffers this man to have
+constant access to him, to say what he will to him, and often
+acts under his influence.' I said, 'You and the Duke of
+Cumberland speak now, don't you?' 'Yes, we speak. The King spoke
+to me about it, and wanted me to make him an apology. I told him
+it was quite impossible, "Why," said he, "you did not mean to
+offend the Duke of Cumberland, I am sure." "No, sir," said I; "I
+did not wish to offend him, but I did not say a word that I did
+not mean. When we meet the Royal Family in society, they are our
+superiors, and we owe them all respect, and I should readily
+apologise for anything I might have said offensive to the Duke;
+but in the House of Lords we are their peers, and for what I say
+there I am responsible to the House alone." "But," said the King,
+"he said you turned on him as if you meant to address yourself to
+him personally." "I did mean it, sir," said I, "and I did so
+because I knew that he had been here, that he had heard things
+from your Majesty which he had gone and misrepresented and
+misstated in other quarters, and knowing that, I meant to show
+him that I was aware of it. I am sorry that the Duke is offended,
+but I cannot help it, and I cannot make him an apology."'
+
+[Page Head: DUKES OF WELLINGTON AND CUMBERLAND.]
+
+The Duke went on, 'I was so afraid he would tell the Duke that I
+was sorry for what I had said, that I repeated to him when I went
+away, "Now, sir, remember that I will not apologise to the Duke,
+and I hope your Majesty will therefore not convey any such idea
+to his mind." However, he spoke to him, I suppose, for the next
+time I met the Duke he bowed to me. I immediately called on him,
+but he did not return my visit. On a subsequent occasion [I
+forget what he said it was] I called on him again, and he
+returned my visit the same day.'
+
+The Duke then talked of the letter which the Duke of Cumberland
+had just written (as Grand Master of the Orange Lodges) to
+Enniskillen, which he thought was published with the most
+mischievous intentions. However, he said, 'I know not what he is
+at, but while I am conscious of going on in a straightforward
+manner I am not afraid of him, or of anything he can do,' which I
+was surprised to hear, because it looked as if he was afraid of
+him. I asked him whether, with all the cleverness he thought
+belonged to the King, he evinced great acuteness in discussing
+matters of business, to which he replied, 'Oh, no, not at all,
+the worst judgment that can be.' This was not the first time I
+had heard the Duke's opinion of the King. I remember him saying
+something to the Duke of Portland about him during the Queen's
+trial indicative of his contempt for him.
+
+In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland, instead of returning to
+Berlin, has sent for the Duchess and his son, and means to take
+up his abode in this country, in hopes of prevailing upon the
+King to dismiss his Ministers and make a Government under his own
+auspices; but however weak the Government may be, he will not
+succeed, for the King has an habitual reliance upon the Duke [of
+Wellington] which overcomes the mortification and dislike he
+feels at being dependent upon him; and, besides, the materials do
+not exist out of which a Government could be formed that would
+have the support of the House of Commons. The great want which
+this Administration experiences is that of men of sufficient
+information and capacity to direct the complicated machinery of
+our trade and finances and adjust our colonial differences.
+Huskisson, Grant, and Palmerston were the ablest men, and the two
+first the best informed in the Government. Fitzgerald knows
+nothing of the business of his office, still less of the
+principles of trade; he is idle, but quick. Of Murray I know
+nothing; he is popular in his office, but he has neither the
+capacity nor the knowledge of Huskisson.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VI.
+
+The Recorder's report--Manners of George IV.--Intrigues of the
+  Duke of Cumberland--Insults Lady Lyndhurst--Deacon Hume at the
+  Board of Trade--Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the
+  Lord Chancellor--A Bad Season--Prostration of Turkey--France
+  under Polignac--State of Ireland--Mr. Windham's Diary--
+  George IV.'s Eyesight--Junius--A Man without Money--Court-martial
+  on Captain Dickinson--The Duke and the 'Morning Journal'--
+  Physical Courage of the King--A Charade at Chatsworth--Huskisson
+  and the Duke--Irish Trials--Tom Moore--Scott--Byron--Fanny
+  Kemble--Sir James Mackintosh--His Conversation--Black Irishmen--
+  Moore's Irish Story--Moore's Singing--George IV. and Mr. Denman--
+  Strawberry Hill--Moore at Trinity College--Indian Vengeance at
+  Niagara--Count Woronzow--Lord Glengall's Play--The Recorder's
+  Report.
+
+
+July 21st, 1829 {p.221}
+
+There was a Council last Thursday, and the heaviest Recorder's
+report that was ever known, I believe; seven people left for
+execution. The King cannot bear this, and is always leaning to
+the side of mercy. Lord Tenterden, however, is for severity, and
+the Recorder still more so. It not unfrequently happens that a
+culprit escapes owing to the scruples of the King; sometimes he
+put the question of life or death to the vote, and it is decided
+by the voices of the majority. The King came to town at one, and
+gave audiences until half-past four. He received Madame du Cayla,
+whom he was very curious to see. She told me afterwards that she
+was astonished at his good looks, and seemed particularly to have
+been struck with his 'belles jambes et sa perruque bien
+arrangée;' and I asked her if she had ever seen him before, and
+she said no, 'mais que le feu Roi lui en avait souvent parlé, et
+de ses belles manières, qu'en vérité elle les avait trouvées
+parfaites.' There was a reigning Margrave of Baden waiting for an
+audience in the room we assembled in. Nobody took much notice of
+him, and when the Duke spoke to him he bowed to the ground, bow
+after bow; when he went away nobody attended him or opened the
+door for him.
+
+
+July 24th, 1829 {p.222}
+
+The accounts from Ireland are very bad; nothing but massacres and
+tumults, and all got up by the Protestants, who desire nothing so
+much as to provoke the Catholics into acts of violence and
+outrage. They want a man of energy and determination who will
+cause the law to be respected and impartially administered. If
+Lord Anglesey was there, it is very probable these outrages would
+not have taken place, but no one cares for such a man of straw as
+the present Lord Lieutenant.
+
+[Page Head: INTRIGUES OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.]
+
+The Duke of Cumberland is doing all he can to set the King
+against the Duke; he always calls him 'King Arthur,' which made
+the King very angry at first, and he desired he would not, but he
+calls him so still, and the King submits. He never lets any of
+the Royal Family see the King alone; the Duchess of Gloucester
+complains bitterly of his conduct, and the way in which he
+thrusts himself in when she is with his Majesty. The other day
+Count Münster came to the King, and the Duke of Cumberland was
+determined he should not have a private audience, and stayed in
+the room the whole time. He hates Lady Conyngham, and she him.
+They put about that he has been pressed to stay here by the King,
+which is not true; the King would much rather he went away. The
+Duke of Wellington told me that he one day asked the King when
+the Duke was going, and he said, 'I am sick to death of the
+subject. I have been told he was going fifty times, but when he
+goes, or whether he ever goes at all, I have not the least idea.'
+He is now very much provoked because the King will not talk
+politics with him. His Majesty wants to be quiet, and is tired of
+all the Duke's violence and his constant attacks.
+
+
+August 8th, 1829 {p.222}
+
+There is a story current about the Duke of Cumberland and Lady
+Lyndhurst which is more true than most stories of this kind. The
+Duke called upon her, and grossly insulted her; on which, after a
+scramble, she rang the bell. He was obliged to desist and to go
+away, but before he did he said, 'By God, madam, I will be the
+ruin of you and your husband, and will not rest till I have
+destroyed you both.'
+
+Vesey Fitzgerald has turned out the Chief Clerk in the Board of
+Trade, and put in Hume[1] as Assistant Secretary. He told me it
+was absolutely necessary, as nobody in the Office knew anything
+of its business, which is, I believe, very true, but as true of
+himself as of the rest. Hume is a very clever man, and probably
+knows more of the principles of trade and commerce than anybody,
+but so it is in every department of Government--great ignorance
+on the part of the chiefs, and a few obscure men of industry and
+ability who do the business and supply the knowledge requisite,
+_sic vos non vobis_ throughout.
+
+      [1] [Mr. Deacon Hume, a very able public servant. He
+          remained at the Board of Trade many years.]
+
+O'Connell was elected without opposition; he was more violent and
+more popular than ever. They treat him with every indignity, and
+then they complain of his violence; besides, he must speak to the
+Irish in the strain to which they have been used and which
+pleases them. Had he never been violent, he would not be the man
+he is, and Ireland would not have been emancipated.
+
+
+[Page Head: QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.]
+
+August 18th, 1829 {p.223}
+
+Last Saturday I came back from Goodwood, and called on Lady
+Jersey, whom I found very curious about a correspondence which
+she told me had taken place between the Duke of Cumberland and
+the Chancellor relative to a paragraph which had appeared in the
+'Age,' stating that his Royal Highness had been turned out of
+Lady Lyndhurst's house in consequence of having insulted her in
+it. She said she was very anxious to see the letter, for she
+heard that the Duke had much the best of it, and that the
+Chancellor's letter was evasive and Jesuitical. The next day I
+was informed of the details of this affair. I found that the Duke
+had called upon her and had been denied; that he had complained
+half in jest, and half in earnest, to the Chancellor of her not
+letting him in; that on a subsequent day he had called so early
+that no orders had been given to the porter, and he was let in;
+that his manner and his language had been equally brutal and
+offensive; that he afterwards went off upon politics, and abused
+the whole Administration, and particularly the Chancellor, and
+after staying two or three hours, insulting and offending her in
+every way, he took himself off. Soon after he met her somewhere
+in the evening, when he attacked her again. She treated him with
+all possible indignation, and would have nothing to say to him.
+
+Yesterday I met the Chancellor at the Castle at a Council. He
+took me aside, and said that he wished to tell me what had
+passed, and to show me the correspondence. He then began, and
+said that after the Duke's visit Lady L. had told the Chancellor
+of his abuse of him and the Government, but had suppressed the
+rest, thinking it was better not to tell him, as it would put him
+in a very embarrassing position, and contenting herself with
+saying she would never receive the Duke again upon the other
+grounds, which were quite sufficient; but that some time after
+reports reached her from various quarters (Lord Grey, Lord
+Durham, Lord Dudley, and several others) that the Duke went about
+talking of her in the most gross and impertinent manner. Upon
+hearing this, she thought it right to tell the Chancellor the
+other part of his conduct which she had hitherto concealed, and
+this she did in general terms, viz. that he had been very
+insolent and made an attack upon her. The Chancellor was
+exceedingly incensed, but he said after much consideration he
+thought it better to let the matter drop; a long time had elapsed
+since the offence was committed; all communication had ceased
+between all the parties; and he felt the ridicule and inconvenience
+of putting himself (holding the high office he did) in personal
+collision with a Royal Duke, besides the annoyance which it would
+be to Lady Lyndhurst to become publicly the subject of such a
+quarrel. There, then, he let the matter rest, but about a
+fortnight ago he received a letter from the Duke enclosing a
+newspaper to this effect, as well as I can recollect it, for I
+was obliged to read the letter in such a hurried way that I
+could not bring the exact contents away with me, though I am sure
+I do not err in stating their sense:--
+
+    'My Lord,--I think it necessary to enclose to your
+    Lordship a newspaper containing a paragraph which I have
+    marked, and which relates to a pretended transaction in
+    your Lordship's house. I think it necessary and proper to
+    contradict this statement, which I need not say is a
+    gross falsehood, and I wish, therefore, to have the
+    authority of Lady Lyndhurst for contradicting it.
+                   'I am, my Lord, yours sincerely,
+                                 'Ernest.'
+
+This was the sense of the letter, though it was not so worded; it
+was civil enough. The Chancellor answered:--'The Lord Chancellor
+with his duty begs to acknowledge the favour of your Royal
+Highness's letter. The Lord Chancellor had never seen the
+paragraph to which your Royal Highness alludes, and which he
+regards with the most perfect indifference, considering it as one
+of that series of calumnies to which Lady Lyndhurst has been for
+some time exposed from a portion of the press, and which she has
+at length learnt to regard with the contempt they deserve.' He
+said that he thought it better to let the matter drop, and he
+wrote this answer by way of waiving any discussion on the
+subject, and that the Duke might contradict the paragraph himself
+if he chose to do so. To this the Duke wrote again:--'My Lord,--I
+have received your Lordship's answer, which is not so explicit as
+I have a right to expect. I repeat again that the statement is
+false and scandalous, and I have a right to require Lady
+Lyndhurst's sanction to the contradiction which I think it
+necessary to give to it.' This letter was written in a more
+impertinent style than the other. On the receipt of it the
+Chancellor consulted the Duke of Wellington, and the Duke
+suggested the following answer, which the Chancellor sent:--'The
+Lord Chancellor has had the honour of receiving your Royal
+Highness's letter of ----. The Lord Chancellor does not conceive
+it necessary to annoy Lady Lyndhurst by troubling her upon the
+subject, and with what relates to your Royal Highness the Lord
+Chancellor has no concern whatever; but with regard to that part
+which states that your Royal Highness had been excluded from the
+Lord Chancellor's house, there could be no question that the
+respect and grateful attachment which both the Chancellor and
+Lady Lyndhurst felt to their Sovereign made it impossible that
+any brother of that Sovereign should ever be turned out of his
+house.' To this the Duke wrote another letter, in a very sneering
+and impertinent tone in the third person, and alluding to the
+_loose reports_ which had been current on the subject, and saying
+that 'the Chancellor might have his own reasons for not choosing
+to speak to Lady Lyndhurst on the subject;' to which the
+Chancellor replied that 'he knew nothing of any loose reports,
+but that if there were any, in whatever quarter they might have
+originated, which went to affect the conduct of Lady Lyndhurst in
+the matter in question, they were most false, foul, and
+calumnious.' So ended the correspondence; all these latter
+expressions were intended to apply to the Duke himself, who is
+the person who spread the _loose reports_ and told the lies about
+her. When she first denied him, she told Lord Bathurst of it, who
+assured her she had done quite right, and that she had better
+never let him in, for if she did he would surely invent some lies
+about her. Last Sunday week the Chancellor went down to Windsor,
+and laid the whole correspondence before the King, who received
+him very well, and approved of what he had done; but of course
+when he saw the Duke of Cumberland and heard his story, he
+concurred in all his abuse of the Chancellor. I think the
+Chancellor treated the matter in the best way the case admitted
+of. Had he taken it up, he must have resigned his office and
+called the Duke out, and what a mixture of folly and scandal this
+would have been, and how the woman would have suffered in it all!
+
+
+[Page Head: QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.]
+
+August 22nd, 1829 {p.226}
+
+The day before yesterday Sir Henry Cooke called on me, and told
+me that he came on the part of the Duke of Cumberland, who had
+heard that I had seen the correspondence, and that I had given an
+account of it which was unfavourable to him, that his Royal
+Highness wished me, therefore, to call on him and hear his
+statement of the facts. Cooke then entered into the history, and
+told me that it was he who had originally acquainted the Duke
+with the reports which were current about him, and had advised
+him to contradict them, but that he had not found any opportunity
+of taking it up till this paragraph appeared in the 'Age'
+newspaper; that the Duke had given him an account of what had
+passed, which was that Lady Lyndhurst had begged him to call upon
+her, then to dine with her, and upon every occasion had
+encouraged him. I heard all he had to say, but declined calling
+on the Duke. As I wished, however, that there should be no
+misrepresentation in what I said on the subject, I wrote a letter
+to Cooke, to be laid before the Duke, in which I gave an account
+of the circumstances under which I had been concerned in the
+business, stating that I had not expressed any opinion of the
+conduct of the parties, and that I did not wish to be in any way
+mixed up in it. After I had seen Cooke I went to the Chancellor
+and read my letter to him. I found he had not shown the King the
+two last letters that had passed; and as Cooke had told me that
+the Duke meant to go to Windsor the next day and lay the whole
+correspondence before the King, the Chancellor immediately sent
+off a messenger with the two letters which the King had not seen.
+The Chancellor has since circulated the correspondence among his
+friends, but with rather too undignified a desire to submit his
+conduct to the judgment of a parcel of people who only laugh at
+them both, and are amused with the gossip and malice of the
+thing.
+
+August 25th, 1829 {p.227}
+
+I came to town from Stoke yesterday morning, and found a
+palavering letter from Cooke, returning mine, saying that the
+Duke was quite satisfied, and saw that it would be useless to
+have an interview with me; that he had persuaded his Royal
+Highness to drop the whole affair; and ended with many protestations
+of respect for the Chancellor and the purity of his own motives
+in meddling with the matter. I sent his letter to the Chancellor,
+together with my own, that he might show them both to the Duke
+of Wellington.
+
+Melbourne, who is a pretty good judge of Irish affairs, thinks
+that Government will probably be under the necessity of adopting
+strong coercive measures there; but whether they are adopted, or
+a temporary policy of expedients persisted in, nobody is there
+fit to advise what is requisite. The Duke of Northumberland is an
+absolute nullity, a bore beyond all bores, and, in spite of his
+desire to spend money and be affable, very unpopular. The Duchess
+complains of it and can't imagine why, for they do all they can
+to be liked, but all in vain.
+
+
+August 28th, 1829 {p.228}
+
+At Stoke since Tuesday for the Egham races; Esterhazy, Alvanley,
+Montrond, Mornay, B. Craven, &c. The King came to the races one
+day (the day I was not there) in excellent health. The weather
+exceeds everything that ever was known--a constant succession of
+gales of wind and tempests of rain, and the sun never shining.
+The oats are not cut, and a second crop is growing up, that has
+been shaken out of the first. Everybody contemplates with dismay
+the approach of winter, which will probably bring with it the
+overthrow of the Corn Laws, for corn must be at such a price as
+to admit of an immense importation. So much for our domestic
+prospect here, to say nothing of Ireland.
+
+[Page Head: RUSSIA AND TURKEY.]
+
+In the meantime the Sultan with his firmness has brought the
+Russians to the gates of Constantinople, and not a soul doubts
+that they are already there, or that they will be directly; there
+is nothing to resist either Diebitsch or Paskiewitch. Esterhazy
+talks of it as certain, and so unaccountable does it seem that
+Austria should have been a passive spectator of the Russian
+victories, that a strong notion prevails that Metternich has made
+his bargain with them, and that in the impending partition
+Austria is to have her share. Still more extraordinary does it
+appear that the Duke, from whom vigour and firmness might have
+been expected, should not have interfered. That cursed treaty of
+the 6th of July, and the subsequent battle of Navarino, which
+were intended to give us a right to arrest the ambition of
+Russia, have been rendered nugatory by the obstinacy of the Turks
+on the one hand, and the perpetual changes of Administration here
+and in France, which have prevented any steady and consistent
+course of policy from being followed; while the Russians,
+availing themselves of both these circumstances, have pushed on
+with singleness of purpose and great vigour of execution. It is
+quite impossible now to foresee the end of all this, but the
+elements are abroad of as fine disturbances as the most restless
+can desire.
+
+France is probably too much occupied with her own affairs to pay
+much attention to those of Turkey, nor is it clear that the
+French would much regret any event which tended to impair our
+commercial greatness. So busy are the French with their own
+politics, that even the milliners have left off making caps. Lady
+Cowper told me to-day that Madame Maradan complained that she
+could get no bonnets, &c., from Paris; for they would occupy
+themselves with nothing but the change of Administration.[2]
+Nothing can exceed the violence that prevails; the King does
+nothing but cry. Polignac is said to have the fatal obstinacy of
+a martyr, the worst sort of courage of the _ruat coelum_ sort.
+Aberdeen said at dinner at Madame de Lieven's the other day that
+he thought him a very clever man; and that the Duke of Wellington
+went still further, for he said that he was the ablest man France
+had had since the Restoration. I remember him well when he was
+courting his first wife, Archy Macdonald's sister; and if being
+first a prisoner, then an emigrant, then a miser, and now a saint
+can make him a good Minister, he may be one.
+
+      [2] [The Polignac Ministry took office on the 8th of
+          August.]
+
+
+August 31st, 1829 {p.229}
+
+The Duke, the Chancellor, and Privy Seal came from Walmer to-day
+for a Cabinet; and Esterhazy, who was to have dined with me, sent
+word that as he had received a courier this morning, and was
+obliged to send off Dietrichstein this evening, he could not
+come. It is said that Sir Frederick Gordon has sent word that the
+Turks are frightened and wish to treat, but probably it is now
+too late.
+
+Last night news came that Villa Flor had routed Miguel's
+expedition against Terceira, and at the same time the little
+Queen is embarking with the Empress for the Brazils. This
+probably comes too late; some time ago it might have been of some
+use. Miguel will probably be recognised by this country, and then
+the game is up. I have long been convinced that the Duke meant
+eventually to acknowledge Miguel, or he would not have tolerated
+Beresford's conduct. If Lamb is to be believed, Beresford was
+secretly in it all.
+
+I met the Chancellor this morning, who gave me back my letter and
+Cooke's answer. He said, 'There are other reports afloat now, I
+hear.' I said, 'What? I have heard none.' 'Oh,' he said, 'on
+public matters, and they are put about by that blackguard,'
+meaning the Duke of Cumberland. I suppose he alludes to changes
+in the Government, but I have heard of none; they are, in fact,
+kept in hot water by this fellow's activity, though I think he
+cannot do the mischief he would, like.
+
+From what I hear, it is probable that Lord William Bentinck will
+be speedily recalled from India. His measures are of too Liberal
+a cast to suit the taste of the present Government. The Duke has
+never liked him, not since the war in Spain, when he did not
+behave quite well to Lord William, and he seldom forgets old
+animosities; besides, he cannot bear anybody who takes a line of
+their own.
+
+Lord Ellenborough, strong in the concurrence of the Duke, is
+inclined to be insolent in his tone to Lord William, which, I
+take it, he will not stand. The Duke looks upon Lord William as a
+hasty, imprudent man, with bad judgment, and I am not sure that
+he is very wrong. He has made himself popular by the affability
+and _bonhomie_ of his manner, his magnificence and hospitality,
+and the liberal and generous character of his political opinions,
+but he is far from a clever man, and I suspect his judgment is
+very indifferent.
+
+I hear from Ireland that Doherty conducts the trial of the
+policeman with consummate skill; the object was that the trial
+should appear fair, and that the men should be acquitted. They
+were acquitted, and the people were furious. There is excitement
+enough in that wretched country, and every effort is made to keep
+it up at its highest pitch; the press on each side teems with
+accusations and invectives, and the Protestants strain every
+nerve to inflame the spirit of rancorous fury which distinguished
+the Brunswickers before the Catholic question was carried, and to
+provoke the Catholics to overt acts of violence. Both sides are
+to blame, but the Protestants the most. George Villiers wrote me
+word of a crime that has been perpetrated, the most atrocious I
+ever heard of.... The country in which such an abomination was
+perpetrated should be visited with the fate of Sodom and
+Gomorrah. The arm of justice is too slow; public indignation
+should deal out a rapid and a terrible vengeance.
+
+
+September 5th, 1829 {p.231}
+
+There is a strong report that the Turks want to treat, and the
+proclamation of Diebitsch looks as if the Russians were ready to
+make peace. There is also a hope that the Russian army may have
+been too bold, and finds itself in a scrape by having advanced
+too far from its resources, but the former notion is the most
+likely of the two. Three or four sail of the line are ordered out
+to the Mediterranean.
+
+[Page Head: MR. WINDHAM'S DIARY.]
+
+Yesterday I went with Amyot to his house, where he showed me a
+part of Windham's diary; there are twenty-eight little volumes of
+it, begun in 1784, when he was thirty-four years old, and
+continued irregularly till his death; it seems to be written very
+freely and familiarly, and is probably a correct picture of the
+writer's mind. I only read a few pages, which were chiefly
+notices of his moving about, where he dined, the company he met,
+and other trifles, often very trifling and sometimes not very
+decent; it abounds with expressions of self-reproach for
+idleness, breach of resolutions, and not taking care of his
+health; talks of the books he reads and means to read, and
+constantly describes the state of spirits he is in. There is a
+paper containing an account of his last interview with Johnson,
+shortly before Johnson died; he says that he told Johnson how
+much he reproached himself for not having lived more in his
+society, and that he had often resolved to be with him as much as
+he could, but that his not having done so was a proof of the
+fallacy of our resolutions, that he regretted. In Windham's diary
+are several Johnsoniana, after the manner of Boswell, only much
+shorter, his opinions on one or two subjects briefly given, some
+quotations and criticisms. I was much struck with his criticisms
+on Virgil, whom he seems to have held in great contempt, and to
+have regarded as inferior to Ovid. He says, 'Take away his
+imitation of Homer, and what do you leave him?' Of Homer his
+admiration was unbounded, although he says that he never read the
+whole of the 'Odyssey' in the original, but that everything which
+is most admirable in poetry is to be found in Homer. I care the
+less about remembering these things because they will probably
+appear in print before long.[3]
+
+      [3] [A selection from Mr. Windham's journals was published
+          by Mrs. Henry Baring in 1866. The Johnsoniana had
+          previously been published by Mr. Croker in his edition
+          of Boswell's 'Life of Johnson.']
+
+Windham told Johnson that he regretted having omitted to talk to
+him of the most important of all subjects on which he had often
+doubted. Johnson said, 'You mean natural and revealed religion,'
+and added that the historical evidences of Christianity were so
+strong that it was not possible to doubt its truth, that we had
+not so much evidence that Caesar died in the Capitol as that
+Christ died in the manner related in the Bible; that three out of
+four of the Evangelists died in attestation of their evidence,
+that the same evidence would be considered irresistible in any
+ordinary historical case. Amyot told me, as we were coming along,
+that Windham had questioned Johnson about religion, having
+doubts, and that Johnson had removed them by this declaration:
+if, then, the commonest and hundred times repeated arguments were
+sufficient to remove such doubts as were likely to occur to a
+mind like Windham's, it may be counted a miracle, for I am sure,
+in the ordinary affairs of life, Windham would not have been so
+easily satisfied. It has always appeared to me questionable
+whether Johnson was a believer (I mean whether his clear and
+unbiassed judgment was satisfied) in Christianity; he evidently
+dreaded and disliked the subject, and though he would have been
+indignant had anybody hinted that he had doubts, his nervous
+irritation at any religious discussion betokened a mind ill at
+ease on the subject. I learnt one thing from Windham's diary
+which I put into immediate practice, and that is, to write mine
+on one side only, and leave the other for other matters connected
+with the text; it is more convenient certainly.
+
+
+September 16th, 1829 {p.233}
+
+Went to Brighton on Saturday last to pay Lady Jersey a visit and
+shoot at Firle. Jersey and I shot 376 rabbits, the greatest
+number that had ever been killed on the hills. The scenery is
+very fine--a range of downs looking on one side over the sea, and
+on the other over a wide extent of rich flat country. It is said
+that Firle is the oldest park in England. It belongs to Lord
+Gage.
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AND THE 'MORNING JOURNAL.']
+
+I heard at Brighton for the first time of the Duke of
+Wellington's prosecution of the 'Morning Journal,' which was
+announced by the paper itself in a paragraph quite as scurrilous
+as those for which it is attacked. It seems that he has long made
+up his mind to this measure, and that he thinks it is a duty
+incumbent on him, which I do not see, and it appears to me to be
+an act of great folly. He stands much too high, has performed too
+great actions, and the attacks on him were too vulgar and vague
+to be under the necessity of any such retaliatory measure as
+this, and he lowers his dignity by entering into a conflict with
+such an infamous paper, and appearing to care about its abuse. I
+think the Chancellor was right, and that he is wrong. There is a
+report that the King insists upon the Duke of Cumberland being
+Commander-in-Chief, and it is extraordinary how many people think
+that he will succeed in turning out the Duke. Lord Harrington
+died while I was at Brighton, and it is supposed that the Duke of
+Cumberland will try and get the Round Tower,[4] but probably the
+King will not like to establish him so near himself. The King has
+nearly lost his eyesight, and is to be couched as soon as his
+eyes are in a proper state for the operation. He is in a great
+fright with his father's fate before him, and indeed nothing is
+more probable than that he will become blind and mad too; he is
+already a little of both. It is now a question of appointing a
+Private Secretary, and Knighton, it is supposed, would be the
+man; but if he is to abstain from all business, there would seem
+to be no necessity for the appointment, as he will be as little
+able to do business with his Private Secretary as with his
+Minister.
+
+      [4] Lord Conyngham got the Round Tower, and Lord Combermere
+          the regiment--[C.C.G.]
+
+I have been living at Fulham at Lord Wharncliffe's villa for six
+or seven weeks; I have lived here in idleness and luxury, giving
+dinners, and wasting my time and my money rather more than usual.
+I have read next to nothing since I have been here; I am ashamed
+to think how little--in short, a most unprofitable life.
+
+
+September 23rd, 1829
+
+At Fulham till Friday, when I came to town. Went to Stoke on
+Saturday, and returned yesterday; old Lady Salisbury, Giles, E.
+Capel, and Conroy. There is always something to be learnt from
+everybody, if you touch them on the points they know. Giles told
+me about the letter to his sister written by Francis,[5] and
+which was supposed to have afforded another proof that he was
+Junius. Many years ago Francis was in love with his sister, Mrs.
+King (at Bath), and one day she received an anonymous letter,
+enclosing a copy of verses. The letter said that the writer had
+found the verses, and being sure they were meant for her, had
+sent them to her. The verses were in Francis' handwriting, the
+envelope in a feigned hand. When the discussion arose about
+Francis being Junius, Giles said to his sister one day, 'If you
+have kept those verses which Francis wrote to you many years ago
+at Bath, it would be curious to examine the handwriting and see
+if it corresponds with that of Junius.' She found the envelope
+and verses, and, on comparing them, the writing of the envelope
+was identical with that of Junius as published in Woodfall's
+book.
+
+      [5] [Sir Philip Francis, the reputed author of the 'Letters
+          of Junius.' This anecdote has since been verified with
+          great minuteness by Mr. Twisleton in his researches on
+          the authorship of 'Junius.' The copy of verses and the
+          envelope in a feigned hand are still in existence. I
+          have seen them. The feigned hand appears to be
+          identical with that of Junius.]
+
+[Page Head: A MAN WITHOUT MONEY.]
+
+Old Creevey is rather an extraordinary character. I know nothing
+of the early part of his history, but I believe he was an
+attorney or barrister; he married a widow, who died a few years
+ago; she had something, he nothing; he got into Parliament,
+belonged to the Whigs, displayed a good deal of shrewdness and
+humour, and was for some time very troublesome to the Tory
+Government by continually attacking abuses. After some time he
+lost his seat, and went to live at Brussels, where he became
+intimate with the Duke of Wellington. Then his wife died, upon
+which event he was thrown upon the world with about £200 a year
+or less, no home, few connections, a great many acquaintance, a
+good constitution, and extraordinary spirits. He possesses
+nothing but his clothes, no property of any sort; he leads a
+vagrant life, visiting a number of people who are delighted to
+have him, and sometimes roving about to various places, as fancy
+happens to direct, and staying till he has spent what money he
+has in his pocket. He has no servant, no home, no creditors; he
+buys everything as he wants it at the place he is at; he has no
+ties upon him, and has his time entirely at his own disposal and
+that of his friends. He is certainly a living proof that a man
+may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor, or rather without
+riches, for he suffers none of the privations of poverty and
+enjoys many of the advantages of wealth. I think he is the only
+man I know in society who possesses nothing.
+
+Captain Dickinson's trial[6] ended last week, with a sentence
+which was levelled against Codrington, and which called the
+charges groundless, frivolous, and vexatious. It is generally
+thought that this sentence might have been spared, though the
+acquittal was proper; that Codrington behaved very foolishly, and
+in ever mentioning the round robin after he had forgiven it, very
+inexcusably; but that, on the other hand, the Admiralty had
+displayed a spirit of hostility and rancour against him which
+is very disgusting, and that Blackwood was sent down to the
+court-martial for the express purpose of bullying and thwarting
+him. I saw him after the sentence; he seemed annoyed, but said
+that such a sentence made it necessary the matter should not stop
+there, and that it must be taken up in Parliament. I cannot see
+what he is to gain by that; he may prove that the Ministry of
+that day (which was not the Duke's) behaved very ill, but that
+has nothing to do with the court-martial.
+
+      [6] [Captain Dickinson fought the 'Genoa' at the battle of
+          Navarino after Captain Bathurst, the commander of the
+          ship, was killed. A quarrel afterwards took place
+          between him and Sir Edward Codrington, and Dickinson
+          was tried by court-martial for not making proper use of
+          the springs ordered by the Admiral to be placed on the
+          anchors, the consequence of which was that her
+          broadside was not directed against the enemy, but fired
+          into the 'Albion.' Captain Dickinson was honourably
+          acquitted of all the charges, and it was proved that
+          Sir Edward Codrington's recollection of what had passed
+          was inaccurate in some particulars.]
+
+The whole press has risen up in arms against the Duke's
+prosecution of the 'Morning Journal,' which appears to me, though
+many people think he is right, a great act of weakness and
+passion. How can such a man suffer by the attacks of such a
+paper, and by such attacks, the sublime of the ridiculous?--'that
+he is aiming at the Crown, but _we_ shall take care that he does
+not succeed in this.' The idea of the Duke of Wellington seeking
+to make himself King, and his ambition successfully resisted by
+the editor of a newspaper, 'flogs' any scene in the 'Rehearsal.'
+I saw the Duke yesterday morning; he was just come from
+Doncaster, where he told me he had been very well received. He
+was with Chesterfield, who was to have had a large party.
+Afterwards I rode with him, and he took me to see his house,
+which is now excellent. He told me that both the King's eyes were
+affected, the left the most, and that he would have the operation
+performed when they were fit for it; he said that the King never
+evinced any fear upon these occasions, that he was always
+perfectly cool, and neither feared operations or their possible
+consequences; that he remembered when he had a very painful and
+dangerous operation performed some time ago upon his head, that
+he was not the least nervous about it, nor at all afraid of
+dying, for they told him that he would very likely not recover. I
+said, 'Then, after all, perhaps he who has the reputation of
+being a coward would prove a very brave man if circumstances
+occasioned his showing what he is.' He said, 'Very likely;' that
+he seemed to have but one fear, that of ridicule: he cannot bear
+the society of clever men, for fear of ridicule; he cannot bear
+to show himself in public, because he is afraid of the jokes that
+may be cut on his person.
+
+In the evening I met Matuscewitz, who is all glorious at the
+Russian successes. He, Montrond, and I talked the matter over,
+and he said that they should make peace, but of course (I had
+said, 'Vous serez modestes, n'est-ce pas?') they should profit by
+circumstances; that the Allied Ministers would not be permitted
+to interfere, and they should grant such terms as they pleased
+without consulting them. This was a lie,[7] for Bandinell had
+told me in the morning that the negotiations were going on in
+concert with the Ambassadors of the Allies.
+
+      [7] It was not a lie though after all, for I don't believe
+          the Allied Ministers had any concern in the matter.
+          (December 5th.)--[C.C.G.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CHATSWORTH.]
+
+November 4th, 1829
+
+Left London the last week in September, and, after visiting at
+several country houses, slept at Harborough, and went to Bretby
+to breakfast; got there at twelve and found nobody up. In process
+of time they came down to breakfast, the party consisting of the
+Chancellor and Lady Lyndhurst, the Worcesters, Mrs. Fox, and
+Williams, the chaplain, and his wife. I saw very little of the
+place, which seems pretty, but not large; a very large unfinished
+house. I stayed two or three hours, and went on to Chatsworth,[8]
+where I arrived just as they were going to dinner, but was not
+expected, and so there was no room at the table. The party was
+immense; 40 people sat down to dinner every day, and about 150
+servants in the steward's room and servants' hall; there were the
+Lievens, Cowpers, Granvilles, Wharncliffes, Granthams, Wiltons,
+Stanleys, Belfasts, Newboroughs, Dawsons, Matuscewitz, Clanwilliams,
+G. Anson, H. de Ros, &c. Nothing could be more agreeable from the
+gaiety of numbers and the entire liberty which prevails; all the
+resources of the house--horses, carriages, keepers, &c.--are
+placed at the disposal of the guests, and everybody does what
+they like best. In the evening they acted charades or danced, and
+there was plenty of whist and _écarté_ high and low. It was in
+the middle of that party that news came of the negotiations being
+begun between the Russians and Turks,[9] and I received a letter
+from Robert Grosvenor, which Madame de Lieven was ready to
+devour, and she was very angry that I would not let her see the
+whole of it. Our Russians were of course triumphant, and the
+Princess's good humour was elevated to rapture by a very pretty
+compliment which was paid her in the shape of a charade,
+admirably got up as a _pièce de circonstance_, and which has
+since made some noise in the world. The word was Constantinople,
+which was acted: _Constant_, Penelope and the suitors; _Inn_, a
+tavern scene; and _Opal_, the story in 'Anne of Geierstein.' The
+whole represented the Divan, the arrival of Diebitsch's
+Ambassadors, a battle between the Turks and Russians, the victory
+of the latter, and ended by Morpeth as Diebitsch laying a crown
+of laurel at Madame de Lieven's feet. She was enchanted, and of
+course wrote off an account of it to the Empress. The whole thing
+is abused as a _bassesse_ by her enemies, but it was very
+amusing, and in the Duke's house, who is a friend of the Emperor,
+a not unbecoming compliment.
+
+      [8] [The hospitality of Chatsworth in the lifetime of
+          William Spencer Cavendish, sixth Duke of Devonshire,
+          was princely. The Duke of Portland, Mr. Greville's
+          grandfather, married Dorothy, only daughter of William,
+          fourth Duke of Devonshire, from whom Mr. Greville
+          derived his second name of Cavendish. He was therefore
+          second cousin of the sixth Duke and of Lady Granville
+          and Lady Carlisle.]
+
+      [9] [The negotiations for the peace of Adrianople, which
+          terminated the Russo-Turkish war.]
+
+I returned to Newmarket on the 11th of October. At the end of the
+week I had a fall from my horse, which confined me to my room for
+ten days. The Arbuthnots were at Newmarket, having come from
+Sudbourne, where Lord Hertford had brought the Duke and Huskisson
+together. Nothing seems to have passed between them beyond the
+common civilities of society, but Huskisson has suffered greatly
+from a universal opinion that the meeting was sought by him for
+the purpose of re-ingratiating himself with the Duke, and, if
+possible, getting into office on any terms. It is a proof of the
+low estimation in which his character is held even by those who
+rate his talents the highest that all his former political
+adherents think this of him. With such a reputation his political
+efficacy never can be great again. There was a strong report that
+he was to join the Government, which is now dying away. The Duke
+is very fortunate, for his most formidable opponents always do
+something to lower their own characters and render themselves as
+little formidable to him as possible.
+
+[Page Head: IRISH TRIALS.]
+
+The trials in Ireland are just over, and the Government have been
+defeated, which I find they think may be productive of very
+important consequences to the peace of the country. The obstinacy
+of one man, who held out against the other eleven, in the second
+batch of conspirators who were tried, obliged them at length to
+dismiss the jury, and the prisoners will be tried at the next
+assizes; the others were acquitted, though the evidence against
+them was the same as that on which Leary, &c., were convicted.
+The exertions of O'Connell, who appears to have acted with great
+ability, produced this result. The Government say, of course,
+that he has acted very ill, but as the Judge, at the conclusion
+of the trial, said publicly that the defence had been conducted
+with perfect regard to the due administration of the laws, we may
+conclude that while he availed himself of every advantage, he did
+not overstep the legitimate duty of an advocate to his client. It
+is, however, agreed on all hands, notwithstanding these excesses,
+that the state of the country is improving, and the Emancipation
+Bill producing fresh benefits every day.
+
+
+November 9th, 1829 {P.239}
+
+Dined to-day with Byng and met Tom Moore, who was very agreeable;
+he told us a great deal about his forthcoming 'Life of Byron.' He
+is nervous about it; he is employed in conjunction with Scott and
+Mackintosh to write a history of England for one of the new
+publications like the Family Library.[10] Scott is to write
+Scotland, Mackintosh England, and Moore Ireland; and they get
+£1,000 apiece; but Scott could not compress his share into one
+volume, so he is to have £1,500. The republication of Scott's
+works will produce him an enormous fortune; he has already paid
+off £30,000 of the Constable bankruptcy debt, and he is to pay
+the remaining £30,000 very soon. A new class of readers is
+produced by the Bell and Lancaster schools, and this is the cause
+of the prodigious and extensive sale of cheap publications. Moore
+had received a letter from Madame de Guiccioli to-day; he says
+she is not handsome. Byron's exploits, especially at Venice, seem
+to have been marvellous. Moore said he wrote with extraordinary
+rapidity, but his corrections were frequent and laborious. When
+he wrote the address for the opening of Drury Lane Theatre, he
+corrected it repeatedly.
+
+     [10] Dr. Lardner's 'Cyclopaedia.' Moore told me that the
+          editor of one of the annuals offered him £600 to write
+          two articles for his work, but 'that he loathed the
+          task' and refused, though the money would have been
+          very acceptable. The man said he did not care about the
+          merit of the performance, and only wanted his name;
+          when Moore refused, the editor raked out some old and
+          forgotten lines of his to Perry, and inserted them with
+          his name.--[C.C.G.]
+
+I saw Miss Fanny Kemble for the first time on Friday, and was
+disappointed. She is short, ill made, with large hands and feet,
+an expressive countenance, though not handsome, fine eyes, teeth,
+and hair, not devoid of grace, and with great energy and spirit,
+her voice good, though she has a little of the drawl of her
+family. She wants the pathos and tenderness of Miss O'Neill, and
+she excites no emotion; but she is very young, clever, and may
+become a very good, perhaps a fine actress. Mrs. Siddons was not
+so good at her age. She fills the house every night.
+
+The King, who was to have gone to Brighton, has given it up,
+nobody knows why, but it is supposed that the Marchioness is not
+well. This morning the Duke and my brother were occupied for half
+an hour in endeavouring to fold a letter to his Majesty in a
+particular way, which he has prescribed, for he will have his
+envelopes made up in some French fashion. I hear he thinks that
+he rode Fleur de Lis for the cup at Goodwood, which he may as
+well do as think (which he does) that he led the heavy dragoons
+at Salamanca.
+
+O'Connell has been making a most infamous speech at Youghal, and
+is moving heaven and earth to begin a fresh agitation about the
+Union, and to do all the mischief he can. Francis Leveson is to
+meet Sheil at dinner to-morrow for the first time; he did not
+dare do this without asking leave of Peel. Peel answered his
+letter that he 'rather inclined himself to do anything to win
+him, but stating that the Duke would urge the difficulties of
+their position, and also the King's horror of the man,' &c. The
+King's horror is in consequence of his speech about the Duke of
+York. I am told Greece is to be erected into a kingdom, with a
+boundary line drawn from Volo to Arta, and that the sovereignty
+is to be offered to Prince Frederick of Orange, and, if he
+refuses it, to Leopold.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH]
+
+November 12th, 1829
+
+At Roehampton at Lord Clifden's from Tuesday, the 10th, till
+to-day; Sir James Mackintosh, Moore, Poodle Byng,[11] and the
+Master of the Rolls. It was uncommonly agreeable. I never was in
+Mackintosh's society for so long before, and never was more
+filled with admiration. His prodigious memory and the variety and
+extent of his information remind me of all I have heard and read
+of Burke and Johnson; but his amiable, modest, and unassuming
+character makes him far more agreeable than they could either of
+them (particularly Johnson) have been, while he is probably
+equally instructive and amusing. Not a subject could be mentioned
+of which he did not treat with equal facility and abundance, from
+the Council of Trent to Voltaire's epistles; every subject, every
+character, every work, all were familiar to him, and I do not
+know a greater treat than to hear him talk.
+
+     [11] [Hon. Frederick Byng, formerly of the Foreign Office,
+          universally known at this time as 'The Poodle,'
+          probably because he once kept a fine animal of that
+          breed.]
+
+Mackintosh said he was a great reader of novels; had read 'Old
+Mortality' four times in English and once in French. Ellis said
+he preferred Miss Austen's novels to Scott's. Talked of the old
+novelists--Fielding, little read now, Smollett less; Mackintosh
+is a great admirer of Swift, and does not think his infamous
+conduct to Vanessa quite made out. Talked of the articles of our
+religion, and said that they were in almost exact conformity with
+certain doctrines laid down in the Council of Trent. The
+Jansenists differ very little from our Church, except as to the
+doctrine of the Real Presence. Speaking of India, Mackintosh said
+that it was very remarkable that we had lost one great empire and
+gained another in the same generation, and that it was still a
+moot point whether the one really was a gain or the other a loss.
+Called America the second Maritime Power. Franklin wept when he
+quitted England. When he signed the treaty at Paris, he retired
+for a moment and changed his coat. It was remarked, and he said
+he had been to put on the coat in which he had been insulted by
+Lord Loughborough at the English Council Board. Madame de Staël,
+he said, was more agreeable in _tête-à-tête_ than in society; she
+despised her children, and said, 'Ils ne me ressemblent pas.' He
+told her she did not do them justice, particularly her daughter.
+She said, 'C'est une lune bien pâle.' She took an aversion to
+Rogers, but when she met him at Bowood, and he told her
+anecdotes, she liked him. She had vanquished Brougham, and was
+very proud of those conquests.
+
+Moore told several stories which I don't recollect, but this
+amused us:--Some Irish had emigrated to some West Indian colony;
+the negroes soon learnt their brogue, and when another shipload
+of Irish came soon after, the negroes as they sailed in said,
+'Ah, Paddy, how are you?' 'Oh, Christ!' said one of them, 'what,
+y're become black already!'
+
+Moore, without displaying the astonishing knowledge of
+Mackintosh, was very full of information, gaiety, and humour. Two
+more delightful days I never passed. I could not help reflecting
+what an extraordinary thing success is in this world, when a man
+so gifted as Mackintosh has failed completely in public life,
+never having attained honours, reputation, or wealth, while so
+many ordinary men have reaped an abundant harvest of all. What a
+consolation this affords to mediocrity! None can approach
+Mackintosh without admiring his extraordinary powers, and at the
+same time wondering why they have not produced greater effects in
+the world either of literature or politics. His virtues are
+obstacles to his success; he has not the art of pushing or of
+making himself feared; he is too _doucereux_ and complimentary,
+and from some accident or defect in the composition of his
+character, and in the course of events which have influenced his
+circumstances, he has always been civilly neglected. Both
+Mackintosh and Moore told a great many anecdotes, but one morning
+at breakfast the latter related a story which struck us all.
+Mackintosh said it was enough to furnish materials for a novel,
+but that the simple narrative was so striking it ought to be
+written down without exaggeration or addition. I afterwards wrote
+it down as nearly as I could recollect it. It was Crampton, the
+Surgeon-General, who told it to Moore, and Crampton _loquitur_.
+
+[Page Head: SIR PHILIP CRAMPTON'S STORY]
+
+'Some years ago I was present at a duel that was fought between a
+young man of the name of MacLoughlin and another Irishman. MacL.
+was desperately wounded; his second ran up to him, and thought to
+console him with the intelligence that his antagonist had also
+fallen. He only replied, "I am sorry for it if he is suffering as
+much as I do now." I was struck by the good feeling evinced in
+this reply, and took an interest in the fate of the young man. He
+recovered, and a few years after my interest was again powerfully
+excited by hearing that he had been arrested on suspicion of
+having murdered his father-in-law, his mother's second husband.
+He was tried and found guilty on the evidence of a soldier who
+happened to be passing in the middle of the night near the house
+in which the murder was committed. Attracted by a light which
+gleamed through the lower part of the window, he approached it,
+and through an opening between the shutter and the frame was able
+to look into the room. There he saw a man in the act of lifting a
+dead body from the floor, while his hands and clothes were
+stained all over with blood. He hastened to give information of
+what he had seen; MacLoughlin and his mother were apprehended,
+and the former, having been identified by the soldier, was found
+guilty. There was no evidence against the woman, and she was
+consequently acquitted. MacLoughlin conducted himself throughout
+the trial with determined calmness, and never could be induced to
+acknowledge his guilt. The morning of his execution he had an
+interview with his mother; none knew what passed between them,
+but when they parted he was heard to say, "Mother, may God
+forgive you!" The fate of this young man made a deep impression
+on me, till time and passing events effaced the occurrence from
+my mind. It was several years afterwards that I one day received
+a letter from a lady (a very old and intimate acquaintance)
+entreating that I would immediately hasten down to the assistance
+of a Roman Catholic priest who was lying dangerously ill at her
+house, and the symptoms of whose malady she described. Her
+description left me doubtful whether the mind or the body of the
+patient was affected. Being unable to leave Dublin, I wrote to
+say that if the disease was bodily the case was hopeless, but if
+mental I should recommend certain lenitives, for which I added a
+prescription. The priest died, and shortly after his death the
+lady confided to me an extraordinary and dreadful story. He had
+been her confessor and intimate friend, and in moments of agony
+and doubt produced by horrible recollections he had revealed to
+her a secret which had been imparted to him in confession. He had
+received the dying confession of MacLoughlin, who, as it turned
+out, was not the murderer of his father-in-law, but had died to
+save the life and honour of his mother, by whom the crime had
+been really committed. She was a woman of violent passions; she
+had quarrelled with her husband in the middle of the night, and
+after throwing him from the bed had despatched him by repeated
+blows. When she found he was dead she was seized with terror, and
+hastening to the apartment of her son, called him to witness the
+shocking spectacle and to save her from the consequences of her
+crime. It was at this moment, when he was lifting the body and
+preparing to remove the bloody evidence of his mother's guilt,
+that the soldier passed by and saw him in the performance of his
+dreadful task. To the priest alone he acknowledged the truth, but
+his last words to his mother were now explained.'
+
+
+[Page Head: TOM MOORE]
+
+November 20th, 1829
+
+Roehampton. Only Moore and myself; Washington Irving and Maclane,
+the American Minister, come to-morrow. Moore spoke in the highest
+terms of Luttrell, of his wit and information, and of his
+writings, to which he does not think the world does justice,
+particularly the 'Advice to Julia,' but he says Luttrell is too
+fearful of giving offence. Moore was very agreeable, told a story
+of Sir ---- St. George in Ireland. He was to attend a meeting at
+which a great many Catholics were to be present (I forget where),
+got drunk and lost his hat, when he went into the room where they
+were assembled and said, 'Damnation to you all; I came to
+emancipate you, and you've stole my hat.' In the evening Moore
+sang, but the pianoforte was horrid, and he was not in good
+voice; still his singing 'va dritto al cuore,' for it produces an
+exceeding sadness, and brings to mind a thousand melancholy
+recollections, and generates many melancholy anticipations. He
+told me as we came along that with him it required no thought to
+write, but that there was no end to it; so many fancies on every
+subject crowded on his brain; that he often read what he had
+written as if it had been the composition of another, and was
+amused; that it was the greatest pleasure to him to compose those
+light and trifling pieces, humorous and satirical, which had been
+so often successful. He holds Voltaire to have been the most
+extraordinary genius that ever lived, on account of his
+universality and fertility; talked of Scott and his wonderful
+labour and power of composition, as well as the extent to which
+he has carried the art of book-making; besides writing this
+history of Scotland for Dr. Lardner's 'Encyclopaedia,' he is
+working at the prefaces for the republication of the Waverley
+Novels, the 'Tales of a Grandfather,' and has still found time to
+review Tytler, which he has done out of the scraps and chips of
+his other works. A little while ago he had to correct some of the
+proofs of the history of Scotland, and, being dissatisfied with
+what was done, he nearly wrote it over again, and sent it up to
+the editor. Some time after finding another copy of the proofs,
+he forgot that he had corrected them before, and he rewrote these
+also and sent them up, and the editor is at this moment engaged
+in selecting from the two corrected copies the best parts of
+each.
+
+Yesterday I met the Chancellor at dinner at the Master of the
+Rolls', when he told me about the King and Denman.[12] The King
+would not have the Recorder's report last week, because the
+Recorder was too ill to attend, and he was resolved not to see
+Denman. The Duke went to him, when he threw himself into a
+terrible tantrum, and was so violent and irritable that they were
+obliged to let him have his own way for fear he should be ill,
+which they thought he would otherwise certainly be. He is rather
+the more furious with Denman from having been forced to consent
+to his having the silk gown, and he said at that time that he
+should never set his foot in any house of his; so that business
+is at a standstill, and the unfortunate wretches under sentence
+of death are suffered to linger on, because he does not choose to
+do his duty and admit to his presence an officer to whom he has
+taken an aversion. As the Chancellor said to me, 'the fact is, he
+is mad.' The fact is that he is a spoiled, selfish, odious beast,
+and has no idea of doing anything but what is agreeable to
+himself, or of there being any duties attached to the office he
+holds. The expenses of the Civil List exceed the allowance in
+every branch, every quarter; but nobody can guess how the money
+is spent, for the King makes no show and never has anybody there.
+My belief is that ---- and ---- ---- plunder him, or rather the
+country, between them, in certain stipulated proportions. Among
+other expenses his tailor's bill is said to be £4,000 or £5,000 a
+year. He is now employed in devising a new dress for the Guards.
+
+     [12] [Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Denman and Lord Chief
+          Justice of England, was at this time Common Serjeant of
+          the City of London. George IV. hated him for the part
+          he had taken on the Queen's trial, and did all he could
+          to prevent his having a silk gown. _Vide supra_,
+          p. 156, January 16th, 1829.]
+
+
+[Page Head: STRAWBERRY HILL]
+
+November 21st, 1829 {p.247}
+
+Maclane, the American Minister, could not come, but Irving did.
+He is lively and unassuming, rather vulgar, very good-humoured.
+We went to Strawberry Hill to-day--Moore, Ellis, Lady Georgiana,
+and I. Ellis is an excellent cicerone; everything is in the state
+in which old Horace Walpole left it, and just as his catalogue
+and description describe it. He says in that work that he makes
+that catalogue to provide against the dispersion of his
+collections, and he tied up everything as strictly as possible.
+Moore sang in the evening and was very agreeable the whole day.
+He said that Byron thought that Crabbe and Coleridge had the most
+genius and feeling of any living poet. Nobody reads Crabbe now.
+How dangerous it is to be a story-teller, however agreeable the
+manner or amusing the budget, for Moore to-day told a story which
+he told here last week! However, they all laughed just the same,
+except me, and I moralised upon it thus. Clifden is a very odd
+man, shrewd and well informed, and somewhat sarcastic, but very
+gay and good-humoured, fond of society and the 'Times' newspaper,
+a great enemy to the Church, and chuckles over its alarms and its
+dangers, but I was amused with a comical contradiction. Somebody
+told a story about an erratum in an Irish paper, which said that
+such a one had abjured the errors of the Romish Church and
+embraced those of the Protestant, at which he was greatly
+diverted, and said, 'That is just what I should have said
+myself;' and to-day after dinner, all of a sudden, he said grace
+(he says grace on Sunday only).
+
+Moore gave an account this morning of his being examined in
+Trinity College, Dublin, when a boy, during the rebellion. Many
+of the youths (himself, and he says he is pretty sure Croker,
+among the number) had taken the oath of the United Irishmen[13]
+(Emmett[14] and some others who were in the College had
+absconded). The Chancellor (Lord Clare) came to the College,
+erected his tribunal, and examined all the students upon oath. He
+asked first if they had belonged to any society of United Irish,
+and, if the answer was in the affirmative, he asked whom they had
+ever seen there and what had passed. Contumacy was punishable by
+expulsion and exclusion from every profession. At the end of the
+first day's examination Moore went home to his parents, and told
+them he could not take an oath which might oblige him to
+criminate others (as he should be forced to answer any question
+they might choose to put), and though they were poor, and had
+conceived great hopes of him, they encouraged him in this
+resolution. The next day he was called forth, when he refused to
+be sworn, stating his reasons why. The Chancellor said he did not
+come there to dispute with him, but added that they should only
+ask him general questions, on which he took the oath, but
+reserved to himself the power of declining to answer particular
+questions. They only asked him such questions as he could
+conscientiously answer (they had got all the information they
+wanted, and were beginning to relax), but when they had done with
+him Lord Clare asked him why he had demurred to answer. He said
+he was afraid he might be called on to criminate others, and that
+he had never taken an oath before, and naturally felt some
+reluctance and dread on such an occasion.
+
+     [13] He did not take the oath till after this examination.
+
+     [14] He had lived in intimacy with Emmett.
+
+Moore told a story of an Irishman who saw from the pit a friend
+of his acting Othello, and he called out, 'Larry, Larry, Larry,
+there's the least taste in life of your linen hanging out!' One
+day in America near the falls of Niagara Moore saw this scene:--
+An Indian whose boat was moored to the shore was making love to
+the wife of another Indian; the husband came upon them unawares;
+he jumped into the boat, when the other cut the cord, and in an
+instant it was carried into the middle of the stream, and before
+he could seize his paddle was already within the rapids. He
+exerted all his force to extricate himself from the peril, but
+finding that his efforts were vain, and his canoe was drawn with
+increasing rapidity towards the Falls, he threw away his paddle,
+drank off at a draught the contents of a bottle of brandy, tossed
+the empty bottle into the air, then quietly folded his arms,
+extended himself in the boat, and awaited with perfect calmness
+his inevitable fate. In a few moments he was whirled down the
+Falls and disappeared for ever.
+
+Washington Irving wants sprightliness and more refined manners.
+He was in Spain four years, at Madrid, Seville, and Grenada.
+While at the latter place he was lodged in the Alhambra, which is
+excellently preserved and very beautiful; he gives a deplorable
+description of the ignorance and backward state of the Spaniards.
+When he returned to France he was utterly uninformed of what had
+been passing in Europe while he was in Spain, and he says that he
+now constantly hears events alluded to of which he knows nothing.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD GLENGALL'S COMEDY]
+
+December 1st, 1829 {p.249}
+
+After I left Roehampton last week came to town and dined with
+Byng, Moore, Irving, Sir T. Lawrence, and Vesey Fitzgerald; very
+agreeable. No news but the failure of the Spanish expedition
+against Mexico, which capitulated, and the soldiers promised
+never to bear arms against Mexico again. On Friday went to see
+Lord Glengall's comedy, with a prologue by F. Mills and an
+epilogue by Alvanley.[15] It succeeded, though the first two acts
+went off heavily; not much novelty in it, but the characters well
+drawn and some of the situations very good: it amused me very
+well, and was exceedingly well acted. Glengall came to me
+afterwards to get criticisms on his play. I told him some of the
+faults, and he was not in the Sir Fretful line, but took it all
+very thankfully. At Roehampton on Sunday; Byng, Sir Robert
+Wilson, Sharpe,[16] and Luttrell. There is a joke of Luttrell's
+about Sharpe. He was a wholesale hatter formerly; having a dingy
+complexion, somebody said he had transferred the colour of his
+hats to his face, when Luttrell said that 'it was _darkness which
+might be felt_.' Wilson has written to the Sultan a letter full
+of advice, and he says the Turks will be more powerful than ever.
+Wilson is always full of opinions and facts; the former are wild
+and extravagant, the latter generally false.
+
+     [15] [A comedy by the Earl of Glengall, entitled 'The
+          Follies of Fashion.']
+
+     [16] [Richard Sharpe, Esq., well known by the _sobriquet_ of
+          'Conversation Sharpe.']
+
+No Council yet; the King is employed in altering the uniforms of
+the Guards, and has pattern coats with various collars submitted
+to him every day. The Duke of Cumberland assists him, and this is
+his principal occupation; he sees much more of his tailor than he
+does of his Minister. The Duke of Cumberland's boy, who is at
+Kew, diverts himself with making the guard turn out several times
+in the course of the day to salute him.
+
+
+December 3rd, 1829 {p.250}
+
+Came from Roehampton. Lady Pembroke and her daughter, Luttrell
+and I, and the Lievens, dined there one day. Lady Pembroke was
+Countess Woronzow; Lord Pembroke pleaded poverty all his life,
+and died leaving each of his five daughters £20,000, and his wife
+£200,000 to do what she liked with. Old Woronzow was Ambassador
+here many years, has lived here ever since, and never learnt a
+word of English. His son Michel is one of the most distinguished
+officers in the Russian army, and now Governor of Odessa and the
+province of which that city is the capital.
+
+I went to see Glengall's play again, which was much better acted
+than the first time, and, having been curtailed, went off very
+well. Henry de Ros, Glengall, and I went together. I was very
+much amused (but did not venture to show it) at a point in one of
+the scenes between Lureall and Sir S. Foster: the latter said,
+'Let me tell you, sir, that a country gentleman residing on his
+estate is as valuable a member of society as a man of fashion in
+London who lives by plundering those who have more money and less
+wit than himself;' when De Ros turned to Glengall and said,
+'Richard, there appears to me to be a great deal of twaddle in
+this play; besides, you throw over the good cause.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE RECORDER'S REPORT]
+
+December 5th, 1829 {p.250}
+
+This morning the Duke of Wellington sent for me about the Council
+on Monday, and after settling that matter he began talking about
+the King's conduct with reference to the Recorder's report. I
+told him it was thought very extraordinary. He said, 'You have no
+idea what a scene I had with him; there never was anything like
+it. I never saw him so violent.' He then rang the bell, when
+Drummond (his secretary) appeared, and the Duke desired him to
+bring the correspondence with the King about the Recorder, which
+was done. He then said, 'I came to town on the Monday for the
+Council and report, which was to have been on Tuesday, and which
+he had himself settled, without consulting me; in the afternoon
+Phillips came to me and said that the Recorder could not attend,
+and that they did not know if his Majesty would receive Denman. I
+wrote to the King directly this letter.' He then read the letter,
+which was to this effect: that he informed the King that the
+Recorder was ill, and therefore the Common Serjeant, Mr. Denman,
+would have the honour of making the report to his Majesty; that
+he thought it right to apprise him of this, and if he had any
+objection to receive Mr. Denman, it would be better to put off
+the Council, as no other person could now lay the report before
+him. 'To this the King wrote an answer, beginning "My dear Duke,"
+not as usual,' the Duke said, '"My dear Friend," that the state
+of his eyes would not allow him to write by candle-light, and he
+was therefore obliged to make use of an amanuensis. The letter
+was written by Watson, and signed by the King, "Your sincere
+Friend, G. R." It was to the effect that he was quite surprised
+the Duke should have made him such a proposal; that he had been
+grossly insulted by Denman, and would never admit him to his
+presence; that it had been settled the Deputy-Recorder, Arabin,
+in the absence of the Recorder, should make the report, and that
+he had already done so; that he was surprised, knowing as the
+Duke must do the firmness of his character, that he should think
+him capable of yielding on this subject; that he never would do
+so, and desired the Council might take place, and the report be
+made by Arabin.' His letter was much longer, but this was the
+pith of it. On the receipt of this the Duke held a consultation
+with Peel and the Chancellor, when they determined to put off the
+Council, which was done, and the Duke wrote to the King, as
+nearly as I can recollect, as follows. This was an admirable
+letter--business-like, firm, and respectful:--'That upon the
+receipt of his Majesty's letter he had thought it his duty to
+consult the Chancellor, and that they had come to the resolution
+of postponing the Council and report; that the making of this
+report was the privilege of the City of London, and that the
+Recorder in the execution of this duty, being unable to attend,
+had placed it in the hands of the Common Serjeant, whose duty it
+then became to present it; that it was now in his hands, and
+could not be withdrawn without his consent; that the only
+occasion on which it had been presented by Mr. Serjeant Arabin
+had been when the Common Serjeant was on the circuit; that as his
+Majesty objected to admit Mr. Denman to his presence, they had
+thought it best to put off the Council, as if Mr. Arabin was
+summoned he could have no report to present, and there would
+probably arise some discussion between the Common Serjeant and
+him, which would be a proceeding such as ought not to take place
+in his Majesty's palace, and that he would wait upon his Majesty
+the next morning and take his commands upon the subject.' The
+next day, he continued, he went to Windsor, where he had a grand
+scene with his Majesty. 'I am sure,' said the Duke, 'that nobody
+can manage him but me.' He repeated all he had said in his
+letter, and a great deal more; represented to him that having
+given his sanction to the official appointment of Denman since
+the Queen's trial, he could not refuse to receive him in the
+execution of his duty without alleging legal objections for so
+doing; to which the King replied that Lord Liverpool had behaved
+very ill to him, and had made him do this; and then he became
+very violent, and cursed and swore, and said he never would see
+him. The Duke said that he might put off the report; that there
+were three men who must be hanged, and it did not signify one
+farthing whether they were kept in prison a little longer or
+shorter time (he forgets that there are others lying under
+sentence of death, probably several), and that he had better put
+it off than have the Common Serjeant come down to a scene in his
+palace. After letting him run on in his usual way, and exhaust
+his violence, he left him, and the report stands over once more;
+but the Duke told me that it could not stand over after this, and
+if the Recorder is not well enough when the time arrives for the
+next report, his Majesty must receive Denman whether he will or
+no, and that he shall insist upon it. He told me the whole
+history in great detail mixed with pretty severe strictures on
+the King. I have put down all I could carry away. I have not such
+a memory (or such an invention) as Bourrienne.
+
+[Page Head: THE CIVIL LIST]
+
+The Duke then told me that he had made strong remonstrances about
+the excess of expenditure on the Civil List; that in the Lord
+Steward's department there had been an excess of £7,000, in that
+of the Master of the Horse of £5,000, and that of the Master of
+the Robes (the tailor's bill) of £10,000 in the last half-year;[17]
+that he had stated that unless they could save the difference in
+the next half-year, or pay it out of the Privy Purse, he must go
+to Parliament, which would bring the whole of the expenses of the
+Civil List under discussion. He said it was very extraordinary,
+that the King's expenses appeared to be nothing; his Majesty had
+not more tables than he (the Duke) had.
+
+     [17] I am not sure that I am correct in the sums, but very
+          nearly so.--[C.C.G.]
+
+I asked him about Brummell and his Consulship. He said Aberdeen
+hesitated; that he had offered to take all the responsibility on
+himself; that he had in Dudley's time proposed it to him
+(Dudley), who had objected, and at last owned he was afraid the
+King might not like it, on which he had spoken to the King, who
+had made objections, abusing Brummell--said he was a damned
+fellow and had behaved very ill to him (the old story, always
+himself--_moi, moi, moi_)--but after having let him run out
+his tether of abuse, he had at last extracted his consent;
+nevertheless Dudley did not give him the appointment. The Duke
+said he had no acquaintance with Brummell.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VII.
+
+Chapter of the Bath--The Duc de Dino arrested--A Ball to the
+  Divan--English Policy in Greece--Sir Thomas Lawrence--
+  Gallatin--Court of King's Bench--Accident to the Grand Duke
+  Constantine--Osterley--Young Sidney Herbert--Duke of Wellington
+  in Office--Stapleton's 'Life of Canning'--Death of Sir Thomas
+  Lawrence--Leopold and the Throne of Greece--Canning's Answers
+  to Lord Grey--Distressed State of the Country--Canning's
+  Greatness and his Failings--Death of Tierney--Sir Martin Shee
+  President--The Duke of Wellington's Views and Conduct--The
+  Coming Session--Moore's 'Life of Byron'--Character of Byron--
+  Opening of Parliament--The Fire King--The Duke of Wellington's
+  Speaking--The English Opera House burnt down--Lord Thurlow on
+  Kenyon and Buller--Old Rothschild--Lansdowne House--Earl
+  Stanhope--John Murray--Departure for Italy.
+
+
+December 7th, 1829 {p.254}
+
+At Windsor for a Council; the Duke was there, and Lord Aberdeen,
+Murray, Lord Rosslyn, the Chancellor, and Herries. There was a
+chapter of the Bath, when the Duke of Clarence was installed
+Grand Master, Stratford Canning and Robert Gordon Grand Crosses.
+The King looked very well, but was very blind. The Council was by
+candle-light, but he could not see to read the list, and begged me
+to read it for him. However, I was so good a courtier that I held
+the candle in such a way as to enable him to read it himself. He
+saw the Duke for a short time, and the Chancellor for a long
+time. I asked the latter if the King had been _Denmanising_, and
+he said, 'Oh, yes--"I said when I consented to that fellow's
+having the silk gown that I would never admit him," &c.' I was
+amused with old Conyngham, who told me his wife had been in
+danger, 'so they tell me,' talking of her as if she were somebody
+else's wife. The Duke went from the Council to Stowe; we all
+returned to town.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE DUC DE DINO ARRESTED]
+
+December 9th, 1829 {p.254}
+
+Dined with Prince Lieven; a great dinner--Laval,[1] Granvilles,
+Aberdeen, Montrond, &c. The Duc de Dino, who came here to amuse
+himself, has been arrested, and Montrond and Vaudreuil begged
+Laval to put him on his list of _attachés_ at the Foreign Office,
+which would release him from the sponging-house. He was afraid
+and made difficulties; they were excessively provoked, but at
+last induced him to speak to Lord Aberdeen about it, which he
+said he would do after dinner. In the meantime Montrond got me to
+tell the story to Aberdeen, which I did, and got him to encourage
+Laval to do the business. He then told Laval that I had _aplani_
+the matter, at which the Ambassador was rather affronted, but I
+suppose the thing will be done and Dino will get out. The Duc de
+Dino is Talleyrand's nephew, and his son has married Mademoiselle
+de Montmorency, a relation of the Duc de Laval.
+
+      [1] [The Duc de Laval had succeeded Prince Polignac as
+          French Ambassador in London.]
+
+
+December 10th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+Last night Miss Kemble acted Belvidera for the first time, and
+with great success.
+
+
+December 18th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+At Roehampton last Saturday to Monday; Granvilles, Byng, Lord
+Ashley, and I. Dino was extricated from prison by Laval's paying
+the money, which he did very handsomely; he thought it wrong to
+have him in prison and wrong to attach him fictitiously to his
+Embassy, so he paid the debt, and Dino is gone back to France.
+
+Despatches were received from Gordon yesterday giving an account
+of a ball he had given to the Divan; the Turks came, and the
+Reis-Effendi waltzed with a Mrs. Moore. After supper they drank
+King George IV.'s health in bumpers of champagne. This story was
+told to Lord Sidmouth as a good joke; but he said with a face of
+dismay, 'Good God, is it possible? To what extent will these
+innovations be carried?'
+
+
+December 19th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+There is a review in the 'Foreign Quarterly' (the last number) on
+Greece, which is a remarkably able critique of the conduct of our
+Government in the affairs of that State. The writer, whoever he
+may be, has been amply supplied with documents and information,
+probably from Paris. Nothing can be more just than his remarks on
+our miserable policy, or more severe. I showed it to Lord
+Granville, who told me that it was generally correct, though
+containing some errors; for instance, that it was not true that
+we had engaged to afford the Greeks pecuniary aid, which we never
+did promise, but that he had been himself the person to negotiate
+with M. de la Ferronays, then Minister for Foreign Affairs at
+Paris, for the more limited boundary, and to dissuade the French
+from sending their expedition to the Morea; that there had been a
+violent contest in the English Cabinet on that subject, Huskisson
+and Dudley being in favour of the French expedition, and the Duke
+and the rest against it, but that the moment Huskisson and his
+party resigned the Duke gave way and agreed to the measure. This
+affords another example of his extraordinary mode of proceeding,
+that of opposing the views and plans of others violently, and
+when he finds opposition fruitless, or likely to become so,
+turning short round and adopting them as his own, and taking all
+the credit he can get for doing so. He did so in the case of the
+recognition of the South American colonies, of the Test and
+Corporation Acts, the Catholic question, and in this instance.
+Then his conduct on the Corn Bill is only the converse of the
+same proposition--begins by being a party to it and then procures
+its rejection. Greece and Portugal, if well handled, would afford
+two great cases against the Duke's foreign policy, and they serve
+as admirable commentaries on each other. The raising the siege of
+Previsa, and the respect paid to Miguel's blockade, and
+compulsion exercised on the Terceira people are enough to prove
+everything.
+
+Ashley told me a curious thing about Sir Thomas Lawrence the
+other day. His father kept the inn at Devizes,[2] and when Lord
+Shaftesbury's father and mother were once at the inn with Lord
+Shaftesbury, then a boy, the innkeeper came into the room and
+said he had a son with a genius for drawing, and, if they would
+allow him, his little boy should draw their little boy's picture;
+on which the little Lawrence was sent for, who produced his chalk
+and paper, and made a portrait of the young Lord.
+
+      [2] [Sir Thomas Lawrence's father at one time kept the
+          'Black Bear' at Devizes. In 1775 Lord and Lady Kenyon
+          had the young prodigy (as he was called) introduced to
+          them there. Lawrence was then only six years old.]
+
+
+[Page Head: GALLATIN]
+
+December 21st, 1829 {p.257}
+
+At Roehampton from Saturday; Maclane, the American Minister,
+Washington Irving, Melbourne, Byng, and on Sunday the Lievens to
+dinner. Maclane a sensible man, with very good American manners,
+which are not refined. Even Irving, who has been so many years
+here, has a bluntness which is very foreign to the tone of good
+society. Maclane gave me a curious account of Gallatin. He was
+born at Geneva, and went over to America early in life, possessed
+of nothing; there he set up a little huxtering shop--in I forget
+what State--and fell in love with one of the daughters of a poor
+woman at whose house he lodged, but he was so destitute that the
+mother refused him. In this abject condition accident introduced
+him to the celebrated Patrick Henry, who advised him to abandon
+trade, and go into the neighbouring State and try to advance
+himself by his talents. He followed the advice, and soon began to
+make himself known.
+
+
+December 22nd, 1829 {p.257}
+
+Dined with Byng yesterday and met Moore, Fitzgerald, and
+Luttrell. Luttrell is a great lover of conundrums, which taste he
+acquired from Beresford, the author of the 'Miseries of Human
+Life,' who has invented some very curious but elaborate
+conundrums. They are not worth repeating. Moore told a story of
+an Irishman at the play calling out, 'Now, boys, a clap for
+Wellington!' which being complied with, 'And now silence for the
+rest of the family!' He complained that all the humour which used
+to break out in an Irish audience is extinct.
+
+Fitzgerald told me that the King had been annoying them as much
+as he could, that he took pleasure in making his Government weak,
+that the money matter (which the Duke told me of before) had been
+settled by 'contrivances,' or that they must have gone to
+Parliament for the amount; that he has just ordered plate to the
+amount of £25,000. Fitzgerald is so ill that he can scarcely
+carry on the business of his office, and yet he does not like to
+give it up, for fear of embarrassing the Government; he
+complained that the other offices had thrown much of their
+business on the Board of Trade, a custom which had grown up in
+Huskisson's time, who was the most competent man, and who took it
+all. Probably Huskisson was not sorry, by making himself very
+useful, to make himself nearly indispensable, and thought that he
+was so; and so he was _de jure_, but the Duke would not let him
+be so _de facto_.
+
+
+[Page Head: PRESS PROSECUTIONS]
+
+December 23rd, 1829 {p.258}
+
+Went to the Court of King's Bench this morning to prove that the
+Duke of Wellington is a Privy Councillor, on the trial of the
+action which the Duke brought against the 'Morning Journal.' The
+action brought by the Chancellor had been tried the day before.
+Scarlett was feeble; Alexander again defended himself in a very
+poor speech; the jury retired for three hours, and I thought
+would have said 'Not guilty;' but they brought in a verdict which
+is tantamount to a defeat of the prosecution on this charge, and
+amply proves the folly of having instituted it at all. I did not
+hear the second trial, on which they gave a verdict of guilty,
+after consulting for about half an hour. The jury in each case
+consisted of eight special jurors and four talesmen. Afterwards
+there was a _crim. con._ case, which I did not stay out, but
+which was amusing enough from the translations of the counsel,
+the Judge, the witnesses, and the interpreters, for some of the
+witnesses were French. Lord Tenterden has a comical way of
+muttering to himself half aloud as the counsel are speaking,
+either answering or commenting on what they say. Scarlett was
+saying (in this last case) that he could not prove the fact, but
+he could prove that the defendant passed the night in the lady's
+room, and the jury might judge what he did, when Tenterden
+muttered, 'If he did nothing, what was he there for?'
+
+The prosecution finished with the trial of Bell (of the 'Atlas'),
+who made a very good speech (it was about Lord and Lady
+Lyndhurst), and the jury found him guilty of publishing only,
+which I take to be an acquittal; the point, however, will not be
+tried probably, for it is not likely that he will be brought up
+for judgment. He will be contented to get off, and they will not
+like to stir such a question. The result of the trials proves the
+egregious folly of having ever brought them on, especially the
+Duke's. One of the verdicts is, as far as he is concerned, an
+acquittal; the author showed himself to be so contemptible that
+he had better have been treated with indifference. He has been
+converted into a sort of martyr, and whatever may have been
+thought of the vulgar scurrility of the language, ruin and
+imprisonment will appear to most people too severe a punishment
+for the offence. Then the whole press have united upon this
+occasion, and in some very powerful articles have spread to every
+corner of the country the strongest condemnation of the whole
+proceeding. The Government, or rather the Duke, is likely to
+become unpopular, and no good end will have been answered. I do
+not believe that these prosecutions originate in a desire to curb
+the press, but merely in that of punishing a writer who had so
+violently abused him; not, however, that he would be sorry to
+adopt any measure which should tend to fetter free discussion,
+and subject the press to future punishment. But this would be a
+fearful war to wage, and I do not think he is rash enough to
+undertake such a crusade.
+
+
+December 27th, 1829 {p.259}
+
+At Panshanger since the 24th; Lievens, J. Russell, Montrond, M.
+de la Rochefoucauld, F. Lamb. On Christmas Day the Princess
+[Lieven] got up a little _fête_ such as is customary all over
+Germany. Three trees in great pots were put upon a long table
+covered with pink linen; each tree was illuminated with three
+circular tiers of coloured wax candles--blue, green, red, and
+white. Before each tree was displayed a quantity of toys, gloves,
+pocket-handkerchiefs, workboxes, books, and various articles--
+presents made to the owner of the tree. It was very pretty. Here
+it was only for the children; in Germany the custom extends to
+persons of all ages. The Princess told us to-day about the
+Emperor of Russia's relapse and the cause of it. He had had a
+cold which he had neglected, but at length the physicians had
+given him some medicine to produce perspiration, and he was in
+bed in that state, the Empress sitting by him reading to him,
+when on a sudden a dreadful noise was heard in the next (the
+children's) room, followed by loud shrieks. The Empress rushed
+into the room, and the Emperor jumped out of bed in his shirt and
+followed her. There the children, the governess, and the nurses
+were screaming out that Constantine (the second boy, of two years
+old) was destroyed; a huge vase of porphyry had been thrown down
+and had fallen over the child, who was not to be seen. So great
+was the weight and size of the vase that it was several minutes
+before it could be raised, though assistance was immediately
+fetched, and all that time the Emperor and Empress stood there in
+ignorance of the fate of the child, and expecting to see the
+removal of the vase discover his mangled body, when to their
+delight it was found that the vase had fallen exactly over him,
+without doing him the least injury, but the agitation and the
+cold brought on a violent fever, which for some time put the
+Emperor in great danger. The Princess said she was surprised that
+it did not kill the Empress, for she is the most nervous woman in
+the world, ever since the conspiracy at the time of his
+accession, when her nerves were _ébranlés_ by all she went
+through. That scene (of the revolt of the Guards) took place
+under the window of the Palace. The whole Imperial Family was
+assembled there and saw it all, the Emperor being in the middle
+of men by whom they expected him to be assassinated every moment.
+During all that time--many hours--the young Empress never spoke,
+but stood 'pâle comme une statue,' and when at length it was all
+over, and the Emperor returned, she threw herself on her knees
+and began to pray.
+
+
+December 29th, 1829 {p.260}
+
+At Osterley;[3] Lady Euston, Mrs. Sheridan and her son; a very
+fine house, which is thrown away, as they hardly ever live there.
+They spent £200,000 in building Middleton, which is the worst
+place in England, and now they regret it, but Lord Jersey hates
+Osterley and likes Middleton. This place belonged to Sir Thomas
+Gresham, but the present house is modern. It was here that Sir
+Thomas Gresham feasted Queen Elizabeth, and pulled down a wall in
+the night which she had found fault with, so that in the morning
+she found it was gone.
+
+      [3] [Lord Jersey's seat near Hanwell, Middlesex.]
+
+
+                              1830.
+
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AS A MINISTER]
+
+January 2nd, 1830 {p.261}
+
+At Roehampton; William Howard, Baring Wall, and Lady Pembroke's
+son;[4] the best sort of youth I have seen for a long while, and
+he will have £12,000 a year, besides what his mother may leave
+him. Vesey Fitzgerald is so ill that it is doubtful if he will
+recover, and, at all events, almost impossible that he should
+remain in office. It will be very difficult for the Duke to fill
+his place. There is not a man in office now who is fit for it,
+and where is he to look for anyone else? Yet I think almost
+anybody would take it; for although the late prosecutions are
+blamed, and the foreign policy is thought by most people to have
+been very miserable, there is an extensive disposition to support
+the Duke and to keep him at the head of affairs. Huskisson is the
+man whose knowledge and capacity would be of the greatest service
+just now, but the Duke will not like to apply to him in a moment
+of distress, because he would probably take advantage of that
+distress to make better terms for himself; at the same time, I
+should not be surprised if the Duke were to invite him to return
+to the Cabinet, and that he accepted the Chancellorship of the
+Exchequer or one of the Secretaryships without any conditions.
+Vesey will be a great loss, for he is clever and ready in debate,
+and by great diligence and application, and the powerful
+assistance of Hume and Stephen, he has made considerable progress
+in the science of trade and commerce.
+
+      [4] [Sidney Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea, whose
+          life and character did not belie the promise of his
+          youth.]
+
+
+January 5th, 1830 {p.261}
+
+There are many speculations about Vesey's successor; some think
+Lord Chandos or Herries; I think Frankland Lewis, but that Lord
+Chandos will have some place before long; the Duke has a great
+hankering after that set. In the meantime all accounts concur in
+admitting the great and increasing distress; and, as such a state
+of things not unnaturally produces a good deal of ill-humour, the
+Duke is abused for gadding about visiting and shooting while the
+country is in difficulty, and it is argued that he must be very
+unfeeling and indifferent to it all to amuse himself in this
+manner. Nothing can be more unjust than such accusations as
+these. The sort of relaxation he takes is necessary to his
+health, and, all things considered, it is not extraordinary he
+should prefer other people's houses to his own, particularly when
+everyone invites him in the most pressing manner. But these
+visits by no means interrupt the course of his official business;
+all his letters are regularly sent to him, and as regularly
+answered every day, and it is his habit to open his letters
+himself, to read them all, and to answer all. He never receives
+any letter, whatever may be the subject or the situation of the
+writer, that he does not answer, and that immediately, to a
+degree which is not only unprecedented, but quite unnecessary,
+and I think unwise, although certainly it contributes to his
+popularity. It is another proof of that simplicity of character
+and the absence of all arrogance which are so remarkable in him,
+especially as he has long been used to command and to implicit
+obedience, and the whole tenor of his conduct since he has been
+in office shows that he is covetous of power and authority, and
+will not endure anybody who will not be subservient to him; still
+in his manner and bearing there is nothing but openness,
+frankness, civility, and good-humour. As to his supposed
+indifference to the public distress, I firmly believe that his
+mind is incessantly occupied with projects for its relief, and
+that when unwarped by particular prejudices, partialities, and
+antipathies, which have had a stronger and more frequent
+influence over him than befits so great a man, he is animated
+with a sincere desire to reform abuses of any kind, and is not
+diverted from his purpose by any personal considerations or
+collateral objects. The King is preparing for a new battle with
+him (stimulated, I presume, by the Duke of Cumberland) about the
+appointment of sheriffs. He has taken it into his head that he
+will not appoint any Roman Catholic sheriff; and as several have
+been named, and these generally first on the list, according to
+the usual practice, they must be chosen. The King will be obliged
+to give way, but it is an additional proof of his bad disposition
+and his pleasure in thwarting his Ministers on every possible
+occasion.
+
+
+[Page Head: STAPLETON'S 'MEMOIRS OF CANNING']
+
+January 7th, 1830 {p.263}
+
+Stapleton's 'Memoirs of Canning' are coming out directly, but he
+is prevented from making use of all the documents he, or rather
+Lady Canning, has. She has had an angry correspondence with the
+Foreign Office. Every Minister takes away a _précis_ of all he
+has done while in office, but Canning's _précis_ was not finished
+when he died. She wrote and demanded that what was incomplete
+should be furnished to her, but claimed it as a right, and said
+it was for the purpose of vindicating him. Lord Aberdeen declined
+giving it, and I think very properly. The reason he assigned was
+that a Minister who was furnished with such documents for his own
+justification was bound by his oath of secresy not to reveal the
+contents, but the secrets of the State could not be imparted to
+any irresponsible person, who was under no such restraint.
+
+Vesey Fitzgerald is better, but will hardly be able to do any
+business. Some think he will have leave of absence, that Dawson
+will exchange offices with Courtenay, and do the business of the
+Board of Trade; others, that Herries will succeed Vesey, or
+Frankland Lewis. The revenue has fallen off one million and more.
+The accounts of distress from the country grow worse and more
+desponding, and a return to one pound notes begins to be talked
+of.
+
+
+Roehampton, January 9th, 1830 {p.263}
+
+Yesterday morning died Sir Thomas Lawrence after a very short
+illness. Few people knew he was ill before they heard he was
+dead. He was _longè primus_ of all living painters, and has left
+no one fit to succeed him in the chair of the Royal Academy.
+Lawrence was about sixty, very like Canning in appearance,
+remarkably gentlemanlike, with very mild manners, though rather
+too _doucereux_, agreeable in society, unassuming, and not a
+great talker; his mind was highly cultivated, he had a taste for
+every kind of literature, and was enthusiastically devoted to his
+art; he was very industrious, and painted an enormous number of
+portraits, but many of his later works are still unfinished, and
+great complaints used to be made of his exacting either the whole
+or half payment when he began a picture, but that when he had got
+the money he could never be prevailed on to complete it. Although
+he is supposed to have earned enormous sums by his paintings, he
+has always been a distressed man, without any visible means of
+expense, except a magnificent collection of drawings by the
+ancient masters, said to be the finest in the world, and procured
+at great cost. He was, however, a generous patron of young
+artists of merit and talent. It was always said that he lost
+money at play, but this assertion seems to have proceeded more
+from the difficulty of reconciling his pecuniary embarrassments
+with his enormous profits than from any proof of the fact. He was
+a great courtier, and is said to have been so devoted to the King
+that he would not paint anybody who was personally obnoxious to
+his Majesty; but I do not believe this is true. He is an
+irreparable loss; since Sir Joshua there has been no painter like
+him; his portraits as pictures I think are not nearly so fine as
+Sir Joshua's, but as likenesses many of them are quite perfect.
+Moore's was the last portrait he painted, and Miss Kemble's his
+last drawing.
+
+The King has been very ill; lost forty ounces of blood. Vesey is
+better, but has no chance of going on with his office. The
+general opinion seems to be that Herries will succeed him. I do
+not believe he knows anything of the business of the Board of
+Trade. Charles Mills told me yesterday that a proposal was lately
+made by Government to the East India Company to reduce their
+dividends, and that at the very time this was done Rothschild,
+who had £40,000 East India stock, sold it all out, and all his
+friends who held any did the same. The matter was eventually
+dropped, but he says nobody doubts that N---- gave notice to
+Rothschild of the proposed measure. The Company are mightily
+satisfied with Lord William Bentinck, who has acted very
+handsomely by them in this business by the reduction of the pay
+of the troops. He has written some very trimming letters to Lord
+Combermere, who is coming home, and if he had not been, would
+probably have been recalled. The Duke, as well as the Company, is
+furious with Combermere for the part he has acted in the affair.
+
+[Page Head: LEOPOLD AND THE THRONE OF GREECE]
+
+Leopold's election to the throne of Greece seems to be settled,
+and while everybody has been wondering what could induce him to
+accept it, it turns out that he has been most anxious for it, and
+has moved heaven and earth to obtain it; that the greatest
+obstacle he has met with has been from the King, who hates him,
+and cannot bear that he should become a crowned head. He may
+think it 'better to reign in hell than serve in heaven,' but I
+should have thought he had a better prospect here, with £50,000 a
+year and as uncle to the heiress apparent, than to go to a ruined
+country without cities or inhabitants, and where everything is to
+be created, and to sit on such a wretched throne as the nominee
+of the Allied Powers, by whom he will be held responsible for his
+acts; however, 'il ne faut pas disputer des goûts.'
+
+George Bentinck told me that Lady Canning is not satisfied with
+Stapleton's book, particularly with that part of it in which he
+attempts to answer Lord Grey's speech, which she thinks poor and
+spiritless; he is not disposed to be very severe on Lord Grey,
+being in a manner connected with him. She is persuaded that that
+speech contributed to kill Canning; his feelings were deeply
+wounded that not one of his friends said a word in reply to it,
+although some of them knew that the facts in Lord Grey's speech
+were incorrect. He vehemently desired to be raised to the
+peerage, that he might have an opportunity of answering it, and
+he had actually composed and spoken to Mrs. Canning the speech
+which he intended to make in the House of Lords. A great part of
+this she remembers. It seems, too, that to the day of his death
+this was the ruling desire of his mind, and he had declared that
+the following year, when he should have carried the Corn Bill
+through the House of Commons, he would go to the House of Lords
+and fight the battle there.
+
+
+January 17th, 1830 {p.266}
+
+Charles Mills told me the other day that the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer has been making enquiries as to the fact of Rothschild
+having sold his India stock at the time he did. The two Grants
+(Charles and Robert) are always together, and both very forgetful
+and unpunctual. Somebody said that if you asked Charles to dine
+with you at six on Monday, you were very likely to have Robert at
+seven on Tuesday.
+
+Edward Villiers (who has been living with Malcolm on board his
+ship in the Mediterranean) writes word that Malcolm told him that
+he had orders, in the event of Diebitsch's marching upon
+Constantinople, to destroy the Russian fleet. If this is true, it
+would have been a great outrage, and a most extraordinary piece
+of vigour, after so much long-suffering and endurance.
+
+The country gentlemen are beginning to arrive, and they all tell
+the same story as to the universally prevailing distress and the
+certainty of things becoming much worse; of the failure of rents
+all over England, and the necessity of some decisive measures or
+the prospect of general ruin. Of course they differ as to the
+measures, but there appears to be a strong leaning towards the
+alteration in the currency and one pound notes. It really does
+appear, from many representations, that a notion prevails of the
+Duke of Wellington's indifference to the state of the country,
+and of his disposition to treat the remonstrances and petitions
+of the people, as well as their interests and feelings, with
+contempt, which I believe most false and unjust. He has an
+overweening opinion of his own all-sufficiency, and that is his
+besetting sin, and the one which, if anything does, will overturn
+his Government, for if he would be less dictatorial and
+opinionated, and would call to his assistance such talents and
+information as the crisis demands, he would be universally voted
+the best man alive to be at the head of the Government; but he
+has such a set of men under him, and Peel will never get over the
+Catholic question. [Peel got over it, but not before he had
+expiated his conduct by being turned out.]
+
+
+January 20th, 1830 {p.267}
+
+The Duke and Lord Bathurst dined here yesterday, the former not
+in good spirits. The battle about Leopold and Greece is still
+going on between his Majesty and his Ministers. The Duke was
+talking about the robbery at Brussels of the Princess of Orange's
+jewels, and that there is reason to believe that Pereira, the
+Prince's friend, had some concern in it; many people suspect that
+both he and the Prince were concerned. The Princess was in the
+country, and only one maid-servant in the house where such
+valuable property was left. The jewels were in a case, and the
+key of the case was kept in a cabinet, which was opened, the key
+taken, and the large case or chest opened by it. Small footsteps
+(like those of Pereira, who has very small feet) were traced in
+the house or near it, and the day of the robbery the porter was
+taken by Pereira's servant to his house and there made drunk. The
+robbery was discovered on Friday morning, but no steps were taken
+to inform the police till Sunday night.
+
+
+[Page Head: POLITICAL MORALITY]
+
+January 22nd, 1830 {p.267}
+
+I believe it to be impossible for a man of squeamish and
+uncompromising virtue to be a successful politician, and it
+requires the nicest feeling and soundest judgment to know upon
+what occasions and to what extent it is allowable and expedient
+to diverge from the straight line. Statesmen of the greatest
+power, and with the purest intentions, are perpetually counteracted
+by prejudices, obstinacy, interest, and ignorance; and in order
+to be efficient they must turn, and tack, and temporise,
+sometimes dissemble. They who are of the _ruat coelum_ sort, who
+will carry everything their own way or not at all, must be
+content to yield their places to those who are certainly less
+scrupulous, and submit to the measures of those who are probably
+less wise. But though it is possible that the less rigid and
+austere politician may be equally virtuous and disinterested, the
+whole context of his life must be such as to endure the most
+scrutinising enquiry, which unfortunately it will very seldom do,
+in order to establish a character for integrity. If Canning had
+had a fair field, he would have done great things, for his lofty
+and ambitious genius took an immense sweep, and the vigour of his
+intellect, his penetration and sagacity, enabled him to form
+mighty plans and work them out with success; but it is impossible
+to believe that he was a high-minded man, that he spurned
+everything that was dishonest, uncandid, and ungentlemanlike; he
+was not above trick and intrigue, and this was the fault of his
+character, which was unequal to his genius and understanding.
+However, notwithstanding his failings he was the greatest man we
+have had for a long time, and if life had been spared to him, and
+opposition had not been too much for him, he would have raised
+our character abroad, and perhaps found remedies for our
+difficulties at home. What a difference between his position and
+that of the Duke of Wellington's! Everybody is disposed to
+support the latter and give him unlimited credit for good
+intentions. The former was obliged to carry men's approbation by
+storm, and the moment he had failed, or been caught tripping, he
+would have been lost.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S POSITION]
+
+The Duke has lately given audience to the West Indians who came
+to complain of their sufferings and taxation and to implore
+relief. Murray and Goulburn were present, neither of whom, it is
+said, spoke a word. The Duke cut them very short, and told them
+they were not distressed at all, and that nothing would be done
+for them. He is like the philosopher in Molière's play, who says,
+'Il ne faut pas dire que vous avez reçu des coups de bâton, mais
+qu'il vous semble que vous en avez reçus.'
+
+Lawrence was buried yesterday; a magnificent funeral, which will
+have cost, they say, £2,000. The pall was borne by Clanwilliam,
+Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, Croker, Agar Ellis, and three more--I
+forget who. There were thirty-two mourning-coaches and eighty
+private carriages. The ceremony in the church lasted two hours.
+Pretty well for a man who died in very embarrassed circumstances.
+The favourites for the chair of the Academy are Shee and Wilkie,
+painters, and Westmacott and Chantrey, sculptors.
+
+We were talking of Clanwilliam, who Agar said was the quickest
+man he had ever known; Luttrell said he and Rogers were 'the
+_quick_ and the _dead_.' Looking over the 'Report of the Woods
+and Forests and the Cost of the Palaces,' somebody said 'the
+pensive' (meaning the public: see Rejected Addresses) must pay;
+Luttrell said 'the public was the pensive and the King the
+expensive.'
+
+
+January 26th, 1830 {p.269}
+
+Yesterday afternoon Tierney died. He sank back in his chair and
+expired suddenly, without any previous illness; he had been in an
+indifferent state of health for some time, but he had resolved to
+make one more effort in Parliament and deliver his opinion on the
+present state of affairs. He is a great loss to all his friends;
+his political life was already closed.
+
+Shee was elected President of the Royal Academy last night at ten
+o'clock. He had sixteen or eighteen votes; Sir William Beechey
+six, who was the nearest to Shee; Wilkie only two. He is an
+Irishman and a Catholic, a bad painter, a tolerable poet, and a
+man of learning, but, it is said, florid.
+
+Had a long conversation with Arbuthnot yesterday, who is weak,
+but knows everything; his sentiments are the Duke's. They are
+furious with the old Tories, especially Lord Lonsdale, and not
+well satisfied with Lowther, whom they suspect to be playing a
+sneaking, underhand part. The Duke is determined not to alter his
+Government, nor to take anybody in to strengthen it. Arbuthnot
+said that the Duke had shown he did not mean to be exclusive when
+he had taken in Scarlett and Calcraft, and that 'his friends'
+would not have borne any more extensive promotion from that
+party; that of all Ministers he was the one who least depended
+upon Parliamentary influence and the assistance of the great
+families; and that if Lord Lonsdale and all his members were to
+leave him to-morrow, he would not care a straw. Still he pays
+them, if not court, great deference, and he keeps Lowther, though
+he suspects him. Arbuthnot said that as soon as the Duke became
+Minister he said to him, 'Now, Duke, for God's sake settle that
+question' (the Catholic), which was as much as to say, 'Now that
+you have got rid of every enemy and every rival, now that you can
+raise your own reputation, and that you will share the glory with
+no one, do that which you would never let anybody else do, and
+fight for the measure you have been opposing all your life.' It
+may be imagined he would not have said this unless he had been
+fully aware of the Duke's sentiments on the subject. This speech
+was made to him eight months after Canning came into office, when
+they _all_ went out, _on the Catholic question_. He says it is
+utterly false that the Duke is unconscious of or indifferent to
+the distress, but that it is exaggerated, and the Duke attributes
+it to temporary and not to permanent causes; that he labours
+incessantly on the subject, and his thoughts are constantly
+occupied with devising a remedy for it, which he thinks he can
+do. He adverted to the difficulties with the King, who is never
+to be depended upon, as his father was. He remembers upon
+some occasion, when Perceval was Minister, and thought the
+difficulties of his situation great, he represented to George III.
+his sense of them in a letter; Perceval showed him the King's
+answer, which was in these words:--'Do you stand by me as I will
+stand by you, and while we stand by each other we have nothing to
+fear.'
+
+I told Arbuthnot it was reported that the Duke had given a very
+rough answer to the West Indian deputations, and that if he had
+it was unwise, as, though he might not adopt such measures of
+relief as they desired, he could treat them with soft language.
+He said that, so far from it, Lord Chandos had returned to the
+Duke the next day, and apologised for their conduct to him,
+assuring him that he was ashamed and tired of his connexion with
+them, and should withdraw from it as soon as possible. This I
+mentioned at Brookes', but Gordon (a West Indian) said that they
+had all been shocked at the manner in which he had used them,
+that some of them had declared they would never go to him again;
+and Spring Rice said that old George Hibbert, who has been their
+agent these thirty years, and had attended deputations to every
+Prime Minister since Pitt, had told him that he never saw one so
+ill received before. It is customary for every deputation to draw
+out a minute of their conversation with the Minister, which they
+submit to him to admit its correctness. They did so, but the Duke
+destroyed their minute, and sent them back one drawn out by
+himself, which, however, they declare was not so correct as that
+which had been transmitted to him; which I can well believe, but
+they had no right to complain of this, on the contrary.
+
+
+January 30th, 1830 {p.271}
+
+Laid up with the gout these last three days. George Bankes has
+resigned, and John Wortley is appointed Secretary to the Board of
+Control. He was of the Huskisson party, as it is called (though
+it does not deserve the name), and previously to the offer of
+this place being made to him was rather inimical to the
+Government; but the Duke proposed, and he accepted. I doubt his
+being of much use to them. Lord Ellenborough's letter to Sir John
+Malcolm, which appeared in the 'Times' a few days ago, has made a
+great deal of noise, as it well may, for a more flippant and
+injudicious performance has seldom been seen.[5]
+
+      [5] [This letter, which excited much attention at this
+          time, will be found in the 'Life of Sir John Malcolm,'
+          by Mr. (now Sir John) Kaye, vol. ii. p. 528. It had
+          been written a year before, and by some indiscretion
+          obtained publicity in India. A warm dispute had broken
+          out between Sir John Malcolm, then Governor of Bombay,
+          and the Judges of the Supreme Court there. Lord
+          Ellenborough took Malcolm's part with great eagerness,
+          and said of the Chief Justice, Sir J. P. Grant, that he
+          'would be like a wild elephant between two tame ones.'
+          This expression was long remembered as a joke against
+          Lord Ellenborough.]
+
+[Page Head: THE COMING SESSION]
+
+The greatest curiosity and interest prevail about the
+transactions in the ensuing session--whether there will be any
+opposition, and from what quarter, how Peel will manage, how the
+country gentlemen will act and what language they will hold, and
+whether the Duke will produce any plan for alleviating the
+distress. I think there will be a great deal of talking and
+complaining, a great many half-measures suggested, but no
+opposition, and that the Duke will do nothing, and get through
+the session without much difficulty. There was to have been a
+Council on Thursday to prick the sheriffs, but it was put off on
+account of my gout, and I was not able to attend at the dinner at
+the Chancellor's on Wednesday for the same reason. I remember
+once before a Council was put off because I was at Egham for the
+races; that was a Council in '27, I think, to admit foreign corn.
+
+
+February 1st, 1830 {p.272}
+
+Stapleton's book on Mr. Canning is not to appear. Douglas was
+sent to him by Aberdeen to tell him that if anything appeared in
+it which ought not to be published he would be turned out of his
+office. He wrote to Lady Canning accordingly, who sent him a very
+kind answer, desiring him by no means to expose himself to any
+such danger, and consenting to the suppression of the work. I am
+glad of it on all accounts.
+
+
+February 3rd, 1830 {p.272}
+
+Brougham has given up Lord Cleveland's borough, and comes in for
+Knaresborough, at the Duke of Devonshire's invitation. He is
+delighted at the exchange. I see by the 'Gazette' there has been
+a compromise with the King about the Catholic sheriffs; only one
+(Petre for Yorkshire) is chosen, the others, though first on the
+list and no excuses, passed over: they were Townley for
+Lancashire and Sir T. Stanley for Cheshire. It is childish and
+ridiculous if so; but no matter, as the principle is admitted.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD BYRON]
+
+I have just finished the first volume of Moore's 'Life of Byron.'
+I don't think I like this style of biography, half-way between
+ordinary narrative and self-delineation in the shape of letters,
+diary, &c. Moore's part is agreeably and feelingly written, and
+in a very different style from the 'Life of Sheridan'--no turgid
+diction and brilliant antitheses. It is, however, very amusing;
+the letters are exceedingly clever, full of wit, humour, and
+point, abounding in illustration, imagination, and information,
+but not the most agreeable sort of letters. They are joined
+together by a succession of little essays upon his character. But
+as to life, it is no life at all; it merely tells you that the
+details of his life are not tellable, that they would be like
+those of Tilly or Casanova, and so indecent, and compromise so
+many people, that we must be content to look at his life through
+an impenetrable veil. Then in the letters and diary the perpetual
+hiatus, and asterisks, and initials are exceedingly tantalising;
+but altogether it is very amusing. As to Byron, I have never had
+but one opinion about his poetry, which I think of first-rate
+excellence; an enormous heresy, of course, more particularly with
+those whose political taste rests upon the same foundation that
+their religious creed does--that of having been taught what to
+admire in the one case as they have been enjoined what to believe
+in the other. With regard to his character, I think Moore has
+succeeded in proving that he was far from deficient in amiable
+qualities; he was high-minded, liberal, generous, and good-natured,
+and, if he does not exaggerate his own feelings, a warm-hearted
+and sincere friend. But what a wretch he was! how thoroughly
+miserable with such splendid talents! how little philosophy!--
+wretched on account of his lame foot; not even his successes with
+women could reconcile him to a little personal deformity, though
+this is too hard a word for it; then tormenting himself to
+death nobody can tell why or wherefore. There never was so
+ill-regulated a mind, and he had not even the talent of making
+his pleasures subservient to his happiness--not any notion of
+_enjoyment_; all with him was riot, and debauchery, and rage and
+despair. That he very sincerely entertained a bad opinion of
+mankind may be easily believed; but so far from his pride and
+haughtiness raising him above the influence of the opinion of
+those whom he so despised, he was the veriest slave to it that
+ever breathed, as he confesses when he says that he was almost
+more annoyed at the censure of the meanest than pleased with the
+praises of the highest of mankind; and when he deals around his
+fierce vituperation or bitter sarcasms, he is only clanking the
+chains which, with all his pride, and defiance, and contempt, he
+is unable to throw off. Then he despises pretenders and
+charlatans of all sorts, while he is himself a pretender, as all
+men are who assume a character which does not belong to them, and
+affect to be something which they are all the time conscious they
+are not in reality. But to 'assume a virtue if you have it not'
+is more allowable than to assume a vice which you have not. To
+wish to appear better or wiser than we really are is excusable in
+itself, and it is only the manner of doing it that may become
+ridiculous; but to endeavour to appear worse than we are is a
+species of perverted vanity the most disgusting, and a very bad
+compliment to the judgment, the morals or the taste of our
+acquaintance. Yet, with all his splendid genius, this sort of
+vanity certainly distinguished Lord Byron, and that among many
+other things proves how deeply a man may be read in human nature,
+what an insight he may acquire into the springs of action and
+feeling, and yet how incapable he may be of making any practical
+application of the knowledge he has acquired and the result of
+which he can faithfully delineate. He gives a list of the books
+he had read at eighteen which appears incredible, particularly as
+he says that he was always idle, and eight years after Scott says
+he did not appear well read either in poetry or history. Swift
+says 'some men know books as others do Lords--learn their titles,
+and then boast of their acquaintance with them,' and so perhaps
+at eighteen he knew by name the books he mentions; indeed, the
+list contains Hooker, Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Berkeley, &c. It
+sounds rather improbable; but his letters contain allusions to
+every sort of literature, and certainly indicate considerable
+information. 'Dans le pays des aveugles les borgnes sont rois,'
+and Sir Walter Scott might think a man half read who knows all
+that is contained in the brains of White's, Brookes', and
+Boodle's, and the greater part of the two Houses of Parliament.
+But the more one reads and hears of great men the more reconciled
+one becomes to one's own mediocrity.
+
+         Say thou, whose thoughts at nothingness repine,
+         Shall Byron's fame with Byron's fate be thine?
+
+Who would not prefer any obscurity before such splendid misery as
+was the lot of that extraordinary man? Even Moore is not happy.
+One thinks how one should like to be envied, and admired, and
+applauded, but after all such men suffer more than we know or
+they will confess, and their celebrity is dearly purchased.
+
+                 Se di ciascun l'interno affanno
+                 Si leggesse in fronte scritto,
+                 Quanti guai ch'invidia fanno
+                 Ci farebbe pietà.
+
+One word more about Byron and I have done. I was much struck by
+the coincidence of style between his letters and his journal, and
+that appears to me a proof of the reality and nature which
+prevailed in both.
+
+
+[Page Head: WEAKNESS OF THE GOVERNMENT]
+
+February 5th, 1830 {p.275}
+
+Parliament met yesterday; there was a brisk debate and an
+amendment on the Address in each House. The Duke had very
+indiscreetly called the distress 'partial' in the Speech, and the
+consequence was an amendment moved by Knatchbull declaring it to
+be general. The result shows that Government has not the
+slightest command over the House of Commons, and that they have
+nothing but casual support to rely upon, and that of course will
+only be to be had 'dum se bene gesserint.' For a long time Holmes
+and their whippers-in thought that they should be in a minority;
+but Hume and a large party of Reformers supported them (contrary
+to their own expectations), so they got a majority of 50 out of
+250. The division was very extraordinary, Brougham, Sadler, and
+O'Connell voting together. It is pretty clear, however, that they
+are in no danger of being turned out, but that they are
+wretchedly off for speakers. Huskisson made a shabby speech
+enough, O'Connell his _début_, and a successful one, heard with
+profound attention; his manner good and his arguments attended
+and replied to. In the Lords there was nothing particular, but
+nothing was concerted by any party, for the subject of the
+amendment in the Commons was not even touched upon in the Lords,
+which is very remarkable. Lord Chandos has refused the Mint,
+because they will not give him a seat in the Cabinet, but many
+people think it is because he has been pressed to refuse by
+his High Tory friends. Charles Ross is the new Lord of the
+Admiralty,[6] and Abercromby Chief Baron of Scotland, which
+everybody is glad of.
+
+      [6] The appointment has not taken place.
+
+There is a charlatan of the name of Chobert, who calls himself
+the Fire King, who has been imposing upon the world for a year or
+more, exhibiting all sorts of juggleries in hot ovens, swallowing
+poisons, hot lead, &c.; but yesterday he was detected signally,
+and after a dreadful uproar was obliged to run away to avoid the
+ill-usage of his exasperated audience. He pretended to take
+prussic acid, and challenged anybody to produce the poison, which
+he engaged to swallow. At last Mr. Wakley, the proprietor of the
+'Lancet,' went there with prussic acid, which Chobert refused to
+take, and then the whole deception came out, and there is an end
+of it; but it has made a great deal of noise, taken everybody in,
+and the fellow has made a great deal of money. It was to have
+been his last performance, but 'tant va la cruche à l'eau
+qu'enfin....
+
+
+February 13th, 1830 {p.276}
+
+In the House of Lords last night: Lord Holland's motion on
+Greece; his speech was amusing, but not so good as he generally
+is; Aberdeen wretched, the worst speaker I ever heard and
+incapable of a reply; I had no idea he was so bad. The Duke made
+a very clever speech, answering Holland and Melbourne, availing
+himself with great dexterity of the vulnerable parts of their
+speeches and leaving the rest alone. I was sitting by Robert
+Grant on the steps of the throne, and said to him, 'That is a
+good speech of the Duke's,' and he said, 'He speaks like a great
+man;' and so he did; it was bold and manly, and a high tone, not
+like a practised debater, but a man with a vigorous mind and
+determined character.
+
+In the House of Commons Graham spoke for two hours; Burdett said
+not well, but others said the contrary. The Government resolution
+moved as an amendment by Dawson was better than his, so it was
+adopted without difficulty. Burdett said Peel made the best
+speech he ever heard him make, and threw over the Tories. Dined
+afterwards with Cowper, Durham, and Glengall. Durham said that
+Lord Grey's politics were the same as his, and that before Easter
+he thought an Opposition would be formed, and that the elements,
+though scattered, exist of a strong one. I doubt it.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE BURNT]
+
+February 16th, 1830 {p.277}
+
+Last night the English Opera House was burnt down--a magnificent
+fire. I was playing at whist at the 'Travellers' with Lord
+Granville, Lord Auckland, and Ross, when we saw the whole sky
+illuminated and a volume of fire rising in the air. We thought it
+was Covent Garden, and directly set off to the spot. We found the
+Opera House and several houses in Catherine Street on fire
+(sixteen houses), and, though it was three in the morning, the
+streets filled by an immense multitude. Nothing could be more
+picturesque than the scene, for the flames made it as light as
+day and threw a glare upon the strange and motley figures moving
+about. All the gentility of London was there from Princess
+Esterhazy's ball and all the clubs; gentlemen in their fur
+cloaks, pumps, and velvet waistcoats mixed with objects like the
+_sans-culottes_ in the French Revolution--men and women
+half-dressed, covered with rags and dirt, some with nightcaps or
+handkerchiefs round their heads--then the soldiers, the firemen,
+and the engines, and the new police running and bustling, and
+clearing the way, and clattering along, and all with that intense
+interest and restless curiosity produced by the event, and which
+received fresh stimulus at every renewed burst of the flames as
+they rose in a shower of sparks like gold dust. Poor Arnold lost
+everything and was not insured. I trust the paraphernalia of the
+Beefsteak Club perished with the rest, for the enmity I bear that
+society for the dinner they gave me last year.
+
+
+February 19th, 1830 {p.277}
+
+In the House of Lords last night to hear Melbourne's motion about
+Portugal--a rather long and very bad debate. Melbourne spoke very
+ill--case very negligently got up, weakly stated, confused, and
+indiscreet--in the same sense as his brother's pamphlet, with
+part of which (the first part) none of the members of Canning's
+Administration or of Goderich's agree, and consequently it was
+answered by Lansdowne and Goderich. The latter made an excellent
+speech, the only good one that was made. Aberdeen was wretched;
+it is really too bad that a man should be Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs who cannot speak better. The Duke made no case for the
+Terceira business, and delivered a very poor speech; but I like
+his speaking--it is so much to the point, no nonsense and
+verbiage about it, and he says strongly and simply what he has to
+say. The other night on Greece there was a very brisk skirmish
+between Palmerston and Peel, and the former spoke, they say,
+remarkably well; the latter, as usual, was in a passion.
+
+
+February 21st, 1830 {p.278}
+
+Dined with the Chancellor; Granvilles, Hollands, Moore, Luttrell,
+Lord Lansdowne, Auckland, and one or two more; very agreeable.
+Lord Holland told stories of Lord Thurlow, whom he mimicks, they
+say, exactly. When Lord Mansfield died, Thurlow said, 'I
+hesitated a long time between Kenyon and Buller. Kenyon was very
+intemperate, but Buller was so damned corrupt, and I thought upon
+the whole that intemperance was a less fault in a judge than
+corruption, not but what there was a damned deal of corruption in
+Kenyon's intemperance.' Lady Holland and I very friendly; the
+first time I have met her in company since our separation (for we
+have never quarrelled). She is mighty anxious to get me back, for
+no other reason than because I won't go. Everybody is surprised
+at Melbourne's failure the other night; some say he was not well,
+some that he did not like the business. I doubt if he is up to
+it; he did not speak like a man that has much in him.
+
+
+February 23rd, 1830 {p.278}
+
+Dined with Lord Bathurst and a dull party; but after dinner Lady
+Bathurst began talking about the King, and told me one or two
+anecdotes. When the account of Lord Liverpool's seizure reached
+the King at Brighton, Peel was at the Pavilion; the King got into
+one of his nervous ways, and sent for him in the middle of the
+night, desiring he would not dress; so he went down in his
+bedgown and sat by the side of the King's bed. Peel has got an
+awkward way of thrusting out his hands while he talks, which at
+length provoked the King so much that he said, 'Mr. Peel, it is
+no use going on so (taking him off) and thrusting out your hands,
+which is no answer to my question.'
+
+Went to Esterhazy's ball; talked to old Rothschild, who was there
+with his wife and a dandy little Jew son. He says that Polignac's
+Government will stand by the King's support and Polignac's own
+courage; offered to give me a letter to his brother, who would
+give me any information I wanted, squeezed my hand, and looked
+like what he is.
+
+
+[Page Head: WINDSOR CASTLE]
+
+February 25th, 1830 {p.279}
+
+Yesterday at Windsor for a Council; the first time I have seen
+one held in the new rooms of the Castle. They are magnificent and
+comfortable, the corridor really delightful--furnished through
+its whole length of about 500 feet with the luxury of a
+drawing-room, and full of fine busts and bronzes, and
+entertaining pictures, portraits, and curious antiquities. There
+were the Chancellor, the Duke, three Secretaries of State,
+Bathurst, and Melville. The King very blind--did not know the
+Lord Chancellor, who was standing close to him, and took him for
+Peel; he would not give up the point, though, for when he found
+his mistake he attributed it to the light, and appealed to Lord
+Bathurst, who is stone-blind, and who directly agreed.
+
+
+February 26th, 1830 {p.279}
+
+Intended to go to the House of Lords to hear the debate on Lord
+Stanhope's motion (state of the nation), but went to see Fanny
+Kemble in 'Mrs. Beverley' instead. She had a very great success--
+house crowded and plenty of emotion--but she does not touch me,
+though she did more than in her other parts; however, she is very
+good and will be much better.
+
+The debate in the Lords was not lively, and the Duke, they say,
+made a most execrable speech. The fact is that he is not up to a
+great speech on a great question; he wants the information and
+preparation, the discipline of mind, that is necessary, and
+accordingly he exposes himself dreadfully, and entirely lost all
+the advantages he had gained by the excellent speeches he had
+previously made on other and more confined questions. He was very
+angry with the Duke of Richmond, whose opposition to him is
+considered by the Duke's adherents as a sort of political
+parricide. Old Eldon spoke very well, and Radnor; the rest but
+moderate.
+
+
+February 27th, 1830 {p.280}
+
+Dined at Lord Lansdowne's; Moore, Rogers, J. Russell, Spring
+Rice, Charles Kemble, Auckland, and Doherty; very agreeable, but
+Rogers was overpowered by numbers and loud voices. Doherty told
+some good professional stories, and they all agreed that Irish
+courts of justice afforded the finest materials for novels and
+romances. The 'Mertons' and 'Collegians' are both founded on
+facts; the stories are in the 'New Monthly Magazine;' they said
+the author had not made the most of the 'Collegians' story. Very
+odd nervousness of Moore; he could not tell that story (of
+Crampton's), which I begged him to do, and which would not have
+been lugged in neck and shoulders, because everybody was telling
+just such stories; he is delighted with my note of it. Charles
+Kemble talked of his daughter and her success--said she was
+twenty, and that she had once seen Mrs. Siddons in 'Lady
+Randolph' when she was seven years old. She was so affected in
+'Mrs. Beverley' that he was obliged to carry her into her
+dressing-room, where she screamed for five minutes; the last
+scream (when she throws herself on his body) was involuntary, not
+in the part, and she had not intended it, but could not resist
+the impulse. She likes Juliet the best of her parts.
+
+
+February 28th, 1830 {p.280}
+
+Dined yesterday with Lord Stanhope; Murray the bookseller (who
+published 'Belisarius'), Wilkie the painter, and Lord Strangford;
+nobody else of note. Wilkie appears stern, and might pass for
+mad; he said very little. Murray chattered incessantly; talked to
+me a great deal about Moore, who would have been mightily
+provoked if he had heard him. An odd dinner, not agreeable,
+though Lord Stanhope is amusing, so strange in his appearance, so
+ultra-Tory and anti-Liberal in his politics, full of information
+and a good deal of drollery. Murray told me that Moore is going
+to write a 'Life of Petrarch.' Croker would have written
+Lawrence's Life if Campbell [the poet] had not seized the task
+before anybody else thought of laying hold of it. He has
+circulated a command that all persons who have anything to
+communicate will send their letters to _his secretary_, and not
+to him.
+
+
+[Page Head: FOR ITALY]
+
+March 2nd, 1830
+
+To-morrow I set out to Italy, after many years of anxiety to go
+there, without violent expectations of pleasure, but not thinking
+of disappointment. I care not for leaving London or anything in
+it; there are a few people whose society I regret, but as to
+friends or those who care for me, or for whom I care, I leave few
+behind.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Calais--Beau Brummell--Paris--The Polignac Ministry--Polignac and
+  Charles X.--The Duke of Orleans--State of Parties--Talleyrand--
+  Lyons--First Impressions of Mountain Scenery--Mont Cenis--
+  Turin--Marengo--Genoa--Road to Florence--Pisa--Florence--Lord
+  and Lady Burghersh--Thorwaldsen--Lord Cochrane--Rome--
+  St. Peter's--Frascati--Grotta Ferrata--Queen Hortense and Louis
+  Napoleon--Coliseum--Death of Lady Northampton--The Moses--
+  Gardens--Palm Sunday--Sistine Chapel--The Cardinals--Popes--
+  Cardinal Albani--The Farnese Palace--A Dead Cardinal--Pasquin--
+  Statue of Pompey--Galleries and Catacombs--Bunsen--The Papal
+  Benediction--Ceremonies of the Holy Week--The Grand
+  Penitentiary--A Confession--Protestant Cemetery--Illumination
+  of St. Peter's--Torlonia--Bunsen on the Forum.
+
+
+[Page Head: PARIS IN MARCH 1830]
+
+Paris, March 6th, 1830 {p.282}
+
+I left London at three o'clock on Wednesday, the 3rd, and arrived
+at Dover between twelve and one. Went over in the packet at nine
+on Thursday, which was not to have sailed till twelve, but did go
+at nine, principally because they heard that I had got despatches,
+for I had armed myself with three passports couched in such
+terms as were most likely to be useful. A good but rather long
+passage--near four hours--and the day magnificent. Landed with
+difficulty in boats. Detained at Calais till seven. There I had a
+long conversation with Brummell about his Consulship, and was
+moved by his account of his own distresses to write to the Duke
+of Wellington and ask him to do what he could for him. I found
+him in his old lodging, dressing; some pretty pieces of old
+furniture in the room, an entire toilet of silver, and a large
+green macaw perched on the back of a tattered silk chair with
+faded gilding; full of gaiety, impudence, and misery.
+
+Lord Tweeddale came over in the packet, and we dined together. He
+was full of the Duke of Richmond's speech about the Duke of
+Wellington the other night, which he said had annoyed the Duke of
+Wellington more than anything that ever happened to him, and that
+the Duke of Richmond was now equally sorry for what he had said.
+He (Tweeddale) was employed to carry a message from the one Duke
+to the other, which, however, the Duke of Wellington did not take
+in good part, nor does it seem that he is at all disposed to lay
+aside his resentment. Tweeddale ranks Richmond's talents very
+highly, and says he was greatly esteemed in the army.
+
+Left Calais at seven; travelled all night--the roads horrid in
+most parts--and arrived at Paris last night at half-past twelve.
+Found everything prepared--an excellent apartment, _laquais de
+place_, and courier. Called on Lady Stewart and old Madame
+Craufurd, and wandered about the whole day. Paris looking gay and
+brilliant in the finest weather I ever saw. I find the real
+business is not to begin in the Chambers till about the 10th, so
+I shall not wait for it. Polignac is said to be very stout, but
+the general opinion is that he will be in a minority in the
+Chambers; however, as yet I have seen nobody who can give good
+information about the state of parties. For the first time
+(between Calais and Paris) I saw some new houses and barns
+building near Abbeville and Beauvais, and the cottages near
+Monsieur de Clermont-Tonnerre's mansion had a very English look.
+
+It is Lent, and very little going on here. During the Carnival
+they had a ball for the benefit of the poor, which was attended
+by 5,000 people, and produced 116,000 francs. Immense sums were
+given in charity, and well appropriated during the severe
+weather. There are also nuns (_soeurs de charité_), who visit and
+tend the sick, whose institution is far more practically useful
+than anything of which our Protestant country can boast. I shall
+only stay here a very few days.
+
+
+[Page Head: IMPENDING CRISIS IN FRANCE]
+
+March 8th, 1830 {p.283}
+
+It will be difficult to get away from this place if I don't go at
+once; the plot thickens, and I am in great danger of dawdling on,
+Yesterday morning I walked about, visiting, and then went through
+the Tuileries and the Carrousel. The Gardens were full of
+well-dressed and good-looking people, and the day so fine that it
+was a glorious sight. The King is, after all, hardly master of
+his own palace, for the people may swarm like bees all around and
+through it, and he is the only man in Paris who cannot go into
+the Gardens. Dined with Standish, Brooke Greville, Madame Alfred
+de Noailles and her daughter, and then went to Madame de
+Flahault's to see the world and hear politics. After all, nobody
+has an idea how things will turn out, or what are Polignac's
+intentions or his resources. Lord Stuart[1] told me that he knew
+nothing, but that when he saw all the Ministers perfectly calm
+and satisfied, and heard them constantly say all would be well,
+although all France and a clear majority in both Chambers seemed
+to be against them, he could not help thinking they must have
+some reason for such confidence, and something in reserve, of
+which people were not aware. Lady Keith,[2] with whom I had a
+long talk, told me that she did not believe it possible they
+could stand, that there was no revolutionary spirit abroad, but a
+strong determination to provide for the stability of their
+institutions, a disgust at the obstinacy and pretensions of the
+King, and a desire to substitute the Orleans for the reigning
+branch, which was becoming very general; that Polignac is wholly
+ignorant of France, and will not listen to the opinions of those
+who could enlighten him. It is supposed that the King is
+determined to push matters to extremity, to try the Chambers, and
+if his Ministry are beaten to dissolve them and govern _par
+ordonnance du Roi_, then to try and influence the elections and
+obtain a Chamber more favourable than the present. Somebody told
+her the other day of a conversation which Polignac had recently
+had with the King, in which his Majesty said to him, 'Jules,
+est-ce que vous m'êtes très-dévoué?' 'Mais oui, Sire; pouvez-vous
+en douter?' 'Jusqu'à aller sur l'échafaud?' 'Mais oui. Sire, s'il
+le faut.' 'Alors tout ira bien.' It is thought that he has got
+into his head the old saying that if Louis XVI. had got upon
+horseback he could have arrested the progress of the Revolution--
+a piece of nonsense, fit only for a man 'qui n'a rien oublié ni
+rien appris.' It is supposed the Address will be carried against
+the Government by about 250 to 130. (It was 221 to 180. ---- has
+a _tabatière Warin_ of that day, with the names of the 221 on the
+lid.) All the names presented to the King yesterday for the
+Presidency are obnoxious to him, but he named Royer Collard, who
+had twice as many votes as any of the others. It was remarked at
+the _séance royale_ that the King dropped his hat, and that the
+Duke of Orleans picked it up, and they always make a great deal
+of these trifles. The Duke of Orleans is, however, very well with
+the Court, and will not stir, let what will happen, though he
+probably feels like Macbeth before the murder of Duncan--
+
+       If chance will have me King, why let chance crown me
+       Without my stir.
+
+      [1] [Lord Stuart de Rothesay was then British Ambassador in
+          Paris.]
+
+      [2] [Married to Count de Flahault; in her own right
+          Baroness Keith and Nairn. She died in 1867.]
+
+
+March 8th, 1830, at night {p.285}
+
+Walked about visiting, and heard all the gossip of Paris from
+little Madame Graham, who also invited me to Pozzo di Borgo's box
+at the Opera. I don't mean to record the gossip and scandal
+unless when I hear something out of the common way and amusing.
+Dined with Stuart; Tweeddale, Gurwood, Allen, and some heavy
+_attachés_; no French. He appears to live handsomely. Afterwards
+to the Opera to see Taglioni, who did not dance; then to Madame
+Appony's, to whom I was introduced, and we had plenty of bowing
+and smirking and civilities about my family. Rather bored at the
+party, and am come home quite resolved to be off on Thursday, but
+am greatly puzzled about my route, for everybody recommends a
+different one.
+
+
+March 9th, 1830 {p.285}
+
+Dined with M. de Flahault; met M. de Talleyrand, Madame de Dino,
+General Sébastiani, M. Bertin de Vaux, Duc de Broglie, and
+Montrond. Sébastiani and Bertin de Vaux are Deputies, and all
+violent Oppositionists. After dinner M. de Lescure, another man,
+and the young Duc de Valençay, Madame de Dino's son, came in.
+They talked politics all the time, and it was curious enough to
+me. Bertin is the sort of man in appearance that Tierney was, and
+shrewd like him; he is brother to the editor, and principal
+manager himself, of the 'Journal des Débats.' Sébastiani is slow
+and pompous. The Duc de Broglie is one of the best men in France.
+They all agreed that the Government cannot stand. Talleyrand is
+as much against it as any of them. Sébastiani told me they should
+have 280 against 130. Talleyrand said that it was quite
+impossible to predict what might be the result of this contest
+(if the Court pushed matters to extremity) both to France and
+Europe, and that it was astonishing surrounding nations, and
+particularly England, did not see how deeply they were interested
+in the event. He said of us, 'Vous avez plus d'argent que de
+crédit.' He looks horridly old, but seems vigorous enough and
+alive to everything. After dinner they all put their heads
+together and chattered politics as fast as they could. Madame de
+Flahault is more violent than her husband, and her house is the
+resort of all the Liberal party. Went afterwards to the Opera and
+saw Maret, the Duc de Bassano, a stupid elderly bourgeois-looking
+man, with two very pretty daughters. The battle is to begin in
+the Chamber on Saturday or Monday on the Address. Talleyrand told
+me that the next three weeks would be the most important of any
+period since the Restoration. It is in agitation to deprive him
+of his place of Grand Chambellan.
+
+
+[Page Head: MOUNTAIN SCENERY]
+
+Susa, March 15th, 1830, 9 o'clock. {p.286}
+
+Just arrived at this place at the foot of Mont Cenis. Left Paris
+on the 11th, at twelve o'clock at night. On the last day,
+Montrond made a dinner for me at a club to see M. des Chapelles
+play at whist. I saw it, but was no wiser; but I conclude he
+plays very well, for he always wins, is not suspected of
+cheating, and excels at all other games. At twelve I got into my
+carriage, and (only stopping an hour and a half for two
+breakfasts) got to Lyons in forty-eight hours and a half. Journey
+not disagreeable, and roads much better than I expected,
+particularly after Macon, when they became as good as in England;
+but the country presents the same sterile, uninteresting
+appearance as that between Calais and Paris--no hedges, no trees,
+except tall, stupid-looking poplars, and no châteaux or farm-houses.
+I am at a loss to know why a country should look so ill which I
+do not believe is either barren or ill cultivated. Lyons is a
+magnificent town. It was dark when I arrived, or rather
+moonlight, but I could see that the quay we came along was fine,
+and yesterday morning I walked about for an hour and was
+struck with the grandeur of the place; it is like a great and
+magnificent Bath; but I had not time to see much of it, and, with
+beautiful weather, I set off at ten o'clock. The mountains (les
+Échelles de Savoie) appear almost directly in the distance, but
+it was long before I could make out whether they were clouds or
+mountains.
+
+After crossing the Pont de Beauvoisin we began to mount the
+Échelles, which I did on foot, and I never shall forget the first
+impression made upon me by the mountain scenery. It first burst
+upon me at a turn of the road--one huge perpendicular rock above
+me, a deep ravine with a torrent rushing down and a mountain
+covered with pines and ilexes on the other side, and in front
+another vast rock which was shining in the reflected light of the
+setting sun. I never shall forget it. How I turned round and
+round, afraid to miss a particle of the glorious scene. It was
+the liveliest impression because it was the first. I walked
+nearly to the other post with the most exquisite pleasure, but it
+was dark by the time I got to La Grotta. I went on, however, all
+night, very unhappy at the idea of losing a great deal of this
+scenery, but consoled by the reflection that there was plenty
+left. As soon as it was light I found myself in the middle of the
+mountains (the Lower Alps), and from thence I proceeded across
+the Mont Cenis. Though not the finest pass, to me, who had never
+seen anything like it, it appeared perfectly beautiful, every
+turn in the road presenting a new combination of Alpine
+magnificence. Nothing is more striking than the patches of
+cultivation in the midst of the tremendous rocks and precipices,
+and in one or two spots there were plots of grass and evergreens,
+like an English shrubbery, at the foot of enormous mountains
+covered with snow. There was not a breath of air in these
+valleys, and the sun was shining in unclouded brightness, so that
+there was all the atmosphere of summer below with all the livery
+of winter above.
+
+                     The altitude of some tall crag
+        That is the eagle's birthplace, or some peak
+        Familiar with forgotten years, that shows,
+        Inscribed as with the silence of the thought
+        Upon its bleak and visionary sides,
+        The history of many a winter storm
+        Or obscure record of the path of fire.
+                               There the sun himself
+        At the calm close of Summer's longest day
+        Rests his substantial orb; between those heights,
+        And on the top of either pinnacle,
+        More keenly than elsewhere in night's blue vault
+        Sparkle the stars, as of their station proud:
+        Thoughts are not busier in the mind of man
+        Than the mute agents stirring there,--alone
+        Here do I sit and watch.
+
+In one place, too, I remarked high up on the side of the rugged
+and barren mountain two or three cottages, to arrive at which
+steps had been cut in the rock. No sign of vegetation was near,
+so exactly the description of Goldsmith:--
+
+         Dear is that shed to which their souls conform,
+         And dear that hill that lifts them to the storm;
+
+[Page Head: THE MONT CENIS]
+
+In another place there was a cluster of houses and a church newly
+built. Not far from Lans-le-Bourg (at the foot of Mont Cenis) is
+a very strong fort, built by the King of Sardinia, which commands
+the road. It has a fine effect perched upon a rock, and
+apparently unapproachable. A soldier was pacing the battlement,
+and his figure gave life to the scene and exhibited the immensity
+of the surrounding objects, so minute did he appear. At
+Lans-le-Bourg they put four horses and two mules to my carriage,
+but I took my courier's horse and set off to ride up the mountain
+with a guide who would insist upon going with me, and who
+proposed to take me up a much shorter way by the old road, which,
+however, I declined; he was on foot, and made a short cut up the
+hill while I rode by the road, which winds in several turns up
+the mountain. Fired with mountainous zeal, I had a mind to try
+one of these short cuts, and giving my horse to Paolo (my _valet
+de chambre_) set off with my guide to climb the next intervening
+ascent; but I soon found that I had better have stuck to my
+horse, for the immensity of the surrounding objects had deceived
+me as to the distance, and the ground was so steep and slippery
+that, unprepared as I was for such an attempt, I could not keep
+my footing. When about half-way up, I looked ruefully round and
+saw steeps above and below covered with ice and snow and loose
+earth. I could not get back, and did not know how to get on. I
+felt like the man who went up in a balloon, and when a mile in
+the air wanted to be let out. My feelings were very like what
+Johnson describes at Hawkestone in his tour in Wales. 'He that
+mounts the precipices at ---- wonders how he came thither, and
+doubts how he shall return; his walk is an adventure and his
+departure an escape. He has not the tranquillity but the horrors
+of solitude--a kind of turbulent pleasure between fright and
+admiration.' My guide, fortunately, was active and strong, and
+properly shod so he went first, making steps for me in the snow,
+into which I put my feet after his, while with one hand I grasped
+the tail of his blue frock and with the other seized bits of twig
+or anything I could lay hold of; and in this ludicrous way,
+scrambling and clambering, hot and out of breath, to my great joy
+I at last got to the road, and for the rest of the ascent
+contented myself with my post-horse, who had a set of bells
+jingling at his head and was a sorry beast enough. I was never
+weary, however, of admiring the scenery. The guide told me he had
+often seen Napoleon when he was crossing the mountain, and that
+he remembered his being caught in a _tormento_,[3] when his life
+was saved by two young Savoyards, who took him on their backs
+and carried him to a _rifugio_.[4] He asked them if they were
+married, and, finding they were not, enquired how much was enough
+to marry upon in that country, and then gave them the requisite
+sum, and settled pensions of 600 francs on each of them. One is
+dead, the other still receives it. As I got near the top of the
+mountain the road, which had hitherto been excellent, became
+execrable and the cold intense. I had left summer below and found
+winter above. I looked in vain for the chamois, hares, wolves,
+and bears, all of which I was told are found there. At last I
+arrived at the summit, and found at the inn a friar, the only
+inhabitant of the Hospice, who, hearing me say I would go there
+(as my carriage was not yet come), offered to go with me; he was
+young, fat, rosy, jolly, and dirty, dressed in a black robe with
+a travelling-cap on his head, appeared quick and intelligent, and
+spoke French and Italian. He took me over the Hospice, which is
+now quite empty, and showed me two very decently furnished rooms
+which the Emperor Napoleon used to occupy, and two inferior
+apartments which had been appropriated to the Empress Maria
+Louisa. The N.'s on the _grille_ of the door had been changed for
+V.E.'s (Victor Emmanuel) and M.T.'s (Maria Theresa), and
+frightful pictures of the Sardinian King and Queen have replaced
+the Imperial portraits. All sorts of distinguished people have
+slept there _en passant_, and do still when compelled to spend
+the night on Mont Cenis. He offered to lodge and feed me, but I
+declined. I told him I was glad to see Napoleon's bedroom, as I
+took an interest in everything which related to that great man,
+at which he seemed extremely pleased, and said, 'Ah, monsieur,
+vous êtes donc comme moi.' I dined at the inn (a very bad one) on
+some trout which they got for me from the Hospice--very fine
+fish, but very ill dressed. The sun was setting by the time I set
+off, it was dusk when I had got half-way down the descent, and
+dark before I had reached the first stage. When half-way down the
+descent, the last rays of the sun were still gilding the tops of
+the crags above, and the contrast between that light above and
+the darkness below was very fine. From what I saw of it, and from
+what I guess, straining my eyes into the darkness to catch the
+dim and indistinct shapes of the mountains, the Italian side is
+the finest--the most wild and savage and with more variety. On
+the French side you are always on the breast of the same
+mountain, but on the Italian side you wind along different rocks
+always hanging over a precipice with huge black, snow-topped
+crags frowning from the other ridge. I was quite unhappy not to
+see it. Altogether I never shall forget the pleasure of the two
+days' journey and the first sight of the Alps, exceeding the
+expectations I had formed, and for years I have enjoyed nothing
+so much. The descent (at the beginning of which, by-the-bye, I
+was very nearly overturned) only ends at this place, where I
+found a tolerable room and a good fire, but the _cameriere_
+stinking so abominably of garlic that he impregnated the whole
+apartment.
+
+      [3] A _tormento_ (most appropriate name) is a tempest of
+          wind, and sleet, and snow, exceedingly dangerous to
+          those who are met by it.
+
+      [4] A _rifugio_ is a sort of cabin, of which there are
+          several built at certain distances all the way up the
+          mountain, where travellers may take shelter.
+
+
+[Page Head: TURIN]
+
+Turin, March 16th, 1830 {p.291}
+
+Got here early and meant to sleep, but have changed my mind and
+am going on. A fine but dull-looking town. Found the two
+Forsters, who pressed me to stay. Made an ineffectual attempt to
+get into the Egyptian Museum, said to be the finest in the world.
+It was collected by Drovetti, the French Consul, and offered to
+us for £16,000, which we declined to give, and the King of
+Sardinia bought it. Forster told me that this country is rich,
+not ill governed, but plunged in bigotry. There are near 400
+convents in the King's dominions. It is the dullest town in
+Europe, and it is because it looks so dull that I am in a hurry
+to get out of it. This morning was cloudy, and presented fresh
+combinations of beauty in the mountains when the clouds rolled
+round their great white peaks, sometimes blending them in the
+murky vapour, and sometimes exhibiting their sharp outlines above
+the wreath of mist. I did not part from the Alps without casting
+many a lingering look behind.
+
+
+Genoa, March 18th, 1830 {p.291}
+
+Got on so quick from Turin that I went to Alessandria that night,
+and set off at half-past six yesterday morning. Crossed the field
+of battle of Marengo, a boundless plain (now thickly studded with
+trees and houses), and saw the spot where Desaix was killed. The
+bridge over the Bormida which Melas crossed to attack the French
+army is gone, but another has been built near it. The Austrians
+or Sardinians have taken down the column which was erected to the
+memory of Desaix on the spot where he fell; they might as well
+have left it, for the place will always be celebrated, though
+they only did as the French had done before. After the battle of
+Jena they took down the Column of Rossbach,[5] but that was
+erected to commemorate the victory, and this the death of the
+hero. I feel like Johnson--'far far from me and my friends be
+that frigid philosophy which can make us pass unmoved over any
+scenes which have been consecrated by virtue, by valour, or by
+wisdom'--and I strained the eyes of my imagination to see all the
+tumult of this famous battle, in which Bonaparte had been
+actually defeated, yet (one can hardly now tell how) was in the
+end completely victorious. This pillar might have been left, too,
+as a striking memorial of the rapid vicissitudes of fortune: the
+removal of it has been here so quick, and at Rossbach so tardy, a
+reparation of national honour.
+
+      [5] The battle of Rossbach was gained by Frederick the
+          Great over the French and Austrians in 1757.
+
+[Page Head: PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA]
+
+The Apennines are nothing after the Alps, but the descent to
+Genoa is very pretty, and Genoa itself exceeds everything I ever
+saw in point of beauty and magnificence.
+
+      How boldly doth it front us, how majestically--
+      Like a luxurious vineyard: the hill-side
+      Is hung with marble fabrics, line o'er line,
+      Terrace o'er terrace, nearer still and nearer
+      To the blue heavens, here bright and sumptuous palaces
+      With cool and verdant garden interspersed.
+                 *     *     *     *     *     *
+      While over all hangs the rich purple eve.
+                                   MILMAN's _Fall of Jerusalem_.
+
+I passed the whole day after I got here in looking into the
+palaces and gardens and admiring the prospect on every side. You
+are met at every turn by vestiges of the old Republic; in fact,
+the town has undergone very little alteration for hundreds of
+years, and there is an air of gaiety and bustling activity which,
+with the graceful costume of the men and women, make it a most
+delightful picture. Genoa appears to be a city of palaces, and
+although many of the largest are now converted to humbler uses,
+and many fallen to decay, there are ample remains to show the
+former grandeur of the princely merchants who were once the lords
+of the ocean. Everything bespeaks solidity, durability, and
+magnificence. There are stupendous works which were done at the
+expense of individuals. In every part of the town are paintings
+and frescoes, which, in spite of constant exposure to the
+atmosphere, have retained much of their brilliancy and freshness.
+The palaces of Doria are the most interesting; but why the Senate
+gave him that which bears still the inscription denoting its
+being their gift it is difficult to say, when his own is so
+superior and in a more agreeable situation. The old palace of
+Andrew is now let for lodgings, and the Pamfili Doria live at
+Rome. The walls are covered with inscriptions, and I stopped to
+read two on stone slabs on the spot where the houses of
+malefactors had formerly stood, monuments of the vindictive laws
+of the Republic, which not only punished the criminal himself,
+but consigned his children to infamy and his habitation to
+destruction; though they stand together they are not of the same
+date. There is no temptation to violate the decree by building
+again on the spot, for they are in a narrow, dirty court, to
+which light can scarcely find access. The Ducal Palace now
+belongs to the Governor. It has been modernised, but in the dark
+alleys adjoining there are remains demonstrative of its former
+extent--pictures of the different Doges in fresco on the walls
+half erased, and little bridges extending from the windows (or
+doors) of the palace to the public prisons and other adjoining
+buildings. The view from my _albergo_ (_della villa_) is the
+gayest imaginable, looking over the harbour, which is crowded
+with sailors and boats full of animation.
+
+[Page Head: PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA]
+
+_Evening._--Passed the whole day seeing sights. Called on Madame
+Durazzo, and went with her and her niece, Madame Ferrari, to the
+King's palace, formerly a Durazzo palace. Like the others, a fine
+house, full of painting and gilding, and with a terrace of black
+and white marble commanding a view of the sea. The finest picture
+is a Paul Veronese of a Magdalen with our Saviour. The King and
+Queen sleep together, and on each side of the royal bed there is
+an assortment of ivory palms, crucifixes, boxes for holy water,
+and other spiritual guards for their souls. For the comfort of
+their bodies he has had a machine made like a car, which is drawn
+up by a chain from the bottom to the top of the house; it holds
+about six people, who can be at pleasure elevated to any storey,
+and at each landing-place there is a contrivance to let them in
+and out. From thence to the Brignole Palace (called the Palazzo
+Rosso), where I met M. and Madame de Brignole, who were very
+civil and ordered a scientific footman to show us the pictures.
+They are numerous and excellent, but we could only take a cursory
+look at them; the best are the Vandykes, particularly a Christ
+and a portrait of one of the Brignoles on horseback, and a
+beautiful Carlo Dolce, a small bleeding Christ. I saw the
+churches--San Stefano, Annunziata, the Duomo, San Ambrosio, San
+Cyro. There are two splendid pictures in the Ambrosio, a Guido
+and a Rubens; the Martyrdom in the San Stefano, by Julio Romano
+and Raphael, went to Paris and was brought back in 1814. The
+churches have a profusion of marble, and gilding, and frescoes;
+the Duomo is of black and white marble, of mixed architecture,
+and highly ornamented--all stinking to a degree that was
+perfectly intolerable, and the same thing whether empty or full;
+it is the smell of stale incense mixed with garlic and human
+odour, horrible combination of poisonous exhalations. I must say,
+as everybody has before remarked, that there is something highly
+edifying in the appearance of devotion which belongs to the
+Catholic religion; the churches are always open, and, go into
+them when you will, you see men and women kneeling and praying
+before this or that altar, absorbed in their occupation, and who
+must have been led there by some devotional feeling. This seems
+more accordant with the spirit and essence of religion than to
+have the churches, as ours are, opened like theatres at stated
+hours and days for the performance of a long service, at the end
+of which the audience is turned out and the doors are locked till
+the next representation. Then the Catholic religion makes no
+distinctions between poverty and wealth--no pews for the
+aristocracy well warmed and furnished, or seats set apart for the
+rich and well dressed; here the church is open to all, and the
+beggar in rags comes and takes his place by the side of the lady
+in silks, and both, kneel on the same pavement, for the moment at
+least and in that place reduced to the same level.
+
+I saw the Ducal Palace, where there are two very fine halls,[6]
+the old Hall of Audience and the Hall of Council, the latter 150
+by 57 feet; and the Doria Palace, delightfully situated with a
+garden and fine fountain, and a curious old gallery opening upon
+a marble terrace, richly painted, gilt and carved, though, now
+decayed. Here the Emperor Napoleon lived when he was at Genoa,
+preferring Andrew Doria's palace to a better lodging: he had some
+poetry in his ambition after all. Lastly to the Albergo dei
+Poveri,[7] a noble institution, built by a Brignole and enriched
+by repeated benefactions; like all the edifices of the old
+Genoese, vast and of fine proportions. The great staircase and
+hall are adorned with colossal statues of its benefactors (among
+whom are many Durazzos), and the sums that they gave or
+bequeathed are commemorated on the pedestals. In the chapel is a
+piece of sculpture by Michael Angelo, a dead Christ and Virgin
+(only heads), and an altarpiece by Puget. Branching out from the
+chapel are two vast chambers, lofty, airy, and light, one for the
+men, the other for the women. About 800 men and 1,200 or 1,300
+women are supported here. Many of the nobles are said to be
+rich--Ferrari, Brignole, Durazzo, and Pallavicini particularly. I
+forgot to mention the chapel and tomb of Andrew Doria; the chapel
+he built himself; his body, arrayed in princely robes, lies in
+the vault. There is a Latin inscription on the chapel, signifying
+that he stood by the country in the days of her affliction. It is
+a pretty little chapel full of painting and gilding. In the early
+part of the Revolution the tomb narrowly escaped destruction, but
+it was saved by the solidity of its materials. I gave the man who
+showed me this tomb a franc, and he kissed my hand in a transport
+of gratitude.
+
+      [6] They are left just in the state in which they were in
+          the time of the Republic; the balustrade still
+          surrounds the elevated platform on which the throne of
+          the Doge was placed.
+
+      [7] The Albergo dei Poveri and the Scoghetti Gardens
+          pleased me more than anything I saw in Genoa. I am
+          sorry I did not see the Sordi e Muti, which is
+          admirably conducted, and where the pupils by all
+          accounts perform wonders. The Albergo is managed by a
+          committee consisting of the principal nobles in the
+          town. The Scoghetti Gardens are delightfully laid out;
+          there is a shrubbery of evergreens with a cascade, and
+          a summer-house paved with tiles--two or three rooms in
+          it, and a hot and cold bath. It is astonishing how they
+          cherish the memory of 'Lord Bentinck.'[7a] I heard of him in
+          various parts of the town, particularly here, as he
+          lived in the house when first he came to Genoa. The
+          Gardens command a fine view of the city, the sea, and
+          the mountains. The saloon in the Serra is only a very
+          splendid room, glittering with glass, and gold, and
+          lapis lazuli; by no means deserves to be called, as it
+          is by Forsyth, the finest saloon in Europe. It is not
+          very large, and not much more gilt than Crockford's
+          drawing-room, but looks cleaner, though it has been
+          done these seventy years or more.
+
+     [7a] [Lord William Bentinck was Mr. Greville's uncle.]
+
+
+[Page Head: SESTRI AND PISA]
+
+Florence, March 21st, 1830 {p.296}
+
+Arrived here at seven o'clock. Left Genoa on the 19th (having
+previously gone to see the Scoghetti Gardens and the Serra
+Palace), and went to Sestri to pass that evening and the next
+morning with William Ponsonby, who was staying there. The road
+from Genoa to Chiavari is one continual course of magnificent
+scenery, winding along the side of the mountains and hanging over
+the sea, the mountains studded with villages, villas, and
+cottages which appear like white specks at a distance, till on
+near approach they swell into life and activity. The villas are
+generally painted as at Genoa; the orange trees were in full
+bloom, and the gardens often slope down to the very margin of the
+sea. Every turn in the road and each fresh ascent supplies a new
+prospect, and the parting view of Genoa, with the ocean before
+and the Apennines behind, cannot be imagined by those who have
+not seen it. 'Si quod vere natura nobis dedit spectaculum in hac
+tellure vere gratum et philosopho dignum, id semel, mihi
+contigisse arbitror, cum ex celsissimâ rupe speculabundus ad oram
+maris mediterranei, hinc aequor caeruleum, illinc tractus Alpinos
+prospexi, nihil quidem magis dispar aut dissimile nec in suo
+genere magis egregium et singulare.'[8]
+
+      [8] Burnet's 'Theory of the Earth.'
+
+Chiavari and Sestri are both beautiful, especially the latter, in
+a little bay with a jutting promontory, a rocky hill covered with
+evergreens, and shrubs, and heather, and affording grand and
+various prospects of the still blue sea and the white and shining
+coast with the dark mountains behind--
+
+                                         A sunny bay
+            Where the salt sea innocuously breaks
+            And the sea breeze as innocently breathes
+            On Sestri's leafy shores--a sheltered hold
+            In a soft clime encouraging the soil
+            To a luxuriant beauty.
+
+[Page Head: FLORENCE]
+
+The mountain road from Chiavari to La Spezzia presents the same
+scenery as far as Massa and Carrara, which I unfortunately lost
+by travelling in the night. I crossed the river in the boat by
+candle-light, which was picturesque enough, the scanty light
+gleaming upon the rough figures who escorted me and plied the
+enormous poles by which they move the ferry-boat. Got to Pisa to
+breakfast (without stopping at Lucca), and passed three hours
+looking at the Cathedral, Leaning Tower, Baptistry, and Campo
+Santo, the last of which alone would take up the whole day to be
+seen as it ought. The Cathedral is under repair; the pictures
+have been covered up or taken down, and the whole church was full
+of rubbish and scaffolding; but in this state I could see how
+fine it is, and admire the columns which Forsyth praises, and the
+roof and many of the marbles. The Grand Duke has ordered it all
+to be cleaned, and very little of it to be altered. One
+alteration, however, is in very bad taste; he has taken away the
+old confessionals of carved wood, and substituted others of
+marble, fixed in the wall, which are exactly like modern
+chimney-pieces, and have the worst effect amidst the surrounding
+antiquities. The exterior is rather fantastic, but the columns
+are beautiful, and John of Bologna's bronze doors admirable. The
+Campo Santo is full of ancient tombs, frescoes, modern busts, and
+morsels of sculpture of all ages and descriptions. The Leaning
+Tower[9] is 190 feet high, and there are 293 steps to the top of
+it, which I climbed up to view the surrounding country, but it
+was not clear enough to see the sea and Elba. Here is the finest
+aqueduct I have seen, which continues to pour water into the
+town. Part of the old wall[10] with its towers is still standing.
+These pugnacious republics, who were always squabbling with each
+other and wasting their strength in civil broils, erected very
+massive defences. The Pisans are proud of their ancient exploits.
+The San Stefano or Chiesa dei Cavalieri is full of standards
+taken from the Turks, and the man who showed me the Campo Santo
+said that a magnificent Grecian vase which is there had been
+brought from Genoa by the Pisans before the foundation of Rome.
+There are Egyptian, Etruscan, Roman, and Grecian remains, which
+have been plundered, or conquered, or purchased by patriotic
+Pisans to enrich their native city. The frescoes are greatly
+damaged. I went to look at the celebrated house 'Alla Giornata,'
+a white marble palace on the Arno; the chains still hang over the
+door, and there is an inscription above them which looks modern.
+My _laquais de place_ told me what I suppose is the tradition of
+the place--that the son of the family was taken by the Turks, and
+that they had captured a Turk, who was put in chains; that an
+exchange was agreed upon, and the prisoners on either side
+released, and that the chains were hung up and the inscription
+added, signifying that the Turk was at liberty to go again into
+the light of day. But it was a lame and improbable story, and I
+prefer the mystery to the explanation.
+
+      [9] There was another leaning edifice, but the Grand Duke
+          had it pulled down; it was thought dangerous.
+
+     [10] It had been destroyed, but was restored by the Medici
+          or the present family.
+
+Much as I was charmed with the mountains, I was not sorry, for a
+change, to get into the rich, broad plain of Tuscany, full of
+vineyards and habitations along the banks of the Arno. The voice
+and aspect of cheerfulness is refreshing after a course of rugged
+and barren grandeur; the road is excellent and the travelling
+rapid. Yesterday being a holiday, and to-day Sunday, the whole
+population in their best dresses have been out on the road, and
+very good-looking they generally are. There are not more beggars
+than in France, and certainly a far greater appearance of
+prosperity throughout the north of Italy than in any part of
+France I have seen, although there are the same complaints of
+distress and poverty here that are heard both there and in
+England. Thorwaldsen, the sculptor, is in this inn, and the King
+of Bavaria left it this morning. The book of strangers is rather
+amusing; the entries are sometimes remarkable or ridiculous. I
+found 'La Duchesse de Saint-Leu et le Prince Louis-Napoléon; Lord
+and Lady Shrewsbury and family; Miss Caroline Grinwell, of New
+York; the King of Bavaria (not down in the book though);
+Thorwaldsen'. Tuscany seems to be flourishing and contented; the
+Government is absolute but mild, the Grand Duke enormously rich.
+
+
+March 23rd, 1830 {p.299}
+
+Yesterday morning breakfasted with Lord Normanby, who has got a
+house extending 200 feet in front, court, garden, and stables for
+about £280 a year, everything else cheap in proportion, and upon
+£2,000 a year a man may live luxuriously. His house was
+originally fitted up for the Pretender, and C. R.'s are still to
+be seen all over the place. Called on Lord Burghersh,[11] who was
+at breakfast--the table covered with manuscript music, a
+pianoforte, two fiddles, and a fiddler in the room. He was full
+of composition and getting up his opera of 'Phaedra' for
+to-morrow night. The Embassy is the seat of the Arts, for Lady
+Burghersh has received the gift of painting as if by inspiration,
+and she was in a brown robe in the midst of oils, and brushes,
+and canvas; and a model was in attendance, some part of whose
+person was to be introduced into a fancy piece. She copies
+pictures in the Gallery, and really extraordinarily well if it be
+true that till a year ago she had never had a brush in her hand,
+and that she is still quite ignorant of drawing.
+
+     [11] [Lord Burghersh, afterwards Earl of Westmoreland, was
+          then British Minister at Florence.]
+
+Went into two or three of the churches, then to the Gallery, and
+sat for half an hour in the Tribune, but could not work myself
+into a proper enthusiasm for the 'Venus,' whose head is too small
+and ankles too thick, but they say the more I see her the more I
+shall like her. I prefer the 'Wrestlers,' and the head of the
+'Remontleur' is the only good _head_ I have seen, the only one
+with expression. 'Niobe' is fine, but I can't bear her children,
+except one. Then to the Casine on horseback to see the town and
+the world: it seems a very enjoyable place. This morning again
+dropped into some of the churches, after which I have always a
+hankering, though there is great sameness in them, but I have a
+childish liking for Catholic pomp. The fine things are lost
+amidst a heap of rubbish, but there is no lack of marble, and
+painting, and gilding in most of them. They are going on with the
+Medici Chapel, on which millions have been wasted and more is
+going after, for the Grand Duke is gradually finishing the work.
+The profusion of marble is immense, and very fine and curious if
+examined in detail; the precious stones are hardly seen, and when
+they are, not to be recognised as such. To the Pitti Palace, of
+which one part is under repair and not visible, but I saw most of
+the best pictures. I like pictures better than statues. It is a
+beautiful palace, and well furnished for show. Nobody knows what
+Vandyke was without coming here. To the Gabinetto Fisico, and
+saw all the wax-works, the progress of gestation, and the
+representation of the plague, incomparably clever and well
+executed. I saw nothing disgusting in the wax-works in the
+museum, which many people are so squeamish about.
+
+Before dinner yesterday called upon Thorwaldsen, who was in the
+inn, to tell him Lord Gower likes his 'Ganymede.' He was mighty
+polite, squeezed my hand, and reconducted me to my own door. At
+night went to the Opera and heard David and Grisi in 'Ricciardo e
+Zoraida.' She is like Pasta in face and figure, but much
+handsomer, though with less expression. She is only eighteen. He
+has lost much of his voice, and embroiders to make up for it, but
+every now and then he appears to find it again, and his taste and
+expression are exquisite. To-night at a child's ball at Lady
+Williamson's, where I was introduced to Lord Cochrane, and had a
+great deal of talk with him; told him I thought things would
+explode at last in England, which he concurred in, and seemed to
+like the idea of it, in which we differ, owing probably to the
+difference of our positions; he has nothing, and I everything, to
+lose by such an event.
+
+
+[Page Head: FLORENCE]
+
+March 25th, 1830 {p.301}
+
+Went yesterday morning to Santa Croce to hear a Mass on the
+completion of a monument which has been erected to Dante; very
+crowded and the music indifferent. Afterwards to the Gallery and
+saw all the cabinets, but we were hurried through them too
+rapidly. I began to like the 'Venus' better, best of all the
+statues. The 'Niobe'[12] cannot have been a group, nor the
+children have belonged to the mother. Rode to Normanby's villa at
+Sesto, five miles from Florence; a large and agreeable house,
+gardens full of fountains, statues, busts, orange and lemon
+trees, shrubs and flowers. He pays 600 dollars a year for it,
+exclusive of the race-ground. In the evening to Burghersh's
+opera, which was very well performed; pretty theatre, crowded to
+suffocation. All the actors amateurs;[13] chorus composed of
+divers ladies and gentlemen of Florence, principally English.
+Here all the society of Florence was assembled in nearly equal
+proportions of Italians, English, and other foreigners. Nothing
+can be worse than it is, for there is no foundation of natives,
+and the rest are generally the refuse of Europe, people who come
+here from want of money or want of character. Everybody is
+received without reference to their conduct, past or present,
+with the exception, perhaps, of Englishwomen who have been
+divorced, whose case is too notorious to allow the English
+Minister's wife to present them at Court.
+
+     [12] The 'Niobe' is supposed to have been a group upon some
+          temple
+               [Illustration: Schematic of Temple Arch]
+          so, of which the mother was the centre figure; this
+          makes it more probable, but the difficulty to this
+          hypothesis is, that there do not appear to be the
+          necessary gradations in the size or altitude of the
+          other figures; the sons in the 'Laocoon' are certainly
+          little men.
+
+     [13] Phaedra     Miss Williams        Soprano.
+          Hippolytus  Madame Vigano        Contralto.
+          The Girl    Madame de Bombelles  Soprano.
+          Theseus     Goretti              Tenor.
+          Attendant   Franceschini         Bass.
+
+
+March 26th, 1830 {p.302}
+
+Yesterday morning to a Mass at the Annunziata, to which the Grand
+Duke came in state, with his family and Court. The piazza was
+lined with guards; seven coaches-and-six with his _guardia
+nobile_ and running footmen; the Mass beautifully performed by
+his band, Tacchinardi (father of Madame Persiani, I believe)
+singing and Manielli directing. Then rode to Lord Cochrane's
+villa, where we found them under a matted tent in the garden,
+going to dinner. He talks of going to Algiers to see the French
+attack it. He has made £100,000 by the Greek bonds. It is a pity
+he ever got into a scrape; he is such a fine fellow, and so
+shrewd and good-humoured. To the Certosa, on a hill two miles
+from Florence; very large convent, formerly very rich, and had
+near forty monks, now reduced to seven residents, though there
+are a few more who belong to it, but who are absent. It is in
+good repair, but looks desolate. There is an old monk, Don
+Fortunatus by name, who understands English and speaks it
+tolerably, delights in English people and books, received us in
+his cell, which consists of two or three little apartments, not
+uncomfortable and commanding a beautiful view; talked with great
+pleasure of his English acquaintance, and showed all their cards,
+which he treasured up. A very lively, good-humoured old friar.
+Returned to ride in the Corso, which is a narrow street going
+from the Duomo to the Annunziata, to drive up and down which is
+one of the ceremonies of the day (Lady Day), as the people are
+supposed to go and pay their respects to the Virgin. In the
+evening to the Opera and heard David again.
+
+
+[Page Head: ROME]
+
+Rome, March 29th, 1830 {p.303}
+
+Set off yesterday morning at half-past seven from Florence, and
+arrived here at six this evening in a fine glowing sunset,
+straining my eyes to catch interesting objects, and trying in
+vain to make out the different hills. The last two days at
+Florence I went to the Gallery and Pitti Palace again with the
+Copleys. Half the rooms were shut up when I was at the Pitti
+before, but we now saw them all, and probably the finest
+collection of pictures in the world. The Raphaels, Rubens, Andrea
+del Sartos, and Salvators I liked the best. On Saturday evening
+went to Court and was presented to the Grand Duke, who is
+vulgar-looking and has bad manners; but the whole thing is rather
+handsome. Stopped at Siena to see the cathedral; very fine,
+the ancient fount beautiful. The mutilated Graces I am not
+connoisseur enough to appreciate, but the illuminated Missals of
+the thirteenth century I thought admirable, both for the
+colouring and the drawing, and as exquisitely finished as any
+miniature. The entrance to Rome through the Porta del Popolo
+appeared very fine, but I was disappointed in the first distant
+view of the city from the hill above Viterbo. I passed Radicofani
+in the dark, and saw little to admire in the Lake of Bolsena or
+the surrounding country. The women throughout Italy appeared very
+handsome, one quite beautiful at Siena.
+
+
+March 30th, 1830 {p.303}
+
+This morning I awoke very early, and could not rest till I had
+seen St. Peter's; so set off in a hackney coach, drove by the
+Piazza della Colonna and the Castle of St. Angelo (which burst
+upon me unexpectedly as I turned on the bridge), and got out
+as soon as St. Peter's was in sight. My first feeling was
+disappointment, but as I advanced towards the obelisk, with the
+fountains on each side, and found myself in that ocean of space
+with all the grand objects around, delight and admiration
+succeeded. As I walked along the piazza and then entered the
+church, I felt that sort of breathless bewilderment which was
+produced in some degree by the first sight of the Alps. Much as I
+expected I was not disappointed. St. Peter's sets criticism at
+defiance; nor can I conceive how anybody can do anything but
+admire and wonder there, till time and familiarity with its
+glories shall have subjected the imagination to the judgment. I
+then came home and went with Morier to take a cursory view of the
+city and blunt the edge of curiosity. In about five hours I
+galloped over the Forum, Coliseum, Pantheon, St. John Lateran,
+Santa Maria Maggiore, the Vatican, and several arches and
+obelisks. I cannot tell which produced the greatest impression,
+St. Peter's or the Coliseum; but if I might only have seen one it
+should be the Coliseum, for there can be nothing of the same kind
+besides.[14]
+
+     [14] Of the same kind there is, at Pompeii, but not near so
+          fine; more perfect as a specimen, far less beautiful as
+          an object. And the amphitheatre at Verona, but that is
+          very inferior.
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+They only who have seen Rome can have an idea of the grandeur of
+it and of the wonders it contains, the treasures of art and the
+records of antiquity. Of course I had the same general idea of
+there being much to see that others have, but was far from being
+prepared for the reality, which exceeds my most sanguine
+expectations. The Vatican alone would require years to be
+examined as it deserves. It is remarkable, however, how the
+pleasure of the imagination arising from antiquities depends upon
+their accidents. The busts, statues, columns, tombs, and
+fragments of all sorts are heaped together in such profusion
+at the Vatican that the eyes ache at them, the senses are
+bewildered, and we regard them (with some exceptions) almost
+exclusively as objects of art, and do not feel the interest
+which, separately, they might inspire by their connection with
+remote ages, whereas there is scarcely one of those, if it were
+now to be discovered, that would not excite the greatest
+curiosity, and be, in the midst of the ruins to which it belongs,
+an object of far greater interest than a finer production which
+had taken its splendid but frigid position in this collection. We
+went to the Sistine Chapel, and saw Michael Angelo's frescoes,
+which Sir Joshua Reynolds says are the finest paintings in the
+world, and which the unlearned call great rude daubs. I do not
+pretend to the capacity of appreciating their merits, but was
+very much struck with the ease, and grace, and majesty of some of
+the figures; it was, however, too dark to see the 'Last
+Judgment.' I ended by St. Peter's again, where there were many
+devout Catholics praying round the illuminated tomb of the
+Apostle, and many foolish English poking into it to stare and ask
+questions, the answers to which they did not understand. I have
+but one fault to find, and that is with the Glory, a miserable
+transparency in the great window opposite the entrance, throwing
+a yellow light upon the Dove, which has the most paltry effect,
+and is utterly unworthy of the grandeur of such a place.
+
+
+April 1st, 1830 {p.305}
+
+Yesterday morning at nine o'clock went with Edward Cheney and
+George Hamilton to Frascati to dine with Henry Fox, who has got a
+villa there. As soon as we arrived Cheney and I walked over to
+Grotta Ferrata to see Domenichino's frescoes. The convent is
+about a mile and a half off, large, formerly rich, full of monks,
+and a fortress; also the scene of various miracles performed by
+St. Nilo, the founder and patron saint; now tenanted by a few
+beggarly friars, and part of it let to Prince Gagarin, the
+Russian Minister, as a villa. Domenichino sought and found an
+asylum there in consequence of some crime he had committed or
+debt he had incurred; he stayed there two years, and in return
+for the hospitality of the monks adorned their chapel with (some
+think) the finest frescoes in the world. They are splendid
+pictures, and all painted by his own hand.
+
+At dinner we had Hortense, the ex-Queen of Holland, her son,
+Prince Louis Napoleon, her lady in waiting, Lady Sandwich and her
+daughter, Cheney, Hamilton, Lord Lovaine, and Fordwich. We
+dined in the garden, but there was too much wind for a _fête
+champêtre_. Hortense is not near so ugly as I expected, very
+unaffected and gay, and gives herself no royal airs. The only
+difference between her and anybody else was that, after dinner,
+when she rose from table, her own servant presented her with a
+finger-glass and water, which nobody else had. She is called
+Madame.
+
+We returned by moonlight, and though I did not go into the
+Coliseum, because the moon was not full enough, it looked fine,
+and the light shining through the lower arches had a beautiful
+effect. This morning went a long round of sights--Caesar's
+Palace, of which there are no remains but fragments of walls; it
+really does 'grovel on earth in indistinct decay.' Caracalla's
+Baths, which are stupendous; the _custode_ showed us a room in
+which were heaped up bits of marble of all sorts and sizes,
+fragments of columns and friezes; and he told us that they never
+excavated without finding something. And Titus's Baths, less
+magnificent but equally curious, because they contain the remains
+of the Golden House of Nero, on which Titus built his Thermae.
+The ruins are, in fact, part of the Golden House, for the Thermae
+have been altogether destroyed. Then to the Capitol, Forum,
+Temple of Vesta, Fortuna Virilis, and other places with Morier.
+The Capitol contains an interesting collection of busts and
+statues of all the Emperors, most famous characters of ancient
+Rome and Greece together, with various magnificent objects of
+art. By dint of repeatedly seeing their effigies, one becomes
+acquainted with the faces of these worthies. These tastes grow
+upon one strangely at Rome, and there is a sort of elevation
+arising from this silent intercourse with the 'great of old.'
+
+        Proud names, who once the reins of empire held,
+        In arms who triumphed, or in arts excell'd,
+        Chiefs graced with scars, and prodigal of blood,
+        Stern patriots who for sacred freedom stood,
+        Just men by whom impartial laws were given,
+        And saints who taught, and led the way to heaven.
+                                                    TICKELL.
+
+There has been a wrangle about the Borghese Gardens which the
+Prince ordered to be shut up; the Government remonstrated, and a
+correspondence ensued which ended in their being reopened to the
+public, whom he has no right to exclude. Paul V. gave the
+Borghese Gardens to his nephew (Aldobrandini) with a condition
+that they should always be open to the public, which they have
+been from then till now. They were a part of the Cenci property,
+which was immense, and confiscated by an enormous piece of
+injustice.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+April 3rd, 1830 {p.307}
+
+Went on Thursday to Lady Mary Deerhurst's and the Duchess
+Torlonia's, where all the English in Rome (or rather all the most
+vulgar) were assembled. Yesterday morning to the Colonna Palace,
+Museum of the Capitol, Baths of Diocletian, now Church of Santa
+Maria degli Angeli, which are very remarkable because built on
+the baths, of which it has preserved the form; San Pietro in
+Vincoli, San Bernardo, all built on the site and amidst the ruins
+of Titus's and Vespasian's Baths; in various parts the old
+pavement is preserved, which shows how magnificent they must have
+been, for it is all of giallo, verd antique, porphyry, &c. To the
+garden of the Maronite Convent to see the Coliseum, whence there
+is the finest view of it in Rome. Then to the Coliseum, and
+walked all over the ruins while a parcel of friars with covered
+faces were chanting and praying at each of the altars in
+succession round the circle below (called the Via Crucis).
+
+I called yesterday morning on M. de la Ferronays, the French
+Ambassador, who was very civil and obliging. Dined in the evening
+with Lord Haddington, Lovaine, Morier, Prince Gagarin the Russian
+Minister, Cheney, and M. Dedel. After dinner George Hamilton came
+in and said that Lady Northampton had died suddenly at five
+o'clock. I never saw her, but they say she was a very good sort
+of woman, and remarkably clever, which good sort of women seldom
+are. She had written a poem full of genius and imagination. Lord
+Northampton was absent at a _scavo_ he has forty miles off.
+
+There has been no rain here for two months, and the clouds of
+dust are insupportable; as it is the town in Europe best supplied
+with water (there are three aqueducts; the ancients had sixteen)
+so it is the worst watered. The excavations which are going on
+(though languidly) are always producing something. Two busts,
+said to be fine, were found the day before yesterday at the
+Borghese Villa at Frascati.
+
+I saw yesterday at San Pietro in Vincoli Michael Angelo's famous
+Moses. It may be very fine, but to my eye is merely a colossal
+statue; the two horns are meant to represent rays of light; but
+how can rays of light be represented in marble, any more than the
+breath? It is impossible to make marble imitate that which is
+impalpable. The beard is ropy and unnatural; it is, however, an
+imposing sort of figure. But I am more sensible to painting than
+to sculpture. I delight in almost everything of Domenichino's,
+who is only inferior (if inferior) to Raphael. As to Michael
+Angelo, he speaks a language the unlearned do not understand; his
+merit, acknowledged to be transcendent as it is by all artists,
+cannot be questioned; but he must serve as a model to form future
+excellence, and not be expected to produce present delight,
+except to those who, by long study, have learnt to comprehend and
+appreciate him.
+
+_Evening._--This morning to the tomb of the Scipios, Catacombs,
+Cecilia Metella (from which I wonder they don't take the
+battlements), the Circus of Maxentius, Temple of Bacchus, the
+Fountain of Egeria, San Stefano Rotondo, Temple of Pallas, Arches
+of Drusus and Dollabella, and the Borghese Villa and Gardens. The
+ruins of the Gaetani Castle are rather picturesque, but they
+spoil the tomb, which would be far finer without its turrets. The
+Circus is as curious as anything I have seen, for it looks like a
+fresh ruin. Old Torlonia furbished it up at his own expense,
+and brought to light the inscription which proved it to be
+Maxentius's instead of Caracalla's Circus. The remains are so
+perfect that it is easy to trace the whole arrangement of the
+ancient games. Forsyth says very truly that the Fountain of
+Egeria is a mere trough; but everybody praises the water, which
+is delicious, and it falls with a murmur which invites to
+idleness and contemplation. This fountain has been beautifully
+sung, but it is a miserable ruin, ill deserving of such strains.
+
+          In vallum Egeriae descendimus et speluncas
+          Dissimiles veris--quanto praestantius esset
+          Numen aquae, viridi si margine clauderet undas
+          Herba, nec ingenuum violarent marmora tophum.
+                                                     JUVENAL.
+
+A little wood of firs, and pines, and ilexes about thirty or
+forty years old is pointed out as the grove in which Numa used to
+meet the nymph. In all the views on one side Soracte is a
+striking object, as it
+
+                                  From out the plain
+           Heaves like a long-swept wave about to break
+           And on the curl hangs pausing.
+
+I like this side of Rome, where the aqueducts stride over the
+Campagna, and the ruins of the mighty Claudian tower over the
+pigmy arches of the Pope, like the genius of ancient over that of
+modern Rome. The Borghese is the _beau idéal_ of a villa; lofty,
+spacious apartments, adorned with statues, busts, and marbles,
+painting and gilding, and magnificent gardens; but deserted by
+its owner, who has only been there once in the last thirty years,
+and untenable in the summer from malaria, which is very
+unaccountable, for it is close to Rome, high, and full of trees;
+but nobody knows anything about the malaria. The Gardens are the
+fashionable lounge, but after June nobody can walk there. Though
+the Prince never comes here he has just bought a large piece of
+ground between the Porta del Popolo and the Gardens, and is
+making a handsome entrance, has already built gates and some ugly
+Egyptian imitations, and is making a waterfall. I dined with Lady
+William Russell, and set off to go to Queen Hortense in the
+evening, but found so few carriages in the court that we would
+not go in.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE SISTINE CHAPEL]
+
+April 4th, 1830 {p.309}
+
+To the Sistine Chapel for the ceremonies of Palm Sunday; we got
+into the body of the chapel, not without difficulty; but we saw
+M. de la Ferronays in his box, and he let us in (Morier and me).
+It was only on a third attempt I could get there, for twice the
+Papal halberdiers thrust me back, and I find since it is lucky
+they did not do worse; for upon some occasion one of them knocked
+a cardinal's eye out, and when he found who he was, begged his
+pardon, and said he had taken him for a bishop. Here I had a fine
+opportunity of seeing the frescoes, but they are covered
+with dirt, the 'Last Judgment' neither distinguishable nor
+intelligible to me. The figures on the ceiling and walls are very
+grand even to my ignorance. The music (all vocal) beautiful, the
+service harmoniously chanted, and the responsive bursts of the
+chorus sublime. The cardinals appeared a wretched set of old
+twaddlers, all but about three in extreme decrepitude--
+Odescalchi, who is young and a good preacher, Gregorio, Capellari
+[afterwards Pope Gregory XVI.]. On seeing them, and knowing that
+the sovereign is elected by and from them, nobody can wonder that
+the country is so miserably governed. These old creatures, on the
+demise of a Pope, are as full of ambition and intrigue as in the
+high and palmy days of the Papal power. Rome and its territory
+are certainly worth possessing, though the Pontifical authority
+is so shorn of its beams; but the fact is that the man who is
+elected does not always govern the country,[15] and he is
+condemned to a life of privation and seclusion. An able or
+influential cardinal is seldom elected. The parties in the
+Conclave usually end by a compromise, and agree to elect some
+cardinal without weight or influence, and there are not now any
+Sixtus the Fifths to make such an arrangement hazardous. Austria,
+Spain, and France have all vetos, and Portugal claims and
+exercises one when she can. To this degradation Rome is now
+obliged to submit. The most influential of the cardinals is
+Albani.[16] At the last election the Papal crown was offered to
+Cardinal Caprara, but Albani stipulated that he should make him
+Secretary of State; Caprara refused to promise, and Albani
+procured the election of the present Pope (who did not desire or
+expect the elevation), became Secretary of State (being eighty),
+and governs the country. He is rich and stingy. The great Powers
+still watch the proceedings of the Conclave with jealousy; and
+though it is difficult to conceive how the Pope can assist any
+one of them to the detriment of another, an Ambassador will put
+his veto upon any cardinal whom he thinks unfavourable to his
+nation; this produces all sorts of trickery, for when the
+Conclave want to elect a man who is obnoxious to Austria, for
+example, they choose another whom they think is equally so (but
+whom they do not really wish to elect), that the veto may be
+expended upon him, for each Government has one veto only. The
+last veto absolutely put was on Cardinal ----, who was elected on
+the death of Pius VII. He had behaved very rudely to the Empress
+Maria Louisa when she took refuge in the north of Italy after the
+downfall of Napoleon, thinking it was a good moment to bully the
+abdicated Emperor's wife. She complained to her father, who
+promised her the Cardinal never should be Pope. He was a young
+and ambitious man, and the veto killed him with vexation and
+disappointment.
+
+     [15] This, from what I have heard since, was not true of the
+          last Pope, Leo XII., who was an odious, tyrannical
+          bigot, but a man of activity, talent, and strength of
+          mind, a good man of business, and his own Minister. He
+          was detested here, and there are many stories of his
+          violent exertions of authority. He was a sort of
+          bastard Sixtus V., but at an immense distance from that
+          great man, 'following him of old, with steps unequal.'
+          He used, however, to interfere with the private
+          transactions of society, and banish and imprison
+          people, even of high rank, for immorality.
+
+     [16] Albani holds the Austrian veto, and is supported by her
+          authority. But I have heard that since Clement XI., who
+          was an Albani, there has always been a powerful Albani
+          faction in the Conclave. This cardinal is enormously
+          rich and the head of his house. The Duke of Modena is
+          his nephew, and it is generally thought will be his
+          heir.
+
+Went and walked about St. Peter's, and was surprised to find how
+very little longer it is than St. Paul's. To the Farnese Palace,
+built by Paul III. out of the ruins of the Coliseum, which now,
+with all the Farnese property, belongs to the King of Naples, and
+is consequently going to decay. It got into his hands by the
+marriage of a King of Naples with the last heiress of the house
+of Farnese. The Neapolitan property here consists of the Farnese
+and Farnesina Palaces, the Orti Farnesiani, and the Villa Madama,
+all in a wretched state; and the Orti, in which there are
+probably great remains, they will not allow to be excavated. Many
+of the fine things are gone to Naples, but a few remain, most of
+which came out of the Thermae of Caracalla, and originally from
+the Villa of Adrian. These two, principally the one through the
+other, have been the great mines from which the existing
+treasures of art were drawn. The frescoes in this palace are
+beautiful--a gallery by Annibal and Agostino Caracci, with a few
+pictures by Domenichino, Guido, and Lanfranco. Annibal Caracci's
+are as fine as any I have seen; also a little cabinet picture
+painted entirely by Annibal, which is exquisite.
+
+[Page Head: A DEAD CARDINAL]
+
+As we were going to this palace we drove by the Cancellaria
+(which was likewise built out of the Coliseum), and heard by
+accident that a dead cardinal (Somaglia) was lying in state
+there. Somaglia was Secretary of State in Leo's time. Having seen
+all the living cardinals, we thought we might as well complete
+our view of the Sacred College with the dead one, and went up.
+After a great deal of knocking we were admitted to a private view
+half an hour before the public was let in. He had been embalmed,
+and lay on a bed under a canopy on an inclined plane, full
+dressed in cardinal's robes, new shoes on, his face and hands
+uncovered, the former looking very fresh (I believe he was
+rouged), his fingers black, but on one of them was an emerald
+ring, candles burning before the bed, and the window curtains
+drawn. He was 87 years old, but did not look so much, and had a
+healthier appearance in death than half the old walking mummies
+we had seen with palms in their hands in the morning.
+
+Took a look at Pasquin, who had nothing but advertisements pasted
+upon him. I had seen Marphorius in the Capitol; there has long
+been an end to the witty dialogues of the days of Sixtus V., so
+quaintly told by Leti; they are so little 'birds of a feather'
+(for Pasquin is a mutilated fragment, Marphorius a colossal
+statue of the ocean) that, residing as they did at different
+parts of the town, it is difficult to understand how they ever
+came to converse with each other at all. I remember one of the
+best of his stories. Sixtus V. made his sister a princess, and
+she had been a washerwoman. The next day Pasquin appeared with a
+dirty shirt on. Marphorius asks him 'why he wears such foul
+linen;' and he answers 'that his washerwoman has been made a
+princess, and he can't get it washed.'
+
+To the Farnesina: Raphael's frescoes, the famous Galatea, and the
+great head which Michael Angelo painted on the wall, as it is
+said as a hint to Raphael that he was too minute. There it is
+just as he left it. Here Raphael painted the Transfiguration, and
+here the Fornarina was shut up with him that he might not run
+away from his work. It might be thought that to shut up his
+mistress with him was not the way to keep him to his work. Be
+that as it may, the plan was a good one which produced these
+frescoes and the Transfiguration.
+
+[Page Head: POMPEY'S STATUE]
+
+I very nearly forgot to mention the Palazzo Spada, where we went
+to see the famous statue of Pompey, which was found on the spot
+where the Senate House formerly stood, and which is (as certainly
+as these things can be certain) the identical statue at the foot
+of which Caesar fell.
+
+               Muffling his face within his robe
+        Ev'n at the base of Pompey's statue,
+        Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
+
+People doubt this statue, because it is not like his busts. There
+is certainly no resemblance to the bust I have seen, which
+represents Pompey as a fat, vulgar-looking man with a great
+double chin. It is impossible for the coldest imagination to look
+at this statue without interest, for it calls up a host of
+recollections and associations, standing before you unchanged
+from the hour when Caesar folded his robe round him and
+'consented to death' at its base. Those who cannot feel this had
+better not come to Rome. Cardinal Spada was Secretary of State
+when this statue was found, and Julius III. (Giocchi del Monti,
+1550) made him a present of it.
+
+The Temple of Bacchus is one of the most remarkable objects in
+Rome; it is not in the least altered, merely turned into a
+Christian church, and some saints, &c., painted on the walls. The
+mosaic ceiling and the pavement are just the same as when it was
+devoted to the worship of the jolly god. The mosaics are
+beautiful, and perfect models of that sort of ceiling. The
+pavement is covered with names and other scribblings cut out upon
+it, all ancient Roman. Not a column has been removed or
+mutilated. The fact is, Rome possesses several complete specimens
+of places of heathen worship; this temple, the Pantheon, and San
+Stefano Rotondo are perfect in the inside, the Pantheon within
+and without, Vesta and Fortuna Virilis perfect on the outside.
+
+[Page Head: A CAPUCHIN CHARNEL-HOUSE]
+
+In the Rospigliosi Palace is the famous Aurora of Guido. It is in
+excellent preservation, and three artists were copying it in
+oils. One copy was just finished, and admirably done, for which
+the painter asked forty louis. I begin to like frescoes better
+than oils; there is such a life and brilliancy about them. At the
+Quirinal, which was fitted up for the King of Rome and inhabited
+by the Emperor of Austria, we saw everything but the Pope's
+apartments. It is a delightful house, and commands a charming
+view of Rome. The Pope always goes there the last day of the Holy
+Week, and stays there all the summer. Nothing can be more
+melancholy than his life as described by the _custode_; he gets
+up very early, lives entirely alone and with the greatest
+simplicity. In short, it shows what a strange thing ambition is,
+which will sacrifice the substantial pleasures of life for the
+miserable shadow of grandeur. Coming home we stopped by accident
+at the Capuchins, and looked in to see Guido's St. Michael, with
+which I was disappointed till I looked at it from a distance. We
+then went to their catacombs, the most curious place I ever saw.
+There are a series of chapels in the cloisters, or rather
+compartments of one chapel, entirely fitted up with human bones
+arranged symmetrically and with all sorts of devices. They are
+laid out in niches, and each niche is occupied by the skeleton of
+a friar in the robes of his order; a label is attached to it with
+the name of the skeleton and the date of his death. Beneath are
+mounds of earth, each tenanted by a dead friar with similar
+labels. When a friar dies, the oldest buried friar, or rather his
+skeleton, is taken up and promoted to a niche, and the newly
+defunct takes possession of his grave; and so they go on in
+succession. I was so struck by this strange sight that, when I
+came home at night, I ventured on the following description of
+it:--
+
+      _THE CATACOMBS IN THE CAPUCHIN CONVENT._
+
+      In yonder chapel's melancholy shade,
+        Through which no wandering rays of daylight peep,
+      In strange and awful cemetery laid,
+        The ancient Fathers of the convent sleep.
+
+      No storied marble with monastic pride
+        Records the actions of their tranquil life,
+      Or tells how, fighting for their faith, they died
+        Unconquer'd martyrs of religious strife.
+
+      They are not laid in decent shroud and pall,
+        To wait, commingling with their kindred earth,
+      Th' Archangel's trumpet, whose dread blast shall call
+        The whole creation to a second birth.
+
+      But midst the mouldering relics of the dead
+        In shapes fantastic, which the brethren rear,
+      Profaned by heretic's unhallowed tread,
+        The monkish skeletons erect appear.
+
+      The cowl is drawn each ghastly skull around,
+        Each fleshless form's arrayed in sable vest,
+      About their hollow loins the cord is bound,
+        Like living Fathers of the Order drest.
+
+      And as the monk around this scene of gloom
+        The flick'ring lustre of his taper throws,
+      He says, 'Such, stranger, is my destined tomb;
+        Here, and with these, shall be my last repose.'
+
+At night I went with a party of English to see the Coliseum, but
+the moon was as English as the party, and gave a faint and feeble
+light. Still, with this dim moon it was inconceivably grand. The
+exquisite symmetry of the building appears better, and its vast
+dimensions are more developed by night. I long to see it with an
+Italian sky and full moon; but not with a parcel of chattering
+girls, who only 'flout the ruins grey.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE HOLY WEEK AT ROME]
+
+April 9th, 1830 {p.315}
+
+On Wednesday called on Bunsen, the Prussian Minister, who lives
+at the top of the Tarpeian Rock, in a house commanding one of the
+best views of Rome. He has devoted himself to the study of Roman
+history and antiquities, and has the whole subject at his
+fingers' ends. He is really luminous, and his conversation
+equally amusing and instructive. He is about to publish a book
+about ancient and modern Rome, which, from what I hear, will be
+too minute and prolix. I then went to look at the Tarpeian Rock,
+but the accumulation of earth has diminished its height--there is
+the Rock, but in a very obscure hole. It was probably twice as
+high as it is now. I think it is now about forty feet. Bunsen
+says that though the antiquaries pretend to point out the course
+of the ancient triumphal way, he does not think it can ever be
+ascertained. The only remains (only bits of foundations) of the
+temple of the Capitoline Jupiter, to which the conquerors
+ascended, are in the garden under his windows. He thinks the
+population of ancient Rome may be taken at two millions at its
+most flourishing period. It is curious that there are hardly any
+houses on the hills on which ancient Rome was built, and that
+there were none formerly where modern Rome stands--no private
+houses, only public buildings and temples.
+
+To the Mamertine Prisons, probably not a stone of which has been
+changed from the time that Jugurtha was starved in them. The
+tradition about St. Peter and the well of course is not to be
+believed; but it is very odd there should be a well there when
+there are so few in Rome. To the Sistine Chapel with M. de la
+Ferronays, and very much disappointed with the music, which was
+not so good as on Sunday; nor was the ceremony accompanying the
+Miserere at all imposing. Yesterday morning to the Sistine again;
+prodigious crowd, music moderate. As soon as it was over we set
+off to see the benediction; and, after fighting, jostling, and
+squeezing through an enormous crowd, we reached the _loggia_ over
+one side of the colonnade. The Piazza of St. Peter's is so
+magnificent that the sight was of necessity fine, but not near so
+much so as I had fancied. The people below were not numerous or
+full of reverence. Till the Pope appears the bands play and the
+bells ring, when suddenly there is a profound silence; the
+feathers are seen waving in the balcony, and he is borne in on
+his throne; he rises, stretches out his hands, blesses the
+people--URBI ET ORBI--and is borne out again. A couple of
+indulgences were tossed out, for which there is a scramble, and
+so it ends. Off we scampered, and, by dint of tremendous
+exertions, reached the hall in which the feet of the pilgrims are
+washed. The Pope could not attend, so the Cardinal Deacon
+officiated. No ceremony can be less imposing, but none more
+clean. Thirteen men are ranged on a bench--the thirteenth
+represents the angel who once joined the party--dressed in new
+white caps, gowns, and shoes; each holds out his foot in
+succession; an attendant pours a few drops of water on it from a
+golden jug which another receives in a golden basin; the cardinal
+wipes it with a towel, kisses the foot, and then gives the towel,
+a nosegay, and a piece of money to the pilgrim--the whole thing
+takes up about five minutes--certain prayers are said, and it is
+over. Then off we scampered again through the long galleries of
+the Vatican to another hall where the pilgrims dine. The
+arrangements for the accommodation of the Ambassadors and
+strangers were so bad that all these passages were successive
+scenes of uproar, scrambling, screaming, confusion, and danger,
+and, considering that the ceremonies were all religious, really
+disgraceful. We got with infinite difficulty to another box,
+raised aloft in the hall, and saw a long table at which the
+thirteen pilgrims seated themselves; a cardinal in the corner
+read some prayers, which nobody listened to, and another handed
+the dishes to the pilgrims, who looked neither to the right nor
+the left, but applied themselves with becoming gravity to the
+enjoyment of a very substantial dinner. The whole hall was filled
+with people, all with their hats on, chattering and jostling, and
+more like a ring of blacklegs and blackguards at Tattersall's
+than respectable company at a religious ceremony in the palace of
+the Pope. There remained the cardinals' dinner, but I had had
+more than enough, and came away hot, jaded, and disgusted with
+the whole affair.
+
+[Page Head: THE GRAND PENITENTIARY]
+
+In the evening I went to St. Peter's, when I was amply
+recompensed for the disappointment and bore of the morning. The
+church was crowded; there was a Miserere in the chapel, which was
+divine, far more beautiful than anything I have heard in the
+Sistine, and it was the more effective because at the close it
+really was night. The lamps were extinguished at the shrine of
+the Apostle, but one altar--the altar of the Holy Sepulchre--was
+brilliantly illuminated. Presently the Grand Penitentiary,
+Cardinal Gregorio, with his train entered, went and paid his
+devotions at this shrine, and then seated himself on the chair of
+the Great Confessional, took a golden wand, and touched all those
+who knelt before him. Then came a procession of pilgrims bearing
+muffled crosses; penitents with faces covered, in white, with
+tapers and crosses; and one long procession of men headed by
+these muffled figures, and another of women accompanied by
+ladies, a lady walking between every two pilgrims. The cross in
+the procession of women was carried by the Princess Orsini, one
+of the greatest ladies in Rome. They attended them to the church
+(the Trinità delle Pellegrine) and washed their feet and fed
+them. A real washing of dirty feet. Both the men and the women
+seemed of the lowest class, but their appearance and dresses were
+very picturesque. These processions entered St. Peter's, walked
+all round the church, knelt at the altars, and retired in the
+same order, filing along the piazza till they were lost behind
+the arches of the colonnades. As the shades of night fell upon
+the vast expanse of this wonderful building it became really
+sublime; 'the dim religious light' glimmering from a distant
+altar, or cast by the passing torches of the procession, the
+voices of the choir as they sang the Miserere swelling from the
+chapel, which was veiled in dusk, and with no light but that of
+the high taper half hid behind the altar, with the crowds of
+figures assembled round the chapel moving about in the obscurity
+of the aisles and columns, produced the most striking effect I
+ever beheld. It was curious, interesting, and inspiring--little
+of mummery and much of solemnity. The night here brings out fresh
+beauties, but of the most majestic character. There is a colour
+in an Italian twilight that I have never seen in England, so
+soft, and beautiful, and grey, and the moon rises 'not as in
+northern climes obscurely bright,' but with far-spreading rays
+around her. The figures, costume, and attitudes that you see in
+the churches are wonderfully picturesque. I went afterwards to
+the Jesù, where there was a tiresome service (the Tre Ore), and
+heard a Jesuit preaching with much passion and emphasis, but
+could not understand a word he said. So then I called on Cheney
+and saw his mother's illustrations of Milton, which are
+admirable, full of genius.
+
+_At night._--To St. Peter's, where the Miserere was not so good
+as last night. It was reported that the Pope was coming to St.
+Peter's, and the Swiss Guards lined the nave, but he did not
+arrive. Formerly, when the Cross was illuminated, he used to come
+with all the cardinals to adore it. Now the cardinals (or rather
+some of them) came and adored the Cross and the relics belonging
+to the church, which were exhibited in succession from one of the
+balconies--a bit of the true Cross, Santa Veronica's bloody
+handkerchief, and others. There were, as the night before,
+several fraternities of penitents, some in black, others in white
+or brown, all disguised by long hoods, but there was to-night one
+of the most striking and remarkable exhibitions I ever beheld.
+
+The Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal Gregorio, again took his seat in
+the chair of the Great Confessional. All those who have been
+absolved after confession by their priest, and who present
+themselves before him, are touched with his golden wand, in token
+of confirmation of the absolution, and here again that quality
+which I have so often remarked as one of the peculiar characteristics
+of the Catholic religion is very striking. Men and women, beggars
+and princesses, present themselves indiscriminately; they all
+kneel in a row, and he touches them in succession. In the
+churches there seem to be no distinctions of rank; no one,
+however great or rich, is contaminated by the approximation of
+poverty and rags. But to return to the Confessional. There are
+some crimes of such enormity that absolution for them can only be
+granted by the Pope himself, who delegates his power to the Grand
+Penitentiary, and he receives such confessions in the chair in
+which he was seated to-day. They are, however, very rare; but
+this evening, after he had finished touching the people, a man,
+dressed like a peasant in a loose brown frock, worsted stockings,
+and brogues, apparently of the lowest order, dark, ill-looking,
+and squalid, approached the Confessional to reveal some great
+crime. The confession was very long, so was the admonition of the
+Cardinal which followed it. The appearance of the Cardinal is
+particularly dignified and noble, and, as he bent down his head,
+joining it to that of this ruffian-like figure, listening with
+extreme patience and attention, and occasionally speaking to him
+with excessive earnestness, while the whole surrounding multitude
+stood silently gazing at the scene, all conscious that some great
+criminal was before them, but none knowing the nature of the
+crime, it was impossible not to be deeply interested and
+impressed with such a spectacle. Nothing could exceed the
+patience of the Cardinal and the intensity with which he seemed
+absorbed in the tale of the penitent. When it was over he wiped
+his face, as if he had been agitated by what he heard. It was
+impossible not to feel that be the balance for or against
+confession (which is a difficult question to decide, though I am
+inclined to think the balance is against) it is productive of
+some good effects, and, though susceptible of enormous abuses, is
+a powerful instrument of good when properly used. I have no doubt
+it is largely abused, but it is the most powerful weapon of the
+Romish Church, the one, I believe, by which it principally lives,
+moves, and has its being. That penitence must be real, and of a
+nature to be worked upon, which can induce a man to come forward
+in the face of multitudes and exhibit himself as the perpetrator
+of some atrocious though unknown crime.
+
+[Page Head: PILGRIMS AT SUPPER]
+
+At night I went to the Trinità dei Pellegrini to see the pilgrims
+at supper. The washing of the feet was over; a cardinal performs
+it with the men, and ladies with the women, but it is no mere
+ceremony as at the Vatican; they really do wash and scrub the
+dirty feet perhaps of about a dozen of them each night. I saw the
+room in which they were just clearing away the apparatus and
+collecting piles of dirty towels. The pilgrims sit on benches;
+under their feet are a number of small wooden tubs, with cocks to
+turn the water into them, and there they are washed. Afterwards
+they go to supper, and then to bed. The men sup in a very long
+hall--most curious figures, and natives of half the world. The
+Cardinal Camerlengo[17] says grace and cuts the meat. They are
+waited upon by gentlemen and priests, and have a very substantial
+meal. The women are treated in the same way.[18] No men are
+admitted to their hall, but we contrived to get to the door and
+saw it all. The Princess Orsini and a number of Roman ladies were
+there (who had been washing feet) with aprons on, waiting upon
+them at supper. Their dormitories were spacious, clean, and
+sweet, though the beds were crowded together. The pilgrims are
+kept there from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, when they are
+dismissed. Their numbers are generally about 250 or 300. The
+funds of the establishment are supplied by private subscriptions,
+legacies, and donations, the names of the benefactors, with the
+amount of their contributions, being recorded on boards hung up
+in the hall. There were a great many spectators, but the whole
+ceremony was ordered with regularity and decency, which is more
+than can be said for those of the Vatican. I walked to-night to
+St. Peter's, to look at it by moonlight. From every point of view
+it is magnificent; the stillness of the night is broken only by
+the waters of the fountains, which glitter in the moonbeams like
+sheets of molten silver. The obelisk, the façade, the cupola, and
+the columns all contribute to the grandeur and harmony of the
+scene: but everything at Rome should be seen at night. The Castle
+of St. Angelo, the Tiber, and the Bridge are all wonderfully fine
+in these bright nights.
+
+     [17] Minister of the Interior and Chamberlain; but Gonsalvi
+          deprived the Camerlengo of his Ministerial functions,
+          and joined them to the Secretaryship of State, and so
+          it has since remained.
+
+     [18] I met Lady ----, a very tiresome woman, a day or two
+          after, who had been to see this ceremony, and was most
+          devoutly edified by the humility and charity of the
+          ladies. She told me a very old woman put out her foot
+          to her, thinking she was one of them, and begged her to
+          be very careful, as she had got some sores produced by
+          the itch; but as it formed no part of her Protestant
+          duty, she turned her over to the Princess Orsini, who
+          handled this horrid old leg with great tenderness; and
+          afterwards, when the same Princess was handed into the
+          other apartment to see the male pilgrims at supper, by
+          an attendant in the livery which they all wore, this
+          attendant turned out to be Prince Corsini. It sounds
+          very fine, but after all I don't think there is much in
+          it. It is ostentatious charity and humility, and though
+          rather disgusting and disagreeable, it is the fashion,
+          and those who do it are set up in a capital stock of
+          piety and virtue. It _may be_ both cause and effect of
+          great moral excellence, but I think it questionable.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROTESTANT BURIAL GROUND]
+
+April 10th, 1830 {p.322}
+
+In the morning to St. John Lateran, where, as my _laquais de
+place_ said, 'converted Jews, or Turks, or _Lutherans_' were
+baptised; got too late for the baptism, which I believe is a
+farce regularly got up, but heard the High Mass. The churches
+were crowded all this week with pilgrims, whose appearance is
+always very picturesque. Went into the cloisters, and was shown
+by the monk or priest (whichever he was) some very remarkable
+articles that they possess--a bit of the column on which the cock
+stood when he crowed after Peter's three denials; a slab showing
+the exact height of Jesus Christ, as he could just stand under
+it,[19] and two halves which had once been a whole column, but
+which was broken when the veil of the Temple was rent on the
+death of Christ. The column is adorned with sculpture, which they
+say is Jewish, and was brought to Rome with the Holy Stairs. Then
+to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, where they were performing High
+Mass, with many assistants and a full choir, but without a
+congregation; there were not six people in the church. To Minerva
+Medica, a questionable and uninteresting ruin, and besides
+falling to pieces. To the Barberini Palace, where there is little
+besides the Cenci, which is worth going any distance to see. To
+the Doria, a magnificent palace, with an immense number of
+pictures, and some very fine ones, which I was hurried through.
+To the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, which is in the middle of the
+wall of Aurelian, and forms the back of a very pretty Protestant
+burial ground, the greatest number of those who have been buried
+there being of course English. It is on the side of a hill with
+high, turreted walls behind it. There are two rows of white
+marble tombs, whose diminutive proportions form a contrast with
+the enormous sepulchre of the Roman. Round some of the tombstones
+rose-trees and other shrubs have been planted, and all but one
+adorned with epitaphs and inscriptions in Latin, English, German,
+and Italian. That one is the tomb of the pretty Miss Bathurst who
+was drowned in the Tiber. Her mother was to have returned to Rome
+and supply the epitaph, but she has never come, and it has not
+even her name inscribed upon it. I copied the following, which
+are apparently intended for Latin verses, from one of the tombs--
+of Frederica Ursulina Arabella de Montmorency, by her father,
+Colonel Raymond Henry de Montmorency, whose feelings set quantity
+at defiance:--
+
+        Frederica quae Claris fueram praelata puellis
+          Illa ego hoc brevi condita sum tumulo;
+        Cui formam pulcherrimam, charites tribuere decoram
+          Quam Deus cunctis artibus erudiit.
+
+     [19] He must have been just six feet high.
+
+Clambered up Monte Testaccio, from which the view is beautiful,
+and then went on to the ruins of San Paolo fuori le Mure. The
+church, which was the finest in Rome except St. Peter's, was
+entirely destroyed by fire; but although it is near three miles
+from the gates, and not the least wanted, and that there are
+hundreds of churches, half of which seldom or never have
+congregations to fill them, they are already rebuilding this at
+an enormous cost, and the priest told me, to my great disgust,
+that they had got all the materials ready, and in ten years they
+expected the work to be finished. There are plenty of fools found
+to contribute to the expense, the greatest part of which,
+however, is supplied by the Government. It is to be built just as
+it was before, but they cannot replace the enormous marble
+columns which were its principal ornament. To a church to hear
+the Armenian Mass. The priests arrived in splendid oriental
+dresses, but I did not stay it out. Walked to the Borghese
+Gardens, the fine weather being something of which no description
+can convey an idea, and in it the beauty of Rome and its gardens
+and environs are equally indescribable. Groups of pilgrims in
+their odd dresses, with staves, and great bundles on their heads,
+were lounging about, or lying under the trees. At night to the
+Coliseum (but the moon never will shine properly), and back by
+the Forum and the Capitol. The columns in the Forum look
+beautiful, but St. Peter's gains at least as much as the ancient
+ruins by the light of the moon. The views from different hills,
+and sunset from the Pincian in such weather as this, and with
+spring bursting in every direction, are things never to be
+forgotten.
+
+
+Sunday. {p.324}
+
+High Mass in St. Peter's, which was crowded. I walked about the
+church to see the groups and the extraordinary and picturesque
+figures moving through the vast space. They are to the last
+degree interesting: in one place hundreds prostrate before an
+altar--pilgrims, soldiers, beggars, ladies, gentlemen, old and
+young in every variety of attitude, costume, and occupation. The
+benediction was much finer than on Thursday, the day magnificent,
+the whole piazza filled with a countless multitude, all in their
+holiday dresses, and carriages in the back-ground to the very
+end. The troops forming a brilliant square in the middle, the
+immense population and variety of costume, the weather, and the
+glorious locality certainly made as fine a spectacle as can
+possibly be seen. The Pope is dressed in white, with the triple
+crown on his head; two great fans of feathers, exactly like those
+of the Great Mogul, are carried on each side of him. He sits
+aloft on his throne, and is slowly borne to the front of the
+balcony. The moment he appears there is a dead silence, and every
+head is bared. When he rises, the soldiers all fall on their
+knees, and some, but only a few, of the spectators. The distance
+is so great that he looks like a puppet, and you just see him
+move his hands and make some signs. When he gives the blessing--
+the sign of the cross--the cannon fires. He blesses the people
+twice, remains perhaps five minutes in the balcony, and is
+carried out as he came in.
+
+The numbers who come to the benediction are taken as a test of
+the popularity of the Pope, though I suppose the weather has a
+good deal to do with it. Leo XII. was very unpopular from his
+austerity, and particularly his shutting up the wine shops. The
+first time he gave the benediction after that measure hardly
+anybody came to be blessed.
+
+[Page Head: ILLUMINATION OF ST. PETER'S]
+
+_At night._--The illumination of St. Peter's is as fine as I was
+told it was, and that is saying everything. I saw it from the
+Pincian, from the windows of the French Academy and Horace
+Vernet's room. He is established in the Villa Medici; a very
+lively little fellow, and making a great deal of money as
+director of the Academy and by his paintings. His daughter is
+very pretty. Here I met Savary, the Duc de Rovigo, a tall, stout,
+vulgar-looking man. We were introduced and conversed on French
+politics. Afterwards drove down to the piazza and round it. The
+illumination is more effective at a distance, but I think it
+looks best from the entrance to the piazza and the Bridge of St.
+Angelo; the blaze of light, the crowd, and the fountains, covered
+with a red glare, made altogether the most splendid sight in the
+world. (One poor devil was killed, and there is almost always
+some accident.) Eight hundred men are employed in illuminating
+St. Peter's; the first pale and subdued light, which covers the
+whole church, is brought out by the darkness of night, the little
+lamps being lit in the day-time. The blazing lights which succeed
+are made by large pots of grease with wicks in them; there is one
+man to every two lamps. On a given signal, each man touches his
+two lamps as quick as possible, so that the whole building bursts
+into light at once by a process the effect of which is quite
+magical--literally, as the Rejected Addresses say, 'starts into
+light, and makes the lighter start.'
+
+
+April 12th, 1830 {p.325}
+
+At night at Torlonia's to see the girandola, which is as fine as
+fireworks can be, but nothing will do after the illumination of
+St. Peter's. All the world was there at an assembly after the
+ceremony, at which I was introduced to Don Michele Gaetani, said
+to be the cleverest man in Rome, and I had a long conversation
+with Monsignore Spada, who is a young layman with ecclesiastical
+rank and costume, and a judge. A Monsignore holds ecclesiastical
+rank at Rome, as a Lady of the Bedchamber at St. Petersburg holds
+military rank, where she is a major-general; there is no other.
+He is free to marry, and I presume to do anything else, but he
+must preserve a certain orthodox gravity of dress and conduct; he
+is a curious nondescript, about an equal mixture of the cardinal
+and the dandy. This Monsignore is a very clever, agreeable man,
+and gave me some information about the administration of law in
+this country. There seems to be a good deal of laxity in it, for
+a man was condemned for stabbing another (with premeditation) a
+little while ago to six months' imprisonment, or more perhaps;
+and having been George Hamilton's _laquais de place_, his family
+came to him and begged him to try and get him off. He applied to
+Spada, and got the punishment commuted to some trifling
+imprisonment, and when he got out he came, with all his family,
+to kiss Hamilton's hand.
+
+
+[Page Head: BUNSEN ON THE FORUM]
+
+April 13th, 1830 {p.326}
+
+Breakfasted with Bunsen at the Capitol; Lovaine, Morier,
+Haddington, Hamilton, Kestner, Falck, G. Fitzclarence, Sir W. Gell,
+a little Italian servant, and Mr. Hall, Bunsen's brother-in-law.
+Haddington told the story of Canning's sending to Bagot a despatch
+in cipher, containing these lines:--
+
+       In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch
+       Is giving too little and asking too much;
+       With equal protection the French are content:
+       So we'll lay on Dutch bottoms just twenty per cent.
+                 _Chorus of Officers._--We'll lay, &c.
+                 _Chorus of Douaniers._--Nous frapperons Falck
+                      avec Twenty per cent.
+
+He received the despatch at dinner, and sent it to be deciphered.
+After some hours they brought him word they did not know what to
+make of it, for it seemed to be in verse, when he at once saw
+there was a joke.
+
+Went to see the excavations in the Via Triumphalis and the Temple
+of Concord, and heard Bunsen's theory of the Forum. Bunsen gives
+different names to the remains of the temples in the Forum from
+those which have been usually given, and by which they are known,
+and on very plausible grounds, drawn chiefly from accounts in
+different Roman authors and peculiarities in the buildings
+themselves. The Temple of Fortune he thinks was the Basilica of
+Augustus, and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans the Temple of Saturn;
+but all his reasons I need not put down if I could remember them,
+for are they not written in the voluminous work he is going to
+publish in four or six volumes octavo?
+
+Bunsen's history is rather curious. He was a poor German student
+destined for the Church; came to Rome, and got employed by
+Niebuhr, from whom he first got a taste for antiquities. The King
+of Prussia came to Rome and saw him; he was struck with his
+knowledge and the character he heard of him, and consulted him
+about a new Liturgy he wished to introduce into Prussia. Bunsen
+gave him so much satisfaction in that matter, as well as in some
+others which were entrusted to him, that on Niebuhr's return to
+Prussia he was appointed to succeed him, and has been at Rome
+ever since--thirteen years. Some say he is not a profound man,
+and that his speculations about the ruins are all wrong. He talks
+English, French, and Italian like his own language.
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+The part of the triumphal road was discovered by accident in
+digging for a drain; and an attempt is being made to procure the
+permission of the Government to excavate all that can be found of
+it, and ascertain its exact course. It was in the Temple of
+Concord that Cicero assembled the Senate and pronounced one of
+his orations against Catiline. The building must have been large
+and magnificent, from the remains now visible, which are of the
+finest marble. The pavement is in a state of considerable
+preservation. Then we went to the old Tabularium, standing on the
+Intermontium, an undoubted work of the Republic. This was the
+place where the records of the Senate were kept. It is very
+perfect. Nibby, the great authority here, differs, however, about
+this place; the antiquaries are at daggers drawn upon the subject
+of the ruins, remains, and discoveries. They have all different
+systems, which they support with great vehemence and obstinacy,
+and perhaps ingenuity, but the ignorant and curious traveller is
+only perplexed with their noisy and discordant assertions. They
+will insist upon knowing everything, whereas there are many
+things here which are so doubtful, that they can only conjecture
+about them; but when once they have published a theory they will
+not hear of its being erroneous, and oppose any fresh discovery
+likely to throw discredit upon it. After his lecture in the Forum
+we went to San Nicolo in Cercera, an old church built on three
+old temples, or two and a prison, but not much to see. The prison
+of San Nicolo in Cercera is said to be the scene of the story of
+the Roman daughter, which it probably is not. Over the Bridge of
+Fabricius to the Basilica of Saint Bartholomew and Temple of
+Esculapius; small remains, but curious; and very pretty view of
+the Tiber and Temple of Vesta. To the Villa Lanti, a delicious
+villa belonging to Prince Borghese, who never goes there, and
+will neither let nor lend it. One of the finest views of Rome is
+from the terrace, and Julio Romano's frescoes adorn the ceilings.
+When Raphael was painting the Vatican, he and Julio Romano used
+to retire every night to the Villa Lanti, and the ceilings are
+covered with frescoes painted by both of them. Just below is a
+terrace, and on it a beautiful tree called Tasso's Oak, because
+under it he used to sit and compose when he lived in the Convent
+of San Onofrio, which is close by, and where he died. This
+convent is remarkably clean, airy, and spacious. In the library
+is a bust of Tasso, a mask taken from his face just after he
+died; in the chapel his tomb.
+
+           And Tasso is their glory--
+           Hark to his strain and then survey his cell.
+                                                     BYRON.
+
+In the cloister are some frescoes of the universal Domenichino. I
+like the Convent of San Onofrio. To Santa Maria in Trastevere, a
+very fine church; splendid ceiling with a Domenichino in the
+middle. Immense granite columns of various orders taken from God
+knows what temples, and mosaic floor rich to a degree. Large
+pieces of porphyry and verd antique eternally trodden by the
+Trasteverine mob, and never even cleaned. It is a basilica, and
+at the end is an ancient stone chair, which, was evidently the
+old justice-seat, though they of the Church do not know it.
+
+
+April 14th, 1830 {p.329}
+
+Set off early to make up an arrear of churches. First to Santa
+Maria sopra Minerva, and lit upon the funeral of a cardinal
+(Bertazzoli), which I was obliged to see instead of Michael
+Angelo's Christ. All the cardinals attended; the church hung with
+black and gold; guards, tapers, mob, &c. Then to the SS.
+Apostoli, Araceli (built where the Citadel stood, and is a
+corruption of Arx, but with a legend); a curious church enough,
+with some fine frescoes of Pintoriccio, and the Chapel of the
+Virgin with hundreds of ex voto's hang round it, almost all
+wretched daubs of pictures, and principally representing
+accidents in gigs, carriages, or carts, broken heads or limbs. To
+Santa Anastasia, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa Sabina. Santa
+Maria in Cosmedin, or the Bocca della Verità, built in and on the
+ruins of an old temple (di Pudicizia), is one of the best worth
+seeing in Rome; the columns, if freed from the modern church,
+would present as perfect a front as the temples in the Forum. To
+Monte Aventino to see the view of Rome and the Chapel of the
+Order of Malta, where Cardinal Zurla as Grand Prior has a most
+agreeable residence. The garden contains immense orange-trees and
+a very large palm. To San Gregorio to see the famous rival
+frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, which are much impaired. I
+began by liking Guido's and ended by liking the other best. The
+view of the Palatine from this convent is magnificent. To San
+Gregorio and San Paolo, and saw the ruins, which must have
+belonged to the Coliseum, for the architecture is exactly
+similar, and they have every appearance of having been the
+Vivarium from their shape. To the Corsini Palace, containing one
+of the best collections of pictures, of which the finest are two
+portraits of cardinals by Raphael and Domenichino. The palace is
+very fine, and the villa joins it on the opposite hill of the
+Janiculum, but both are affected by the malaria. Then to the
+Vatican and saw all the frescoes and pictures; the collection of
+pictures is very small, but they are all masterpieces. To the
+gallery below to see the mosaics and the process of copying the
+great pictures. The coloured bits are numbered, and though there
+are not above six or seven colours, the sub-divisions of various
+shades amount to 18,000. This art is in a great degree mechanical,
+but requires ingenuity, attention, and some knowledge of
+painting. On the large pictures, such as those which are in
+St. Peter's, several men are employed at the same time, but on
+the lesser only one. It is very tedious, requiring years to copy
+one of the largest size. All the pictures in St. Peter's are in
+mosaic, except one, and they are at work on one which is to
+replace this single oil-piece. The studio appeared in good order,
+but there were only two men at work, as the Government spends
+very little money upon it at present. From one of the open
+galleries we (Morier and I) saw a thunderstorm, with gusts of
+wind, flashes of lightning, and rain. It was amazingly grand from
+that place as it swept over the city and made us 'sharers in its
+fierce delight.' Then to the Borghese Gardens, and back to one of
+those sunsets from the Pincian which will long be remembered
+among the smoke and fogs in which I am destined to live.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IX.
+
+Lake of Albano--Velletri--Naples--Rapid Travelling in 1830--A
+  Trial at Naples--Deciphering Manuscripts--Ball at the Duchesse
+  d'Eboli's--Matteis's Plot and Trial--Pompeii--Taking the Veil--
+  Pausilippo--Baiae--La Cava--Salerno--Paestum--Lazaroni--Museum
+  of Naples--Grotto del Cane--The Camaldoli--Herculaneum--
+  Vesuvius--Sorrento--Miracle of St. Januarius--Astroni--Farewell
+  to Naples.
+
+
+[Page Head: ALBANO--NAPLES]
+
+Velletri, April 15th, 1830 {p.331}
+
+Left Rome at nine o'clock this morning; at Albano procured an
+ancient rural cicerone, a boy, and two donkeys, and set out on
+the grand _giro_ of the place. The road over the Campagna is
+agreeable, because the prospect roundabout is so fine, and the
+aqueducts stretching over the plain so grand. After climbing up
+to the Capuchin Convent, close to which are the remains of what
+is called Domitian's Theatre, we came to the lake, which is
+beautiful, but does not look large, and still less as if it had
+ever threatened Rome with destruction. There is a road called the
+Upper Gallery, shaded by magnificent ilexes, which leads to the
+Villa Barberini, a delicious garden, once Clodius's and
+afterwards part of Domitian's Villa, containing many remains of
+former magnificence. This villa was probably the scene of the
+council described by Juvenal (Fourth Satire).
+
+                        Misso proceres exire jubentur
+            Concilio, quos Albanam Dux magnus in arcem
+            Traxerat attonitos.
+
+I could not make out that any excavations have ever been made
+here, though they would be certain of finding marbles. The road
+passes along the hill which overhangs the margin of the lake to
+Castel Gandolfo, and thence a path leads to the bottom, where are
+the Emissarium, the Nyphaeum (called the Baths of Diana), and a
+beautiful view of the lake, Monte Albano, and its towns. There is
+nothing more curious than the Emissarium, built with a solidity
+which has defied the effect of time, for it has never required
+reparations, and performs its office still as it did more than
+2,000 years ago (393 years before the Christian era). Nothing is
+so incomprehensible as the magnitude and grandeur of the works of
+the Republic before it had acquired power, territory, or
+population. The Romans built as if they had an instinctive
+prescience of future greatness, and not even the pressure of
+immediate danger could induce them to sacrifice solidity to
+haste. After wondering at their enterprise and industry we may go
+and admire their subsequent luxury in the Baths of Diana, as the
+place is called, but which is evidently a natural cave improved
+into a delicious retreat by some inhabitant of one of the villas
+above. We mounted the hill and went by another road (called the
+Lower Gallery, shaded by the finest ilexes, elms, and oaks, which
+'high over-arch'd embower,' and where there is one ilex which
+twelve men can hardly embrace) to the Doria Villa, once Pompey's
+and likewise Domitian's, who included both Clodius's and Pompey's
+in his own. There are no remains here, but some arabesques in a
+sort of grotto, which I suspect are modern. All their villas
+command views of the Campagna, the sea, Rome, and the mountains.
+It is no wonder Hannibal was deeply mortified when he looked down
+on Rome from these hills (the hills at least close by called the
+Prati d'Annibale) at having twice just missed taking it. Poetry
+and history contribute alike to the interest of this beautiful
+scenery. We met an Englishman, a single bird who had lost his
+covey, and had procured a guide who could not understand what he
+said. He wanted to go to Albano, and the man was taking him to
+the Emissarium. We put him right, but his fury in mixed Italian,
+French, and English was exceedingly comical. It was unlucky that
+we met him at the top instead of the bottom of the hill.
+
+The road to Aricia, where Horace got such a bad dinner--
+
+              Egressum magnâ me excepit Aricia Româ
+              Hospitio modico--
+
+is beautiful, and close to Gensano we went to look at the Lake of
+Nemi, which is very pretty, but not so grand as Albano. The
+peasantry are a fine race in these parts, and we met many men
+driving carts or riding asses who would not disgrace the most
+romantic group of banditti. The people were all working in the
+open air, and seemed very gay. There were few beggars, and not
+much rags and wretchedness.
+
+Started from Velletri at six in the morning; went very quick over
+the Pontine Marshes (which form an avenue of about twenty miles,
+quite straight, shaded with trees, and with vegetation of
+remarkable luxuriance on each side) to Terracina (Anxur), where
+we breakfasted in a room looking upon the sea. The place is
+extremely pretty. Thence to Mola di Gaeta, which is very
+beautiful, but where we did not stop; and, after a very tiresome
+journey, got to Naples at two o'clock in the morning. Vesuvius
+was so obliging as to emit some flames as we passed by, just to
+show us his whereabouts. They were, however, his first and his
+last while I was at Naples.
+
+
+Naples, April 18th, 1830 {p.333}
+
+I am disappointed with Naples. I looked for more life and gaiety,
+a more delicious air, beautiful town, and picturesque lazaroni,
+more of Punch, more smoke and flame from Vesuvius. It strikes me
+as less beautiful than Genoa, but these are only first impressions.
+The Bay and the Villa Reale, a garden along the sea, full of
+sweets and sea breezes and shade, are certainly delightful. All
+the people seem anxious to cheat as much as they can, from the
+master of the inn to the driver of the hackney-coach. At present
+I don't feel disposed to stay here, and when I have seen Paestum,
+Pompeii, and the environs I shall be glad to get back to Rome.
+Sir Henry Lushington said at dinner yesterday he had seen at
+Naples a 'Courier' newspaper of that day week, produced by
+Rothschild and brought by one of his couriers. I came very fast,
+but was 236 hours on the road, including 20 hours' stoppage.
+This is 168 hours, which appears incredible, but 'gold imp'd by
+Jews can compass hardest things.'
+
+
+April 19th, 1830 {p.334}
+
+I retract all I said about disappointment, for I have since seen
+Naples, and it is the most beautiful and the gayest town in the
+world. Yesterday morning with Morier I walked up to the Castle of
+St. Elmo and the Certosa; went over the chapel, which is full of
+costly marbles, and fine pictures both in oil and fresco,
+particularly one by Spagnolet as fine as any at Rome or anywhere.
+Tasted the _custode's_ lachryma Christi, which, if it be as good
+of the sort as he pretends, is middling stuff, but not bad with
+water. Saw all the views, which are magnificent. Walked down to
+the Villa Reale, which was crowded with people, and the
+Chiaja with carriages. Dined with Hill--half English and half
+foreigners--and went to the Opera; a very indifferent opera of
+Rossini, ill sung, called the 'Siege of Corinth.'
+
+This morning at half-past eight we went to the Court of Justice
+to hear an extraordinary trial which excites great interest here.
+The proceedings of the day happened to be very uninteresting, not
+that it made much difference, for I could not understand a word
+anybody said, but I had an opportunity of seeing the manner in
+which they conduct trials in this country, and the behaviour of
+the judges, the counsel, and the prisoners. Nothing can be less
+analogous than the proceedings here to those which prevail in our
+courts; and although it is possible that ours might be better, it
+is not possible that theirs could be worse.
+
+I soon left the Court, and walked up the Strada di Toledo--the
+finest and liveliest street in the world, I believe--crowded with
+people. An Italian proverb says, 'Quando Dio onnipotente è
+tristo, prende una finestra nella Toledo.' Then to the Museum, of
+which everything was shut but the library and the papyri. The
+former contains 180,000 volumes, but is deficient in modern
+(particularly foreign) books. They showed us the process of
+deciphering the papyri, which is very ingenious. The manuscript
+(which is like a piece of charcoal) is suspended by light strings
+in a sort of frame; gum and goldbeater's skin are applied to it
+as it is unrolled, and, by extreme delicacy of touch, they
+contrive to unravel without destroying a great deal of it, but
+probably they have been discouraged by the small reward which has
+attended their exertions; for there are several black-looking
+rolls which have never yet been touched, and very few men at
+work. The gentlemen who explained to us the process said that Sir
+Humphrey Davy had attended them constantly, and had taken great
+pains to contrive some better chemical process for the purpose,
+but without success.
+
+
+[Page Head: MARQUIS DI GALLO'S VILLA]
+
+April 20th, 1830 {p.335}
+
+A delightful drive (made by Murat) to the Marquis di Gallo's
+villa on the Capo di Monte, which far surpasses all the villas I
+saw at Rome. The entrance is about half a mile from the house,
+through a wood, one part of which is a vineyard; the vines
+hanging in festoons from cherry trees, and corn growing
+underneath. The house is not large, but convenient; a wide
+terrace runs along the whole front of it with a white marble
+balustrade; below this is a second terrace covered with
+rose-trees; below that a third, planted with vines, and oranges,
+and myrtles. From the upper terrace the view is beautiful. Naples
+lies beneath, and the Bay stretches beyond with the opposite
+mountains, and all the towns and villages from Portici to
+Sorrento. On the right the Castle of St. Elmo and the Certosa,
+and Vesuvius on the left. There is a large wood on one side, cut
+into shady walks and laid out with grottoes, and on the other a
+vineyard, through which there is also a walk under a treillage of
+vines for nearly half a mile. The ground extremely diversified,
+and presenting in every part of it views of the surrounding
+country--
+
+                       Umbrageous grots and caves
+          Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine
+          Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps
+          Luxuriant.
+
+It is always let, and, till he went away, was occupied by
+Stackelberg, the Russian Ambassador.
+
+In the evening went to a ball at the Duchesse d'Eboli's; very few
+people, and hardly any English, and those not the best--only
+four, I think: Sir Henry Lushington, the Consul; a Mr. Grieve, of
+whom I know nothing but that his father was a physician at St.
+Petersburg, and that he killed his brother at Eton by putting a
+cracker into his pocket on the 5th of November, which set fire to
+other crackers and burnt him to death; Mr. Auldjo, the man who
+made a very perilous ascent of Mont Blanc, of which he published
+a narrative; Mr. Arbuthnot, who levanted from Doncaster two years
+ago--but most of the Italian women were there, and I was
+surprised at their beauty. Acton, who introduced me to some of
+them, assured me that they were models of conduct, which did not
+precisely tally with my preconceived notions of Neapolitan
+society. They danced, but with no music but a pianoforte. This is
+one of the few houses here which is habitually open, for they
+have not the means of doing much in the way of society and
+gaiety; they are poor, and the Government (the worst in the
+world) interferes. The Duchesse d'Eboli is poor, but she was a
+beauty, and has had adventures of various sorts.
+
+
+[Page Head: MATTEIS'S TRIAL]
+
+April 21st, 1830 {p.336}
+
+Dined with Keppel Craven yesterday; Acton, Morier, Duchesse
+d'Eboli, and some other people.
+
+The day was so disagreeable yesterday I could not go out--not
+cold, but a hurricane and clouds of dust. The principal topic of
+conversation at dinner was the trial, which goes on every day,
+has already lasted a month, and is likely to last two or three
+more. The Code Napoléon is in force here, so that there may
+probably be something like a certain and equal administration
+of justice between man and man; but this is a Government
+prosecution, and therefore exempted from ordinary rules. The
+history of this trial exemplifies the state of both the law and
+the Government of this country. The accused are five in number;
+the principal of them, Matteis, was an _intendente_, or governor,
+of a province; 2nd, the advocate-general of the province; 3rd,
+Matteis's secretary; and 4th and 5th, two spies. These men united
+in a conspiracy to destroy various persons who were obnoxious to
+them in the province, some of them actuated by political motives,
+and others in order to get possession of the property of their
+victims. The bugbear of the Court is Carbonarism, and Matteis
+pretended that there was a Carbonari plot on foot, in which
+several persons were implicated. He employed the spies to seduce
+the victims into some imprudence of language or conduct, and then
+to inform against them; in this way he apprehended various
+individuals, some of whom were tortured, some imprisoned or sent
+to the galleys, and some put to death. These transactions took
+place eight or nine years ago, and such was the despotism of this
+man and the terror he inspired, that no resistance was made to
+his proceedings, or any appeal against them ever sent to Naples.
+At last one of his own secretaries made some disclosures to
+Government, and the case appeared so atrocious that it was
+thought necessary to institute an immediate enquiry. The
+_intendente_ was ordered to Naples, and commissioners were sent
+to obtain evidence in the province and sift the matter to the
+bottom. After much delay they made a report confirming the first
+accusations and designating these five men as the criminals. As
+soon as the matter was thus taken up, the public indignation
+burst forth, and a host of witnesses who had been deterred by
+fear from opening their lips came forward to depose against
+Matteis and his associates. They were arrested in the year 1825
+and thrown into prison, but owing to the difficulties and delay
+which they contrived by their influence to interpose, and to the
+anomalous character of the prosecution, five years elapsed before
+the proceedings began. At length a royal order constituted a
+Court of Justice, composed of all the judges of the Court of
+Cassation (about twenty), the highest tribunal in the kingdom,
+and they have just been enjoined not to separate till the final
+adjudication of the case. Although the offences with which the
+criminals are charged are very different in degree, they are all
+arraigned together; a host of witnesses are examined, each of
+whom tells a story or makes a speech, and the evidence is
+accordingly very confused, now affecting one and now another of
+them. They have counsel and the right of addressing the Court
+themselves, which the _intendente_ avails himself of with such
+insolence that they are obliged to begin the proceedings of each
+day by reading an order to the prisoners to behave themselves
+decently to the Court. Their counsel are assigned by the Court,
+and it is not one of the least extraordinary parts of this case
+that the advocate of Matteis is his personal enemy, and a man
+whom he displaced from an office he once held in the province.
+They say, however, that he defends him very fairly and zealously.
+The day I was there the proceedings were uninteresting, but
+yesterday they were very important. An officer was examined who
+had been imprisoned and ill-treated in prison, and who deposed to
+various acts of cruelty. They on their part hardly deny the
+facts, but attempt to justify them by proving that the sufferers
+really were Carbonari, that other governors had done the same
+thing, and that they were doing a service to the Government by
+these pretended plots and consequent executions. Though their
+guilt is clear, it is by no means so clear that they will be
+condemned, or at least all of them. The public indignation is so
+great that they must sacrifice some of them, and the spies, it is
+said, will certainly be hanged. Matteis has interest in the
+Court, but, as a majority of votes will decide his fate, it is
+most likely he will be condemned.
+
+
+April 22nd, 1830 {p.338}
+
+Yesterday to Pompeii, far better worth seeing than anything else
+in Italy. Who can look at other ruins after this? At Rome there
+are certain places consecrated by recollections, but the
+imagination must be stirred up to enjoy them; here you are
+actually in a Roman town. Shave off the upper storey of any town,
+take out windows, doors, and furniture, and it will be as Pompeii
+now is: it is marvellous. About one-fifth part of the town has
+been excavated, and the last house found is the largest. It is
+said 1,000 men would clear it in a year, and there are thirty at
+work. The road is a bed of dust, and infested with blind beggars,
+each led by a boy. There are habitations almost uninterruptedly
+along the road between Naples and Pompeii, built apparently for
+no other reason than because they are exposed to eruptions of the
+mountain, for any other part of the Bay would be just as
+agreeable, and safe from that danger.
+
+[Page Head: TAKING THE VEIL]
+
+This morning we went to an Ursuline convent to see two girls
+take the veil. The ceremony was neither imposing, nor interesting,
+nor affecting, nor such as I expected. I believe all this would
+have been the case had it been the black veil, but it was the
+white unfortunately. I thought they would be dressed splendidly,
+have their hair cut off in the church, be divested (in the
+convent) of their finery, and reappear to take leave of their
+relations in the habit of the order. Not at all. I went with A.
+Hill and Legge, who had got tickets from the brother of one of
+the _sposine_; we were admitted to the grating, an apartment
+about ten feet long by five wide, with a very thick double
+grating, behind which some of the nuns appeared and chattered. A
+turning box supplied coffee and cakes to the company. I went to
+the door of the parlour (which was open), but they would not
+admit me. There the ladies were received, and the nuns and
+novices were laughing and talking and doing the honours. Their
+dress was not ugly--black, white, and a yellow veil. The chapel
+was adorned with gold brocade, and blue and silver hangings,
+flowers, tapers; a good orchestra, and two or three tolerable
+voices. It was as full as it could hold, and soldiers were
+distributed about to keep order; even by the altar four stood
+with fixed bayonets, who when the Host was raised presented
+arms--a military salute to the Real Presence! The brother of one
+of the girls did the honours of the chapel, placing the ladies
+and bustling about for chairs, which all the time the ceremony
+was going on were handed over heads and bonnets, to the great
+danger of the latter. It was impossible not to be struck with
+this man's gaiety and _sang-froid_ on the occasion, but he is
+used to it, for this was the fourth sister he has buried here.
+When the chapel was well crammed the _sposine_ appeared, each
+with two _marraines_. A table and six chairs were placed opposite
+the altar; on the table were two trays, each containing a Prayer
+Book, a pocket-handkerchief, and a white veil. The girls (who
+were very young, and one of them rather pretty) were dressed in
+long black robes like dressing-gowns, their hair curled, hanging
+down their backs and slightly powdered. On the top of their
+heads were little crowns of blue, studded with silver or
+diamonds. The ladies attending them (one of whom was Princess
+Fondi and another Princess Bressano) were very smart, and all the
+people in the chapel were dressed as for a ball. There was a
+priest at the table to tell the girls what to do. High Mass was
+performed, then a long sermon was delivered by a priest who spoke
+very fluently, but with a strange twang and in a very odd style,
+continually apostrophising the two girls by name, comparing them
+to olives and other fruit, to _candelabri_, and desiring them to
+keep themselves pure that 'they might go as virgins into the
+chamber of their beloved.' When the Sacrament was administered
+the ladies took the crowns off the girls, who were like automata
+all the time, threw the white veils over them, and led them to
+the altar, where the Sacrament was administered to them; then
+they were led back to their seats, the veils taken off and the
+crowns replaced. After a short interval they were again led to
+the altar, where, on their knees, their profession was read to
+them; in this they are made to renounce the world and their
+parents; but at this part, which is at the end, a murmuring noise
+is made by the four ladies who kneel with them at the altar, that
+the words may not be heard, being thought too heart-rending to
+the parents; then they are led out and taken into the convent,
+and the ceremony ends. The girls did not seem the least affected,
+but very serious; the rest of the party appeared to consider it
+as a _fête_, and smirked and gossiped; only the father of one of
+them, an old man, looked as if he felt it. The brother told me
+his sister was eighteen; that she would be a nun, and that they
+had done all they could to dissuade her. It is a rigid order, but
+there is a still more rigid rule within the convent. Those
+nuns who embrace it are for ever cut off from any sort of
+communication with the world, and can never again see or
+correspond with their own family. They cannot enter into this
+last seclusion without the consent of their parents, which
+another of this man's four sisters is now soliciting.
+
+We afterwards drove through the Grotto of Pausilippo, that
+infernal grotto which one must pass through to get out of Naples
+on one side; it is a source of danger, and the ancient account of
+it is not the least exaggerated:--
+
+    Nihil isto carcere longius, nihil illis faucibus
+    obscurius, quo nobis praestant non ut per tenebras
+    videamus sed ut ipsas.
+
+There are a few glimmering lamps always obscured by dust, and it
+is never hardly light enough to avoid danger except at night; in
+the middle it is pitch dark.
+
+Then round the Strada Nuova, Murat's delightful creation, and
+walked in the Villa Reale, where I found Acton, who had been all
+the morning at the trial, which was very interesting. A woman was
+examined, who deposed that her husband was thrown into prison and
+ill-treated by Matteis because he would not give some false
+evidence that he required of him; that she went to Matteis and
+entreated him to release him, and that he told her he would if
+she would bring her daughter to him, which she refused, and he
+was put to death. On this evidence being given, the examining
+judge dropped the paper, and a murmur of horror ran through the
+audience. The accused attacked the witness and charged her with
+perjury, and said he was ill in bed at the time alluded to. The
+woman retorted, 'Canaglia, tu sai ch' egli è vero,' and there was
+a debate between the counsel on either side, and witnesses were
+called who proved that he was in good health at the time. They
+think the evidence of to-day and the apparent disposition of the
+judges must hang him.
+
+
+[Page Head: BAIAE]
+
+Salerno, April 24th, 1830 {p.341}
+
+Here Morier and I are going to pass the night on our way to
+Paestum, and as he is gone to bed (at half-past eight) I must
+write. Yesterday morning Morier, St. John, Lady Isabella, and I
+went to Pozzuoli, embarked in a wretched boat to make the _giro_
+of Baiae.
+
+        Ante bonam Venerem gelidae per litora Baiae
+        Illa natare lacu cum lampade jussit amorem,
+        Dura natat, algentes cecidit scintilla per undas,
+        Hinc vapor ussit aquas, quicumque natavit, amavit.
+
+        Venus bade Cupid on fair Baiae's side
+        Plunge with his torch into the glassy tide;
+        As the boy swam the sparks of mischief flew
+        And fell in showers upon the liquid blue;
+        Hence all who venture on that shore to lave
+        Emerge love-stricken from the treacherous wave.
+
+I was disappointed with the country, which is bare and
+uninteresting; but the line of coast, with the various bays and
+promontories and the circumjacent islands, is extremely
+agreeable, and the Bay of Baiae, with the Temple of Venus,
+delightful. The Temple of Mercury is also worth seeing. The Cave
+of the Sybil, Lake Avernus, and Temple of Apollo are not worth
+seeing, but as they are celebrated by Virgil they must be
+visited, though the embellishments of Virgil's imagination and
+the lapse of time have made disappointment inevitable. Nature
+indeed no longer presents the same aspect; for there is a
+mountain more (Monte Nuovo) and a wood less about the lake than
+in Virgil's time. We found two ridiculous parties there, one
+English, the other French, the latter the most numerous and
+chattering, and mounted on asses, so as to make a long cavalcade.
+There was a fat old gentleman just coming puffing out of the
+cave, and calling with delight to his ladies, 'Ah, mesdames,
+êtes-vous noires?' as they certainly were, for all one gets in
+the cave is a blackened face from the torches. There was another
+gaunt figure of the party in a fur cap, who was playing the
+flute--
+
+               His reedy pipe with music fills,
+               To charm the God who loves the hills
+               And rich Arcadian scenery.
+
+We landed from our boat in various places, but declined going
+down the Cento Camerelle to have a second face-blackening.
+All the ruins, said to be of Caesar's and Marius's Villas,
+Agrippina's Tomb, Caligula's Bridge, &c., may be anything; they
+are nothing but shapeless fragments, only on a rock I saw a bit
+of marble or stucco in what they call Caesar's Villa. The Stygian
+Lake presented no horrors, nor the Elysian Fields any delights;
+the former is a great round piece of water, and the latter are
+very common-looking vineyards. When well wooded, which in the
+time of the Romans it was, this coast must have been a most
+delicious and luxurious retreat, so sequestered and sheltered,
+such a calm sea, and soft breezes.
+
+          Mira quies pelagi; ponunt hic lassa furorem
+          Aequora, et insani spirant clementius Austri.
+
+We went up to look at the old harbour of Misenum, where, instead
+of a Roman fleet, were a few fishing-boats, and walked back
+through fields in which spring was bursting forth through endless
+varieties of cultivation--figs, mulberries, and cherry trees,
+with festoons of vines hanging from tree to tree, and corn, peas,
+and beans springing up underneath.
+
+Our boatmen, as we rowed back, were very proud of their English,
+and kept on saying 'Pull away,' 'Now boys,' and other phrases
+they have picked up from our sailors. This morning we set off
+to come here [to Salerno] with Vetturino horses; the dust
+intolerable; stopped at Pompeii, and walked half round the walls
+and to the Amphitheatre. All the ground (now covered with
+vineyards) belongs to the King (for Murat bought it); the
+profusion and brilliancy of the wild flowers make it quite a
+garden--
+
+        Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice art
+        In beds and curious knots, but nature boon
+        Pours forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
+
+[Page Head: EXCAVATIONS AT POMPEII]
+
+If Murat had continued on the throne two or three years longer,
+the whole town would have been excavated. He, and still more the
+Queen, took great interest in it, and they both went there
+frequently. She used to see the houses excavated, and one day
+they found the skeleton of a woman with gold bracelets and
+earrings, which were brought to her, and she put them on herself
+directly. In their time 800 men and 50 cars were at work; now
+there are 40 men and 6 cars. The expense of 800 men and 50 cars
+would be about £13,000 a year, but these men will spend nothing.
+A car costs a scudo, and a man four carlins, a day. (A scudo is
+ten carlins, a carlin fourpence.) The Royal Family seldom or
+never come here; the Duke of Calabria has been once. The
+Amphitheatre, though not to be compared in size or beauty with
+the Coliseum, is much more perfect. The road here is beautiful,
+particularly about La Cava. I walked up to the Convent of the
+Trinità; it stands on the brink of a deep ravine in the middle of
+the hills, which are tossed into a hundred different shapes and
+covered with foliage--a magnificent situation. The convent is
+very large, and well kept; it contains fifty monks, who were most
+of them walking about the road. Here were all the raw materials
+requisite for a romance--a splendid setting sun, mountains,
+convent, flock of goats, evening bell, friars, and peasants.
+Arrived here, delighted with the outside and disgusted with the
+inside of the town; but the Bay of Salerno is beautiful, the
+place gay and populous, all staring at a fire-balloon which was
+just ascending, and soon after came down in the sea. The inns
+execrable. We got into one at last, in which there is a wide
+terrace looking over the sea, and there we ordered our dinner to
+be laid; but we were soon driven in, not by the cold, but by the
+flaring of our tallow candles.
+
+We were obliged to write our names down for the police, who are
+very busy and inquisitive. One man, whose name was just before
+mine, had added this poetical encomium on the inn:--
+
+             I mention by way of _guidanza_
+               For those who are going to Paestum,
+             They'll find at this inn, the 'Speranza,'
+               A good place to eat and to rest 'em.
+
+I could not concur with this poet, so I added to my name this
+contradiction:--
+
+            On the 'Hope's' being such a good treat
+              We must both put our positive vetos;
+            We not only got nothing to eat,
+              But ourselves were ate up by mosquitos.
+
+
+[Page Head: PAESTUM]
+
+Naples, April 25th, 1830 {p.344}
+
+Started at four o'clock in the morning from Salerno, and got to
+Paestum at eight. Tormented to death by beggars and ciceroni
+(often both characters in one), for in Italy everybody who shows
+a stranger about is a cicerone, from Professor Nibby down to a
+Calabrian peasant. There is little beauty in the scenery of
+Paestum, but the temples amply repay the trouble of the journey.
+I agree with Forsyth that they are the most impressive monuments
+I have ever seen. The famed roses of Paestum have disappeared,
+but there are thousands of lizards 'nunc virides etiam occultant
+spineta lacertos.' No excavations have ever been made here, but
+they talk of excavating. There were some fine Etruscan vases
+found in a tomb at Paestum, which we did not see. The brute of a
+_custode_ knew nothing of it, nor should I if I had not seen the
+model in the Museum afterwards. Thousands of Etruscan vases may
+be had for digging; they are found in all the tombs. The peasants
+have heaps of little carved images of terra cotta and coins,
+which they offer for sale. I believed they were fabricated, but a
+man I met there showed me two or three that he had turned up with
+his stick, so that they may be genuine. What treasures Naples
+possesses, and how unworthy she is of them! Paestum[1] long
+neglected, and Pompeii hardly touched! At Rome they are always
+digging and doing something, and though the Papal Government is
+neither active nor rich, I do believe they would not let this
+town (Pompeii, I mean) remain buried when a few thousand pounds
+would bring it all to light. There seem to be no habitations near
+Paestum, but there is a church, which was well attended, for the
+peasants were on their knees all round it; and while we were
+breakfasting (in a manger with the horses out in the air) they
+came out, strange-looking figures, rude, uncouth, and sunburnt,
+and without any of the finery which they generally wear on a
+Sunday.
+
+      [1] The authorities of course can't agree when Paestum was
+          built, and by whom, or whether one of the temples (the
+          largest) was a temple or a basilica. The perfect state
+          of these temples, particularly that called of Neptune,
+          is the more remarkable because there are scarcely any
+          vestiges of other buildings. Morier thought them
+          inferior to the temples at Athens, but so they may well
+          be; the Athenian temples are built of white marble from
+          the Pentelic quarries, and highly ornamented by
+          Phidias.
+
+
+Naples, April 26th, 1830 {p.345}
+
+To the Museum; met the Dalbergs and Prince and Princess
+Aldobrandini, a good-looking daughter and two sons. They will
+have all Prince Borghese's estate. I only went into the Pompeii
+and Herculaneum part of the collections.
+
+The lazaroni are very amusing. This morning four of them stripped
+stark naked under my window, put off in a boat, and thirty yards
+from the shore fished for cockle fish, which they do by diving
+like ducks, throwing their feet up in the air as the ducks do
+their tails. The creatures are perfectly amphibious; they don't
+care who sees them, and their forms are perfect. Then there are
+little lazaroni who ape the big ones. Met a christening this
+morning, and then a funeral. The wet nurse, full dressed, was
+carried in a sedan chair down the middle of the street, and the
+child, dressed also, held out of the window in her arms, and so
+she was going to church. The funeral was a priest's--a long file
+of penitents in white, carrying torches, a bier covered with
+crimson and gold, and the priest dressed in robes and exposed
+upon it, a ghastly sight, with a chalice in his hand and a book
+at his feet, other priests following, the cross borne before him.
+When young girls are buried in this way, they are gaily dressed
+with chaplets of flowers, a flower in the mouth, and flowers at
+their feet.
+
+Rode to the race-course and round the hills; such views and such
+an evening! At seven o'clock I could see the houses at Sorrento,
+nineteen miles off on the other side of the Bay. Dined with
+Acton; none but English. In the evening went to Toledo, the
+Spanish Ambassador's. The Duc de Dalberg talked of an association
+to excavate at Calabria and Apulia. The Government reserves four
+places--Pompeii, Paestum, Stabiae, Herculaneum--for its own use,
+and anybody may excavate elsewhere who will be at the trouble and
+expense.
+
+
+[Page Head: ANTIQUE PAINTING]
+
+April 29th, 1830 {p.346}
+
+On Tuesday again to the Museum and the King's Palace; rather
+fine, good house, very ridiculous pictures of the royal families
+of Naples and Spain. The Duchess of Floridia's apartment (old
+Ferdinand's wife) is delightful; the rooms are furnished with
+blue satin and white silk, opening upon a terrace covered with
+orange-trees, flowers, and shaded walks, and looks over the Bay.
+A few fine pictures, but not many. There is a bath, built after
+one of those at Pompeii.
+
+From what I saw at the Museum, I see no reason to doubt that the
+ancients were as excellent in painting as in sculpture; there are
+some very exquisite paintings taken from Pompeii. Then we are not
+to believe that the best have been found, or that a provincial
+town contained the finest specimens of the art. Painted on walls,
+they appear deficient in light and shade, but the drawing and
+expression, and sometimes the colouring (allowing for spoiling),
+are very good. There are some Cupids playing at games, and
+driving chariots, very like the Julio Romanos in the Lanti Villa
+at Rome, which indeed were borrowed from the ancient frescoes
+discovered in the Baths of Titus. The bronzes taken out of
+Herculaneum and Pompeii are very interesting, because they
+display the whole domestic economy of the ancients, and their
+excellent taste in furniture, sacrificial instruments, &c., but
+there is nothing particularly curious in the fact of their pots
+and pans being like our pots and pans, for if they were to boil
+and stew they could not well have performed those operations with
+a different kind of utensils. However, all the people marvel at
+them; they seem to think the Romans must have been beings of a
+different organisation, and that everything that is not
+dissimilar is strange. What is really curious is a surgical
+instrument which was lately found, exactly similar to one
+invented thirty years ago in France. The lava would not touch
+bronze; the iron was always encrusted and spoilt, but the bronze
+things all look like new.
+
+
+May 2nd, 1830 {p.347}
+
+Went to the Lake of Agnano and the Grotto del Cane; very pretty
+lake, evidently the crater of a volcano; saw the dog perform; a
+sight neither interesting nor cruel; the dog did not mind it a
+bit, and the old woman must make a fortune, for she had eight
+carlins for it. The grotto is very hot and steaming; a torch goes
+out held near the ground, and when I put my face down the steam
+from the earth went up my nose like salts. Virgil's Tomb, which
+is very picturesque, and from whence the common view of Naples is
+taken; there has been plenty of discussion whether it really is
+Virgil's tomb or not. Forsyth seems to doubt it, with one of his
+off-hand flings at the authority for its being so, a sort of 'Who
+the Devil, I humbly beg to know, is Donatus?' but there is
+tradition in its favour, the fact of Virgil having been buried
+here or hereabouts, and the honour being claimed by no other
+spot. When there is probability it is unwise to be so very
+sceptical: take away names, and what are the places themselves?
+Here not much, at Rome nothing.
+
+
+[Page Head: RUINS ABOUT NAPLES]
+
+Thursday. {p.348}
+
+Went a long and most beautiful ride up to the Camaldoli, from
+which the view extends over sea and land to an immense distance
+in every direction.
+
+                             Thus was this place
+                A happy rural seat of various views.
+
+The convent was once very rich, but the French stripped all the
+convents of their property, which they have never since
+recovered. It is remarkably clean and spacious. Each monk has a
+house of his own containing two or three little rooms, and a
+little garden, and they only eat together on particular days. The
+old man who took us about said he had been there since he was
+eighteen, had been turned out by the French, but came back as
+soon as he could, and had never regretted becoming a monk. He
+showed me a bust of the founder of their order (I think San
+Romualdo), and when I asked him how many years ago it was
+founded, he said, 'Perhaps 2,000.' I said when I became a monk I
+would go to that convent, when he asked very seriously if I was
+going to be a monk. I said, 'Not just yet.' 'Very well,' he said;
+'you must pay 120 ducats, and you can come here.' We went down a
+road cut for miles in the mountain, very narrow and steep,
+through shady lanes, groves, and vineyards (with magnificent
+views), through Pianura to Pozzuoli, entering by the old Roman
+road and Street of Tombs. The _columbaria_ in the Street of Tombs
+are the best worth seeing _ejus generis_ of any. Went to the
+Temple of Jupiter Serapis, of which there are very curious
+remains.
+
+                        Hard by the reverent ruins
+          Of a once glorious temple, reared to Jove,
+          Whose very rubbish (like the pitied fall
+          Of virtue, most unfortunate) yet bears
+          A deathless majesty, though now quite rased,
+          Hurl'd down by wrath and lust of impious kings,
+          So that where holy Flamens wont to sing
+          Sweet hymns to Heaven, there the daw and crow,
+          The ill-voiced raven, and still chattering pie
+          Send out ungrateful sounds.
+                                                 MARSTON.
+
+To the ruins of the Amphitheatre, from the top of which there is
+one of the finest views I ever saw of the Bay of Baiae and the
+islands; and then to the Solfaterra. The ruins scattered about
+Naples (those at Pozzuoli, for instance) are far more extensive
+than most of those at Rome, but partly 'carent quia vate sacro,'
+and partly because there are no well-known names attached to
+them, the ground is not so holy, and little is said or thought
+about them. If these temples were at Rome, what an uproar they
+would cause! The Solfaterra is remarkable as a sort of link
+between the quick and the dead volcanoes; it is considered
+extinct, but the earth is hot, the sulphur strong, and at a
+particular spot, when a hole is made, it hisses and throws up
+little stones and ashes, and exhibits a sort of volcano in
+miniature, but the surface of the crater is overgrown with
+vegetation. The road to Naples by the convent of the Jesuits and
+Chapel of St. Januarius is the most beautiful I ever saw,
+particularly towards sunset, when the colouring is so rich and
+varied. It lies over a crest commanding a prospect of the
+mountains on one side and the sea on the other.
+
+                              Quid mille revolvam
+                     Culmina visendique vices.
+
+
+May 3rd, 1830 {p.349}
+
+We sailed across the Bay to Resina, to see Herculaneum, the old
+and new excavations. At the new there are only seven or eight men
+at work; the old are hardly worth seeing. So much earth and
+cinders are mixed with the lava in the new part, that they might
+excavate largely if they would spend money enough; at present
+they have only excavated one or two houses, but have found some
+bronzes and marbles. The houses are laid open, just like those at
+Pompeii.
+
+[Page Head: ASCENT OF VESUVIUS]
+
+The next day Morier, Watson, and I set off to ascend Vesuvius; we
+rode on donkeys from Salvatore's house to the bottom of the last
+ascent, which was rather less formidable than I expected, though
+fatiguing enough. Another party went up at the same time: one man
+of that party, Watson, and I walked up alone; the others were all
+lugged up. They take the bridles off the donkeys and put them on
+the men; the luggee holds by this tackle and the guide goes
+before him. After infinite puffing and perspiring, and resting at
+every big stone, I reached the top in thirty-five minutes. It was
+very provoking to see the facility with which the creatures who
+attended us sprang up. There was one fellow with nothing on but a
+shirt and half a pair of breeches, who walked the whole way from
+Resina with a basket on his head full of wine, bread, and
+oranges, and while we were slipping, and clambering, and toiling
+with immense difficulty he bounded up, with his basket on his
+head, as straight as an arrow all the time, and bothering us to
+drink when we had not breath to answer. I took three or four
+oranges, some bread, and a bottle of wine of him at the top, and
+when I asked Salvatore what I should pay him, he said two carlins
+(eightpence English). I gave him three (a shilling), and he was
+transported. It was a magnificent evening, and the sunset from
+the top of Vesuvius (setting in the sea) a glorious sight--
+
+                                      For the sun,
+         Declined, was hastening now with prone career
+         To the ocean's isles, and in th' ascending scale
+         Of heaven the stars, that usher evening, rose.
+
+The view, too, all round is very grand; the towns round the Bay
+appear so clear, yet so minute. I had formed to myself a very
+different idea of the crater, of which the dimensions are very
+deceitful; it is so much larger than it appears. The bottom of
+the crater is flat, covered with masses of lava and sulphur, but
+anybody may walk all about it. At one end stands what looks like
+a little black hillock, from which smoke was rising, as it was
+from various crevices in different parts; that little hillock is
+the crater from which all eruptions burst. The mountain was
+provokingly still, and only gave one low grumble and a very small
+emission of smoke and fire while we were there; it has never been
+more tranquil. The descent is very good fun, galloping down the
+cinders; you have only to take care not to tumble over the
+stones; slipping is impossible. The whole ascent of the mountain
+is interesting, particularly in that part which is like a great
+ocean of lava, and where the guides point out the courses of the
+different eruptions, all of which may be distinctly traced. We
+got to the Hermitage just as it was dark; there was still a red
+tint round the western horizon, and the islands were dimly
+shadowed out, while the course of the Bay was marked by a
+thousand dancing lights. Salvatore has especial care of the
+mountain under the orders of Government, to whom he is obliged to
+make a daily report of its state, and he is as fond of it as a
+nurse of a favourite child, or a trainer at Newmarket of his best
+race-horse, and delights in telling anecdotes of old eruptions
+and phenomena, and of different travellers who have ascended it.
+
+Two years ago an English merchant here laid a bet of 200
+napoleons that he would go from Resina[2] to the top in an hour
+and a half. Salvatore went with him, and they did it in an hour
+and thirteen minutes. The Englishman rode relays of horses, but
+the guide went the whole way on foot, and the best part of the
+ascent had to drag up his companion He said it nearly killed him,
+and he did not recover from it for several weeks; he is 53 years
+old, but a very handsome man. He said, however, that the fatigue
+of this exploit was not so painful as what he went through in
+carrying the Duke of Buckingham to the top; he was carried up in
+a chair by twelve men, and the weight was so enormous that his
+shoulder was afterwards swelled up nearly to his head. When the
+Duke got down he gave a great dinner (on the mountain), which he
+had brought with him to celebrate the exploit. Salvatore said
+that he continues to write to many scientific men in various
+parts of Europe when anything remarkable occurs in the mountain,
+and talked of Buckland, Playfair, and Davy. We got down to Resina
+about half-past nine, and at ten embarked again and sailed over
+to Castel-a-Mare, where we arrived at one o'clock.
+
+      [2] From Salvatore's house at Resina to the top of the
+          mountain is seven miles; from the Hermitage to the top,
+          3-1/3. It is a mile and 200 feet from the bottom of the
+          ascent (on foot) to the top, 800 feet from the point we
+          first gain to the bottom of the crater; the inner
+          crater (or black hill, as I call it) is 230 feet high
+          and 180 feet in circumference. The miles are Neapolitan
+          miles, about three-fourths of an English mile.
+
+The next morning Mr. Watson and I got a six-oared boat (with
+sails) and went to Sorrento. Castel-a-Mare and the whole coast
+are beautiful. Landed a mile from Sorrento, and walked by a path
+cut in the rock to the Cocomella, a villa with a magnificent
+prospect of the Bay exactly opposite Naples.
+
+                               Placido lunata recessu
+         Hinc atque hinc curvas perrumpunt aequora rupes.
+         Dat natura locum, montique intervenit imum
+         Litus et in terras scopulis pendentibus exit.
+
+Then to the town to see the curiosities, which are the Piscine,
+Tasso's house, and some very romantic caverns in a wild dell
+under the bridge at Sorrento; all very well worth seeing, but
+Tasso's house was locked, so we could not get to the terrace.
+Just as we arrived at Sorrento we found they were performing a
+ceremony which takes place there every year on the 1st of May,
+and there only--the benediction of the flowers, the ushering in
+the may.
+
+           With songs and dance they celebrate the day,
+           And with due honours usher in the may.
+
+It was in the Archiepiscopal church, which was gaily adorned with
+hangings of various colours, gold and silver and flowers, full of
+people, all in their best attire. A priest in the pulpit opposite
+the Archbishop's throne called on the representatives of the
+different parishes (seven in number), who advanced in succession,
+each bearing a huge cross fifteen or twenty feet high, entirely
+made of flowers, and adorned with garlands and devices, all
+likewise of the most brilliant flowers, and, as each came up, a
+little cannon was fired off. They were blessed in succession, and
+then deposited around the throne of the Archbishop, who, after
+this ceremony was concluded, went up to the altar and celebrated
+High Mass. They told me that this festival had taken place at
+Sorrento from the remotest time.
+
+After seeing the Piscine we went into a garden above, where there
+was a profusion of orange and lemon trees, loaded with ripe
+fruit; the oranges we pulled off the trees and ate; they were
+excellent, and as red as Morella cherries--
+
+                Whose fruit, burnished with golden rind,
+          Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true,
+          If true, here only, of delicious taste.
+
+We could not stay long at Sorrento, and were four hours rowing
+across the Bay to Naples. Dined with Hill at the Villa Belvidere
+(a delicious villa on the Vomero), with a large, tiresome party,
+principally English.
+
+[Page Head: THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO]
+
+Yesterday the miracle of the blood of San Gennaro was performed,
+and of course successfully; it will be repeated every morning for
+eight days. I went to-day to the Cathedral, where San Gennaro's
+silver bust was standing on one side of the altar, surrounded by
+lights, and the vessel containing the blood on the other. Round
+the altar were ranged silver heads of various saints, his
+particular friends, who had accompanied him there to do him
+honour, and who will be taken this evening with him in procession
+to his own chapel. Acton and I went together, and one of the
+people belonging to the church seeing us come in, and judging
+that we wanted to see the blood, summoned one of the canons, who
+was half asleep in a stall, who brought out the blood, which is
+contained in a glass vase mounted with silver. It liquefies in
+the morning, remains in that state all day, and congeals again at
+night. A great many people were waiting to kiss the vessel, which
+was handed to us first. We kissed it, and then it went round,
+each person kissing it and touching it with his head, as they do
+St. Peter's foot at Rome. San Gennaro and his silver companions
+were brought in procession from one of the other churches, all
+the nobility and an immense crowd attending. I had fancied that
+the French had exposed and put an end to this juggle, but not at
+all. They found the people so attached to the superstition that
+they patronised it; they adorned the Chapel of St. Januarius with
+a magnificent altarpiece and other presents. The first time
+(after they came to Naples) that the miracle was to be performed
+the blood would not liquefy, which produced a great ferment among
+the people. It was a trick of the priests to throw odium on the
+French, and the French General Championnet thought it so serious
+that he sent word that if the blood did not liquefy forthwith the
+priests should go to the galleys. It liquefied immediately, and
+the people were satisfied. Acton told me that nobody believed it
+but the common people, but that they did not dare to leave it
+off. It is what is called a false position to be in, when they
+are obliged to go on pretending to perform a miracle in which no
+men of sense and education believe, and in which it is well known
+they don't any of them believe themselves. Miracles, if sometimes
+useful and profitable, are sometimes awkward incumbrances. Drove
+round the obscure parts of the town, and through dense masses of
+population, by the old palace of Queen Joan and the market place,
+which was the scene of Masaniello's sedition. He was killed in
+the great church (in 1646).
+
+
+May 4th, 1830 {p.354}
+
+To the Museum, and saw the mummies which have been unrolled; they
+are like thin, black, shrivelled corpses; hair and shape of face
+perfect, even the eyelids. The canvas fold in which they are
+wrapped quite fresh-looking; the best preserved is 3,055 years
+old. Amongst the bronzes there is a bust of Livia with a wig.
+Dined with Toledo, the Spanish Minister. The women put their
+knives into their mouths, and he is always kissing his wife's
+hand--an ugly little old woman. Toledo was Romana's aide-de-camp.
+
+
+May 5th, 1830 {p.354}
+
+To Cumae, and dined at the Lake of Fusaro with the Talbots and
+Lushingtons; not a pretty lake, but the country near it pretty
+enough. A splendid sunset, with real purple. 'Lumine vestit
+purpureo.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO]
+
+May 7th, 1830 {p.355}
+
+In the morning to the Chapel of St. Januarius, to see the blood
+liquefy. The grand ceremony was last Saturday at the Cathedral,
+but the miracle is repeated every morning in the Chapel for eight
+days. I never saw such a scene, at once so ludicrous and so
+disgusting, but more of the latter. There was the saint, all
+bedizened with pearls, on the altar, the other silver ladies and
+gentlemen all round the chapel, with an abundance of tapers
+burning before them. Certain people were admitted within the
+rails of the altar; the crowd, consisting chiefly of women, and
+most of them old women, were without. There is no service, but
+the priests keep muttering and looking at the blood to see if it
+is melting. To-day it was unusually long, so these old Sibyls
+kept clamouring, 'Santa Trinità!' 'Santa Vergine!' 'Dio
+onnipotente!' 'San Gennaro!' in loud and discordant chorus; still
+the blood was obstinate,[3] so the priest ordered them to go down
+on their knees and to say the Athanasian Creed, which is one of
+the specifics resorted to in such a case. He drawled it out with
+his eyes shut, and the women screamed the responses. This would
+not do, so they fell to abuse and entreaties with a vehemence and
+volubility, and a shrill clamour, which was at once a proof of
+their sincerity and their folly. Such noise, such gesticulations.
+One woman I never shall forget, with outstretched arm, distorted
+visage, and voice of piercing sharpness. In the meantime the
+priest handed about the phial to be kissed, and talked the matter
+over with the bystanders. 'È sempre duro?' 'Sempre duro, adesso
+v' è una piccola cosa.' At last, after all the handling, praying,
+kissing, screaming, entreating, and abusing, the blood did
+melt,[4] when the organ struck up, they all sang in chorus, and
+so it ended. It struck me as particularly disgusting, though
+after all it is not fair to abuse these poor people, who have all
+been brought up in the belief of the miracle, and who fancy that
+the prosperity of their city and all that it contains is somehow
+connected with its due performance. The priests could not
+discontinue it but by acknowledging the imposture, and by an
+imaginative people, who are the slaves of prejudice, and attached
+to it by force of inveterate habit, the acknowledgment would not
+be believed, and they would only incur odium by it; there it is,
+and (for some time at least) it must go on.
+
+      [3] I dined at Hill's; sat next to the Duchess de Dalberg,
+          talked of the miracle, which she told me she firmly
+          believed. I fancied none believed it but the lowest of
+          the people, and was (very foolishly) astonished; for
+          what ought ever to produce astonishment which has to do
+          with credulity in matters of religion?
+
+      [4] Illarum lacrymae meditataque murmura praestant,--
+          Juvenal, 6.
+
+Went up to Craven's villa (this is the villa at which the amour
+between the present Queen of Naples and Captain Hess was carried
+on), and sat there doing nothing in the middle of flowers, and
+sea breezes, and beautiful views. To comprehend all the luxury of
+the _bel far niente_ one must come to Naples, where idleness
+loses half its evil by losing all its enervating qualities; there
+is something in the air so elastic that I have never been at any
+place where I have felt as if I could make exertions so easily as
+here, and yet it is a great pleasure to sit and look at the Bay,
+the mountains, the islands, and the town, and watch its amusing
+inhabitants. At least half an hour of every morning is spent at
+my window, while I am dressing, watching the lazaroni, who fish,
+work, swim, dress, cook, play, and quarrel under it. At this
+moment the scene is as follows:--Half a dozen boats with awnings
+and flags moored off the landing-place, a few fishing-boats with
+men mending their nets, three fellows swimming about them, two
+with red caps on perched upon the wall playing at cards, two or
+three more looking on, one on the ground being shaved by a barber
+with a basin (the exact counterpart of Mambrino's helmet), and
+two or three more waiting their turn for the same operation--
+always a certain number lounging about, others smoking or asleep.
+
+
+[Page Head: ASTRONI]
+
+May 8th, 1830 {p.355}
+
+Rode with a large party to Astroni, where they dined, but I did
+not. There were the Lushingtons, Prince and Princess Dentici (he
+is at the head of the Douane), Madame and Mademoiselle Galiati
+(she is remarkably pretty), Count (I believe) and Countess
+Rivalvia, her uncle, Lord A. Chichester, Count Gregorio, and a
+Mr. Stuart. The park, or whatever it is called--for it is the
+King's chase and full of wild boars--is one of the most beautiful
+and curious places about Naples. Milton's description of the
+approach to Eden applies exactly to Astroni; if ever he saw it it
+is likely that he meant to describe it--
+
+                     To the border comes
+           Of Eden, where delicious Paradise,
+           Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,
+           As with a rural mound, the champaign head
+           Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides,
+           With thicket overgrown, grotesque, and wild,
+           Access denied; and overhead up grew
+           Insuperable height of loftiest shade,
+           A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend
+           Shade above shade, a woody theatre
+           Of stateliest view.
+
+It is an immense crater of a volcano, the amphitheatre quite
+unbroken, and larger than that of Vesuvius, but covered with
+wood, and the bottom with very fine trees of various sorts and
+with fern--very wild and picturesque. There are several little
+hillocks, supposed to have been small craters; but although it is
+proved that this was a volcano from the lava under the soil and
+from its shape, there is no mention of it as an active volcano,
+and nobody can tell how many thousand years ago it was in
+operation. The King, with his usual good taste, is cutting down
+the finest trees, and has made a ride round the bottom, which he
+has planted with poplars in a double row, spoiling as much as he
+can all the beauty of the place. They dined in a shady arbour,
+made on purpose with branches of trees bound together, and on
+beds of fern, were very merry, pelting each other with oranges
+and cherries, and dealing about an abundance of manual jests.
+
+_Evening._--I have taken my last ride and last look at Naples,
+and am surprised at the sorrow I feel at quitting it, as I fear,
+for ever. Rode again to Astroni with Morier, and walked through
+the wood and tried to scale one of the sides of the mountain, but
+lost the path, and could only get half-way up; it is the most
+beautiful place about Naples. Came back by the Strada Nuova, and
+saw for the last time that delicious Bay with its coast and its
+islands, which are as deeply imprinted on my memory as if I had
+passed my life among them. To-night I have stood once more by the
+shore, and could almost have cried to think I should never see it
+again--
+
+             The smooth, surface of this summer sea--
+
+nor breathe this delicious air, nor feast my eyes on the scene of
+gaiety, and brilliancy, and beauty around me. Nobody can form an
+idea of Naples without coming to it; every gale seems to bring
+health and cheerfulness with it, and appears 'able to drive all
+sadness but despair.'
+
+Naples, they tell me, does very well for a short time, but you
+will soon grow tired of it. To be sure, I have been here only
+three weeks, but I liked it better every day, and I am wretched
+at leaving it. What could I ever mean by thinking it was not gay,
+and less lively than Genoa? To-night, as I came home from riding,
+the shore was covered with lazaroni and throngs of people,
+dancing, singing, harping, fiddling--all so merry, and as if the
+open air and their own elastic spirits were happiness enough. I
+suppose I shall never come again, for when I have measured back
+the distance to my own foggy country, there I shall settle for
+ever, and Naples and her sunny shores and balmy winds will only
+be as a short and delightful dream, from which I have waked too
+soon.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER X.
+
+Mola di Gaeta--Capua--Lines on leaving Naples--Return to Rome--
+  The Aqueducts--'Domine, quo vadis?'--St. Peter's--The Scala
+  Santa--Reasons in favour of San Gennaro--Ascent of St.
+  Peter's--Library of the Vatican--A racing _ex voto_--Illness of
+  George IV.--Approaching _Coup d'état_ in France--The Villa
+  Mills--The Malaria--Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg--The Emperor
+  Nicholas on his Accession--Cardinal Albani--A _Columbarium_--
+  Maii--Sir William Gell--Tivoli--Hadrian's Villa--The Adventures
+  of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift--Audience of the Pope--Gibson's
+  Studio--End of Miss Kelly's Marriage--A great Function--The
+  Jesuits--Saint-making--San Lorenzo in Lucina--The Flagellants--
+  Statues by Torchlight--Bunsen on the State of Rome--Fiascati--
+  Relations of Protestant States with Rome--The French Ministry--
+  M. de Villèle--The Coliseum--Excommunication of a Thief--The
+  Passionists--The Corpus Domini--A Rash Marriage--Farewell to
+  Rome--Falls of Terni--Statue at Pratolino--Bologna--
+  Mezzofanti--Ferrara--Venice--Padua--Vicenza--Brescia--Verona--
+  Milan--Lago Maggiore--The Simplon--Geneva--Paris.
+
+
+Mola di Gaeta, May 9th, 1830 {p.359}
+
+I have dined here on an open terrace (looking over the garden and
+the delicious Bay), where I have been sitting writing the whole
+evening. The moon is just rising, and throwing a flood of silver
+over the sea--
+
+                          Rising in cloudless majesty,
+           Apparent queen, unveiled her peerless light
+           And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw.
+
+We left Naples at half-past seven in the morning, went to
+Caserta, and walked over the palace, in which nothing struck me
+but the dimensions, the staircase, and a few of the rooms. The
+theatre is very well contrived; it is at one end of the palace,
+and the back of it opens by large folding doors into the garden,
+so that they can have any depth of stage they please, and arrange
+any pageants or cavalcades. This could, however, only be at a
+theatre in a country house. Thence to Capua, and went over the
+Amphitheatre, which is very remarkable. It is said to be larger
+than the Coliseum, but the arena did not appear to me so vast.
+Here we are in the land of names again, and it is impossible for
+the imagination not to run over the grandeur, luxury, and fate of
+Capua, for on the very spot on which I was standing (for the
+chief places are ascertained) in all probability Hannibal often
+sat to see the games.[1]
+
+      [1] No such thing. _His_ Capua was nearly destroyed, and if
+          it had an amphitheatre it would have been ruined. These
+          ruins must have belonged to Capua the Second, which was
+          restored by Augustus or Tiberius, and became as
+          flourishing and populous as the first had been.--
+          [C.C.G.]
+
+The Italian postilions, it must be owned, are a comical set. They
+sometimes go faster than ever I went in England, then at others
+they creep like snails, and stop at the least inclined plane to
+put on the _scarpa_. The occasions they generally select for
+going fast are when they have six horses harnessed to the
+carriage, and so extend about ten yards, on slippery pavement,
+through very narrow streets, extremely crowded with women and
+children; then they will flog their horses to full speed, and
+clatter along without fear or shame. Nothing happens; I have
+remarked that nothing ever does anywhere in Italy.
+
+I have walked over this garden [at Gaeta], which contains remains
+of one of Cicero's villas, but they are only arched rooms like
+vaults, and not worth seeing but for the name of Cicero, and the
+recollection that he was murdered almost on this spot. He had
+good taste in his villas, for this bay is as placid and delicious
+as that of Baiae. There is an ancient bath, which probably
+belonged to the villa; it is in the sea, and still available,
+when cleaned out, which just now it is not.
+
+
+[Page Head: LINES ON LEAVING NAPLES]
+
+Rome, May 10th, 1830 {p.360}
+
+Left Mola at half-past seven and got here at ten minutes after
+seven. It was so kind as to rain last night and this morning, and
+lay the dust all the way. Stopped at Terracina, and went to see
+the ancient port, which is worth seeing. The road is pretty all
+the way, but the scenery in Italy wants verdure and foliage. The
+beauty of these landscapes consists in the bold outlines, lofty
+mountains, abundant vegetation, and bright atmosphere, and they
+are always better to look at from a little distance than very
+near. Aricia is pretty well wooded. I found a parcel of letters
+with the London news; but the post is enough to drive one mad,
+for I got one of the 23rd of April and another of the 19th of
+March on the same day.
+
+                   _ON TAKING LEAVE OF NAPLES._
+    (Written in a carriage between Naples and Mola di Gaeta.)
+                       '_Nascitur poeta._'
+
+       Though not a spark of true poetic fire
+         Beamed at my birth, or on my cradle fell,
+       Though rude my numbers, and untuned my lyre,
+         I will not leave thee with a mute farewell.
+
+       I cannot see recede thy sunny shore,
+         Nor ling'ring look my last upon thy bay,
+       And know that they will meet my gaze no more,
+         Yet tearless take my unreturning way.
+
+       'Tis not that Love laments his broken toys,
+         Nor is it Friendship murmurs to depart,
+       Touching the chords of recollected joys
+         Which ring with sad vibration on the heart.
+
+       Nor bound am I in Habit's unfelt chain,
+         Which o'er the fancy steals with gradual pow'r,
+       Till local sympathy awakes in pain,
+         That slept unconscious till the parting hour.
+
+       But 'tis the charm, so great, yet undefin'd,
+         That Nature's self around fair Naples throws,
+       Which now excites and elevates the mind,
+         And now invites it to no dull repose.
+
+       No exhalations damp the spirits choke,
+         That feed on ether temp'rate and serene;
+       No yellow fogs, or murky clouds of smoke,
+         Obscure the lustre of this joyous scene.
+
+       The God of Gladness with prolific ray
+         Bids the rich soil its teeming womb expand,
+       While healthful breezes, cooled with Ocean's spray,
+         Scatter a dewy freshness o'er the land.
+
+       No mountain billow's huge uplifted crest
+         Lashes the foaming beach with sullen roar;
+       The smooth sea sparkles in unbroken rest,
+         Or lightly rakes upon the pebbled shore.
+
+       The Ocean's Monarch on these golden sands
+         Seems the luxurious laws of Love to own,[2]
+       And yield his trident to Thalassia's hands,
+         To rule the waters from the Baian throne.
+
+       Here the green olive, and the purple vine,
+         The lofty poplar and the elm espouse,
+       Or round the mulberry their tendrils twine,
+         Or creep in clusters through the ilex boughs.
+
+       A thousand flow'rs, enamelling the fields,
+         Declare the presence of returning spring;
+       A various harvest smiling Ceres yields,
+         And all the groves with vocal music sing.
+
+       Earth, air, and sea th' enchantment of the clime,
+         Revived that young elation of the breast
+       When Hope, undaunted, saw the form of Time
+         In Fancy's gay, deluding colours drest,
+
+       And though those visions are for ever fled
+         Which in the morning of existence rose,
+       And all the false and flatt'ring hopes are dead
+         That vainly promised a serener close.
+
+       I'll snatch the joys which spite of fate remain
+         To cheer life's darkness with a transient ray,
+       And oft in vivid fancy roam again
+         Through these blest regions when I'm far away.
+
+      [2] The Temple of Venus stands upon the shore of the Bay of
+          Baiae.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE AQUEDUCTS]
+
+Rome, May 13th, 1830 {p.362}
+
+_11th._--Walked about visiting to announce my return, and found
+nobody at home. Hired a horse and rode with Lovaine till near
+eight o'clock; rode by the Via Sacra two or three miles along the
+Street of Tombs--very interesting and curious--and then cut
+across to the ruin of an old villa, where an apartment floored
+with marble has lately been discovered, evidently a bath, and a
+very large one; on to Torlonia's _scavo_ and under the arches of
+the Claudian aqueduct. Nothing at Rome delights and astonishes
+me more than the aqueducts, the way they stretch over the
+Campagna--[3]
+
+            As some earth-born giants spread
+            Their mighty arms along th' indented mead.
+
+And when you approach them how admirable are their vastness and
+solidity--each arch in itself a fabric, and the whole so
+venerable and beautiful. After all my delight at Naples I
+infinitely prefer Rome; there is a tranquil magnificence and
+repose about Rome, and an indefinable pleasure in the atmosphere,
+the colouring, and the ruins, which are better felt than
+described. We lingered about the aqueducts till dark, but there
+is hardly any twilight here; the sun sets, and in half an hour it
+is night. Almost everybody is gone or going, but the heat can't
+have driven them away, for it is perfectly cool.
+
+     [3] The Claudian aqueduct, which is the grandest, and whose
+          enormous remains form the great ornament of the
+          Campagna, was begun by Caligula, and finished by
+          Claudius. The structure of the arches is exactly like
+          those of the Coliseum. The first aqueduct was built by
+          Appius Caecus, the censor, the same who laid down the
+          Via Appia, 310 B.C.
+
+As we set out on our ride we passed a little church called
+'Domine, quo vadis?' which was built on this occasion:--St. Peter
+was escaping from Rome (he was a great coward, that Princeps
+Apostolorum), and at this spot he met Christ, and said to him,
+'Domine, quo vadis?' 'Why,' replied our Saviour, 'I am going to
+be crucified over again, for you are running away, and won't stay
+to do my business here;' on which St. Peter returned to suffer in
+his own person, and the church was built in commemoration of the
+event. The Saint has no reason to be flattered at the character
+which is given of him by the pious editors of his Epistles.
+'Confidence and zeal form a conspicuous part of his character,
+but he was sometimes deficient in firmness and resolution. He had
+the faith to walk upon the water, but when the sea grew
+boisterous his faith deserted him and he became afraid. He was
+forward to acknowledge Jesus to be the Messiah, and declared
+himself ready to die in that profession, and yet soon after he
+thrice denied, and with oaths, that he knew anything of Jesus.
+The warmth of his temper led him to cut off the ear of the High
+Priest's servant, and by his timidity and dissimulation
+respecting the Gentile converts at Antioch he incurred the
+censure of the eager and resolute St. Paul.'
+
+[Page Head: MODERN MIRACLES]
+
+We returned through the Porta di San Giovanni, and by the Scala
+Santa. There are three flights of steps; those in the middle are
+covered with wood (that the marble may not be worn out), and
+these are the holy steps; the other two are for the pious to walk
+down. I had no idea anybody ever went up on their knees, though I
+was aware they were not allowed to go up on their feet, and with
+no small surprise saw several devout females in the performance
+of this ceremony. They walk up the vestibule, drop upon their
+knees, rise and walk over the landing-place, carefully tuck up
+their gowns, drop again, and then up they toil in the most absurd
+and ridiculous postures imaginable.
+
+          Weak in their limbs, but in devotion strong,
+          On their bare hands and feet they crawl along.
+                                                DRYDEN, _Juv._ 6.
+
+I suppose there is some spiritual advantage derivable from the
+action, but I don't know what. Why, however, I should be
+surprised I can't tell, after all I have seen here. Madame de
+Dalberg came to my recollection, and San Gennaro; she had owned
+to me that she believed in the miracle, and we had a long dispute
+about it, though I have since thought that I am wrong to regard
+her credulity with such pity and contempt. The case admits of an
+argument, though not that which she made use of. Many people are
+right in what they do, but without knowing why; some wrong, with
+very fair reasons. She, however, is wrong both ways, but she had
+been brought up in principles of strong religious belief, and she
+belongs to a church which teaches that miracles have never ceased
+from the days of the Apostles till now. Those who believe that a
+miracle ever was performed cannot doubt that another _may_ be
+performed now; the only question is as to the fact. _We_ believe
+that miracles ceased with the Apostles, and we pronounce all that
+are alleged to have happened since to be fictitious. Believing as
+she does that miracles have continually occurred, it is more
+reasonable to believe in the reality of one she sees herself than
+in those which are reported by others. She sees this done; it is,
+then, a miracle or it is an imposture; but it is declared to be a
+miracle by a whole body of men, who must know whether it be so or
+not, and to whom she has been accustomed to look up with respect
+and confidence, and who have always been deemed worthy of belief.
+What is it, then, she believes? The evidence of her own senses,
+and the testimony of a number of men, and a succession of them,
+who are competent witnesses, and whose characters are for the
+most part unblemished, in her opinion certainly. The objection
+that it is improbable, and that no sufficient reason is assigned
+for its performance, is quite inadmissible, as all considerations
+of reason are in matters of revelation.
+
+    And when the event only is revealed, it is not for men to
+    dogmatise about the mode or means of its accomplishment,
+    for God's ways are not as our ways, nor His thoughts as
+    our thoughts, and His purposes may be wrought out in a
+    manner that we wot not.--KEITH.
+
+There is nothing of which we are so continually reminded as that
+we must not pretend to judge of the reasonableness and fitness of
+the Divine dispensations, and there may therefore be good cause
+for the San Gennaro affair, though we cannot fathom it. Still, as
+the generality of people of education have given it up, one
+wonders at the orthodox few whose belief lingers on. There are
+other bloods that liquefy in various places besides San
+Gennaro's.
+
+_12th._--Walked to Santa Agnese, in the Piazza Navona, a pretty
+church, but hardly anybody in it; to Santa Maria sopra Minerva,
+empty likewise, but Michael Angelo's Christ was there--a grand
+performance, though defective about the legs, which are too
+thick; he has one golden foot for the devotees, who were wearing
+out the marble toe, and would soon have had it as smooth as that
+of Jupiter's in St. Peter's; _ci-devant_ Jupiter, now St. Peter.
+
+I went again to the Pantheon, and walked round and round, and
+looked, and admired; even the ragged wretches who came in seemed
+struck with admiration. It is so fine to see the clouds rolling
+above through the roof; it passes my comprehension how this
+temple escaped the general wreck of Rome. Then to St. Peter's,
+and went up to the roof and to the ball, through the aperture of
+which I could just squeeze, though there is plenty of room when
+once in it. The ball holds above thirty people, stuffed close of
+course. Three other men were going up at the same time, who
+filled the narrow ascent with garlicky effluvia. It is impossible
+to have an idea of the size and grandeur of St. Peter's without
+going over the roof, and examining all the details, and looking
+down from the galleries. The ascent is very easy; there are
+slabs at the bottom taken from the holy gates, as they were
+successively opened and closed by the different Popes at the
+Jubilees.[4] At the top were recorded the ascents of various
+kings and princes and princesses, who had clambered up; there was
+also an inscription in Latin and Italian, the very counterpart of
+that which is still seen on the wall in Titus's Baths, only
+instead of 'Jovem omnipotentem atque omnes Deos iratos habeat,'
+&c. &c., it runs, 'Iratos habeat Deum omnipotentem et Apostolos
+Petrum et Paulum,' though I don't see why Paul should care about
+it. Went afterwards and walked on the Pincian.
+
+      [4] The Jubilee was established by Boniface VIII. in 1300,
+          and was originally a centenary commemoration, but
+          reduced to fifty years, and afterwards to twenty-five,
+          as it still continues. Hallam remarks that the Court of
+          Rome at the next Jubilee will read with a sigh the
+          description of that of 1300. 'The Pope received an
+          incalculable sum of money, for two priests stood day
+          and night at the altar of St. Peter, with rakes in
+          their hands, raking up the heaps of money.'--MURATORI.
+
+This morning went with the Lovaines and Monsignore Spada to see
+the library of the Vatican, which was to have been shown us by
+Monsignore Maii, the librarian, but he was engaged elsewhere and
+did not come. These galleries are most beautiful, vast, and
+magnificent, and the painting of the old part interesting and
+curious, but that which was done by Pius VI. and Pius VII. has
+deformed the walls with such trash as I never beheld; they
+present various scenes of the misfortunes of these two Popes, and
+certain passages in their lives. The principal manuscripts we saw
+were a history of Federigo di Felto, Duke of Urbino, and nephew
+of Julius II., beautifully illuminated by Julio Clovio, a scholar
+of Giulio Romano. I never saw anything more exquisite than these
+paintings. Amongst the most curious of the literary treasures we
+saw are a manuscript of some of St. Augustine's works, written
+upon a palimpsest of Cicero's 'De Republicâ;' this treatise was
+brought to light by Maii; the old Latin was as nearly erased as
+possible, but by the application of gall it has been brought out
+faintly, but enough to be made out, and completely read: Henry
+VIII.'s love-letters to Anne Boleyn, in French and English:
+Henry's reply to Luther, the presentation copy to the Pope
+(Clement VII.), signed by him twice at the end, in English at the
+end of the book, in Latin at the dedication, which is also
+written by his own hand, only a line; the pictures representing
+St. Peter's in different stages of the work are very curious. In
+the print room there is a celestial globe painted by Julio
+Romano.
+
+[Page Head: A RACING VOW]
+
+Just before I went to the Vatican I read in 'Galignani' the
+agreeable intelligence that my mare Lady Emily had beat Clotilde
+at Newmarket, which I attribute entirely to my _ex voto_ of a
+silver horse-shoe, which I vowed, before I went to Naples, to the
+Virgin of the Pantheon in case I won the match; and, as I am
+resolved to be as good as my word, I have ordered the horse-shoe,
+which is to be sent on Monday, and as soon as it arrives it shall
+be suspended amongst all the arms, and legs, and broken gigs, and
+heads, and silver hearts, and locks of hair.
+
+Everybody here is in great alarm about the King (George IV.), who
+I have no doubt is very ill. I am afraid he will die before I get
+home, and I should like to be in at the death and see all the
+proceedings of a new reign; but, now I am here, I must stay out
+my time, let what will happen. I shall probably never see Rome
+again, and 'according to the law of probability, so true in
+general, so false in particular,' I have a good chance of seeing
+at least one more King leave us.
+
+
+May 15th, 1830 {p.368}
+
+I rode with Lord Haddington to the Villa Mellini last evening on
+a confounded high-going old hunter of Lord Lynedoch's, which he
+gave to William Russell. On my return found Henry de Ros just
+arrived, having been stopped at Aquapendente and Viterbo for want
+of a _lascia passare._
+
+This morning I have been dragging him about the town till he was
+half dead. The three last days have been the hottest to which
+Rome is subject--not much sun, no wind, but an air like an oven.
+The only cool place is St. Peter's, that is delicious. It is the
+coolest place in summer and the warmest in winter. We went to St.
+Peter's, Coliseum, gallery of the Vatican, Villa Albani, and
+Villa Borghese. The Villa Albani I had not seen before; it is a
+good specimen of a Roman villa, full of fine things (the finest
+of which is the Antinous), but very ill kept up. The Cardinal has
+not set his foot in it for a year and a half; there is one walk
+of ilexes perfectly shady, but all the rest is exposed to the
+sun. The post brought very bad accounts of the King, who is
+certainly dying. I have no notion that he will live till I get
+home, but they tell me there will be no changes. Gagarin told me
+last night that Lieven is to be governor to the Emperor of
+Russia's eldest son, that for the present he will retain the
+title of Ambassador, and that Matuscewitz will be Chargé
+d'Affaires in London.
+
+
+[Page Head: APPROACHING COUP D'ETAT IN FRANCE]
+
+May 18th, 1830 {p.368}
+
+Again dragging Henry de Ros about, who likes to see sights, but
+is not strong enough to undergo fatigue. Yesterday I called on M.
+de la Ferronays, and had a long conversation about French
+politics; he is greatly alarmed at the state of affairs in
+France, and told me that he had said everything he could to the
+King to dissuade him from changing his Ministry and trying a
+_coup d'état_, that the King has always been in his heart averse
+to a Constitution, and has now got it into his head that there is
+a settled design to subvert the royal authority, in which idea he
+is confirmed by those about him, 'son petit entourage.' He
+anticipates nothing but disaster to the King and disorder in the
+country from these violent measures, and says that France was
+increasing in prosperity, averse to change, satisfied with its
+Government and Constitution, and only desirous of certain
+ameliorations in the internal administration of the country, and
+of preserving inviolate the institutions it had obtained. He
+thinks the success of the expedition to Algiers, if it should
+succeed, will have no effect in strengthening the hands of
+Polignac; says they committed a capital fault in the beginning by
+proroguing the Chambers upon their making that violent Address in
+answer to the Speech, that they should immediately have proceeded
+to propose the enactment of those laws of which the country
+stands in need, when if the Chamber had agreed to them the
+Ministry would have appeared to have a majority, and would
+thereby gain moral strength; and if they had been rejected, the
+King would have had a fine opportunity of appealing to the
+nation, and saying that as long as they had attacked him
+personally he had passed it by, but as they opposed all those
+ameliorations which the state of France required, his people
+might judge between him and them, and that this would at least
+have given him a chance of success and brought many moderate
+people to his side. He added that he had also said the same thing
+to Polignac, but without success, that he is totally ignorant of
+France and will listen to nobody. I told him that Henry de Ros
+had been at Lyons when the Dauphin came, and how ill he was
+received by the townspeople and the troops, at which he did not
+seem at all surprised, though sorry.
+
+Went to Santa Maria in Trastevere to-day, the Farnese Palace, the
+Farnesina and Spada, Portico d'Ottavia and Mausoleo d'Augusto;
+this last not worth seeing at all. The last time I was at the
+Spada I did not see the pictures, some of which are very good,
+particularly a Judith by Guido, and a Dido by Guercino, which is
+damaged, but beautiful. Then to Santa Maria Maggiore and St. John
+Lateran, and a ride over the Campagna to the Claudian aqueduct
+and Torlonia's _scavo_.
+
+
+May 20th, 1830 {p.370}
+
+I breakfasted with Mills at his villa on the Palatine; Madame de
+Menon, Henry Cheney, Fox, and the Portuguese Charge d'Affaires;
+very agreeable: his villa charming; it formerly belonged to
+Julius II., and one room is painted in fresco by Raphael and his
+scholars, as they say.
+
+The Portuguese is Donna Maria's officer. The relations of the
+Holy See with Portugal are rather anomalous, but sensible.
+The Pope says he has nothing to do with politics, does not
+acknowledge Don Miguel, but as he is _de facto_ ruler of
+Portugal, he must for the good of the Church (whose interests are
+not to be abandoned for any temporal considerations) transact
+business with him, and so he does. This Envoy is very sanguine as
+to the ultimate success of the Queen's cause.
+
+Went to the Orti Farnesiani and to Livia's Baths, where there is
+still some painting and gilding to be seen. Then to the Capitol;
+saw the pictures and statues (again), and called on Bunsen, who
+told me a colossal head of Commodus could not be Commodus (which
+stands in the court of the Capitol); he won't allow anything is
+anything. He is full of politics, and thinks the French will get
+rid of their domestic difficulties by colonising Africa, and does
+not see why they should not as well as the Romans; but he seems a
+better antiquary than politician.
+
+Some pictures in the Capitol are very fine--Domenichino's Sybil
+and Santa Barbara, Guercino's Santa Petronella (copied in mosaic
+in St. Peter's) and Cleopatra and Antony. There are several
+unfinished Guidos, some only just begun. They say he played, and
+when he lost and could not pay, painted a picture; so these are
+the produce of bad nights, and their progress perhaps arrested by
+better.
+
+To the Borghese Villa. At present I think Chiswick better than
+any villa here, but they tell me when I get home and see Chiswick
+and remember these I shall think differently.
+
+
+[Page Head: MALARIA]
+
+May 22nd, 1830
+
+Found it absolutely necessary to adopt Roman customs and dine
+early and go out after dinner; one must dine at four or at nine.
+Went to Raphael's house, which is painted by his scholars, and
+one room by himself; a very pretty villa, uninhabited, and
+belongs to an old man and an old woman, who will neither live in
+it nor let it. Though close to the Villa Borghese, which is
+occupied by the malaria, this villa is quite free from it. The
+malaria is inexplicable. If it was 'palpable to sight as to
+feeling,' it would be like a fog which reaches so far and no
+farther. Here are ague and salubrity, cheek by jowl. To the
+Pamfili Doria, a bad house with a magnificent view all round
+Rome; fine garden in the regular clipped style, but very shady,
+and the stone pines the finest here; this garden is well kept.
+Malaria again; Rome is blockaded by malaria, and some day will
+surrender to it altogether; as it is, it is melancholy to see all
+these deserted villas and palaces, scarcely one of which is
+inhabited or decently kept. I don't know one palace or villa
+which is lived in as we should live in England; the Borghese
+Villa is the only one which is really well kept, but Prince
+Borghese has £70,000 a year; he lives at Florence and never comes
+here, but keeps collecting and filling his villa. The other
+morning the ground here was in many parts covered by a thin red
+powder, which was known to come from an eruption, and everybody
+thought it was Vesuvius, and so travellers reported, but it turns
+out to be from Etna or Stromboli. Naples was covered with it, and
+the sun obscured, but it is much nearer. Rome must be 300 or 400
+miles from Etna.
+
+
+May 23rd, 1830 {p.371}
+
+Went to three churches--Nuova, San Giovanni del Fiorentini, San
+Agostino; in this latter is Raphael's fresco of the prophet
+Isaiah, in the style of M. Angelo, but it did not particularly
+strike me. There is a remarkable Madonna here, a great favourite;
+her shrine is quite illuminated with lamps and candles, and
+adorned with offerings which cover the columns on each side of
+the church. Numerous devotees were kissing her gilt foot, and the
+Virgin and Child were decked with earrings, bracelets, and jewels
+and gold in every shape; the Child, which is of a tawny marble,
+looked like some favourite little 'nigger,' so bedizened was he
+with finery. She is a much more popular Madonna than my friend of
+the Pantheon, to whom I went, as in honour bound, and hung up my
+horse-shoe by a purple riband (my racing colour) round one of the
+candlesticks on the altar, with this inscription--C.C.G.,
+P.G.R.N. A.27, 1830.[5]
+
+      [5] [These letters appear to stand for the following votive
+          inscription: 'Charles Cavendish Greville. _Pro gratias
+          receptas nuper._ April 27, 1830.']
+
+Took H. de Ros to see the Cenci and the skeleton friars, not
+exactly birds of a feather; was obliged to squabble with the monk
+to get a sight of my old friends the skeletons, who at last let
+us in, but would not take any money, which I thought monks never
+refused, but my _laquais de place_ said, 'Lo conosco bene, c'è
+molto superbo.' Rode along the Via Appia and to Maxentius's
+Circus.
+
+
+[Page Head: ACCESSION OF THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS]
+
+May 24th, 1830 {p.372}
+
+Called on Sir William Gell at his eggshell of a house and pretty
+garden, which he planted himself ten years ago, and calls it the
+Boschetto Gellio. He was very agreeable, with stories of Pompeii,
+old walls, and ruined cities, besides having a great deal to say
+on living objects and passing events.
+
+Dined with M. de la Ferronays--a great party--and was desired to
+hand out Madame la Comtesse de Maistre, wife to the Comte Xavier
+de Maistre, author of the 'Voyage autour de ma Chambre' and
+'Le Lépreux,' to which works I gave a prodigious number of
+compliments. The Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis dined there, and some
+French whom I did not know. The Duc de Dalberg and his wife are a
+perpetual source of amusement to me, she with her devotion and
+believing everything, he with his air _moqueur_ and believing
+nothing; she so merry, he so shrewd, and so they squabble
+about religion. 'Qui est cet homme?' I said to him when a
+ludicrous-looking abbé, broader than he was long, came into the
+room. 'Que sais-je? quelque magot.' 'Ah, je m'en vais dire cela à
+la Duchesse.' 'Ah, mon cher, n'allez pas me brouiller avec ma
+famille.'
+
+He had been talking to me about La Ferronays the day before, and
+said he was a sensible, right-headed man, 'mais diablement
+russe;' and last night La Ferronays gave us an account of the
+revolt of the Guards on the Emperor Nicholas's accession, of
+which he had been a witness--of the Emperor's firmness and
+his subsequent conversations with him, all which was very
+interesting, and he recounted it with great energy. He said
+that the day after the affair of the Guards all the _Corps
+Diplomatique_ had gone to him, that he had addressed them in an
+admirable discourse and with a firm and placid countenance. He
+told them that they had witnessed what had passed, and he had no
+doubt would give a faithful relation of it to their several
+Courts; that on dismissing them, he had taken him (La Ferronays)
+into his closet, when he burst into tears and said, 'You have
+just seen me act the part of Emperor; you must now witness the
+feelings of the man. I speak to you as to my best friend, from
+whom I conceal nothing.' He went on to say that he was the most
+miserable of men, forced upon a throne which he had no desire to
+mount, having been no party to the abdication of his brother, and
+placed in the beginning of his reign in a position the most
+painful, irksome, and difficult; but that though he had never
+sought this elevation, now that he had taken it on himself he
+would maintain and defend it. When La Ferronays had done,
+'L'entendez-vous?' said Dalberg. 'Comme il parle avec goût; cela
+lui est personnel. L'Empereur ne lui a pas dit la moitié de tout
+cela.'
+
+La Ferronays introduced me to Cardinal Albani, telling him I had
+brought him a letter from Madame Craufurd, which I did, and left
+it when I was here before. He thought I was just come, and asked
+for the letter, which I told his Eminence he had already
+received. He had, however, forgotten all about me, my letter, and
+old Craaf. We had a long conversation about the Catholic
+question, the Duke's duel with Lord Winchelsea (which he had
+evidently never heard of), the King's illness, &c. He is like a
+very ancient red-legged macaw, but I suppose he is a dandy among
+the cardinals, for he wears two stars and two watches. I asked
+him to procure me an audience of the Pope, which he promised to
+do. Escaped at last from the furnace his room was, and went to
+air in the streets; came home early and went to bed. This morning
+got up at half-past six, and went to look out for some _columbaria_
+I had heard of out of the Porta Pia, and near Santa Agnese. The
+drones at Santa Agnese knew nothing about them, but I met La
+Ferronays riding as I was returning in despair, and he showed me
+the way to them. They have been discovered about six years, and
+are in a garden. The excavation may be fifteen feet by about
+eight or nine, more or less, and is full of broken urns and
+inscriptions, some of which are very good indeed. One is upon C.
+Cargilius Pedagogus:--
+
+      Vixi quandiu potui, sine lite, sine rixâ,
+      Sine contentione, sine aere alieno, amicis fidem
+      Bonam praestiti, peculio pauper, animo divitissimus,
+      Benè valeat is qui hoc titulum perlegit meum.
+
+Another--
+
+      Lucius Virius Sancius aet. xxiii.
+      Quod tu mî debebas facere, ego tibi facio, mater pia.
+
+The same idea as in Canning's verses on his son:--
+
+      Whilst I, reversed our nature's kindlier doom,
+      Pour forth a father's sorrows o'er his tomb.
+
+And Evander on Pellas:--
+
+      Contra ego vivendo vici mea fata superstes
+      Restarem ut genitor.
+
+As I came back I looked into San Bernardo, Santa Maria della
+Vittoria, and Santa Susanna, and I stopped to look at the 'Moses
+striking the Rock,' which is certainly very fine, though there is
+too much of Moses and not enough of rock or water. After
+breakfast to the Vatican library, where the Duc de Dalberg had
+engaged the Abbé Maii to meet him, and he showed us all the
+manuscripts, most of which I had already seen. He is very
+laborious as well as learned. Maii is said to undertake too much,
+and to leave a great deal half examined, and therefore unknown;
+but somebody (I forget who) is at daggers drawn with him, so it
+may be the accusation of a literary enemy. Went about with the
+Dalbergs to several places, to all of which I had been before. At
+every church the Duchess and her daughter dropped on their knees
+and sprinkled themselves with holy water, and prayed and
+curtsied, but nothing could get him down upon his marrow bones.
+
+
+May 25th, 1830 {p.375}
+
+Breakfasted with Gell in his Boschetto Gellio under a treillage
+of vines, and surrounded by fruits and flowers. He was very
+agreeable, and told us a great many anecdotes of the Queen and
+her trial. We are just setting off for Tivoli.
+
+
+[Page Head: TIVOLI]
+
+May 27th, 1830 {p.375}
+
+Went to Tivoli. The journey hotter than flames over the Campagna.
+It is the most beastly town I ever saw, more like the Ghetto here
+than any other place, full of beggars and children. The inn very
+moderate, but Henry and I got a very good appartment, looking
+over the country, in a private house. We all dined together.
+
+---- is the merriest of saints, the jolliest of devotees, and
+very unlike the ghost in 'Don Juan,' who says, 'Che si pasce di
+cibo celeste non si pasce di cibo mortale,' for though rigorously
+obedient to the prescribed fasts of the Church, she devours flesh
+enough on other days to suffice for those on which it is
+forbidden; and on the meagre days she indemnifies herself by any
+quantity of fish, vegetables, and _sucreries_ of all kinds. It is
+only like eating her first course on Thursday and her second on
+Friday.
+
+After dinner we sent for the most famous guide, with the
+magnificent name of Pietro Stupendo, called 'Stupendous' from his
+frequent use of that adjective in pointing out the views. His
+real name is Barbarossa, which is nearly as fine. We went to see
+the sun set from the Villa d'Este a very fine villa, with clipped
+trees, waterworks, and all the usual beauties of Italian villas.
+It belongs to the Duke of Modena, is uninhabited, and falling to
+decay for want of care and attention. Thence to the Temple of the
+Sybil or Vesta [6] (for it goes by both names), which is very
+airy and graceful, and perched on the point of a rock, but its
+effect spoiled by being embedded in dirty, ugly houses. The fall
+below was made by Bernini, and is very pretty, but not grand, and
+it looks rather artificial. We saw it from what is called the
+Grotto of Neptune. At night I returned again, but nobody else
+would stir out. I went down to the fall, and had bundles of hay
+lit on the rock above, and some blue lights called _lumi di
+Bengala_, a sort of firework, put in the temple, and the effect
+was beautiful. The reflected light upon the cascade, and the
+light and shade upon the rocks, and the temple made visible
+through the darkness by the soft blue flame, without any of the
+background of buildings appearing, were very fine, and in the
+obscurity it seemed much more extensive and natural. I saw this
+first from the Grotto of Neptune, and then from the opposite
+height.
+
+      [6] I believe it to be the Sybil's Temple. There is a
+          frightful square building close to it they call the
+          Sybil's Temple, but I do not see by what authority.
+          Nibby says it is Vesta, but everybody else says the
+          Sybil.-- FORSYTH, CRAMER, &c.
+
+[Page Head: TIVOLI]
+
+Yesterday morning we were to have started on the _giro_ of Tivoli
+at six, but as women are never ready, and a good deal of eating
+and drinking was to be gone through before we got under weigh, we
+were not off till near eight. The consequence was that we got
+into the heat, and lost the colouring of the early morning, and
+those lights and shades on which great part of the beauty of this
+scenery depends. I was altogether disappointed; the hills are
+either quite bare or covered with olives, the most tiresome of
+trees; the falls are all artificial, and though the view at the
+foot of the largest (or as near as you can approach it) is
+beautiful, on the whole no part of the scenery answered my
+expectations. The water falls in eleven separate cascades (above
+and below), and sinking into the gulf appears to boil up again in
+clouds of spray, but the artificial channel above is distinctly
+visible. There is an ancient bridge over the Anio and part of a
+road up to Tivoli in wonderful preservation. Our party pleased
+their imaginations by thinking that Augustus and Mecaenas had
+probably gone cheek by jowl over the road and bridge, but
+Stupendous told me it was built by Valerian, A.D. 253, though he
+had no notion who Valerian was, except that he was an Emperor.
+There are some curious remains of Mecaenas's Villa, particularly
+the places (if they are really so) where the slaves were kept,
+which are just like cellars. I cannot remember seeing any
+apartments destined for slaves at Pompeii, but from all one sees
+or hears and reads of the Roman slaves, they must have been
+treated in a manner that it is inconceivable they should have
+endured, considering their numbers, and of what they were
+generally composed--barbarian prisoners or free citizens reduced
+to servitude. We ended the _giro_ at the Villa d'Este, and
+breakfasted on the terrace; the rest of the party then retired to
+sleep and play at cards at the inn, and I started with Stupendous
+to see the remains of an ancient city, and some specimens of
+Cyclopean walls, about four or five miles off. The first place is
+called Ventidius Bassa's, because that gentleman had a villa
+there, built on the ruins of a little Cyclopean town, where there
+are still some walls standing. From thence to Mitriano, which
+must have been a large town, the vestiges still covering several
+hills, and the remains of walls being very large; there is
+nothing left but a few broken fluted columns, and one flat marble
+stone perfect, with an inscription. This jaunt was hardly worth
+the trouble.
+
+When I came back from Mitriano, I went down to the Grotto of the
+Syrens, from whence the view of the cascade is much finer than
+from the other grotto, and really grand; but the path is very
+slippery from the clouds of spray constantly falling over it. I
+did not go quite to the grotto, for Stupendous told me he had
+nearly slipped down the rock and cracked his crown; so I declined
+running that risk, but saw just as well, for I went nearly to the
+bottom.
+
+At half-past four we went to Adrian's Villa, with which I was as
+much delighted as I was disappointed with Tivoli. Nothing can be
+more picturesque than the ruins, and nothing gives such an idea
+of the grandeur of the ancient masters of the world. They are six
+miles in circumference, and the remains are considerable, though
+not very distinct, but it is very easy to perceive that they are
+the ruins of a villa, or a collection of ornamental and luxurious
+buildings, and not of a town, which from their size they might
+be. Almost all the ruins of antiquity that adorn Rome were found
+here, or in Caracalla's Baths, which latter were supplied from
+this stock--all the Albani collection, most of the Museo
+Borbonico at Naples, and half the Vatican. The Albani collection
+was made by a nephew of Clement XI., the Albani Pope. They say
+only one-fourth has been excavated. The ruins are overgrown with
+ivy and all sorts of creepers. The grounds are full of pines and
+cypresses of great size, and it is altogether one of the most
+interesting and beautiful spots I have seen in Italy. The Villa
+Adriani now belongs to Duke Braschi, nephew of Pius VI. He has
+not excavated, but the truth is that there is little temptation
+to individuals to do so. The Government have taken all the ruins
+under their protection, and no proprietor is allowed to destroy
+any part of them. So far so good, but if he digs and finds
+anything, he may not sell it; the Government reserves to itself a
+right of pre-emption, and should he be offered a large sum by any
+foreigner for any object he may find, he is not allowed to take
+it, although the Government may not choose to buy it at the same
+price. They will fix a fair, but not a fancy price, but the
+vendor is often obliged, when they do buy it, to wait many years
+for his money. Albani employed 1,000 men to excavate.
+
+We came back in a deliciously cool evening. The Duchess wanted us
+to keep with her carriage (she had a pair and we had four
+horses), for fear she should be robbed--for she had heard that
+somebody had been robbed somewhere a little while ago--which we
+promised; but our postilions set off in a gallop, we fell asleep,
+and they were left to their fate.
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+_At night._--This morning as I was sitting at Torlonia's reading
+the newspapers, a woman came in, whom Luigi Chiaveri soon after
+begged to introduce to me. She was a Mrs. Kelly, of whose history
+I had already heard, and I told Chiaveri I would assist her if I
+could. She told me her case in detail. The short of it is this:--
+She and her daughter (who is very pretty) got acquainted at
+Florence with a family of Swifts. Young Swift seeing the girl was
+good-looking, and hearing she was rich, made up to her, gained
+her affections (as they call it), and proposed to marry her. She
+agreed, provided her mother did. They came to Rome. Swift
+followed, established himself at the same inn, and wrote to the
+mother to propose himself. The mother declined. He wrote a second
+letter--same reply. He then prevailed on the girl to promise not
+to give him up, but failed in persuading her to elope with him.
+She said she would marry him when she was of age. He pressed her
+to give him a written promise to this effect before witnesses.
+After some hesitation she agreed, and one evening (having been
+previously appointed by him) she met him in another room, where
+she found a priest and two men. She signed two papers without
+reading them, heard a short form muttered over, which she did not
+understand, and then was told to run downstairs again. A few days
+after she got uneasy as to what had happened, and confessed it
+all to her mother, who immediately conceived that this was a
+marriage ceremony into which she had been inveigled. She told her
+lover what she had done, who asked her what her mother had said.
+She told him that her mother fancied that it was a marriage, but
+that she had told her it was not, when he informed her it was,
+and this was the first intimation he gave her of the sort, and
+the first time he had given her to understand that he regarded
+her as his wife. She reproached him with his duplicity and the
+imposition he had practised on her, and told him she would have
+no more to say to him. This took place in St. Peter's one Friday
+at vespers. Soon after they went to Naples, where Swift followed,
+and wrote to her mother saying he had married her daughter, and
+asking her forgiveness; that she might fancy the marriage was not
+valid, but she would find it was, having been celebrated by an
+abbé, witnessed by the nephew of a cardinal, and the certificate
+signed by a cardinal, with the knowledge of the Pope. She sent no
+answer, when he begged an interview, which she granted, and then
+he told her that he was a Catholic, and that her daughter had
+become so too, and had signed an act of abjuration of the
+Protestant religion. The mother and daughter, however, declined
+having anything to do with him, and the latter declared that she
+had never changed her religion at all. He then claimed her as his
+wife, and tried to prevail on Hill and Lushington (Sir Henry
+Lushington, Consul--the present Lord Berwick, Minister) to
+prevent their leaving Naples. They declined to interfere, and
+advised the mother to go home, and let the matter be settled
+between them in England. She took the hint and set off. He
+followed, and overtook them at Rome, and there, by representations
+to the civil and religious authorities that they were taking away
+his wife to prevent her being a Catholic, and make her relapse to
+the Protestant faith, he got them to interfere, and their
+passports were refused. Such is their story. They have nobody to
+advise, assist, or protect them.
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+I went to La Ferronays, who was all good-nature, and said he
+would go with me to Cardinal Albani; but I went first to the
+hotel and saw the girl alone, who corroborated all her mother had
+said. I wrote down her evidence, and made her sign it, and then
+went with the Ambassador to the Cardinal in the Quirinal Palace.
+The door of his cabinet was locked, but after a sort of _abbé
+suisse_ had knocked a little he came and opened it, and in we
+went. He did not recollect my name the last time I saw him, nor
+my person this. La Ferronays explained the business, with which
+he was already acquainted, partly through Kestner (the Hanoverian
+Minister) and partly through the Roman authorities, who had given
+him the case of the adventurer, for such he seems to be. The
+Cardinal seemed disposed to do nothing (Bunsen assures me he is a
+very sensible man, and right-headed and well disposed), and said
+she was married. We said, not at all. Then he hummed and hawed,
+and stammered and slobbered, and talked of the 'case being in the
+hands of the Saint Office [the Inquisition!!] under the eyes of
+his Holiness. What could he do?' We fired off a tirade against
+the infamy of the action, said that the English tribunals ought
+to decide upon the validity of the marriage, that all they wanted
+was to go home, that the man might follow and make his claim good
+if he could, and that the story (if they were detained here)
+would make a noise in England, and would be echoed back to France
+by the press of both countries, and that it was very desirable to
+avoid such a scandal. He seemed struck with this, and said it
+would be best to send them off to settle their disputes at home,
+but that they must have patience, that time was necessary and the
+case must be examined. We were obliged to be contented with this,
+and saying we were sure the case was in good hands (which I
+doubt, for he would leave it there if he dared), with many
+scrapes and compliments we took our leave. The girl has never
+dared to show her face, for fear of being carried off by the
+lover or shut up in a convent by the Grand Inquisitor, so I
+tranquillised their minds and sent them out an airing. In the
+evening I spoke to Monsignore Spada, who has promised to help to
+get up a case in Italian, if it should be wanted.
+
+Dined with M. de la Ferronays, and went to his villa (Mattei)
+afterwards. He has been perfect in this affair, full of
+prompt kindness; but what a Government! how imbecile, how
+superannuated!--a Minister of ninety almost, a sovereign of whom
+all that can be said is that he is a great canonist, and all that
+little bubbling and boiling of priestery and monkery, which is at
+once odious, mischievous, and contemptible, a sort of extinct
+volcano, all the stink of the sulphur without any of the
+splendour of the eruption. They want the French again sadly.
+English subjects detained by the Inquisition in 1830!! La
+Ferronays advised me to ask the Pope for a moment of audience,
+and to request him to see the girl himself, and interrogate her,
+and learn the truth, of the case.
+
+I had just done writing the above when a note came from La
+Ferronays with the passports for the Kellys, which Albani had
+sent him, so I had only to thank the Cardinal instead of
+mentioning it to the Pope. I did not think he would have been so
+quick. How enchanted they will be to-morrow morning!
+
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+May 29th, 1830 {p.382}
+
+At ten Kestner called for Lovaine and me, and we went to the
+Pope.[7] His Court is by no means despicable. A splendid suite of
+apartments at the Quirinal with a very decent attendance of Swiss
+Guards, Guardie Nobili, Chamberlains--generally ecclesiastics--
+dressed in purple, valets in red from top to toe, of Spanish cut,
+and in the midst of all a barefooted Capuchin. After waiting a
+few minutes, we were introduced to the presence of the Pope by
+the Chamberlain, who knelt as he showed us in. The Pope was alone
+at the end of a very long and handsome apartment, sitting under a
+canopy of state in an arm-chair, with a table before him covered
+with books and papers, a crucifix, and a snuff-box. He received
+us most graciously, half rising and extending his hand, which we
+all kissed. His dress was white silk, and very dirty, a white
+silk skullcap, red silk shoes with an embroidered cross, which
+the faithful kiss. He is a very nice, squinting old twaddle, and
+we liked him. He asked us if we spoke Italian, and when we
+modestly answered, a little, he began in the most desperately
+unintelligible French I ever heard; so that, though no doubt he
+said many excellent things, it was nearly impossible to
+comprehend any of them; but he talked with interest of our King's
+health, of the antiquities, and Vescovali, of Lucien Buonaparte
+and his extortion (for his curiosities), said when he was
+Cardinal he used to go often to Vescovali. He is, in fact, a
+connoisseur. Talked of quieting religious dissensions in England
+and the Catholic question; and when I said, 'Très-Saint Père, le
+Roi mon maître n'a pas de meilleurs sujets que ses sujets
+catholiques,' his eyes whirled round in their sockets like
+teetotums, and he grinned from ear to ear. After about a quarter
+of an hour he bade us farewell: we kissed his hand and backed out
+again. We then went to the Cardinal, whom I thanked warmly for
+his prompt attention to my request in having given the passports
+to _my protégées_. It is the etiquette in the Court of the
+Quirinal for the servants to descend from behind the carriage,
+and the horses to go a foot pace.
+
+      [7] [The Pope was Pius VIII. (Francisco Xavierio
+          Castiglioni), whose reign was a very short one, for he
+          succeeded Leo XII. in March 1829, and was succeeded by
+          Gregory XVI. in December, 1830.]
+
+After this audience I took the passport to the Kellys. The mother
+was in bed, but the girl came to me in a transport of gratitude
+and joy. They went off in the evening to Florence. La Ferronays
+advised me to send them off directly, for fear the priests should
+begin to stir in the matter and raise fresh obstacles.
+
+In the afternoon went to Gibson's, the sculptor. He is very
+simple and intelligent, and appears to be devoted to his art.
+There is a magnificent Venus, composed from various models, like
+Zeuxis's statue of Juno at Crotona.
+
+          Quando Zeusi l'immagine far volse
+          Che par dovea nel tempio di Giunone,
+          E tante belle nude insieme accolse,
+          E per una farne in perfezione,
+          Da chi, una parte, e da chi, un' altra tolse.
+
+
+May 31st, 1830 {p.383}
+
+Yesterday the advocate to whom I had advised Mrs. Kelly to go
+came to me, and said he could not understand what she said, and
+she had desired him to call on me. I told him the story, and he
+said he would look into it and see what was to be done. I had
+advised her before she went to consult an Italian lawyer as to
+the necessary steps to be taken here in order to prove the
+invalidity of the marriage in England. This man, whose name is
+Dottore Belli, was recommended to me by Monsignore Spada as a
+clever lawyer, and particularly good for the case, because
+brother of one of the judges (or other officer) in the Vicar-General's
+court. But I suppose he has less influence over the brother than
+the brother over him, for this morning he sent me a very civil
+but formal letter, saying 'the parties were married, and had
+abjured after instruction received'--evidently a letter dictated
+by the court or by his brother, or at all events by some
+ecclesiastical interest. They evidently want to make the marriage
+good to save their own credit, but there is a great mystery in
+the whole affair. Cardinal Weld told La Ferronays that they had
+not yet found the priest who had performed the ceremony. Bunsen
+at my request undertook to enquire into the affair, but up to the
+present moment (June 13th) he has only made the case more
+confused and inexplicable.[8]
+
+      [8] The conclusion of this affair is not less curious than
+          its commencement. The parties returned to this country.
+          Swift sued Miss Kelly in the Ecclesiastical Court for
+          the restitution of conjugal rights. After much delay
+          the case was elaborately argued before Sir John
+          Nicholl, who at very great length pronounced judgment
+          against the validity of the marriage. Swift appealed to
+          the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, when the
+          sentence of the Court below was reversed, and the
+          ceremony at Rome decided to be a good and binding
+          marriage. The parties were thus irrevocably made man
+          and wife, and after some time had elapsed their mutual
+          friends and relations set on foot a negotiation for a
+          reconciliation, and eventually Miss Kelly agreed to
+          live with Mr. Swift, on condition that the marriage
+          ceremony should be regularly performed, which was
+          accordingly done: certain settlements were made, and
+          they are now (for all I know to the contrary) living
+          happily and harmoniously together. [The further
+          proceedings in this cause are described in the second
+          volume of this Journal, when they came before the Privy
+          Council.]
+
+[Page Head: SAINT-MAKING]
+
+To-day there was a grand ceremony of the transportation of the
+standard of a new saint (that is, one made about fifty years ago)
+from St. Peter's to San Lorenzo in Lucina, his own church. This
+saint is San Francisco Carraccioli, a Neapolitan. All the
+peasantry came in, covered with religious gewgaws, and the
+streets were crowded. There was a balcony at the Cardinal's as
+for the Girandola, but the Duc de Dalberg and I went to the
+Piazza di San Pietro, and saw it there; it was curious. First
+came the guards; then the footmen of the cardinals in State
+liveries, four for each, carrying torches; the clergy of various
+orders with chandeliers, crucifixes, immense crosses, standards,
+and all with torches; a long file of Jesuits, whose appearance
+was remarkable, so humble and absorbed did they look; bands of
+music and soldiers, the whole reaching from the door of
+St. Peter's to the other side of the Castle of St. Angelo. This
+procession made the _giro_ of the city, for we fell in with it
+again in the Piazza della Colonna two hours afterwards. The
+Church of San Lorenzo and the adjoining houses were illuminated,
+and there was a picture, inscription, &c., stuck up over the
+door. The Cardinal Galetti, who is the patron of this order,
+asked the General of the Jesuits to send some of his flock to
+swell the procession, which he was desirous of making as
+brilliant as possible. The General excused himself on the ground
+that the Jesuits were not in the habit of attending processions.
+The Cardinal complained to the Pope of the General's refusal. The
+next time the Pope saw him (he goes once a week to the Quirinal
+to make his report), after discussing all their matters of
+business and giving him the benediction, just as he was leaving
+the room, the Pope called after him, 'O reverend Father, I hope
+you will not send less than a hundred of your Jesuits to the
+procession to-morrow.' The General was thunderstruck, but obliged
+to obey. This ecclesiastical anecdote makes a noise here. The
+present General is a Belgian, and a man of great ability. The
+Jesuits have a college here, and a seminary; a hundred in the
+one, and three hundred in the other.
+
+The process of saint-making is extremely curious. There are three
+grades of saintship: the first, for which I forget the name,
+requires irreproachable moral conduct; the second (beatification),
+two well-proved miracles; the third (sanctification), three. It
+costs an immense sum of money to effect the whole, in some cases
+as much as 100,000 piastres. The process begins by an application
+to the Pope, on the part of the relatives of the candidate, or on
+that of the confraternity, if they belong to a religious order.
+The Pope refers the question to a tribunal, and the claimants are
+obliged to appear with their proofs, which are severely
+scrutinised, and the miracles are only admitted upon the
+production of the most satisfactory evidence. Individuals
+continually subscribe for this purpose, particularly for members
+of religious orders, in order to increase the honour or glory of
+the society. These trials last many years, sometimes for
+centuries. There is a Princess of Sardinia, sister of the late
+King, who died lately, and they want to make a saint of her. The
+money (estimated at 100,000 piastres) is ready, but they cannot
+rout out a miracle by any means, so that they are at a dead
+stand-still before the second step. Nobody can be sanctified till
+two hundred years after their death, but they may arrive at the
+previous grades before that, and the proofs may be adduced and
+registered.
+
+
+June 1st, 1830 {p.386}
+
+Yesterday news came of the change in the French Ministry,[9] of
+which La Ferronays knew nothing the night before, and from which
+Dalberg anticipates an increase of desperate measures on the part
+of the Court. Went in the morning to Gibson's; in the evening to
+the Orti Sallustiani, one of the many objects here not worth
+seeing, though they show two great holes in a wall, which they
+call the Campo Scelerato, and they say it is the place where the
+frail vestals were buried. Coming back we met the Pope taking a
+drive--two coaches-and-four, with guards and outriders. We got
+out of the carriage and took off our hats, and our _laquais de
+place_ dropped on his knees. The Pope was in white, two people
+sitting opposite to him, and as he passed he scattered a
+blessing. All persons kneel when he appears--that is, all
+Catholics. The equipage was not brilliant. To the Corsini Villa,
+the gardens of which are some of the shadiest and most agreeable
+in Rome, but nobody inhabits the palace. The Corsinis live at
+Florence, and when they come here they lodge elsewhere, for the
+malaria, they say, occupies their domain. Thus it is that between
+poverty and malaria Rome is deserted by its great men. But the
+population ought to be increasing, for almost every woman one
+meets is with child. Gell denies the malaria, says he should not
+mind living where they say it is dangerous to live; but can this
+be matter of opinion?
+
+      [9] [Charles X. had signed the decree for the dissolution
+          of the existing Chamber of Deputies on the 16th of May:
+          on the 19th of May another ordinance appointed M. de
+          Chantelauze to the Ministry of Justice, M. de Peyronnet
+          to the Interior, M. de Montbel to the Finances, and M.
+          Capelle to the Department of Public Works. These
+          appointments, more especially that of M. de Peyronnet,
+          were deemed in the highest degree hostile to the
+          Liberal party.]
+
+[Page Head: SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA]
+
+In the evening looked into the Church and Piazza of San Lorenzo
+in Lucina. The church is hung with drapery, adorned with statues,
+and illuminated by innumerable wax candles. The piazza is
+illuminated too, and drapery hung out from the windows. There
+were crowds of people, lines of chairs, and boys bawling to the
+people to come and sit upon them; others selling lemonade, others
+the life and exploits of the saint on penny papers; a band of
+military music on a scaffolding, and guards patrolling about.
+Between the intervals of the band the bells, in discordant
+chorus, regaled 'the ears of the groundlings.' This strange,
+discordant scene, the foundation of which is religious, but which
+has but little of the appearance of religion in it, lasts eight
+successive days, and costs a vast sum of money--they say 9,000
+scudi--the greatest part of which is furnished by the Government.
+It probably answers some end, for it is difficult to conceive
+that any Government, even this, should spend money, of which they
+have so little to spare, on these fooleries while poverty
+overspreads the land. This ceremony has not taken place before
+for a hundred years. The sight is certainly very gay. Close by,
+in the Palazzo Mani, is a theatre of marionettes, who play a
+comedy of Goldoni. The Duke Fiani lets part of his palace for
+this purpose. What an exhibition of wretchedness! He reserves a
+box which his servants let to anybody, whether on his account or
+their own I don't know.
+
+_Evening._--Went before dinner to the Villa Madama, a ruined
+villa belonging to the royal house of Naples, with fine paintings
+still on the walls and ceilings, the vestiges of former luxury,
+and a capital view of Rome, the Tiber, the Milvian Bridge, and
+the mountains. After dinner to the San Gregorio to see the
+frescoes, the 'Martyrdom of St. Andrew,' the rival frescoes of
+Guido and Domenichino, and afterwards drove about till dark, when
+we went to a most extraordinary performance--that of the
+Flagellants. I had heard of it, and had long been curious to
+assist at it. The church was dimly lit by a few candles on the
+altar, the congregation not numerous. There was a service, the
+people making the responses, after which a priest, or one of the
+attendants of the church, went round with a bundle of whips of
+knotted cord, and gave one to each person who chose to take it. I
+took mine, but my companion laughed so at seeing me gravely
+accept the whip, that he was obliged to hide his face in his
+hands, and was passed over. In a few minutes the candles were
+extinguished, and we were left in total darkness. Then an
+invisible preacher began exhorting his hearers to whip themselves
+severely, and as he went on his vehemence and passion increased.
+Presently a loud smacking was heard all round the church, which
+continued a few minutes; then the preacher urged us to fresh
+exertions, and crack went the whips again louder and faster than
+before as he exhorted. The faithful flogged till a bell rang; the
+whips stopped, in a few minutes the candles were lit again, and
+the priest came round and collected his cords. I had squeezed
+mine in my hands, so that he did not see it, and I brought it
+away with me. As soon as the candles were extinguished the doors
+were locked, so that nobody could go out or come in till the
+discipline was over. I was rather nervous when we were locked up
+in total darkness, but nobody whipped me, and I certainly did not
+whip myself. A more extraordinary thing (for sight it can't be
+called) I never witnessed. I don't think the people stripped,
+nor, if they did, that the cords could have hurt them much. From
+thence to St. Peter's, where we found the _quarant' ore_ and the
+high altar illuminated with heaps of candles. Only a few lights
+scattered at a great distance through the rest of the church,
+very few people there; but the dim light, the deep shades, the
+vast space, and the profound stillness were sublime. Certainly
+nothing in the world can approach St. Peter's, and it always
+presents something new to admire.
+
+From St. Peter's to the Vatican, to see the statues by
+torchlight. The effect is wonderful, and totally unlike that
+which is produced by day. The finest statues unquestionably gain
+the most, and it is easy, after seeing this, to understand why
+most of the best are found in the baths; a better notion, too,
+may be formed of their magnificence. It would seem as if some
+statues had been formed expressly to be thus exhibited. There is
+a mutilated statue they call a Niobe (God knows why), with
+drapery blown back by the wind and appearing quite transparent.
+This effect cannot be produced by daylight.
+
+
+[Page Head: BUNSEN'S ACCOUNT OF ROME]
+
+June 2nd, 1830
+
+Called on Bunsen, who has not yet got an answer from the agent he
+sent to the office of the Grand Vicar. I had a long conversation
+with him about the expediency of appointing an English Minister
+or agent of some sort at Rome, which he thinks very desirable and
+very feasible, upon the same plan on which the diplomatic
+relations of Prussia with Rome are conducted, and which he says
+go on very smoothly, and without embarrassment or inconvenience.
+There is good faith on both sides. The Catholic bishops do not
+attempt to deceive the Government, and he thinks that the Court
+of Rome does not attempt to hold any clandestine intercourse with
+the Prussian States. He says Albani is a sensible man; that the
+cardinals are bigoted and prejudiced, hostile to England, and
+most of them forgetful of all the See of Rome owes to our
+country; but they are still aware that, in the hour of danger, it
+is to England and the Protestant countries they must look for
+protection, as they found it when Austria wanted to strip them of
+the March of Ancona. He thinks there is much superstition among
+the lower classes, little religion among any, great immorality in
+all; the same desire of intriguing and extending its influence
+which the Romish Church has always had, but with very diminished
+means and resources. The Inquisition is still active in
+repressing heresy among Roman subjects, but not venturing to
+meddle with the opinions of foreigners. Its principles and its
+forms are the same as in former times. He says we have an
+inefficient Consul at Ancona, who was put in by Canning on
+account of his Liverpool connections. It would be very desirable
+to establish a regular Protestant church in Rome, with an able
+and permanent minister; but there is only an occasional church,
+with anybody who will serve in it, and who is paid by the
+congregation; but such a man is totally unable to cope with the
+Catholic preachers, and consequently many converts are made to
+the Catholic religion. A Consul-General at Rome might answer the
+purpose of an agent, and, without being an accredited Minister,
+perform all the functions of one. This was the pith of what he
+said, besides a great deal about the Catholic religion itself,
+its inferiority to the Reformed, its incompatibility with free
+institutions, and a good deal more, not much to the purpose.
+Bunsen is a man of very considerable information, learned, very
+obliging, and communicative, sensible, moderate, but rather
+prejudiced. At this moment he is full of the French expedition
+[to Algiers], and their colonising projects, of which he is
+thoroughly persuaded and not a little afraid.
+
+The Duc de Dalberg told me that at the Congress of Vienna he was
+deputed to speak to Consalvi about ceding the March of Ancona to
+the Austrians. He answered, 'My dear Duke, the Congress can treat
+us as it pleases. If we are pressed, we must retreat to the
+walls; further we cannot go, and we are there already.' The
+Cardinal afterwards spoke to the Emperor, and the next day
+Metternich said he had orders from the Emperor to declare that he
+would take nothing from the Pontifical States without the free
+concurrence of the Pope; so there ended that question.
+
+[Page Head: FRASCATI]
+
+_At night._--Just returned from Frascati with Henry de Ros--a
+very agreeable expedition. We went to the inn, a most execrable
+hotel, but dined very well on a repast we had the foresight to
+take with us. Before dinner went to the Villa Conti, which has a
+delicious garden, with fine trees and ample shade, and one of the
+prettiest falls of water I have seen. The house we did not enter,
+but it appeared small. To the Villa Marconi, without any garden,
+but a capital house, and the only one which looks well kept and
+inhabited. The Marconi house in the Conti garden would be
+perfect. After dinner to Tusculum, a beautiful walk under shade,
+with magnificent views over the Campagna on one side and Monte
+Cavo, Rocca di Papa, and the Prati d'Annibale on the other. The
+remains at Tusculum are next to nothing, part of a theatre, of an
+aqueduct, and of the walls. I believe the town was destroyed by
+Pope Celestine III. (1191), in order to extirpate a band of
+robbers which had long infested the country and made Tusculum
+their stronghold. All the country hereabout is beautiful, and the
+air excellent, so that a more perfect residence cannot be
+imagined. To the Villa Belvidere, belonging to Prince Aldobrandini,
+deserted and neglected, but very enjoyable, full of childish
+waterworks, but a good house, which is to be hired for £150 a
+year, and might be made very comfortable. Here is Mount
+Parnassus, and the water turns an organ, and so makes Apollo and
+the Muses utter horrid sounds, and a Triton has a horn which he
+is made to blow, producing a very discordant noise. I fell in
+with Lady Sandwich, and went back to tea with her at a villa
+which belonged to the Cardinal York. There are the royal arms of
+England, a bust of the Cardinal, and a picture of his father or
+brother. We also went to the Rufinella, whence the view is
+extremely fine; this was Lucien Buonaparte's villa, and the scene
+of the capture of a painter and a steward by the banditti, who
+carried them off from the door of the villa and took them into
+the Abruzzi, which may be descried from the terrace. The cicerone
+who went with us (a tiresome and chattering fellow) told us that
+he had attended Queen Caroline, that they had come to him for
+evidence against her, and he had declared he knew nothing; but he
+said he could have deposed to some things unfavourable to her,
+having seen her and Bergami together and witnessed their
+familiarity.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROTESTANT STATES AND ROME]
+
+June 4th, 1830 {p.391}
+
+Yesterday rode round the walls. In the evening to the Vatican,
+and afterwards to Bunsen's. He gave me his memorandum to read,
+which is contained in a letter to Wilmot Horton of the 28th of
+December, 1828, upon the settlement of the Catholic question, and
+his view of the mode in which it might be done. He approves of
+Wilmot's plan, not knowing at that time that the Duke had
+resolved to grant unqualified emancipation. In this paper he
+describes the existing arrangements between the other Protestant
+Powers and the Court of Rome, and states in what manner he thinks
+we might pursue a similar course. It is well done, and his ideas
+appear to me very clear and sound. It is pretty evident that we
+should meet with no difficulties here, and that they would
+practically agree to everything we should require, provided we
+did not insist upon their doing so in specific terms. Our
+difficulties would arise from the extreme parties at home--the
+ultra-Catholics and the ultra-Protestants--but a steady hand
+might steer betwixt them both. Bunsen describes what has been
+done in Prussia, Hanover, Netherlands, and the minor German
+States; the Prussian arrangements appear to be the wisest. When
+the King of Prussia began to negotiate, he did not allow his
+Ministers to enter upon any discussion of principles, nor to ask
+for any express sanction of the _status quo_. On the other hand
+he did not prescribe to the Church of Rome the canonical form in
+which an express or tacit acknowledgment of the claims and rights
+of the Crown was to be made as to the secularisation of Church
+property. The Netherlands went on a different plan, and framed a
+constitution of the Roman Catholic Church in their dominions,
+called a Pragmatic Sanction, which they wanted the Pope to
+acknowledge. The Hanoverian Government also wished to conclude a
+formal treaty, and oblige the Pope to sanction certain civil
+regulations concerning Church government. He observes that the
+Court of Rome will appear ignorant of, and thus tacitly
+acknowledge, many things which it never will nor can expressly
+sanction and approve.
+
+Throughout Germany, both Catholic and Protestant, all
+correspondence between the clergy and the Pope goes through the
+Government by the law of the country--all matters public and
+private--the Pope's bulls and briefs are returned in the same
+way; and whenever any of these contain expressions which run
+against the national laws, the _placet regium_ is only given with
+clauses reserving the rights of the Crown, and annulling what is
+irreconcilable with the civil law. The Court of Rome is quite
+aware of this practice, and the legations of Bavaria and Austria,
+as well as those of Prussia and Hanover, present the respective
+petitions of their clergy through their Roman agents. Bunsen says
+nothing can be practically more established, but that no
+consideration would induce the Pope formally to sanction the
+practice in a treaty.
+
+In the arrangements respecting the appointment of bishops and
+dignitaries, Prussia proposed the establishment of chapters, with
+the same right of election which had existed before the French
+Revolution. The smaller States of Germany followed a similar
+plan. Hanover proposed and obtained a veto. The chapter presents
+a list; the Government strikes out any name, but must leave two,
+out of which the chapter may elect, but in case of irregularity
+or inconvenience the chapter may make a second list. The
+Netherlands have the same system of limited veto and second list,
+and the confidential brief in addition.[10] The chapters have the
+right of election, the Pope of confirmation, by canonical
+institution as the necessary condition of the bishop's consecration;
+but besides a confidential brief was agreed on desiring the
+chapter not to elect as bishop a person 'minus gratam serenissimo
+regi;' this ensures respect to the royal recommendation.
+
+     [10] [These facts, originally suggested by Bunsen at Rome to
+          Mr. Greville were afterwards used by him as the basis
+          of his argument for the establishment of diplomatic
+          relations with the Court of Rome in his book on the
+          'Policy of England to Ireland,' published in 1845.]
+
+
+June 5th, 1830 {p.393}
+
+Yesterday morning called on M. de la Ferronays, but only saw him
+for a minute, for the Austrian Ambassador arrived, and I was
+obliged to go. He is in great alarm as well as sorrow at the
+appointment of M. de Peyronnet[11] and the aspect of affairs in
+France. He told me that he had so little idea of this appointment
+that he would have guessed anybody rather than that man, who was
+so odious that he had been rejected for three successive places,
+for the representation of which he had stood when he was
+Minister; that Villèle, with all his influence, could not get him
+elected; and that in the Chamber of Peers he had been so
+intemperate that he had been repeatedly called to order, a thing
+which hardly ever occurred; that the Government had evidently
+thrown away the scabbard by naming him on the eve of a general
+election, and thus offering a sort of insult to the whole nation;
+that it rendered his own position here very disagreeable,
+although his was an ecclesiastical and not a political mission,
+and that he in fact considered it only as an honourable retreat;
+yet he had written to Polignac the moment the news reached him,
+saying that if he considered him as in the least degree
+implicated politically with his Government he should immediately
+resign, and that if he found by his answer that he looked upon
+him as in the remotest degree connected with their measures he
+should instantly retire. I saw Dalberg afterwards, who appears to
+me deeply alarmed. He looks with anxiety to the Duke of
+Wellington as the only man whose authority or interference can
+arrest the French Ministry in the career which must plunge France
+into a civil war, if not create a general war in Europe. He
+believes that Metternich and the Austrians are backing up Charles
+X., and that, in case of any troubles, they will, in virtue of
+the Treaty of Chaumont, pour troops into France. His hope, then,
+is that the Duke will interpose and prevent this Austrian
+interference.
+
+     [11] [M. de Peyronnet was the Garde des Sceaux in the
+          Polignac Cabinet: he was considered one of the most
+          reactionary members of that ill-fated Administration.]
+
+When La Ferronays told Polignac his opinion of the course he was
+beginning, the other only said, 'Mon cher, tu ne connais pas le
+pays.' The King told Dalberg himself that he would rather labour
+for his bread than be King of England; that it was not being a
+king. In his presence, too, he asked General ----, the Governor
+of Paris, what was the disposition of the troops, and he
+answered, 'Excellent, sir; I have been in all the _casernes_, and
+they desire nothing so much as to fight for your Majesty;' and
+such words as these the King swallows and acts upon. Their
+confidence, audacity, and presumption are certainly admirable,
+disdaining any art and management, and apparently anxious to
+bring about a crisis with the least possible delay.
+
+
+[Page Head: POLIGNAC AND VILLÈLE]
+
+June 7th, 1830 {p.394}
+
+Drove about yesterday taking leave of people and places, the
+former of which I probably shall, and the latter shall not, see
+again. I have seen almost everything, but leave Rome with great
+regret, principally because I am afraid I shall never come again.
+If I was sure of returning I should not mind it.
+
+_Three o'clock._--Have determined to stay till after the Corpus
+Domini. Called on the Cardinal, who received me _à bras ouverts_,
+was full of civilities, and reconducted me to the outward room;
+talked of the Catholics and of the anxiety of his Government to
+see relations established with ours. I was obliged to go and take
+leave of him, for Bruti brought me a message full of politeness
+and a letter to convey to the Nuncio at Paris. Then to La
+Ferronays, who says, as does Dalberg, that he is persuaded it
+will end by the recall of Villèle to the Ministry, a compromise
+that all parties will be glad to make--that he has had the
+prudence to decline being a party to Polignac's Administration,
+and when he is called to form one he will have nothing to say to
+Polignac.[12] It certainly will be curious if Villèle, after
+being driven from the Government with universal execration, and
+almost proscribed, should in two years be recalled by the general
+voice as the only man who can save France from anarchy and civil
+war. La Ferronays says that Villèle is not a great Minister, but
+a clever man, with great ingenuity and the art of management. He
+wishes to be thought like Pitt, who was also obliged to quit the
+Ministry, and afterwards resumed it; and he considers Polignac as
+his Addington, not that the resemblance holds good in any of the
+particulars, either of the men, or the times, or the circumstances.
+
+     [12] [M. de Villèle had come to Paris from his country seat
+          in April, and a secret attempt had been made to bring
+          him back to power. Prince Polignac offered him a seat
+          in the Cabinet, but showed no disposition to make way
+          for him. The King feared Villèle and preferred
+          Polignac. Yet if M. de Villèle had then returned to
+          power, he would probably have saved the monarchy and
+          changed the course of events in Europe. (See Duvergier
+          de Hauranne, 'Histoire du Gouvernement parlementaire en
+          France,' tome x. p. 468; for a narration of these
+          transactions.)]
+
+
+June 8th, 1830 {p.395}
+
+Last night to the La Ferronays', when the Princess Aldobrandini
+was so delighted with the anecdote of my horse-shoe that she is
+gone off to the Pantheon to look at it. It was a full moon and a
+clear night, so I went to the Coliseum, and passed an hour there.
+I never saw it so well; the moon rode above without a cloud, but
+with a brilliant planet close to her; there was not a breath of
+air, not a human being near but the soldiers at the gates below,
+and the monk above with me; not a sound was heard but those
+occasional noises of the night, the bark of a dog, the chimes
+from churches and convents, the chirp of a bird, which only
+served to make silence audible. Though I have seen the Coliseum a
+dozen times before, I never was so delighted with its beauty and
+grandeur as to-night. No description in poetry or painting can do
+it justice; it is a 'wreck of ruinous perfection,' whose charm
+must be felt, and on such a night as this. The measures which the
+Government have taken to save the Coliseum from destruction will
+certainly accomplish that end, but its picturesque appearance
+will be greatly damaged. There is no part of the ruin which is
+not already supported by some modern brickwork, and they are
+building a wall which will nearly surround it. If they had been
+more selfish they would have left it to moulder away, and
+posterity to grumble over their stinginess or indifference. I am
+always tossed backwards and forwards between admiration of the
+Coliseum and St. Peter's, and admire most that which I see last.
+They are certainly 'magis pares quam similes,' but worth
+everything else in Italy put together, except Paestum.
+
+[Page Head: EXCOMMUNICATION OF A THIEF]
+
+To-day the spiritual arms of the Church are to be fulminated
+against a sinner in a case which is rather curious. There are two
+brothers who live at a place called Genezzano, in two adjoining
+houses, which formerly formed but one, belonging to the Colonna
+family, of whom the progenitors of these men bought it. A short
+time ago a man came to the brothers, and told them that in a
+particular spot on the premises there was a treasure concealed,
+the particulars of which he had learned from a memorandum in the
+papers of the Colonna family, to which he had got access, and he
+proposed to discover the same to them, if they would give him a
+part of it. They agreed, when he told them that under a little
+column built against a wall they would find a flat brick,
+covering a hole, in which was an earthen pot containing 2,000
+ducats in gold. The column was there, so at night the brothers
+set to work to take it down, and beneath it they found the flat
+stone as described. When one of them (an apothecary) said to the
+other that, after all, it was probably an invention, that they
+should be laughed at for their pains, and he thought they had
+better give up the search, the other (who must be a great flat)
+said, 'Very well,' and they retired to bed. In the morning the
+apothecary told the other that in the night he could not help
+thinking of this business, and that his curiosity had induced him
+to get up and dig on, and that he had actually found the pot, but
+nothing in it. The other, flat as he was, could not stand this,
+and, on examining the pot, he found marks which, on further
+investigation, turned out to be indications of coin having been
+in it. The thief stuck to his story, so the dupe complained, and,
+as the presumption is considered to be strongly against him, they
+are going to try what excommunication will do. It is remarkable
+that they asked this man if he would swear upon the Host that he
+had not found any money, and this he refused to do, though he
+continued to deny it and to decline restitution. He was accounted
+a very religious man, and these were religious scruples, which,
+however, were not incompatible with robbery and fraud. His
+refusal to swear was taken as a moral evidence of guilt, and he
+was to be excommunicated to-day.
+
+
+June 9th, 1830 {p.397}
+
+Saw Torlonia's house; very fine, and the only one in Rome which
+is comfortably furnished, and looks as if it was inhabited. A
+great many good pictures, and Canova's Hercules and Lycus, which
+I do not admire. In the evening to the Convent of SS. Giovanni e
+Paolo, which is remarkably clean and well kept. There are
+forty-five friars (Passionisti), whose vows were not irrevocable,
+and, though the cases do not often occur, they can lay aside the
+habit if they please. They live on charity. In their garden is a
+beautiful palm, one of three which grow in Rome. They have
+several apartments for strangers who may like to retire to the
+convent for a few days, which are very decently furnished, clean,
+and not uncomfortable. They were at supper when I got there, so
+I went to look at them. They eat in silence at two long tables
+like those in our college halls, and instead of conversation they
+were entertained by some passages of the life of St. Ignatius,
+which a friar was reading from a pulpit. Their supper seemed by
+no means despicable, for I met a smoking _frittura_ which looked
+and smelt very good, and the table was covered with bread, fruit,
+vegetables, and wine. But they fast absolutely three times a
+week, and whip themselves (_la disciplina_) three others. They
+teach theology and _la dogmatica_, and there is a library
+containing (they told me) books of all sorts, though their
+binding (for I only saw them through a trellis) looked desperately
+theological. At night to a very fine _feu d'artifice_ in the
+Piazza San Lorenzo, which ended the festivities in honour of San
+Francisco Caraccioli, whose name appeared emblazoned amidst
+rockets and squibs and crackers, and the uproarious delight of
+the mob. Afterwards to the Pantheon to see it by moonlight, but
+the moon was not exactly over the roof, so it failed, but the
+effect of the partial light and the stars above was fine with the
+torches below half hid behind the columns.
+
+
+June 10th, 1830 {p.398}
+
+I thought I had seen everything here worth seeing, yet, though I
+have been several times to the Capitol, I have somehow missed
+seeing the Palazzo dei Conservatori, containing the famous wolf
+that suckled Romulus and Remus, in bronze, said to have been
+struck by lightning (of which it bears all the marks) the day
+Julius Caesar was killed; the boy picking the thorn from his
+foot; the statue of the first Brutus; the geese of the Capitol
+(which are more like ducks); and the Fasti Consulares. It just
+occurred to me in time, and I went there yesterday morning. After
+dinner to the Villa Ludovisi with the Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis,
+which must owe its celebrity principally to the difficulty of
+getting access to it. I was extremely disappointed; Guercino's
+'Aurora' is not to be compared to Guido's; his 'Day' and 'Night'
+are very fine, and the 'Fame' magnificent, but the ladies bustled
+through so rapidly that it was not possible to examine anything.
+The gardens are large, but all straight walks and clipped hedges.
+The gallery of statues contains three or four fine things, but
+they are huddled together and their effect spoilt.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROCESSION OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI]
+
+June 11th, 1830 {p.399}
+
+Whilst the carriage is getting ready I may as well scribble the
+last day at Rome. And this morning went at eight to the Palazzo
+Accoramboni, to see the procession of the Corpus Domini, and was
+disappointed. This Palazzo Accoramboni, in which we were
+accommodated, belonged to a very rich old man, who was married to
+a young and pretty wife. He died and left her all his fortune,
+but, suspecting that she was attached to a young man who used to
+frequent the house, he made the bequest conditional upon her not
+marrying again, and if she did the whole property was to go to
+some religious order. She was fool enough (and the man too) to
+marry, but clandestinely. She had two children, and this brought
+the marriage to light. They therefore lost the property,
+amounting to £10,000 or £12,000 a year; but the Pope, in his vast
+generosity, allows her out of it 300 piastres (about £65) a year,
+and gives a portion of 1,000 piastres (£200) to each of the
+little girls. It is supposed that she consulted some priest, who
+urged her to marry secretly, and then revealed the fact to the
+order interested. Otherwise it is difficult to account for their
+folly.
+
+The magnificence of ceremonies and processions here depends upon
+the locality, and the awnings and flowers round the piazza spoilt
+it all. It was long and rather tiresome--all the monks and
+religious orders in Rome, the cardinals and the Pope, plenty of
+wax-lights, banners, and crosses, the crosses of Constantine and
+Charlemagne. The former is not genuine; that of Charlemagne is
+really the one he gave to the See. The Pope looks as if he was
+huddled into a short bed, and his throne, or whatever it is
+called, is ill managed. He is supposed to be in the act of
+adoration of the Host, which is raised before him, but as he
+cannot kneel for such a length of time, he sits covered with
+drapery, and with a pair of false legs stuck out behind to give
+his figure the appearance of kneeling. Before him are borne the
+triple crown and other Pontifical ornaments. The Guardia Nobile,
+commanded by Prince Barberini, looked very handsome, and all the
+troops _en très-belle tenue_. All the Ambassadors and foreigners
+were in this palace, and from it we flocked to St. Peter's, which
+is always a curious sight on these occasions from the multitudes
+in it and the variety of their appearance and occupation--
+cardinals, princes, princesses, mixed up with footmen, pilgrims,
+and peasants. Here, Mass going on at an altar, and crowds
+kneeling round it; there, the Host deposited amidst a peal of
+music at another; in several corners, cardinals dressing or
+undressing, for they all take off the costume they wore in the
+procession and resume their scarlet robes in the church; men
+hurrying about with feathers, banners, and other paraphernalia of
+the day, the peasantry in their holiday attire, and crowds of
+curious idlers staring about. All this is wonderfully amusing,
+and is a scene which presents itself in continual variety. Went
+afterwards and took leave of all my friends--La Ferronays,
+Dalbergs, Bunsens, Lovaines, &c.--and at seven, to my great
+sorrow, left Rome. But as I do all that superstition dictates, I
+drank in the morning a glass of water at the Fountain of Trevi,
+for they say that nobody ever drinks of the Fountain of Trevi
+without returning to Rome.
+
+The road about Narni and Augustus's Bridge is beautifully
+picturesque. I set off directly to the cascade, with which I was
+as much delighted as I was disappointed with that of Tivoli. It
+is difficult to conceive anything more magnificent than the whole
+of this scenery.
+
+
+[Page Head: FALLS OF TERNI]
+
+Florence, June 10th, 1830 {p.400}
+
+The horses were announced, and I was obliged to break off my
+account of Terni and resume it here, where I arrived after a
+tedious journey of forty hours, from Rome.
+
+Most people are dragged up the mountain by _bovi_, see the upper
+part of the fall, and walk down. But as the _bovi_ were not at
+hand, I reversed the usual order, walked to the bottom, and then
+toiled to the top. The walk, which is lovely, lies through the
+grounds of a count, who has a house close to the Nera (the Nera
+(Nar) is the river into which the Velino runs, and in which there
+is very good trout fishing), where the Queen of England once
+lived for a month. At the different points of view are little
+cabins (which would be very picturesque if they were less rudely
+constructed) for the accommodation of artists and other
+travellers. This gentleman has got a house which he reserves for
+the use of artists, of which there are always several on the spot
+during the summer. They pay nothing for the accommodation, but
+each is obliged to leave a drawing when he goes away; and by this
+means he has got an interesting collection, of the scenery of
+Terni. Nothing can be more accurate, as well as beautiful, than
+Byron's description of the cascade, and it is wonderful in his
+magnificent poetry, how he has kept his imagination within the
+bounds of truth, and neither added a circumstance nor lavished an
+epithet to which it is not entitled.
+
+         Horribly beautiful! but on the verge
+         From side to side, beneath the glittering morn,
+         An Iris sits amidst the infernal surge,
+         Like Hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn
+         Its steady dyes, while all around is torn
+         By the distracted waters, bears serene
+         Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn:
+         Resembling, 'mid the torture of the scene,
+         Love watching Madness with unalterable mien.
+
+The rainbows are very various, seen from different points: from
+the middle, where the river rushes from the vortex of the great
+fall to plunge into another, the stream appears to be painted
+with a broad layer of divers colours, never broken or mixed till
+they are tossed up in the cloud of spray, and mingled with it in
+a thousand variegated sparkles. Above, an iris bestrides the
+moist green hill which rises by the side of the fall; and, as the
+spray is whirled up in greater or less abundance, it perpetually
+and rapidly changes its colours, now disappearing altogether, and
+now beaming with the utmost vividness. The man told me that at
+night the moon forms a white rainbow on the hill. There is a
+delicious but dangerous coolness all about the cascade. All the
+scenery about is as beautiful as possible. Just above the great
+fall is the Velinus tearing along in the same channel, which was
+first made for him by the Roman Consul 2,200 years ago--
+
+             Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice--
+
+and there, the guide told me, some years ago a man threw in a
+young and beautiful wife of whom he was jealous. He took her to
+see the cascade, and when he got to this part (which is at the
+end of a narrow path overhung with brushwood) he got rid of the
+boys who always follow visitors, and after some delay returned
+alone, and said the woman had fallen in. One scream had been
+heard, but there was nobody to witness the truth. The mangled
+body was found in the stream below. Jealousy is probably common
+here. As I was walking a man passed me, going in great haste to
+the mountain, but I paid no attention to him. When I got back I
+heard that he was escaping from justice (into the Abruzzi,
+which are in the Neapolitan dominions), having stabbed his
+brother-in-law a few moments before out of jealousy of his wife.
+The wounded man was still alive, but badly hurt. The murderer was
+_un bravo mechanico_.
+
+The mountain and the river have undergone many revolutions. The
+rock through which the present path is cut has been formed
+entirely by petrified deposits, and there are marks in various
+parts of former cascades, from which the water has been turned
+away. Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini) turned the water into its
+present course. At the bottom the old outlet of the Romans is
+dry, but is marked with that solidity which defies time, like all
+their works of this kind. Great part of the road from Terni is
+beautiful, and the Papal towns and villages appear to be in much
+better condition than on the other road. Some of them perched on
+the mountains are remarkably picturesque.
+
+
+Bologna, June 14th, 1830 {p.402}
+
+I went yesterday morning to Pratolino to see the statue of the
+genius of the Apennines, by John of Bologna, six miles from
+Florence. Pratolino was the favourite residence of the famous
+Bianca Capello. The house has been pulled down. It is in a very
+pretty English garden belonging to the Grand Duke, and, I think,
+amazingly grand, but disgraced by presiding over a duck pond.
+They told me that if he stood up (and he looks as if he could if
+he would) he would be thirty _braccia_ in height. I went into his
+head, and surveyed him on all sides. He ought to be placed over
+some torrent, or on the side of a mountain; but as he is, from a
+little distance (whence the ducks and their pond are not visible)
+he is sublime. Myriads of fire-flies sparkled in every bush; they
+are beautiful in a night journey, flitting about like meteors and
+glittering like shooting stars.
+
+[Page Head: MEZZOFANTI]
+
+Dined with Lady Normanby at Sesto, set off at half-past eight,
+and arrived here at nine this morning. The first thing I did was
+to present my letter to Madame de Marescalchi from her sister,
+the Duchesse de Dalberg, who received me graciously and asked me
+to dinner; the next to call on Mezzofanti at the public library,
+whom I found at his desk in the great room, surrounded by a great
+many people reading. He received me very civilly, and almost
+immediately took me into another room, where I had a long
+conversation with him. He seems to be between fifty and sixty
+years of age, short, pale, and thin, and not at all remarkable in
+countenance or manner. He spoke English with extraordinary
+fluency and correctness, and with a very slight accent. I
+endeavoured to detect some inaccuracy of expression, but could
+not, though perhaps his phraseology was occasionally more stiff
+than that of an Englishman would be. He gave me an account of his
+beginning to study languages, which he did not do till he was of
+a mature age. The first he mastered were the Greek and Hebrew,
+the latter on account of divinity, and afterwards he began the
+modern languages, acquiring the idioms of each as he became
+acquainted with the parent tongue. He said that he had no
+particular disposition that way when a child, and I was surprised
+when he said that the knowledge of several languages was of no
+assistance to him in mastering others; on the contrary, that when
+he set to work at a fresh language he tried to put out of his
+head all others. I asked him of all modern languages which he
+preferred, and which he considered the richest in literature. He
+said, 'Without doubt the Italian.' He then discussed the genius
+of the English language, and the merits of our poets and
+historians, read, and made me read, a passage of an English book,
+and then examined the etymology and pronunciation of several
+words. He has never been out of Italy, or further in it than
+Leghorn, talks of going to Rome, but says it is so difficult to
+leave his library. He is very pleasing, simple, and communicative,
+and it is extraordinary, with his wonderful knowledge, that he
+should never have written and published any work upon languages.
+He asked me to return if I stayed at Bologna. The library has a
+tolerable suite of apartments, and the books, amounting to about
+80,000 volumes, are in excellent order. One thousand crowns a
+year are allowed for the purchase of new books.
+
+The Bolognese jargon is unintelligible. A man came and asked him
+some questions while I was there in a language that was quite
+strange to me, and when I asked Mezzofanti what it was, he said
+Bolognese, and that, though not harmonious, it was forcible and
+expressive. Afterwards to the gallery, which contains the finest
+pictures in Italy, though only a few: the Guidos and Domenichinos
+are splendid. I think Domenichino the finest painter that ever
+existed.
+
+
+June 15th, 1830 {p.404}
+
+Dined yesterday with Madame de Marescalchi, who lives in a great
+palace, looking dirty and uncomfortable, except one or two rooms
+which they occupy. There is a gallery of pictures, all of which
+are for sale. Seven or eight Italians came to dinner, whose names
+I never discovered. After dinner she took me to the Certosa, to
+see the Campo Santo, which is a remarkably pretty spot, and the
+dead appear to be more agreeably lodged at Bologna than the
+living. I had much rather die here than live here. It is very
+unlike the Campo Santo at Pisa, entirely modern, and looks
+exceedingly cheerful. Guido's skull is kept here.
+
+Went again to the gallery, and the Zambeccari Palace, where there
+are a few good pictures, but not many. All the pictures in all
+the palaces are for sale.
+
+[Page Head: FERRARA]
+
+_In the ferry, crossing the Po_ (i.e. written in the
+ferry).--Called on Madame de Marescalchi to take leave. Set off
+at half-past one, and in clouds of dust arrived at Ferrara. It is
+curious to see this town, so large, deserted, and melancholy. A
+pestilence might have swept over it, for there seems no life in
+it, and hardly a soul is to be seen in the streets. It is eight
+and a half miles round, and contains 24,000 inhabitants, of which
+3,000 are Jews, and their quarter is the only part of the town
+which seems alive. They are, as usual, crammed into a corner,
+five streets being allotted to them, at each end of which is a
+gate that is closed at nine o'clock, when the Jews are shut in
+for the night. The houses are filthy, stinking, and out of
+repair. The Corso is like a street in an English town, broad,
+long, the houses low, and with a _trottoir_ on both sides. The
+Castle, surrounded by a moat, stands in the middle of the town, a
+gloomy place. In it lives the Cardinal Legate. I went to see the
+dungeon in which Tasso was confined; and the library, where they
+show Ariosto's chair and inkstand, a medal found upon his body
+when his tomb was opened, two books of his manuscript poetry;
+also the manuscript of the 'Gerusalemme,' with the alterations
+which Tasso made in it while in prison, and the original
+manuscript of Guarini's 'Pastor Fido.' The _custode_ told me that
+in the morning the library was full of readers, which I did not
+believe. There are some illuminated Missals, said to be the
+finest in Italy. Though the idea of gaiety seems inconsistent
+with Ferrara, they have an opera, corso, and the same round of
+festivals and merriment as other Italian towns, but I never saw
+so dismal a place.
+
+
+[Page Head: VENICE]
+
+Venice, June 16th, 1830 {p.405}
+
+We crossed the Po, and afterwards the Adige, in boats. The
+country is flat, and reminded me of the Netherlands. I was asleep
+all night, but awoke in time to see some of the villas on the
+banks of the Brenta. Of Padua I was unconscious. Embarked in a
+gondola at Fusina, and arrived at this remarkable city under the
+bad auspices of a dark, gloomy, and very cold day. It is Venice,
+but living Venice no more. In my progress to the inn I saw
+nothing but signs of ruin and blasted grandeur, palaces half
+decayed, and the windows boarded up. The approach to the city is
+certainly as curious as possible, so totally unlike everything
+else, and on entering the Great Canal, and finding
+
+           The death-like silence and the dread repose
+
+of a place which was once the gayest and most brilliant in the
+world, a little pang shoots across the imagination, recollecting
+its strange and romantic history and its poetical associations.
+
+_Two o'clock._--I am just driven in by a regular rainy day, and
+have the prospect of shivering through the rest of it in a room
+with marble floor and hardly any furniture. However, it is the
+only bad day there has been since the beginning of my expedition.
+The most striking thing in Venice (at least in such weather as
+this) is the unbroken silence. The gondolas glide along without
+noise or motion, and, except other gondolas, one may traverse the
+city without perceiving a sign of life. I went first to the
+Church of Santa Maria dei Frati, which is fine, old, and adorned
+with painting and sculpture. At Santa Maria dei Frati Titian was
+buried. Canova intended a monument for him, but after his death
+his design was executed and put up in this church, but for him,
+and not for Titian, the reverse of 'sic vos non vobis.' Here are
+tombs of several Doges, of Francis Foscari, with a pompous
+inscription. The body of Carmagnola lies here in a wooden coffin;
+his head is under the stone on which it was cut off in the Piazza
+di San Marco. He was beheaded by one of those pieces of iniquity
+and treachery which the Venetian Government never scrupled to use
+when it suited them. Then to the Scuola di San Rocco, containing
+a splendid apartment and staircase, all richly gilded, painted by
+Tintoret, and with bronze doors. To the Church of Santa Maria
+della Salute, containing a very rich altar-piece of precious
+stones, which is locked up, and produced on great occasions; and
+in the sacristy three fine pictures by Titian. To the Church of
+St. Mark and the Doge's Palace--all very interesting, antique,
+and splendid. But the Austrians have modernised some of the
+rooms, and consequently spoilt them. They have also blocked up
+the Bridge of Sighs, and the reason (they told me) is that all
+the foreigners who come here are so curious to walk over it,
+which seems an odd one for shutting it up. The halls of audience
+and of the different councils are magnificently gilded, and
+contain some very fine pictures.
+
+The Hall of the Council of Ten (the most powerful and the
+most abominable tribunal that ever existed) has been partly
+modernised. In the Chamber of the Inquisitors of State is still
+the hole in the wall which was called the 'Lion's Mouth,' through
+which written communications were made; and the box into which
+they fell, which the Inquisitors alone could open. There were
+'Bocche di Lioni' in several places at the head of the Giant's
+Staircase, and in others. The mouths are gone, but the holes
+remain. Though the interior of the Ponte di Sospiri is no longer
+visible, the prisons are horrible places, twenty-four in number,
+besides three others under water which the French had closed up.
+They are about fourteen feet long, seven wide, and seven high,
+with one hole to admit air, a wooden bed, which was covered
+with straw, and a shelf. In one of the prisons are several
+inscriptions, scrawled on the wall and ceiling.
+
+            Di chi mi fido, mi guardi Iddio,
+            Di chi non mi fido, mi guardo io.
+
+            Un parlar pocho, un negar pronto,
+            Un pensar in fine può dar la vita
+            A noi altri meschini.
+
+            Non fida d'alcuno, pensi e tacci
+            Se fuggir vuoi di spioni, insidie e lacci.
+            Il pentirti, il pentirti, nulla giova
+            Ma ben del valor tuo far vera prova.
+
+There are two places in which criminals, or prisoners, were
+secretly executed; they were strangled, and without seeing their
+executioner, for a cord was passed through an opening, which he
+twisted till the victim was dead. This was the mode pursued with
+the prisoners of the Inquisitors; those of the Council were often
+placed in a cell to which there was a thickly grated window,
+through which the executioner did his office, and if they
+resisted he stabbed them in the throat. The wall is still covered
+with the blood of those who have thus suffered. From the time of
+their erection, 800 years ago, to the destruction of the Republic
+nobody was ever allowed to see these prisons, till the French
+came and threw them open, when the people set fire to them and
+burnt all the woodwork; the stone was too solid to be destroyed.
+One or two escaped, and they remain as memorials of the horrors
+that were perpetrated in them.
+
+
+[Page Head: VENICE]
+
+June 17th, 1830 {p.408}
+
+This morning was fine again, and everything looks gayer than
+yesterday. From the Rialto to the Piazza di San Marco there is
+plenty of life and movement, and it is exactly like Cranbourne
+Alley and the other alleys out of Leicester Square. While Venice
+was prosperous St. Mark's must have been very brilliant, but
+everything is decayed. All round the piazza are coffee houses,
+which used to be open and crowded all night, and some of them are
+still open, but never crowded. They used to be illuminated with
+lamps all round, but most of these are gone. One sees a few Turks
+smoking and drinking their coffee here, but they are all obliged
+to dine and sleep in one house, which is on the Grand Canal, and
+called the Casa dei Turchi. I went this morning to the Chiesa
+Scalzi, San Georgio Meggiore, Redentore, SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
+and the Gesuiti. The latter is the most beautiful church I ever
+saw, the whole of it adorned with white marble inlaid with verd
+antique in a regular pattern. SS. Giovanni e Paolo has no marble
+or gilding, but is full of monuments of Doges and generals. To
+the Manfrini Palace for the pictures. The finest picture in the
+palace is Titian's 'Deposition from the Cross,' for which the
+Marchese Manfrini refused 10,000 ducats. A Guido (Lucretia) and
+some others. Tintoret was no doubt a great genius, but his large
+pictures I cannot admire, and Bassano's still less. Titian's
+portrait of Ariosto is the most interesting in the collection. To
+the Arsenal, which is three miles in circumference, and a
+prodigious establishment. In the time of the Republic there were
+nearly 6,000 men employed in it, in that of the French 4,000, now
+800. The old armoury is very curious, full of ancient weapons,
+the armour of Henry IV. of France, and of several Doges, Turkish
+spoils, and instruments of torture. The Austrians have made the
+French much regretted here. It is since the last peace that the
+population of Venice has diminished a fourth, and the palaces of
+the nobles have been abandoned. There is no commerce; the
+Government spend no money, and do nothing to enliven or benefit
+the town (there has not yet been time to see the effect of making
+it a free port). The French employed the people, and spent money
+and embellished the place. They covered over a wide canal and
+turned it into a fine street, and adjoining it they formed a
+large public garden, which is a delightful addition to the town.
+Till the French came the bridges were dangerous; there was no
+balustrade on either side, and people often fell into the water.
+They built side walls to all of them, which was the most useful
+gift they could bestow upon the Venetians.
+
+This morning I asked for the newspapers which came by the post
+yesterday, and found that they had not yet returned from the
+police, and would not be till to-morrow. Before anybody is
+allowed to read their newspapers they must undergo examination,
+and if they contain anything which the censor deems objectionable
+they detain them altogether. After dinner I went to the public
+gardens, and into a theatre which is in them; there is no roof to
+it, and the acting is all by daylight, and in the open air. I
+only arrived at the end, just in time to see the deliverance of a
+Christian heroine and a very truculent-looking Turk crammed down
+a trap-door, but I could not understand the dialogue. Nothing
+certainly can be more extraordinary or more beautiful than Venice
+with her adjacent islands, and nothing more luxurious than
+throwing oneself into a gondola and smoothly gliding about the
+whole day, without noise, motion, or dust. At night I went to a
+dirty, ill-lit theatre, to see the 'Barbiere di Seviglia,' which
+was very ill performed. There was a ballet, but I did not stay
+for it.
+
+
+June 18th, 1830 {p.409}
+
+To the Church of St. Mark, and examined it. It is not large, but
+very curious, so loaded with ornament within and without, and so
+unlike any other church. The pavement, instead of being flat, is
+made to undulate like the waves of the sea. All the sides are
+marble, all the top mosaic, all the pavement coloured marble in
+exquisite patterns. There is not a single tomb in it, but it
+wants no ornament that the wealth and skill of ages could supply.
+Climbed up the tower to see Venice and the islands; a man is
+posted here day and night to strike the hours and quarters on a
+great bell, to ring the alarm in case of fire in any part of the
+city. It is a very curious panorama, and the only spot from which
+this strange place can be completely seen. In the Grimani Palace
+there are some Titians (not very good) of Grimani Doges, and
+others of the family; the famous statue of Agrippa, which
+Cardinal Grimani brought from Home, and a ceiling by Salviati of
+Neptune and Minerva contending to give a name to Athens. In the
+Pisani Palace, a fine picture of P. Veronese, 'Darius's Family at
+the Feet of Alexander.'[13] The Barbarigo Palace has never been
+modernised, has kept all its original form and decorations. It is
+full of Titians, all very dirty and spoiling. The finest is the
+'Magdalen,' which is famous. The Royal Academy, called the Scuola
+della Carità, contains a magnificent collection of the Venetian
+school.
+
+     [13] [This fine work is now in the National Gallery,
+          London.]
+
+In I forget which church is the 'Martyrdom of St. Peter' by
+Titian, so like in composition the same subject by Domenichino at
+Bologna that the one is certainly an imitation of the other
+(Titian died in 1576; Domenichino was born in 1581). There is the
+same sort of landscape, same number of figures, and in the same
+respective attitudes and actions, and even the same dress to
+each. In the hall of the Academy are preserved Canova's right
+hand in an urn, and underneath it his chisel, with these words
+inscribed: 'Quod amoris monumentum idem gloriae instrumentum
+fuit.' There is also a collection of drawings and sketches by
+various masters; some by M. Angelo and some by Raphael.
+
+
+[Page Head: VINCENZA AND PADUA]
+
+Vicenza, June 19th, 1830 {p.411}
+
+This morning went again to St. Mark's to examine the library and
+the palace, which I could hardly see the other day, it was such,
+gloomy weather. The library is open to everybody, but with a long
+list of rules, among which silence is particularly enjoined. The
+_custos librorum_ is a thorough Venetian; talked with fond regret
+of the splendour of the Republic, and is very angry with Daru for
+his history. The Hall of the Great Council, containing the
+portraits of the Doges (and Marino Faliero's black curtain), is
+splendid, and adorned with paintings of Paul Veronese, Bassano,
+Tintoret, and Palma Giovane. At twelve o'clock I got into the
+gondola and left Venice without the least regret or desire to
+return there. The banks of the Brenta would be very gay if the
+villas were inhabited, but most of them are shut up, like the
+palaces at Venice. There is one magnificent building, formerly a
+Pisani palace, which belongs to the Viceroy, the Archduke Rainer.
+
+Padua is a large and rather gloomy town. They say it is beginning
+to flourish, having been ruined by the French, and that, since
+their downfall, the population has increased immensely. The
+University contains 1,400 scholars. It contained 52,500 in the
+time of the French, and in the great days of Padua 18,000. I went
+to look at the outside of the building, which is not large, but
+handsome. The old palace of the Carraras is half ruined, and what
+remains is tenanted by the commandant of the place. The old Sala
+di Giustizia, which, is very ancient, is now a lumber room, and
+they were painting scenes in it. Still it is undamaged, and they
+call it the finest room in Europe, and perhaps it is. It is 300
+feet long, 100 wide, and 100 high. At one end of it is the
+monument and bust of Livy, the latter of which they pretend to
+have found here; they also talk of his house and the marbles,
+&c., that have been dug up in it, which they may believe who can.
+The Cathedral has nothing to boast of, except that Petrarch was
+one of its canons, and in it is his bust, put up by a brother
+canon. I had not time to go to the churches.
+
+The whole road from Fusina to this place is as flat as the paper
+on which I am writing. I really don't believe there is a
+molehill, but it is extremely gay from the variety of habitations
+and the prodigious cultivation of all sorts. Vicenza is one of
+the most agreeable towns I ever saw, and I would rather live in
+it than in any place I have seen since Rome. It is spacious and
+clean, full of Palladio's architecture; besides the Palazzo della
+Ragione, a very fine building, there are twenty-two palaces built
+by him in various parts of the town. They show the house in which
+he lived. From the Church of Santa Maria del Monte, a mile from
+the town, there is a magnificent view, and the town itself, under
+the mountains of the Tyrol, and the end of a vast cultivated
+plain, looks very inviting and gay. There is a Campo di Marte, a
+public walk and drive, and from it a covered walk (colonnade)
+half a mile long up to the church on the hill. One of the most
+remarkable things here is the Olympic Theatre, which was begun by
+Palladio and finished by his son. It is a small Grecian theatre,
+exactly as he supposes those ancient theatres to have been, with
+the same proscenium, scenes, decorations, and seats for the
+audience. There appeared to me to be some material variations
+from the theatre at Pompeii. In the latter the seats go down to
+the level of the orchestra, which they do not here, and at
+Pompeii there is no depth behind the proscenium, whereas here
+there is very considerable. It is, however, a beautiful model.
+The air and the water are good, and there is shooting, so that I
+really think it would be possible to live here. They talk with
+horror of the French, and of the two seem to prefer the
+Austrians, but peace is better than war, _caeteris paribus_.
+
+
+[Page Head: BRESCIA AND MILAN]
+
+Brescia, June 21st, 1830 {p.412}
+
+This is a particularly nice town, airy, spacious, and clean, and
+in my life I never saw so many good-looking women. There is a
+drive and walk on the ramparts, where I found all the beauty and
+fashion of Brescia, a string of carriages not quite so numerous
+as in Hyde Park, but a very decent display. The women are
+excessively dressed, and almost all wear black lace veils, thrown
+over the back of the head, which are very becoming. The walks on
+the ramparts are shaded by double rows of trees, and command a
+very pretty view of the mountains and country round. This inn is
+execrable. I stopped at Verona to see the Amphitheatre, which is
+only perfect in the inside, and has been kept so by repeated
+repairs. It is hardly worth seeing after the Flavian and the
+Pompeiian. There is a wooden theatre in it, where they act, and
+the spectators occupy the ancient seats. The tombs of the
+Scaligeri are admirable, the most beautiful and graceful Gothic;
+their castle (now the Castle Vecchio) a gloomy old building in a
+moat, but with a very curious bridge over the Po. The Church of
+St. Zeno is remarkable from its Gothic antiquity and the
+profusion of ornament about it of a strange sort. Here is the
+tomb of Pepin, erected by Charlemagne, but empty; for the French,
+in one of their invasions, carried the body to France. In the
+Cathedral is a fine picture of the 'Assumption of the Virgin' by
+Titian. I saw many Veronese beauties in their balconies, but none
+quite like Juliet. Her tomb (or, as they would say at Rome,
+'sepolcro detto di Giulietta') I did not see, for it was too far
+off. I was in a hurry to be off, and there was nobody to detain
+me with a tender 'Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near' _night_.
+The road, which is excellent, runs in sight of the Alps all the
+way, and the Lago di Garda is excessively pretty.
+
+
+Milan, June 23rd, 1830 {p.413}
+
+Milan is a very fine town, without much to see in it. The Duomo,
+Amphitheatre, Arch of the Simplon, Brera (pictures). There are a
+few fine pictures in the Brera; among others Guido's famous
+'St. Peter and St. Paul,' Guercino's 'Hagar and Abraham;' a row
+of old columns which were broken and lying about till the French
+set them upon their legs; Leonardo da Vinci's fresco, which is
+entirely spoilt. The view from the top of the Duomo is superb,
+over the boundless plain of Lombardy with the range of the Alps,
+and the Apennines in the distance. I like the Duomo, but I know
+my taste is execrable in architecture. I don't, however, like the
+mixture of Italian with the Gothic--balustrades over the
+door, for instance--but I admire its tracery and laborious
+magnificence. Buonaparte went on with it (for it was never
+finished), and this Government are completing it by degrees;
+there will be 7,000 statues on different parts of the outside,
+and there are already 4,500. St. Charles Borromeo's tomb is very
+splendid, and for five francs they offered to uncover the glass
+case in which his much esteemed carcase reposes, and show me the
+venerable mummy, but I could not afford it. The entrance to Milan
+from Venice, and the Corso, are as handsome as can be. The Opera
+is very bad, but the Scala is not open, and none of the good
+singers are here.
+
+
+Varese, June 26th, 1830 {p.414}
+
+Left Milan at six o'clock on the 24th, and got to Como after
+dark. Embarked in the steam boat at eight yesterday morning, went
+as far as Cadenebbia, where I got out, saw the Villa Sommariva,
+then crossed over and went round the point of Bellagio to see the
+opening of the Lake of Lecco, turned back to the Villa Melzi, saw
+the house and gardens, and then went back to dine at Cadenebbia,
+and waited for the steam boat, which returned at four, and got
+back to Como at half-past six. Nothing can surpass the beauty of
+all this scenery, or the luxury of the villas, particularly
+Melzi, which is the best house, and contains abundance of shade,
+flowers, statues, and shrubberies. The owners live very little
+there, and principally in winter, when, they say, it is seldom
+cold in this sheltered spot. The late Count Melzi was Governor of
+Milan under Napoleon, and used to feast the Viceroy here. He once
+gave him a _fête_, and had all the mountain tops illuminated, of
+which the effect must have been superb.
+
+_Evening. Top of the Simplon._--Set off at five from Varese,
+travelled very slowly through a very pretty road to Navero, where
+I crossed the Lago Maggiore in a boat, and landed at the Isola
+Bella, which is very fine in its way, though rather flattered in
+its pictures. The house is large and handsome, and there is a
+curious suite of apartments fitted up with pebbles, spars, and
+marble, a suite of habitable grottoes. The garden and terraces
+are good specimens of formal grandeur, and as the Count
+Borromeo's son is a botanist, they are full of flowers and shrubs
+of all sorts and climates.
+
+          Whatever fruits in different climes are found,
+          That proudly rise or humbly court the ground;
+          Whatever sweets salute the northern sky
+          With vernal flowers, that blossom, but to die;
+          These, here disporting, own the kindred soil,
+          Nor ask luxuriance from the planter's toil.
+
+The expense of keeping this place up is immense, but the owner is
+very rich. He lives there during August and September, and has
+fifteen other country houses. All the island belongs to him, and
+is occupied by the palace and gardens, except some fishermen's
+huts, which are held by a sort of feudal tenure. They live there
+as his vassals, fishing for him, rowing him about the lake, and
+their children and wives alone are employed in the gardens. It
+was built about 150 years ago by a younger son (a nephew of San
+Carlo), who was richer than his elder brother. He was his own
+architect, and planned both house and garden, but never completed
+his designs. The cost was enormous, but if he had lived and
+finished it all, he would have spent four millions more. There is
+a laurel in the garden, the largest in Europe, two trees growing
+from one stem, one nine and the other ten feet round and eighty
+high; under this tree Buonaparte dined, as he came into Italy,
+before the battle of Marengo, and with a knife he cut the word
+'Battaglia' on the bark, which has since been stripped off, or
+has grown out--so the gardeners said at least. Breakfasted at
+Baveno, which is the best inn I have seen in Italy. The road from
+Baveno is exceedingly beautiful, but on the whole I am rather
+disappointed with the Simplon, though it is very wild and grand;
+but I am no longer struck with the same admiration at the sight
+of mountains that I was when I entered Savoy and saw them for the
+first time. I walked the last thirteen miles of the ascent to
+this place, and found one of the best dinners I ever tasted, or
+one which my hunger made appear such.
+
+
+[Page Head: RETURN TO ENGLAND]
+
+Geneva, June 29th, 1830 {p.415}
+
+Got here last night, and found twenty letters at least. I only
+think of getting home as fast as I can. Left the Simplon in
+torrents of rain, which lasted the whole day. The descent is
+uncommonly grand, wild, savage, and picturesque, the Swiss side
+the finest. All along the valley of the Rhone fine scenery; and
+yesterday, in the most delightful weather I ever saw, the drive
+from Martigny, along the lake and under the mountains, is as
+beautiful as possible. The approach to Geneva is gay, but Mont
+Blanc looks only very white, and not very tall, which is owing to
+the level from which he is seen. They tell me it has never ceased
+raining here, while on the other side of the Alps hardly a drop
+has fallen. Only three rainy days while I was in Italy--one at
+Venice, one at Rome, and a couple of halves elsewhere.
+
+_Evening._--Passed the whole day driving about Geneva, in Bautt's
+shop, and at the Panorama of Switzerland. Dined with Newton,
+drove round the environs by Sécheron; a great appearance of
+wealth and comfort, much cultivation, no beggars, and none of the
+houses tumbling down and deserted. Altogether I like the
+appearance of the place, though in a great hurry to get away from
+it. We had a storm of thunder and lightning in the evening, which
+was neither violent nor long, but I had the pleasure of hearing
+
+         Jura answer from her misty shroud
+         Back to the joyous Alps, that call on her aloud.
+
+Mont Blanc was hid in clouds all day, but the mountains owe me
+some grudge. Mont Blanc won't show his snows, nor would Vesuvius
+his fires. It was dark when I crossed the Cenis, and raining when
+I descended the Simplon.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+Paris, July 3rd, 1830 {p.416}
+
+Got here last night, after a fierce journey of sixty-three hours
+from Geneva, only stopping two hours for breakfast; but by never
+touching anything but bread and coffee I was neither heated nor
+tired. The Jura Mountains, which they say are so tedious, were
+the pleasantest part of the way, for the road is beautiful all
+through them, not like the Alps, but like a hilly, wooded park.
+It rained torrents when I set out, but soon cleared up, and when
+I got to the top of the first mountain, I saw a mass of clouds
+rise like a curtain and unveil the whole landscape of Geneva,
+lake, mountains, and country--very fine sight. We heard of the
+King's death in the middle of the night.
+
+
+Calais, July 6th, 1830 {p.417}
+
+Voilà qui est fini. Got here last night, and found the Government
+packet only goes out five days a week, and not to-day. I am very
+sorry my journey is all over, but glad to find myself in England
+again--that is, when I get there. I saw Lord Stuart at Paris,
+just breaking up his establishment and sending his wife off to
+the Pyrenees. Heard all the news of London and Paris, such as it
+was. Not a soul left in Paris, which was like a dead city. I only
+heard that, notwithstanding the way the elections are going
+against the Government, Polignac is in high spirits. The King of
+France was very civil about the death of our King,[14] and,
+without waiting, as is usual, for the announcement of the event
+by the English Ambassador, he ordered the Court into mourning
+upon the telegraphic account reaching Paris.
+
+     [14] [George IV. died at Windsor on the 26th of June, 1830.]
+
+Here is the end of my brief but most agreeable expedition,
+probably the only one I shall ever make. However this may be, I
+have gained thus much at least--
+
+           A consciousness remains that it has left,
+           Deposited upon the silent shore
+           Of memory, images, and precious thoughts,
+           That shall not die, and cannot be destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+                              NOTE.
+
+            _MR. GREVILLE'S CONNEXION WITH THE TURF._
+
+
+Frequent references will be remarked in these volumes to the
+connexion of their author with the Turf, which was his favourite
+amusement, and to his position as an influential member of the
+Jockey Club. It may, therefore, be worth while to record in this
+place the principal incidents in his racing career; and we are
+tempted, in spite of the strange and incorrect phraseology of the
+writer, to borrow the following notice of them from the pages of
+'Bailey's Magazine,' published soon after Mr. Greville's death:--
+
+'Though the Warwick family have long been identified with the
+sports of the field, it is fair to assume that Mr. Greville's
+love for the turf came from his mother's side, as the Portlands,
+especially the late Duke, have always been amongst the strongest
+supporters of the national sport, and raced, as became their
+position in society. That Mr. Greville took to racing early may
+be imagined when we state he saw his first Derby in 1809, when
+the Duke of Grafton's Pope won it, beating five others. At that
+period he was barely fifteen years of age, and the impression the
+sight of the race made upon him at the time was very great, and
+it was rekindled more strongly when, in 1816, travelling with his
+father and mother to Ickworth, the seat of the Marquis of
+Bristol, he stopped at Newmarket and saw Invalid and Deceiver run
+a match on the heath; and subsequently he saw a great sweepstakes
+come off between Spaniard, Britannia, and Pope, which the latter
+won. Four years elapse, and, as a proof that the lad we have
+described had kept pace with the times, we find him selected to
+manage the racing establishment of the late Duke of York, on the
+death of Mr. Warwick Lake. The first step taken by Mr. Greville
+on being installed in office was to weed the useless ones and the
+ragged lot; and with the aid of Butler (father of the late Frank
+and the present William Butler) he managed so well that in his
+second year he won the Derby for him with Moses. As the Duke's
+affairs at that time were in anything but a flourishing
+condition, Mr. Greville did not persuade him to back his horse
+for much money; still his Royal Highness won a fair stake, and
+was not a little pleased at the result. He likewise carried off
+the Claret with him the following year. With Banker, who was a
+very useful horse at all distances, he won for him many good
+races; and, by a reference to the "Calendars" of the day, it will
+be seen the Duke won in his turn, if he did not carry all before
+him. To reproduce the names of his horses now would not be worth
+while, as from the effluxion of time the interest in them has
+ceased. The first animal in the shape of a race-horse that Mr.
+Greville ever possessed was a filly by Sir Harry Dimsdale, which
+he trained in the Duke's stable with a few others of no great
+standing.
+
+'Circumstances with which the world are familiar rendering the
+retirement of the Duke of York requisite, his stud came to the
+hammer, and Mr. Greville came to the assistance of his uncle, the
+Duke of Portland, who trained with Prince. With the Duke Mr.
+Greville remained some little time, and afterwards became
+confederate with Lord Chesterfield, who was at that time coming
+out, and was in great force with his Zinganee, Priam, Carew,
+Glaucus, and other crack horses. During this time he had few
+horses of any great account of his own, although his confederate
+had nothing to complain of in the shape of luck. At the
+termination of this confederacy Mr. Greville entered upon another
+with his cousin, Lord George Bentinck, who, from his father's
+hostility to his racing, was unable to run horses in his own
+name. The extent of this stud was so great that we are unable to
+deal with it at the same time with the horses of the subject of
+our memoir, who can scarcely be said to have come across a really
+smashing good mare until he met with Preserve, with whom, in
+1834, he won the Clearwell and Criterion, and in the following
+year the One Thousand Guineas, besides running second for the
+Oaks to Queen of Trumps. A difference of opinion as to the
+propriety of starting Preserve for the Goodwood Stakes led to
+their separation, and for a time they were on very bad terms, but
+by the aid of mutual friends a reconciliation was effected. From
+what Preserve did for him, Mr. Greville was induced to dip more
+freely into the blood, or, as old John Day would have said, to
+take to the family, and accordingly he bought Mango, her own
+brother, of Mr. Thornhill, who bred him. Mango only ran once as a
+two-year-old, when, being a big, raw colt, he was not quick
+enough on his legs for the speedy Garcia filly of Col. Peel and
+John Day's Chapeau d'Espagne, and was easily beaten. In the
+spring Mango made so much improvement that Mr. Greville backed
+him for the Derby for a good stake; and had he been able to have
+continued his preparation at Newmarket, and been vanned to Epsom,
+as is the custom in the present day, there is little doubt he
+would have won; but having to walk all the way from Newmarket, he
+could not afford to lose the days that were thus consumed, and
+although he ran forward he did not get a place. That this view of
+the case is not a sanguine one is proved by his beating Chapeau
+d'Espagne, the second for the Oaks, for the Ascot Derby, and
+within an hour afterwards bowling over Velure, the third in that
+race, for William the Fourth's Plate. On the Cup Day he likewise
+beat the Derby favourite, Rat-Trap, over the Old Mile. At
+Stockbridge, in a sweepstakes of 100 sovs. each, with thirteen
+subscribers, he frightened all the field away with the exception
+of Wisdom, whom he beat cleverly, and then he remained at
+Dilly's, at Littleton, to be prepared for the St. Leger. Having
+stood his work well, John Day brought over The Drummer and
+Chapeau d'Espagne from Stockbridge to try him on Winchester
+race-course. Both Mr. Greville and Lord George Bentinck had
+reason to be satisfied with what Mango did in his gallop on that
+morning, and the latter backed him very heavily for the
+race--much more so, indeed, than his owner. Mr. Greville was
+anxious to have put up John Day, but the Duke of Cleveland having
+claimed him for Henriade, he was obliged to substitute his son
+Sam, a very rising lad, with nerves of iron and the coolest of
+heads. The race was a memorable one, inasmuch as William Scott,
+who was on Epirus, the first favourite, fell into the ditch soon
+after starting, and Prince Warden running over him and striking
+him with his hind leg, he sustained a severe fracture of the
+collar-bone. Henriade also came down about a distance from home
+from a dog crossing the course. John Day, however, soon righted
+him, but the _contretemps_ spoilt his chance. At the stand there
+were but three in the struggle--The Doctor, Abraham Newland, and
+Mango. The two former seemed to be making a match of it, and it
+looked impossible for Mango to get up; but a slight opening
+presenting itself, which was not visible to the spectators, Sam
+Day, with a degree of resolution which justifies the attributes
+we have before ascribed to him, sent his horse through with such
+a terrific rush that his breeches were nearly torn off his boots,
+and won by a neck.
+
+'After the race Lord George, who was a very heavy winner, gave
+Honest John £500 for his trial with the Drummer; the like sum to
+Sam Day for having ridden him better than he was ridden in the
+Derby, and an equivalent proportion to Montgomery Dilly for
+preparing him better than Prince for the same race. Mango was
+afterwards sent to Newmarket for the St. Leger, and "Craven," who
+then edited the "Sporting Magazine," having asserted that Mr.
+Greville had caused it to be reported that Mango was lame to get
+him back in the markets for that race, he called on him to
+apologise for the statement, which proving, by the volunteered
+testimony of Lord George Bentinck, Colonel Anson, and Admiral
+Rous, to be wholly without foundation, the writer in question
+made Mr. Greville the fullest _amende honorable_. Mango only won
+once again as a four-year-old, when he carried off a sweepstakes
+of 300 sovereigns at Newmarket, beating Chapeau d'Espagne and
+Adrian. Having thus established himself with Dilly, owing to Mr.
+Payne, with whom he had become confederate, training at
+Littleton, Mr. Greville made no change until Dilly gave up, when
+he continued his confidence to his brother William Dilly, who
+succeeded him on his retirement from Lord Glasgow.
+
+'It was some few years before Mr. Greville had another good
+horse, at least one that is worth dwelling upon, and Alarm must
+be considered the legitimate successor to Mango. This colt Mr.
+Greville purchased of his breeder, Captain George Delmé, and
+tried him good enough to win the Derby in 1845 in a canter, even
+in the face of such animals as Idas and The Libel. But just prior
+to starting an accident occurred by which all Mr. Greville's
+hopes were destroyed; for The Libel flying at Alarm very
+savagely, he jumped the chains, threw Nat who lay for a time
+insensible on the ground, and ran away. He was, however, soon
+caught and remounted, and although much cut about ran forward
+enough to justify the idea that but for his accident he must have
+won, as no other animal could have got through the Cambridgeshire
+with 7st. 10lb. on him so easily as he did in a field of such
+quality as he met. In the following year Alarm made some amends
+for his Epsom failure, by winning the Ascot Cup, as well as the
+Orange Cup at Goodwood, the latter after a terrific race with
+Jericho. He also, at Newmarket in the autumn, won three great
+matches in succession, viz. with Oakley, the Bishop of Romford's
+cob, and Sorella. Going through the "Calendar," Cariboo is the
+next most noteworthy animal we come across, for it will be
+recollected he ran second to Canezou for the Goodwood Cup, having
+been lent to make running for her. But it is almost needless to
+add that, had Mr. Greville known him to be as good as he was, he
+would have been started on his own account, in which case the cup
+in all probability would have gone to Bruton Street instead of to
+Knowsley. Continuing our track through the "Calendar," we light
+on a better year for Mr. Greville, in 1852, when he had really
+two good animals in Adine and Frantic. With the former, at York,
+he had perhaps the best week he ever had in his life, having won
+both the Yorkshire Oaks and Ebor Handicap with her, besides
+beating Daniel O'Rourke with Frantic, who two months before had
+carried off the Union Cup for him at Manchester. The following
+year Adine did a good thing for him by winning the Goodwood
+Stakes, and two years afterwards he again won that race with
+Quince.
+
+'Between Adine and Quince's years came Mr. Greville's last good
+horse, Muscovite, whom he thought impossible to lose the
+Metropolitan, and backed him accordingly. He was much put out,
+however, by old John Day telling him he had no chance with his
+mare Virago. At first Mr. Greville was incredulous at what John
+told him, and made him acquainted with the form of Muscovite.
+This made not the slightest impression on the old man, who merely
+went on repeating Mr. Greville must back Virago for £500, and the
+value of the advice was proved by the mare beating the horse very
+easily. Muscovite's career for a time was a very unfortunate one,
+for when in Dockeray's stable he was so "shinned" that his chance
+for the Goodwood Stakes was completely out, and his trainer, who
+could not discover the offender, and who was terribly annoyed at
+the circumstance, begged he might be transferred to William
+Dilly's, at Littleton. While there he was betted against for the
+Caesarewitch in the same determined manner as he had been for his
+other races, and when he arrived at Newmarket, and stood in Nat's
+stables, which were perfectly impregnable, there was no cessation
+in the opposition to him, although his trainer told everybody
+that unless he was shot on the Heath, which he could not prevent,
+he would walk in. This he did, and the crash he produced is still
+fresh in the public recollection; but it is creditable to the
+bookmaker who laid the most money against him to state that out
+of £23,000 which he lost, he paid £16,000 down on the spot, an
+act which procured him time for the remainder.
+
+'Since Muscovite, who is now at the stud at Newmarket, Mr.
+Greville has had no animal that has done a really good thing for
+him, though Anfield made another determined attempt at the
+Goodwood Stakes this year; and having, at Lord Ribblesdale's sale
+of General Peel's horses, purchased Orlando, and added him to his
+establishment at Hampton Court, he has turned his attention
+perhaps more to breeding than racing. For some time his returns
+were very large, but of late, from the age of Orlando, and from
+getting some of his stock so small, they have diminished in
+amount, although the old horse looks as fresh as a four-year-old,
+and preserves all that fine symmetry for which he was remarkable
+both in and out of training. Latterly Mr. Greville, from being
+the confederate of Mr. Payne, has trained with Alec Taylor at
+Fyfield; but with Godding he has generally two or three at
+Newmarket.
+
+'In turning to Mr. Greville in his private capacity we hardly
+know how to treat him, for his is a nature that shrinks from
+having his good deeds brought before the glare of the public eye.
+No man, ever so high or low, we believe, ever sought his advice
+and assistance in vain; and to no one individual, probably, have
+so many and such various difficulties been submitted. Neither can
+we remember a new trial or even an appeal demanded by those who
+had sought his counsel. Beloved by his friends, and feared by his
+opponents, Mr. Greville will ever be considered one of the most
+remarkable men that have lent lustre to the English turf.'
+
+
+
+
+                     END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+                              INDEX.
+
+
+Abercromby, Right Hon. James, proposed as Speaker, ii. 333;
+  Master of the Mint, iii. 95; proposed as Speaker, 201; the
+  Speakership, 204; elected Speaker, 213
+
+Aberdeen, Earl of, Duchy of Lancaster, i. 124; motion about
+  Belgium, ii. 238
+
+Achmet Pacha, concludes a treaty with Russia, iii. 69
+
+Adair, Right Hon. Sir Robert, sworn in Privy Councillor, i. 136
+
+Addington, Henry Unwin, recalled from Madrid, iii. 14
+
+Address, proposed amendment to the, iii. 217
+
+Adelaide, Queen, ii. 7; at the Ancient Concert, 133; mobbed in
+  the City, 141; audience of, about the crown, 179; coronation
+  of, 190; Lord Howe, 338; yacht, iii. 99; return of, 125;
+  illness of, 125; supposed to be with child, 198, 199, 201
+
+Adrian's Villa, i. 377
+
+Agar Ellis, _see_ Dover, Lord
+
+Alava, General, and the Duke of Cumberland, iii. 275
+
+Albani, Cardinal, influence of, i. 310; conversation with, 373;
+  interview with, 380
+
+Albano, i. 331
+
+Alexander, Emperor of Russia, death of, i. 78; coronation of,
+  described by Talleyrand, ii. 185
+
+Allen, Dr., Bishop of Ely, iii. 363
+
+Allen, John, iii. 135; unbelief of, 324
+
+Althorp, Viscount, proposed as Chairman of the Finance
+  Committee, i. 120; Chancellor of the Exchequer, ii. 66,
+  introduces the budget, 114; leader of the House of
+  Commons, 116, 200; letter to Attwood, 205, 206; hurries on the
+  Irish Church Bill, 364; as Chancellor of the Exchequer, iii. 2;
+  arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms, 56; financial statement, 60;
+  defects as leader, 62; summons a meeting of the supporters of
+  Government, 92; resigns, 101; popularity of, 105; Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer under Lord Melbourne, 113; succeeds his father as
+  Earl Spencer, 140
+
+Alvanley, Lord, duel with Morgan O'Connell, ii. 257; on Irish
+  affairs, 348
+
+America, dispute with France, iii. 322
+
+Anglesey, Marquis of, recalled, i. 149; entry into
+  Dublin, ii. 99; disputes with O'Connell, 106
+
+Antwerp, threatened bombardment of, by the Dutch, ii. 321; French
+  army marches to, 329
+
+Arbuthnot, Right Hon. Charles, nickname 'Gosh,' i. 103;
+  conversation with, on the Duke of Wellington's
+  Administration, ii. 51; conversation with, at Oatlands, 170
+
+Arbuthnot, Mrs., death of, iii. 116
+
+Arkwright, Sir Richard, fortunes of, iii. 50
+
+Arkwright, Mrs., visit to, iii. 49
+
+Arms Bill, the, ii. 196
+
+Arnold, Dr., proposed for a bishopric, iii. 325
+
+Artevelde, Philip van, iii. 114; discussed at Holland House, 128
+
+Ascot Races, 1831, ii. 147; 1833, 375
+
+Attwood, chairman of the Birmingham Union, ii. 205, 206;
+  proclamation against, 215
+
+Auckland, Lord, Board of Trade, ii. 66; First Lord of the
+  Admiralty, iii. 88, 113; on the state of affairs, 238; First
+  Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Melbourne's second
+  Administration, 256
+
+Augustus, Prince, of Prussia, ii. 319
+
+Austin, Mr. John, his work on Jurisprudence, iii. 138
+
+Austin, Mr. Charles, ii. 306
+
+Aylmer, Lord, recalled from Canada, iii. 394; the King's address
+  to him, 395
+
+
+Bachelor, valet to the Duke of York and to King George IV.,
+  i. 142, 143; conversation with, ii. 30
+
+Bagot, Lord, conduct to Lord Harrowby, ii. 253
+
+Baiae, Bay of, i. 341
+
+Baring, House of, ii. 53
+
+Baring, Right Hon. Alexander, offered the Chancellorship of the
+  Exchequer, ii. 299; proposes a compromise with the ex-Ministers,
+  300
+
+Baring, Francis, Chairman of the West India Committee, iii. 279
+
+Barnes, Mr., editor of the 'Times,' ii. 97, 214; negotiations
+  with, for supporting the Government, iii. 155, 156, 157; dines
+  with Lord Lyndhurst, 167, 169; alarm of, at the prevailing
+  spirit, 188
+
+Barri, Madame du, ii. 219
+
+Barry, Dr., sent to Sunderland, ii. 216; report on cholera, 217
+
+Bath, Chapter of the Order of the, i. 254
+
+Bathurst, Earl, Lord President, i. 124; death of, iii. 115;
+  character of, 115
+
+Bathurst, Countess, conversation with, ii. 62
+
+Bathurst, Hon. William, appointed Clerk of the Council, ii. 61,
+  86; delay in appointment of, 74; sworn in Clerk of the Council,
+  94
+
+Bathurst, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Seymour, death of, iii. 79
+
+Baudrand, General, ii. 33; reception of, 38
+
+Bazaar, in Hanover Square, ii. 383
+
+Beauclerc, Lord Aurelius, dances a country dance with the King,
+  ii. 341
+
+Belgian question, the, settlement of, ii. 314
+
+Belgium, revolution in, ii. 41; affairs of, 44; unsettled state
+  of, 69; deputation from, 160; fortresses of, 169; invaded by
+  the Dutch, 175; French army refuses to leave, 181; end of
+  hostilities with the Dutch, 184; Conference, 1832, 321
+
+Belmore, Earl of, Governor of Jamaica, i. 140, 147
+
+Belvoir Castle, iii. 46
+
+Benson, Canon, sermon at the Temple Church, ii. 113
+
+Bentinck, Right Hon. Lord William, desires to be appointed
+  Governor-General of India, i. 59; address to the electors of
+  Glasgow, iii. 339, 343; qualities of, 339; inscription on
+  monument in honour of, 340
+
+Bentinck, Lord Henry, quarrel with Sir Roger Gresley, ii. 148
+
+Bergara, Convention of, iii. 259
+
+Berri, Duchesse de, in La Vendée, ii. 322
+
+Berry, Miss, iii. 58
+
+Berryer, M., iii. 379; appearance of, 380
+
+Best, Right Hon. William Draper, _see_ Lord Wynford
+
+Bethnal Green, distress in, ii. 261
+
+Bexley, Lord, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, i. 95
+
+Bickersteth, Henry, _see_ Lord Langdale
+
+Blacas, M. de, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305
+
+Black Book, the, ii. 79
+
+Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin, dismissal of, i. 55
+
+Blount, Rev. Mr., sermon, iii. 12
+
+Body-snatchers, ii. 227
+
+Bologna, i. 402
+
+Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon, in the 100 days, i. 24; campaigns
+  of, described by Marshal Marmont, ii. 35
+
+Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, Strasburg attempt, iii. 381
+
+Bonaparte, Joseph, at dinner at Lady Cork's, iii. 18
+
+Bonaparte, Lucien, introduced to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 11;
+  at dinner at Lady Cork's, 18
+
+Boodle's, dinner at, ii. 124
+
+Bosanquet, Right Hon. Sir John Bernard, sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, iii. 30; Judge of the King's Bench, 71
+
+Boswell, 'Life of Johnson,' anecdotes lost, ii. 105
+
+Boulogne, iii. 388
+
+Bourbon, Duke de, death of, ii. 50
+
+Bourmont, Marshal de, marches on Lisbon, iii. 25
+
+Bourne, Right Hon. Sturges, Secretary of State for the Home
+  Department, i. 95
+
+Bowring, Dr., sent to Paris, ii. 219; satire of Moore on, 219;
+  career of, 220
+
+Bradshaw, Mrs., acting of, at Bridgewater House, ii. 353
+
+Brescia, i. 412
+
+Bretby, visit to, iii. 327; Chesterfield Papers, 327
+
+Bridgewater House, dramatic performances at, iii. 352, 355
+
+Bridgewater Election, iii. 398
+
+Brighton, the Court at, 1832, ii. 334; races, 1835, iii. 284
+
+Bristol, riots at, ii. 208
+
+Broglie, Duke de. conduct of, iii. 386
+
+Brooks's Club, iii. 320
+
+Brougham, Lord, attack upon, in 'Quarterly Review,' i. 16; speech
+  on the Queen's trial, 35; letter to the Queen, 57; character
+  of, 117; qualities of, ii. 18, 33; appointed Lord High
+  Chancellor, 65; discontent of, 65; social qualities of, 69;
+  anecdote of, 106; quarrel with Sugden, 106; correspondence with
+  Southey on rewards to literary men, 112; speech on Chancery
+  Reform, 118; domestic kindness of, 120; origin of
+  representation of Yorkshire, 125; as Lord Chancellor, 128; at
+  the Horse Guards, 129; as a judge, 145; at dinner at Hanbury's
+  brewery, 148; at the British Museum, 149; claims the old Great
+  Seal, 188; intention of sitting at the Privy Council, 223;
+  speech on the Russian Loan, 244; quarrel with Sugden, 312;
+  anecdote of, 314; Bill for creating a new Court of Appeal, 342;
+  Bill objected to, 344; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
+  Bill, 365; sits on the case of Drax _v._ Grosvenor, 370; as
+  Chancellor, iii. 22; anecdotes of Queen Caroline, 36; and Sir
+  William Horne, 67; meets Sir Thomas Denman in Bedfordshire, 71;
+  judicial changes, 71; defence of himself, 72; apology for, 76;
+  speech on Lord Wynford's Bill for the observance of the
+  Sabbath, 83; on the Pluralities Bill, 86; on the Irish Church,
+  94; and the 'Times,' 96; Lord Chancellor in Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 113; and Lord Westmeath, 119; conduct in the
+  Westmeath case, 119, 124; versatility of, 121; lines applied
+  to, 121; Greek epigrams, 121; ambition of, 122; in Scotland,
+  133; communicates to the 'Times' the fall of Lord Melbourne's
+  first Administration, 145; resigns the Great Seal, 156; takes
+  leave of the Bar, 156; asks for the Chief Baronship, 157;
+  anecdote, 232; conduct of, in the case of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  260, 267; on the London University Charter, 261; judgment in
+  the case of Swift _v._ Kelly, 274; on the Corporation Bill,
+  286; violence in the House of Lords, 303; illness of, 329; and
+  Macaulay, 337, 338; at Queen Victoria's first Council, 408
+
+Brummel, 'Beau,' i. 282
+
+Brussels, disturbances at, ii. 40
+
+Buccleuch, Duke of, subscription to election expenses, iii. 182
+
+Budget, the, 1831, ii. 113
+
+Buller, James, death of, ii. 59
+
+Bülow, Baron von, on English affairs, iii. 211
+
+Bulwer, Sir Edward Lytton, iii. 348
+
+Bunsen, Baron, i. 315; career of, 327; on Roman affairs, 389
+
+Burdett, Sir Francis, returned for Westminster, 1837, iii. 398
+
+Burghersh, Lord, at Florence, i. 299; amateur opera, 301
+
+Burghersh, Lady, intercedes for a prisoner at the Old Bailey, ii.
+  85
+
+Burghley, party at, iii. 53
+
+Burke, Right Hon. Edmund, writings of, iii. 209; compared with
+  Mackintosh, 314
+
+Burke, Sir G., conversation with, on O'Connell, ii. 111
+
+Buxton, Fowell, dinner at the brewery, ii. 148
+
+Byng, Right Hon. George, Lord of the Treasury, iii. 95
+
+Byron, Lord, Moore's Life of, i. 272; character of, 273
+
+
+Cambridge, H.R.H. the Duchess of, reception of, i. 2
+
+Cambridge, University of, petition for the admission of
+  Dissenters to the, iii. 72, 75
+
+Campbell, Sir John, Solicitor-General, ii. 333; Attorney-General,
+  iii. 141
+
+Canada, affairs in, iii. 350
+
+Canning, Right Hon. Sir Stratford, Ambassador at St. Petersburg,
+  ii. 352, 357; anecdote of, iii. 39; offered the
+  Governor-Generalship of Canada, 234
+
+Canning, Right Hon. George, Foreign Secretary, i. 55;
+  correspondence with the King on taking office, 59; forms an
+  Administration (1827), 93, 95; death of, 103; anecdotes of,
+  104; industrious habits of, 106; memoirs of, 263, 272; despatch
+  in verse, 326; sagacity of, ii. 42; conversation with the King,
+  102; correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, 103; coldness
+  to the Duke of Wellington, 103; anecdote of, 125; negotiation
+  with the Whigs, 170; influence over Lord Liverpool, 172; in
+  favour with the King, 172; on Reform, iii. 135; and King George
+  IV., 137
+
+Canning, Lady, visit to, ii. 101; authorship of pamphlet, iii. 40
+
+Canning, Mr. Charles, offered a Lordship of the Treasury, iii.
+  202
+
+Cannizzaro, Duchess of, iii. 11; crowns the Duke of Wellington,
+  406
+
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, indecision of the, ii. 250, 262, 263;
+  importance of support of the, 252, 253
+
+Canterbury, Viscount, declines to go to Canada, iii. 234
+
+Capo di Monte, i. 335
+
+Capua, i. 360
+
+Cardinals, the, i. 309
+
+Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 95; iii. 88
+
+Carlists, the, in Spain, iii. 66
+
+Carlos, Don, in London, iii. 98
+
+Carlow election, iii. 348
+
+Carnarvon, Earl of, refuses to move the address in the House of
+  Lords, iii. 202
+
+Caroline, Queen, return of, i. 28; trial of, 31, 35; anecdote of,
+  iii. 37
+
+Carvalho, Minister of Finance to Dom Pedro, iii. 93
+
+Catacombs, the, _see_ Rome
+
+Catholic emancipation, i. 163, 172, 174
+
+Catholic Relief Bill, excitement concerning the, i. 180; debates
+  on, _see_ Lords and Commons
+
+Cato Street Conspiracy, the, i. 26
+
+Cayla, Madame du, i. 71; dinner at the Duke of Wellington's, 214;
+  Béranger's verses on, 215; favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 306
+
+Cenis, the Mont, i. 287
+
+Champollion, Jean François, death of, ii. 307
+
+Chapeau de Paille, the, purchase of, ii. 125
+
+Chapel, near Holland House, unable to be consecrated, iii. 200
+
+Charles I., King, head of, discovered at Windsor, ii. 168;
+  executioner of, iii. 132
+
+Charles X., King, of France, arrival of in England, ii. 31; at
+  Lulworth Castle, 33; off Cowes, 34
+
+Charlotte, Queen, illness of, i. 2, 3
+
+Charlotte, H.R.H. the Princess, anecdotes of, ii. 319
+
+Chartres, H.R.H. the Duc de, arrival of, i. 208
+
+Chatham, Earl of, death of, iii. 316
+
+Chatsworth, hospitality at, i. 237; charade at, 238; party at,
+  ii. 51
+
+Chesterfield Papers, the, iii. 327
+
+Chobert, the 'Fire King,' i. 276
+
+Cholera, the, in Russia, ii. 57; account of, 150; preventive
+  measures against, 154, 216; effect on trade of, 156; spread of,
+  161; alarm about, 169; at Berlin, 192; at Sunderland, 208, 210;
+  at Marseilles, 221; on the decline, 224; near Edinburgh, 240;
+  in London, 258, 259; in Bethnal Green, 261; account of, 278;
+  diminution of, 285; in Paris, 287; alarm in London, 309, 311
+
+Christina, Queen, of Spain, iii. 66, 72; reported flight of, 360;
+  courage of, 365
+
+Christmas trees, introduced by Princess Lieven at Panshanger, i.
+  259
+
+Church Bill, the, Committee on, iii. 199
+
+Church Reform, iii. 206
+
+City, the, address to the King, ii. 126; illumination in, 140;
+  election, 1835, iii. 184, 186, 187; anxiety in the money-market,
+  373, 376
+
+Civil List, the, excess of expenditure on, i. 253; for debates
+  on, _see_ Commons, House of
+
+Clanricarde, Marquis of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78
+
+Clarence, H.R.H. the Duke of, Lord High Admiral, i. 95; removal
+  of, from the office of Lord High Admiral, 138, 140. _See_
+  William IV.
+
+Cobbett, William, trial of, ii. 158; returned for Oldham, 335;
+  takes his seat, 351; and Sir Robert Peel, 373
+
+Cochrane, Lord, at Florence, i. 301; villa near Florence, 302
+
+Codrington, Sir E., interview with the Duke of Wellington, i. 179
+
+Coercion Bill, the, introduced, ii. 359
+
+Colchester Election, iii. 112
+
+Commons, House of; Alien Bill, i. 1; Dr. Halloran's petition, 14;
+  debate on grant to the Duke of York, 18; debates on Queen
+  Caroline, 30, 32, 38; Small Notes Bill, 79; debates on Catholic
+  Relief Bill, 91, 133, 166, 191; division on Catholic Relief
+  Bill, 185; Catholic Relief Bill read a third time, 203; Regency
+  and Civil List, ii. 45; debate on the Evesham election, 25;
+  debate on the Civil List, 110; announcement of the Reform Bill,
+  110; Pension List, 111; debate on Ireland, 112; Budget of 1831,
+  113; proposed reductions, 118; introduction of the first Reform
+  Bill, 121; debates on the Reform Bill, 123, 125; debate on the
+  Timber duties, 130; debate on the Reform Bill, 131; division on
+  the Reform Bill, 132; Government defeated, 135; scene in the
+  House, 135; second reading of the Reform Bill, 156; Wine
+  duties, 160; Reform Bill, Schedule A, 170; second Reform Bill,
+  227; debate on, and second reading of the second Reform Bill
+  carried, 228; Reform Bill supported by the Irish Members, 239;
+  division on the Russian Loan, 240; division on the sugar
+  duties, 267; Reform Bill passed, 270; debates, 296; violent
+  scene in debate on petition of the City of London, 299; Irish
+  Tithe question, 308; debate on, 309; debate on the Address,
+  353; Irish Church Reform, 354; aspect of the reformed House,
+  360; debate on Slave Emancipation, 371; vote of confidence in
+  the Ministers, 376; division on the Irish Church Bill, 381;
+  vote against sinecures, iii. 13; division on Apprenticeship
+  Clause of West India Bill, 16; disorganised state of the House,
+  17; Pension List, 60; business of the House, 61; debate on the
+  Corn Laws, 68; debate on admission of Dissenters to the
+  University, 75; debate on Repeal of the Union, 80; Pension
+  List, 80; debate on Portugal, 82; Poor Law Bill, 83; debate on
+  Irish Tithe Bill, 98, 99; gallery for reporters, 205; debate on
+  the Speakership, 214; debate on the Address, 221; debate and
+  division on amendment to the Address, 223; Malt Tax, 224;
+  debate on appointment of Lord Londonderry, 225; Dissenters'
+  Marriage Bill, 230; Government beaten on Chatham election, 234;
+  state of parties in the House, 234; debate and division on
+  Irish Church question, 240; uproar in the House, 243;
+  Government defeated on Irish Tithe Bill, 246; debate on Irish
+  Church Bill, 281; position of the House, 288, 291; conflict
+  with the House of Lords, 225; debate and division on the
+  amendment to the Address, 334; effect of division, 336;
+  Opposition defeated, 347; division, 359; Irish Corporation
+  Bill, 388; insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389; debates on Irish
+  Tithe Bill, 391; abandonment of the appropriation clauses, 393
+
+Como, i. 414
+
+Conroy, Sir John, ii. 190; iii. 3
+
+Conservative Club, dinner at, ii. 327; speeches, 327
+
+Constantine, the Grand Duke, accident to, i. 259; death of, ii.
+  164
+
+Convention signed between France, England, and Holland, ii. 375
+
+Conyngham, Marquis of, Postmaster-General, iii. 88, 113
+
+Conyngham, Marchioness of, i. 46; wears a Crown jewel, 48; Court
+  intrigues, 207
+
+Conyngham, Lord Francis, i. 50
+
+Coprogli, History of the Grand Vizier, iii. 115
+
+Cornelius, painter, ii. 149
+
+Coronation, the, of William IV., decided on, ii. 156;
+  preparations for, 157, 163, 165; estimates for, 181; disputes
+  over the arrangements for, 187
+
+Cottenham, Lord, Lord High Chancellor, iii. 328
+
+Cotton, Sir Willoughby, suppresses the insurrection in Jamaica,
+  ii. 262; on affairs in Jamaica, 380
+
+Council, Clerk of the, Mr. Greville sworn in, i. 44; after the
+  accession of William IV., ii. 12; Lord Grey's Administration
+  sworn in, 71; for the proclamation against rioters, 73;
+  recorder's report in, 85; clerks of the, 87; scene at Council
+  for a new Great Seal, 188
+
+Council, Privy: suttee case before the, ii. 307; embargo on Dutch
+  ships, 343; meeting of the, on the London University petition,
+  iii. 80; counter petition of Oxford and Cambridge, 80
+
+Council, Cabinet: the first of Lord Melbourne's Administration,
+  iii. 120; the first of Sir Robert Peel's Administration, 174
+
+Covent Garden Theatrical Fund Dinner, i. 205
+
+Coventry, glove trade, ii. 224
+
+Cowley, Abraham, lines from 'Ode to Solitude,' ii. 272
+
+Cowper, Earl, at Panshanger, ii. 229
+
+Cowper, Countess, at Panshanger, ii. 229
+
+Cowper, William, Life of, by Southey, iii. 134
+
+Cradock, Colonel, sent to Charles X., ii. 37
+
+Crampton, Sir Philip, Irish story, i. 243
+
+Craven, Earl of, disperses a mob, ii. 77; on the proposed new
+  Peers, 232
+
+Craven, General the Hon. Berkeley, suicide of, iii. 350
+
+Crawford, William, member for the City of London, iii. 188
+
+Creevey, Mr., i. 235
+
+Croker, Right Hon. John Wilson, edition of 'Boswell's Life of
+  Johnson,' ii. 105; reviews lost, 106
+
+Cumberland, H.R.H. the Duke of, opposition to Catholic Relief
+  Bill, i. 180; intrigues at Court, 222; insults Lady Lyndhurst,
+  222, 223; quarrel with Lord Lyndhurst, 224; disputes concerning
+  the office of 'Gold Stick,' ii. 5, 21
+
+Cumberland, H.R.H. the Duchess of, i. 2
+
+Cuvier, Baron, death of, ii. 307
+
+
+Dalberg, Duke de, letter on European affairs, ii. 44
+
+Dawson, Right Hon. George Robert, speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation, i. 138, 200; sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 71
+
+De Cazes, Duke, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305; Ambassador to
+  the Court of St. James, 306
+
+Dedel, M., Dutch Minister at the Court of St. James, iii, 32
+
+Denbigh, Earl of, Chamberlain to Queen Adelaide, ii. 342; sworn
+  in Privy Councillor, 352
+
+Denman, Lord, correspondence with the King, i. 156; sworn in a
+  Privy Councillor, ii. 329; Lord Chief Justice, 330; qualities
+  of, 331; meeting of, with Lord Brougham, in Bedfordshire, iii.
+  71; raised to the Peerage, 74
+
+Derby Dilly, the, iii. 236, 237, 253
+
+De Ros, Lord, in Rome, i. 368
+
+De Ros, Colonel, the Hon. Arthur John Hill, death of, i. 81;
+  character of, 82
+
+Dickenson, Captain, trial of, by court-martial, i. 235
+
+Diebitsch, Marshal, death of, from cholera, ii. 154
+
+Dino, Duc de, arrest of the, i. 255
+
+Dino, Duchesse de, ii. 57; on the state of France, 195
+
+Discontent throughout the country, ii. 108
+
+Disraeli, Benjamin, projects for sitting in Parliament, iii. 170
+
+Dissenters' Marriage Bill, iii. 207, 230. For debates on, _see_
+  Commons, House of
+
+Dorsetshire election, 1831, ii. 203, 207; crime in, iii. 77
+
+Dover, Lord, resigns the Woods and Forests, ii. 109; created a
+  Peer, 150; death of, iii. 4; character of, 4; Life of
+  Frederick II., 6; book on the Man in the Iron Mask, 6
+
+Down, deanery of, iii. 70
+
+Drax _v._ Grosvenor, case of, ii. 224; lunacy case, 369; decision
+  on, 375; final meeting on, 377
+
+Drummond, Henry, mission to the Archbishop of York, iii. 333
+
+Dublin Police Bill, iii. 333
+
+Dudley, Earl of, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, i. 95,
+  124; dinner to Marshal Marmont, ii. 38; eccentricity of, 271,
+  272
+
+'Duke of Milan,' quotation from the, i. 178
+
+Dulcken, Madam, performs before the Judicial Committee, iii. 325
+
+Duncannon, Viscount, iii. 104; called to the House of Lords, and
+  Secretary of State, 109; sworn in, 112; Home Secretary, 113; on
+  O'Connell, 117; at a fire in Edward Street, 117; on the state
+  of affairs, 196; Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord
+  Melbourne, 256
+
+Duncombe, Hon. Thomas Slingsby, maiden speech of, i. 128;
+  petition from Barnet, ii. 255; guilty of libel, iii. 9; at
+  Hillingdon, 123
+
+Durham, Earl of, quarrel with Lady Jersey, ii. 119; influence
+  over Lord Grey, 222; attack on Lord Grey at a Cabinet dinner,
+  226; rudeness of, 269; return from Russia, 333; violence of,
+  333; created an earl, 365
+
+Dwarris, Sir Fortunatus, dinner at the house of, ii. 359
+
+
+East, Sir E. Hyde, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155
+
+Eboli, Duchesse d', ball at Naples, i. 335
+
+Ebrington, Viscount, moves a vote of confidence in the
+  Government, ii. 202, 204
+
+Ebury, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78
+
+Egremont, Earl of, at Petworth, ii. 336; wealth of, 337;
+  hospitality to the poor, iii. 84
+
+Eldon, Earl of, audience of King George IV., i. 197; speech at
+  Apsley House, ii. 198; career of, 378; tribute to, iii. 42
+
+Election, General, in 1830, ii. 20, 29; in 1831, 139, 141, 142,
+  145; in 1832, 335; in 1835, iii. 184, 189, 191, 193; results
+  of, 195; in the counties, 198; result, 201
+
+Eliot, Lord, return of, from Spain, iii. 259; conversation with
+  Louis Philippe, 259
+
+Ellenborough, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 124; letter to Sir
+  John Malcolm, 271; on West India affairs, ii. 350; on Egypt,
+  351; speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, iii.
+  73
+
+Ellesmere, Earl of, Irish Secretary, i. 146
+
+Ellice, Right Hon. Edward, iii. 104; and the Colchester election,
+  112; Secretary for War, 113; in Paris, 379
+
+Elliot, Frederic, letter from Canada, iii. 325
+
+Epsom races, 1831, ii. 143; in 1833, 373
+
+Erskine, Right Hon. Thomas, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 223;
+  Chief Judge in Bankruptcy, 223
+
+Escars, Duchesse d', at a party given by the Duke of Wellington,
+  i. 214
+
+Este, Sir Augustus d', behaviour of, ii. 194
+
+Esterhazy, Prince Paul, conversation with, ii. 40; on Belgian
+  affairs, 189; on the state of England, iii. 32; on affairs in
+  Europe, 370; conversation with, 373
+
+Europe, state of, ii. 126; in 1831, 187; in 1836, iii. 370
+
+Evans, General de Lacy, iii. 265; reported death of, 359
+
+Evans, the incendiary, arrest of, ii. 70
+
+Exeter, Bishop of, correspondence with Lord Melbourne, ii. 97;
+  interview with Lord Grey, 205; talents of, 287; ambition of,
+  289
+
+
+Falck, Baron, ii. 15, 41
+
+Ferdinand, Emperor, of Austria, iii. 374
+
+Fergusson, Right Hon. Cutlar, Judge Advocate, iii. 95
+
+Ferrara, i. 405
+
+Fieschi conspiracy, iii. 286
+
+Fingall, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Finsbury election, 1834, Radical returned, iii. 100
+
+Fitzclarence, Colonel George, _see_ Munster, Earl of
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Frederick, resigns appointment at the Tower,
+  ii. 362
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Adolphus, picture of, ii. 179
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Augustus, at Ascot, ii. 147; picture of, 176
+
+Fitzclarence, Lady Augusta, marriage of, iii. 363
+
+Fitzgerald, Right Hon. Vesey, i. 150
+
+Fitzherbert, Mrs., death of, iii. 396; documents of, 396
+
+Flahault, Madame de, anecdotes of Princess Charlotte, ii. 319;
+  _salon_ of, in Paris, iii. 381
+
+Fleury, Cardinal, ii. 347
+
+Florence, i. 299; sights of, 300; society at, 302; sculpture,
+  300, 301; pictures, 303; Grand Duke, 303
+
+Foley, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84; Lord-Lieutenant
+  of Worcestershire, 84; at St. James's, 297
+
+Fonblanque, Albany, iii. 348
+
+Forester, Right Hon. Colonel Cecil, resigns his appointment as
+  Groom of the Bedchamber, ii. 118
+
+Forfar election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Fox, Mrs. Lane, accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend,
+  ii. 133; receives the Cabinet Ministers, iii. 140
+
+Fox, Right Hon. Charles James, described by Talleyrand, ii. 344
+
+Fox, W. J., Unitarian minister, sermon, iii. 43
+
+France, state of affairs in, i. 284; appearance of the country,
+  287; impending crisis in 1830, 369; events in 1830, ii. 17;
+  revolution, 19; Duke of Orleans ascends the throne, 26;
+  political prospects, 26; reconstruction of the Constitution,
+  28; army ordered to Belgium, 178; army in Belgium, 181; seizure
+  of Portuguese ships, 182, 184; republican tendencies of, 187;
+  state of the country, 1831, 195; weakness of the Government of
+  Louis Philippe, 322; dispute with America, iii. 322; state of
+  the country, 382
+
+Francis, Sir Philip, handwriting of, i. 234
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 185
+
+Franz Joseph, Archduke, iii. 374
+
+Frascati, convent at, i. 305; dinner at, 305; visit to, 390
+
+
+Gallatin, Albert, i. 257
+
+Gambier, Lord, proxy of, ii. 286
+
+Garrick, David, anecdotes of ii. 316
+
+Gell, Sir William, at Rome, i. 372, 375
+
+Geneva, i. 415
+
+Genoa, i. 292; palaces, 293, 295; churches, 294; tomb of Andrew
+  Doria, 296
+
+George III., death of, i. 23; will, 64; jewels and property, 65;
+  dislike of the Duke of Richmond, iii. 129
+
+George IV., illness of, i. 23; at the Pavilion, 49; interview
+  with, 91; health and habits of, 143; violent dislike to the
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 153, 181; character of, 155; personal
+  habits of, 189; interview with the Lord Chancellor, the Duke of
+  Wellington, and Sir Robert Peel, 201; health of, 206; racing
+  interests of, 212; anecdotes concerning, 216; eyesight
+  affected, 233, 236; courage of, 236; conduct in reference to
+  Mr. Denman, 250; illness of, 368; death of, 417; funeral of,
+  ii. 4; sale of wardrobe, 23; details of last illness, 30;
+  anecdotes concerning, 189
+
+Gérard, Marshal, reported resignation of, ii. 45; ordered to
+  Belgium, 178
+
+Gibson, John, R.A., at Rome, i. 383
+
+Gladstone, William Ewart, West India Committee, iii. 280
+
+Glenelg, Lord, President of the Board of Trade, i. 124; Board of
+  Control, ii. 66, iii. 113; Colonial Secretary in Lord
+  Melbourne's second Administration, 256; and the King, 276
+
+'Glenfinlas' performed at Bridgewater House, iii. 353, 355
+
+Glengall, Earl of, comedy by the, i. 249
+
+Glengall, Countess of, ii. 85
+
+Gloucester, H.R.H. the Duke of, ii. 8
+
+Goderich, Viscount, Small Notes Bill, i. 79; Secretary of State
+  for Colonial Affairs and War, 95; sent for by the King, 107;
+  scene at Windsor, 108; Administration of, formed, 108;
+  resignation of, 115; returns to office, 116; Ministry
+  dissolved, 120; Colonial Secretary, ii. 66; Lord Privy Seal,
+  365; created an earl, 367; invested with the Order of the
+  Garter, 367
+
+Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, death of, ii. 307
+
+Goodwood, ii. 182; in 1833, iii. 20
+
+Gorhambury, party at, ii. 188
+
+'Goriot, Le Père,' iii. 378
+
+Goulburn, Right Hon. Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer, i. 124
+
+Graham, Right Hon. Sir James, First Lord of the Admiralty, ii.
+  66; elevation of, 90; remarks on, 91; resignation of, iii. 88;
+  declines to join the Peel Administration, 176; conservative
+  spirit of, 249; on the crisis of 1835, 249; joins the
+  Opposition, 272
+
+Grange, The, attacked by a mob, ii. 68
+
+Grant, Right Hon. Charles, _see_ Glenelg, Lord
+
+Granville, Earl, Ambassador in Paris, iii. 385
+
+Granville, Countess, i. 10; quarrel with M. Thiers, iii. 380
+
+Greece, policy of the English Government towards, i. 255
+
+Greenwich, dinner at, iii. 1
+
+Grenville, Thomas, conduct during the riots of 1780, iii. 129
+
+Gresley, Sir Roger, quarrel with Lord H. Bentinck, ii. 148
+
+Greville, Charles, sen., death of, ii. 318
+
+Greville, Mrs., 'Ode to Indifference,' ii. 319
+
+Greville, Algernon, private secretary to the Duke of Wellington,
+  iii. 163
+
+Grey, Earl, hostility to the Government, i. 100; forms an
+  Administration, 1830, ii. 64, 66; First Lord of the Treasury,
+  66; at dinner at Lord Sefton's, 69; nepotism of, 78; character
+  of, 88; relations with Lord Lyndhurst, 88; lays the Reform Bill
+  before the King, 109; weakness of Government in the House of
+  Commons, 116; remarks on Administration of, 137; invested with
+  the Order of the Garter, 146; at dinner at Hanbury's Brewery,
+  149; attacked on his foreign policy, 178; on Belgian affairs,
+  178; attacked by Lord Durham, 226; proposed new Peers, 230;
+  altered conduct of, 232; reluctance to make new Peers, 247;
+  conversation with, 248; interview with Lord Harrowby and Lord
+  Wharncliffe, 259; minute of compromise with Lord Harrowby and
+  Lord Wharncliffe, 260; speech on Ancona, 269; speech at the
+  close of the Reform debate, 288; continued efforts for a
+  compromise, 291; Government defeated in committee, 293;
+  resignation of Administration of, 294; resumes office with his
+  colleagues, 300; remarks on the members of the Administration
+  of, 322; embarrassment of Government, 369; instance of
+  readiness of, iii. 10; on Portuguese affairs, 21; compared with
+  the Duke of Wellington, 73; changes in the Administration of,
+  88, 90, 91; situation of, in the crisis of 1834, 91; letter to
+  Lord Ebrington, 92; weakness of the Government, 97; resignation
+  of, 101; refuses the Privy Seal, 112; desires to retire, 124;
+  dinner to, at Edinburgh, 135; events subsequent to retirement
+  of, 145; intrigue, 145; conservative spirit of, 249; audience
+  of the King, 251; dissatisfaction of, 352
+
+Grey, Sir Charles, Governor of Jamaica, sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, iii. 271
+
+Grote, George, returned for the City of London, iii. 188
+
+Guizot, Monsieur, reported resignation of, ii. 45; eminence of,
+  iii. 379
+
+Gully, Mr., account of, ii. 335; returned for Pontefract, 336
+
+Gunpowder Plot, papers relating to, i. 161
+
+
+Haddington, Earl of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 181
+
+Halford, Sir Henry, report on the cholera, ii. 137
+
+Hampden, Dr. Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, iii. 341,
+  342
+
+Hanbury's Brewery, dinner at, ii. 148
+
+Happiness, reflections on, iii. 293
+
+Hardinge, Right Hon. Sir Henry, on the prospects of the Tory
+  Government, iii. 167; on the King and Lord Melbourne, 168
+
+Harrowby, Earl of, Lord President, i. 95; speech on Reform, ii.
+  206; interview with Lord Grey, 224; circular to the Peers, 242,
+  248; interview with Lord Grey, 259; discussions on letter of,
+  262; letter shown to Lord Grey, 264; the 'Times' on the letter
+  of, 264, 265; patriotic conduct of, 275; declines to vote on
+  Schedule A, 281; character of, iii. 52; subscription to
+  election expenses, 182
+
+Harrowby, Countess of, iii. 52
+
+Hartwell, visit to, ii. 345
+
+Harvey, Whittle, committee, iii. 112; speech of, at Southwark,
+  188
+
+Harwich election, 1835, iii. 186
+
+Health, formation of a board of, ii. 154
+
+Henry II., King, and Thomas à Becket, iii. 130
+
+Henry VIII., King, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168
+
+Herbert, Sydney, Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194
+
+Herculaneum, i. 349
+
+'Hernani,' ii. 154
+
+Herries, Right Hon. John Charles, scene at Council, i. 108;
+  discussions on appointment of, 110; ill-will of, towards his
+  colleagues, 121; Master of the Mint, 124
+
+Hertford, Marchioness of, funeral of, iii. 79
+
+Hess, Captain, ii. 319, 320
+
+Heurteloup, Baron, before the Judicial Committee, iii. 332
+
+Heythrop, riot at, ii. 77
+
+Hill, Mr., Irish members' squabble, iii. 55
+
+Hobhouse, Right Hon. Sir John Cam, speech on the Reform Bill, ii.
+  123; Secretary of War, 243; resigns Irish Secretaryship and
+  seat for Westminster, ii. 368; on the state of affairs, iii.
+  195; Board of Control, in Lord Melbourne's second
+  Administration, 256
+
+Holland, the King of, invades Belgium, ii. 175; state of, 200;
+  conduct of the King of, 314; the King refuses to give up
+  Antwerp, 321, 329; obstinacy of the King, 324; bankrupt
+  condition of, iii. 32
+
+Holland, Lord, at Panshanger, ii. 47; Duchy of Lancaster, iii.
+  113; anecdotes related by, 131; on Reform, 135; on Mr. Canning,
+  135; anecdotes, 335; on Mr. Fox, 335; contempt for the Tory
+  party, 336
+
+Holland, Lady, fancies of, ii. 331; and Spencer Perceval, iii.
+  331
+
+Holland House, dinner at, ii. 245; conversation at, 316; Allen
+  and Macaulay, 317; sketch of, 331; conversation at, iii. 127,
+  129; literary criticisms, 130; Lord Melbourne's conversation,
+  131; dinner at, 132; news of the fall of Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 147; party spirit at, 192
+
+Holmes boroughs, ii. 140
+
+Hook, Theodore, improvisation of, iii. 119, 197; singing of, 197
+
+Home, Sir William, Attorney-General, ii. 333; and Lord Brougham,
+  iii. 67
+
+Hortense, Queen, at Frascati, i. 305
+
+Horton, Wilmot, lectures at the Mechanics' Institute, ii. 97
+
+Howe, Earl, dismissal of, ii. 203; Queen's Chamberlain, 319; and
+  Queen Adelaide, 331; correspondence about the Chamberlainship,
+  339
+
+Howick, Viscount, Under-secretary, ii. 78; in office, iii. 254;
+  civility of the King to, 255; Secretary of War, 256; acrimony
+  of, 312; interview with Spencer Perceval, 330; on the position
+  of parties, 360
+
+Hudson, Sir James, page of honour, ii. 339
+
+Hume, John Deacon, Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade, i.
+  223; ii. 49
+
+Hume, Joseph, extreme Radical views of, ii. 361; speech on the
+  Orangemen, iii. 344; deputation to Lord Melbourne, 357
+
+'Hunchback, The,' ii. 285
+
+Hunt, Henry, speech of, ii. 112; speech of, against the Reform
+  Bill, 134
+
+Huskisson, Right Hon. William, President of the Board of Trade,
+  i. 95; dispute in the Cabinet, 120; joins the new Government,
+  122; Colonial Secretary, 124; resignation of, 131; Lord
+  Melbourne's opinion of, ii. 46; death of, 47; character of, 49;
+  funeral of, 51
+
+
+Incendiarism in the country, ii. 84
+
+Ireland, trials in, i. 239; dissatisfaction in, ii. 76;
+  unpopularity of Government changes in, 89; state of, 112, 114;
+  education in, 267, 271; tithes, 309; Church difficulties in,
+  323
+
+Irish Church, abuses in, iii. 9; the Irish Church Bill dangerous
+  to the Government, 86; differences in the Cabinet, 89;
+  difficulties of the Irish Church question, 240, 253; opinions
+  of Lord Melbourne on the, 269. For debates on the Irish Church
+  Bill, _see_ Lords, House of, and Commons, House of
+
+Irish Tithe Bill, thrown out, iii. 117; divisions on the, 246;
+  conduct of the Government, 298; difficulties of, 353, 354;
+  abandonment of the Appropriation Clause, 355
+
+Irving, Edward, service in chapel, iii. 40; the unknown tongues,
+  41; sermon of, 41; interview with Lord Melbourne, 129
+
+Irving, Washington, i. 249
+
+Istria, Duchesse d', beauty of, iii. 381
+
+
+Jacquemont's Letters, iii. 115
+
+Jamaica, insurrection in, ii. 262; Mr. Greville, Secretary of the
+  Island of, 349; petition to the King, 352; affairs of, 352;
+  anecdote of a slave, 359; opinion of Sir Willoughby Cotton,
+  380; office of Secretary to the Island of, threatened, iii.
+  266, 268, 275; secured, 279
+
+Jebb, Judge, charge of, at O'Connell's trial, ii. 109
+
+Jeffrey, Lord, and Professor Leslie, iii. 44
+
+Jersey, Countess of, character of, i. 12; party at the house of,
+  ii. 64; quarrel with Lord Durham, 119; correspondence with Lord
+  Brougham, 126
+
+Jockey Club, dinner given by the King to the, 1828, i. 154; in
+  1829, 211
+
+'John Bull,' the, newspaper, ii. 97
+
+Johnson, Dr., anecdotes of, ii. 316
+
+Johnstone, Right Hon. Sir Alexander, sworn in a Privy Councillor,
+  iii. 27, 30; at the Judicial Committee, 125
+
+Jones Loyd, Mr., iii. 188
+
+Jones, 'Radical,' interview with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 200
+
+Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Bill for the
+  establishment of the, iii. 21; meeting to make regulations for
+  the, 35; first sitting of the, 38; working of the, 205
+
+
+Kelly, Mrs., adventures of her daughter, i. 379, 383; case before
+  the Privy Council, iii. 259, 261, 266, 267; judgment, 274
+
+Kemble, Charles, and his family, iii. 260
+
+Kemble, Miss Fanny, i. 240, ii. 129; tragedy by, 270; in the
+  'Hunchback,' 285
+
+Kempt, Right Hon. Sir James, Master-General of the Ordnance,
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84
+
+Kent, H.R.H. the Duchess of, disputes in the Royal Family, ii.
+  190; and the Duke of Wellington, 190; the Regency Bill, 191;
+  salutes to, iii. 3; at Burghley, 315; quarrels with the King,
+  366; scene at Windsor, 367; answer to the address of the City
+  of London, 399; squabble with the King, 400
+
+Kenyon, Lord, speech at Apsley House, ii. 198
+
+Kinnaird, Lord, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, anecdote of, iii. 130
+
+Knatchbull, Right Hon. Sir Edward, joins the Peel Government,
+  iii. 176, 177; attack on, 226
+
+Knighton, Sir William, i. 72; influence with the King, 99, 144;
+  behaviour of, during the King's illness, ii. 174
+
+
+Lafayette, Marquis de, resignation of, ii. 99
+
+La Ferronays, M. de, French Ambassador at Rome, i. 307; on the
+  accession of the Emperor Nicholas, 373; on French politics,
+  368; civility of, 380, 381; on French affairs, 393, 395
+
+La Granja, revolution of, iii. 364, 365
+
+'Lalla Rookh,' at Bridgewater House, iii. 353
+
+Lamb, Sir Frederick, ii. 94; reported letter to the King of
+  France from the Duke of Wellington, 94
+
+Lambeth Palace, restoration of, ii. 34
+
+Lancashire election, 1835, iii. 198
+
+Langdale, Lord, reply to Lord Brougham, iii. 81; declines the
+  Solicitor-Generalship, 141; peerage, 328; Master of the Rolls,
+  328
+
+Lansdowne, Marquis of, Secretary of State for the Home
+  Department, i. 95; Lord President, ii. 66; dinner to name the
+  sheriffs, 109; on the Reform Bill, 131; and Lord Brougham, 347;
+  Lord President in both of the Administrations of Lord
+  Melbourne, iii. 113, 256
+
+La Roncière, case of, iii. 202
+
+Laval, M. de, at Apsley House, ii. 15
+
+Law, History of English, iii. 114
+
+Lawrence, Sir Thomas, early genius of, i. 256; death of, 263;
+  character of, 264; funeral of, 268; engagement of, to the
+  Misses Siddons, iii. 50
+
+Leach, Right Hon. Sir John, disappointed of the Woolsack, ii. 68;
+  in the case of Drax _v._ Grosvenor, 378
+
+Leigh, Colonel George, ii. 189
+
+Leinster, Duke of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155
+
+Leitrim, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Le Marchant, Denis, at Stoke, iii. 21
+
+Lemon, Robert, F.S.A., Deputy Keeper of the State Papers, iii. 44
+
+Lennard, John Barrett, Chief Clerk of the Privy Council Office,
+  ii. 370
+
+Leopold, King, i. 22; desires to ascend the throne of Greece,
+  265; anxiety to ascend the throne of Belgium, ii. 153; accepts
+  the throne of Belgium, 158; starts for Belgium, 167; proposes
+  to the Princess Louise of France, 168; in Belgium, 177; want of
+  confidence in, 177; cold reception of, at Windsor, iii. 370
+
+Leuchtenberg, Duke of, at Havre, iii. 33; marriage of, 33; letter
+  to Lord Palmerston, 34; arrival of, 195
+
+Leveson, Lord Francis, _see_ Ellesmere, Earl of
+
+Levee, iii. 213
+
+Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ('Monk' Lewis), journals and voyages to
+  the West Indies, ii. 382; anecdote of, iii. 2; agreement with
+  Mr. Murray for the Journal, 8
+
+Lichfield, Earl of, at Runton, iii. 51
+
+Lichfield Cathedral, iii. 327
+
+Lieven, Prince, recalled, iii. 87
+
+Lieven, Princess, character of, i. 15; attacks Lord Grey, ii.
+  261; on the Belgian question, 266; conversation with, 322;
+  renews her friendship with the Duke of Wellington, 325;
+  grievances of, 351; interference of, 358; diplomatic
+  difficulties, 357; reception of, at St. Petersburg, iii. 23;
+  position, of, in Paris, 379
+
+Littleton, Right Hon. Edward, i. 11; proposed by Lord Althorp as
+  Speaker, ii. 333; Secretary for Ireland, 372; and O'Connell,
+  iii. 99; instrumental in breaking up the Government, 102;
+  political career of, 103; letter to Lord Wellesley, 103, 110;
+  in communication with O'Connell, 103, 110; Irish Secretary, 113
+
+Liverpool, Earl of, and the King, i. 25; paralytic seizure, 90;
+  transactions before the close of Administration of, ii. 173
+
+Liverpool, opening of the railroad, ii. 43, 47; bribery at
+  election, 79
+
+Lobau, Marshal, Commandant-Général, ii. 99
+
+Lodge, the Royal, entertainments at, i. 99
+
+London, speech of Bishop of, iii. 391; University Charter, iii.
+  80, 81, 237; meeting of Committee of Council on, 260, 262
+
+Londonderry, Marquis of, death of, i. 51; character of, 52;
+  funeral of, 54
+
+Londonderry, Marquis of, motion on Belgium, ii. 180; attacks Lord
+  Plunket, 266; debate on appointment of, to St. Petersburg, iii.
+  225; opinion of the Duke of Wellington, 227; speech of, 228;
+  resignation of, 229
+
+Long, St. John, trial of, ii. 85
+
+Lords, House of, debate of Royal Dukes, i. 177; debate on
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 199; division on Catholic Relief Bill,
+  199; debate on affairs in Portugal, 277; debate on the Methuen
+  Treaty, ii. 118; speech of Lord Brougham, 118; violent scene in
+  the, 136; debate on Lord Londonderry's motion, 180; prospects
+  of the Reform Bill, 193; First Reform Bill thrown out, 202;
+  attack on the Bishops, 205; new Peers, 230; measures for
+  carrying the second reading of the Second Reform Bill, 235,
+  237; division on the Belgian question, 240; Reform Bill, 271;
+  Irish education, 271; debates on second reading of the Reform
+  Bill, 272, 286; list of proposed new Peers, 283; Reform Bill
+  carried, 287; in Committee on the Reform Bill, 291; debate on
+  conduct of the Tory party, 303; Russo-Dutch Loan, 315;
+  Government beaten on Portuguese question, 376; powerlessness
+  of, 377; Local Courts Bill, 382, 384; debate on Local Courts
+  Bill, iii. 7; Government defeated, 7; Irish Church Bill, 8;
+  Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83; debate on the Irish
+  Church Bill, 94; Poor Law Bill, 114; debate on Irish Tithe
+  Bill, 117; conduct of the House, 239; debate on Corporation
+  Bill, 286, 290; position of the House, 288, 291; Irish Tithe
+  Bill thrown up, 295; conflict with the House of Commons, 295;
+  state of the House, 307; debate on Corporation Bill, 308, 351;
+  hostility to the House of Commons, 359; conduct of the House,
+  360, 361
+
+Louis XVIII., King, memoirs of, ii. 305; favourites of, 305; at
+  Hartwell, 345
+
+Louis Philippe, King, accession of, ii. 26; conduct of, 27;
+  tranquillises Paris, 99; speech of, 169; averse to French
+  attack on Antwerp, 334; behaviour of, to the Queen of Portugal,
+  iii. 33; power of, in the Chamber, 142; courage of, 286;
+  conduct towards Spain, 321, 360, 364; at the Tuileries, 382;
+  dislike to the Duke de Broglie, 386
+
+Louise, H.R.H. Princess, daughter of King Louis Philippe, ii. 168
+
+Louis, Baron, reported resignation of, ii. 45
+
+Luckner, General, ii. 219
+
+Lushington, Dr., speech of, in the appeal of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  ii. 383
+
+Lushington, Sir Henry, and 'Monk' Lewis, iii. 2
+
+Luttrell, Henry, character of, i. 10; 'Advice to Julia,' 33
+
+Lyndhurst, Lord, Lord High Chancellor, i. 95, 124; quarrel with
+  the Duke of Cumberland, 223; dissatisfaction at Lord Brougham's
+  being raised to the Woolsack, ii. 68; reported appointment to
+  be Lord Chief Baron, 89; opinion of the Government, 93; Lord
+  Chief Baron, 106; political position of, 107; anecdote of a
+  trial, 107; retort to the Duke of Richmond, 139; on the
+  Government, 143; on Sir Robert Peel, 144; on Lord Brougham,
+  144; sent for by the King, 294; efforts to form a Tory
+  Government, 326; judgment in Small _v._ Attwood, 330; account
+  of the efforts of the Tory party to form a Government, 340;
+  forgets the message of the King to Lord Grey, iii. 49; account
+  of transactions between the King and Lord Melbourne, 150;
+  policy of, 151; on Lord Brougham, 153; Lord High Chancellor,
+  156; on the Administration of Sir Robert Peel, 189; conduct on
+  the Corporation Bill, 288, 292; on the prospects of the
+  session, 332; on the business of the House of Lords, 333;
+  speech in vindication of conduct, 362; in Paris, 378; insult
+  offered to, in House of Commons, 389; capacity of, 390; violent
+  speech of, 401
+
+Lyndhurst, Lady, insulted by the Duke of Cumberland, i. 222;
+  conversation with, ii. 93
+
+Lynn Regis, election, iii. 170, 171, 175, 181
+
+Lyons, riots at, ii. 219
+
+
+Macao, verses on, i. 11, 12
+
+Macaulay, Thomas Babington, speeches on the Reform Bill, ii. 123,
+  199; eloquence of, 204; at Holland House, 245; appearance of,
+  246; character of, 317; on the Coercion Bill, 363; conversation
+  of, iii. 35; memory of, 337; eloquence of, compared to Lord
+  Brougham, 338; inscription on monument erected in honour of
+  Lord William Bentinck, 339
+
+Macaulay, Zachary, iii. 337
+
+Mackintosh, Right Hon. Sir James, speech of, on the criminal
+  laws, i. 19; conversation of, 241; death of, ii. 307; 'History
+  of England,' iii. 139; remarks on life of, 293, 314; compared
+  with Burke, 314; life of, 316; abilities of, 316; religious
+  belief of, 324
+
+Maggiore, Lago, i. 414
+
+Maidstone, state of the borough, iii. 184
+
+Maii, Monsignore, i. 367, 375
+
+Malibran, Maria Felicita, in the 'Sonnambula,' iii. 12
+
+Mallet, conspiracy of, ii. 186
+
+Malt Tax, the, Government defeated on, ii. 368
+
+Manners Sutton, Sir Charles, G.C.B., proposed as Premier, ii.
+  326; conduct of, 341; reappointed Speaker, 343; Knight of the
+  Bath, iii. 30; the Speakership, 204, _see_ Canterbury, Lord
+
+Mansfield, Lord, speech against the Government, ii. 136; audience
+  of the King, 138; meeting of Peers, 152
+
+Mansion House, the, dinner at, iii. 178
+
+Marengo, battle-field of, i. 292
+
+Maria, Donna, Queen of Portugal, at a child's ball, i. 209;
+  proposals of marriage for, iii. 33; at Windsor, 33; picture of,
+  195
+
+Marie Amélie, Queen, iii. 383
+
+Marmont, Marshal, at Lady Glengall's, ii. 34; conversation with,
+  34; revolution of 1830, 37; at Woolwich, 38; dinner at Lord
+  Dudley's, 38
+
+Matteis, trial of, i. 336, 341
+
+Matuscewitz, Russian Ambassador Extraordinary, i. 159; on affairs
+  in Europe, ii. 176; conduct of, 324; conversation with, iii.
+  314
+
+Maule, Mr. Justice, at dinner at the Athenaeum. ii. 101
+
+Meeting of moderate men, origin of the 'Derby Dilly,' iii. 219
+
+Meiningen, château of, model of the, iii. 122; the Queen revisits
+  the, 125
+
+Melbourne, Viscount, Home Secretary, ii. 66; efficiency of, in
+  office, 90; negotiations with, 104; dissatisfaction of, 245; on
+  the proposed new Peers, 254; on the Reform Bill, 277; on the
+  members of Lord Grey's Administration, 322; sent for by the
+  King, iii. 102; forms an Administration, 108; letter to the
+  Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, and Mr. Stanley, 109;
+  Administration of, 113; anecdote of, 126; information of, 130;
+  literary conversation of, 131; on Benthamites, 138; theological
+  reading of, 138; fall of Government of, 143; dismissal of, 144;
+  details of fall of Government, 147; account of dismissal, 150,
+  168; with the King, 163, 168; with his colleagues, 164, 165,
+  166; dispute with Lord Duncannon, 166; speeches at Derby, 170;
+  weakness of, 170; second Administration formed, 253;
+  composition of, 256; theological reading of, 324; appointment
+  of Dr. Hampden, 342; action against, brought by the Hon. Mr.
+  Norton, 349; result of the trial, 351; difficulties of the
+  Government, 355
+
+Melville, Viscount, President of the India Board, i. 124
+
+Mendizabal, ability of, iii. 321; dismissal of, 350
+
+Messiah, the oratorio of the, performed in Westminster Abbey,
+  iii. 98
+
+Methuen, Paul, M.P., on supporting the Government, iii. 65;
+  retort of O'Connell to, 65
+
+Metternich, Princess, anecdote of, iii. 187
+
+Mexico, failure of the Spanish expedition against, i. 249
+
+Meynell, Mr., retires from the Lord Chamberlain's department, ii.
+  133
+
+Mezzofanti, i. 403
+
+Middlesex election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Middleton, party at, i. 12
+
+Miguel, Dom, ii. 312, 315, 321; attacks Oporto, 324; fleet
+  captured by Captain Napier, iii. 9; anecdote of, 26; blunders
+  of, 93
+
+Milan, i. 413
+
+Mill, John Stuart, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59
+
+Milton, Viscount, at a meeting at Lord Althorp's, ii. 161
+
+Mirabeau, Count de, Talleyrand's account of, ii. 384
+
+Miraflores, Count de, Spanish Ambassador in London, iii. 98;
+  doubtful compliment to Madame de Lieven, 99
+
+Mola di Gaeta, i. 359; Cicero's villa, 368
+
+Molé, M., Prime Minister of France, iii. 379; abilities of, 380
+
+Montalivet, case of the French refugee, iii. 386
+
+Monti, Vincenzo, anecdote of, ii. 186
+
+Moore, Thomas, i. 239, 245; conversation of, 242; anecdotes, 247;
+  Irish patriotism of, ii. 98; opinions on Reform, 140; copy of
+  'Lord Edward Fitzgerald,' 169; satire on Dr. Bowring, 219;
+  compared with Rogers, iii. 324; quarrel with O'Connell, 346
+
+'Morning Herald,' the, moderate Tory organ, ii. 269
+
+Mornington, Countess of, death of, ii. 194
+
+Morpeth, Viscount, Irish Secretary, iii. 256; speech on Irish
+  Tithe Bill, 256
+
+Mosley, Sir Oswald, meeting of moderate men, iii. 220
+
+Mulgrave, Earl of, in Jamaica, ii. 352; refuses the office of
+  Postmaster-General, iii. 90; Lord Privy Seal, 113; capability
+  of, 255
+
+Municipal Corporation Bill, iii. 263, 284, 290; policy of Tory
+  Peers on the, 283; prospects of the, 295; effects of the, 309,
+  313; the Bill carried, 310
+
+Munster, Earl of, employed by the King, ii. 10; raised to the
+  Peerage, 143; Lieutenant of the Tower, 168; sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, 352
+
+Murat, Achille, ii. 115
+
+Murray, Dr., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, i. 146
+
+Murray, Sir George, Secretary of State for the Colonial
+  Department, ii. 11
+
+Murray, Lady Augusta, marriage of, ii. 194
+
+Musard's ball, iii. 384
+
+
+Namik Pacha, Turkish Ambassador, ii. 339
+
+Napier, Sir William, on the state of the country, ii. 108;
+  'History of the Peninsular War,' iii. 271
+
+Napier, Captain Charles, captures Dom Miguel's fleet, iii. 9;
+  cause of capture of a French squadron, 11; anecdote of, 34
+
+Naples, i. 333; sight-seeing at, 334; Court of Justice, 334;
+  manuscripts, 334; ceremony of taking the veil, 338; sights of,
+  345, 356; miracle of the blood of San Gennaro, 353, 355, 364;
+  excursions to Astroni, 356; lines on leaving, 361
+
+Navarino, battle of, i. 114, 163
+
+Nemours, H.R.H. Duc de, accompanies King Louis Philippe, ii. 99;
+  nomination to the throne of Belgium declined, 111; in the House
+  of Commons, iii. 306; at Doncaster, 315
+
+Newmarket, political negotiations at, ii. 290
+
+Nicholas, Emperor, accession of, i. 373; reception of strangers,
+  iii. 24; on the change of Government in England, 211; speech at
+  Warsaw, 319; dislike to King Louis Philippe, 387; qualities of,
+  371
+
+'Norma,' the opera of, iii. 2
+
+North, Lord, Letters of George III. to, iii. 129; anecdote of,
+  132
+
+Northamptonshire election, iii. 326
+
+Northumberland, Duke of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, i. 157
+
+Northumberland, Duchess of, resigns her office of governess to
+  the Princess Victoria, iii. 400
+
+Norton, Hon. Mr., action brought against Lord Melbourne, iii.
+  349; result of the trial, 351
+
+
+Oaks, The, ii. 374; party at, 374
+
+Oatlands, the residence of the Duke of York, i. 4; weekly parties
+  at, 5, 7
+
+O'Connell, Daniel, character of, i. 145; at dinner, 203; attempts
+  to take his seat, 207; elected for Clare, 1829, 223; insult to,
+  ii. 76; in Ireland, 96; opposition to Lord Anglesey, 98;
+  abilities of, 100; violence of, 106; arrest of, 107; trial of,
+  109; position of, 111; pleads guilty, 114; opposition to Lord
+  Duncannon in Kilkenny, 115; explanation of, 123; dread of
+  cholera, 309; member for Ireland, 351; violent speech at the
+  Trades' Union, 362, 363; attack on Baron Smith, iii. 59; retort
+  to Mr. Methuen, 65; and the Coercion Bill, 103, 110; in
+  correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 110; union with the Whig
+  party, 219; power of, 255; affair with Lord Alvanley, 256; in
+  Scotland, 316; proposed expulsion from Brooks's club, 320;
+  quarrel with Moore, 346; Carlow election, 348
+
+O'Connell, Morgan, duel with Lord Alvanley, iii. 256
+
+Old Bailey, trials at, i. 204; ii. 85
+
+Opera House, the English, burnt, i. 277
+
+Orange, Prince of, dinner to the, ii. 57; returns to Holland, 133
+
+Orange, Princess of, robbery of jewels of, i. 267
+
+Orange Lodge, association of, iii. 343
+
+Orangemen, meeting of, iii. 123
+
+Orleans, H.R.H. Duke of, arrival of, i. 208; sent to Lyons, ii.
+  219; in England, 373; project of marriage at Vienna, iii. 372;
+  question of marriage of, 387
+
+Orloff, Count, arrival of, ii. 278; delay in ratification of the
+  Belgian Treaty, 285
+
+Osterley, party at, ii. 187
+
+
+Padua, i. 411
+
+Paestum, i. 344
+
+Palmella, Duke of, arrival of in London, ii. 315
+
+Palmerston, Viscount, speech on the Portuguese question, i. 211;
+  Foreign Secretary, ii. 66; suggests a compromise on the Reform
+  Bill, 211; on proposed new Peers, 254; on prospects of the
+  Reform Bill, 256; business habits of, iii. 20, 21; unpopularity
+  of, 56; speech on the Turkish question, 71; Foreign Secretary
+  in Lord Melbourne's Administration, 113; unpopularity with the
+  _corps diplomatique_, 136; loses his election in Hampshire,
+  197; as a man of business, 210; Foreign Secretary, 256;
+  abilities of, 360
+
+Panic, the, 1825, i. 77; on the Stock Exchange, 1830, ii. 43
+
+Panshanger, parties at, ii. 46, 47, 229
+
+Paris, society at, in 1830, i. 283; in July, 416, 417; Marshal
+  Marmont's account of events at, in 1830, ii. 36; alarm felt in,
+  99; change of Ministry, 133; in 1837, iii. 377; society at,
+  378, 385; sight-seeing, 381, 383
+
+Park, Judge, anecdotes of, ii. 92; iii. 372
+
+Parke, Right Hon. Sir James, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii.
+  21; Baron of the Exchequer, 71; in the appeal of Swift _v._
+  Kelly, 268
+
+Parliament, meeting of, 1830, ii. 53; meeting of, 1831, ii. 110;
+  dissolution of 1831, 137; opening of, 153; in 1831, 223;
+  dissolution of, 1832, 334; opening of, 1833, 351; prorogation
+  of, 1833, iii. 27; opening of, 1834, 55; dissolution of, 183;
+  temporary buildings for Houses of, 205; opening of, 219; in
+  1836, 334; prorogation of, 1836, 361
+
+Parnell, Sir Henry, turned out of office, ii. 243
+
+Parsons, anecdotes of, ii. 108
+
+Paskiewitch, Marshal, in quarantine, ii. 162
+
+Pattison, James, returned to Parliament for the City of London,
+  iii. 188
+
+Pavilion, The, dinner at, i. 49; completion of, 54
+
+Pease, Mr., and O'Dwyer, iii. 59
+
+Pedro, Dom, expedition of, ii. 312, 315; proposal to combine with
+  Spain, iii. 72; in possession of Portugal, 93
+
+Peel, Right Hon. Sir Robert, Home Secretary, i. 124; speeches on
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 167, 183; Oxford University election,
+  1829, 177; defeated, 178; political prospects of, ii. 95, 96;
+  power in the House of Commons, 116; speech on the Reform Bill,
+  123; inactivity of, on the Reform Bill, 130, 134; complaints of
+  policy of, 141; conduct of, 160; reserve of, 161, 174;
+  excellence in debate, 200; answer to Lord Harrowby, 248, 249;
+  policy of, 264; speech on Irish Tithes, 269; invited to form a
+  Government, 294; refuses to take office, 296; defence of
+  conduct, 304; conduct during the Tory efforts to form a
+  Government, 327, 328; conduct compared with that of the Duke of
+  Wellington, 328; character of, 354; on political unions, iii.
+  12; in society, 35; position of, in the House of Commons, 64;
+  collection of pictures, 70; great dinner given by, 72; speech
+  on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75; policy of the
+  Administration of, 161; friendship with the Duke of Wellington
+  renewed, 167; arrival of, from the Continent, 174; formation of
+  Administration, 177; manifesto to the country, 178; prospects
+  of the Ministry, 179; qualities of, 189; Toryism of
+  Administration of, 194; false position of, 208; prospects of
+  Government, 214, 235, 236; talents of, 224; conduct to his
+  adherents, 230, 244; courage of, 283; impending resignation of,
+  242; Government defeated, 246; resignation of Administration
+  of, 1835, 246, 248; speech on Corporation Reform, 263; on Irish
+  Church Bill, 281; relations with Lord John Russell, 282;
+  seclusion of, 297; speech on Corporation Reform, 304;
+  consideration for Lord Stanley, 335; conduct with regard to the
+  Corporation Bill, 340; position of, 358; on the beginning of
+  the new reign, 402
+
+Peel, Sir Robert, sen., account of, ii. 125
+
+Peel, Right Hon. Jonathan, iii. 243
+
+Pemberton, Thomas, ii. 314; in the appeal of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  iii. 267, 271
+
+Pembroke, Earl of, i. 250
+
+Pension List, _see_ Commons, House of
+
+Pepys, Right Hon. Sir Christopher, Master of the Rolls, iii. 328.
+  _See_ Cottenham, Lord
+
+Perceval, Spencer, discourse of, iii, 41; the Unknown Tongue, 41;
+  on the condition of the Church, 123; apostolic mission to the
+  members of the Government, 331; at Holland House, 331;
+  apostolic mission of, 333
+
+Périer, Casimir, momentary resignation of, ii. 175; attacked by
+  cholera, 288; death of, 307
+
+Persian Ambassador, the, quarrel of, with the Regent, i. 21
+
+Perth election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Petworth House and pictures, ii. 336; fête at, iii. 84
+
+Peyronnet, Comte de, i. 393
+
+Phillpotts, _see_ Exeter, Bishop of
+
+Pisa, i. 297
+
+Pitt, Right Hon. William, described by Talleyrand, ii. 345;
+  anecdotes of, iii. 131
+
+Plunket, Lord, Lord Chancellor in Ireland, ii. 90; anecdote of,
+  107; at Stoke, iii. 21; Deanery of Down, 70
+
+Poland, contest in, ii. 157
+
+Polignac, Prince Jules de, head of the Administration in France;
+  i. 160, 229, 283; Administration of, 394; behaviour of, ii. 29;
+  letter to M. de Molé, 33; exasperation against, 38, 39
+
+Pompeii, i. 338; excavations at, 343
+
+Ponsonby, Viscount, Minister at Naples, ii. 155; letters of, 172;
+  conduct of, as Ambassador at Constantinople, iii. 405
+
+Pope, the, audience of Pius VIII., i. 382; Irish appointments of
+  the, iii. 269. _See_ Rome
+
+Portfolio, the, iii. 327
+
+Portland, Duke of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 95
+
+Portugal, ships seized by the French, ii. 182, 184; affairs in,
+  iii. 25, 79; bankrupt state of, 93
+
+Powell, Mr., ii. 52
+
+Pozzo di Borgo, Count, ii. 347; views of, on the state of Europe,
+  iii. 182; Russian Ambassador in London, 201, 203
+
+Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, first speech of, ii. 115; First
+  Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194
+
+Pratolino, i. 402
+
+Prayer, form of, on account of the disturbed state of the
+  kingdom, ii. 99
+
+Proclamation against rioters, ii. 73
+
+
+Quakers, the, address to King William IV, ii. 17
+
+'Quarterly Review, The,' attacks Lord Harrowby, ii. 269, 270;
+  pamphlet in answer to article, 270
+
+Quintus Curtius, iii. 130
+
+
+Racing, remarks on, ii. 373; anecdote, 374
+
+Redesdale, Lord, letter of, ii. 269
+
+Reform, plan of, ii. 105; remarks on, 207; negotiations
+  concerning, 215, 217, 218
+
+Reform Bill, the, laid before the King, ii. 109; excitement
+  concerning, 124; carried by one vote, 132; alterations in, 134;
+  Government defeated, 135; remarks on, 180; attitude of the
+  press, 193; prospects of, 199; negotiations for a compromise,
+  211; altered tone of the press, 225; meeting of Peers in
+  Downing Street, 225; measures for carrying the second reading
+  in the House of Lords, 235, 237, 239, 241; continued efforts to
+  compromise, 268; finally passed in the House of Commons, 270;
+  continued discussions on, 274; difficulty with Schedule A, 280;
+  carried in the House of Lords, 287; in committee, 292; passes
+  through committee, 304; results of, iii. 27, 191. For debates
+  on, _see_ Lords, House of, and Commons, House of
+
+Reichstadt, Duke of, and Marshal Marmont, iii. 374
+
+Reis-Effendi, the, i. 159
+
+Renfrewshire election, iii. 388
+
+Rice, Right Hon. Thomas Spring, Colonial Secretary, iii. 88, 113;
+  difficulties with, 253; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 256;
+  incapacity of, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 376
+
+Richmond, Duke of, and King George III. at a naval review, iii.
+  129
+
+Richmond, Duke of, summary of character of, i. 199;
+  Postmaster-General, ii. 66; refuses the appointment of Master of
+  the Horse, 67; difficulties with his labourers, 68; at Goodwood,
+  182; on Reform, 211; character of, iii. 15; resignation of, 88
+
+Riots, in London, 1830, ii. 55; among the farm labourers, 68;
+  proclamation against, 73; in the country, 77
+
+Ripon, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 66; resignation of, iii. 88.
+  _See_ Goderich, Viscount
+
+Robarts, Mr., dinner given by, iii. 184
+
+Robinson, Right Hon. Frederick John, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+  i. 79; _See_ Goderich, Viscount
+
+Rochester election, 1835, iii. 193
+
+Roden, Earl of, declines the office of Lord Steward, iii. 179,
+  181
+
+Rogers, Samuel, breakfast given by, ii. 150; compared with Moore,
+  iii. 324
+
+Rolle, Lord, remark to Lord Brougham, iii. 107
+
+Rome, i. 303, 304; St. Peter's, 303, 321; sight-seeing, 306, 311,
+  322; the Sistine Chapel, 309; the cardinals, 309; a cardinal
+  lying in state, 312; Pompey's statue, 313; Temple of Bacchus,
+  313; the Catacombs, 314; the Pope's blessing, 316, 324; Holy
+  Week observances, 317; the Grand Penitentiary, 317, 319;
+  washing of pilgrims' feet, 320; supper to pilgrims, 321;
+  Protestant burial-ground, 322; St. Peter's illuminated, 325;
+  excavations, 327; sight-seeing, 328, 329, 362; aqueducts, 363;
+  the Scala Santa, 364; St. Peter's, 366; Library of the Vatican,
+  367; votive offering of a horse-shoe, 367, 372; Columbaria,
+  374; saints, 385; the Flagellants, 387; relations with
+  Protestant countries, 391; the Coliseum, 395; story of a thief,
+  396; convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 397; sight-seeing, 398
+
+Rosslyn, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 210; Lord President of the
+  Council, iii. 177; dinner for selecting the Sheriffs, 201
+
+Roussin, Admiral, at Constantinople ii. 367
+
+Rovigo, the Duke de, at Rome, i. 325
+
+Rundell, Mr., fortune of, will of, i. 90
+
+Runton Abbey, shooting at, iii. 51; murder in the neighbourhood,
+  51
+
+Russell, Right Hon. Lord John, introduces the Reform Bill, ii.
+  121; seat in the Cabinet, 150; brings in his Bill, 155; letter
+  to Attwood, 205, 206; willing to compromise, 223; brings on the
+  second Reform Bill, 227; Paymaster, of the Forces, iii. 113;
+  objected to by the King as leader of the House of Commons, 160;
+  speech at Totness, 171; on the Speakership, 205; on Church
+  Reform, 206; first speech as leader of the House of Commons,
+  214; letter of, on the Speakership, 218; as leader of the House
+  of Commons, 221; marriage of, 252; Home Secretary in Lord
+  Melbourne's second Administration, 256; introduction of
+  Corporation Reform, 263; relations with Sir Robert Peel, 282;
+  course to be pursued on the Corporation Bill, 303, 310; speech
+  on the Orangemen, 344; moderation of, 352; meeting at the
+  Foreign Office, 357, 358; intention of the Government to
+  proceed with their Bills, 397; speech in answer to Roebuck, 401
+
+Russia, state of, 1829, i. 158; intrigues of, ii. 351; diplomatic
+  relations with, 352; combines with Turkey against Egypt, 366;
+  fleet sent to Constantinople, 366; establishes her power in the
+  East, 371; quarrel with, iii. 44; policy towards Turkey, 48;
+  treaty with Turkey, 69; relations with Turkey, 183
+
+Russo-Dutch Loan, question of the, ii. 240, 241; origin of the,
+  244; debate on the, in the House of Lords, 315
+
+Rutland, Duke of, anti-Reform petition, ii. 263; birthday party,
+  iii. 46
+
+
+Sadler, Mr., maiden speech of, in opposition to the Catholic
+  Relief Bill, i. 191
+
+Saint-Aulaire, M. de, French Ambassador at Vienna, iii. 187;
+  anecdote of, 187
+
+Saint-Aulaire, Madame de, iii. 187
+
+Saint-Germain, Count de, account of, ii. 186; the 'Wandering
+  Jew,' 186
+
+Salerno, i. 344
+
+Salisbury, Marquis of, petition to the King, ii. 231
+
+Saltash, borough of, division on, ii. 170
+
+San Carlos, Duke and Duchess of, i. 8
+
+Sandon, Viscount, moves the Address in the House of Commons, iii.
+  202; on Sir Robert Peel, 340
+
+Sandys, Lord, iii. 359
+
+Sartorius, Admiral, petition, iii. 366
+
+Scarlett, Sir James, Attorney-General, i. 210
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, death of, ii. 307
+
+Seaford, Lord, i. 83
+
+Sebastiani, Count, French Ambassador to the Court of St. James's,
+  iii. 180
+
+Sefton, Earl of, dinner to Lord Grey and Lord Brougham, ii. 69;
+  on Lord Brougham, 148; created a Peer of the United Kingdom,
+  150; qualities of, 183
+
+Segrave, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, iii. 322
+
+Senior, Nassau, at Holland House, iii. 138
+
+Session of 1833, review of the, iii. 28
+
+Sestri, i. 297
+
+Seton, Sir Henry, arrival of, from Belgium, ii. 178
+
+Seymour, Lord, withdraws his support from the Government, ii. 124
+
+Seymour, George, Master of the Robes, ii. 50
+
+Seymour, Horace, retires from the Lord Chamberlain's Department,
+  ii. 133
+
+Seymour, Jane, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168
+
+Shadwell, Right Hon. Sir Lancelot, on legal business, iii. 76
+
+Shee, Sir Martin, elected President of the Royal Academy, i. 269
+
+Sheil, Right Hon. Richard, dispute with Lord Althorp, iii. 55;
+  arrest of, by the Serjeant-at-Arms, 56; committee, 57, 58;
+  insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389
+
+Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 336
+
+Siege of Saragossa, the, iii. 40
+
+Siena, i. 303
+
+Simplon, the, i. 415
+
+Slavery, abolition of, ii. 347; for debates on, _see_ Commons,
+  House of
+
+Smith, Baron, ii. 105; O'Connell's attack upon, iii. 59, 61, 63
+
+Smith, Sydney, and the siege of Saragossa, iii. 39; and Professor
+  Leslie, 44; sermon of, in St. Paul's Cathedral, 166; on Sir
+  James Mackintosh, 317; dispute of, with the Bishop of London,
+  395; letter to Archdeacon Singleton, 395
+
+Smithson, Sir Hugh, ii. 337, 338
+
+Somaglia, Cardinal, i. 312
+
+Somerville, Mrs., iii. 58
+
+Sorrento, i. 352; Benediction of the Flowers, 352
+
+Soult, Marshal, sent to Lyons, ii. 219; Prime Minister of France,
+  324
+
+Southey, Robert, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59;
+  letter to Lord Brougham on rewards to literary men, 111
+
+Spain, the Duke of Wellington on affairs in, iii. 47; state of,
+  55; affairs in, 66, 72; proposal to combine with Dom Pedro, 72;
+  affairs in, 183; deplorable state of, 359
+
+Spanish Legion, formation of the, iii. 265
+
+Speaker, the, indecision of, ii. 299; disputes on the
+  Speakership, 333; iii. 204
+
+Spencer, Earl, death of, iii. 140
+
+Spencer, Earl, _see_ Althorp, Viscount
+
+Sprotborough, party at, for the races, ii. 50
+
+Staël, Madame de, 'Considérations sur la Révolution française,'
+  i. 16; anecdote of, ii. 186
+
+Stafford House, concert at, iii. 278
+
+Stanley, Right Hon. Edward, Irish Secretary, ii. 66; speech on
+  the Reform Bill, 123; seat in the Cabinet, 150; speech in
+  answer to Croker, 228; Secretary for the Colonial Department,
+  365; at The Oaks, 374; indecision of, iii. 17; racing interests
+  of, 35; resignation of, 88; in opposition, 93; 'Thimblerig'
+  speech, 100; conciliatory letter to Lord Grey, 107; disposition
+  of, 165, 167; declines to join Sir R. Peel, 175, 176; speech at
+  Glasgow, 180; formation of the Stanley party, 220; position of
+  Mr. Stanley, 222; policy of, 228; meeting of party at the
+  'King's Head,' 237; speech on Irish Church question, 240;
+  character of, 250; letter to Sir Thomas Hesketh, 265; joins the
+  Opposition, 272; conduct of, 336
+
+Stanley, Right Hon. Edward John, Under-Secretary of State, iii.
+  112
+
+State Paper Office, i. 160; iii. 44
+
+Stephen, James, opinions on emancipation, ii. 359
+
+Stephenson, George, on steam-engines, iii. 54
+
+Stewart, Lady Dudley, party given by, ii. 115; accompanies the
+  Prince of Orange to Gravesend, 133
+
+Stoke, party at, i. 142; ii. 185
+
+Strangford, Viscount, sent to the Brazils, i. 140
+
+Strasburg prisoners, acquittal of, iii. 381
+
+Strawberry Hill, party at, i. 247
+
+Strutt, Edward, ii. 59
+
+Stuart de Rothesay, Lord, Ambassador in France, i. 141
+
+Sugden, Right Hon. Sir Edward, quarrel of, with Lord Brougham,
+  ii. 312; origin of animosity towards Lord Brougham, iii. 22;
+  Irish Chancellor, 178; resignation of, 231; retains his
+  appointment, 234
+
+Sugden, Lady, not received at Court, iii. 231
+
+Sunderland, state of, ii. 216
+
+Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, marriage of, ii. 194
+
+Sutherland, Duke of, death of the, iii. 19; wealth, of the, 19
+
+Suttee case, before the Privy Council, ii. 307
+
+Swift _v._ Kelly, before the Judicial Committee of the Privy
+  Council, iii. 259, 266, 267, 271; judgment, 274
+
+
+Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, letter to the Emperor of Russia,
+  i. 23; Ambassador to the Court of St. James, ii. 44;
+  conversation of, 185; anecdotes, 185; _mot_ of, 195; dinner
+  with, 222; on Fox and Pitt, 344; detained in the Thames, 346;
+  on Portuguese affairs, iii. 25; on relations between France and
+  England, 314; opinion of, of Lord Palmerston, 360;
+  dissatisfaction at his position in London, 386
+
+Tasso, i. 328; bust of, 328
+
+Tavistock, Marquis of, on the prospects of the Liberal party,
+  iii. 43
+
+Taylor, Sir Herbert, conversation with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 251;
+  correspondence with, about the Chancellorship, 339
+
+Taylor, Henry, breakfast at the house of, ii. 58; breakfast to
+  Wordsworth, Mill, Elliot, Charles Villiers, 120; on the
+  abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 348; 'Philip van
+  Artevelde,' iii. 114
+
+Taylor, Brook, mission to Rome, ii. 153
+
+Teddesley, party at, i. 11
+
+Tenterden, Lord, death of, ii. 329; character of, 331; classical
+  knowledge of, 331
+
+Terceira, Portuguese expedition to, i. 169, 170
+
+Terni, Falls of, i. 401
+
+Thiers, Adolphe, dinner to, iii. 31; account of, 31; at the head
+  of the French Government, 66; on interference in Spain, 66;
+  foreign policy of, 364; social qualities of, 379; quarrel with
+  Lady Granville, 380; courts the favour of Austria, 387
+
+Thompson, Alderman, difficulties with his constituents, ii. 166
+
+Thomson, Right Hon. Charles Poulett, originates a commercial
+  treaty with France, ii. 219; Board of Trade, iii. 113, 256;
+  self-complacency of, 330
+
+Thorwaldsen, Albert, at Florence, i. 299, 300
+
+Tierney, Right Hon. George, i. 14; Master of the Mint, 95; death
+  of, 269
+
+'Times,' the, on Lord Harrowby's letter, ii. 264, 265; attacks
+  Lord Grey, 267; Lord Chancellor's speech, 313; influence of
+  the, 362; and Lord Brougham, iii. 133; disposition of, to
+  support a Tory Government, 149, 152; terms of support to the
+  Duke of Wellington, 155; power of the, 156, 157; negotiations
+  with Lord Lyndhurst, 171; letter signed 'Onslow,' 199
+
+Titchfield, Marquis of, death of, i. 75; character of, 75
+
+Tivoli, i. 375
+
+Tixall, party at, i. 10; Macao, 11
+
+Torrington, Viscount, and the King, iii. 285
+
+Tory party, state of the, ii. 162; meeting at Bridgewater House,
+  iii. 237; state of the, 306; indifference of members of the,
+  389
+
+Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, iii. 45; between Russia and Turkey,
+  1834, 69; the Quadruple, for the pacification of the Peninsula,
+  signed 1834, 94
+
+Tree, Ellen, at the City Theatre, ii. 181
+
+Tuileries, the, reception at, iii. 382; ball at, 383; small ball
+  at, 385
+
+Turf, the, reflections on, iii. 139
+
+Turin, i. 291
+
+Turkey, threatened by Russia, i. 228; critical state of, ii. 351;
+  relations with Russia, iii. 183
+
+Tusculum, i. 390
+
+Twiss, Horace, supper party given by, iii. 260
+
+
+Union, speech of O'Connell on the repeal of the, iii. 80
+
+Unions, proclamation against the, ii. 215; procession of trades,
+  iii. 79
+
+Urquhart, Mr., Secretary to the Embassy at Constantinople, iii.
+  405
+
+
+Van de Weyer, Sylvain, Belgian Minister to the Court of St.
+  James, ii. 180
+
+Vaudreuil, M. de, French _chargé d'affaires_ in London, on French
+  affairs, ii. 24
+
+Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir Charles, special mission to
+  Constantinople, iii. 405
+
+Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir John, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii.
+  155
+
+Venice, i. 405; sights of, 406, 408, 410
+
+Vernet, Horace, at Rome, i. 325
+
+Verona, Congress of, i. 65; visit to, 413
+
+Verulam, Earl of, petition to the King, ii. 231
+
+Vesuvius, ascent of, i. 350
+
+Vicenza, i. 412
+
+Victoria, H.R.H. the Princess, at a child's ball, i. 209; first
+  appearance of, at a drawing-room, ii. 119; at Burghley iii.
+  315; health of, proposed by the King, 364; at Windsor, 367;
+  letter from the King, 400; seclusion of, 403; first Council of,
+  406; proclaimed QUEEN, 408; impression produced on all, 409
+
+Villiers, Hon. Hyde, appointed to the Board of Control, ii. 145
+
+Villiers, Hon. George, at the Grove, ii. 105; conversation with
+  the Duke of Wellington, 105; mission to Paris for a commercial
+  treaty, 219; Minister at Madrid, iii. 14, 20, 21; on prospects
+  in Spain, 69, 79; letters of, from Madrid, 321, 360, 365
+
+Villiers, Hon. Charles Pelham, ii. 59
+
+Virginia Water, ii. 25; visit to, 30
+
+
+Walewski, Count Alexander, arrival of, in London, ii. 104
+
+Walpole, Horace, letters to Sir Horace Mann, iii. 2
+
+'Wandering Jew, The,' ii. 186
+
+Warsaw, affair at, ii. 95; taken by the Russians, 192
+
+Warwickshire Election, iii. 353, 354
+
+Wellesley, Marquis of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 31;
+  correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 103, 110; resigns the White
+  Wand, 258
+
+Wellesley, Long, Esq., committed for contempt of court, ii. 166
+
+Wellington, Duke of, account of the battle of Waterloo, i. 39; in
+  Paris with Blücher, 41; dispute with the King, 51; on affairs
+  of France and Spain, 67; opinion of Bonaparte, 71; mission to
+  Russia, 78; visit to the Royal Lodge, 102; opinion of Mr.
+  Canning, 107; forms a Government, 1828, 124; resolves to carry
+  the Catholic Relief Bill, 143; correspondence with Dr. Curtis,
+  148; ascendency of, in the Cabinet, and over the King, 176;
+  hardness of character of, 191; duel with Lord Winchelsea, 192;
+  conversation with, on King George IV. and the Duke of
+  Cumberland, 216, 218; prosecution of the press, 233, 258, 260;
+  business habits of, 262; conversation with on the French
+  Revolution, ii. 21; qualities of, 41; confidence in, 45;
+  declaration against Reform, 53; Administration of, defeated,
+  61; resignation of, 62; suppresses disturbance in Hampshire,
+  75; political character of, 81; reported letter of advice to
+  the King of France, 94; correspondence with Mr. Canning, 103;
+  conduct towards the Government, 159; objections to Mr. Canning,
+  170; dinner at Apsley House, 188; anti-Reform dinner at Apsley
+  House, 197; remarks upon, 204; memorial to the King, 211;
+  correspondence with Lord Wharncliffe, 221; obstinacy of, 234;
+  letter to Lord Wharncliffe, 248; unbecoming letter laid before
+  the King, 252; reply to Lord Wharncliffe, 253; speech on Irish
+  Education, 272; sent for by the King, 294; efforts of, to form
+  an Administration, 299; inability of, to form an
+  Administration, 300; statement of his case, 302; conduct of the
+  Tory party, 302; ill-feeling towards Peel, 325; view of
+  affairs, 1833, 363; government of French provinces, 363;
+  respect evinced towards, 372; defence of policy, 379; Speech on
+  the Coronation Oath, iii. 9, 10; policy on the Irish Church
+  Bill, 10; on Portuguese affairs, 11, 26; and the Bonaparte
+  family, 26; subsequent account of attempt to form a Government,
+  48; compared with Lord Grey, 73; speech on the admission of
+  Dissenters to the University, 73; presents the Oxford petition,
+  79; and the Whigs, 82; installed as Chancellor of the
+  University of Oxford, 95; First Lord of the Treasury, and
+  Secretary of State for the Home Office, 149; arrangement for a
+  provisional Government, 149; at the public offices, 1834, 154;
+  account of crisis of 1834, 162; inconsistencies of, 172; on the
+  division on the Speakership, 216; on Lord Londonderry's
+  appointment, 227; anecdote of Lord Brougham, 232; on Spain,
+  270; on the Walcheren expedition, 271; policy of, on the
+  Corporation Bill, 283; letter to the Duke of Cumberland, 320;
+  speech in answer to Lord Lyndhurst, 362; meeting of Tory Peers,
+  397; crowned by the Duchess of Cannizzaro, 406; quarrel with
+  the Duke of Clarence, 406
+
+Western, Lord, evidence of, iii. 112
+
+West India Body, consternation of the, ii. 350; deputation of
+  the, 350
+
+West India Bill, prospects of the, iii. 13. For debates on the,
+  _see_ Commons, House of
+
+West Indies, Lord Chandos's motion on the state of the, ii. 116;
+  project of emancipation, 347; alarm in the, 352; difficulties
+  attending emancipation, 360; committee on affairs of the, iii.
+  266; decision on the office of Secretary of the Island of
+  Jamaica, 279
+
+Westmeath, Marchioness of, pension, i. 157, 160
+
+Westmeath _v._ Westmeath, appeal before the Judicial Committee,
+  iii. 119, 124; decision in, 140
+
+Westminster election, 1818, contest, i. 3; in 1819, 17, 19; in
+  1833, ii. 370; in 1837, iii. 398
+
+Wetherell, Sir Charles, account of, i. 194; speech on the Reform
+  Bill, ii. 123; supports Sir E. Sugden's motion, 314
+
+Wharncliffe, Lord, interview with Radical Jones, ii. 200;
+  overtures for a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211; character
+  of, 213; draws up a declaration for signature in the City, 214;
+  disappointment of, 218; final interview of, with Lord Grey,
+  220; correspondence of, with the Duke of Wellington, 221;
+  interview of, with the King on the proposed new Peers, 231,
+  233; memorandum laid before the King, 252; as chief of a party,
+  289; in communication with Lord Lyndhurst and Lord
+  Ellenborough, 290; defends his policy, 292; paper on the Tory
+  party, 343; on the prospects of the country, iii. 54; joins the
+  Peel Government, 175; on the prospects of the session, 341
+
+Whately, Richard, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 280
+
+Whig party, state of the, iii. 159; tactics of the, 216; union
+  with O'Connell, 219; symptoms of disunion in the, 221; meeting
+  at Lichfield House, 224; prospects of the, 235
+
+Wicklow, Earl of, attack on the Government, iii. 110
+
+Wilberforce, William, speech of, i. 16; negotiation with Mr.
+  Canning, ii. 125
+
+William IV., King, accession of, ii. 1; dislike of, to the Duke
+  of Cumberland, 5; behaviour of, 6, 9; at the House of Lords,
+  11; personal anecdotes of, 11, 12, 13, 14; dinner at Apsley
+  House, 14; at Windsor, 25; pays the racing debts of the Duke of
+  York, 50; speech on the change of Government, 72; levee, 74;
+  health of, 106, 108; mobbed on returning from the theatre, 117;
+  in mourning for his son-in-law, 133; in the House of Lords,
+  136; dissolves Parliament, 136; conduct to his Ministers, 138;
+  at Ascot, 147; opens Parliament, 153; at Windsor, 179; and the
+  Bishops, 185; divides the old Great Seal, 188; crowned at
+  Westminster, 190; levee, 192; toasts at dinner at St James's,
+  193; interview with Lord Wharncliffe on creation of new Peers,
+  233; health of, 282; reluctance of, to make Peers, 283; adverse
+  sentiments towards the Whigs, 298; dinner to the Jockey Club,
+  301; levity of, 302; letter to the Peers, 303; character of,
+  307; struck by a stone, 307; country dance, 341; anecdotes of,
+  342; state of mind of, 364; letter to the Archbishop of
+  Canterbury, 382, 383; letter-writing, iii. 2; animosity to the
+  French, 33; irritability of, 81; conduct of, 84; personal
+  feelings towards the members of Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 137; dismissal of Lord Melbourne, 144; speech
+  to the Tory Lords, 148; provisional appointments, 148; account
+  of difference with Lord Melbourne, 150; resolution of, to
+  support the Tory Government, 161; address to the new Ministers,
+  175; on the state of Persia, 184; whims of, 203; Island of St.
+  Bartholomew, 203; indignation of, at the affair of Lord
+  Londonderry, 231; distress of, 251; and the Ministers, 245;
+  personal habits of, 264; speech to Sir Charles Grey, 272;
+  audience to Lord Durham, 272; hostility towards Lord Glenelg
+  and the Ministers, 276; conduct to the Speaker, 279; scene with
+  Lord Torrington, 285; speech to the Bishops, 303; speech on the
+  Militia, 311; and the Duchess of Kent, 313; speech at dinner to
+  the Jockey Club, 351; Toryism of, 358; joke, 361; speech to the
+  Bishop of Ely, 363; proposes the health of the Princess
+  Victoria, 364; aversion to his Ministers, 364, 366; speech to
+  Lord Minto, 364, 366; rudeness to the Duchess of Kent, 366;
+  scene at birthday party, 367; reception of King Leopold, 370;
+  speech, 1837, 385; address to Lord Aylmer, 394; illness of,
+  399, 400; letter to the Princess Victoria, 399; dangerous
+  illness of, 401; prayers offered up for, 403; death of, 406;
+  kindness of heart of, 410
+
+Williams, Sir John, Justice of the Common Pleas, iii. 71
+
+Winchelsea, Earl of, duel of, with the Duke of Wellington, i.
+  192; incident of the handkerchief, 198
+
+Winchester Cathedral, iii. 283
+
+Windham, Right Hon. William, diary of, i. 231; conversation with
+  Doctor Johnson, 232
+
+Windsor Castle, dinner in St. George's Hall, ii. 34, 42; dinner
+  during the Ascot week, 147
+
+Windsor election, mobs at the, iii. 130
+
+Woburn, party at, i. 23; riot at, ii. 77
+
+Wood, Charles, on the Reform Bill, ii. 280
+
+Wood, Matthew, returned to Parliament for the City of London,
+  iii. 188
+
+Worcester, Marchioness of, death of the, i. 47
+
+Worcester Cathedral, iii. 327; monument of Bishop Hough, 327
+
+Wordsworth, William, characteristics of, ii. 120
+
+Wortley, Right Hon. John, Secretary to the Board of Control, i.
+  271. _See_ Wharncliffe
+
+Wrottesley, Sir John, motion of, for a call of the House, iii. 8,
+  13
+
+Wynford, Lord, raised to the Peerage, i. 210; Deputy Speaker of
+  the House of Lords, 210
+
+Wynn, Right Hon. Charles, President of the Board of Control, i.
+  95; resignation of, ii. 124
+
+
+York, H.R.H. the Duke of, character of, i. 5; management of
+  racing establishment, 44; dislike to the Duke of Wellington,
+  48, 62; duel with the Duke of Richmond, 62; anecdotes of King
+  George IV., 73; illness of, 83, 85; death of, 84; funeral of,
+  89; letter to Lord Liverpool on the Catholic question, ii. 104
+
+York, H.R.H. the Duchess of, character of, i. 5; portrait of, 8;
+  illness of, 27; death of, 34
+
+Young, Thomas, private secretary to Lord Melbourne, iii. 126
+
+
+Zea Bermudez, iii. 21; dismissal of, 55
+
+Zumalacarreguy, iii. 270
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
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+
+Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Greville Memoirs
+       A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William
+              IV, Volume 1 (of 3)
+
+Author: Charles C. F. Greville
+
+Editor: Henry Reeve
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25700]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Eve M. Behr and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+Transcriber&rsquo;s Note:<br /><br />
+
+    In this work, all spellings and punctuation were
+    reproduced from the original work except in the very few
+    cases where an obvious typo occurred. These typos are
+    corrected without comment. <br /><br />
+
+    In the original volumes in this set, each even-numbered
+    page had a header consisting of the page number, the
+    volume title, and the chapter number. The odd-numbered
+    page header consisted of the year of the diary entry, a
+    subject phrase, and the page number. In this set of
+    e-books, the year is included as part of the date (which
+    in the original volume were in the form reproduced here,
+    minus the year). The subject phrase has been converted to
+    sidenotes located below the relevant page number. <br /><br />
+
+    In the original book set, consisting of three volumes,
+    the master index was in Volume 3. In this set of e-books,
+    the index has been duplicated into each of the other
+    volumes.  Navigation links were created to the entries for the
+    current volume.
+</div>
+
+<hr style="margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h1 class="smcap">
+The Greville Memoirs</h1>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h2>
+A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS <br />
+<br />
+OF</h2>
+<h1>KING GEORGE IV.</h1>
+<h2>AND</h2>
+<h1>KING WILLIAM IV.</h1>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h4>BY THE LATE</h4>
+<h1 class="smcap">Charles C. F. Greville, Esq.</h1>
+<h4>CLERK OF THE COUNCIL TO THOSE SOVEREIGNS</h4>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h4>EDITED BY</h4>
+<h1>HENRY REEVE</h1>
+<h5>REGISTRAR OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL</h5>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h4>IN THREE VOLUMES <br /> VOL. I.</h4>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h4 style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps;">Second Edition</h4>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;" />
+
+<h5>LONDON <br />
+LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. <br />
+1874</h5>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 0em;" />
+
+
+<h2><a href="#CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2>
+<h2><a href="#INDEX">INDEX.</a></h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p class="center" >BY THE EDITOR</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">The Author</span>
+of these Journals requested me, in January
+1865, a few days before his death, to take charge of
+them with a view to publication at some future time. He
+left that time to my discretion, merely remarking that
+Memoirs of this kind ought not, in his opinion, to be
+locked up until they had lost their principal interest by
+the death of all those who had taken any part in the
+events they describe. He placed several of the earlier
+volumes at once in my hands, and he intimated to his
+surviving brother and executor, Mr. Henry Greville, his
+desire that the remainder should be given me for this
+purpose. The injunction was at once complied with after
+Mr. Charles Greville&rsquo;s death, and this interesting deposit
+has now remained for nearly ten years in my possession.
+In my opinion this period of time is long enough to remove
+every reasonable objection to the publication of a contemporary
+record of events already separated from us by a
+much longer interval, for the transactions related in these
+volumes commence in 1818 and end in 1837. I therefore
+commit to the press that portion of these Memoirs
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>
+which embraces the Reigns of King George IV. and
+King William IV., ending with the Accession of her
+present Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>In accepting the trust and deposit which Mr. Greville
+thought fit to place in my hands, I felt, and still feel,
+that I undertook a task and a duty of considerable
+responsibility; but from the time and the manner in
+which it was offered me I could not decline it. I had
+lived for more than five-and-twenty years in the daily
+intercourse of official life and private friendship with Mr.
+Greville. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, to whom he had
+previously intended to leave these Journals, died before
+him. After that event, deeply to be regretted on so many
+accounts, Mr. Greville did me the honour to select me
+for the performance of this duty, which was unexpected
+by myself; and my strong attachment and gratitude to
+him for numberless acts of kindness and marks of confidence
+bound me by every consideration to obey and
+execute the wishes of my late friend.</p>
+
+<p>In the discharge of this trust I have been guided
+by no other motive than the desire to present these
+Memorials to the world in a manner which their Author
+would not have disapproved, and in strict conformity with
+his own wishes and injunctions. He himself, it should be
+said, had frequently revised them with great care. He
+had studiously omitted and erased passages relating to
+private persons or affairs, which could only serve to gratify
+the love of idle gossip and scandal. The Journals contain
+absolutely nothing relating to his own family, and but
+little relating to his private life. In a passage (not now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span>
+published) of his own writings, the Author remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0;">
+&lsquo;A journal to be good, true, and interesting, should be
+written without the slightest reference to publication,
+but without any fear of it: it should be the transcript
+of a mind that can bear transcribing. I always contemplate
+the possibility that hereafter my journal will be
+read, and I regard with alarm and dislike the notion of
+its containing matters about myself which nobody will
+care to know&rsquo; (<i>January</i> 2<i>nd, </i>1838).</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These notes were designed chiefly to preserve a record
+of the less known causes and details of public events which
+came under the Author&rsquo;s observation, and they are interspersed
+with the conversations of many of the eminent men
+with whom he associated. But it must be borne in mind
+that they are essentially what they profess to be&mdash;a <i>contemporary</i>
+record of facts and opinions, not altered or made
+up to square with subsequent experience. Hence some
+facts may be inaccurately stated, because they are given in
+the shape they assumed at the time they were recorded,
+and some opinions and judgments on men and things are
+at variance (as he himself acknowledges and points out)
+with those at which the writer afterwards arrived on the
+same persons and subjects. Our impressions of what is
+passing around us vary so rapidly and so continually, that
+a contemporary record of opinion, honestly preserved,
+differs very widely from the final and mature judgment of
+history: yet the judgment of history must be based upon
+contemporary evidence. It was remarked by an acute
+observer to Mr. Greville himself, that the <i>nuances</i> in
+political society are so delicate and numerous, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>
+details so nice and varying, that unless caught at the
+moment they escape, and it is impossible to collect them
+again. That is the charm and the merit of genuine contemporary
+records.</p>
+
+<p>The two leading qualities in the mind of Mr. Greville
+were the love of truth and the love of justice. His natural
+curiosity, which led him to track out and analyse the
+causes of events with great eagerness, was stimulated by
+the desire to arrive at their real origin, and to award to
+everyone, with judicial impartiality, what appeared to
+him to be a just share of responsibility. Without the
+passions or the motives of a party politician, he ardently
+sympathised with the cause of Liberal progress and Conservative
+improvement, or, as he himself expresses it,
+with Conservative principles on a Liberal basis. He was
+equally opposed to the prejudices of the old Tory aristocracy,
+amongst whom he had been brought up, and to the
+impetuous desire of change which achieved in his time so
+many vast and various triumphs. His own position, partly
+from the nature of the permanent office he held in the
+Privy Council, and partly from his personal intimacies with
+men of very opposite opinions, was a neutral one; but he
+used that neutral position with consummate judgment and
+address to remove obstacles, to allay irritations, to compose
+differences, and to promote, as far as lay in his power, the
+public welfare. Contented with his own social position,
+he was alike free from ambition and from vanity.
+No man was more entirely disinterested in his judgments
+on public affairs, for he had long made up his mind that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span>
+he had nothing to gain or to lose by them, and in the
+opinions he formed, and on occasion energetically maintained,
+he cared for nothing but their justice and their
+truth. I trust that I do not deceive myself in the belief
+that the impressions of such a man, faithfully rendered at
+the time, on the events happening around him, will be
+thought to possess a permanent value and interest. But
+I am aware that opinions governed by no party standard
+will appear to a certain extent to be fluctuating and even
+inconsistent. I have not thought it consistent with my duty
+as the Editor of these papers to suppress or modify any of
+the statements or opinions of their Author on public men
+or public events; nor do I hold myself in any way responsible
+for the tenor of them. Some of these judgments of
+the writer may be thought harsh and severe, and some of
+them were subsequently mitigated by himself. But those
+who enter public life submit their conduct and their lives to
+the judgment of their contemporaries and of posterity, and
+this is especially true of those who fill the most exalted
+stations in society. Every act, almost every thought, which
+is brought home to them leaves its mark, and those who
+come after them cannot complain that this mark is as
+indelible as their fame. The only omissions I have
+thought it right to make are a few passages and expressions
+relating to persons and occurrences in private life,
+in which I have sought to publish nothing which could
+give pain or annoyance to persons still alive.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that these Journals begin in the
+year 1818, when Mr. Greville was barely twenty-four
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>
+years of age, and indeed I possess some notes of an earlier
+period, which it was not thought desirable to include
+in this publication. At that age Mr. Greville had
+but a short experience of life, without the opportunities
+of information which he subsequently enjoyed; consequently
+the first two or three chapters of the first
+volume are of secondary interest, and the political value of
+the work begins with the retirement of Lord Liverpool.
+But it is by his own express desire that these chapters are
+retained to complete the series, and the particulars relating
+to the Duke of York and to the Queen&rsquo;s trial are not
+without interest. As the Author advanced in life his
+narrative increases in value both in substance and in
+style, and the most important portion of it is that which
+must at present be reserved for future publication.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Author of these Journals it may suffice to say
+that Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville was the eldest of
+the three sons of Charles Greville (who was grandson of
+the fifth Lord Warwick), by Lady Charlotte Cavendish
+Bentinck, eldest daughter of William Henry, third Duke
+of Portland, K.G., who filled many great offices of State.
+He was born on the 2nd of April, 1794. Much of his
+childhood was spent at his grandfather&rsquo;s house at Bulstrode.
+He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford;
+but he left the University early, having been appointed
+private secretary to Earl Bathurst before he was twenty.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of the Duke of Portland obtained for
+him early in life the sinecure appointment of the Secretaryship
+of Jamaica, the duties of that office being performed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span>
+by deputy, and likewise the reversion of the Clerkship
+of the Council. He entered in 1821 upon the duties
+of Clerk of the Council in Ordinary, which he discharged
+for nearly forty years. During the last twenty years of
+his life Mr. Greville occupied a suite of rooms in the
+house of Earl Granville in Bruton Street, and there, on
+the 18th of January, 1865, he expired. I was with him
+on the previous evening until he retired to rest; from that
+sleep he never woke.</p>
+
+<p>No additions whatever have been made to the text of
+these Journals. The passages occasionally interposed
+in a parenthesis, at a later date, to correct or comment
+upon a previous statement, are all by the hand of the
+Author. So likewise are the notes distinguished by no
+mark. For the notes included in brackets [] the Editor
+is responsible.</p>
+
+<p style="font-variant: small-caps;text-align: right;">Henry Reeve.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;"><i>October</i> 1<i>st,</i> 1874</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>Contents of the First Volume</h2>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span>
+Queen Charlotte &mdash; Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge &mdash; Westminster
+Election &mdash; Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and Sir Murray Maxwell
+&mdash; London Election &mdash; Oatlands &mdash; The Duke of York &mdash; Duchess of York &mdash;
+Ampthill &mdash; Tixall &mdash; Mr. Luttrell &mdash; Lady Granville &mdash; Teddesley &mdash; Macao &mdash;
+Burleigh &mdash; Middleton &mdash; Lady Jersey &mdash; The New Parliament &mdash; Tierney and
+Pitt &mdash; Princess Lieven &mdash; Madame de Staël on the French Revolution &mdash;
+Westminster Election &mdash; Hobhouse Defeated &mdash; Scarlett&rsquo;s Maiden Speech &mdash;
+Influence of Party &mdash; Play &mdash; The Persian Ambassador at Court &mdash; Prince
+Leopold &mdash; Woburn &mdash; Anecdote of the Allies &mdash; Death of George III. &mdash;
+Illness of George IV. &mdash; Queen Caroline &mdash; Fleury de Chabaulon &mdash; The Cato
+Street Conspiracy &mdash; George IV. at Ascot &mdash; Marchioness of Conyngham
+&mdash; Queen Caroline in London &mdash; Message to Parliament &mdash; Debates &mdash; Insubordination
+in the Guards &mdash; Wilberforce&rsquo;s Motion &mdash; Proceedings against
+the Queen &mdash; &lsquo;Les Liaisons dangereuses&rsquo; &mdash; The Queen&rsquo;s Trial &mdash; The Duke
+of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo and the Occupation of Paris.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+Popularity of George IV. &mdash; The Duke of York&rsquo;s Racing Establishment &mdash; Clerk
+of the Council &mdash; Lord Liverpool and Mr. Sumner &mdash; Lady Conyngham &mdash;
+Death of Lady Worcester &mdash; Her Character &mdash; Ball at Devonshire House &mdash;
+The Duke of York&rsquo;s Aversion to the Duke of Wellington &mdash; The Pavilion
+at Brighton &mdash; Lord Francis Conyngham &mdash; The King and the Duke of
+Wellington &mdash; Death of the Marquis of Londonderry &mdash; His Policy &mdash; Sir
+B. Bloomfield sent to Stockholm &mdash; Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Foreign Secretary &mdash;
+Queen Caroline and Brougham &mdash; Canning and George IV. &mdash; Lord William
+Bentinck aspires to go to India &mdash; His Disappointment &mdash; The Duke
+of York&rsquo;s Duel with Colonel Lennox &mdash; George III.&rsquo;s Will &mdash; George IV.
+appropriates the late King&rsquo;s Personal Property &mdash; The Duke of Wellington
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span>
+on the Congress of Verona and on the Politics of Europe &mdash; Intervention in
+Spain &mdash; Ferdinand VII. &mdash; M. de Villèle &mdash; The Duke&rsquo;s Opinion of Napoleon
+&mdash; Sir William Knighton &mdash; The Duke of York&rsquo;s Anecdotes of George IV.
+&mdash; Death of the Marquis of Titchfield &mdash; His Character
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+The Panic of 1825 &mdash; Death of the Emperor Alexander &mdash; The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+Embassy to St. Petersburg &mdash; Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer &mdash;
+Small Notes Bill &mdash; Death of Arthur de Ros &mdash; George III. and Lord Bute
+&mdash; Illness and Death of the Duke of York &mdash; His Funeral &mdash; Lord Liverpool
+struck with Paralysis &mdash; Rundell&rsquo;s Fortune and Will &mdash; Copley and
+Philpots &mdash; The Cottage &mdash; Formation of Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Administration &mdash;
+Secession of the Tories &mdash; The Whigs join him &mdash; Dinner at the Royal
+Lodge &mdash; Difficulties of Canning&rsquo;s Government &mdash; Duke of Wellington
+visits the King &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Death &mdash; Anecdotes of Mr. Canning &mdash; Recognition
+of South American States &mdash; His Industry &mdash; The Duke of Wellington
+on Canning &mdash; Lord Goderich&rsquo;s Administration formed &mdash; The Difficulty
+about Herries &mdash; Position of the Whigs &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Letter to Herries &mdash;
+Peel and George IV. &mdash; Interview of Lord Lansdowne with the King &mdash;
+Weakness of the Government &mdash; First Resignation of Lord Goderich &mdash;
+Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership &mdash; Lord Goderich returns &mdash;
+Brougham and Rogers &mdash; Conversation and Character of Brougham &mdash; Lord
+Goderich&rsquo;s Ministry dissolved &mdash; Cause of its Dissolution &mdash; Hostility of
+Herries &mdash; Position of Huskisson and his Friends &mdash; Herries and Huskisson
+both join the New Cabinet
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Administration &mdash; Huskisson&rsquo;s Speech &mdash; Irritation
+of Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Friends &mdash; Tom Duncombe&rsquo;s Maiden Speech &mdash; Mr. Huskisson
+resigns and the Canningites quit the Government &mdash; Princess
+Lieven hostile to the Duke &mdash; The Catholic Question &mdash; Jockey Club Dinner
+at St. James&rsquo;s &mdash; Lord Lyndhurst &mdash; Sir Robert Adair &mdash; Fox and Burke &mdash;
+Fox and Pitt &mdash; The Lord High Admiral dismissed by the King &mdash; Dawson&rsquo;s
+Speech on Catholic Emancipation &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Health &mdash; His Pages &mdash;
+State of Ireland &mdash; Marquis of Anglesey &mdash; O&rsquo;Connell &mdash; His Influence in
+Ireland &mdash; Lord Belmore Governor of Jamaica &mdash; The Duke&rsquo;s Letter to Dr.
+Curtis &mdash; Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland &mdash; Causes of this Event &mdash;
+Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question &mdash; His Aversion to Sir
+William Knighton &mdash; Character of George IV. &mdash; Denman&rsquo;s Silk Gown &mdash;
+Pension to Lady Westmeath &mdash; Duke of Wellington on Russia &mdash; The Reis-Effendi
+&mdash; Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland &mdash; Privy Council
+Register &mdash; State Paper Office &mdash; The Gunpowder Plot &mdash; Catholic Emancipation
+&mdash; Navarino
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span>
+The Catholic Relief Bill &mdash; Inconsistency of the Tories &mdash; The Catholic Association
+&mdash; Dinner at Charles Grant&rsquo;s &mdash; The Terceira Expedition &mdash; Tory
+Discontent &mdash; Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford University &mdash; A Blunder in
+Chancery &mdash; The Oxford Election &mdash; Influence of the Duke of Wellington &mdash;
+Debate of Royal Dukes &mdash; Peel beaten &mdash; Sir Edward Codrington &mdash; Violence
+of the King &mdash; Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill &mdash; The Duke of Cumberland
+&mdash; Furious State of Parties &mdash; Matuscewitz &mdash; Peel&rsquo;s Speech on
+Catholic Emancipation &mdash; Exclusion of O&rsquo;Connell from his Seat for Clare
+&mdash; Pitt&rsquo;s View of Catholic Emancipation &mdash; &lsquo;Musæ Cateatonenses&rsquo; &mdash;
+&lsquo;Thorough&rsquo; &mdash; Mr. Lowther not turned out &mdash; Duke of Newcastle&rsquo;s Audience
+of George IV. &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Personal Habits &mdash; The Debate &mdash; Mr. Sadler &mdash;
+Hardness of the Duke of Wellington &mdash; His Duel with Lord Winchelsea
+&mdash; The Bishops and the Bill &mdash; Sir Charles Wetherell &mdash; The King on the
+Duel &mdash; Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s Pocket-handkerchief &mdash; Debate on the Catholic
+Bill &mdash; The Duke of Richmond &mdash; Effects of Dawson&rsquo;s Speech on the King
+&mdash; The Bill in Jeopardy &mdash; Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey &mdash; Lord Falmouth
+and Lord Grey &mdash; O&rsquo;Connell at Dinner &mdash; The Duke breaks with
+Lord Eldon &mdash; Hibner the Murderess &mdash; Theatrical Fund &mdash; The Levee &mdash;
+The Duke&rsquo;s Carriage stopped &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Health &mdash; Lady Conyngham &mdash;
+O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s Seat &mdash; Child&rsquo;s Ball at Court &mdash; Princess Victoria &mdash; Legal Appointments
+&mdash; Lord Palmerston on Foreign Affairs &mdash; The King and Lord
+Sefton &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Speech on the Prorogation &mdash; Madame Du Cayla &mdash;
+George IV.&rsquo;s Inaccuracy &mdash; Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on
+the King and the Duke of Cumberland
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+The Recorder&rsquo;s Report &mdash; Manners of George IV &mdash; Intrigues of the Duke of
+Cumberland &mdash; Insults Lady Lyndhurst &mdash; Deacon Hume at the Board of
+Trade &mdash; Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the Lord Chancellor
+&mdash; A Bad Season &mdash; Prostration of Turkey &mdash; France under Polignac
+&mdash; State of Ireland &mdash; Mr. Windham&rsquo;s Diary &mdash; George IV.&rsquo;s Eyesight &mdash;
+Junius &mdash; A Man without Money &mdash; Court-martial on Captain Dickenson &mdash;
+The Duke and the &lsquo;Morning Journal&rsquo; &mdash; Physical Courage of the King &mdash;
+A Charade at Chatsworth &mdash; Huskisson and the Duke &mdash; Irish Trials &mdash; Tom
+Moore &mdash; Scott &mdash; Byron &mdash; Fanny Kemble &mdash; Sir James Mackintosh &mdash; His
+Conversation &mdash; Black Irishmen &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s Irish Story &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s Singing
+&mdash; George IV. and Mr. Denman &mdash; Strawberry Hill &mdash; Moore at Trinity
+College &mdash; Indian Vengeance at Niagara &mdash; Count Woronzow &mdash; Lord
+Glengall&rsquo;s Play &mdash; The Recorder&rsquo;s Report
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span>
+Chapter of the Bath &mdash; The Duc de Dino arrested &mdash; A Ball to the Divan &mdash;
+English Policy in Greece &mdash; Sir Thomas Lawrence &mdash; Gallatin &mdash; Court of
+King&rsquo;s Bench &mdash; Accident to the Grand Duke Constantine &mdash; Osterley &mdash;
+Young Sidney Herbert &mdash; Duke of Wellington in Office &mdash; Stapleton&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;Life of Canning&rsquo; &mdash; Death of Sir Thomas Lawrence &mdash; Leopold and the
+Throne of Greece &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Answers to Lord Grey &mdash; Distressed State
+of the Country &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Greatness and his Failings &mdash; Death of
+Tierney &mdash; Sir Martin Shee President &mdash; The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Views
+and Conduct &mdash; The coming Session &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life of Byron&rsquo; &mdash; Character
+of Byron &mdash; Opening of Parliament &mdash; The Fire King &mdash; The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+Speaking &mdash; The English Opera House burnt down &mdash; Lord
+Thurlow on Kenyon and Buller &mdash; Old Rothschild &mdash; Lansdowne House &mdash;
+Earl Stanhope &mdash; John Murray &mdash; Departure for Italy
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+Calais &mdash; Beau Brummell &mdash; Paris &mdash; The Polignac Ministry &mdash; Polignac and
+Charles X. &mdash; The Duke of Orleans &mdash; State of Parties &mdash; Talleyrand &mdash; Lyons
+&mdash; First Impressions of Mountain Scenery &mdash; Mont Cenis &mdash; Turin &mdash; Marengo
+&mdash; Genoa &mdash; Road to Florence &mdash; Pisa &mdash; Florence &mdash; Lord and Lady Burghersh
+&mdash; Thorwaldsen &mdash; Lord Cochrane &mdash; Rome &mdash; St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Frascati &mdash; Grotto
+Ferrata &mdash; Queen Hortense and Louis Napoleon &mdash; Coliseum &mdash; Death of
+Lady Northampton &mdash; The Moses &mdash; Gardens &mdash; Palm Sunday &mdash; Sistine
+Chapel &mdash; The Cardinals &mdash; Popes &mdash; Cardinal Albani &mdash; The Farnese Palace
+&mdash; A Dead Cardinal &mdash; Pasquin &mdash; Statue of Pompey &mdash; Galleries and Catacombs
+&mdash; Bunsen &mdash; The Papal Benediction &mdash; Ceremonies of the Holy
+Week &mdash; The Grand Penitentiary &mdash; A Confession &mdash; Protestant Cemetery
+&mdash; Illumination of St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Torlonia &mdash; Bunsen on the Forum
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+Lake of Albano &mdash; Velletri &mdash; Naples &mdash; Rapid Travelling in 1830 &mdash; A Trial at
+Naples &mdash; Deciphering Manuscripts &mdash; Ball at the Duchesse d&rsquo;Eboli&rsquo;s &mdash;
+Matteis&rsquo;s Plot and Trial &mdash; Pompeii &mdash; Taking the Veil &mdash; Pausilippo &mdash; Baiæ
+&mdash; La Cava &mdash; Salerno &mdash; Pæstum &mdash; Lazaroni &mdash; Museum of Naples &mdash; Grotto
+del Cane &mdash; The Camaldoli &mdash; Herculaneum &mdash; Vesuvius &mdash; Sorrento &mdash; Miracle
+of St. Januarius &mdash; Astroni &mdash; Farewell to Naples
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><b>CHAPTER X.</b></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span>
+Moladi Gaeta &mdash; Capua &mdash; Lines on leaving Naples &mdash; Return to Rome &mdash; The Aqueducts
+&mdash; &lsquo;Domine, quo vadis?&rsquo; &mdash; St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; The Scala Santa &mdash; Reasons
+in Favour of San Gennaro &mdash; Ascent of St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Library of the Vatican
+&mdash; A racing <i>ex voto</i> &mdash; Illness of George IV. &mdash; Approaching <i>Coup d&rsquo;État</i> in
+France &mdash; The Villa Mills &mdash; The Malaria &mdash; Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg &mdash;
+The Emperor Nicholas on his Accession &mdash; Cardinal Albani &mdash; A <i>Columbarium</i>
+&mdash; Maii &mdash; Sir William Gell &mdash; Tivoli &mdash; Hadrian&rsquo;s Villa &mdash; The Adventures
+of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift &mdash; Audience of the Pope &mdash; Gibson&rsquo;s
+Studio &mdash; End of Miss Kelly&rsquo;s Marriage &mdash; A Great Function &mdash; The Jesuits
+&mdash; Saint-making &mdash; San Lorenzo in Lucina &mdash; The Flagellants &mdash; Statues by
+Torchlight &mdash; Bunsen on the State of Rome &mdash; Frascati &mdash; Relations of Protestant
+States with Rome &mdash; The French Ministry &mdash; M. de Villèle &mdash; The
+Coliseum &mdash; Excommunication of a Thief &mdash; The Passionists &mdash; The Corpus
+Domini &mdash; A Rash Marriage &mdash; Farewell to Rome &mdash; Falls of Terni &mdash; Statue
+at Pratolino &mdash; Bologna &mdash; Mezzofanti &mdash; Ferrara &mdash; Venice &mdash; Padua &mdash; Vicenza
+&mdash; Brescia &mdash; Verona &mdash; Milan &mdash; Lago Maggiore &mdash; The Simplon &mdash; Geneva
+&mdash; Paris
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+<p style="text-indent: 0em"><a href="#NOTE"><b>NOTE.</b></a></p>
+
+<p><span class='smcap'>Mr. Greville&rsquo;s Connexion with the Turf.</span></p>
+<hr />
+
+<h1>A JOURNAL <br />
+<small>OF THE</small> <br />
+REIGN OF KING GEORGE THE FOURTH</h1>
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span>
+Queen Charlotte &mdash; Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge &mdash; Westminster
+Election &mdash; Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and Sir Murray Maxwell
+&mdash; London Election &mdash; Oatlands &mdash; The Duke of York &mdash; Duchess of York &mdash;
+Ampthill &mdash; Tixall &mdash; Mr. Luttrell &mdash; Lady Granville &mdash; Teddesley &mdash; Macao &mdash;
+Burleigh &mdash; Middleton &mdash; Lady Jersey &mdash; The New Parliament &mdash; Tierney and
+Pitt &mdash; Princess Lieven &mdash; Madame de Staël on the French Revolution &mdash;
+Westminster Election &mdash; Hobhouse Defeated &mdash; Scarlett&rsquo;s Maiden Speech &mdash;
+Influence of Party &mdash; Play &mdash; The Persian Ambassador at Court &mdash; Prince
+Leopold &mdash; Woburn &mdash; Anecdote of the Allies &mdash; Death of George III. &mdash; Illness
+of George IV. &mdash; Queen Caroline &mdash; Fleury de Chabaulon &mdash; The Cato
+Street Conspiracy &mdash; George IV. at Ascot &mdash; Marchioness of Conyngham
+&mdash; Queen Caroline in London &mdash; Message to Parliament &mdash; Debates &mdash; Insubordination
+in the Guards &mdash; Wilberforce&rsquo;s Motion &mdash; Proceedings against
+the Queen &mdash; &lsquo;Les Liaisons dangereuses&rsquo; &mdash; The Queen&rsquo;s Trial &mdash; The Duke
+of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo and the Occupation of Paris.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1818.</h2>
+
+<p style="text-indent=0em;">
+I began to keep a Journal some time ago, and, after continuing
+it irregularly, dropped it entirely. I have since felt
+tempted to resume it, because, having frequent opportunities
+of mixing in the society of celebrated men, some particulars
+about them might be interesting hereafter.</p>
+
+<h3>June 7th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>The dissolution of Parliament is deferred on
+account of the mistakes which have been made in passing
+the Alien Bill. On Friday night the exultation of the
+Opposition was very great at what they deemed a victory
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LAST YEARS OF THE REGENCY.</span>
+over the Ministers. It is said that there will be 100 contests,
+and that Government will lose twenty or thirty members.
+The Queen was so ill on Friday evening that they expected
+she would die. She had a severe
+spasm.<a name="FNA_01_01" id="FNA_01_01" href="#FN_01_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_01" id="FN_01_01" href="#FNA_01_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., died on the 17th of November
+of this year, 1818.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duchess of
+Cambridge<a name="FNA_01_02" id="FNA_01_02" href="#FN_01_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+has been received in a most
+flattering manner here, and it is said that the Duchess of
+Cumberland is severely mortified at the contrast between her
+reception and that of her sister-in-law. On the Sunday
+after her arrival the Duke took her to walk in the Park,
+when she was so terrified by the pressure of the mob about
+her that she nearly fainted away.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_02" id="FN_01_02" href="#FNA_01_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of George
+III., married on the 7th of May, 1818, Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Princess
+of Hesse, youngest daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. Ernest,
+Duke of Cumberland, the King&rsquo;s fourth son, married on the 29th of August,
+1815, at Strelitz, the Princess Frederica, third daughter of the Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
+This lady had been twice married before, first to Prince
+Frederic Louis Charles of Prussia, and secondly to the Prince of Salms-Braunfels.
+As the Duchess of Cumberland had been divorced from her
+last husband, the Queen received her with great coldness; and the position
+in which she was placed contrasted strongly with that of the Duchess of
+Cambridge on her marriage.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Regent drives in the Park every day in a tilbury,
+with his groom sitting by his side; grave men are shocked
+at this undignified practice.</p>
+
+<h3>June 21st, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>I dined at Holland House last Thursday.
+The party consisted of Lord Lansdowne, Mr. Frere, and
+Mrs. Tierney and her son. After dinner Mr. Frere repeated
+to us a great deal of that part of &lsquo;Whistlecraft&rsquo; which is not
+yet
+published.<a name="FNA_01_03" id="FNA_01_03" href="#FN_01_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+I laughed whenever I could, but as I have
+never read the first part, and did not understand the second,
+I was not so much amused as the rest of the company.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_03" id="FN_01_03" href="#FNA_01_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[The whole poem of &lsquo;Whistlecraft&rsquo; has since been republished in the
+collected works of the Right Hon. Hookham Frere.]</p></div>
+
+<p>On Friday I went to the Stud-house, where a great party
+was assembled to see the stock and buy them. After visiting
+the paddocks,
+Bloomfield<a name="FNA_01_04" id="FNA_01_04" href="#FN_01_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+gave a magnificent dinner to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">A GENERAL ELECTION.</span>
+the company in a tent near the house; it was the finest
+feast I ever saw, but the badness of the weather spoilt the
+entertainment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_04" id="FN_01_04" href="#FNA_01_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[Sir Benjamin Bloomfield filled the offices of Marshal and Chief
+Equerry to the Regent, and in 1817 he became Receiver-General of the
+Duchy of Cornwall and Keeper of the Privy Purse to the Prince. The
+Stud-house of Hampton Court had been given him as a residence. He was
+raised to the peerage in 1825.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Queen&rsquo;s illness was occasioned by information which
+she received of the Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge
+having met and embraced. This meeting took place as if
+by accident, but really by appointment, in Kew Gardens;
+and the Duke of Cambridge himself informed the Queen of
+it. She was in such a rage that the spasm was brought on,
+and she was very near dying.</p>
+
+<h3>June 24th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>The elections are carried on with great
+violence, and every day we hear of fresh contests being in
+agitation. The disgraceful scenes which have taken place
+in Westminster excite universal shame and indignation.
+The mob seem to have shaken off the feelings and the usual
+character of Englishmen, and in the brutal attacks which
+they have made on Captain Maxwell have displayed the
+savage ferocity which marked the mobs of Paris in the worst
+times. He has been so much hurt that his life is now in
+danger. Sir F. Burdett told me this morning that as soon
+as he was at the head of the poll he thought he should
+appear upon the hustings and thank the people for having
+raised him thus high. It is supposed that Burdett has laid
+out 10,000&#8467;. on this election, though his friends do not
+acknowledge that he has spent anything. It is clear that
+the open houses, cockades, and bands of music we have seen
+these three days were not procured for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Castlereagh went to the hustings, and voted for
+Sir Murray Maxwell; he was hooted, pelted, and got off
+with some difficulty. His Lordship&rsquo;s judgment was not very
+conspicuous on this occasion; both Sir Murray&rsquo;s friends and
+enemies are of opinion that Lord Castlereagh&rsquo;s vote did him
+a great deal of harm and turned many men against him.
+The severest contests will be in Wiltshire, Herefordshire,
+Devonshire, and Lincolnshire.  The elections are going
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+against Government generally; in London particularly, as the
+Ministers lose one seat in the Borough and two in the City.
+This last election is the most unexpected of all. Curtis
+has been member for twenty-eight years, and has been used
+to come in very high on the poll. On this occasion the contest
+between him and Alderman Thorpe was severe, but
+Curtis would have carried it had not Wood and Waithman
+coalesced with Thorpe the last day, and thrown their spare
+votes over to him; this determined the election in his
+favour.<a name="FNA_01_05" id="FNA_01_05" href="#FN_01_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_05" id="FN_01_05" href="#FNA_01_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Sir William Curtis was the Ministerial candidate in the City of
+London; he was thrown out, and Messrs. Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and
+Thorpe were returned.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 30th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>There was an affray yesterday afternoon in
+Covent Garden. Sir Murray Maxwell&rsquo;s people paraded about
+a large boat drawn by six horses. Burdett&rsquo;s mob attacked and
+demolished the boat, and this action having raised their spirits,
+the contest continued. The consequence was that a large
+party of Horse Guards were marched into Covent Garden, and
+paraded there during the rest of the night. The people expressed
+their discontent by cries of &lsquo;This is what they call
+freedom of election!&rsquo; &lsquo;Burdett for ever!&rsquo;
+&amp;c.<a name="FNA_01_06" id="FNA_01_06" href="#FN_01_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_06" id="FN_01_06" href="#FNA_01_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[The Westminster election terminated as follows:&mdash;Sir Samuel
+Romilly, 5,339; Sir Francis Burdett, 5,238; Sir Murray Maxwell, 4,808;
+Henry Hunt, 84.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 4th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>I went to
+Oatlands<a name="FNA_01_07" id="FNA_01_07" href="#FN_01_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+on Saturday. There was
+a very large party&mdash;Mr. and Mrs. Burrell, Lord Alvanley,
+Berkeley Craven, Cooke, Arthur Upton, Armstrong, Foley,
+Lord Lauderdale, Lake, Page, Lord Yarmouth. We played
+at whist till four in the morning. On Sunday we amused
+ourselves with eating fruit in the garden, and shooting at a
+mark with pistols, and playing with the monkeys. I bathed
+in the cold bath in the grotto, which is as clear as crystal and
+as cold as ice. Oatlands is the worst managed establishment
+in England; there are a great many servants, and nobody
+waits on you; a vast number of horses, and none to ride or
+drive.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_07" id="FN_01_07" href="#FNA_01_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[Oatlands Park, Weybridge, at that time the residence of the Duke of
+York.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 15th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>The parties at Oatlands take place every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.</span>
+Saturday, and the guests go away on Monday morning. These
+parties begin as soon as the Duchess leaves London, and last
+till the October meetings. During the Egham races there is
+a large party which remains there from the Saturday before
+the races till the Monday se&rsquo;nnight following; this is called
+the Duchess&rsquo;s party, and she invites the guests. The Duke is
+only there himself from Saturday to Monday. There are
+almost always the same people, sometimes more, sometimes
+less. We dine at eight, and sit at table till eleven. In about
+a quarter of an hour after we leave the dining-room the Duke
+sits down to play at whist, and never stirs from the table as
+long as anybody will play with him. When anybody gives
+any hint of being tired he will leave off, but if he sees no
+signs of weariness in others he will never stop himself. He
+is equally well amused whether the play is high or low, but
+the stake he prefers is fives and
+ponies.<a name="FNA_01_08" id="FNA_01_08" href="#FN_01_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+The Duchess generally
+plays also at half-crown whist. The Duke always gets
+up very early, whatever time he may go to bed. On Sunday
+morning he goes to church, returns to a breakfast of tea and
+cold meat, and afterwards rides or walks till the evening.
+On Monday morning he always sets off to London at nine
+o&rsquo;clock.  He sleeps equally well in a bed or in a carriage.
+The Duchess seldom goes to bed, or, if she does, only for an
+hour or two; she sleeps dressed upon a couch, sometimes in
+one room, sometimes in another. She frequently walks out
+very late at night, or rather early in the morning, and she
+always sleeps with open windows.  She dresses and breakfasts
+at three o&rsquo;clock, afterwards walks out with all her dogs,
+and seldom appears before dinner-time. At night, when she
+cannot sleep, she has women to read to her.  The Duchess
+of York<a name="FNA_01_09" id="FNA_01_09" href="#FN_01_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+is clever and well-informed; she likes society and
+dislikes all form and ceremony, but in the midst of the most
+familiar intercourse she always preserves a certain dignity
+of manner. Those who are in the habit of going to Oatlands
+are perfectly at their ease with her, and talk with as much
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+freedom as they would to any other woman, but always with
+great respect. Her mind is not perhaps the most delicate;
+she shows no dislike to coarseness of sentiment or language,
+and I have seen her very much amused with jokes, stories,
+and allusions which would shock a very nice person. But
+her own conversation is never polluted with anything the
+least indelicate or unbecoming. She is very sensible to little
+attentions, and is annoyed if anybody appears to keep aloof
+from her or to shun conversing with her. Her dogs are her
+greatest interest and amusement, and she has at least forty
+of various kinds. She is delighted when anybody gives her
+a dog, or a monkey, or a parrot, of all of which she has a
+vast number; it is impossible to offend her or annoy her
+more than by ill-using any of her dogs, and if she were to see
+anybody beat or kick any one of them she would never forgive
+it. She has always lived on good terms with the Royal
+Family, but is intimate with none of them, and goes as little
+as possible to Court. The Regent dislikes her, and she him.
+With the Princess Charlotte she was latterly very intimate,
+spent a great deal of time at Claremont, and felt her death
+very severely. The Duchess has no taste for splendour or
+magnificence, and likes to live the life of a private individual
+as much as possible.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_08" id="FN_01_08" href="#FNA_01_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[Five-pound points and twenty-five pounds on the rubber.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_09" id="FN_01_09" href="#FNA_01_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[The Duchess of York was born Princess Royal of Prussia; she married
+the Duke of York in 1791, and died on the 6th of August, 1820.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duke of York is not clever, but he has a justness of
+understanding, which enables him to avoid the errors into
+which most of his brothers have fallen, and which have made
+them so contemptible and unpopular. Although his talents
+are not rated high, and in public life he has never been
+honourably distinguished, the Duke of York is loved and
+respected. He is the only one of the Princes who has the
+feelings of an English gentleman; his amiable disposition
+and excellent temper have conciliated for him the esteem
+and regard of men of all parties, and he has endeared
+himself to his friends by the warmth and steadiness of his
+attachments, and from the implicit confidence they all have
+in his truth, straightforwardness, and sincerity. He delights
+in the society of men of the world and in a life of gaiety and
+pleasure. He is very easily amused, and particularly with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.</span>
+jokes full of coarseness and indelicacy; the men with whom
+he lives most are <i>très-polissons</i>, and <i>la polissonnerie</i> is the <i>ton</i> of
+his society. But his aides-de-camp and friends, while they do
+not scruple to say everything before and to him, always treat
+him with attention and respect. The Duke and the Duchess
+live upon the best terms; their manner to one another is
+cordial, and while full of mutual respect and attention, they
+follow separately their own occupations and amusements
+without interfering with one another. Their friends are
+common to both, and those who are most attached to the
+Duke are equally so to the Duchess. One of her few foibles is
+an extreme tenaciousness of her authority at Oatlands; one
+way in which this is shown is in the stable, where, although
+there are always eight or ten carriage-horses which seldom do
+any work, it is impossible ever to procure a horse to ride or
+drive, because the Duchess appropriates them all to herself.
+The other day one of the aides-de-camp (Cooke) wanted to
+drive Burrell (who was there) to Hampton Court; he spoke
+of this at breakfast, and the Duke hearing it, desired he
+would take the curricle and two Spanish horses which had
+been given to him. The Duchess, however, chose to call
+these horses hers and to consider them as her own. The
+curricle came to the door, and just as they were going to
+mount it a servant came from the Duchess (who had heard
+of it) and told the coachman that her Royal Highness knew
+nothing of it, had not ordered it, and that the curricle must
+go home, which it accordingly did.</p>
+
+<h3>September 3rd, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Oatlands for the Egham races.
+The party lasted more than a week; there was a great
+number of people, and it was very agreeable. Erskine was
+extremely mad; he read me some of his verses, and we had
+a dispute upon religious subjects one morning, which he
+finished by declaring his entire disbelief in the Mosaic
+history. We played at whist every night that the Duke was
+there, and I always won. The Duchess was unwell most of
+the time. We showed her a <i>galanterie</i> which pleased her
+very much. She produced a picture of herself one evening,
+which she said she was going to send to the Duchess of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+Orleans; we all cried out, said it was bad, and asked her
+why she did not let Lawrence paint her picture, and send a
+miniature copied from that. She declared she could not afford
+it; we then said, if she would sit, we would pay for the picture,
+which she consented to do, when all the men present
+signed a paper, desiring that a picture should be painted
+and a print taken from it of her Royal Highness. Lawrence
+is to be invited to Oatlands at Christmas to paint the picture.
+The men who subscribe are Culling Smith, Alvanley, B. Craven,
+Worcester, Armstrong, A. Upton, Rogers, Luttrell,
+and myself, who were present. The Duchess desired that
+Greenwood and Taylor might be added. From Oatlands I
+went to Cirencester, where I stayed a week and then returned
+to Oatlands, expecting to find the Queen dead and
+the house empty, but I found the party still there.</p>
+
+<h3>Ampthill,<a name="FNA_01_10" id="FNA_01_10" href="#FN_01_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+September 9th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>I rode down here to-day,
+Alvanley and Montrond came in a chaise and four, and
+were only three hours and three-quarters coming from town.
+Luttrell and Rogers are here. The dinner very bad, because
+the cook is out of humour. The evening passed off heavily.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_10" id="FN_01_10" href="#FNA_01_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[Ampthill Park, at that time the seat of Lord and Lady Holland,
+who had inherited it from the Earl of Upper Ossory. On the death of Lady
+Holland Ampthill was purchased by the Duke of Bedford, and has since
+been inhabited by Lord and Lady Wensleydale.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>Ampthill, September 11th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke and Duchess of
+San Carlos came yesterday with their two daughters, one of
+whom is fourteen and the other twelve or thirteen years old.
+The eldest is betrothed to the Count Altimira, a boy of seventeen
+years old, son of one of the richest Spanish grandees.
+He has 70,000&#8467;. a year. The Duke of Medina-C&oelig;li before
+the French invasion had 215,000&#8467;. a year.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Holland was talking to Mr. Fox the day after the
+debate on the war (after the Peace of Amiens) about public
+speakers, and mentioned Sheridan&rsquo;s speech on the Begums.
+Fox said, &lsquo;You may rest assured that that speech was the
+finest that ever was made in Parliament.&rsquo; Lord Holland
+said, &lsquo;It is very well of you to say so, but I think your
+speech last night was a pretty good one.&rsquo; Fox said, &lsquo;And
+that was a devilish fine speech too.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>Teddesley, November 30th, 1818</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF MR. LUTTRELL.</span>
+I went to
+Tixall<a name="FNA_01_11" id="FNA_01_11" href="#FN_01_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+on Tuesday,
+the 10th of November. There were Luttrell, Nugent, Montagu,
+Granville Somerset (who went away the next day), and
+afterwards Granville Vernon, Wilmot, and Mr. Donald. I
+never remember so agreeable a party&mdash;&lsquo;le bon goût, les ris,
+l&rsquo;aimable liberté.&rsquo; Everybody was pleased because each did
+what he pleased, and the tone of the society was gay, simple,
+and clever.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_11" id="FN_01_11" href="#FNA_01_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[Tixall, the seat of Sir Clifford Constable in Staffordshire, was let at
+this time to Lord and Lady Granville.]</p></div>
+
+<p>It is hardly possible to live with a more agreeable man
+than Luttrell. He is difficult to please, but when pleased
+and in good spirits, full of vivacity. He has a lively imagination,
+a great deal of instruction, and a very retentive
+memory, a memory particularly happy for social purposes,
+for he recollects a thousand anecdotes, fine allusions, odd
+expressions, or happy remarks, applicable to the generality
+of topics which fall under discussion. He is extremely
+sensitive, easily disconcerted, and resents want of tact in
+others, because he is so liable to suffer from any breach of
+it. A sceptic in religion, and by no means austere in morals,
+he views with indulgence all faults except those which are
+committed against society, but he looks upon a bore with
+unconcealed aversion. He is attached to a few persons
+whose talents he respects and whose society he covets, but
+towards the world in general he is rather misanthropical,
+and prides himself upon being free from the prejudices which
+he ridicules and despises more or less in everybody else.
+Detesting the importance and the superiority which are
+assumed by those who have only riches or rank to boast of,
+he delights in London, where such men find their proper
+level, and where genius and ability always maintain an
+ascendancy over pomp, vanity, and the adventitious circumstances
+of birth or position. Born in mystery,<a name="FNA_01_12"
+  id="FNA_01_12" href="#FN_01_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> he has
+always shrouded himself in a secresy which none of his
+acquaintance have ever endeavoured to penetrate. He has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+connections, but they are unknown or only guessed at. He
+has occupations, amusements, and interests unconnected
+with the society in which he publicly moves. Of these he
+never speaks, and no one ever ventures to ask him any
+questions. Ostensibly he has no friend. Standing thus
+alone in the world, he derives but little of his happiness from
+others; and he seems to delight in the independence of his
+feelings as well as of his situation. He is very witty and
+says excellent things, brilliant in general society and pleasant
+in <i>tête-à-tête.</i> Many men infinitely less clever <i>converse</i> more
+agreeably than he does, because he is too epigrammatic, and
+has accustomed himself so much to make brilliant observations
+that he cannot easily descend to quiet, unlaboured talk.
+This only applies to him when in general society; when alone
+with another person he talks as agreeably as possible.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_12" id="FN_01_12" href="#FNA_01_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[Mr. Luttrell was believed to be a natural son of Lord Carhampton.
+He had sat in the last Irish Parliament before the Union, and died about
+1855 at a very advanced age.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Nugent is clever, and in many respects a more amiable
+companion than Luttrell, though very inferior to him in
+ability. He is well-informed, gentlemanlike, sensible, with
+good manners, good taste, and has a talent for music; he is
+always in good humour, and discriminating without being
+difficult.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Granville<a name="FNA_01_13" id="FNA_01_13" href="#FN_01_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+has a great deal of genial humour,
+strong feelings, enthusiasm, delicacy, refinement, good taste,
+<i>naïveté</i> which just misses being affectation, and a <i>bonhomie</i>
+which extends to all around her.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_13" id="FN_01_13" href="#FNA_01_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[Henrietta Elizabeth, daughter of William, fifth Duke of Devonshire,
+married in 1809 to Lord Granville Leveson Gower, created Viscount
+Granville in 1815, and Earl Granville in 1833, during his embassy at the
+Court of France.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Nothing could exceed the agreeableness of the life we led
+at Tixall. We breakfasted about twelve or later, dined at
+seven, played at whist and macao the whole evening, and
+went to bed at different hours between two and four. &lsquo;Nous
+faisions la bonne chère, ce qui ajoute beaucoup à l&rsquo;agrément
+de la société. Je ne dis pas ceci par rapport à mes propres
+goûts; mais parce que je l&rsquo;ai observé, et que les philosophes
+n&rsquo;y sont pas plus indifférents que les bons vivants.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the party at Tixall was over we all removed to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PARTY AT TIXALL.</span>
+Teddesley.
+Littleton<a name="FNA_01_14" id="FNA_01_14" href="#FN_01_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+is good-natured, liberal, hospitable,
+and anxious to oblige, but he wants tact, and his table is
+more copious than refined. The house is ugly and in an
+ugly situation; the rooms are small, but not ill furnished.
+The dinners were not good, and Luttrell and Nugent were
+both very angry at the badness of the fare. We had a
+brilliant <i>chasse</i>. Luttrell left Teddesley on Monday, the
+Granvilles on Sunday, and Nugent and I on Tuesday; we
+travelled together to Oxford. He is very agreeable, full of
+information, and has a great facility in expressing himself.
+We parted at Oxford. I went to Redrice, and came to town
+on Sunday.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_14" id="FN_01_14" href="#FNA_01_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[Edward Littleton, Esq., at that time M.P. for the county of Stafford;
+raised to the Privy Council in 1833, when he became Chief Secretary for
+Ireland, and to the peerage under the title of Baron Hatherton in 1835.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Tixall was the most agreeable party I ever was at. We
+were all pleased and satisfied; we played at whist, and afterwards
+at macao. Littleton was the greatest winner and
+Lord Granville the loser. I wrote a description of the macao
+in verse:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10"><i>MACAO</i></span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The solemn chime from out the ancient
+  tower<a name="FNA_01_15" id="FNA_01_15" href="#FN_01_15"
+  class="fnanchor">[15]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Invites to Macao at th&rsquo; accustomed
+  hour.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The welcome summons heard, around the board<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each takes his seat and counts his iv&rsquo;ry
+  hoard.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&rsquo;Tis strange to see how in the early rounds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The cautious punters risk their single pounds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till, fired with generous rage, they double stake<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And offer more than prudent dealers take.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My Lady<a name="FNA_01_16" id="FNA_01_16"
+  href="#FN_01_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> through her glass with
+  keen delight<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Observes the brisk beginnings of the fight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To some propitious, but to me unkind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With candour owns the bias of her mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And asks of Fortune the severe decree<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">T&rsquo; enrich the happy Skew,<a name="FNA_01_17"
+  id="FNA_01_17" href="#FN_01_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> to ruin me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fickle Goddess heard one-half the prayer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rest was melted into empty air;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For while she smiled complacent on the Skew,<a name="FNA_01_18" id="FNA_01_18" href="#FN_01_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On me she shed some trifling favours too.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Sure Granville&rsquo;s luck exceeds all other men&rsquo;s<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Led through a sad variety of tens;<a name="FNA_01_19"
+  id="FNA_01_19" href="#FN_01_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rest have sometimes eights and nines, but he<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is always followed by &lsquo;the jolly three;&rsquo;<a name="FNA_01_20" id="FNA_01_20" href="#FN_01_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the great Skew some guardian sylph protects,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His judgment governs, and his hand directs<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When to refrain, when boldly to put in<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And catch with happy nine the wayward pin.<a name="FNA_01_21" id="FNA_01_21" href="#FN_01_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The next morning Luttrell came down with a whole
+paper full of epigrams (I had been winning at macao, and
+had turned up five nines in my deal):&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Why should we wonder if in Greville&rsquo;s verses<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each thought so brilliant and each line so terse is?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For surely he in poetry must shine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who is, we know, so favoured by the nine.<a name="FNA_01_22" id="FNA_01_22" href="#FN_01_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6"><i>THE JOLLY TENS</i>.</span></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Quoth Greville, &lsquo;The commandments are divine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But as they&rsquo;re ten, I lay them on the shelf:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O could they change their number and be nine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I&rsquo;d keep them all, and keep them to myself!&rsquo;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Thus we trifled life away.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_15" id="FN_01_15"
+href="#FNA_01_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+A clock tower.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_16" id="FN_01_16"
+href="#FNA_01_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+Lady Granville.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_17" id="FN_01_17"
+href="#FNA_01_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+E. Montagu.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_18" id="FN_01_18"
+href="#FNA_01_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+We gave him this nickname.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_19" id="FN_01_19"
+href="#FNA_01_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+Tens, ruinous at macao.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_20" id="FN_01_20"
+href="#FNA_01_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+Tens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_21" id="FN_01_21"
+href="#FNA_01_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+The middle pin, a large gain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_22" id="FN_01_22"
+href="#FNA_01_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+<i>Nines</i> are the grand desiderata at macao.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1819.</h2>
+
+<h3>January 17th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Burleigh on the 23rd of December;
+there was no one there but Irby. The house disappointed
+me very much, but it is a very fine showplace.
+I went away on the 27th to Middleton; there were the
+Culling Smiths, Worcesters, Sir James Mackintosh, Ossulstons,
+Nugent, &amp;c.; it was very agreeable, and the house
+extremely comfortable. Lady Jersey<a name="FNA_01_23" id="FNA_01_23"
+  href="#FN_01_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> is an extraordinary
+woman, and has many good qualities; surrounded as she
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LADY JERSEY.</span>
+is by flatterers and admirers, she is neither proud nor conceited.
+She is full of vivacity, spirit, and good nature, but
+the wide range of her sympathies and affections proves that
+she has more general benevolence than particular sensibility
+in her character. She performs all the ordinary duties
+of life with great correctness, because her heart is naturally
+good; and she is, perhaps, from her temperament exposed to
+fewer temptations than the generality of her sex. She is
+deficient in passion and in softness (which constitute the
+greatest charm in women), so that she excites more of
+admiration than of interest; in conversation she is lively and
+pleasant, without being very remarkable, for she has neither
+wit, nor imagination, nor humour; her understanding is
+active rather than strong, and her judgment is too often
+warped by prejudice to be sound. She has a retentive
+memory and a restless mind, together with a sort of intellectual
+arrangement, with which she appears rather to have
+been gifted by nature than to have derived it from the cultivation
+of her reasoning faculties.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_23" id="FN_01_23" href="#FNA_01_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+[Sarah Sophia, eldest daughter of John, tenth Earl of Westmoreland,
+and heiress of Robert Child, Esq., of Osterley Park, her maternal
+grandfather.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I went from Middleton to Oatlands. The Duke was not
+there. We had the Smiths, Worcesters, Alvanley, Stanhope,
+Rogers, Luttrell, George Dawson, Lord Lauderdale, &amp;c.
+Lord Erskine was ill, and Lord Lauderdale was taking care
+of him. The house was very uncomfortable, and the room I
+was in small, noisy, and inconvenient.</p>
+
+<p>I came to London on Friday last. Parliament having
+met on the Thursday, it is very full, and is filling more and
+more every day. The Opposition expect to divide 180 on the
+Bank question; they talk of re-establishing the dinners
+which they used to have in Fox&rsquo;s time.</p>
+
+<p>Rogers is in a nervous state about his poem, and trembles
+at the reviewers.<a name="FNA_01_24" id="FNA_01_24" href="#FN_01_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_24" id="FN_01_24" href="#FNA_01_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+[Rogers&rsquo; poem entitled &lsquo;Human Life&rsquo; was on the eve of publication.
+The reviewers treated it more tenderly than it deserved, as appears below.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 28th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Gorhambury on the 24th to
+shoot. The Duke of York was there. We should have had
+a brilliant <i>chasse</i>, but it rained. We went out at three and
+killed 105 pheasants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+There has been some skirmishing in the House of
+Commons, particularly the night before last, on Dr. Halloran&rsquo;s
+petition, when the Opposition (Bennet <i>duce</i>) got completely
+beaten. Many of the new members have spoken,
+but Mr. Lawson, a <i>soi-disant</i> wit, and Sir R. Wilson have
+failed lamentably. It is odd enough that Wilson made a
+reply to an attack which Cobbett had inserted in one of his
+papers upon him. Cobbett said that he would make a silly
+speech in Parliament and destroy himself, and it is just what
+he did. The Opposition were very angry with Sir J. Coffin,
+who, with the candour of a novice, had made himself informed
+of the facts of the petition, and finding they were against
+his friends, said so in the House.</p>
+
+<p>Arbuthnot told me some particulars about Tierney. He
+began by being a friend of Mr. Pitt, and in one of his speeches
+on the Southwark or Colchester election he praised him in
+opposition to Mr. Fox. This latter never liked him, and
+the Regent assured Arbuthnot he had letters of Tierney
+in his possession thanking him for having endeavoured to
+remove Mr. Fox&rsquo;s antipathy to him. When Addington came
+in, Pitt advised him to get Tierney, as nobody would be so
+useful to him. He did accordingly, and so Tierney became
+a member of the
+Administration.<a name="FNA_01_25" id="FNA_01_25" href="#FN_01_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+When Pitt came again
+into office a negotiation was opened with him through
+the medium of Charles Long. He was offered the Chief
+Secretaryship in Ireland, which he wished to have, but he
+made it a condition that he should not be in Parliament.
+To this Mr. Pitt would not agree, as he said that he must
+commit himself with them entirely or not join them at all;
+he refused, not choosing to commit himself, and the negotiations
+broke off.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_25" id="FN_01_25" href="#FNA_01_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. George Tierney, Treasurer of the Navy and P.C. in 1803.
+President of the Board of Control in October, 1806, Member of the Mint
+in 1827.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 31st, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I dined with Lady Bathurst yesterday.
+We talked of the approaching contests in Parliament, and
+she said that she felt more apprehensive now than ever she
+had done for the safety of the Government, that it was impossible
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PRINCESS LIEVEN.</span>
+for Ministers to stay in if they were defeated, as they
+had occasionally been in the last Parliament, and that if they
+were defeated she should attribute it all to Vansittart, who
+is a millstone about their necks. I asked why they did not
+get rid of him, and she said that it was from good-nature;
+they had scruples about telling him he was inefficient and
+must resign. She said that Canning&rsquo;s conduct had been
+so good towards them, they were very anxious to put him in
+some more considerable office.</p>
+
+
+<h3>February 3rd, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I went with Bouverie to Newmarket on
+Monday to look at the horses. On Wednesday I came to
+town and went on to Oatlands. Madame de Lieven was there.
+This woman is excessively clever, and when she chooses brilliantly
+agreeable. She is beyond all people fastidious. She
+is equally conscious of her own superiority and the inferiority
+of other people, and the contempt she has for the understandings
+of the generality of her acquaintance has made her
+indifferent to please and incapable of taking any delight in
+general society. Her manners are very dignified and graceful,
+and she is extremely accomplished. She sometimes
+endeavours to assume popular and gracious manners, but
+she does this languidly and awkwardly, because it is done
+with an effort. She carries <i>ennui</i> to such a pitch that even
+in the society of her most intimate friends she frequently owns
+that she is bored to death. She writes memoirs, or rather a
+journal, of all that falls under her observation. She is so
+clever, has so much imagination and penetration, that they
+must be very entertaining. She writes as well as talks with
+extraordinary ease and gracefulness, and both her letters and
+her conversation are full of point; yet she is not liked, and
+has made hardly any friends. Her manners are stately and
+reserved, and so little <i>bonhomie</i> penetrates through her
+dignity that few feel sufficiently attracted to induce them to
+try and thaw the ice in which she always seems
+bound.<a name="FNA_01_26" id="FNA_01_26" href="#FN_01_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_26" id="FN_01_26" href="#FNA_01_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+[A very imperfect character of Princess Lieven, with whom Mr.
+Greville was at this time but slightly acquainted. But in after years he
+became one of her most intimate and confidential friends, and she frequently
+reappears in the course of these memoirs.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 5th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+I have finished Madame de Staël&rsquo;s &lsquo;Considérations
+sur la Révolution Française.&rsquo; It is the best of her
+works, extremely eloquent, containing the soundest political
+opinions conveyed in a bold and eloquent style. It is perhaps
+too philosophical and not sufficiently relieved by anecdotes
+and historical illustrations. Her defence of her father is
+written with much enthusiasm and great plausibility, but
+the judgment of the world concerning Necker is formed, and
+it is too late to alter it. The effect of her eloquence is
+rather weakened by the recollection of her conduct to him,
+for she lived with him as little as possible, because she could
+not bear the <i>ennui</i> of Coppet.<a name="FNA_01_27" id="FNA_01_27" href="#FN_01_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_27" id="FN_01_27" href="#FNA_01_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+[In the latter years of Madame de Staël&rsquo;s life Coppet became one of the
+most brilliant social resorts in Europe, for she attracted there the Schlegels,
+B. Constant, Bonstetten, Sismondi, Byron, and a host of other celebrities.
+Towards her father Madame de Staël expressed the most passionate regard.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 9th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The Opposition are in a state of the
+highest exultation on account of the division in the House
+of Commons last night on Brougham&rsquo;s being added to the
+Bank Committee. The numbers were 173 to 135. They
+triumph particularly in this strong minority because the
+attack upon Brougham in the &lsquo;Quarterly Review&rsquo; was
+deemed so successful by the Ministerial party that they
+thought he would not be able to lift up his head again. The
+review is extremely well done, as all allow. It is supposed
+to be written by Dr. Ireland [it was by Dr.
+Monk<a name="FNA_01_28" id="FNA_01_28" href="#FN_01_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>],
+and that Canning supplied the jokes, but Arbuthnot assured me
+he had no hand in it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_28" id="FN_01_28" href="#FNA_01_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+[Dr. Monk, not Dr. Ireland, was the author of the article. Monk
+became Bishop of Gloucester in 1830. This passage relates to the celebrated
+article on the Report of Mr. Brougham&rsquo;s Committee on the Education of
+the People which appeared in the &lsquo;Quarterly Review&rsquo; of December 1818.
+The article was a violent one, but it is amusing to see the effects attributed
+to it at the time. Some controversy has since taken place as to the share
+Canning had in it. I have myself seen the letters from Gifford (editor of
+the &lsquo;Review&rsquo;) to Dr. Monk, in which he speaks of the additions which have
+been made to the article; and there is the strongest internal evidence that
+these <i>purpurei panni</i> were added by Canning. The subject is discussed
+in the &lsquo;Edinburgh Review&rsquo; for July 1858.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 10th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>Wilberforce made a speech last night
+which reminded one of the better days of the House of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WESTMINSTER ELECTION.</span>
+Commons. He presented a petition from the Quakers
+against the Criminal Code, and introduced a compliment to
+Romilly. Castlereagh was in a minority in the Committee
+concerning the equerries of the Windsor establishment; he
+wished to keep two more than Tierney proposed; the latter
+had eight to six in the
+Committee.<a name="FNA_01_29" id="FNA_01_29" href="#FN_01_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_29" id="FN_01_29" href="#FNA_01_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+[In consequence of the death of Queen Charlotte in the preceding month
+of November, the Government visited the Windsor establishment. The
+Duke of York was appointed <i>custos personæ</i> of the King, and received in
+that capacity 10,000&#8467;. a year, which had previously been allowed to the
+Queen. A debate took place on this subject on the 25th of February, which
+is referred to by Mr. Greville under that date.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 14th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>George Lamb has been proposed in
+opposition to
+Hobhouse.<a name="FNA_01_30" id="FNA_01_30" href="#FN_01_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+The latter drew this opposition
+upon himself by his speech, and still more by the reports of
+his Committee, in which they abused the Whigs in unmeasured
+terms. Lambton went to Hobhouse and asked
+him if he would disavow the abuse of Lord Grey, which
+his Committee had inserted in the document they printed;
+he refused, on which the opposition was determined upon
+and begun. McDonald proposed Lamb, but they would not
+hear him; Evans seconded him. G. Jones made a very good
+speech in proposing Cartwright. Burdett and Kinnaird
+both spoke with moderation in proposing Hobhouse. It is
+generally supposed that Lamb will win.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_30" id="FN_01_30" href="#FNA_01_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a>
+[The death of Sir Samuel Romilly in November 1818 caused a vacancy
+in the representation of Westminster, and another election took place upon
+the meeting of Parliament. The numbers were: Hon. George Lamb, 4,465;
+John Cam Hobhouse, 3,861; Major Cartwright, 38.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Rogers&rsquo; poem is disliked; the cry is all against it; some
+of the lines are pretty, but it is not perspicuous enough, and
+is deficient in novelty and force.</p>
+
+<h3>February 18th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday Lamb was only seven behind
+Hobhouse on the poll; everybody thinks he is sure to win,
+even if Burdett should come forward with money. The day
+before there was great uproar and much abuse on the
+hustings. Burdett made a shameful speech full of blasphemy
+and Jacobinism, but he seems to have lost his popularity in
+a great measure even with the blackguards of Westminster.
+Hobhouse yesterday was long and dull; he did not speak
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+like a clever man, and if the people would have heard Lamb,
+and he has any dexterity in reply, he must have crushed
+him&mdash;it was so answerable a speech.</p>
+
+<p>I went to the
+Berrys<a name="FNA_01_31" id="FNA_01_31" href="#FN_01_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+in the evening, where the blues
+and the wits were assembled; as Sidney Smith said, &lsquo;the
+conversation raged,&rsquo; but there was nothing remarkably
+entertaining.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_31" id="FN_01_31" href="#FNA_01_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a>
+[Miss Berry&rsquo;s well-known <i>salon</i>, No. 8 Curzon Street, which was for
+more than a half a century the resort of the best company in London.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 25th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The debate on the 10,000&#8467;. to the Duke
+of York on Monday produced four very good speeches&mdash;Peel
+and the Solicitor-General on one part, and Tierney and
+Scarlett<a name="FNA_01_32" id="FNA_01_32" href="#FN_01_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>
+on the other. This latter spoke for the first time, and
+in reply to the two former. The Opposition came to Brookes&rsquo;
+full of admiration of his speech, which is said to be the best
+<i>first speech</i> that ever was made in the House of Commons.
+I, who hear all parties and care for none, have been amused
+with the different accounts of the debate; one man says
+Peel&rsquo;s speech was the best of the night and the finest
+that has been made in the House for a length of time;
+another prefers the Solicitor-General&rsquo;s; then on the other
+side it is said that Tierney was excellent, Mr. Scarlett beyond
+all praise. The friends of Government allow great merit to
+the two latter speakers, but declare that Peel was unanswerable,
+besides having been beautifully eloquent, and that
+Scarlett&rsquo;s speech was a fallacy from beginning to end. Again
+I am told Peel was not good; his was a speech for effect,
+evidently prepared, showy, but not argumentative; Scarlett
+triumphantly refuted all his reasoning.
+Thus it is that a fair
+judgment is never formed upon any question; the spirit of
+party influences every man&rsquo;s opinions. It is not extraordinary
+that each individual of a party connected by general similarity
+of opinion should adhere to the great body, even in
+cases where he may not happen to agree with them, and
+excellent reasons may be adduced for his sacrificing his own
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PARTY SPIRIT.</span>
+view for the great object of unanimity; but it is very improbable
+that on a particular question, unconnected with any general
+system, where arguments are adduced from opposite
+sides, and submitted to the enlightened judgment of an
+assembly, the same arguments which are looked upon as
+satisfactory and unanswerable by one set of men should
+be deemed without exception utterly fallacious by another.
+If any proof were requisite of the mighty influence of party
+spirit, it would be found in a still stronger light in the State
+trials in the House of Lords. I have in my mind the
+trial of Lord Melville; when each Peer had to deliver his
+judicial opinion upon the evidence adduced in a matter so
+solemn, and in the discharge of a duty so sacred, it might be
+imagined that all party feelings would be laid aside, and that
+a mature judgment and an enlightened conscience would
+alone have regulated the conduct of every individual. Yet
+either by an extraordinary accident or by the influence of
+party spirit we beheld all the Peers on the Ministerial side
+of the House declaring Lord Melville innocent, and all those
+of the Opposition pronouncing him guilty.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_32" id="FN_01_32" href="#FNA_01_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a>
+[Sir James Scarlett, afterwards Lord Abinger and Lord Chief Baron.
+It is remarkable that his first speech in the House of Commons was delivered
+on the Whig side of the House. He afterwards became a decided
+Tory.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 5th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>George Lamb was to have been chaired on
+the day he was elected, but the mob was outrageous and
+would not suffer it. They broke into his committee room,
+and he and McDonald were forced to creep out of a two pair
+of stairs window into the churchyard. His partisans, who
+assembled on horseback, were attacked and pelted, and forced
+to retreat after receiving many hard knocks. In the evening
+the mob paraded the town, and broke the windows of Lord
+Castlereagh&rsquo;s and Lord Sefton&rsquo;s houses.</p>
+
+<p>The other night Sir James
+Mackintosh<a name="FNA_01_33" id="FNA_01_33" href="#FN_01_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+made a splendid
+speech on the Criminal Laws; it was temperate and eloquent,
+and excited universal admiration. The Ministerial party
+spoke as highly of it as the Opposition themselves. Last
+night Canning moved the thanks to Lord Hastings, and
+they say it was the finest speech he ever made, in the best
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+taste, the clearest narrative, and the most beautiful language.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_33" id="FN_01_33" href="#FNA_01_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a>
+[Sir James Mackintosh&rsquo;s motion for the appointment of a Committee
+on Capital Punishments was carried against the Government on the 2nd of
+March by 148 to 128.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 12th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I have been at Oatlands for the Ascot party.
+On the course I did nothing. Ever since the Derby ill
+fortune has pursued me, and I cannot win anywhere. Play
+is a detestable occupation; it absorbs all our thoughts and
+renders us unfit for everything else in life. It is hurtful to
+the mind and destroys the better feelings; it incapacitates
+us for study and application of every sort; it makes us
+thoughtful and nervous; and our cheerfulness depends upon
+the uncertain event of our nightly occupation. How anyone
+can play who is not in want of money I cannot comprehend;
+surely his mind must be strangely framed who requires
+the stimulus of gambling to heighten his pleasures. Some
+indeed may have become attached to gaming from habit, and
+may not wish to throw off the habit from the difficulty of
+finding fresh employment for the mind at an advanced period
+of life. Some may be unfitted by nature or taste for society,
+and for such gaming may have a powerful attraction. The
+mind is excited; at the gaming-table all men are equal; no
+superiority of birth, accomplishments, or ability avail here;
+great noblemen, merchants, orators, jockies, statesmen, and
+idlers are thrown together in levelling confusion; the only
+pre-eminence is that of success, the only superiority that
+of temper. But why does a man play who is blessed with
+fortune, endowed with understanding, and adorned with accomplishments
+which might ensure his success in any
+pursuit which taste or fancy might incite him to follow? It
+is contrary to reason, but we see such instances every day.
+The passion of play is not artificial; it must have existed in
+certain minds from the beginning; at least some must have
+been so constituted that they yield at once to the attraction,
+and enter with avidity into a pursuit in which other men
+can never take the least interest.</p>
+
+<h3>June 14th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The other night in the House of Commons on
+the Foreign Enlistment Bill Sir James Mackintosh made a
+brilliant speech; all parties agree in commending it. Canning
+answered him, but not successfully. The Duke of Wellington
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PERSIAN AMBASSADOR AND THE REGENT.</span>
+told me on Friday that there was a good debate in the House
+of Lords the night before on the Catholic question, but he
+thought his side had the worst of it; he acknowledged that
+Lord Grey&rsquo;s speech had done much to shake his opinion, and
+that he had not conceived that his propositions would have
+been framed in so unobjectionable a
+manner.<a name="FNA_01_34" id="FNA_01_34" href="#FN_01_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_34" id="FN_01_34" href="#FNA_01_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a>
+[On the 10th of June Earl Grey submitted to the House of Lords a
+Bill to relieve Roman Catholics from taking the declaratory oaths against
+Transubstantiation and the Invocation of Saints. On this occasion, for the
+first time, Lord Grenville supported the Catholic claims. But the Bill was
+thrown out by 141 to 92.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 25th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The Persian Ambassador has had a quarrel
+with the Court. He wanted to have precedence over all
+other Ambassadors, and because this was not allowed he was
+affronted and would not go to Court. This mark of disrespect
+was resented, and it was signified to him that his
+presence would be dispensed with at Carlton House, and
+that the Ministers could no longer receive him at their
+houses. On Sunday last the Regent went to Lady Salisbury&rsquo;s,
+where he met the Persian, who, finding he had given offence,
+had made a sort of apology, and said that illness had prevented
+him from going to Court. The Regent came up to
+him and said, &lsquo;Well, my good friend, how are you? I
+hope you are better?&rsquo; He said, &lsquo;Oh, sir, I am very well,
+but I am very sorry I offended your Royal Highness by not
+going to Court. Now, sir, my Sovereign he tell me to go
+first, and your Congress, about which I know nothing, say I
+must go last; now this very bad for me (pointing to his
+head) when I go back to Persia.&rsquo; The Regent said, &lsquo;Well,
+my good friend, never mind it now; it does not signify.&rsquo; He
+answered, &lsquo;Oh yes, sir; but your Royal Highness still angry
+with me, and you have not asked me to your party to-morrow
+night.&rsquo; The Regent laughed and said, &lsquo;I was only going
+to have a few children to dance, but if you like to come I
+shall be very happy to see you.&rsquo; Accordingly he went to
+Carlton House, and they are very good friends again.</p>
+
+<h3>August 11th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The Vice-Chancellor was going to Italy,
+but his journey is stopped, as he says, because the Prince
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+Regent has desired him to stay in England in consequence
+of the approaching return of the Princess of Wales.</p>
+
+<h3>August 30th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>I am just returned from Oatlands; we had
+an immense party, the most numerous ever known there.
+The Duchess wished it to have been prolonged, but there
+were no funds. The distress they are in is inconceivable.
+When the Duchess came down there was no water in the
+house. She asked the reason, and was informed that the
+water came by pipes from St. George&rsquo;s Hill, which were
+stopped up with sand; and as the workmen were never paid,
+they would not clear them out. She ordered the pipes to be
+cleared and the bills brought to her, which was done. On
+Thursday there was a great distress, as the steward had no
+money to pay the tradespeople, and the Duke was prevailed
+on with great difficulty to produce a small sum for the purpose.
+The house is nearly in ruins.</p>
+
+<h3>December 24th, 1819</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of Kent gave the name of
+Alexandrina to his
+daughter<a name="FNA_01_35" id="FNA_01_35" href="#FN_01_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>
+in compliment to the Emperor
+of Russia. She was to have had the name of Georgiana, but
+the Duke insisted upon Alexandrina being her first name.
+The Regent sent for Lieven and made him a great many
+compliments (<i>en le persiflant</i>) on the Emperor&rsquo;s being godfather,
+but informed him that the name of Georgiana could
+be second to no other in this country, and therefore she
+could not bear it at all.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_35" id="FN_01_35" href="#FNA_01_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a>
+[The Princess, afterwards Queen, Victoria, born 24th of May, 1819.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The frost is intense. The town is empty. I returned
+from Whersted last Wednesday se&rsquo;nnight, and went to
+Oatlands on Thursday; there was nearly the same party.
+Prince Leopold came and dined there on Saturday. He
+is very dull and heavy in his manner, and seems overcome
+with the weight of his dignity. This Prince will not
+succeed here; everybody is civil to him from the interest he
+excited at the time of the Princess&rsquo;s death&mdash;an interest
+which has not yet subsided. There seems to be no harm in
+him, but everybody contrasts his manners with those of
+the Duke of York, and the comparison is not to his advantage.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+The Duchess likes the society of men of wit and
+letters; more, I think, from the variety of having them around
+her than from any pleasure she takes in their conversation.
+Lord Alvanley is the man in whom she takes the greatest
+delight.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1820.</h2>
+
+<h3>London, January 20th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I went last Sunday se&rsquo;nnight
+to Woburn. The Duke of York, Duke of Wellington,
+Lievens, Jerseys, Worcesters, Tavistocks, Mr. Russell, Lady
+Sandwich, Alvanley, C. Smith, Huntleys, Frederick Ponsonby,
+Lauderdale, and others were there. The house, place,
+establishment, and manner of living are magnificent. The
+<i>chasse</i> was brilliant; in five days we killed 835 pheasants,
+645 hares, 59 rabbits, 10 partridges, and 5 woodcocks. The
+Duchess was very civil and the party very gay. I won at
+whist, and liked it very much.</p>
+
+<h3>January 22nd, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>Just before the advance of the allied
+army on Paris a council of war was held, when it was
+unanimously resolved to retreat. The Emperor of Russia
+entered the room, and said he had reasons for advancing,
+and ordered the advance; the generals remonstrated, but
+the Emperor was determined. Woronzoff told Sydenham
+that that day a courier arrived at his outposts with a letter
+for the Emperor in the handwriting of Talleyrand. This
+was told me by Frederick Ponsonby.</p>
+
+<h3>February 4th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I returned to Woburn on Sunday. We
+shot the whole week and killed an immense quantity of
+game; the last two days we killed 245 and 296 pheasants,
+822 and 431 head. On Sunday last arrived the news of the
+King&rsquo;s death.<a name="FNA_01_36" id="FNA_01_36" href="#FN_01_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+The new King has been desperately ill. He
+had a bad cold at Brighton, for which he lost eighty ounces
+of blood; yet he afterwards had a severe oppression, amounting
+almost to suffocation, on his chest. Halford was gone
+to Windsor, and left orders with Knighton not to bleed him
+again till his return. Knighton was afraid to bleed him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">REIGN OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+Bloomfield sent for
+Tierney,<a name="FNA_01_37" id="FNA_01_37" href="#FN_01_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>
+who took upon himself to take
+fifty ounces from him. This gave him relief; he continued,
+however, dangerously ill, and on Wednesday he lost twenty
+ounces more. Yesterday afternoon he was materially better
+for the first time. Tierney certainly saved his life, for he
+must have died if he had not been blooded. Brougham sent
+a courier to the Queen immediately after the late King&rsquo;s
+death, and gave notice at Carlton House that he had applied
+for a passport for a courier to her Majesty the Queen.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_36" id="FN_01_36" href="#FNA_01_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a>
+[King George III. died on the 20th of January, 1820.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_37" id="FN_01_37" href="#FNA_01_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a>
+[Sir Matthew Tierney, one of His Majesty&rsquo;s physicians.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The King has given to Lady Bloomfield the Rangership
+of Hampton Court Park. He wished to give it to
+both of them with the survivorship, but Lord Liverpool
+submitted to him that the House of Commons had pronounced
+so strongly their dislike to reversionary grants that
+it would be unadvisable, and it was accordingly given to
+Lady B. only.</p>
+
+<h3>February 14th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The Cabinet sat till past two o&rsquo;clock this
+morning. The King refused several times to order the
+Queen to be prayed for in the alteration which was made in
+the Liturgy. The Ministers wished him to suffer it to be
+done, but he peremptorily refused, and said nothing should
+induce him to consent, whoever might ask him. Lord
+Harrowby told me this last night.</p>
+
+<p>I think Fleury&rsquo;s
+book<a name="FNA_01_38" id="FNA_01_38" href="#FN_01_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>
+almost the most interesting memoir
+I ever read; it is excessively well written, and his partiality
+to Bonaparte has not blinded him to the errors he committed.
+This book was wanted to bring under the same view the
+immediate causes of his return to France and the situation
+in which he found himself when seated on the throne. This
+was essentially different from that in which he had been
+before his abdication; so much so that I do not believe, if
+he had concluded a peace with the Allies, he could have
+remained upon the throne. Not only his civil power was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">NAPOLEON IN THE HUNDRED DAYS.</span>
+reduced within very narrow limits, but his military authority
+was no longer the same; men seemed to have lost that
+reverential submissiveness which caused all his orders to be
+so blindly and implicitly obeyed. During the height of his
+power none of his generals would have dared to neglect or
+oppose his orders as Ney did at the battles of the 16th of
+June. It is impossible now to determine what might have
+been the political result in France of the success of Bonaparte&rsquo;s
+arms had he gained the battle of Waterloo. He
+would probably have made peace with the Allies. Had he
+returned to Paris triumphant, he might have dissolved the
+Chambers and re-established the old Imperial Government.
+In such a measure he must have depended upon his army
+for success. But a spirit of liberty had sprung up in France
+during his absence, which seemed to be the more vigorous
+from having been so long repressed. The nation, and even
+the army, appear to have imbibed the principles of freedom;
+and if upon this occasion Bonaparte was placed on the
+throne by the force of opinion, he could not have restored
+the ancient despotism without exciting universal dissatisfaction.
+Men seem formerly to have been awed by a conviction
+of his infallibility, and did not suffer themselves to reason
+upon the principles of action of a man who dazzled their
+imaginations by the magnificence of his exploits and the
+grandeur of his system.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_38" id="FN_01_38" href="#FNA_01_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a>
+[M. Fleury de Chabaulon was a young <i>auditeur</i> at the Conseil d&rsquo;État
+who had joined Napoleon at Elba, and afterwards returned with him to
+France, when he was attached to the Imperial Cabinet during the Hundred
+Days. His memoir of that period is here referred to.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 20th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The Ministers had resigned last week
+because the King would not hear reason on the subject of
+the Princess. It is said that he treated Lord Liverpool very
+coarsely, and ordered him out of the room. The King, they
+say, asked him &lsquo;if he knew to whom he was speaking.&rsquo; He
+replied, &lsquo;Sir, I know that I am speaking to my Sovereign,
+and I believe I am addressing him as it becomes a loyal
+subject to do.&rsquo; To the Chancellor he said, &lsquo;My Lord, I
+know your conscience always interferes except where your
+interest is concerned.&rsquo; The King afterwards sent for Lord
+Liverpool, who refused at first to go; but afterwards, on the
+message being reiterated, he went, and the King said, &lsquo;We
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+have both been too hasty.&rsquo; This is probably all false, but it
+is very true that they offered to resign.</p>
+
+<h3>February 24th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The
+plot<a name="FNA_01_39" id="FNA_01_39" href="#FN_01_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+which has been detected had
+for its object the destruction of the Cabinet Ministers, and
+the chief actor in the conspiracy was Arthur Thistlewood.
+I was at Lady Harrowby&rsquo;s last night, and about half-past
+one o&rsquo;clock Lord Harrowby came in and told us the following
+particulars:&mdash;A plot has been in agitation for some time
+past, of the existence of which, the names and numbers of the
+men concerned, and of all particulars concerning their plans,
+Government has been perfectly well informed. The conspirators
+had intended to execute their design about last
+Christmas at a Cabinet dinner at Lord Westmoreland&rsquo;s, but
+for some reason they were unable to do so and deferred it.
+At length Government received information that they were
+to assemble to the number of from twenty to thirty at a
+house in Cato Street, Edgware Road, and that they had resolved
+to execute their purpose last night, when the Cabinet
+would be at dinner at Lord Harrowby&rsquo;s. Dinner was
+ordered as usual. Men had been observed watching the
+house, both in front and rear, during the whole afternoon.
+It was believed that nine o&rsquo;clock was the hour fixed upon
+for the assault to be made. The Ministers who were
+expected at dinner remained at Fife House, and at eight
+o&rsquo;clock Mr. Birnie with twelve constables was despatched to
+Cato Street to apprehend the conspirators. Thirty-five foot
+guards were ordered to support the police force. The constables
+arrived upon the spot a few moments before the
+soldiers, and suspecting that the conspirators had received
+intimation of the discovery of their plot, and were in consequence
+preparing to escape, they did not wait for the
+soldiers, but went immediately to the house. A man armed
+with a musket was standing sentry, whom they secured.
+They then ascended a narrow staircase which led to the
+room in which the gang were assembled, and burst the door
+open. The first man who entered was shot in the head, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE CATO STREET CONSPIRACY.</span>
+was only wounded; he who followed was stabbed by Thistlewood
+and killed. The conspirators then with their swords
+put out the lights and attempted to escape. By this time
+the soldiers had arrived. Nine men were taken prisoners;
+Thistlewood and the rest escaped.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_39" id="FN_01_39" href="#FNA_01_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a>
+[The Cato Street Conspiracy.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 1st, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>Thistlewood was taken the morning after the
+affair in Cato Street. It was the intention of these men to
+have fired a rocket from Lord Harrowby&rsquo;s house as soon as
+they had completed their work of destruction; this was to
+have been the signal for the rising of their friends. An oil
+shop was to have been set on fire to increase the confusion
+and collect a mob; then the Bank was to have been attacked
+and the gates of Newgate thrown open. The heads of the
+Ministers were to have been cut off and put in a sack which
+was prepared for that purpose. These are great projects,
+but it does not appear they were ever in force sufficient to
+put them in execution, and the mob (even if the mob had
+espoused their cause, which seems doubtful), though very
+dangerous in creating confusion and making havoc, are quite
+inefficient for a regular operation.</p>
+
+<h3>June 4th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Oatlands on Tuesday. The Duchess
+continues very ill; she is not expected to recover. The King
+was at Ascot every day; he generally rode on the course,
+and the ladies came in carriages. One day they all rode.
+He was always cheered by the mob as he went away. One
+day only a man in the crowd called out, &lsquo;Where&rsquo;s the
+Queen?&rsquo; The Duke of Dorset was at the Cottage, and says
+it was exceedingly agreeable. They kept very early hours.
+The King always breakfasted with them, and Lady Conyngham
+looked remarkably well in the morning, her complexion
+being so fine. On Friday she said she was bored with the
+races and should not go; he accordingly would not go either,
+and sent word to say he should not be there. They stay
+there till to-morrow. In the meantime the Queen is coming
+to England, and Brougham is gone to meet her. Nobody
+knows what advice he intends to give her, but everybody
+believes that it is his intention she should come. It was
+supposed that Lady Conyngham&rsquo;s family (her son and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+brother) had set their faces against her connection with the
+King; but Lord Mount Charles was at the Cottage, and
+Denison was at the levee and very well received.</p>
+
+<h3>June 7th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The Queen arrived in London yesterday at
+seven o&rsquo;clock. I rode as far as Greenwich to meet her. The
+road was thronged with an immense multitude the whole
+way from Westminster Bridge to Greenwich. Carriages,
+carts, and horsemen followed, preceded, and surrounded her
+coach the whole way. She was everywhere received with
+the greatest enthusiasm. Women waved pocket handkerchiefs,
+and men shouted wherever she passed. She travelled in an
+open landau, Alderman Wood sitting by her side and Lady
+Ann Hamilton and another woman opposite. Everybody
+was disgusted at the vulgarity of Wood in sitting in the
+place of honour, while the Duke of Hamilton&rsquo;s sister was
+sitting backwards in the carriage. The Queen looked exactly
+as she did before she left England, and seemed neither
+dispirited nor dismayed. As she passed by White&rsquo;s she
+bowed and smiled to the men who were in the window. The
+crowd was not great in the streets through which she passed.
+Probably people had ceased to expect her, as it was so much
+later than the hour designated for her arrival. It is impossible
+to conceive the sensation created by this event. Nobody
+either blames or approves of her sudden return, but all
+ask, &lsquo;What will be done next? How is it to end?&rsquo; In the
+House of Commons there was little said; but the few words
+which fell from Creevy, Bennett, or Denman seem to threaten
+most stormy debates whenever the subject is discussed. The
+King in the meantime is in excellent spirits, and the Ministers
+affect the greatest unconcern and talk of the time it will take
+to pass the Bills to &lsquo;settle her business.&rsquo; &lsquo;Her business,&rsquo; as
+they call it, will in all probability raise such a tempest as
+they will find it beyond their powers to appease; and for
+all his Majesty&rsquo;s unconcern the day of her arrival in England
+may be such an anniversary to him as he will have no cause
+to celebrate with much
+rejoicing.<a name="FNA_01_40" id="FNA_01_40" href="#FN_01_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_40" id="FN_01_40" href="#FNA_01_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a>
+[On the day that the Queen landed at Dover a royal message was sent
+down to Parliament, by which the King commended to the Lords an enquiry
+into the conduct of the Queen. In the House of Commons there was some
+vehement speaking; and on the following day, before Lord Castlereagh
+moved the address in answer to the message, Mr. Brougham read to the
+House a message from the Queen, declaring that her return to England was
+occasioned by the necessity her enemies had laid upon her of defending her
+character.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 9th,  1820</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S RETURN.</span>
+Brougham&rsquo;s speech on Wednesday is said by
+his friends to have been one of the best that was ever made,
+and I think all agree that it was good and effective. The
+House of Commons is evidently anxious to get rid of the
+question if possible, for the moment Wilberforce expressed
+a wish to adjourn the county members rose one after another
+and so strongly concurred in that wish that Castlereagh was
+obliged to consent. The mob have been breaking windows
+in all parts of the town and pelting those who would not
+take off their hats as they passed Wood&rsquo;s door. Last night
+Lord Exmouth&rsquo;s house was assaulted and his windows broken,
+when he rushed out armed with sword and pistol and drove
+away the mob. Frederick Ponsonby saw him. Great sums
+of money have been won and lost on the Queen&rsquo;s return, for
+there was much betting at the clubs. The alderman showed
+a specimen of his taste as he came into London; when the
+Queen&rsquo;s coach passed Carlton House he stood up and gave
+three cheers.</p>
+
+<p>It is odd enough Lady Hertford&rsquo;s windows have been
+broken to pieces and the frames driven in, while no assault
+has been made on Lady Conyngham&rsquo;s. Somebody asked
+Lady Hertford &lsquo;if she had been aware of the King&rsquo;s admiration
+for Lady Conyngham,&rsquo; and &lsquo;whether he had ever talked
+to her about Lady C.&rsquo; She replied that &lsquo;intimately as she
+had known the King, and openly as he had always talked
+to her upon every subject, he had never ventured to speak to
+her upon that of his mistresses.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>June 16th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The speech which Canning made on the
+occasion of the King&rsquo;s message has been violently attacked
+by all parties, and is said to have given as great dissatisfaction
+to the Queen as to the King. It is not easy to discover
+what the Queen could have objected to in the speech, for it
+was highly favourable and flattering to her. It was generally
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+supposed last Sunday that he would resign in the
+course of the week, and bets were laid that he would not be
+in office next Sunday. On Wednesday he had an audience
+of the King at the levee, which lasted fifty-two minutes by
+Yarmouth&rsquo;s watch; nobody knows what passed between
+them. Lord Fitzwilliam and Lord Sefton have refused to
+act as negotiators for the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>There was some indiscipline manifested in a battalion of
+the 3rd Guards the day before yesterday; they were dissatisfied
+at the severity of their duty and at some allowances that
+had been taken from them, and on coming off guard they
+refused to give up their ball cartridges. They were ordered
+off to Plymouth, and marched at four yesterday morning.
+Many people went from the ball at Devonshire House to see
+them march away. Plymouth was afterwards changed for
+Portsmouth in consequence of their good behaviour on the
+route.
+Worcester<a name="FNA_01_41" id="FNA_01_41" href="#FN_01_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+met many of them drunk at Brentford,
+crying out, &lsquo;God save Queen Caroline!&rsquo; There was some
+disturbance last night in consequence of the mob assembling
+round the King&rsquo;s mews, where the rest of the battalion that
+had marched to Portsmouth still remained.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_41" id="FN_01_41" href="#FNA_01_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a>
+[The Marquis of Worcester, afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 23rd, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I never remember to have seen the public
+curiosity so excited as on Wilberforce&rsquo;s motion last
+night.<a name="FNA_01_42" id="FNA_01_42" href="#FN_01_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+Nearly 520 members voted in the House, and some went
+away; as many people as could gain admission attended to
+hear the debate. The speaking on the Opposition side was
+excellent, but as everybody differs in opinion with regard to
+the comparative merit of the speakers, it is impossible for
+one who was not present to form a correct judgment on the
+subject. The best speeches were Brougham&rsquo;s, Denman&rsquo;s,
+Burdett&rsquo;s, and Canning&rsquo;s. Denman&rsquo;s speech was admirable
+and, all agree, most judicious and effective for his client.
+Burdett&rsquo;s was extremely clever, particularly the first part of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SECRET COMMITTEE ON THE QUEEN.</span>
+it. In the meantime it is doubtful whether anything is
+gained by the resolution carried last night. Public opinion
+seems very equally divided as to the probability of the
+Queen agreeing to the expressed or implied wish of the
+House of Commons, and even if she refuses to consent to
+the omission of her name in the Liturgy it seems doubtful
+whether the green bag will ever be opened, so strong is the
+repugnance of the House of Commons to enter upon such
+an investigation. It is this feeling in the House which
+emboldens the Queen to hold out with the firmness and
+constancy she has hitherto displayed. The House of Lords
+cuts a most ridiculous figure, having precipitately agreed
+to go into the Committee. They have since been obliged
+to put off the investigation by repeated adjournments, in
+order to see what steps the House of Commons will take.
+Lord Grey made an indignant speech, last night on this
+very subject; they say Lord Liverpool spoke remarkably
+well in reply.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_42" id="FN_01_42" href="#FNA_01_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a>
+[Mr. Wilberforce moved an address to the Queen to stop the investigation,
+by entreating her Majesty, under the assurance of the protection of
+her honour by the Commons, to yield the point of the insertion of her name
+in the Liturgy. This proposal the Queen courteously declined.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 25th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The Queen&rsquo;s refusal to comply with the
+desire of the House of Commons keeps conjecture afloat and
+divides opinions as to the opening of the bag. The Opposition
+call her answer a very good one; those of the other
+party I have seen think it too long, and not neatly and
+clearly worded. Brougham declined advising her as to her
+answer; he told her she must be guided by her own feelings,
+and was herself the only person capable of judging what she
+had best do. The discussion of the Queen&rsquo;s business is now
+become an intolerable nuisance in society; no other subject
+is ever talked of. It is an incessant matter of argument and
+dispute what will be done and what ought to be done. All
+people express themselves tired of the subject, yet none
+talk or think of any other. It is a great evil when a single
+subject of interest takes possession of society; conversation
+loses all its lightness and variety, and every drawing-room
+is converted into an arena of political disputation. People
+even go to talk about it from habit long after the interest
+it excited has ceased.</p>
+
+<h3>June 27th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The mob was very abusive to the member who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+carried up the resolution to the Queen, and called Wilberforce
+&lsquo;Dr. Cantwell.&rsquo; The Queen demanded to be heard by
+counsel at the bar of the House of Lords. Contrary to order
+and contrary to expectation, the counsel were admitted, when
+Brougham made a very powerful speech. Denman began exceedingly
+well; Lord Holland said his first three or four sentences
+were the best thing he ever heard; <i>si sic omnia</i>, he
+would have made the finest speech possible; but on the whole
+he was inferior to Brougham. If the House had refused to
+hear her counsel, it is said that she would have gone down
+to-day to the House of Lords and have demanded to be
+heard in person. As usual Brougham&rsquo;s speech is said by
+many of his political adversaries to have been weak in argument.
+Many, however, do him the justice to acknowledge
+that it was a very powerful appeal for his client.</p>
+
+<h3>June 28th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>The debate last night in the House of Lords
+was excellent. Lord Grey made a powerful speech, very much
+against the Queen, a speech for office. The manager announced
+at Drury Lane that the Queen would go to the play
+to-night. Brougham knew nothing of this; she never told
+him. Mrs. Brougham told me so last night, and that he was
+quite worn out with the
+business.<a name="FNA_01_43" id="FNA_01_43" href="#FN_01_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_43" id="FN_01_43" href="#FNA_01_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a>
+[The report of the Secret Committee of the Lords was made on the 4th
+of July. It declared that the evidence against the Queen was such as to
+demand a solemn enquiry. The trial, or rather investigation, began on
+the 17th of August. The defence was opened on the 3rd of October, and
+the Bill was abandoned on the 6th of November.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>July 6th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>Since the report of the Secret Committee
+public opinion is entirely changed as to the result of the
+proceedings against the Queen. Everybody thinks the
+charges will be proved and that the King will be divorced.
+It is impossible to discover what effect the report may have
+in the country; it is certain hitherto that all ranks of men
+have been decidedly favourable to the Queen, and disbelieve
+the charges against her. The military in London have shown
+alarming symptoms of dissatisfaction, so much so that it
+seems doubtful how far the Guards can be counted upon in
+case of any disturbance arising out of this subject. Luttrell
+says that &lsquo;the extinguisher is taking fire.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>July 8th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S TRIAL</span>
+I was in the House of Lords the night before
+last to hear Brougham and Denman speak at the bar.
+Brougham&rsquo;s speech was uncommonly clever, very insolent,
+and parts of it very eloquent. A very amusing episode was
+furnished by the Bishop of Exeter, who moved that the
+counsel should withdraw, and then asked the House whether
+they were not out of order. Lord Holland cut him up in
+the most beautiful style, and excited universal laughter.
+Nobody came to the assistance of the Bishop, and the
+counsel were called in again and resumed. Brougham&rsquo;s
+speech is reported in the &lsquo;Morning Chronicle&rsquo; of yesterday
+word for word.</p>
+
+<h3>July 14th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I have been at Newmarket, where I had the
+first fortunate turn this year. The conversation about the
+Queen begins to subside; everybody seems to agree that it is
+a great injustice not to allow her lists of the witnesses; the
+excuse that it is not usual is bad, for the proceedings are
+anomalous altogether, and it is absurd to attempt to adhere
+to precedent; here there are no precedents and no analogies
+to guide to a decision. London is drawing to a close, but in
+August it will be very full, as all the Peers must be here.
+They say the trial will last six months.</p>
+
+<p>Luttrell&rsquo;s
+poem<a name="FNA_01_44" id="FNA_01_44" href="#FN_01_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>
+has succeeded. The approbation it
+receives is general but qualified; in fact, it was difficult to
+make such a sketch of life and manners sufficiently piquant
+without the infusion of a little satire, and his fear of giving
+offence has induced him to be so good-natured that he is
+occasionally rather insipid. &lsquo;Il y a des tracasseries de
+société.&rsquo; I cannot record them, though perhaps years hence,
+when I may look over what I now write, I might be
+amused with stories of long-forgotten jealousies and various
+interests extinguished by the lapse of time, or perhaps silenced
+in the grave; still it would be melancholy to retrace the days
+of my youth and to bring before my imagination the blooming
+faces and the gaiety and brilliancy of those who once shone
+the meteors of society, but who would then be so changed in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+form and mind, and with myself rapidly descending to our
+last home.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_44" id="FN_01_44" href="#FNA_01_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a>
+[Mr. Luttrell&rsquo;s &lsquo;Advice to Julia,&rsquo; published in 1820.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Read &lsquo;Les Liaisons dangereuses.&rsquo; Much has been said
+about the dangerous tendency of certain books, and probably
+this would be considered as one pregnant with mischief. I
+consider this a mere jargon, and although I would never recommend
+this book (because it is so grossly indecent) I should
+never apprehend the smallest danger to the most inexperienced
+mind or the warmest passions from its immoral
+tendency. The principle upon which books of this description
+are considered pernicious is the notion that they represent
+vice in such glowing and attractive colours as to make
+us lose sight of its deformity and fill our imagination with
+the idea of its pleasures. No one who has any feeling or
+a spark of generosity or humanity in his breast can read
+this book without being moved with compassion for Madame
+de Tourval and with horror and disgust towards Valmont
+and Madame de Merteuil. It raised in my mind a detestation
+of such cold-blooded, inhuman profligacy, and I felt that
+I would rather every pleasure that can flow from the intercourse
+of women were debarred me than run such a course.
+The moral effect upon my mind was stronger than any which
+ever resulted from the most didactic work, and if anyone
+wants to excite remorse in the most vicious mind I would
+recommend him to make use of &lsquo;Les Liaisons dangereuses&rsquo;
+for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchess of York died on Sunday morning of water
+on her chest. She was insensible the last two days. She is
+deeply regretted by her husband, her friends, and her servants.
+Probably no person in such a situation was ever more really
+liked. She has left 12,000&#8467;. to her servants and some children
+whom she had caused to be educated. She had arranged all
+her affairs with the greatest exactitude, and left nothing
+undone.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen&rsquo;s letter was brought to the King whilst he
+was at dinner (at the Cottage). He said, &lsquo;Tell the Queen&rsquo;s
+messenger that the King can receive no communication
+from her except through the hands of his Ministers.&rsquo; Esterhazy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S TRIAL.</span>
+was present, and said he did this with extraordinary
+dignity.</p>
+
+<h3>Newmarket, October 2nd, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I left town in the middle of
+August with George Fox. We went down with extraordinary
+rapidity. I never was happier than to escape from London
+and to find myself in Yorkshire. It was a new world, and
+the change was most refreshing. The refinement of London
+was not there, but there was a good humour, gaiety, and
+hospitality which amused and delighted me.</p>
+
+<h3>London, October 8th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I came to town with Payne on
+Friday, having won a little at Newmarket. He told me a
+good story by the way. A certain bishop in the House of
+Lords rose to speak, and announced that he should divide
+what he had to say into twelve parts, when the Duke of
+Wharton interrupted him, and begged he might be indulged
+for a few minutes, as he had a story to tell which he could
+only introduce at that moment. A drunken fellow was
+passing by St. Paul&rsquo;s at night, and heard the clock slowly
+chiming twelve. He counted the strokes, and when it had
+finished looked towards the clock and said, &lsquo;Damn you! why
+couldn&rsquo;t you give us all that at once?&rsquo; There was an end of
+the bishop&rsquo;s story.</p>
+
+<p>The town is still in an uproar about the trial, and nobody
+has any doubt that it will finish by the Bill being thrown out
+and the Ministers turned out. Brougham&rsquo;s speech was the
+most magnificent display of argument and oratory that has
+been heard for years, and they say that the impression it
+made upon the House was immense; even his most violent
+opponents (including Lord Lonsdale) were struck with admiration
+and astonishment.</p>
+
+<h3>October 15th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>Since I came to town I have been to the
+trial every day. I have occupied a place close to Brougham,
+which, besides the advantage it affords of enabling me to hear
+extremely well everything that passes, gives me the pleasure
+of talking to him and the other counsel, and puts me behind
+the scenes so far that I cannot help hearing all their conversation,
+their remarks, and learning what witnesses they are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+going to examine, and many other things which are interesting
+and amusing. Since I have been in the world I
+never remember any question which so exclusively occupied
+everybody&rsquo;s attention, and so completely absorbed men&rsquo;s
+thoughts and engrossed conversation. In the same degree
+is the violence displayed. It is taken up as a party question
+entirely, and the consequence is that everybody is gone
+mad about it. Very few people admit of any medium between
+pronouncing the Queen quite innocent and judging her
+guilty and passing the Bill. Until the evidence of Lieut.
+Hownam it was generally thought that proofs of her guilt
+were wanting, but since his admission that Bergami slept
+under the tent with her all unprejudiced men seem to think
+the adultery sufficiently proved. The strenuous opposers of
+the Bill, however, by no means allow this, and make a mighty
+difference between sleeping dressed under a tent and being
+shut up at night in a room together, which the supporters of
+the Bill contend would have been quite or nearly the same
+thing. The Duke of Portland, who is perfectly impartial,
+and who has always been violently against the Bill, was so
+satisfied by Hownam&rsquo;s evidence that he told me that after
+that admission by him he thought all further proceedings
+useless, and that it was ridiculous to listen to any more
+evidence, as the fact was proved; that he should attend no
+longer to any evidence upon the subject. This view of the
+case will not, however, induce him to vote for the Bill,
+because he thinks that upon grounds of expediency it ought
+not to pass. The Ministers were elated in an extraordinary
+manner by this evidence of Hownam&rsquo;s. The Duke of
+Wellington told Madame de Lieven that he was very tired;
+&lsquo;mais les grands succès fatiguent autant que les grands
+revers.&rsquo; They look upon the progress of this trial in the
+light of a campaign, and upon each day&rsquo;s proceedings as a
+sort of battle, and by the impression made by the evidence
+they consider that they have gained a victory or sustained a
+defeat. Their anxiety that this Bill should pass is quite
+inconceivable, for it cannot be their interest that it should
+be carried; and as for the King, they have no feeling whatever
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S TRIAL.</span>
+for him. The Duke of Portland told me that he conversed
+with the Duke of Wellington upon the subject, and
+urged as one of the reasons why this Bill should not pass the
+House of Lords the disgrace that it would entail upon the
+King by the recrimination that would ensue in the House of
+Commons. His answer was &lsquo;that the King was degraded as
+low as he could be already.&rsquo; The vehemence with which
+they pursue this object produces a corresponding violence in
+their language and sentiments. Lady Harrowby, who is
+usually very indifferent upon political subjects, has taken this
+up with unusual eagerness. In an argument which I had
+with her the day before yesterday, she said that if the House
+of Lords was to suffer itself to be influenced by the opinions
+and wishes of the people, it would be the most mean and
+pusillanimous conduct, and that after all what did it signify
+what the people thought or what they expressed if the army
+was to be depended upon? I answered that I never had expected
+that the day would come when I should be told that
+we were to disregard the feelings and wishes of the people
+of this country, and to look to our army for support. In
+proportion as the Ministers were elated by what came out in
+Hownam&rsquo;s cross-examination so were they depressed by the
+unlucky affair of
+Rastelli,<a name="FNA_01_45" id="FNA_01_45" href="#FN_01_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>
+which has given such an important
+advantage to their adversaries. Mr. Powell&rsquo;s explanation
+was extremely unsatisfactory, and in his examination yesterday
+they elicited from him what is tantamount to a contradiction
+of what he had said the day before. It is not
+possible to doubt what is the real state of the case. Rastelli
+is an active, useful agent, and they had occasion for his
+services; consequently they sent him off, and trusted that he
+would be back here before he could possibly be called for, if
+ever he should be called for again. It was a rash speculation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+which failed. The last two days have been more amusing
+and interesting than the preceding ones. The debates in
+the House, a good deal of violence, and some personalities
+have given spirit to the proceedings, which were getting
+very dull. Lord Holland made a violent speech, and Lord
+Carnarvon a clever one, which was violent enough too, on
+Rastelli&rsquo;s affair. Lord Holland made one or two little
+speeches which were very comical. Lord Lauderdale made
+a violent speech the other day, and paid himself in it a great
+many compliments. It must be acknowledged that the zeal
+of many of the Peers is very embarrassing, displayed as it is
+not in the elucidation of the truth, but in furtherance of that
+cause of which they desire the success. There is no one more
+violent than Lord
+Lauderdale,<a name="FNA_01_46" id="FNA_01_46" href="#FN_01_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+and neither the Attorney-General
+nor the Solicitor-General can act with greater zeal
+than he does in support of the Bill. Lord Liverpool is
+a model of fairness, impartiality, and candour. The Chancellor
+is equally impartial, and as he decides personally
+all disputes on legal points which are referred to the
+House, his fairness has been conspicuous in having generally
+decided in favour of the Queen&rsquo;s counsel. Yesterday
+morning some discussion arose about a question which
+Brougham put to Powell. He asked him who was his
+principal, as he was an agent. The question was objected
+to, and he began to defend it in an uncommonly clever
+speech, but was stopped before he had spoken long. He
+introduced a very ingenious quotation which was suggested
+to him by Spencer Perceval, who was standing near
+him. Talking of the airy, unsubstantial being who was the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON&rsquo;S ACCOUNT OF WATERLOO.</span>
+principal, and one of the parties in this cause, he said he
+wished to meet</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">This shape&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If shape it could be called&mdash;that shape had none,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or substance might be called that shadow seemed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For each seemed either . . .<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">What seemed its head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The likeness of a kingly crown had on.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, ii. 666.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_45" id="FN_01_45" href="#FNA_01_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a>
+[Rastelli was a witness for the Bill&mdash;not a very important one. After
+his examination was over he was allowed to leave the country. Brougham
+found this out, and instantly demanded that he should be recalled for
+further cross-examination, well knowing this could not at the moment be
+done. This answered his purpose, and he then turned with incredible
+vehemence on the other side, and accused them of spiriting away the
+witness.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_46" id="FN_01_46" href="#FNA_01_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a>
+[In the course of the trial, in order to show that the Queen had associated
+in Italy with ladies of good character, it was stated that a Countess
+T&mdash;&mdash; frequented her society at Florence. On cross-examination it came out
+that the Countess spoke a provincial dialect, anything but the purest Tuscan,
+whence it was implied that she was a vulgar person, and Lord Lauderdale
+especially pointed out this inference, speaking himself in very broad Scotch.
+Upon which Lord &mdash;&mdash;, a member of the Opposition, said to the witness,
+&lsquo;Have the goodness to state whether Countess T&mdash;&mdash; spoke Italian
+with as broad an accent as the noble Earl who has just sat down speaks
+with in his native tongue.&rsquo; The late Sir Henry Holland was present when
+this occurred, and used to relate the anecdote.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>Whersted, December 10th, 1820</h3>
+
+<p>I left Woburn on Thursday
+night last, and got here on Friday morning. The Lievens,
+Worcesters, Duke of Wellington, Neumann, and Montagu
+were here. The Duke went away yesterday. We acted
+charades, which were very well done. Yesterday we went
+to shoot at Sir Philip Brookes&rsquo;. As we went in the
+carriage, the Duke talked a great deal about the battle of
+Waterloo and different things relating to that campaign.
+He said that he had 50,000 men at Waterloo. He began
+the campaign with 85,000 men, lost 5,000 on the 16th, and
+had a corps of 20,000 at Hal under Prince Frederick. He
+said that it was remarkable that nobody who had ever spoken
+of these operations had ever made mention of that
+corps,<a name="FNA_01_47" id="FNA_01_47" href="#FN_01_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>
+and Bonaparte was certainly ignorant of it. In this corps
+were the best of the Dutch troops; it had been placed there
+because the Duke expected the attack to be made on that
+side. He said that the French army was the best army
+that was ever seen, and that in the previous operations
+Bonaparte&rsquo;s march upon Belgium was the finest thing that
+ever was done&mdash;so rapid and so well combined. His object
+was to beat the armies in detail, and this object succeeded
+in so far as that he attacked them separately; but
+from the extraordinary celerity with which the allied armies
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+were got together he was not able to realise the advantages
+he had promised himself. The Duke says that they
+certainly were not prepared for this
+attack,<a name="FNA_01_48" id="FNA_01_48" href="#FN_01_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+as the French
+had previously broken up the roads by which their army
+advanced; but as it was in summer this did not render them
+impassable. He says that Bonaparte beat the Prussians in a
+most extraordinary way, as the
+battle<a name="FNA_01_49" id="FNA_01_49" href="#FN_01_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>
+was gained in less than
+four hours; but that it would probably have been more
+complete if he had brought a greater number of troops into
+action, and not detached so large a body against the British
+corps. There were 40,000 men opposed to the Duke on the
+16th, but he says that the attack was not so powerful as it
+ought to have been with such a force. The French had
+made a long march the day before the battle, and had
+driven in the Prussian posts in the evening. I asked him if
+he thought Bonaparte had committed any fault. He said
+he thought he had committed a fault in attacking him in
+the position of Waterloo; that his object ought to have
+been to remove him as far as possible from the Prussian
+army, and that he ought consequently to have moved upon
+Hal, and to have attempted to penetrate by the same road
+by which the Duke had himself advanced. He had always
+calculated upon Bonaparte&rsquo;s doing this, and for this purpose
+he had posted 20,000 men under Prince Frederick at Hal.
+He said that the position at Waterloo was uncommonly strong,
+but that the strength of it consisted alone in the two
+farms of Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte, both of which
+were admirably situated and adapted for defence. In
+Hougoumont there were never more than from 300 to 500
+men, who were reinforced as it was necessary; and although
+the French repeatedly attacked this point, and sometimes with
+not less than 20,000 men, they never could even approach it.
+Had they obtained possession of it, they could not have
+maintained it, as it was open on one side to the whole fire
+of the English lines, whilst it was sheltered on the side
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AND BLUCHER IN PARIS.</span>
+towards the French. The Duke said the farm of La Haye
+Sainte was still better than that of Hougoumont, and that
+it never would have been taken if the officer who was
+commanding there had not neglected to make an aperture
+through which ammunition could be conveyed to his
+garrison.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_47" id="FN_01_47" href="#FNA_01_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a>
+[The Duke of Wellington has frequently been criticised for leaving so
+important a body of troops at Hal, so far upon his right that they were of
+no use in the battle. He always defended this disposition, and maintained
+that the greater probability was that Napoleon would attack his extreme
+right and advance by Hal. On this occasion (in 1820) he himself drew
+attention to it, as is explained in the text.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_48" id="FN_01_48" href="#FNA_01_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a>
+[This passage is obscure, as the pronoun <i>they</i> can hardly refer to the
+allied armies: but it stands so in the MS.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_01_49" id="FN_01_49" href="#FNA_01_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a>
+[The battle of Ligny, 16th of June, 1815.]</p></div>
+
+<p>When we arrived at Sir Philip Brookes&rsquo; it rained, and we
+were obliged to sit in the house, when the Duke talked a
+great deal about Paris and different things. He told us that
+Blücher was determined to destroy the Bridge of Jena. The
+Duke spoke to Müffling, the Governor of Paris, and desired
+him to persuade Blücher to abandon this design. However,
+Blücher was quite determined. He said the French had
+destroyed the pillar at Rosbach and other things, and that
+they merited this retaliation. He also said that the English
+had burnt Washington, and he did not see why he was not
+to destroy this bridge. Müffling, however, concerted with the
+Duke that English sentinels should be placed on the bridge,
+and if any Prussian soldiers should approach to injure it,
+these sentinels were not to retire. This they conceived
+would gain time, as they thought that previous to making
+any attempt on the bridge Blücher would apply to the Duke
+to withdraw the English sentinels. This was of no avail.
+The Prussians arrived, mined the arches, and attempted to
+blow up the bridge, sentinels and all. Their design, however,
+was frustrated, and the bridge received no injury. At
+length Müffling came to the Duke, and said that he was come
+to propose to him a compromise, which was that the bridge
+should be spared and the column in the Place Vendôme
+should be destroyed instead. &lsquo;I saw,&rsquo; said the Duke, &lsquo;that I
+had got out of the frying-pan into the fire. Fortunately at
+this moment the King of Prussia arrived, and he ordered
+that no injury should be done to either.&rsquo; On another occasion
+Blücher announced his intention of levying a contribution
+of 100 millions on the city of Paris. To this the
+Duke objected, and said that the raising such enormous
+contributions could only be done by common consent, and
+must be a matter of general arrangement.  Blücher said,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+&lsquo;Oh! I do not mean to be the only party who is to levy
+anything; you may levy as much for yourselves, and, depend
+upon it, if you do it will all be paid; there will be no
+difficulty whatever.&rsquo; The Duke says that the two invasions
+cost the French 100 millions sterling. The Allies had
+1,200,000 men clothed at their expense; the allowance for
+this was 60 francs a man. The army of occupation was
+entirely maintained; there were the contributions, the
+claims amounting to ten millions sterling. Besides this
+there were towns and villages destroyed and country laid
+waste.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+Popularity of George IV. &mdash; The Duke of York&rsquo;s Racing Establishment &mdash; Clerk
+of the Council &mdash; Lord Liverpool and Mr. Sumner &mdash; Lady Conyngham &mdash;
+Death of Lady Worcester &mdash; Her Character &mdash; Ball at Devonshire House &mdash;
+The Duke of York&rsquo;s Aversion to the Duke of Wellington &mdash; The Pavilion
+at Brighton &mdash; Lord Francis Conyngham &mdash; The King and the Duke of
+Wellington &mdash; Death of the Marquis of Londonderry &mdash; His Policy &mdash; Sir
+B. Bloomfield sent to Stockholm &mdash; Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Foreign Secretary &mdash;
+Queen Caroline and Brougham &mdash; Canning and George IV. &mdash; Lord William
+Bentinck aspires to go to India &mdash; His Disappointment &mdash; The Duke
+of York&rsquo;s Duel with Colonel Lennox &mdash; George III.&rsquo;s Will &mdash; George IV.
+appropriates the late King&rsquo;s Personal Property &mdash; The Duke of Wellington
+on the Congress of Verona and on the Politics of Europe &mdash; Intervention in
+Spain &mdash; Ferdinand VII. &mdash; M. de Villèle &mdash; The Duke&rsquo;s opinion of Napoleon
+&mdash; Sir William Knighton &mdash; The Duke of York&rsquo;s Anecdotes of George IV.
+&mdash; Death of the Marquis of Titchfield &mdash; His character.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1821.</h2>
+
+<h3>London, February 7th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>The King went to the play last
+night (Drury Lane) for the first time, the Dukes of York
+and Clarence and a great suite with him. He was received
+with immense acclamations, the whole pit standing up,
+hurrahing and waving their hats. The boxes were very
+empty at first, for the mob occupied the avenues to the
+theatre, and those who had engaged boxes could not get to
+them. The crowd on the outside was very great. Lord
+Hertford dropped one of the candles as he was lighting the
+King in, and made a great confusion in the box. The King
+sat in Lady Bessborough&rsquo;s box, which was fitted up for him.
+He goes to Covent Garden to-night. A few people called
+&lsquo;The Queen,&rsquo; but very few. A man in the gallery called out,
+&lsquo;Where&rsquo;s your wife, Georgy?&rsquo;</p>
+
+
+<h3>February 11th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+I came to town from Euston the end of
+last month. The debates were expected to be very stormy
+and the minorities very large, not that anybody expected
+Ministers to go out. It has all ended as such anticipations
+usually do, in everything going off very quietly and the
+Government obtaining large majorities. Their Parliamentary
+successes and the King&rsquo;s reception have greatly elated
+them, and they think (and with reason probably) that they
+are likely to enjoy their places for the term of their natural
+lives, not that they care about the King&rsquo;s popularity except
+in as much as it may add strength to their Administration.
+They do not conceal their contempt or dislike of him, and it
+is one of the phenomena of the present times that the King
+should have Ministers whom he abuses and hates, and who
+entertain corresponding sentiments of aversion to him; yet
+they defend all his errors and follies, and he affords them
+constant countenance and protection. However, the King
+was delighted by his reception at the theatres, and told
+Lady Bessborough, as he came downstairs, he never was
+more gratified.</p>
+
+<h3>February 23rd, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday the Duke of York proposed
+to me to take the management of his horses, which I
+accepted. Nothing could be more kind than the manner in
+which he proposed
+it.<a name="FNA_02_01" id="FNA_02_01" href="#FN_02_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_01" id="FN_02_01" href="#FNA_02_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[Mr. Greville continued to manage the racing establishment of the
+Duke of York from this time till the death of his Royal Highness.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 5th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>I have experienced a great proof of the
+vanity of human wishes. In the course of three weeks I
+have attained the three things which I have most desired
+in the world for years past, and upon the whole I do
+not feel that my happiness is at all increased; perhaps if
+it were not for one cause it might be, but until that ceases
+to exist it is in vain that I acquire every other advantage
+or possess the means of amusement.<a name="FNA_02_02" id="FNA_02_02" href="#FN_02_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_02" id="FN_02_02" href="#FNA_02_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[One of these things was Mr. Greville&rsquo;s appointment as Clerk of the
+Council; the second was his connection with the Duke of York in his
+racing establishment; I am ignorant of the third.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 22nd, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>I was sworn in the day before yesterday,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE CLERKSHIP OF THE COUNCIL.</span>
+and kissed hands at a Council at Carlton House yesterday
+morning as Clerk of the Council.</p>
+
+<h3>March 25th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>Lord Fife has been dismissed from his
+place of Lord of the Bedchamber for voting against the
+Malt Tax, and Lord Lovaine has been appointed instead.</p>
+
+<h3>April 19th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>The night before last Hobhouse made his
+furious attack upon Canning. Last night everybody expected
+that Canning would speak, and was extremely
+anxious to hear what notice he would take of Hobhouse.
+The army estimates came on first in the evening, and almost
+all the members went away, intending to return to the
+Reform debate, but when Reform came on there were only
+100 members in the House. &lsquo;Le combat finit faute de
+combattans,&rsquo; and when everybody came crowding down at
+nine o&rsquo;clock the House had been up half an hour, having
+divided 53 to 41.<a name="FNA_02_03" id="FNA_02_03" href="#FN_02_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_03" id="FN_02_03" href="#FNA_02_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[On the 17th of April Mr. Lambton (afterwards Earl of Durham)
+moved for a Committee of the whole House to consider the state of the representation
+of the people in Parliament. It was owing to the misapprehension
+described in the text that the division was so small.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>May 2nd, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>When the Canonry of Windsor became
+vacant Lady Conyngham asked the King to give it to Mr.
+Sumner,<a name="FNA_02_04" id="FNA_02_04" href="#FN_02_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+who had been Mount Charles&rsquo;s tutor. The King
+agreed: the man was sent for, and kissed hands at Brighton.
+A letter was written to Lord Liverpool to announce the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+appointment. In the meantime Lord Liverpool had sent a
+list of persons, one of whom he should recommend to succeed
+to the vacancy, and the letters crossed. As soon as
+Lord Liverpool received the letter from Brighton he got
+into his carriage and went down to the King, to state that
+unless he was allowed to have the distribution of this
+patronage without any interference, he could not carry on
+the Government, and would resign his office if Sumner was
+appointed. The man was only a curate, and had never held
+a living at all. The King &lsquo;chanta palinodie,&rsquo; and a sort of
+compromise was made, by which Lady Conyngham&rsquo;s friend
+was withdrawn, and the King begged it might be given to
+Dr. Clarke, to which appointment Lord Liverpool consented,
+although he did not approve of him; he did not, however,
+wish to appear too difficult.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_04" id="FN_02_04" href="#FNA_02_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[Afterwards Bishop of Winchester. This was the beginning of the
+fortune of that amiable prelate, of whom it must be said that if he owed his
+early advancement to a questionable influence, no man has filled the episcopal
+office with more unaffected piety, dignity, and goodness. The difference
+between George IV. and Lord Liverpool on this occasion was a very
+serious one. The Duke of Wellington referred to it in a confidential letter
+to Lord Liverpool, written on the 26th of October, 1821, in the following
+terms:&mdash;&lsquo;As I told you at Windsor, the King has never forgiven your opposition
+to his wishes in the case of Mr. Sumner. This feeling has influenced
+every action of his life in relation to his Government from that moment; and
+I believe to more than one of us he avowed that his objection to Mr. Canning
+was that his accession to the Government was peculiarly desirable to
+you. Nothing can be more unjust or more unfair than this feeling; and as
+there is not one of your colleagues who did not highly approve of what you
+did respecting Mr. Sumner, so there is not one of them who would not
+suffer with you all the consequences of that act.&rsquo;  (&lsquo;Correspondence of the
+Duke of Wellington,&rsquo; Second Series, vol. i. p. 195; published in 1867.)]</p></div>
+
+<p>Lady Conyngham lives in one of the houses in Marlborough
+Row. All the members of her family are continually there,
+and are supplied with horses, carriages, &amp;c., from the King&rsquo;s
+stables. She rides out with her daughter, but never with
+the King, who always rides with one of his gentlemen.
+They never appear in public together. She dines there
+every day. Before the King comes into the room she and
+Lady Elizabeth join him in another room, and he always
+walks in with one on each arm. She comports herself entirely
+as mistress of the house, but never suffers her daughter
+to leave her. She has received magnificent presents, and
+Lady Elizabeth the same; particularly the mother has
+strings of pearls of enormous value. Madame de Lieven
+said she had seen the pearls of the Grand Duchesses and the
+Prussian Princesses, but had never seen any nearly so fine
+as Lady Conyngham&rsquo;s. The other night Lady Bath was
+coming to the Pavilion. After dinner Lady Conyngham
+called to Sir William Keppel and said, &lsquo;Sir William, do
+desire them to light up the saloon&rsquo; (this saloon is lit by
+hundreds of candles). When the King came in she said to
+him, &lsquo;Sir, I told them to light up the saloon, as Lady Bath
+is coming this evening.&rsquo; The King seized her arm and
+said with the greatest tenderness, &lsquo;Thank you, thank you,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE DEATH OF LADY WORCESTER.</span>
+my dear; you always do what is right; you cannot please
+me so much as by doing everything you please, everything
+to show that you are mistress here.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>May 12th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>I have suffered the severest pain I ever had
+in my life by the death of Lady
+Worcester.<a name="FNA_02_05" id="FNA_02_05" href="#FN_02_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+I loved her
+like a sister, and I have lost one of the few persons in the
+world who cared for me, and whose affection and friendship
+serve to make life valuable to me. She has been cut off in
+the prime of her life and in the bloom of her beauty, and so
+suddenly too. Seven days ago she was at a ball at Court,
+and she is now no more. She died like a heroine, full of
+cheerfulness and courage to the last. She has been snatched
+from life at a time when she was becoming every day more
+fit to live, for her mind, her temper, and her understanding
+were gradually and rapidly improving; she had faults, but
+her mind was not vicious, and her defects may be ascribed
+to her education and to the actual state of the society in
+which she lived. Her virtues were inherent in her character;
+every day developed them more and more, and they were
+such as to make the happiness of all who lived with her and
+to captivate the affection of all who really knew her. I have
+never lost anyone I loved before, and though I know the
+grief I now feel will soon subside (for so the laws of nature
+have ordained), long, long will it be before I forget her, or
+before my mind loses the lively impression of her virtues
+and of our mutual friendship.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_05" id="FN_02_05" href="#FNA_02_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Georgiana Frederica, Marchioness of Worcester, daughter of the Hon.
+Charles Fitzroy, married to Henry, afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort, in
+1814, died 11th of May, 1821. This lamented lady left two daughters, afterwards
+Lady Augusta Neumann and Lady Georgiana Codrington.]</p></div>
+
+<p>This is one of those melancholy events in life to which
+the mind cannot for a long time reconcile or accustom itself.
+I saw her so short a time ago &lsquo;glittering like the morning
+star, full of life and splendour and joy;&rsquo; the accents of her
+voice still so vibrate in my ear that I cannot believe I shall
+never see her again. What a subject for contemplation and
+for moralising! What reflections crowd into the mind!</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hume told me once he had witnessed many death-beds,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+but he had never seen anything like the fortitude and
+resignation displayed by her. She died in his arms, and
+without pain. As life ebbed away her countenance changed,
+and when at length she ceased to breathe, a beautiful and
+tranquil smile settled upon her face.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Call round her tomb each, object of desire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each, purer frame informed by purer fire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let her be all that cheers or softens life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bid her be all that makes mankind adore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then view this marble, and be vain no more.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h3>June 24th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>The King dined at Devonshire House last
+Thursday se&rsquo;nnight. Lady Conyngham had on her head a
+sapphire which belonged to the Stuarts, and was given by
+Cardinal York to the King. He gave it to the Princess
+Charlotte, and when she died he desired to have it back,
+Leopold being informed it was a crown jewel. This crown
+jewel sparkled in the headdress of the Marchioness at the
+ball. I ascertained the Duke of York&rsquo;s sentiments upon this
+subject the other day. He was not particularly anxious to
+discuss it, but he said enough to show that he has no good
+opinion of her. The other day, as we were going to the
+races from Oatlands, he gave me the history of the Duke
+of Wellington&rsquo;s life. His prejudice against him is excessively
+strong, and I think if ever he becomes King the
+other will not be Commander-in-Chief. He does not deny
+his military talents, but he thinks that he is false and
+ungrateful, that he never gave sufficient credit to his officers,
+and that he was unwilling to put forward men of talent who
+might be in a situation to claim some share of credit, the
+whole of which he was desirous of engrossing himself.
+He says that at Waterloo he got into a scrape and avowed
+himself to be surprised, and he attributes in great measure
+the success of that day to Lord Anglesea, who, he says,
+was hardly mentioned, and that in the coldest terms, in
+the Duke&rsquo;s despatch.<a name="FNA_02_06" id="FNA_02_06" href="#FN_02_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_06" id="FN_02_06" href="#FNA_02_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[The unjust and unfavourable opinion expressed of the Duke of Wellington
+by the Duke of York dated from the appointment of Sir Arthur
+Wellesley to a high command, and afterwards to the chief command of the
+army in Portugal. The Duke of York had at one moment entertained hopes
+of commanding that army, but when he was made to understand that this
+was impossible he erroneously attributed this disappointment to the intrigues
+of those who were preferred before him. This matter is explained with
+further particulars <i>sub</i> 24th of December, 1822.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>December 18th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE PAVILION.</span>
+I have not written anything for months.
+&lsquo;Quante cose mi sono accadute!&rsquo; My progress was as
+follows, not very interesting:&mdash;To Newmarket, Whersted,
+Riddlesworth, Sprotborough, Euston, Elveden, Welbeck,
+Caversham, Nun Appleton, Welbeck, Burghley, and London.
+Nothing worth mentioning occurred at any of these places.
+Sprotborough was agreeable enough. The Grevilles, Montagu,
+Wilmot, and the Wortleys were there. I came to town,
+went to Brighton yesterday se&rsquo;nnight for a Council. I was
+lodged in the Pavilion and dined with the King. The
+gaudy splendour of the place amused me for a little and then
+bored me. The dinner was cold and the evening dull beyond
+all dulness. They say the King is anxious that form and
+ceremony should be banished, and if so it only proves how
+impossible it is that form and ceremony should not always
+inhabit a palace. The rooms are not furnished for society,
+and, in fact, society cannot flourish without ease; and who
+can feel at ease who is under the eternal constraint which
+etiquette and respect impose? The King was in good looks
+and good spirits, and after dinner cut his jokes with all the
+coarse merriment which is his characteristic. Lord Wellesley
+did not seem to like it, but of course he bowed and
+smiled like the rest. I saw nothing very particular in the
+King&rsquo;s manner to Lady Conyngham. He sat by her on the
+couch almost the whole evening, playing at patience, and
+he took her in to dinner; but Madame de Lieven and Lady
+Cowper were there, and he seemed equally civil to all of
+them. I was curious to see the Pavilion and the life they
+lead there, and I now only hope I may never go there again,
+for the novelty is past, and I should be exposed to the whole
+weight of the bore of it without the stimulus of curiosity.</p>
+
+<h3>December 19th, 1821</h3>
+
+<p>I dined with Lord Gwydir yesterday,
+and sat next to Prince Lieven. He told me that Bloomfield
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+is no longer in favour, that he has been supplanted by Lord
+Francis Conyngham,<a name="FNA_02_07" id="FNA_02_07" href="#FN_02_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+who now performs almost all the functions
+which formerly appertained to Bloomfield. He is quite
+aware of his decline, and submits himself to it in a manly
+way. He is no longer so necessary to the King as he was,
+for a short time ago he could not bear that Bloomfield should
+be absent, and <i>now</i> his absence is unfelt. Francis goes to
+the King every morning, usually breakfasts with him, and
+receives all his orders. He was invited to go to Panshanger
+for two days, and was very anxious to go, but he could not
+obtain leave from the King to absent himself. Bloomfield
+does not put himself forward; &lsquo;même il se retire,&rsquo; he said,
+and it is understood that he has made up his mind to resign
+his situation and leave the Court. The King is still perfectly
+civil and good-humoured to him, but has withdrawn
+his confidence from him, and Bloomfield is no longer his first
+servant.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_07" id="FN_02_07" href="#FNA_02_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[Lord Francis Conyngham, second son of the first Marquis of Conyngham
+(who was raised to the British peerage in June 1821), afterwards
+himself Marquis of Conyngham.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I asked Lieven whether Francis Conyngham, in performing
+the other duties which had been hitherto allotted to
+Bloomfield, also exercised the functions of Private Secretary,
+because this involved a much more serious question. He
+said that he did not know; all he knew was that whilst he
+was at Brighton Bloomfield was absent for five days, and
+that during that time the other had ostensibly occupied the
+place which Bloomfield used to hold about the King&rsquo;s person.
+The commencement of this revolution in the King&rsquo;s sentiments
+is to be dated from the journey to Hanover. Now
+Bloomfield sits amongst the guests at dinner at the Pavilion;
+the honours are done by the father on one side and the son
+on the other.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1822.</h2>
+
+<h3>July 16th,  1822</h3>
+
+<p>Since I wrote last I have been continually in
+town. I have won on the Derby, my sister is
+married,<a name="FNA_02_08" id="FNA_02_08" href="#FN_02_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY.</span>
+I have done nothing worth recording. How habit and
+practice change our feelings, our opinions; and what an
+influence they have upon our thoughts and actions! Objects
+which I used to contemplate at an immeasurable distance,
+and to attain which I thought would be the summit of
+felicity, I have found worth very little in comparison to the
+value my imagination used to set upon them.... London
+is nearly over, has been tolerably agreeable; but I have been
+very often bored to death by the necessity of paying some
+attention to keep up an interest.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_08" id="FN_02_08" href="#FNA_02_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[Miss Greville married Lord Francis Leveson Gower, afterwards Earl
+of Ellesmere, in 1822.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>July 30th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>Madame de Lieven is ill with the King, and
+is miserable in consequence. Lady Cowper is her <i>confidante</i>,
+and the Duke of Wellington; but this latter pretends to
+know nothing of it, and asked me the other day what it was,
+I am sure in order to discover what people say. When the
+Duke was at Brighton in the winter, he and the King had a
+dispute about the army. It began (it was at dinner) by the
+King&rsquo;s saying that the Russians or the Prussians (I forget
+which) were the best infantry in the world. The Duke said,
+&lsquo;Except your Majesty&rsquo;s.&rsquo; The King then said the English
+cavalry were the best, which the Duke denied; then that
+an inferior number of French regiments would always beat a
+superior number of English, and, in short, that they were
+not half so effective. The King was very angry; the dispute
+waxed warm, and ended by his Majesty rising from table
+and saying, &lsquo;Well, it is not for me to dispute on such a
+subject with your Grace.&rsquo; The King does not like the
+Duke, nor does the Duke of York. This I know from
+himself.</p>
+
+<h3>August 13th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Cirencester on Friday and came
+back yesterday. At Hounslow I heard of the death of Lord
+Londonderry.<a name="FNA_02_09" id="FNA_02_09" href="#FN_02_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+When I got to town I met several people
+who had all assumed an air of melancholy, a <i>visage de
+circonstance</i>, which provoked me inexpressibly, because it
+was certain that they did not care; indeed, if they felt at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+all, it was probably rather satisfaction at an event happening
+than sorrow for the death of the person. It seems Lord
+Londonderry had been unwell for some time, but not seriously,
+and a few days before this catastrophe he became much
+worse, and was very much dejected. He told Lord Granville
+some time ago that he was worn out with fatigue, and
+he told Count Münster the other day that he was very
+ill indeed. The Duke of Wellington saw him on Friday,
+and was so struck by the appearance of illness about him
+that he sent Bankhead to him. He was cupped on Saturday
+in London, got better, and went to Foot&rsquo;s Cray. On Sunday
+he was worse, and the state of dejection in which he appeared
+induced his attendants to take certain precautions, which
+unfortunately, however, proved fruitless. They removed his
+pistols and his razors, but he got hold of a penknife which was
+in the room next his, and on Sunday night or early on Monday
+morning he cut his throat with it. There is not a Minister in
+town but Lord Liverpool, Vansittart, and the Chancellor.
+Lord Bathurst is at Cirencester, the Duke of Wellington in
+Holland, Lord Sidmouth in Yorkshire, Peel and Lord Melville
+in Scotland with the King. No event ever gave rise
+to more speculation with the few people there are left to
+speculate, and the general opinion seems to be that Canning
+will not go to
+India,<a name="FNA_02_10" id="FNA_02_10" href="#FN_02_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+but will be appointed in his room. It
+certainly opens a door to his ambition as well as to that of
+Peel, who, unless Canning comes into office, must of necessity
+lead the House of Commons. Another speculation is
+that Lord Liverpool will take this opportunity of resigning,
+and that the King will form a Whig Ministry. I do not
+believe Lord Liverpool wishes to resign, and my opinion
+is that Canning will come into office.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_09" id="FN_02_09" href="#FNA_02_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[Lord Castlereagh, far better known by that name, succeeded as second
+Marquis of Londonderry on the 11th of April, 1821&mdash;only sixteen months
+before his death.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_10" id="FN_02_10" href="#FNA_02_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[Mr. Canning had just accepted the office of Governor-General of
+India, and was about to go out to that country.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I had hardly any acquaintance with Lord Londonderry,
+and therefore am not in the slightest degree affected by
+his death. As a Minister he is a great loss to his party,
+and still greater to his friends and dependents, to whom he
+was the best of patrons; to the country I think he is none.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD LONDONDERRY.</span>
+Nobody can deny that his talents were great, and perhaps he
+owed his influence and authority as much to his character as
+to his abilities. His appearance was dignified and imposing;
+he was affable in his manners and agreeable in society. The
+great feature of his character was a cool and determined
+courage, which gave an appearance of resolution and confidence
+to all his actions, and inspired his friends with admiration
+and excessive devotion to him, and caused him to be
+respected by his most violent opponents. As a speaker he
+was prolix, monotonous, and never eloquent, except, perhaps,
+for a few minutes when provoked into a passion by something
+which had fallen out in debate. But, notwithstanding
+these defects, and still more the ridicule which his extraordinary
+phraseology had drawn upon him, he was always
+heard with attention. He never spoke ill; his speeches
+were continually replete with good sense and strong argument,
+and though they seldom offered much to admire, they
+generally contained a great deal to be answered. I believe
+he was considered one of the best managers of the House of
+Commons who ever sat in it, and he was eminently possessed
+of the good taste, good humour, and agreeable manners
+which are more requisite to make a good leader than
+eloquence, however brilliant. With these qualities, it may
+be asked why he was not a better Minister, and who can
+answer that question? or who can aver that he did not
+pursue the policy which he conscientiously believed to be
+most advantageous to his country? Nay, more, who can
+say but from surmise and upon speculation that it was not
+the best? I believe that he was seduced by his vanity, that
+his head was turned by emperors, kings, and congresses,
+and that he was resolved that the country which he represented
+should play as conspicuous a part as any other in the
+political dramas which were acted on the Continent. The
+result of his policy is this, that we are mixed up in the
+affairs of the Continent in a manner we have never been
+before, which entails upon us endless negotiations and enormous
+expenses. We have associated ourselves with the members
+of the Holy Alliance, and countenanced the acts of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+ambition and despotism in such a manner as to have drawn
+upon us the detestation of the nations of the Continent; and
+our conduct towards them at the close of the war has brought
+a stain upon our character for bad faith and desertion which
+no time will wipe away, and the recollection of which will
+never be effaced from their minds.</p>
+
+<h3>August 19th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Brighton on Saturday to see the
+Duke [of York]; returned to-day. The Pavilion is finished.
+The King has had a subterranean passage made from the
+house to the stables, which is said to have cost 3,000&#8467;. or
+5,000&#8467;.; I forget which. There is also a bath in his apartment,
+with pipes to conduct water from the sea; these pipes
+cost 600&#8467;. The King has not taken a sea bath for sixteen
+years.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Londonderry is to be buried to-morrow
+in Westminster Abbey. It is thought injudicious to have
+anything like an ostentatious funeral, considering the circumstances
+under which he died, but it is the particular
+wish of his widow. She seems to consider the respect
+which is paid to his remains as a sort of testimony to his
+character, and nothing will pacify her feelings or satisfy her
+affection but seeing him interred with all imaginable honours.
+It seems that he gave several indications of a perturbed
+mind a short time previous to his death. For some time
+past he had been dejected, and his mind was haunted with
+various apprehensions, particularly with a notion that he
+was in great personal danger. On the day (the 3rd of
+August) he gave a great dinner at Cray to his political
+friends, some of them finding the wine very good, wished to
+compliment him upon it, and Arbuthnot called out, &lsquo;Lord
+Londonderry!&rsquo; He instantly jumped up with great vivacity,
+and stood as if in expectation of something serious that was
+to follow. When he was told that it was about the wine
+they wished to speak to him, he sat down; but his manner
+was so extraordinary that Huskisson remarked it to Wilmot
+as they came home. In the last interview which the Duke of
+Wellington had with him he said he never heard him converse
+upon affairs with more clearness and strength of mind
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CANNING RETURNS TO OFFICE.</span>
+than that day. In the middle of the conversation, however,
+he said, &lsquo;To prove to you what danger I am in, my
+own servants think so, and that I ought to go off directly,
+that I have no time to lose, and they keep my horses saddled
+that I may get away quickly; they think that I should not
+have time to go away in a carriage.&rsquo; Then ringing the bell
+violently, he said to the servant, &lsquo;Tell me, sir, instantly who
+ordered my horses here; who sent them up to town?&rsquo; The
+man answered that the horses were at Cray, and had never
+been in town. The Duke desired the man to go, and in
+consequence of this strange behaviour wrote the letter to
+Bankhead which has been since published.</p>
+
+<h3>August 20th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>Knighton went with the King to Scotland,
+and slept in one of his Majesty&rsquo;s own cabins, that next to
+him. He is supposed to have been appointed Privy Purse.
+Bloomfield has got the mission to Stockholm. When Bloomfield
+was dismissed a disposition was shown to treat him in
+a very unceremonious manner; but he would not stand this,
+and displayed a spirit which he was probably enabled to
+assume in consequence of what he knows. When they
+found he was not to be bullied they treated with him, and
+gave him every honour and emolument he could desire.</p>
+
+<h3>September 22nd, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>I saw Lady Bathurst on the 13th.
+Canning had not then sent his answer, and greatly surprised
+were the Ministers at the delay. Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s proposal
+to him was simple and unclogged with conditions&mdash;the
+Foreign Office and the lead in the House of Commons. The
+King&rsquo;s repugnance to his coming into office was extreme,
+and it required all the efforts of his Ministers to surmount
+it. The Duke of Wellington and Peel have all the credit of
+having persuaded the King to consent, but Lord Bathurst&rsquo;s
+arguments influenced him as much as those of any person,
+and he told Lady Conyngham that he was more satisfied by
+what Lord Bathurst had said to him on the subject than by
+any of the Ministers. I know that amongst the Canning party
+Lord Bathurst is supposed to have joined with the Chancellor
+in opposing his appointment. The danger in which the
+Duke of Wellington was sensibly affected the King, because
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+at this moment the Duke is in high favour with him; and
+when he heard he was so ill he sent Knighton to him to
+comfort him with a promise that he would reconsider the
+proposal of receiving Canning, and the next day he signified
+his consent. I saw a note from Lady Conyngham to Lady
+Bathurst, in which she gave an account of the uneasiness
+and agitation in which the King had been in consequence of
+the Duke&rsquo;s illness, saying how much she had suffered in
+consequence, and how great had been <i>their</i> relief, when
+Knighton brought word that he was better. The &lsquo;dear
+King,&rsquo; she said, was more composed. She added that she
+(Lady B.) would hear that evening what would give her
+pleasure, and this was that the King had agreed to take
+Canning. In a conversation also Lady C. said that she
+did hope, now the King had yielded his own inclination
+to the wishes and advice of his Ministers, that they would
+behave to him better than they had done. Canning was
+sworn in on Monday. His friends say that he was very well
+received. The King told Madame de Lieven that having
+consented to receive him, he had behaved to him, as <i>he
+always did</i>, in the most gentlemanlike manner he could, and
+that on delivering to him the seals, he said to him that he
+had been advised by his Ministers that his abilities and
+eloquence rendered him the only fit man to succeed to the
+vacancy which Lord Londonderry&rsquo;s death had made, and
+that, in appointing him to the situation, he had only to
+desire that he would follow the steps of his predecessor.
+This Madame de Lieven told to Lady Jersey, and she to me.
+It seems that the King was so struck with Lord Londonderry&rsquo;s
+manner (for he said to the King nearly what he said
+to the Duke of Wellington), and so persuaded that some
+fatal catastrophe would take place, that when Peel came to
+inform him of what had happened, he said to him before he
+spoke, &lsquo;I know you are come to tell me that Londonderry
+is dead.&rsquo; Peel had just left him, and upon receiving the
+despatches immediately returned; and when Lady Conyngham
+was told by Lord Mount Charles that there was a report
+that he was dead, she said, &lsquo;Good God! then he has destroyed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">QUEEN CAROLINE&rsquo;S RETURN.</span>
+himself.&rsquo; She knew what had passed with the King,
+and was the only person to whom he had told it.</p>
+
+<h3>September 23rd, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>George Bentinck, who thinks there
+never existed such a man as Canning, and who probably has
+heard from him some circumstances connected with his
+resignation at the time of the Queen&rsquo;s trial, told &mdash;&mdash; that
+it was in consequence of a dispute between the King and
+his Ministers concerning the payment of the expenses of the
+Milan Commission. The Ministers wished the King to pay
+the expenses himself, and he wished them to be defrayed by
+Government. Lord Londonderry promised the King (without
+the concurrence of the other Ministers) that the expenses
+should be paid by Government, but with money ostensibly
+appropriated to other purposes. This Canning could not
+endure, and resigned. Such is his story, which probably is
+partly true and partly false.</p>
+
+<h3>November 5th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>I have been to Newmarket, Euston,
+Riddlesworth, Rendlesham, Whersted, besides going to town
+several times and to Brighton. Since I left London for the
+Doncaster races I have travelled near 1,200 miles. At
+Riddlesworth the Duke of York told me a great deal about the
+Queen and Brougham, but he was so unintelligible that part
+I could not make out and part I do not remember. What
+I can recollect amounts to this, that the Emperor of Austria
+was the first person who informed the King of the Queen&rsquo;s conduct
+in Italy, that after the enquiry was set on foot a negotiation
+was entered into with the Queen, the basis of which was
+that she should abdicate the title of Queen, and that to this
+she had consented. He said that Brougham had acted a
+double part, for that he had acquiesced in the propriety of
+her acceding to those terms, and had promised that he
+would go over to her and confirm her in her resolution to
+agree to them; that he had not only not gone, but that
+whilst he was making these promises to Government he had
+written to the Queen desiring her to come over. The Duke
+told me that a man (whose name he did not mention) came
+to him and said, &lsquo;So the Queen comes over?&rsquo; He said, &lsquo;No,
+she does not.&rsquo; The man said, &lsquo;I know she does, for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+Brougham has written to her to come; I saw the letter.&rsquo;
+If Lord Liverpool and Lord Londonderry had thought
+proper to publish what had been done on the part of
+Brougham, he would have been covered with infamy; but
+they would not do it, and he thinks they were wrong. The
+rest I cannot
+remember.<a name="FNA_02_11" id="FNA_02_11" href="#FN_02_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_11" id="FN_02_11" href="#FNA_02_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[This is an erroneous and imperfect account of this important transaction,
+the particulars of which are related by Lord Brougham in his &lsquo;Memoirs,&rsquo;
+cap. xvi. vol. ii. p. 352, and still more fully by Mr. Yonge in his &lsquo;Life of
+Lord Liverpool,&rsquo; vol. iii. p. 52. Mr. Brougham had sent his brother James
+to the Queen at Geneva to dissuade her from setting out for England, but,
+as he himself observes, &lsquo;I was quite convinced that if she once set out she
+never would stop short.&rsquo; He met her himself at St. Omer, being the bearer
+of a memorandum dated the 15th of April, 1820, which contained the terms
+proposed by the King&rsquo;s Government. He went to St. Omer in company
+with Lord Hutchinson, but Mr. Brougham, and not Lord Hutchinson, was
+the bearer of these propositions. Lord Hutchinson had no copy of the document.
+The extraordinary part of Mr. Brougham&rsquo;s conduct was that he never
+at all submitted or made known to the Queen the memorandum of the 15th
+of April; and she knew nothing of it till she had reached London, when all
+negotiation was broken off. This fact Lord Brougham does not explain in
+his &lsquo;Memoirs;&rsquo; but Lord Hutchinson declared in his report to Lord Liverpool
+that in truth Brougham &lsquo;did not appear to possess the smallest
+degree of power, weight, or authority over the mind of the Queen&rsquo; when at
+St. Omer.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>Welbeck, November 16th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>I have had a great deal of
+conversation with
+Titchfield,<a name="FNA_02_12" id="FNA_02_12" href="#FN_02_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+particularly about Canning,
+and he told me this curious fact about his coming into
+office:&mdash;When the King had consented to receive him he
+wrote a letter nearly in these words to Lord Liverpool:
+&lsquo;The King thinks that the brightest jewel in the crown is
+to extend his forgiveness [I am not sure that this was the
+word<a name="FNA_02_13" id="FNA_02_13" href="#FN_02_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>]
+to a subject who has offended him, and he therefore
+informs Lord L. that he consents to Mr. Canning
+forming a part of the Cabinet.&rsquo; This letter was communicated
+by Lord Liverpool to Canning, and upon reading it he
+was indignant, as were his wife and his daughter. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CANNING AND GEORGE IV.</span>
+consequence was that he wrote a most violent and indignant
+reply, addressed to the same person to whom the other
+letter had been addressed, and which was intended in like
+manner to be shown to the King, as the King&rsquo;s letter was
+to him. Upon hearing what had passed, however, down
+came Lord Granville and Mr. Ellis in a great hurry, and
+used every argument to dissuade him from sending the
+letter, urging that he had entirely misunderstood the purport
+of the letter which had offended him; that it was
+intended as an invitation to reconciliation, and contained
+nothing which could have been meant as offensive; that the
+country would be so dissatisfied (which ardently desired and
+expected that he should come into office) if he rejected this
+overture that he would not be justified in refusing his
+services to the public, who so anxiously wished for them.
+These arguments, vehemently urged and put in every
+possible shape, prevailed, and the angry reply was put in
+the fire, and another written full of gratitude, duty, and
+acquiescence.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_12" id="FN_02_12" href="#FNA_02_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[The Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth Duke of Portland,
+Mr. Greville&rsquo;s first cousin, died in the twenty-eighth year of his age.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_13" id="FN_02_13" href="#FNA_02_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[The exact words in the King&rsquo;s letter to Lord Liverpool are &lsquo;extend
+his grace and favour to a subject who may have incurred his displeasure.&rsquo;
+This letter, Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s letter transmitting it to Mr. Canning, and
+Mr. Canning&rsquo;s answer to Lord Liverpool are now all published in Mr.
+Yonge&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life and Administration of Lord Liverpool,&rsquo; vol. iii. p. 200.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>London, November 24th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>The morning I left Welbeck I
+had a long conversation with Titchfield upon various matters
+connected with politics and his family, particularly relating
+to Lord William&rsquo;s correspondence with Lord Liverpool about
+the Government of India. He showed me this correspondence,
+in which, as I anticipated, Lord William had the
+worst of it. Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s answer was unanswerable.
+He showed me also a very long letter which he had received
+from Lord William, together with the copies of the correspondence,
+which was written the evening before he went
+abroad. In this letter (which I only read once, and which
+was so long that I cannot recollect it) he gave a detailed
+account of his sentiments upon the Indian matter, with the
+reasons for his having acted as he did, also his feelings with
+regard to the manner in which Canning had behaved upon
+the occasion and a conversation which he had with Mrs.
+Canning.<a name="FNA_02_14" id="FNA_02_14" href="#FN_02_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+This latter I think exceedingly curious, because
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+it serves to show what the object and the pretensions of
+Canning are in taking office, and exhibit that ambition the
+whole extent of which he dares not show. It seems that
+the Directors were anxious that Lord William should be
+appointed Governor-General, and this he knew through
+friends of his in the Court. Government, however, having
+signified their dissent to his nomination, Lord Amherst was
+nominated by the Court and accepted. Lord William&rsquo;s
+displeasure with Canning arises from an idea that Canning
+was backward in supporting his interests in this matter, and
+that he kept aloof from Lord William, and acquiesced in
+his rejection without ever communicating with him on the
+subject. Had Canning stated to him the difficulties under
+which he laboured, from his anxiety to serve him on the
+one hand and his obligation of coinciding with his colleagues
+on the other, Lord William would not have hesitated
+to <i>desire</i> him to abandon his interests rather than
+involve himself in any embarrassment on his account. He
+wrote to Lord Liverpool to complain that the Court of
+Directors being inclined to nominate him, Lord L. had interposed
+his influence to prevent that nomination; that he
+did not ask Lord L. to consent to his appointment, but
+he did ask him not to interpose his influence to prevent
+his nomination, because that nomination was essential to
+his character, as proving that the Court of Directors were
+satisfied of the injustice with which he had been treated in
+the affair of the Vellore mutiny. Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s answer
+was short and civil, assuring him that he had neither
+directly nor indirectly exerted any influence at all, maintaining
+his right to give his opinion to the Directors in
+case it had been asked, and stating that Lord Amherst had
+been proposed by the Court and accepted by
+Government.<a name="FNA_02_15" id="FNA_02_15" href="#FN_02_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK.</span>
+Whilst this matter was still pending, and before Lord
+Amherst&rsquo;s appointment had been made known, Lord William
+went to Gloucester Lodge. He saw Mrs. Canning, and
+being anxious to acquire information concerning the Indian
+appointment, he told her that she had an opportunity of
+obliging him by telling him anything she knew concerning
+it. She answered very quickly and in a very bad humour,
+&lsquo;Oh, it is all settled; Lord Amherst is appointed.&rsquo; She
+then put into his hand a letter which Canning had received
+that morning from the Duke of Portland, declining his offer
+of the Private Secretaryship for John and George, alleging
+as a reason the hostile politics of Lord William and Titchfield.
+Mrs. Canning said that she had no idea that they
+would not have supported Canning, that she was aware they
+differed on some matters of minor importance, but that she
+had imagined their general opinions to be similar; that she
+had conceived Lord William&rsquo;s opposition to have been
+directed against Lord Londonderry, and that it would have
+ceased with his death; that &lsquo;the present must be considered
+as a new Administration, and that Canning must be virtually
+Minister of the country.&rsquo; Lord William replied that
+he could not view it in that light, that he thought it likely
+the introduction of Canning into the Cabinet might effect a
+beneficial influence on the measures of Government, and
+more particularly that a system of foreign policy might be
+adopted more congenial to his sentiments upon that subject;
+that it would give him the greatest pleasure to see such a
+change of measures as would enable him to give his support
+to a Government of which Canning was so conspicuous a
+member, but that he could not think that to be a new Administration
+which was composed (with the sole exception of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+Canning) of precisely the same persons of which it consisted
+before he joined them.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_14" id="FN_02_14" href="#FNA_02_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[Mrs. Canning was the younger sister of Henrietta, wife of the fourth
+Duke of Portland, both of them being the daughters and coheiresses of
+Major-General John Scott of Balcomie. Lord William Bentinck, the Duke&rsquo;s
+brother, was therefore a near connection, and Lord George Bentinck and
+Lord John Bentinck, the Duke&rsquo;s sons, were by their mother&rsquo;s side Mrs.
+Canning&rsquo;s nephews. Lady Charlotte Greville, Mr. Charles Greville&rsquo;s mother,
+was of course connected with Mrs. Canning in the same degree as her brother
+Lord William Bentinck.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_15" id="FN_02_15" href="#FNA_02_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+[Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s letter to the King on this appointment has been published
+by Mr. Yonge in his Life of that statesman. He stated strongly to
+George IV. his opinion that although Lord William Bentinck was supported
+by a powerful party in the Court of Directors, he thought it would be
+&lsquo;humiliating to the Government and productive of the very worst effects
+to appoint to such a station a man who had taken so strong a part in Parliamentary
+Opposition.&rsquo; George IV. replied that he thought it &lsquo;highly unadvisable
+that Lord William Bentinck should be the successor of the
+Marquis of Hastings.&rsquo; (Yonge&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life of Lord Liverpool,&rsquo; vol. iii. p. 204.)
+Lord William Bentinck had previously been Governor of Madras at the time
+of the mutiny at Vellore.]</p></div>
+
+<p>George,<a name="FNA_02_16" id="FNA_02_16" href="#FN_02_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+after having refused the Private Secretaryship,
+was talked over by Canning and accepted it. He tried to
+gain over John, but he refused to share it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_16" id="FN_02_16" href="#FNA_02_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+[Lord George Bentinck, third son of the fourth Duke of Portland;
+born 1802, died 1848; afterwards distinguished as the leader of the Protectionist
+party.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Canning wished that Manners Sutton should be appointed
+Governor-General, in order that Wynn might be made
+Speaker, and room made for Huskisson in the Cabinet; but
+Wynn would not have given up his situation, and it is very
+much suspected that if he had, the strength of Government
+would have been insufficient to procure his election as
+Speaker, so unpopular is he in the House.</p>
+
+<h3>December 24th, 1822</h3>
+
+<p>The other day I went to Bushy with the
+Duke [of York], and as we passed over Wimbledon Common
+he showed me the spot where he fought his duel with the
+Duke of Richmond. He then told me the whole story and
+all the circumstances which led to it, most of which are in
+print. That which I had never heard before was that at a
+masquerade three masks insulted the Prince of Wales, when
+the Duke interfered, desired the one who was most prominent
+to address himself to him, and added that he suspected
+him to be an officer in his regiment (meaning Colonel Lennox),
+and if he was he was a coward and a disgrace to his
+profession; if he was not the person he took him for, he
+desired him to unmask, and he would beg his pardon. The
+three masks were supposed to be Colonel Lennox, the
+Duke of Gordon, and Lady Charlotte. This did not lead to
+any immediate consequences, but perhaps indirectly contributed
+to what followed. The Duke never found out
+whether the masks were the people he suspected.</p>
+
+<p>The last time I was with him he told me a variety of
+particulars about the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s conduct at the
+siege of Seringapatam, of Lord Harris&rsquo;s reluctance to entrust
+the command of a storming party to him, of his not arriving
+at the place of rendezvous the first night, of Lord Harris&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF YORK&rsquo;S DISLIKE TO WELLINGTON.</span>
+anger and the difficulty with which he was brought to consent
+to his being employed the second night, when he distinguished
+himself so signally. Amongst various other
+matters, of which it was impossible to bring away a perfect
+recollection, from his confused manner of narrating, and
+particularly his inaccuracy as to dates, he told me (with
+many recommendations to secrecy) that which immediately
+explained to me the dislike which he certainly bears to the
+Duke and (which I did not know before) to Lord Londonderry.
+He said that after the retreat of our army under Sir
+J. Moore from Spain (he was not quite certain himself as to the
+exact period, though a reference to the history of that period
+will probably elucidate the matter) Lord L. sent for him, and
+communicated to him that it was the intention of Government
+to send out an expedition to Portugal, and to confer
+the command of it upon him. He replied that if called upon
+he should consider it his duty to serve, but he should never
+solicit any command. Nothing more passed at that time,
+but the newspapers by some means immediately got hold
+of this project and violently attacked the Government for
+thinking of sending him out. He does not appear to have
+known what intermediate deliberation led to a change in the
+determination of the Ministers in regard to himself. He says
+that Lord Chatham, who was much attached to him, and
+was then a Cabinet Minister, came to him one day, and told
+him he was betrayed, and that he was sacrificed to make
+way for Sir A. Wellesley; that soon after this Lord L. sent
+for him, and said that he was extremely sorry that public
+opinion was so strongly against his appointment to the
+command of the army that it was impossible for Government
+to confer it upon him. Soon after this the expedition
+was formed, and Sir A. Wellesley was appointed to the
+command. This was the Duke&rsquo;s own version of the transaction.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1823.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+Some particulars concerning the late King&rsquo;s will were told
+me by the Duke of York as we were going to Oatlands to
+shoot on Wednesday, the 8th of January, 1823. The King
+was empowered by Act of Parliament to make a will about
+the year 1766. In 1770 he made a will, by which he left
+all he had to the Queen for her life, Buckingham House to
+the Duke of Clarence, some property to the Duke of Kent,
+and to the Duke of York his second best George and some
+other trifling remembrance. He considered the Duke of
+York provided for by the Bishopric of Osnaburgh. Of this
+will three copies were made; one was deposited in the
+German <i>chancellerie</i> in England, one in Hanover, and the
+other it was believed the King kept himself. He afterwards
+resolved to cancel this will, and two of the copies of it were
+destroyed, the third still existing (I could not make out by
+what means&mdash;if he told me I have forgotten&mdash;or which copy
+it was that survived). In 1810 the King made another will,
+but for various reasons he always put off signing it, once or
+twice because he wished to make alterations in it; at
+length he appointed a day to sign it, but when the Chancellor
+brought it one of the witnesses was absent, and the
+signature was again postponed. Other days were afterwards
+fixed for this purpose, but before the signature was affixed
+the King was taken ill, and consequently the will never was
+signed. After the death of the King the only good will,
+therefore, was his original will of 1770, which was produced
+and read in the presence of the King, the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor,
+Lord Liverpool, the Duke of York, Adair, the
+King&rsquo;s solicitor (Spyer his name), and one or two others
+whom he mentioned. Buckingham House, which had been
+left to the Duke of Clarence, had been twice sold; the Queen
+and the Duke of Kent were dead; the only legatee, therefore,
+was the Duke of York. Now arose a difficulty&mdash;whether
+the property of the late King demised to the King or to
+the Crown. The Chancellor said that the only person who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">GEORGE THE THIRD&rsquo;S WILL.</span>
+had anything to say to the will was the Duke of York;
+but the Duke and the King differed with regard to the
+right of inheritance, and the Duke, wishing to avoid any
+dispute or discussion on the subject, begged to wash his
+hands of the whole matter. The King conceives that the
+whole of the late King&rsquo;s property devolves upon him personally,
+and not upon the Crown, and he has consequently
+appropriated to himself the whole of the money and jewels.
+The money did not amount to more than 120,000&#8467;. So
+touchy is he about pecuniary matters that his Ministers
+have never dared to remonstrate with him, nor to tell him
+that he has no right so to act. The consequence is that he
+has spent the money, and has taken to himself the jewels as
+his own private property. The Duke thinks that he has
+no right thus to appropriate their father&rsquo;s property, but that
+it belongs to the Crown. The King has acted in a like
+manner with regard to the Queen&rsquo;s [Charlotte&rsquo;s] jewels. She
+possessed a great quantity, some of which had been given
+her by the late King on her marriage, and the rest she had
+received in presents at different times. Those which the
+late King had given her she conceived to belong to the
+Crown, and left them back to the present King; the rest
+she left to her daughters. The King has also appropriated
+the Queen&rsquo;s [Caroline&rsquo;s] jewels to himself, and conceives
+that they are his undoubted private property. The Duke
+thinks that the Ministers ought to have taken the opportunity
+of the coronation, when a new crown was to be
+provided, to state to him the truth with regard to the jewels,
+and to suggest that they should be converted to that purpose.
+This, however, they dared not do, and so the matter
+remains. The King had even a design of selling the library
+collected by the late King, but this he was obliged to
+abandon, for the Ministers and the Royal Family must have
+interfered to oppose so scandalous a transaction. It was
+therefore presented to the British Museum.</p>
+
+<h3>January 25th, 1823</h3>
+
+<p>I came from Gorhambury with the Duke
+of Wellington last Wednesday, and he was very communicative.
+He gave me a detailed history of the late Congress,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+and told me many other things which I should be glad to
+recollect.</p>
+
+<p>After the two treaties of Paris and Vienna the Allied
+Powers agreed to meet in Congress from time to time to
+arrange together any matters of general interest which
+might arise, and to settle and discuss any differences which
+might occur between any two Powers, a rule being laid down
+that the affairs of no Power should be discussed without that
+Power being invited to the deliberation. The affairs of
+Naples were the first that attracted their attention. Austria
+complained that the ramifications of the secret political
+societies which had sprung up at Naples tended to disturb
+and revolutionise the Italian possessions, and demanded the
+consent of the Allied Powers that she should abate the
+nuisance. The cause was deemed sufficient to justify her
+interference, and the events followed which are known. The
+Congress at Verona was assembled for the purpose of taking
+into consideration the affairs of Italy, and for discussing the
+propriety of relieving Naples from the burden of that
+military force which had been maintained there for the
+purpose of extinguishing the revolutionary spirit. At this
+Congress France came forward and complained that the
+revolution which had taken place in Spain menaced her
+internal tranquillity, and demanded the advice of Congress as
+to the measures she should adopt. In this it will be observed
+that the rule of every Power being called upon to attend a
+deliberation in which its affairs were to be discussed was
+dispensed with. Austria, Russia, and Prussia immediately
+replied that if she considered the Spanish revolution to be
+dangerous to her repose, she would be justified in stifling
+that revolution by force of arms, and offered to co-operate
+with her in the attempt. England refused to give any
+answer to the demands of France, and demanded in return
+what was her case against Spain. To this no answer was
+given. The part then taken by the Duke was to deprecate
+hostilities, both publicly as Plenipotentiary of England and
+privately in the various conversations which he had with the
+Emperor of Russia, who seems to have been the strongest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE CONGRESS OF VERONA.</span>
+advocate for making war with Spain. The imprudence of
+the Spaniards has afforded some colour to the right assumed
+by their enemies of interfering with their affairs, for they
+have upon several occasions attempted to foment the troubles
+which either existed or threatened to appear both in Naples
+and Piedmont; and the Emperor of Russia told the Duke
+that he had detected the Spanish Minister at St. Petersburg
+in an attempt to corrupt his soldiers at the time of
+the mutiny of the Guards, and that he had consequently sent
+him out of the country. The Duke replied that if the
+Emperor of Russia had reasonable grounds of complaint
+against Spain, he would be fully justified in declaring war
+against her, and that he would advise him to do so if he
+could march 150,000 men into Spain; but in suffering three
+years to elapse without making any complaint he had virtually
+renounced his right to complain, and that it was
+unfair to rake up a forgotten grievance against Spain at a
+time when she was menaced by another Power upon other
+grounds. The Duke said that the Emperor of Russia once
+talked to him of the practicability of marching an army
+into Spain, and seemed to think he might do so. The
+Duke said that the French Government would never allow
+it, when he said he could send them by sea. The Duke told
+him it would take 2,000 ships. One of the arguments of the
+Emperor of Russia was this: that constituted as their Governments
+were (military Governments) it was impossible for
+them to tolerate consistently with their own security any
+revolution which originated in military insubordination.</p>
+
+<p>After the Congress the Duke returned to Paris, and
+found that not only Monsieur de Villèle was averse to war,
+but that the King, Monsieur, and the Duke and Duchess of
+Angoulême were equally disinclined to commence hostilities.
+His endeavours have been incessantly directed to confirm
+their pacific dispositions, and to induce the Spanish Government
+to display moderation in their language and conduct.
+I asked him if such were the sentiments of the ruling
+powers in France upon what the question now turned, and
+why all idea of war was not abandoned, since both parties
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+were pacifically inclined. He
+said<a name="FNA_02_17" id="FNA_02_17" href="#FN_02_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+that France had been
+led into a dilemma by a series of erroneous measures, that
+hers was a false position, that having made the demands she
+had done to the Allied Powers, having held such lofty
+language, and having made such a show of military preparation,
+her difficulty was how to retract and retrace her steps
+with honour and credit to herself; that she was a nation
+whose character depended in great measure upon her
+military renown, and that it would reflect disgrace upon her
+to have made such mighty preparations and assumed so
+peremptory a tone without performing any action commensurate
+with the expectations she had raised. He said that
+appearances certainly became more warlike, but that he still
+hoped peace would be maintained; that if war ensued it
+would be entered into contrary to the interests and inclinations
+of all the parties concerned, and that it would have
+been brought about by a succession of circumstances over
+which they had no control; that it was impossible for two
+armies to remain for a length of time so near each other
+without mutual incursions being made, insults and injuries
+exchanged, which must inevitably end in a state of warfare
+and hostility; that the recall of the French Minister from
+Madrid would contribute to this result, for both in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON ON FRENCH INTERVENTION.</span>
+Cortes and the Andalusian Junta expressions would be
+uttered offensive to the French Government, and misrepresentations
+would be made which would have the effect of
+exasperating the parties and of widening the breach; and
+that there being no agent of France at Madrid to furnish
+explanations and destroy the effect of the misrepresentations,
+there would be a constant correspondence between Madrid
+and Paris, in which vent would be given to all the angry
+feelings that ever
+existed.<a name="FNA_02_18" id="FNA_02_18" href="#FN_02_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+The Duke advised that no
+answer should be given to the notes of the three Powers, nor
+to that of the French Minister. Had the Spanish Government
+declined to take notice of the notes, they would have
+imposed upon them the difficulty of taking the next steps.
+However, he admitted that the answer to the French note
+was very moderate. There is no statesman in Spain. There
+are some eloquent men in the Cortes, particularly Torreno
+and Arguelles. Torreno is the ablest man, but he has
+injured his character by peculation. The state of Spain is
+such that the most violent and turbulent possess the greatest
+share of influence. Portugal is in a state of greater intellectual
+improvement, and amongst the Portuguese there are
+some men of ability&mdash;Palmella, and another whose name I
+have forgotten. But Spain is not only deficient in men of
+education and talent to direct her councils, but she has no
+army, and not one officer of capacity. Not one was formed
+by the late war, for such were their vanity and ignorance
+that they would learn nothing from the English.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_17" id="FN_02_17" href="#FNA_02_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+All this reasoning appears to me exceedingly false, and I do not understand
+a Government being compelled to adopt measures adverse to her
+inclinations and injurious to her interests by circumstances which she could
+not control. A wise and vigorous statesman would break through such a
+web as that in which the French politics are entangled, and I cannot comprehend
+how the honour of a nation is to be supported by an obstinate adherence
+to measures which she had been led incautiously to adopt, and which
+were afterwards found to militate with her true interests. If the councils of
+France were directed by a Minister of a vigorous and independent character&mdash;if
+such a Minister were to come forward and state frankly to Spain, and
+announce to all Europe, that he would not invade the liberty and the rights
+of Spain, and instantly put a stop to all hostile preparations, finding arguments
+for an act of magnanimity, moderation, and justice, which are never
+wanting when some deed of lawless ambition and violent aggression is to be
+perpetrated, would not such a man acquire a more solid reputation than he
+who sacrifices to some punctilio the interests of his own country and the
+happiness and repose of millions, how great soever might be the success
+with which his efforts should be crowned?&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_18" id="FN_02_18" href="#FNA_02_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+These notes were addressed by the respective Courts to their own
+Ministers at Madrid. The Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs need not
+have taken any notice of them whatever according to the forms of diplomatic
+communication.&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Upon one occasion only the Spaniards gained a victory,
+the day on which St. Sebastian was stormed. Soult attacked
+a Spanish corps commanded by General Freyre. When the
+Duke was informed of the attack he hastened to the scene of
+action and placed two British divisions in reserve, to support
+the Spaniards, but did not allow them to come into action.
+He found the Spaniards running away as fast as they could.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+He asked them where they were going. They said they
+were taking off the wounded. He immediately sent and
+ordered the gates of Irun, to which they were flying, to be
+shut against them, and sent to Freyre to desire he would
+rally his men. This was done, and they sustained the
+attack of the French; but General Freyre sent to the Duke
+to beg he would let his divisions support him, as he could
+not maintain himself much longer. The Duke said to
+Freyre&rsquo;s aide-de-camp, &lsquo;If I let a single man fire, the
+English will swear they gained the victory, and he had much
+better do it all himself; besides, look through my glass, and you
+will see the French are retreating.&rsquo; This was the case, for a
+violent storm of rain had occurred, and the French, who had
+crossed a river, finding that it began to swell, and that their
+bridges were in danger of being carried away, had begun to
+retreat. The Spaniards maintained their position, but the
+Duke said he believed they owed it to the storm more than
+to their own resolution.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke wrote to Alava some time ago (three years, I
+think) and desired him to advise the King from him, now
+that he had accepted the Constitution, to throw himself upon
+his Ministers. He has not written to Alava, nor Alava to
+him, for three years, because he knows that all letters are
+opened and read. He says the King of Spain is not clever,
+but cunning; his manners are good. He is in correspondence
+with the Allied Sovereigns, and is playing false. He has the
+means of corresponding, because, although his household is
+composed of men friendly to the revolution, there is no
+restraint upon his person, and he sees whomsoever he
+pleases. In case of war the French would obtain complete
+success. He conceives their object would be to obtain
+possession of the person of the King, to overthrow the Constitution,
+establish the King upon the throne with a Constitution
+perhaps similar to the French Charte, and to establish
+an army of occupation to maintain such an order of things
+till he should be able to form an army of his own.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke saw the King of France twice while he was in
+Paris. He was much broken, but talked of living twelve or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON&rsquo;S RECOLLECTIONS.</span>
+fourteen years. The second time he was in better health and
+spirits than the first time. Madame du Cayla sent to the Duke
+to ask him to call upon her; he went twice and she was not at
+home. At his levee the King said, &lsquo;Il y a une personne qui
+regrette beaucoup de n&rsquo;avoir pas eu le plaisir de vous voir.&rsquo;
+The courtiers told him the King meant Madame du C.
+He went the same evening and saw her. She is a fine
+woman, about forty, and agreeable. She sees the King every
+Wednesday; he writes notes and verses to her, and he has
+given her a great deal of money. He has built a house for
+her, and given her a <i>terre</i> near St. Denis which is valued at
+1,500,000 francs. The King likes M. de
+Villèle<a name="FNA_02_19" id="FNA_02_19" href="#FN_02_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+exceedingly.
+He has occasionally talked to the Duke of Bonaparte. One
+day, when they were standing together at the window which
+looks upon the garden of the Tuileries, he said, &lsquo;One day
+Bonaparte was standing here with &mdash;&mdash;, and he said, pointing
+to the Chamber of Deputies, &ldquo;Vous voyez ce bâtiment là: si
+je les démuselais, je serais détrôné.&rdquo; I said, &ldquo;The King
+has given them freedom of debate, and I think I go on very
+well with it.&rdquo; &rsquo;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_19" id="FN_02_19" href="#FNA_02_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+Villèle was a lieutenant in the navy, and afterwards went to the
+Isle of France, where he was a member of the council (or whatever the
+legislation was called). At the revolution he returned to France and
+lived with his family near Toulouse, became a member of the departmental
+body, and subsequently Mayor of Toulouse; he was afterwards elected a
+Member of the Chamber, when he distinguished himself by his talents for
+debate, and became one of the chiefs of the Ultra party. He was a member
+of the Duc de Richelieu&rsquo;s Government, which he soon quitted, and was one
+of the principal instruments in overturning it. He anticipates a long
+administration.&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Duke said he had been struck down by a musket
+shot whilst reconnoitring the enemy as they were retreating
+in the Pyrenees. The people round him thought he was
+killed, but he got up directly. Alava was wounded a few
+minutes before him, and Major Brooke nearly at the same
+time. He is of opinion that Massena was the best French
+general to whom he was ever opposed.</p>
+
+<p>He said that Bonaparte had not the patience requisite
+for defensive operations. His last campaign (before the
+capture of Paris) was very brilliant, probably the ablest of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+all his performances. The Duke is of opinion that if he had
+possessed greater patience he would have succeeded in compelling
+the Allies to retreat; but they had adopted so
+judicious a system of defence that he was foiled in the
+impetuous attacks he made upon them, and after a partial
+failure which he met with, when he attacked Blücher at
+Laon and Craon, he got tired of pursuing a course which
+afforded no great results, and leaving a strong body under
+Marmont to watch Blücher, he threw himself into the rear
+of the Grand Army. The march upon Paris entirely disconcerted
+him and finished the war. The Allies could not have
+maintained themselves much longer, and had he continued
+to keep his force concentrated, and to carry it as occasion
+required against one or other of the two armies, the Duke
+thinks he must eventually have forced them to retreat, and
+that their retreat would have been a difficult operation.
+The British army could not have reached the scene of operations
+for two months. The Allies did not dare attack
+Napoleon; if he had himself come up he should certainly have
+attacked him, for his army was the best that ever existed.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke added that he traced back the present politics
+of France to their chagrin at the dissolution of the Family
+Compact. At the general pacification the Duke, on the part
+of the English Government, insisted upon that treaty not
+being renewed, and made a journey to Madrid for the purpose
+of determining the Spanish Government. Talleyrand and
+the King of France made great efforts to induce the Duke
+to desist from his opposition to the renewal of the treaty,
+and both were exceedingly mortified at being unable to shake
+the determination of our Government on this point.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington told me that
+Knighton<a name="FNA_02_20" id="FNA_02_20" href="#FN_02_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+managed the King&rsquo;s affairs very well, that he was getting
+him out of debt very quickly, and that the Ministers were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF YORK&rsquo;S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+well satisfied with him. When he was appointed to the
+situation he now holds, he called at Apsley House to announce
+it to the Duke, and expressed his hopes that the appointment
+would not displease him. The Duke said that he
+could have no objection, but he would give him a piece of
+advice he trusted he would take in good part: this was,
+that he would confine himself to the discharge of the functions
+belonging to his own situation, and that he would not in
+any way interfere with the Government; that as long as he
+should so conduct himself he would go on very well, but that
+if ever he should meddle with the concerns of the Ministers
+he would give them such offence that they would not suffer
+him to remain in a situation which he should thus abuse.
+Knighton thanked him very much for his advice, and
+promised to conform himself to it. It seems that he told
+this to the King, for the next time the Duke saw him the
+King said he had heard the advice which he had given to
+&lsquo;a person,&rsquo; and that he might depend upon that person&rsquo;s
+following it entirely.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_20" id="FN_02_20" href="#FNA_02_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+[Sir William Knighton, who was originally the King&rsquo;s physician, had
+been appointed Keeper of the King&rsquo;s Privy Seal and Receiver of the Duchies
+of Lancaster and Cornwall; but in fact he acted as the King&rsquo;s Private
+Secretary, and it was to the duties of that delicate office that the Duke&rsquo;s
+advice applied.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>November 29th, 1823</h3>
+
+<p>In the various conversations which I
+have with the Duke of York he continually tells me a variety
+of facts more or less curious, sometimes relating to politics,
+but more frequently concerning the affairs of the Royal
+Family, that I have neglected to note down at the time, and
+I generally forget them afterwards. I must acknowledge,
+however, that they do not interest me so much as they
+would many other people. I have not much taste for Court
+gossip. Another reason, too, is the difficulty of making a
+clear narrative out of his confused communications. The
+principal anecdotes he has told me have been, as well as I
+recollect, relative to the Duchess of Gloucester&rsquo;s marriage,
+to the Duke of Cumberland&rsquo;s marriage and all the dissensions
+to which that event gave rise in the Royal Family, the
+differences between the King and Prince Leopold, and other
+trifling matters which I have forgotten. In all of these
+histories the King acted a part, in which his bad temper,
+bad judgment, falseness, and duplicity were equally conspicuous.
+I think it is not possible for any man to have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+a worse opinion of another than the Duke has of the King.
+From various instances of eccentricities I am persuaded
+that the King is subject to occasional impressions which
+produce effects like insanity; that if they continue to
+increase he will end by being decidedly mad. The last
+thing which I have heard was at Euston the other day. I
+went into the Duke&rsquo;s room, and found him writing; he got
+up and told me that he was thrown into a great dilemma by
+the conduct of the King, who had behaved extremely ill to
+him. The matter which I could collect was this:&mdash;Upon the
+disturbances breaking out in the West Indies it became
+necessary to send off some troops as quickly as possible. In
+order to make the necessary arrangements without delay,
+the Duke made various dispositions, a part of which consisted
+in the removal of the regiment on guard at Windsor
+and the substitution of another in its place. Orders were
+expedited to carry this arrangement into effect, and at the
+same time he communicated to the King what he had done
+and desired his sanction to the arrangement. The Duke&rsquo;s
+orders were already in operation, when he received a letter
+from the King to say that he liked the regiment which
+was at Windsor, and that it should not move; and in consequence
+of this fancy the whole business was at a standstill.
+Thus he thought proper to trifle with the interests of
+the country to gratify his own childish caprice. He gave,
+too, great offence to the Duke, in hindering his dispositions
+from being carried into effect, at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke told me another thing which he thought was indirectly
+connected with the first. It seems one of the people
+about the Court had ordered some furniture to be removed
+from Cumberland Lodge to Windsor (something for the Chapel).
+Stephenson, as head of the Board of Works, on being informed
+this was done, wrote to the man to know by what orders
+he had done it. The man showed the letter to the King, who
+was exceedingly incensed, and wrote to Lord Liverpool to say
+that Stephenson&rsquo;s letter was insulting to him, and desired he
+might be turned out. After some correspondence on the
+subject Lord Liverpool persuaded the King to reinstate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD TITCHFIELD.</span>
+him; but he was obliged to make all sorts of apologies and
+excuses for having done what it was his duty to do.
+Stephenson is a friend and servant of the Duke&rsquo;s, and in his
+ill-humour he tried to revenge himself upon the Duke as
+well as on Stephenson, and he thwarted the Duke in his
+military arrangements. What made his conduct the less
+excusable was that it was important that these things should
+be done quickly, and as the Duke was out of town a correspondence
+became necessary, by which great delay would be
+caused.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1824.</h2>
+
+<h3>March 6th, 1824</h3>
+
+<p>Poor Titchfield<a name="FNA_02_21" id="FNA_02_21" href="#FN_02_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+died last night at eight
+o&rsquo;clock, having lingered for some days in a state which
+gave to his family alternate hopes and fears. He was
+better till yesterday afternoon, when he was removed into
+another room; soon after this he grew weaker, and at eight
+o&rsquo;clock he expired. He is a great loss to his family, of
+which he was by much the cleverest member, and he was
+well calculated to fill the situation in which fortune had
+placed him. His talents were certainly of a superior description,
+but their efficacy was counteracted by the eccentricity
+of his habits, the indolence of his mind, and his
+vacillating and uncertain disposition. He was, however,
+occasionally capable of intense application, and competent
+to make himself master of any subject he thought fit to
+grapple with; his mind was reflecting, combining, and
+argumentative, but he had no imagination, and to passion,
+&lsquo;the sanguine credulity of youth, and the fervent glow of
+enthusiasm&rsquo; he was an entire stranger. He never had any
+taste for society, and attached himself early to politics. He
+started in life with an enthusiastic admiration for Mr.
+Canning, but after two or three years, being thrown into the
+society of many of his political opponents, he began to
+entertain opinions very different from those of Mr. Canning.
+He never, however, enlisted under any political banner, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+his great object seemed to be to prove to the world that he
+belonged to no party. After Mr. Canning came into office
+he took the earliest opportunity of informing his constituents
+that he was unfettered by any political connection with him.
+Titchfield was never at a public school, but was educated at
+home. Such an education&mdash;the most injudicious which can
+be given to a young man destined to fill a great situation&mdash;was
+not without its effect upon his mind. The superior
+indulgences and the early habits of authority and power
+in which he was brought up, without receiving correction
+from any of those levelling circumstances which are incidental
+to public schools, threw a shade of selfishness and reserve
+over his character, which time, the commerce of the world,
+and a naturally kind disposition had latterly done much to
+correct. The subject to which he had principally devoted
+his attention was political economy, and in the discussions
+in the House of Commons upon currency he had particularly
+distinguished himself. Whatever he attempted he had done
+so well that great expectations were entertained of his future
+success, and the indications he had given of talent will
+ensure to his memory a lasting reputation. He has died at
+a moment the most fortunate, perhaps, for his fame as a
+public man; but his loss to his family is very great, and by
+them will be long felt and deeply lamented.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_02_21" id="FN_02_21" href="#FNA_02_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+[William Henry, Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth Duke
+of Portland.]</p></div>
+
+<p>[An interval of two years occurs in the Journal, during
+which Mr. Greville wrote nothing.]</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+The Panic of 1825 &mdash; Death of Emperor Alexander &mdash; The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+Embassy to St. Petersburg &mdash; Robinson Chancellor of the Exchequer &mdash;
+Small Notes Bill &mdash; Death of Arthur de Ros &mdash; George III. and Lord Bute
+&mdash; Illness and Death of the Duke of York &mdash; His Funeral &mdash; Lord Liverpool
+struck with Paralysis &mdash; Rundell&rsquo;s Fortune and Will &mdash; Copley and
+Philpots &mdash; The Cottage &mdash; Formation of Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Administration &mdash;
+Secession of the Tories &mdash; The Whigs join him &mdash; Dinner at the Royal
+Lodge &mdash; Difficulties of Canning&rsquo;s Government &mdash; Duke of Wellington
+visits the King &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Death &mdash; Anecdotes of Mr. Canning &mdash; Recognition
+of South American States &mdash; His Industry &mdash; The Duke of Wellington
+on Canning &mdash; Lord Goderich&rsquo;s Administration formed &mdash; The Difficulty
+about Herries &mdash; Position of the Whigs &mdash; The King&rsquo;s letter to Herries &mdash;
+Peel and George IV. &mdash; Interview of Lord Lansdowne with the King &mdash;
+Weakness of the Government &mdash; First Resignation of Lord Goderich &mdash;
+Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership &mdash; Lord Goderich returns &mdash;
+Brougham and Rogers &mdash; Conversation and Character of Brougham &mdash; Lord
+Goderich&rsquo;s Ministry dissolved &mdash; Cause of its Dissolution &mdash; Hostility of
+Herries &mdash; Position of Huskisson and his Friends &mdash; Herries and Huskisson
+both join the New Cabinet.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1826.</h2>
+
+<h3>February 12th, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>The last three months have been remarkable
+for the panic in the money market, which lasted
+for a week or ten days&mdash;that is, was at its height for that
+time. The causes of it had been brewing for some months
+before, and he must be a sanguine and sagacious politician
+who shall predict the termination of its effects. There is
+now no panic, but the greatest alarm, and every prospect of
+great distress, and long continuation of it. The state of the
+City, and the terror of all the bankers and merchants, as
+well as of all owners of property, is not to be conceived but
+by those who witnessed it. This critical period drew forth
+many examples of great and confiding liberality, as well as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+some of a very opposite character. Men of great wealth and
+parsimonious habits came and placed their whole fortunes at
+the disposal of their bankers in order to support their credit.
+For many days the evil continued to augment so rapidly,
+and the demands upon the Bank were so great and increasing;
+that a Bank restriction was expected by everyone. So
+determined, however, were Ministers against this measure,
+that rather than yield to it they suffered the Bank to run
+the greatest risk of stopping; for on the evening of the day
+on which the alarm was at its worst there were only 8,000
+sovereigns left in the
+till.<a name="FNA_03_01" id="FNA_03_01" href="#FN_03_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+The next day gold was poured
+in, and from that time things got better.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_01" id="FN_03_01" href="#FNA_03_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[Mr. Baring (Lord Ashburton) stated in his pamphlet on this crisis,
+&lsquo;The gold of the Bank was drained to within a very few thousand pounds,
+for although the public returns showed a result rather less scandalous, a
+certain Saturday night closed with nothing worth mentioning. It was then
+that the Bank applied to Lord Liverpool for an Order in Council to suspend
+cash payment. A conference took place between Lord Liverpool, Mr. Huskisson,
+the governor of the Bank, and Mr. Baring. The suspension of cash
+payments was happily averted, chiefly as it was said by the accidental
+discovery of a box of one-pound Bank of England notes, to the amount of a
+million and a half, which had never been issued, and which the public were
+content to receive.&rsquo; Mr. Tooke, however, states in his &lsquo;History of Prices&rsquo;
+(Continuation, vol. iv. p. 342) that the lowest amount of the banking
+treasure was on the 24th of December, 1825: Coin, 426,000&#8467;.; bullion,
+601,000&#8467;.: in all, 1,027,000&#8467;. The passage in the text refers of course to the
+banking department only.]</p></div>
+
+<p>In the midst of all this the Emperor Alexander died,
+and after a short period of doubt concerning his successor
+it was found that Nicholas was to mount the throne. The
+first act of the Russian Government was to communicate to
+ours their resolution no longer to delay a recognition of the
+independence of Greece, and their determination to support
+that measure if necessary by force of arms. They invited us
+to co-operate in this object, but intimated that if we were
+not disposed to join them they should undertake it alone.
+The Duke of Wellington is gone to Russia, ostensibly to
+compliment the new Emperor, but really to concert measures
+with the Russian Ministry for carrying this measure into
+effect; and it is remarkable that the Duke, upon taking
+leave of his friends and family to set out on this journey,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES.</span>
+was deeply affected, as if he had some presentiment that he
+should never return. Alava told me that he had frequently
+taken leave of him, when both expected that they should
+never meet again, yet neither upon that occasion nor upon
+any other in the course of the seventeen years that he has
+known him did he ever see him so moved. Lady Burghersh
+said that when he took leave of her the tears ran down his
+cheeks; he was also deeply affected when he parted from
+his mother.</p>
+
+<p>In the discussion which took place on Friday night in
+the House of Commons, when the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer<a name="FNA_03_02" id="FNA_03_02" href="#FN_03_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+opened his financial plan, he is deemed to have
+made a very bad speech, and Huskisson a very good one.
+Robinson is probably unequal to the present difficult conjuncture;
+a fair and candid man, and an excellent Minister
+in days of calm and sunshine, but not endowed with either
+capacity or experience for these stormy times, besides being
+disqualified for vigorous measures by the remissness and
+timidity of his character. However, though it is the
+peculiar province of the Finance Minister to find a remedy
+for these disorders, he may well be excused for not doing
+that which the united wisdom of the country seems unequal
+to accomplish. All men agree as to the existence of the
+evil, and all differ as to the causes of it and the measures
+which will effect its removal; not one man seems to see his
+way clearly through the difficulty; however, &lsquo;time and the
+hour runs through the roughest day,&rsquo; and probably the
+country will what is called right itself, and then great credit
+will be given to somebody or other who deserves none.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_02" id="FN_03_02" href="#FNA_03_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. Frederick John Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer
+from January 1823 to April 1827; afterwards Viscount Goderich and Earl
+of Ripon.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 20th, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>The Small Notes Bill,<a name="FNA_03_03" id="FNA_03_03" href="#FN_03_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+as it is called,
+lowered the funds and increased the alarm among the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+monied men. Numerous were the complaints of the inefficacy
+of the measure for present relief, numerous the
+predictions of the ultimate impossibility of carrying it into
+effect. In the City, however, on Thursday afternoon things
+began to improve; there was more confidence and cheerfulness.
+On Friday evening the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+comes down to the House and surprises everyone
+by abandoning one part of his plan, and authorising the
+Bank to issue one pound notes till October. The immediate
+cause of this alteration was a communication which Hudson
+Gurney made to the Chancellor, that if he persisted in his
+Bill he should send up 500,000&#8467;. which he had in Bank of
+England notes and change them for sovereigns, and that all
+country bankers would follow his example. From this he
+found that it would be impossible to persist in his original
+plan. The great evil now is a want of circulating medium,
+and as the immediate effect of the measure would be another
+run upon the Bank, and that probably all the gold drawn
+from it would disappear&mdash;for men now are anxious to hoard
+gold&mdash;this evil would be increased tenfold. The whole
+country is in distress from the absence of circulating medium
+for the common purposes of life; no country banker
+will issue notes, for they are instantly returned upon his
+hands and exchanged for gold. The circulation of country
+notes being generally confined within a very limited extent,
+the holders of them can easily present them for payment.
+The circulation of a quantity of Bank of England paper will
+relieve the immediate distress arising from this necessity,
+and the difficulty of exchanging them for gold will ensure
+the continuance of their circulation. When men find that
+they must take notes, and that gold is not to be had without
+so much pain and trouble, they will be contented to take
+the notes to which they have been accustomed, and will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. ROBINSON&rsquo;S SMALL NOTES BILL.</span>
+think the paper of their own bankers as good as that of the
+Bank of England, besides the advantage of being less exposed
+to the losses arising from forgery. This is the argument
+of the opponents of Robinson&rsquo;s Bill. It is generally
+thought that the Ministers have disgraced themselves by
+their precipitation and by the crudeness of their measures.
+Hitherto they have done nothing towards removing the
+present distress, or satisfying the minds of men, but the
+contrary. Robinson is obviously unequal to the present
+crisis. His mind is not sufficiently enlarged, nor does he
+seem to have any distinct ideas upon the subject; he is
+fighting in the dark.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_03" id="FN_03_03" href="#FNA_03_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[On the 10th of February the Chancellor of the Exchequer moved in
+Committee &lsquo;That all promissory notes payable on demand issued by licensed
+Bankers in England or by the Bank of England for less than 5&#8467;. shall not
+be issued or circulated beyond the 5th of April next.&rsquo; Mr. Huskisson made
+an able speech in support of the proposal, showing that the inflation produced
+by the small note paper currency had greatly contributed to cause
+and aggravate the panic (&lsquo;Huskisson&rsquo;s Speeches,&rsquo; vol. ii. p. 444). Mr.
+Baring, afterwards Lord Ashburton, opposed the restriction of small notes,
+but with small success. The period allowed for the contraction of their
+circulation was, however, extended to the 10th of October.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Everybody knows that Huskisson is the real author of
+the finance measure of Government, and there can be no
+greater anomaly than that of a Chancellor of the Exchequer
+who is obliged to propose and defend measures of which
+another Minister is the real though not the apparent author.
+The funds rose nearly two per cent, upon this alteration in
+the Bill before the House, on account of the prospect of an
+abundance of money. Still it is thought that nothing will
+be sufficient to relieve the present distress but an issue of
+Exchequer bills. So great and absorbing is the interest
+which the present discussions excite that all men are
+become political economists and financiers, and everybody is
+obliged to have an opinion.</p>
+
+<h3>February 24th, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>I have been since yesterday the spectator
+of a melancholy scene and engaged in a sad office. Arthur
+de Ros,<a name="FNA_03_04" id="FNA_03_04" href="#FN_03_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+who was taken ill a fortnight ago, became worse
+on Monday night. After this time he was scarcely ever
+sensible, and yesterday, at a quarter-past two, he expired.
+After they had given up all hopes they were induced again
+to suffer them to revive from the disappearance of the most
+unfavourable symptoms; but this was only the weakness
+which preceded dissolution, and a few moments after his
+brother Henry had told me that he did not despair he came
+and said that all was over, and a little while after Rose
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+announced that he had ceased to breathe. He died tranquilly,
+and did not suffer at all. I never saw such a distress. His
+father, mother, sisters, William, and his wife went immediately
+to Boyle Farm. Henry would have followed them, but
+I persuaded him to go home. He went first to Mrs. &mdash;&mdash;,
+to whom Arthur had been attached for ten years, and after
+a painful interview with her he came to his own house; he
+has since been too ill to move. I have never seen grief so
+strong and concentrated as his; it has exhausted his body
+and overwhelmed his mind, and though I knew him to have
+been much attached to his brother, I did not believe him
+capable of feelings so acute as those which he has evinced.
+William is much more calm and resigned, a strange, unaccountable
+thing considering the characters of the two men&mdash;the
+one so indifferent, and with feelings so apparently
+deadened to the affections of this world, and the other with
+a sensibility so morbid, and such acute susceptibility and
+strong feelings, that the least thing affects him more deeply
+than very serious concerns do other men.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_04" id="FN_03_04" href="#FNA_03_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[Colonel the Hon. Arthur John Hill de Ros, born 1793, died February
+1826. He was aide-de-camp to his Royal Highness the Duke of York.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur was an excellent creature, and will be regretted
+by the Duke and deeply lamented by all who knew him
+intimately. His talents were not brilliant, but he had good
+sound sense, and was besides modest, diligent, honest, and
+trustworthy in a high degree. There breathed not a more
+honourable man, and as his ambition did not extend beyond
+the sphere in which fortune had placed him and he was
+contented with his destiny, but for this illness his career
+might have been long and prosperous. I went last night
+to sleep at the house, that it might not appear to have been
+entirely abandoned to the care of servants. The only wish
+he expressed was that Francis Russell should succeed him,
+which I have no doubt he will do.</p>
+
+<h3>February 25th, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>Received a letter from the Duke of
+York (to whom I had written to announce poor Arthur&rsquo;s
+death) expressive of the greatest regret for his loss.</p>
+
+<h3>March 2nd, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>I am just come from poor Arthur&rsquo;s funeral.
+There were present William de Ros, the two Hills, Craufurd,
+Torrens, Taylor, Francis Russell, Campbell, and B. Paget.
+The Duke appointed Francis his aide-de-camp directly.</p>
+
+<h3>July 2nd, 1826</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span>
+Four months since I have written anything.
+The Duke of York has been dangerously ill, and it is still
+doubtful whether he will recover. I was with him at Frogmore
+before Ascot; we went with the King to see Windsor
+Castle. His Majesty has since been very much annoyed
+about the Duke, cried a great deal when he heard how bad
+he was, and has been twice to see him.</p>
+
+<p>The elections have been particularly violent and the
+contests very numerous. A batch of Peers has been made;
+everybody cries out against Charles Ellis&rsquo;s
+peerage<a name="FNA_03_05" id="FNA_03_05" href="#FN_03_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+(Lord
+Seaford); he has no property, and is of no family, and his
+son is already a Peer. The King, when these other Peers
+were created, asked Canning to name somebody. He said
+he had nobody about whom he was interested but Charles
+Ellis, and the King consenting to his elevation, it was all
+arranged without his knowledge. However, it is thought
+very ridiculous, and that he would have done much better to
+have declined it. Clanricarde, too, being made a Marquis
+and an English Peer is thought an indirect exertion of
+Canning&rsquo;s influence.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_05" id="FN_03_05" href="#FNA_03_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Charles Rose Ellis, created Baron Seaford in 1826. Lord Seaford was
+the father of Charles Augustus Ellis, who succeeded to the title of Lord
+Howard de Walden through his mother, Elizabeth Catherine Caroline Hervey,
+granddaughter of the fourth Earl of Bristol, who was the last Baron
+Howard de Walden, as heir general of Thomas, first Baron. The son of
+Lord Seaford had married a daughter of the fifth Duke of Portland, and was
+consequently a connection of Mr. Canning.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>London, December 14th, 1826</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of York very ill; has
+been at the point of death several times from his legs
+mortifying. Canning&rsquo;s speech the night before last was most
+brilliant; much more cheered by the Opposition than by
+his own friends. He is thought to have been imprudent, and
+he gave offence to his colleagues by the concluding sentence
+of his reply, when he said, &lsquo;<i>I</i> called into existence the new
+world to redress the balance of the old.&rsquo; The <i>I</i> was not
+relished. Brougham&rsquo;s compliment to Canning was magnificent,
+and he was loudly cheered by Peel; altogether it was
+a fine display.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday the Duke [of York] told me that the late King
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+[George III.] was walking with him one day at Kew, and
+his Majesty said, &lsquo;The world tells many lies, and here is one
+instance. I am said to have held frequent communication with
+Lord Bute, and the last time I ever saw or spoke to him was
+in that pavilion in the year 1764.&rsquo; The King went over to
+breakfast with his mother, the Princess Dowager, and she
+took him aside and said, &lsquo;There is somebody here who
+wishes very much to speak to you.&rsquo; &lsquo;Who is it?&rsquo; &lsquo;Lord
+Bute.&rsquo; &lsquo;Good God, mamma! how could you bring him here?
+It is impossible for me to hold any communication with
+Lord Bute in this manner.&rsquo; However, he did see him,
+when Lord Bute made a violent attack upon him for having
+abandoned and neglected him. The King replied that he
+could not, in justice to his Ministers, hold any communication
+with him unknown to them, when Lord Bute said that
+he would never see the King again. The King became angry
+in his turn, and said, &lsquo;Then, my Lord, be it so, and remember
+from henceforth we never meet again.&rsquo; And from that day
+he never beheld Lord Bute or had any communication with
+him.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1827.</h2>
+
+<h3>Friday night, January 5th, 1827, half-past one</h3>
+
+<p>I am just come
+from taking my last look at the poor
+Duke.<a name="FNA_03_06" id="FNA_03_06" href="#FN_03_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+He expired at
+twenty minutes after nine. Since eleven o&rsquo;clock last night
+the physicians never left his room. He never moved, and
+they repeatedly thought that life was extinct, but it was not
+till that hour that they found it was all over. The Duke of
+Sussex and Stephenson were in the next room; Taylor,
+Torrens and Dighton, Armstrong and I were upstairs.
+Armstrong and I had been there about half an hour when
+they came and whispered something to Dighton and called
+out Taylor. Dighton told Torrens and they went out; immediately
+after Taylor came up, and told us it was all over
+and begged we would go downstairs. We went directly
+into the room. The Duke was sitting exactly as at the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span>
+moment he died, in his great arm-chair, dressed in his grey
+dressing-gown, his head inclined against the side of the chair,
+his hands lying before him, and looking as if he were in a
+deep and quiet sleep. Not a vestige of pain was perceptible
+on his countenance, which, except being thinner, was exactly
+such as I have seen it a hundred times during his life. In fact,
+he had not suffered at all, and had expired with all the ease
+and tranquillity which the serenity of his countenance betokened.
+Nothing about or around him had the semblance
+of death; it was all like quiet repose, and it was not without
+a melancholy satisfaction we saw such evident signs of the
+tranquillity of his last moments.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_06" id="FN_03_06" href="#FNA_03_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[His Royal Highness the Duke of York, second son of King George
+III., died on the 5th of January, 1827.]</p></div>
+
+<p>In about a quarter of an hour Taylor and Halford set off
+to Windsor to inform the King; the Duke of Sussex went
+to the Princess Sophia; letters were written to all the Cabinet
+Ministers, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop
+of London, and the Speaker of the House of Commons.
+Orders were given that the great bell of St. Paul&rsquo;s should
+toll. The servants were then admitted to see the Duke as
+he lay.
+Worley<a name="FNA_03_07" id="FNA_03_07" href="#FN_03_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+was very much affected at the sight, and
+one woman, the wife of Kendal, cried bitterly, and I saw her
+stoop down and kiss his hand. The room was then cleared
+and surrendered to the Lord Chamberlain&rsquo;s people. Thus
+did I take my last leave of the poor Duke. I have been the
+minister and associate of his pleasures and amusements for
+some years, I have lived in his intimacy and experienced
+his kindness, and am glad that I was present at this last sad
+occasion to pay my poor tribute of respect and attachment
+to his remains.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_07" id="FN_03_07" href="#FNA_03_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[Worley was the Duke&rsquo;s stud-groom.]</p></div>
+
+<p>After the October meetings of 1825 the Duke came to
+town, not in good health. At the end of November the
+Duchess of Rutland died, which was a great blow to him,
+and probably made him worse. A short time after her
+funeral he went to Belvoir, when the Duke of Rutland took
+him down into the vault, where he stayed an hour and
+returned excessively chilled. From that moment he grew
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+worse till the time of the Ascot races. We went to Frogmore
+two days before the party began, and for those two
+days he led a quiet life. When the party was assembled he
+lived as he had been used to do, going to the races, sitting at
+table, and playing for hours at whist. He slept wretchedly
+and seldom went to bed, but passed the greater part of the
+night walking about the room or dozing in his chair. I
+used to go into his room, which was next to mine, the
+moment I was out of bed, and generally found him in his
+dressing gown, looking harassed and ill. He showed me his
+legs, which were always swelled. Still he went on till the
+last day of the party, and when we got to town he was so
+ill that M&lsquo;Gregor, who came to him that night, thought
+him in danger. From that moment the illness was established
+which has ended in his death. They began by
+putting him through several courses of mercury, and they
+sent him to the Greenwoods&rsquo; villa at Brompton. Here he
+continued to receive everybody who called on him, and went
+out in his carriage every day. They always said that he was
+getting better. In August he went to Brighton, and soon
+after his arrival his legs mortified. It was then that Taylor
+went down to him and told him that he was in great and
+immediate danger. He received the information with perfect
+composure. The gangrene, however, was stopped, and he
+came to town to the Duke of Rutland&rsquo;s house. The dropsy
+continued to make rapid progress, and some time in September
+he was tapped; twenty-two pints of water were drawn.
+from him. This operation was kept secret, for the Duke
+did not like that his situation should be known. He recovered
+from the operation and regained his strength; no
+more water formed in his body, but there was still water in
+his system, and a constant discharge from his legs, which
+occasioned him great pain and made wounds which were
+always open and extending. These wounds again produced
+gangrene, but they always contrived to stop its progress,
+and put the legs in a healing condition. As often, however,
+as the legs began to heal the water began to rise, and the
+medicines that were given to expel the water drove it again
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span>
+to the legs, through which it made its way, making fresh
+sores and entailing fresh mortification. In this way he
+went on, the strength of his constitution still supporting
+him, till towards the end of December, when the constitution
+could resist no longer; his appetite totally failed, and
+with loss of appetite came entire prostration of strength,
+and in short a complete break-up. From that moment it
+was obvious that his recovery was impossible, but he continued
+to struggle till the 5th of January, although he had
+tasted no solid food whatever for above a fortnight. At all
+the different periods at which his state was critical it was
+always made known to him, and he received the intimation
+with invariable firmness and composure. He said that he
+enjoyed life but was not afraid to die. But though perfectly
+acquainted with his own danger he never could bear that
+other people should be informed of it, and so far from
+acknowledging it, he always told his friends that he was
+better, and his language was invariably that of a man who
+did not doubt of his recovery. He was particularly anxious
+that nobody should know he had been tapped, and it was
+not till many weeks after that operation that he talked of it
+one day to me. Up to the last moment that I saw him (the
+day week before he died) he told me he was better, and he
+desired me to tell Montrond, who had called upon him, that
+he would see him as soon as he was well enough. He held
+the same language to everybody until the day previous to
+his death, when he sent for Taylor and Stephenson into his
+room. He could then hardly speak, but he took hold of
+Stephenson&rsquo;s hand, and looking at Taylor, said, &lsquo;I am now
+dying.&rsquo; He tried to articulate something else, but he was
+unintelligible. About a fortnight before his death, soon
+after his appetite began to fail, Taylor had to announce to
+him his danger. He received the intelligence with the
+same coolness he had before shown, but it was not without
+difficulty that he admitted the conviction. A few days after
+he received the Sacrament, which was administered by the
+Bishop of London, in the presence of Sir H. Halford, Taylor,
+and the Princess Sophia. He was then very weak, but calm
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+and collected during the ceremony. When it was over he
+shook hands with the men and kissed the Princess. The King
+saw him the next day, but he was in a lethargic state nearly
+the whole time that he was there. For many days before
+his death the physicians thought that every day must close
+the scene, but such was the natural strength of his constitution
+that he evinced a tenacity of life and maintained a
+struggle which astonished them all, and of which they
+unanimously declared that their practice had never furnished
+them with a similar instance. It seems that three years
+ago, when he was very unwell, M&lsquo;Gregor told him that
+unless he was more prudent he would certainly be afflicted
+with dropsy. He had been subject to spasms, and in consequence
+of them was averse to lie down in bed, and to this
+pernicious habit and that of sitting for many hours together
+at table, or at cards, they attribute the origin, of the complaint
+which has terminated so fatally. Had he been a
+more docile patient, from the amazing vigour of his constitution
+he might have looked forward to a very long life.
+His sufferings in the course of his illness have been very
+great, and almost without cessation. Nothing could exceed
+the patience and courage with which he endured them; his
+serenity and good humour were never disturbed, and he
+never uttered a word or complaint, except occasionally at
+the length of his confinement. He not only saw all the
+visitors who chose to call upon him, even those with whom
+he was not in habits of intimacy, but he transacted the
+whole of his public business every day, and every paper was
+laid before him and every detail gone through as if he had
+been in perfect health. This he continued to within a few days
+of his death, till his strength was so entirely exhausted that
+he lay in a state of almost complete insensibility. It is remarkable
+that from the beginning to the end of his illness
+I never saw him that he did not tell me that he was a great
+deal better, and he never wrote to me without assuring me
+that he was going on as well as possible.</p>
+
+<h3>February 12th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of York was no sooner dead
+than the public press began to attack him, and while those
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF YORK.</span>
+private virtues were not denied him for which he had
+always been conspicuous, they enlarged in a strain of severe
+invective against his careless and expensive habits, his
+addiction to gambling; and above all they raked up the old
+story of Mrs. Clark and the investigation of 1809, and published
+many of his letters and all the disgusting details of
+that unfortunate affair, and that in a manner calculated to
+throw discredit on his character. The newspapers, however,
+soon found they had made a mistake, that this course was
+not congenial to public feeling, and from that moment their
+columns have been filled with panegyrics upon his public
+services and his private virtues. The King ordered that the
+funeral should be public and magnificent; all the details of
+the ceremonial were arranged by himself. He showed great
+feeling about his brother and exceeding kindness in providing
+for his servants, whom the Duke was himself unable
+to provide for. He gave 6,000&#8467;. to pay immediate expenses
+and took many of the old servants into his own service.
+There appeared a few days after the Duke&rsquo;s death an
+infamous forgery, purporting to be a letter or declaration
+written by him a short time before his death (principally
+upon the subject of the Catholic question), which, however, was
+disavowed by Taylor, but not till after many thousand copies
+had been sold. I dare say many people believe still that he
+was the author of this pamphlet. All his effects either have
+been or will be sold by auction. The funeral took place a
+fortnight after his death. Nothing could be managed
+worse than it was, and except the appearance of the soldiers
+in the chapel, which was extremely fine, the spectacle was
+by no means imposing; the cold was intense, and it is only
+marvellous that more persons did not suffer from it. As it
+is the Bishop of Lincoln has died of the effects of it;
+Canning has been dangerously ill, and is still very unwell;
+and the Dukes of Wellington and Montrose were both very
+seriously unwell for some days after. The King was very
+angry when he heard how miserably the ceremony had been
+performed. I have been this evening to hear Peel move the
+address of condolence to the King, which Canning would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+have done if he had been here; and it is a pity he was not,
+for Peel did it very ill: it was poor and jejune, and
+undistinguished by eloquence or the appearance of deep
+feeling. I was greatly disappointed, for I expected to hear
+a worthier tribute to his merits. Canning was very anxious
+to have been here to have performed this duty himself.
+The letters which he wrote to the Royal Family abroad announcing
+the event of his death were admirable and gave
+great satisfaction to the King.</p>
+
+<h3>February 21st, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Three days ago Lord Liverpool was
+seized with an apoplectic or paralytic attack. The moment
+it was known every sort of speculation was afloat as to the
+probable changes this event would make in the Ministry.
+It was remarked how little anybody appeared to care about
+the <i>man</i>; whether this indifference reflects most upon the
+world or upon him, I do not pretend to say. A report
+was generally circulated that the Duke of Cumberland was
+dead, which was believed, but turns out to be untrue.</p>
+
+<p>Old Rundell (of the house of Rundell and Bridge, the
+great silversmiths and jewellers) died last week, and appointed
+Robarts one of his executors. Robarts called on me
+this morning, and told me he had been yesterday to Doctors&rsquo;
+Commons to prove the will. Rundell was eighty years old,
+and died worth between 1,400,000&#8467;. and 1,500,000&#8467;., the
+greater part of which is vested in the funds. He has left
+the bulk of his property to his great-nephew, a man of the
+name of Neal, who is residuary legatee and will inherit
+900,000&#8467;.&mdash;this Mr. Neal had taken care of him for the last
+fourteen years&mdash;to a woman who had lived with him many
+years, and in whose house he died, and to two natural sons
+by her he only left 5,000&#8467;. apiece. The old man began the
+world without a guinea, became in the course of time partner
+in that house during its most flourishing period, and by
+steady gains and continual parsimony amassed this enormous
+wealth. He never spent anything and lived wretchedly.
+During the panic he came to Robarts, who was his banker,
+and offered to place at his disposal any sum he might require.
+When the executors went to prove the will, they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE IV.</span>
+were told at Doctors&rsquo; Commons that it was the largest sum
+that ever had been registered there.</p>
+
+<h3>March 13th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Since the debate on the Catholic question
+there has been a great expectation that Canning would
+resign. Many of his friends think he made an imprudent
+speech that night, and if he had not lashed the Master of
+the Rolls so severely that he would have got more
+votes.<a name="FNA_03_08" id="FNA_03_08" href="#FN_03_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+The truth is he was mightily nettled by Dr. Philpots&rsquo;
+pamphlet and at Copley making a speech taken entirely
+from it. The Master protested that he had no idea of
+offending Canning, and until he got up had no notion that
+Canning had taken offence at his speech. The question was
+lost by accident; several pro-Catholics were suddenly taken
+ill or arrived too late for the division, and the election
+petitions went all against them.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_08" id="FN_03_08" href="#FNA_03_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[Sir John Copley was then Master of the Rolls, but this occurrence
+did not prevent Canning from making him Lord Chancellor on the 2nd of
+May following, when he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron
+Lyndhurst.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 16th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>On Wednesday at the Council at St.
+James&rsquo;s the King desired I would go down to Windsor,
+that he might speak to me. I went down on Thursday to
+the Cottage, and, after waiting two hours and a half, was
+ushered into his bedroom. I found him sitting at a round
+table near his bed, in a <i>douillette</i>, and in pretty good health
+and spirits. He talked about his horses and told some old
+stories, lamented the death of the Duke of York, which he
+said was a loss to him such as no one could conceive, and
+that he felt it every instant. He kept me about an hour, was
+very civil, and then dismissed me.</p>
+
+<p>Canning made an apology to the Master of the Rolls for
+his severity in the debate on the Catholic question.</p>
+
+<h3>March 25th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>When the King heard of Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s
+illness he was in great agitation. He sent for Peel in the
+night, and told him he must see the Duke of Wellington.
+Peel endeavoured to dissuade him, but in vain. The Duke
+was sent for, but he refused to go. He sent the King word
+that he had nothing to say to him, and that it would not be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
+fair to his colleagues that he should see the King at such a
+moment. Consequently he saw none of his Ministers till he
+saw Canning, who was taken to the Pavilion in a chair one
+day. There have been a variety of reports about Lord
+Liverpool&rsquo;s successor and a new Administration, as always
+happens on such occasions.</p>
+
+<p>The King is in very good health and excellent spirits.
+He had a large party at the Lodge last week, and Canning,
+the Granvilles, Carlisles, Lievens, are going there next week.
+Mount Charles told me yesterday that next week he thinks
+something must be decided, and he told me what I did not
+know, that the King&rsquo;s opinions on the Catholic question are
+just the same as those of the Duke of York, and equally
+strong. This is the great difficulty which Canning has to
+get over with him. He does not much like Canning, though
+C. does everything he can to gratify and please him. Mount
+Charles told me that his mother (Lady Conyngham) has
+strong opinions in favour of the Catholics, but that she never
+talks to the King on the subject, nor indeed upon politics
+at all.</p>
+
+<h3>April 13th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>The King came to town a week ago. From
+the moment of his arrival every hour produced a fresh report
+about the Administration; every day the new appointment
+was expected to be declared, and the Ministers Peel, Lord
+Bathurst, Duke of Wellington, and Canning were successively
+designated as the persons chosen to form a Government.
+He had no sooner arrived than he saw his Ministers
+<i>seriatim</i>, but nothing could induce him to come to any
+determination. He wavered and doubted, and to his confidants,
+with whom he could bluster and talk big, he expressed
+in no measured terms his detestation of Liberal
+principles, and especially of Catholic Emancipation. He
+begged his Ministers to stand by him, and day after day
+elapsed and nothing was settled. In the meantime London
+was alive with reports; and the <i>on dit</i> of the day, repeated
+with every variety of circumstance and with the usual
+positiveness of entire ignorance, would fill a volume. Time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING&rsquo;S ADMINISTRATION.</span>
+crept on, and Parliament was to adjourn on the 13th (this
+day). On the 9th Canning went to the King, and, after a
+long audience, he came away without anything being settled.
+On the 10th he went again, and told his Majesty that longer
+delay was impossible, and that he must come to some
+determination. On the evening of the 10th we received a
+note from Lord Bathurst, saying that the King had desired
+Canning to form an Administration on the principles of that
+of which Lord Liverpool had been at the head. This was
+not generally known that evening. Last night it was said
+that the Duke of Wellington would not remain in the new
+Cabinet, and we heard that Peel had resigned. To-day everything
+will probably be known. Canning and his friends say
+that the King has behaved admirably in this business, and
+they affect to consider his appointment unconditional and
+unfettered; but this is by no means the view which the others
+take of it. The King, however, has acted in such a way that
+all his Ministers (except those whose interest it now is to
+laud him to the skies) are disgusted with his doubting,
+wavering, uncertain conduct, so weak in action and so intemperate
+in language. It is now supposed that he has been influenced
+by Knighton in coming to this determination, in
+which he certainly has acted in a manner quite at variance
+with his professions and the whole tenor of his language. It
+must be owned, if this is so, that although Canning has gained
+his point&mdash;has got the power into his hands and is nominally
+Prime Minister&mdash;no man ever took office under more humiliating
+circumstances or was placed in a more difficult and
+uncertain situation; indeed, a greater anomaly cannot be
+imagined. Canning, disliked by the King, opposed by the
+aristocracy and the nation, and unsupported by the Parliament,
+is appointed Prime Minister. The King, irresolute
+and uncertain, is induced to nominate a man whose principles
+and opinions he fears and dislikes by the advice and influence
+of his physician. The measure which is of paramount
+importance Canning cannot carry as he desires and believes
+to be necessary; he must form a Cabinet full of disunion,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+and he is doubtful what support he can expect from the old
+adherents of Government, by whom he is abhorred.</p>
+
+<p>The writ was moved for Canning yesterday by Wynne,
+&lsquo;he having accepted the office of First Commissioner of
+the Treasury.&rsquo; This morning the Chancellor, Peel, Lord
+Westmoreland, and the Duke of Wellington resigned.
+Lord Bathurst immediately wrote to Canning, saying that,
+finding they had resigned, he could not avoid sending in
+his resignation also; that it was unnecessary to enter
+into explanations, which could only tend to widen the
+breach such a separation must make. Afterwards Lord
+Melville resigned, although well with Canning and a
+friend to the Catholics; he said he could not desert the
+men with whom he had acted for so many years. The
+Whigs seem greatly elated at the breaking up of this Administration.
+The Tories evidently think Canning is in a
+scrape, that he will not be able to form a Government, and
+that the power will return into their hands. How Canning
+and his friends feel is not yet known, nor what the King
+feels at being deserted by half his Cabinet. The opinion
+prevalent with the Opposition is that Canning has been
+deserted by his colleagues, who induced him to accept the
+Government by promising their support and adherence, and
+that when he had taken the final step they left him to make
+the arrangements and fill up their places as he could. This,
+however, is not the case. I saw George
+Dawson<a name="FNA_03_09" id="FNA_03_09" href="#FN_03_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+this evening,
+and he assured me that Canning had received ample notice
+from all these Ministers that they would not hold office
+under him, and that if he was appointed Prime Minister
+they should resign. Peel told him this three weeks ago:
+&lsquo;that he could not, with a due regard to his own character,
+continue in office under a man whose opinions are so diametrically
+opposite to his own upon the most important
+question; that he had no views of personal ambition, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING&rsquo;S ADMINISTRATION.</span>
+that as the administration of Ireland was his peculiar province
+it was impossible they should not come into constant
+collision upon that subject.&rsquo; They had no objection to act
+with Canning, always considering him as one of the most
+influential members of the Cabinet, but they could not hold
+offices <i>under</i> him. He said that he could not imagine how
+Canning with his knowledge could take such a step, and it is
+evident that he has no idea of his being able to carry on the
+Government at all.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_09" id="FN_03_09" href="#FNA_03_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+The Right Hon. George Robert Dawson was Secretary of the Treasury
+from 1828 to 1830, and was made a Privy Councillor on resigning that office.
+He married in 1816 Mary, the eldest daughter of the first Sir Robert Peel,
+and was consequently the brother-in-law of Mr. Peel, the Minister.</p></div>
+
+<h3>April 30th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>From the period of Canning&rsquo;s acceptance
+of office up to Thursday night there have been continual
+negotiations between Canning and the Whigs, and it is not
+possible to imagine greater curiosity and more intense anxiety
+than have been exhibited during the interval. The violence
+and confusion of parties have been extreme&mdash;the new Ministers
+furious with their old colleagues, the ex-Ministers equally
+indignant with those they left behind them.</p>
+
+<h3>May 12th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>It is necessary to go back to the first formation
+of the Government.<a name="FNA_03_10" id="FNA_03_10" href="#FN_03_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+As soon as Canning had got
+the King&rsquo;s commission he began to negotiate, and the
+Whigs readily enough entered into negotiation. The friends
+of Ministers resigned one after another, and for some time it
+seemed very doubtful whether Canning would be able to form
+a Government at all. His first measure was, however, very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+judicious&mdash;that of appointing the Duke of Clarence Lord
+High Admiral&mdash;nothing served so much to disconcert his
+opponents. The negotiations went on (through the Duke
+of Devonshire) up to the end of the Easter recess, when
+Lord Lansdowne came to town, and after much delay it was
+announced that the Whigs would support the new Government,
+but that none of them would take office immediately.
+The places were all filled up, but the appointments were
+understood to be only provisional, and the Duke of Portland,
+Lord Dudley, and Sturges Bourne were considered to hold
+their offices until Lord Lansdowne, Lord Carlisle, and Tierney
+should join the Cabinet. With this arrangement Parliament
+met, and the rage which had been accumulating in the
+minds of the seceders soon burst forth in a furious attack on
+this provisional arrangement. The Whigs have nearly in a
+body joined Government, with the exception of Lord Grey in
+the House of Lords, who in a speech full of eloquence
+attacked Canning&rsquo;s political life and character and announced
+his intention of remaining neuter. In the meantime
+it was understood that there was a reason for Lord
+Lansdowne not joining Government immediately, which was
+not to be made public till that event took place, and this
+secret was only imparted to a very few people; it was even
+concealed from Brougham and the leaders of the party.
+The secret, however, turns out to be this: Lord Lansdowne
+insisted upon modelling the Irish Government as he pleased&mdash;that
+is, in putting a Lord-Lieutenant, a Chancellor, and a
+Secretary there favourable to the Catholic claims, to which
+the King would not consent. Canning entreated Lord Lansdowne
+to have patience, to allow time to elapse, during
+which the King&rsquo;s scruples might be removed, and promised
+that every endeavour should be made to reconcile the King
+to the arrangement Lord Lansdowne desired. After much
+discussion it was resolved that Lord Lansdowne should
+support Government, but that he should not take office
+until this point was settled; and so the matter has remained.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p style="margin-bottom: 0em;"><a name="FN_03_10" id="FN_03_10" href="#FNA_03_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[The Cabinet formed by Mr. Canning was thus constituted:&mdash;</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Canning, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Earl of Harrowby, Lord President of the Council.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Duke of Portland, Lord Privy Seal, and afterwards the Earl of Carlisle.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Dudley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Goderich, Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs and War.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Sturges Bourne, Secretary of State for the Home Department
+(this office was shortly afterwards transferred to the Marquis of Lansdowne)</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Huskisson, President of the Board of Trade.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Wynn, President of the Board of Control.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Bexley, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Tierney,  Master of the Mint.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+The Duke of Clarence was named Lord High Admiral.</p>
+<p style="margin-top: 0em;">
+The Office of Commander-in-Chief remained vacant during the Administration
+of Mr. Canning. This Administration lasted ninety-eight days, until
+the death of Mr. Canning.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 3rd, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Soon after writing this Lord Lansdowne came
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. CANNING&rsquo;S ADMINISTRATION.</span>
+into the Cabinet, together with Tierney and Lord Carlisle,
+M&lsquo;Donald and Abercromby also taking places. They found so
+many objections to the unsettled state of the Cabinet, and
+the provisional arrangements had brought so much odium
+and ridicule upon the Government, that it was thought necessary
+to settle this matter without loss of time, but Lord
+Lansdowne would not consent to take the Home Office except
+upon the conditions on which he had before insisted. He
+therefore came into the Cabinet without a place. But it is
+quite evident that the present state of affairs is far from
+satisfactory; the Government is not established on a firm or
+secure basis, and the members of it are not altogether satisfied
+with each other or themselves. Lord Lansdowne particularly
+does not feel comfortable where he is, and does not
+think that he has been well treated by his own friends. It
+seems that when first overtures were made to him by
+Canning he called a meeting of his friends at Lansdowne
+House, at which he declared his own sentiments and the
+conditions on which he would join the Government. The
+persons there assembled unanimously agreed with him, but
+a few days after a meeting was called at Brooks&rsquo;s which
+was more numerously attended, and there certain resolutions
+were agreed upon which were not in conformity with the
+opinions expressed in Lansdowne House, and these resolutions
+were communicated to Canning as the sentiments of the
+great body of the Whigs, but without the same being imparted
+to Lord Lansdowne, who was then at Bowood (this
+fact I had last night from
+Duncannon<a name="FNA_03_11" id="FNA_03_11" href="#FN_03_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+and
+Hobhouse<a name="FNA_03_12" id="FNA_03_12" href="#FN_03_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>).
+Matters, however, went on quietly enough till the other
+night, when the Government was beat in the House of
+Lords upon the clause in the Corn Bill, and this defeat it
+is obvious has enraged and embarrassed them to the greatest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+degree.<a name="FNA_03_13" id="FNA_03_13" href="#FN_03_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+Duncannon, who is entirely in the confidence of
+the moderate Whig party, says that it is impossible the
+thing can go on in this way; three Lords in the King&rsquo;s
+household (Errol, Macclesfield, and Delawarr) voted against
+the Bill, and if they are not dismissed it will be such a
+proof of the feebleness of Government as will disgust
+all the Whigs and make their support very
+lukewarm.<a name="FNA_03_14" id="FNA_03_14" href="#FN_03_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+Burdett, who was more active and zealous than anybody
+in bringing about the Coalition, is very much disgusted
+already, and there appears altogether such a want of confidence
+and unanimity among them as must lead to the
+dissolution of the Government unless Canning can by some
+vigorous measures establish his credit and convince the
+world of his strength. In Ireland the Chancellor<a name="FNA_03_15" id="FNA_03_15" href="#FN_03_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+has refused
+to put the Great Seal to the appointment of Doherty
+as Solicitor-General. It is supposed that he will take this
+occasion to resign, and it will then be seen what part the
+King will take in the nomination of his successor. The
+King sees numbers of people, talks incessantly, and does
+nothing. Canning was with him yesterday evening, and the
+result of his audience will be very interesting, because it will
+appear whether he has insisted upon, and the King consented
+to, the dismissal of the refractory Lords, as well as what he
+will do about the Irish Chancellor. Government are indignant
+with the Duke of Wellington and the other ex-Ministers
+for opposing the Corn Bill, which they had been themselves
+(when in office) instrumental in framing, as well as for the
+use which the Duke made of Huskisson&rsquo;s letter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_11" id="FN_03_11" href="#FNA_03_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[John William, Viscount Duncannon, afterwards fourth Earl of Bessborough.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_12" id="FN_03_12" href="#FNA_03_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[Mr. John Cam Hobhouse, M.P. for Westminster, afterwards Sir John
+C. Hobhouse, Bart., raised to the peerage in 1851 by the title of Baron
+Broughton de Giffard.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_13" id="FN_03_13" href="#FNA_03_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[It was with reference to this defeat that Canning said soon afterwards
+in the House of Commons that &lsquo;the Duke of Wellington had been made the
+instrument of others for their own particular views,&rsquo; and he pledged himself
+to bring in another Corn Bill in the following session. But these were
+almost the last words uttered by Canning in Parliament.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_14" id="FN_03_14" href="#FNA_03_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[Lord Delawarr resigned of his own accord, Lord Errol was obliged to
+resign, and Lord Macclesfield came over and voted with Government on the
+second reading of the Corn Bill.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_15" id="FN_03_15" href="#FNA_03_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+[Lord Manners was still Lord Chancellor of Ireland, as he had been
+since 1807. Mr. Doherty was made Solicitor-General for Ireland on the
+18th of June.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 17th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>I was at the Royal Lodge for one night last
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE ROYAL LODGE.</span>
+Wednesday; about thirty people sat down to dinner, and the
+company was changed nearly every day. It is a delightful
+place to live in, but the rooms are too low and too small for
+very large parties. Nothing can exceed the luxury of the
+internal arrangements; the King was very well and in excellent
+spirits, but very weak in his knees and could not walk
+without difficulty. The evening passed off tolerably, owing
+to the Tyrolese, whom Esterhazy brought down to amuse the
+King, and he was so pleased with them that he made them
+sing and dance before him the whole evening; the women
+kissed his face and the men his hand, and he talked to them
+in German. Though this evening went off well enough, it is
+clear that nothing would be more insupportable than to live
+at this Court; the dulness must be excessive, and the people
+who compose his habitual society are the most insipid and
+uninteresting that can be found. As for Lady Conyngham,
+she looks bored to death, and she never speaks, never appears
+to have one word to say to the King, who, however, talks
+himself without ceasing. Canning came the day I went
+away, and was very well received by his Majesty; he looked
+dreadfully ill. The only thing which interested me was the
+account I heard from Francis Conyngham about Knighton.
+He is seldom there, and when he comes scarcely stays above
+a night or two. But he governs everything about the house,
+and cannot endure anybody who is likely to dispute his empire.
+The King certainly does not like him, is always
+happier when he is away, and never presses him to stay or
+to return. When he is there he has constant access to the King
+at all times and whenever he pleases. He is on bad
+terms with Mount Charles, he bullies Lord Conyngham, and
+he is barely civil to Lady C.; he knows that Mount Charles
+is independent of him, and that the King likes him and
+admits him continually and familiarly to his presence, and
+of this it seems that he is jealous. I was more struck with
+one word which dropped from him than with all he told me of
+Sir W. Knighton. While the Tyrolese were dancing and
+singing, and there was a sort of gay uproar going on, with
+which the King was greatly delighted, he said, &lsquo;I would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+give ten guineas to see Knighton walk into the room now,&rsquo;
+as if it were some master who was absent, and who should
+suddenly return and find his family and servants merrymaking
+in his absence; it indicates a strange sort of power
+possessed by him.</p>
+
+<p>The King was very civil to the Duke of Dorset, and
+repeatedly told him that what had passed would make no
+difference in their private friendship. In the meantime the
+Corn Bill has been thrown out, and I think political animosities
+are full as strong as ever, though they have taken rather
+a sulky than a violent tone. I had a long conversation with
+Duncannon yesterday, who is fully possessed of the sentiments
+of all the Whigs, and by what he says it is clear that
+they are extremely dissatisfied; they want Canning to display
+his power by some signal act of authority, and to show that
+he is really supported cordially by the King. The opposite
+party are persuaded that the King is secretly inclined to them
+and averse to his present Government, and this opinion
+obtains more or less with the public in consequence of the
+impunity with which Canning has been braved by the Chancellor
+in Ireland. The appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General
+has never yet passed the Great Seal, and Lord
+Manners refuses to sanction it; he has likewise refused to
+put Sir Patrick Bellew (a Catholic) in the Commission of the
+Peace, though he is a respectable man and he has been
+strongly pressed to do it even by Protestants. This refusal
+so disgusted Duncannon that he was very near withdrawing
+his name from the Commission, and if he had his example
+would have been followed by many others, but Lord Spencer
+dissuaded him from doing so. Lord Grey is in such a state
+of irritation that he will hardly speak to any of his old
+friends, and he declares that he will never set his foot in
+Brooks&rsquo;s again. All this is the more extraordinary, and the
+vivacity of his temper the more unaccountable, because he
+has constantly declined taking an active part in politics when
+invited to do so for a long time past; and whenever Duncannon
+has asked his advice or consulted his opinions or
+wishes, he has invariably referred him to Lord Lansdowne as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">HOSTILITY OF LORD GREY.</span>
+the person whom his friends were to look upon as their
+leader, asserting that he had withdrawn himself from public
+life and would have no more concern with politics. More
+than this, when first overtures were made by Canning to the
+Whigs, it was the unanimous opinion of all those who have
+since joined the Government that Lord Lansdowne and his
+friends could not join an Administration of which Peel was
+to be a member (for at that time the resignation of Peel was
+not contemplated as a probable event), and this opinion was
+warmly combated by Lord Grey, who contended that there
+was no reason why they should not coalesce with Canning
+and Peel. What induced him to alter his opinion so decidedly
+and to become so bitter an enemy to the present
+arrangements does not appear, unless it is to be attributed
+to a feeling of pique and resentment at not having been
+more consulted, or that overtures were not made to himself.
+The pretext he took for declaring himself was the appointment
+of Copley to be Chancellor, when he said that it was
+impossible to support a Government which had made such
+an appointment.</p>
+
+<h3>July 5th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>The session is over, and has been short but
+violent enough. There is apparently a majority against the
+Ministry in the House of Lords, though they seem safe in the
+House of Commons. All depends upon Canning&rsquo;s prudence
+and firmness during the recess. As to the King, he seems
+desirous of living a quiet life and disposing of all patronage;
+public measures and public men are equally indifferent to
+him. The Duke of Wellington, who knows him well, says
+he does not care a farthing about the Catholic question, but
+he does not like to depart from the example of his father
+and the Duke of York, to which they owed so much of their
+popularity. His conduct is entirely influenced by selfish
+considerations, and he neither knows nor cares what measures
+the exigencies of the country demand. The present state of
+parties is so extraordinary that it cannot last, and it remains
+to be seen whether Lord Grey and the other Whigs will
+reunite themselves to the main body and support Canning&rsquo;s
+Government, or whether they will join with the Tories in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+their efforts to overturn it. Lord Grey&rsquo;s temper, irritated
+by the attacks which have been made on him, seems likely
+to urge him to the latter alternative.</p>
+
+<h3>July 25th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Canning is gone to Chiswick, where he has
+had the lumbago, and could not go to the Council last week.
+He is very unwell, and in a very precarious state, I think.
+I was at the Council last Monday week; it was held for the
+appointment of Lords Lansdowne and Carlisle, Lord Lansdowne
+having consented to take the Home Office, and Lord
+Carlisle the Privy Seal; the only Cabinet Ministers present
+were the four who changed places. It was the first time the
+King had given Lord Lansdowne an audience, but I believe
+he was very civil to him. The King gave him an account
+of the Duke of Buckingham&rsquo;s visit to him (from Dropmore),
+the result of which was that he sent his proxy to
+Lord Goderich, but not with a good grace.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington has been to the Lodge, and
+great is the speculation
+thereupon.<a name="FNA_03_16" id="FNA_03_16" href="#FN_03_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+It is fiercely debated
+whether he went by invitation or not, and how long he
+stayed. He was only with the King twenty minutes, for so
+Prince Leopold, who was there, told Lambton, who told me.
+I don&rsquo;t know if he was invited or no. The King has taken
+from Prince Leopold the plate that was given, or, as they
+now say, lent to him, on his marriage. The Chamberlain
+sent to Sir E. Gardiner for it in the Prince&rsquo;s absence, and
+he refused to give it up without his Royal Highness&rsquo;s orders,
+but the Prince, as soon as he heard of it, ordered it to be
+sent to the Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_16" id="FN_03_16" href="#FNA_03_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+[The causes and consequences of this visit, which was by invitation
+from the King, are related in the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo;
+New Series, vol. iv. p. 63 <i>et seq</i>.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Irish Chancellor has given way about Doherty&rsquo;s
+appointment, and put the Great Seal to it before his own
+resignation. He did it with a good grace, Lord Lansdowne
+told me.</p>
+
+<p>We went all over the Castle the other day; his Majesty
+will not let anybody see it now. I don&rsquo;t think enough is
+effected for the enormous sums expended, though it is a fine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF CANNING.</span>
+and will be a good house; still, how far (as a palace) from
+Versailles, St. Cloud, and the other palaces in France! The
+external terrace has spoilt the old one, and is altogether a
+frightful excrescence, and should never have been made.</p>
+
+<h3>August 9th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Canning died yesterday morning at four
+o&rsquo;clock. His danger was only announced on Sunday night,
+though it had existed from the preceding Wednesday.
+When he saw the King on Monday his Majesty told him he
+looked very ill, and he replied that &lsquo;he did not know what
+was the matter with him, but that he was ill all over.&rsquo;
+Nothing could exceed the consternation caused by the announcement
+of his danger and the despair of his colleagues.
+From the first there was no hope. He was aware of his
+danger, and said, &lsquo;It is hard upon the King to have to fight
+the battle over again.&rsquo; The Cabinet met on Monday, and
+great unanimity prevailed among them. They all agreed to
+stand by each other in the event of his death. As soon as
+it happened Lord Lansdowne went down to Windsor and
+saw the King. His Majesty spoke with great affection of
+Canning, and said something of the difficulties in which he
+was again involved. Lord L. replied that he had come
+down, as it was his official duty to do, to announce to him
+the event; that nothing could be further from his wish or
+intention than to elicit from him any opinion as to the
+future, and he begged his Majesty would not say one word
+upon that subject. The King said that the first thing he
+should do would be to show every mark of respect to the
+memory and attachment to the person of Canning, and that
+he should therefore send for those of his Ministers who had
+been the most closely connected with him in public and
+private life. He sent immediately for Lord Goderich and
+Sturges Bourne, who went down to him when Lord Lansdowne
+returned.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I saw some letters from Mr.
+Arbuthnot<a name="FNA_03_17" id="FNA_03_17" href="#FN_03_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+(Gosh)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+giving an account of the break-up of the old Government,
+and of the reasons by which they had been influenced in
+resigning. They were three in number, very violent and
+indignant, defending the Duke and attacking Canning, but
+they contained little more than has since appeared and been
+made public. The only fact that appeared to me of consequence
+was this: that Peel, though he had resigned on
+different grounds, was indignant at the way in which the
+Duke had been treated, and was resolved never to take office
+till full reparation had been made to him; that Lord Bathurst
+had begged Gosh (Mr. Arbuthnot) not to mention this, as it
+might do harm. The next letter was a long tirade with a
+great deal of wrath and indignation, such as might be expected.
+He says that they knew Canning was negotiating
+with the Whigs while he was pretending that he wished the
+old Government to go on; and that in the course of the negotiation
+with his old colleagues he offered Peel, if he
+would stay with him, to recall the pro-Catholic Lord-Lieutenant
+and send a Protestant. Peel wanted the Duke to
+give up the army and take the Treasury, which he would
+not hear of. He was miserable at the idea, and opposed it
+so strongly that they could not press it upon him. However,
+the Peers&mdash;meaning all the Lords who had made such a stir&mdash;applied
+to the Duke to put himself at the head of the
+Government, but he hardly sent an answer to their application&mdash;he
+would not hear of it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_17" id="FN_03_17" href="#FNA_03_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend of the
+Duke of Wellington, with whom he lived. He was known in society by
+the nickname of &lsquo;Gosh,&rsquo; by which he is frequently described in these
+Journals.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I may here introduce some anecdotes of Canning told
+me by Lord George Bentinck, his private secretary:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Some time after they had been in office (after Lord
+Londonderry&rsquo;s death) they found in a drawer, which apparently
+had been forgotten or overlooked, some papers, which
+were despatches and copies of correspondence between Lord
+Castlereagh and Lord Stewart. These despatches were very
+curious, and more particularly so after his attack last year on
+Canning for misappropriating the secret service money, for
+they gave an account of his own employment of the secret
+service money in getting Italian witnesses for the Queen&rsquo;s
+trial.  There was likewise an account of the discovery
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ANECDOTES OF CANNING.</span>
+Stewart had made of the treachery of an office messenger,
+who had for a long time carried all his despatches to Metternich
+before he took them to England, and Lord Stewart
+says, &lsquo;I tremble when I think of the risk which my
+despatches have incurred of coming before the House of
+Commons, as there were letters of Lord Londonderry&rsquo;s
+written expressly &ldquo;to throw dust in the eyes of the Parliament.&rdquo; &rsquo;
+These were his own expressions, and he said, &lsquo;You
+will understand this and know what to say to Metternich.&rsquo;
+In fact, while Lord Castlereagh was obliged to pretend to
+disapprove of the Continental system of the Holy Alliance
+he secretly gave Metternich every assurance of his private
+concurrence, and it was not till long after Mr. Canning&rsquo;s
+accession that Metternich could be persuaded of his sincerity
+in opposing their views, always fancying that he was obliged
+to act a part as his predecessor had done to keep the House
+of Commons quiet.</p>
+
+<p>From the moment Mr. Canning came into the Cabinet he
+laboured to accomplish the recognition of the South American
+Republics, but all the Cabinet were against him except Lord
+Liverpool, and the King would not hear of it. The King was
+supported in his opposition by the Duke of Wellington and
+by Lieven and Esterhazy, whom he used to have with him;
+and to them he inveighed against Canning for pressing this
+measure. The Duke of Wellington and those Ambassadors
+persuaded his Majesty that if he consented it would produce
+a quarrel between him and his allies, and involve him in
+inextricable difficulties. Canning, who knew all this, wrote to
+Mrs. Canning in terms of great bitterness, and said if the
+King did not take care he would not let him see these Ambassadors
+except in his presence, and added, &lsquo;I can tell his
+Majesty that his father would never have acted in such a
+manner.&rsquo; At length after a long contest, in the course of
+which Peel came round to him, he resolved to carry the
+measure or resign. After a battle in the Cabinet which
+lasted three hours, and from which he came heated, exhausted,
+and indignant, he prepared a memorial to the King, and
+Lord Liverpool another, in which they tendered their resignations,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
+alleging at length their reasons, and this they submitted
+to the Cabinet the following day. When their
+colleagues found they were in earnest they unanimously
+surrendered, and agreed upon a declaration to the King that
+they would all resign unless the measure was adopted. This
+communication was made to his Majesty by the Duke of
+Wellington, who told him that he found Canning was in
+earnest, and that the Government could not go on without
+him, and he must give way. The King accordingly gave
+way, but with a very ill
+grace.<a name="FNA_03_18" id="FNA_03_18" href="#FN_03_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+When he saw Canning he
+received him very ill, and in a letter to him signifying his
+assent to the measure he said that it must be his business to
+have it carried into effect in the best way it would admit of.
+Canning took fire at the ungracious tone of the letter, and
+wrote for answer that he feared he was not honoured with
+that confidence which it was necessary that the King should
+have in his Ministers, and that his Majesty had better dismiss
+him at once. The King sent no answer, but a gracious message,
+assuring him he had mistaken his letter, and desiring
+he would come to the Cottage, when he received him very
+well. From that time he grew in favour, for when the King
+found that none of the evils predicted of this measure had
+come to pass, and how it raised the reputation of his
+Minister, he liked it very well, and Canning dexterously gave
+him all the praise of it, so that he soon fancied it had
+originated with himself, and became equally satisfied with
+himself and with Canning.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_18" id="FN_03_18" href="#FNA_03_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+[The memorial of Mr. Canning on this subject, the counter-opinions of
+the Duke of Wellington, and the King&rsquo;s minute upon them have been published
+in the second volume of the New Series of the &lsquo;Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+Correspondence,&rsquo; pp. 354, 364, and 402.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Canning concealed nothing from Mrs. Canning, nor from
+Charles Ellis. When absent from Mrs. C. he wrote everything
+to her in the greatest detail. Canning&rsquo;s industry was
+such that he never left a moment unemployed, and such was
+the clearness of his head that he could address himself
+almost at the same time to several different subjects with
+perfect precision and without the least embarrassment. He
+wrote very fast, but not fast enough for his mind, composing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON&rsquo;S OPINION OF CANNING.</span>
+much quicker than he could commit his ideas to paper. He
+could not bear to dictate, because nobody could write fast
+enough for him; but on one occasion, when he had the gout
+in his hand and could not write, he stood by the fire and
+dictated at the same time a despatch on Greek affairs to
+George Bentinck and one on South American politics to
+Howard de Walden, each writing as fast as he could, while
+he turned from one to the other without hesitation or embarrassment.</p>
+
+<h3>August 10th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>The Cabinet sat yesterday morning and
+again at night. It is generally believed that Lord Goderich
+will succeed Canning at the Treasury, and Lord Lansdowne
+has no objection to serve under him. The Tories were full
+of hope and joy at first, but in proportion as they were elated
+at first so were they dejected yesterday, when they found
+that the King sent for Lord Goderich and not for the Duke
+of Wellington. He never seems to have thought of the
+Duke at all. It will all be out to-day or to-morrow. The
+Tories may now give the King up. They have taken leave
+of office, except Peel, who will come in some day or other.</p>
+
+<p>[They remained out of office five months. What a
+prophecy!&mdash;<i>January 28th, 1828</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington talked of Canning the other
+day a great deal at my mother&rsquo;s. He said his talents
+were astonishing, his compositions admirable, that he possessed
+the art of saying exactly what was necessary and
+passing over those topics on which it was not advisable
+to touch, his fertility and resources inexhaustible. He
+thought him the finest speaker he had ever heard; though
+he prided himself extremely upon his compositions, he
+would patiently endure any criticisms upon such papers
+as he submitted for the consideration of the Cabinet, and
+would allow them to be altered in any way that was
+suggested; he (the Duke) particularly had often &lsquo;cut and
+hacked&rsquo; his papers, and Canning never made the least
+objection, but was always ready to adopt the suggestions of
+his colleagues. It was not so, however, in conversation and
+discussion. Any difference of opinion or dissent from his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+views threw him into ungovernable rage, and on such
+occasions he flew out with a violence which, the Duke said,
+had often compelled him to be silent that he might not be
+involved in bitter personal altercation. He said that Canning
+was usually very silent in the Cabinet, seldom spoke at all,
+but when he did he maintained his opinions with extraordinary
+tenacity. He said that he was one of the idlest of
+men. This I do not believe, for I have always heard that he saw
+everything and did everything himself. Not a despatch was
+received that he did not read, nor one written that he did
+not dictate or correct.</p>
+
+<h3>August 20th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>There was a Council at Windsor Castle on
+Friday last, which was a very curious scene. What I saw
+puzzled me very much till matters have since been explained
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday morning Drummond, Lord Goderich&rsquo;s private
+secretary, came to me at my office and told me the
+Council would be held on Friday, and that Herries was to
+be appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer and was going
+down that day with Lord Goderich to Windsor. Accordingly
+when I arrived at the Castle I found Herries in the room,
+and I asked him if he was to take an oath as Chancellor of
+the Exchequer, because there was none in the oath-book for
+Chancellor, but one for the Treasurer of the Exchequer, and
+whether he was to take that. He said he did not know,
+upon which I asked Wynn if he knew. He did not; when
+we all agreed to wait till Lord Bexley
+came,<a name="FNA_03_19" id="FNA_03_19" href="#FN_03_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+and enquire of
+him what he had done. When Lord Bexley arrived we
+asked him, and he said that Herries would only be sworn
+then as a Privy Councillor, and must take the oath of
+Chancellor of Exchequer in the Court of Exchequer. Shortly
+after we walked round the Castle, and some conversation
+occurring about the elevation of the Round Tower, which
+Wyattville was anxious to accomplish, Herries said to him,
+&lsquo;But it is my business now to ask you what you will do it
+for, how much it will cost.  Will you do it for 10,000&#8467;.?&rsquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">COUNCIL AT WINDSOR.</span>
+Wyattville said, &lsquo;You must give me 15,000&#8467;.,&rsquo; so that I
+could have no doubt that Herries was Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+In the meantime all the Ministers arrived, the
+whole Cabinet being present except the Chancellor and Lord
+Anglesey, who arrived afterwards. As soon as Lord Goderich
+and Lord Lansdowne were come they retired into the next
+room and had a long conference. Shortly afterwards the
+King came, when Lord Goderich went into his room. He
+stayed some time, when the Duke of Portland went in, then
+Herries. When Lord Goderich came out he had another
+conference with Lord Lansdowne, at the end of which he
+went again to the King. He came out, and at the end of
+three-quarters of an hour went a third time, and after him
+Herries a second time, and with him Lord Bexley. Another
+very animated conversation took place between Lord Lansdowne
+and Lord Goderich, when the latter went to the King
+a fourth time, and after him Lord Lansdowne, Goderich
+whispering something to him as he went in. Previous to
+this I remarked a conference between Lord Lansdowne,
+Goderich, and Carlisle, after which Carlisle took Tierney into
+the next room, evidently communicating what had passed.
+Something was clearly going on, but I could not make out
+what. I fancied that Lord Lansdowne insisted upon Lord
+Holland&rsquo;s being in the Cabinet. Yesterday, however, I discovered
+that it was all about Herries and his appointment.
+The appointment was the King&rsquo;s, with whom Herries had
+ingratiated himself by transacting some of his pecuniary
+business, and getting odds and ends for him out of <i>droits</i>,
+&amp;c. The King then named him, and Goderich made no objection.
+Herries came to Windsor, not doubting but that he
+was to receive the seals, which in fact Goderich brought down
+with him on purpose. Lord Lansdowne, however, declared
+that he would not consent to the appointment, and hence
+arose all the conferences and audiences for which I could not
+account at the time. The Whigs dislike Herries&rsquo; politics,
+and still more do they object to the King taking upon himself
+to nominate the members of the Government without
+consulting his Ministers. They are determined to resist this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+nomination, and the consequence of Lord Lansdowne&rsquo;s remonstrance
+was the suspension at least of the appointment.
+Such is the state of affairs, and not a very agreeable state
+certainly.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_19" id="FN_03_19" href="#FNA_03_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+[Lord Bexley as Mr. Vansittart had been Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+from 1812 to 1823.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Whigs are satisfied of the candour, fairness, and
+plain dealing of Goderich, but dissatisfied with his facility
+and want of firmness. The King is grasping at power and
+patronage, and wants to take advantage of the weakness of
+the Government and their apparent dependence upon him to
+exercise all the authority which ought to belong to the
+Ministers. The Whigs are not easy in their places. They
+feel that they are not treated with the consideration to which
+they are entitled. But they have got too far to recede, and
+they evidently are alarmed lest, if they exasperate the King,
+he should accept their resignation and form a Government
+by a junta of the old Tories with the rest of his Administration,
+by which their exclusion would be made certain and
+perpetual. I find that the Duke of Portland was likewise
+named by the King himself. They do not object to the
+Duke, on the contrary, but they object greatly to his being
+so appointed. All this I have from Tierney, who added, if
+the Duke had been proposed to the King by Lord Goderich,
+not a member of the Cabinet would have objected, but they
+don&rsquo;t like his being named by the King. At the end of the
+Council, on Friday, Lord Anglesey arrived, having travelled
+day and night, and brought with him the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+acceptance of the command of the army. Altogether
+it was a day of unusual interest, and unlike the dulness of
+ordinary Councils.</p>
+
+<h3>September 1st, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Since the Council on the 17th the affair
+of Herries has still been going on. It appears that when
+Goderich went into the King (at the Council) to announce
+to him the objection that had been raised, his Majesty was
+very angry, angry at having been so committed and at
+being obliged to give up a nomination he liked. Herries
+naturally felt himself very ill treated and nettled by the
+attacks upon him in the newspapers. He has ever since
+insisted upon being admitted to the Cabinet as the only
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. HERRIES&rsquo; APPOINTMENT.</span>
+thing which could afford due reparation to his honour, and
+prove that he had not been rejected for the reasons which
+had been assigned. This the Ministers opposed, and it was
+at length determined that this matter should rest till
+Huskisson&rsquo;s return. Huskisson agreed with his colleagues
+about Herries, went to the King, and spoke to him openly
+and firmly on the subject. The King consented that
+another arrangement should be made; the one proposed
+was, that Sturges Bourne should be Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, and Herries take the Woods and Forests without
+a seat in the Cabinet. Herries, who had constantly
+refused to accede to any arrangement by which he was to be
+excluded from the Cabinet, said he would consider of it; but
+in the meantime Sturges took fright, and refused to take
+the Exchequer. In vain Huskisson offered to take all the
+trouble on himself, and they all tried to persuade Sturges.
+He would not do it, and so this arrangement fell to the
+ground. They went again to the King yesterday to report
+progress and state to him what had occurred. When they
+came back (Goderich, Huskisson, Sturges, Herries, and the
+Chancellor) Goderich wrote a long letter to Lord Lansdowne,
+and he is to go to the King again this evening.</p>
+
+<p>I had a long conversation with Tierney yesterday, and I
+find that the Whig Ministers are sick to death of their
+situation and anxious to resign. They think they are not
+treated with the consideration which is due to them whether
+as individuals or as the representatives of a great party who
+are supporting the Government. Then they think Goderich
+has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence
+in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his
+character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in
+what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such
+deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation
+he occupies. He has acted equally ill to the King, to
+his colleagues, and to Herries himself. The history of the
+transaction is this:&mdash;While Goderich was Chancellor of the
+Exchequer Herries was the man upon whose assistance he
+relied to carry on the business of his office, and who in fact
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+did it all for him. As soon as he was at the head of the
+Treasury he felt that Herries would be equally necessary to
+him, and he accordingly pressed him to take the office of
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, which Herries declined. After
+repeated solicitations, Herries told him that he had no
+objection to belong to his Government, and that he would
+take the office of Vice-President of the Board of Trade, and
+do all his Treasury business for him (this is the account of
+Herries&rsquo; friends, which seems to me somewhat doubtful),
+though he did not wish to be in the Cabinet. At last,
+however, Goderich prevailed on Herries to let him propose
+him to the King, which was done. The appointment was
+particularly agreeable to the King, who wrote a letter with
+his own hand to Herries, desiring him to take the place.
+When Goderich returned to town, with this letter in his
+pocket, he went (before he delivered it) to the Cabinet, and
+then mentioning Herries, without saying what had passed,
+he found that the Cabinet would not approve of the appointment,
+on which he went to Herries, and said that he found
+that it would not do, and begged him to allow his appointment
+to be cancelled. Herries told him that he had never
+desired it, and was quite ready to give it up. As soon as
+Herries had agreed to give it up Goderich pulls out of his
+pocket the King&rsquo;s letter, and says, &lsquo;By-the-by, here is a
+letter which I ought to have given you before.&rsquo; When
+Herries had read this letter he said, &lsquo;This puts me quite in
+another situation, and though I am still ready to give up
+being Chancellor of the Exchequer, I must have my conduct
+explained to the King, and you must take me down to
+Windsor to-morrow for that purpose.&rsquo; This Goderich refused
+to do, when Herries said he should go down by himself.
+He did so, and then passed all which I have described above
+in the account of the Council on the 19th. I ought to have
+mentioned, as not the least curious circumstance of the
+Council, that in the middle of it the King sent for Sir
+William Knighton, who was closeted with him for an
+hour. I see this account is not altogether the same as
+the preceding, a proof of the inaccuracy of anecdotes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD LANSDOWNE AND THE KING.</span>
+and historical facts whenever they differ. This is the true
+one.</p>
+
+<p>Henry de Ros told me that he saw George Dawson, Peel&rsquo;s
+brother-in-law, at Brighton, who told him that he believed
+there was nobody the King was more exasperated against
+than Peel, and for this reason:&mdash;When the late Government
+(Canning&rsquo;s) was forming, Peel went to the King, and in
+reply to his desire that he should form a part of it told him
+he could not continue in any Government the head of which
+was a supporter of Catholic Emancipation. The King proposed
+to him to remain, with a secret pledge and promise
+from him that the question should not be carried. This of
+course Peel refused, and the King, who construed his rejection
+of the disgraceful proposal as conveying a doubt of his
+word, dismissed him with much resentment.</p>
+
+<h3>September 15th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Taking up the account from where I
+left off, Goderich went to the King, and it was settled
+Herries was to be Chancellor of the Exchequer. He returned
+and wrote to Lord Lansdowne entreating him to
+acquiesce. Lord Lansdowne went to the King, and the
+result of his interview was that he retained office together
+with his friends. He wrote a letter to one of them, which
+he intended might be communicated to others, giving an
+account of his conduct and motives. I saw this letter. He
+said the King received him very well and spared no entreaties
+to him to keep office. The King said that he was most
+anxious the present Government should continue on every
+account, but more particularly on account of what was now
+passing on the Continent; that Lord Lansdowne&rsquo;s holding
+office was indispensable for this object, and he asked him in
+his own name and for the sake of the country not to resign;
+that what had occurred had arisen out of a series of blunders
+which, &lsquo;let me say,&rsquo; he added, &lsquo;were neither yours nor mine.&rsquo;
+Lord Lansdowne said it was put to him in such a way that
+he could not do otherwise; that he had insisted with Goderich
+that Stanley and
+Mackintosh<a name="FNA_03_20" id="FNA_03_20" href="#FN_03_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+should be employed. This
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+was the pith of his letter. I have been with Huskisson for
+a week in the country; he is in good health and excellent
+spirits. Capo d&rsquo;Istria was there, going to Greece. Huskisson
+told me he wanted money. He owned to me that he
+considered Greece as a great humbug. I discovered from
+what he said that they only interfered that they might keep
+the Russians quiet and prevent a war between Russia and
+Turkey. The Sultan had announced his intention of sending
+any Minister to the Seven Towers who should communicate
+the treaty to
+him.<a name="FNA_03_21" id="FNA_03_21" href="#FN_03_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+Everything is now quiet for the
+moment, and will probably continue so till the meeting of
+Parliament.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_20" id="FN_03_20" href="#FNA_03_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+[Mr Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, had taken office under Mr.
+Canning, and was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from April
+1827 till January 1828. Lord Lansdowne must have recommended him
+for a higher office.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_21" id="FN_03_21" href="#FNA_03_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+[The Treaty of London for the Settlement of the Affairs of Greece was
+signed by England, France, and Russia on the 7th of July, 1827. It was
+of course received with indignation by the Porte, and led three months
+afterwards to the battle of Navarino, which was fought on the 20th of
+October.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>December 13th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>Three months have passed since the
+above was written. I went to Doncaster and Chatsworth,
+then to Newmarket, and returned to town the middle of last
+month. The battle of Navarino has been fought, and
+after three weeks&rsquo; expectation we know very little about
+the matter. The strong part of the Cabinet, with Huskisson
+at the head, are for letting things take their course, and for
+suffering Russia to go to war with Turkey, and leaving it to
+her to enforce the articles of the Treaty of London. The
+plan is that Russia should occupy Moldavia and Wallachia;
+that the terms should then be offered to the Sultan, and
+that on his yielding the Greek independence these provinces
+should be evacuated by the Russians; this is what they
+propose that our mediation shall effect. In the meantime
+the Ministers are uneasy about the approaching meeting of
+Parliament. They anticipate a violent opposition in the
+House of Lords; they are by no means sure of a majority
+in that House, and there is not one among them who has
+spirit and character enough to face it. Lord Dudley is terrified
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD GODERICH&rsquo;S RESIGNATION.</span>
+to the greatest degree at the notion of being attacked
+by Lord Grey. Then, though they are not disunited,
+they derive no strength from mutual co-operation and support,
+and the tone which the King has assumed, and the peremptory
+manner in which he has claimed the disposal of every
+sort of patronage, is both a proof of the weakness of Government,
+a source of discord among themselves, and the cause
+of distrust mixed with contempt on the part of many of
+their friends. The King and the Duke of Clarence made
+the promotions and dispensed the honours after the battle
+of Navarino without consulting the Ministers. The King
+gave Sumner the Bishopric of Winchester in the same
+way,<a name="FNA_03_22" id="FNA_03_22" href="#FN_03_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+and there is a very general opinion that the Cabinet is
+weak, that they do not act together with cordiality, that
+they have neither energy nor authority, and are not likely
+to keep their places. It has been currently reported that
+they would willingly have censured Codrington, and have
+thrown the responsibility of the battle from their own
+shoulders upon his, if they had dared, but that they were
+prevented by the precipitate approbation expressed by the
+King. These things are greatly exaggerated, but are not
+without foundation.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_22" id="FN_03_22" href="#FNA_03_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+[<i>Vide supra</i>, p. 45, when Lord Liverpool caused the nomination of
+Mr. Sumner to a canonry of Windsor to be cancelled, because he had not
+been consulted. The King took the earliest opportunity of appointing
+him to the See of Llandaff, whence he was soon afterwards translated to
+that of Winchester. He died in 1874.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>December 15th, 1827</h3>
+
+<p>The Ministry is at an end. Goderich
+resigned either by letter to the King yesterday or at the
+Council on Thursday. They have been going on ill together
+for some time. Goderich has no energy, and his
+colleagues are disgusted at his inefficiency, and at the
+assumption by the King of all power in disposing of
+patronage. Huskisson is away, and wishes to be out. They
+are embarrassed with the Greek question, and have to meet
+Parliament with an immense deficiency in the revenue.
+This state of things and mutual irritation and dissatisfaction
+have at length produced Goderich&rsquo;s resignation.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+Yesterday the Chancellor, Dudley, and Huskisson were
+backwards and forwards to the King all day, and when he
+went to Windsor at half-past five they were still in the
+Palace, and he left them there in consultation. He is gone,
+but Knighton remains behind to negotiate and communicate.
+In the meantime I find that the King is quite mad upon the
+Catholic question, and that his real desire is to get rid of
+the Whigs, take back the Duke of Wellington, and make
+an anti-Catholic Government. This seems to be quite impossible
+in the present state of affairs, but a few days will
+probably produce some decisive change.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1828.</h2>
+
+<h3>January 2nd, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>As soon as Lord Goderich had resigned
+they sent to Lord Harrowby and offered him the Premiership.
+He came to town directly, and went to the King, but
+refused the place. His refusal was immediately known, and
+of course there were a variety of conjectures and opinions
+afloat as to the man who would be chosen. A few days,
+however, put an end to these, for it was announced, to the
+astonishment of everybody, that Goderich had returned to
+town, and that he would not resign. Here ended this
+matter, which made a great noise for a few days; but the
+effects of what passed are yet to be seen when Parliament
+meets. The injury which Goderich&rsquo;s conduct has done to the
+Government is incalculable, for it has brought them into
+such low estimation that it is the general opinion they will
+not be able to retain their places, and there are a great
+variety of persons in both Houses of Parliament who are
+disposed to withdraw from them the support which they did
+give to Canning&rsquo;s Government, and which they were previously
+inclined to give to this. As matters now stand they
+do not themselves know upon whom they can count, nor
+who are their friends and who their foes. They are, however,
+to have Lord Holland in the Cabinet, to help them on
+in the House of Lords, but it is very doubtful whether his
+appointment will not lead to the resignation of some of the
+Tory members of the Government and the secession of some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. BROUGHAM AT PANSHANGER.</span>
+of its Tory supporters. Nothing can exceed the alarm which
+they feel at the prospect of the approaching contest in
+Parliament, and thus, full of fears and weakness, neither
+inspiring nor feeling confidence, there seems a bad chance
+of their getting through the session.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard no more of the King and of his intentions,
+except that he said he did not see why he was to be the
+only gentleman in his dominions who was not to eat his
+Christmas dinner in quiet, and he was determined he would.
+Don Miguel has been with him at the Cottage these two
+days. He has been received with great magnificence; they
+say he behaves well enough, but is very shy. He went out
+stag-hunting in red coat and full hunting costume, and rode
+over the fences like anybody else.</p>
+
+<p>M&lsquo;Gregor told me the other day that not one of the
+physicians and surgeons who attended the Duke of York
+through his long and painful illness had ever received the
+smallest remuneration, although their names and services
+had been laid before the King. He told me in addition
+that during sixteen years that he attended the Duke and his
+whole family he never received one guinea by way of fee or
+any payment whatever.</p>
+
+<p>About three weeks ago I passed a few days at Panshanger,
+where I met Brougham; he came from Saturday till Monday
+morning, and from the hour of his arrival to that of his
+departure he never ceased talking. The party was agreeable
+enough&mdash;Luttrell, Rogers, &amp;c.&mdash;but it was comical to see
+how the latter was provoked at Brougham&rsquo;s engrossing all
+the talk, though he could not help listening with pleasure.
+Brougham is certainly one of the most remarkable men I
+ever met; to say nothing of what he is in the world, his
+almost childish gaiety and animal spirits, his humour mixed
+with sarcasm, but not ill-natured, his wonderful information,
+and the facility with which he handles every subject, from
+the most grave and severe to the most trifling, displaying
+a mind full of varied and extensive information and a
+memory which has suffered nothing to escape it, I never
+saw any man whose conversation impressed me with such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+an idea of his superiority over all others. As Rogers said
+the morning of his departure, &lsquo;this morning Solon, Lycurgus,
+Demosthenes, Archimedes, Sir Isaac Newton, Lord Chesterfield,
+and a great many more went away in one post chaise.&rsquo;
+He told us a great many details relating to the Queen&rsquo;s trial,
+and amongst other things (which I do not believe) his conviction
+that the Queen had never had any intrigue with
+Bergami. He told us the whole story of his finding out the
+departure of Rastelli, which happened from a friend of his
+accidentally seeing Rastelli in the street, recognising him, and
+telling
+Brougham.<a name="FNA_03_23" id="FNA_03_23" href="#FN_03_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+Brougham told none of his colleagues,
+and at first did not believe the story, but by putting artful
+questions, and watching their effect, he found it was so, and
+then out he came with it. There was a grand discussion
+whether they should not throw up their briefs and stop there,
+and he was all for it, but was overruled and gave way. The
+person who was most anxious they should go on was Lord Grey,
+for he had got a notion that they could not any of them
+speak to evidence, and he wanted to make such a speech, which
+he fancied he could do very well. Brougham said that as
+leading counsel for the Queen he always reserved to himself
+the power of acting as he thought fit, whatever the opinions
+of his colleagues might be, though they always consulted
+together and gave their sentiments upon every debated
+point <i>seriatim</i>. He and Denman invariably thought alike.
+The Queen never could bear him, and was seldom civil to
+him. When she had to answer the address of the House of
+Commons she appealed to her counsel for their advice,
+which they declined to give, and she was furious, for she
+wanted to make them advise her to accept the propositions
+of the House, which would have been very unpopular, and
+then throw the odium of doing so on
+them.<a name="FNA_03_24" id="FNA_03_24" href="#FN_03_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>
+He spoke very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF MR. BROUGHAM.</span>
+highly of Alderman Wood, who behaved very well, never
+annoyed or interfered with them, and seems to have been
+altogether a <i>brave homme</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_23" id="FN_03_23" href="#FNA_03_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+[For the use made by Mr. Brougham of the accidental departure of
+Rastelli during the Queen&rsquo;s trial <i>vide supra</i>, p. 37, October 15, 1820.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_03_24" id="FN_03_24" href="#FNA_03_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+[This was the address moved by Mr. Wilberforce on the 22nd of June,
+1820 (<i>vide supra</i>, p. 30, June 23rd, 1820).
+Lord Brougham states in his &lsquo;Memoirs&rsquo; that the
+Queen resolved to reject the advice of Parliament without consulting her
+lawyers. In one of Lord Brougham&rsquo;s letters written at the time he calls
+Wood &lsquo;the ass and alderman called <i>Thistle</i>-wood,&rsquo; and attributed to him the
+intrigue which brought the Queen to England.]</p></div>
+
+<p>If it had been possible to recollect all that Brougham
+said on this and a hundred other subjects, it would be well
+worth writing down, but such talk is much too evanescent,
+and I remember no more.</p>
+
+<p>After all Brougham is only a living and very remarkable
+instance of the inefficacy of the most splendid talents, unless
+they are accompanied with other qualities, which scarcely
+admit of definition, but which must serve the same purpose
+that ballast does for a ship. Brougham has prospered to a
+certain degree; he has a great reputation and he makes a
+considerable income at the bar; but as an advocate he is
+left behind by men of far inferior capacity, whose names
+are hardly known beyond the precincts of their courts or
+the boundaries of their circuits. As a statesman he is not
+considered eligible for the highest offices, and however he
+may be admired or feared as an orator or debater, he neither
+commands respect by his character nor inspires confidence
+by his genius, and in this contrast between his pretensions
+and his situation more humble abilities may find room for
+consolation and cease to contemplate with envy his immense
+superiority. To suppose that his ambition can be satisfied
+in the possession of natural and acquired powers far greater
+than the majority of mankind would be contrary to all
+experience. Such men consider their acquirements as
+means for the attainment of greater ends, and the disappointments
+which they frequently meet with in the
+pursuit of their objects of ambition more than counteract all
+the feelings of pride and satisfaction which conscious superiority
+is calculated to inspire. The life of a politician is
+probably one of deep mortification, for the race is not always
+to the swift nor the battle to the strong, and few things
+can be more galling than to see men far inferior to ourselves
+enabled by fortune and circumstances to attain what we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+toil after in vain, and to learn from our own experience how
+many things there are in this life of greater practical utility
+than splendid abilities and unwearied industry.</p>
+
+<h3>London, January 19th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>The Ministry is at last settled,
+and now for its history. Early in last week Goderich went
+down to the King and told him there was such a quarrel in
+the Cabinet between Huskisson and Herries about the
+Finance Committee that both could not remain, and that
+Huskisson would resign if he had not his own way. The
+King was furious at this new disturbance, and said he could
+not understand it; if Huskisson resigned, the Government
+was at an end. &lsquo;Go,&rsquo; he ended, &lsquo;and send the Chancellor
+to me.&rsquo; The Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] went, and was
+desired to bring the Duke of Wellington. The Government
+was dissolved and the King desired the Duke to form a new
+one. All this was immediately known, and first it was
+asked, &lsquo;What is the quarrel between Huskisson and Herries
+which broke up the old Cabinet?&rsquo; The friends of each put
+about a story, one of which appeared in the &lsquo;Times,&rsquo; the
+other in the &lsquo;Morning Chronicle.&rsquo; The question was Lord
+Althorp&rsquo;s appointment as chairman of the Finance Committee.
+Huskisson&rsquo;s story is this:&mdash;In November Tierney
+went to Goderich and proposed Althorp as a good man to be
+in the chair of that Committee. Goderich assented, and said,
+&lsquo;But you had better speak to Huskisson about it, as it is
+a House of Commons matter.&rsquo; He did so, and Huskisson
+approved of it. A few days after Tierney called on Huskisson
+and found Herries with him, when they discussed
+the matter generally, as well as the particular appointment
+of Althorp, and Herries made no objection, and, as they
+thought, agreed with them; but shortly after Herries
+went to Goderich, complained that this matter had been
+settled without his knowledge and concurrence, that it was
+a slight put upon him, and said he would not agree to
+Althorp&rsquo;s nomination, nor stay in office if it were persisted in.</p>
+
+<p>This is one story, told me by Sefton, who had it (I am
+sure) from Brougham, and <i>verbatim</i> the same by Robarts,
+who had it (he told me himself) from Tierney. Herries&rsquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">HOSTILITY OF HERRIES.</span>
+story only differs in this: it omits the interview between
+the three Ministers, and declares the matter was never
+mentioned to him at all till they had decided on it, when it
+was shown him as a plan which was not to be discussed,
+but which he was at once to assent to. It appears difficult
+to know which to believe, and at first my impression was
+that they had probably not treated Herries with as much
+consideration as he was entitled to as Finance Minister, and
+that he had been prone to take offence and touchy from
+old recollections, which were probably not effaced. But a
+circumstance I heard afterwards convinced me that Herries
+has been all along full of ill-will towards his colleagues,
+and not a little desirous of breaking up the Ministry. When
+he found, too, with what difficulties they would have to
+contend in Parliament and the weakness of Goderich, he
+probably thought they would never be able to go on, and
+was not sorry to find an opportunity of accelerating their
+dissolution. The circumstance is this:&mdash;In the old business
+of his appointment to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer,
+when he thought he was <i>not</i> to be appointed, he wrote to
+Arbuthnot telling him how ill he had been treated, and
+promising to send him all the correspondence on the subject.
+Subsequently he <i>was</i> appointed, when he wrote again to
+A., saying that as it was settled and he was appointed, he
+did not think it would be right to send him the correspondence,
+which he was sure he would understand; that
+there he was, and he should do his best to act cordially with
+his new colleagues; but he finished, &lsquo;I shall hail the day
+which brings all of you back again.&rsquo; Such an expression
+to a man who was the bitterest enemy of the Government
+of which he was a member did not evince much cordiality
+towards his colleagues.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing to be done by the Duke was to negotiate
+with Huskisson. He sent forthwith for his own friends,
+Peel, Lord Bathurst, and Melville, and for many days the
+great question was whether Huskisson would join or not,
+the Whigs of course most anxious he should refuse, the new
+Government ready to make great concessions to tempt him to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+join them. He has acceded, however, but much to the disgust
+of many of his friends, some of whom think he has behaved
+shabbily in abandoning the Whigs, who supported him, and
+who had supported Canning at his utmost need. Some
+think he was pledged never to act with the men who they
+consider to have behaved so ill to Canning, and some think
+he has compromised his dignity and independence by not
+insisting on higher terms, particularly the lead in the House
+of Commons. At present the exact terms of his bargain are
+not known, and without being acquainted with all that has
+passed <i>de part et d&rsquo;autre</i> it is impossible to form a judgment
+as to the wisdom or the fairness of his conduct. Those
+who think he would have acted a wiser part and have
+made himself of greater importance by heading a third
+party in the House of Commons and keeping aloof, judge
+too hastily. He would have been followed by all those who
+call themselves Canning&rsquo;s personal friends, and probably by
+a considerable body of neutrals, who would not have been
+disposed to support a Tory Government, and still less to join
+a Whig Opposition. But however weak the Ministry (without
+Huskisson) might have appeared at first sight in the
+House of Commons, it would very possibly have proved
+stronger than was imagined. Strength and weakness are
+relative terms, and it remained to be seen what sort of
+power would have been brought against it, and to what
+attacks the Government would have exposed itself. The
+old Tory Ministry, which was voted out for incapacity by
+the House of Commons, was the strongest and longest that
+we have seen for many years, though opposed by all the
+talent and power of an Opposition more formidable than this
+can be. To be sure it must always be remembered that they
+floated through their difficulties on the tide of the Duke of
+Wellington&rsquo;s victories. Of all the party who would have
+ranged themselves under Huskisson, only Canning&rsquo;s friends,
+a select few, would have considered themselves bound to
+him, and the rest, if they found the Government strong and
+likely to last, would probably have dropped off and gradually
+joined it. In that case Huskisson would never have been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. HUSKISSON&rsquo;S POSITION.</span>
+able to treat as an independent power, and though they
+might have been glad to take him into the Administration,
+he could not have made his own terms. I do not think he
+ever could have looked to overturning the Tory Government
+and coming in with the whole body of the Whigs, for he has
+no natural partiality (any more than Canning had) for that
+party, and he is fully aware how odious they are to the King
+and how unpopular in the country, which is always more
+inclined to the Tories than to them. If the Tories have
+agreed to those measures (except the Catholic question, for
+that is to remain on its old footing) which he deems necessary,
+and of which he is the author&mdash;that is, of Free Trade,
+&amp;c.&mdash;he would probably rather act with them than with the
+Whigs; and in joining Government he is liable to no reproach
+but that of having shaken off his Whig colleagues
+too easily. But it remains to be proved whether they could
+have gone on, and at all events Lords Lansdowne and
+Carlisle might have remained in office if they pleased,
+though certainly it was not probable that they would do so.
+The part of the transaction which will appear extraordinary
+is, that the Government having been broken up by a quarrel
+between Huskisson and Herries, the opposite party come in
+and both these Ministers remain with them. In private life
+the transaction would look very like a fraud, and be open to
+great suspicion. It would appear as if they had got up a
+sham quarrel in order to get out their colleagues and stay
+in themselves with the Tories. This, however, I believe
+not to have been the case, at least as far as Huskisson is
+concerned, though perhaps Herries may not be altogether so
+clear.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Administration &mdash; Huskisson&rsquo;s Speech &mdash; Irritation
+of Mr. Canning&rsquo;s Friends &mdash; Tom Duncombe&rsquo;s Maiden Speech &mdash; Mr. Huskisson
+resigns and the Canningites quit the Government &mdash; Princess
+Lieven Hostile to the Duke &mdash; The Catholic Question &mdash; Jockey Club
+Dinner at St. James&rsquo;s &mdash; Lord Lyndhurst &mdash; Sir Robert Adair &mdash; Fox and
+Burke &mdash; Fox and Pitt &mdash; The Lord High Admiral dismissed by the King
+&mdash; Dawson&rsquo;s Speech on Catholic Emancipation &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Health &mdash; His
+Pages &mdash; State of Ireland &mdash; Marquis of Anglesey &mdash; O&rsquo;Connell &mdash; His Influence
+in Ireland &mdash; Lord Belmore Governor of Jamaica &mdash; The Duke&rsquo;s
+Letter to Dr. Curtis &mdash; Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland &mdash; Causes of
+this Event &mdash; Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question &mdash; His
+Aversion to Sir William Knighton &mdash; Character of George IV. &mdash; Denman&rsquo;s
+Silk Gown &mdash; Pension to Lady Westmeath &mdash; Duke of Wellington on
+Russia &mdash; The Reis-Effendi &mdash; Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland &mdash;
+Privy Council Register &mdash; State Paper Office &mdash; The Gunpowder Plot &mdash;
+Catholic Emancipation &mdash; Navarino.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>January 28th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Until the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s commission
+as First Lord of the Treasury appeared many people doubted
+that he would take the
+office.<a name="FNA_04_01" id="FNA_04_01" href="#FN_04_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+The Ordnance was offered to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.</span>
+Lord Rosslyn, who refused it, and then given to Lord Beresford,
+but without a seat in the Cabinet (as Lord Bathurst
+told me) by his own particular desire. Some days have now
+elapsed, and time has been afforded for the expression of
+popular feeling and opinion on the late changes. Lady
+Canning and many of Canning&rsquo;s friends are very much dissatisfied
+with Huskisson, and think he deserted his principles
+and outraged the memory of Canning. Lady C. particularly
+is much hurt at what has passed. She has not seen Huskisson,
+but he is aware of her sentiments, though he says she
+has so high an opinion of him that she is sure he is acting for
+what he believes to be the best. The majority of Canning&rsquo;s
+friends have adhered to the Government. The great body of
+the Whigs who belonged to or supported the late Government
+are indignant and violent, particularly with Huskisson, who
+they think has betrayed them. An interview has taken
+place between Huskisson and Lord Lansdowne, in which the
+former explained his conduct, and (as far as I can learn) the
+latter said but little, neither condemning nor approving.
+But the great body of the party are resolved to oppose the
+new Government in every way, though without attempting
+to form a party, which they do not think feasible in their
+present condition. They intend a desultory and harassing
+warfare, particularly attacking Huskisson upon Liberal measures,
+to which he stands pledged, but which they think he
+will now be prevented by his colleagues from carrying into
+effect. The seceding Whigs are triumphant, because they
+assert that what has happened is a full justification of their
+conduct. They forget, however, that all this is mainly attributable
+to them and to Canning&rsquo;s death, which occurred in the
+interim. On the other hand the old Tories are not altogether
+satisfied, and, though rejoiced at the restoration of the party,
+cannot bear to see Huskisson and his friends members of the
+Government from abhorrence of Canning and all Liberal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+principles. However, the principal men have sent in their
+adhesions in very civil letters to the Duke.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p style="margin-bottom: 0em;"><a name="FN_04_01" id="FN_04_01" href="#FNA_04_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Administration was at first constituted as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Duke of Wellington, First Lord of the Treasury.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Earl Bathurst, Lord President of the Council.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Earl of Ellenborough, Lord Privy Seal.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Peel, Home Secretary.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Huskisson, Colonial Secretary.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Earl of Aberdeen, Duchy of Lancaster.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Goulburn, Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Charles Grant, President of the Board of Trade.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Mr. Herries, Master of the Mint.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Viscount Melville, President of the India Board.</p>
+<p style="margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: 0em;">
+Lord Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, Mr. Grant, and Lord Palmerston (Secretary
+at War, not in the Cabinet) were the four Canningite members who
+resigned in May following. They were replaced by Lord Aberdeen, Sir
+George Murray, Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald, and Sir Henry Hardinge respectively.]
+</p></div>
+
+<p>All the Ministers (old and new) were at Windsor the
+other day; but it was contrived that they should not meet,
+the <i>ins</i> being in one room and Lansdowne and Carlisle in
+another, and it was afterwards discovered that in a third
+room by himself was Goderich. This Lord Sefton told me,
+and he had it from Lord Lansdowne, who had it from the
+King and confirmed by Lord Conyngham. His Majesty
+was remarkably civil to Lords Lansdowne and Carlisle. The
+King had a scene with the Duke of Devonshire, whom he
+could not persuade to stay in his place, though he tried hard.
+Scarlett has resigned the Attorney-Generalship, but not
+very willingly. He wrote to Milton and asked his advice.
+Milton advised him to resign, and so he did. One thing
+that has angered the Tories is the Duke&rsquo;s not having consulted
+Lord Eldon, nor offered him any place; and it seems
+he is extremely mortified, for though he did not want the
+seals again, he would have been very glad to take office as
+President of the Council.</p>
+
+<h3>February 25th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>There is one advantage in writing at
+intervals of some time instead of keeping a regular diary;
+I can take a more bird&rsquo;s-eye view of events, and avoid falling
+into many errors, which it would be afterwards necessary to
+correct. I went to Newmarket and stayed there three weeks
+for my health. While I was there Huskisson made his
+speech at
+Liverpool.<a name="FNA_04_02" id="FNA_04_02" href="#FN_04_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+The Tories were furious, and in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.</span>
+House of Lords the Duke of Wellington contradicted it, or
+rather said he did not believe it was faithfully reported, for
+all that he was reported to have said about <i>the guarantee</i> was
+untrue. I returned to town in time for the House of Commons,
+and found the greatest excitement, curiosity, and violence
+generally prevailing. As to Huskisson, he had offended
+the Tories, the Whigs, and Lady Canning, and everybody
+condemned him. Parties were split to pieces, there was no
+Opposition, and no man could tell what were the politics of
+his neighbour, scarcely what his own. Lady Canning was
+in a state of great rage and resentment, and had inspired
+George Bentinck with the same sentiments. Clanricarde
+had been sent down by her to the House of Lords furnished
+with extracts of Canning&rsquo;s letters to throw in the teeth of
+his old friends and his old enemies, and she threatened fresh
+disclosures and fresh documents which were to confound all
+whom she deemed worthy of her indignation. A very angry
+colloquy took place at a dinner at Warrender&rsquo;s between Lord
+Seaford and George Bentinck, in which the latter violently
+attacked Mr. Canning&rsquo;s friends for joining the present
+Government, and quoted Huskisson&rsquo;s declaration that he
+would never act with the men who had abandoned him. Lord
+Seaford grew angry, and asked George what he knew of that
+declaration and what his authority was for quoting it. To
+which George replied that he had it from himself&mdash;from
+Lord Seaford at Paris. This confounded the noble Lord, and
+altogether there was a pretty violent altercation, which
+greatly annoyed both him and Howard, who was present,
+and was regretted by all their common friends. Two days
+after this came on the debate in the House of Commons
+and the explanations of Huskisson and Herries. Their
+speeches were both satisfactory enough till Tierney spoke,
+who entirely knocked over their cases, or at least that of
+Herries, for against Huskisson he proved nothing, except
+that he might perhaps have been more communicative,
+though I think this reproach applies more to Lord Goderich
+than to him. The impression left with regard to Herries
+was as unfavourable as possible.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_02" id="FN_04_02" href="#FNA_04_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[The speech made by Mr. Huskisson on his re-election at Liverpool on
+the 5th of February, 1828, is printed in vol. iii. of his &lsquo;Collected Speeches,&rsquo;
+p. 673. It contains a full account of these transactions. The passage which
+gave so much offence to the Tories was that &lsquo;if the Government was such as
+satisfied the view I took of the interests of the country, and provided such
+arrangements were made in its construction <i>as afforded a guarantee</i> that the
+principle I approved should not be departed from, I was not precluded from
+joining it;&rsquo; and again, &lsquo;The presence in office of such men as Lord Dudley,
+Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, and Mr. Lamb is the most satisfactory of all
+guarantees that the general principles of our foreign and commercial system
+would remain unchanged, and that Ireland would be governed with the
+strictest impartiality in respect to the Catholic question.&rsquo;</p>
+<p style="margin-top=0em;">
+These declarations of Mr. Huskisson had a material effect on the occurrences
+which not long afterwards took place.]</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+The great event of the night was
+Duncombe&rsquo;s<a name="FNA_04_03" id="FNA_04_03" href="#FN_04_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+speech,
+which was delivered with perfect self-possession and composure,
+but in so ridiculous a manner that everybody laughed
+at him, although they were amused with his impudence and
+at the style and objects of his attack. However, the next
+day it was discovered that he had performed a great exploit;
+he was loudly applauded and congratulated on all sides, and
+made into the hero of the day. His fame was infinitely increased
+on a subsequent night, when Herries again came
+before the House and when Tommy fired another shot at
+him. The newspapers were full of his praises. The Whigs
+called at his door and eagerly sought his acquaintance.
+Those who love fun and personality cheered him on with
+loud applause, and he now fancies himself the greatest man
+going, and is ready to get up and abuse anybody on the
+Treasury bench. To me, who knew all the secret strings
+that moved this puppet, nothing can be more amusing.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_03" id="FN_04_03" href="#FNA_04_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, nephew of the first Lord Feversham
+distinguished for his Radical opinions, M.P. for Finsbury after the Reform
+Bill. He sat at this time for Hertford; and the incident related in the text
+appears to have been his <i>début</i> in political life.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The history of Tom Duncombe and his speech is instructive
+as well as amusing, for it is a curious proof of the
+facility with which the world may be deceived, and of the
+prodigious effect which may be produced by the smallest
+means, if they are aided by some fortuitous circumstances
+and happily applied. Tommy came to Henry de Ros and
+told him that his constituents at Hertford were very anxious
+he should make a speech, but that he did not know what to
+say, and begged Henry to supply him with the necessary
+materials. He advised him to strike out something new,
+and having received his assurance that he should be able to
+recollect anything that he learned by heart, and that he was
+not afraid of his courage failing, Henry composed for him
+the speech which Duncombe delivered. But knowing the
+slender capacity of his man, he was not satisfied with placing
+the speech in his hands, but adopted every precaution which
+his ingenuity suggested to avert the danger of his breaking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TOM DUNCOMBE&rsquo;S MAIDEN SPEECH.</span>
+down. He made him learn the speech by heart, and then
+made him think it over again and put it into language of
+his own, justly fearing that if he should forget any of the
+more polished periods of the original it would appear sadly
+botched by his own interpolations. He then instructed him
+largely as to how and when he was to bring it in, supplying
+him with various commonplace phrases to be used as connecting
+links, and by the help of which he might be enabled
+to fasten upon some of the preceding speeches. I saw
+Henry de Ros the day before the debate, when he told me
+what he was doing, and asked me to suggest anything that
+occurred upon the subject, and at the same time repeated to
+me the speech with which he had armed his hero. I hinted
+my apprehensions that he would fail in the delivery, but
+though he was not without some alarm, he expressed (as it
+afterwards appeared a well-grounded) confidence in Duncombe&rsquo;s
+extraordinary nerve and intrepidity.</p>
+
+<p>His speech on the second night was got up precisely in the
+same manner, and although it appeared to arise out of the
+debate and of those which preceded it, the matter had been
+all crammed into him by his invisible Mentor. The amusement
+to him and to me (especially at the honours that have
+been thickly poured upon him and the noise which he has
+made in the world) is indescribably pungent.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Duncombe and his speech have made what is called
+a great sensation, and he has the reputation (no matter
+whether justly or not) of having thrown the enemy&rsquo;s camp
+into greater confusion by the boldness of his language than
+anybody has ever done, because nobody has ever before dared
+to mention those whom he dragged forward. To the ignorant
+majority of the world he appears a man of great promise, of
+boldness, quickness, and decision, and the uproar that is made
+about him cannot fail to impress others as well as himself
+with a high notion of his consequence.</p>
+
+<p>Knighton is gone abroad, I have very little doubt, in
+consequence of what passed, and as nobody enquires very
+minutely into the real causes of things where they get apparent
+ones with ease, it is said and believed at once that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+Duncombe is the man who has driven him out, and that he
+has given the first blow to that secret influence which has
+only been obscurely hinted at before and never openly
+attacked. These are great and important matters, far exceeding
+any consequences which the authors of the speech
+anticipated from its delivery at the time. And what are the
+agents who have produced such an effect? A man of ruined
+fortune and doubtful character, whose life has been spent on
+the race-course, at the gaming-table, and in the green-room,
+of limited capacity, exceedingly ignorant, and without any
+stock but his impudence to trade on, only speaking to serve
+an electioneering purpose, and crammed by another man
+with every thought and every word that he uttered.</p>
+
+<h3>June 12th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>We have now got a Tory Government, and
+all that remained of Canning&rsquo;s party are
+gone.<a name="FNA_04_04" id="FNA_04_04" href="#FN_04_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+The case
+of the Duke of Wellington and Huskisson is before the
+world, but nobody judges fairly. Motives are attributed to
+both parties which had no existence, and the truth is hardly
+ever told at first, though it generally oozes out by degrees.
+After the explanations in February the Government went
+on to all appearance very well, but there lurked under this
+semblance of harmony some seeds of jealousy and distrust,
+not I believe so much in the mind of the Duke as in those
+of his Tory colleagues, and the Canningites on their side
+certainly felt no cordiality even towards the Duke himself.
+They said that he never could nor would understand anything;
+that he said a thing one day and forgot it the next,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DISPUTES IN THE CABINET.</span>
+and instead of that clearness of intellect for which he had
+credit, nothing could be more puzzled and confused than
+he was; that nothing could absolve him from the suspicion
+of duplicity and insincerity but the conviction that his ambiguous
+conduct on various occasions arose from a confusion
+of ideas. On the other hand, Lord Bathurst told my father
+that he thought they (Huskisson and his friends) were too
+much disposed to act together as a party in the Cabinet; and
+it is clear that the Duke thought so too, and that this feeling
+and the resentment it engendered in his mind are the real
+reasons of his conduct on the late occasion.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_04" id="FN_04_04" href="#FNA_04_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[Bills had been brought into Parliament for the disfranchisement of
+the boroughs of Penryn and East Retford, and the transfer of those seats to
+Manchester and Birmingham. On the East Retford case, which came
+before the House of Commons on the 19th of May, Mr. Huskisson felt bound
+in honour to support the measure, and voted against his colleagues. On his
+return home after the debate he wrote a hasty letter to the Duke of Wellington,
+in which he said that he &lsquo;owed it to the Duke and to Mr. Peel to
+lose no time in affording them an opportunity of placing his office in other
+hands.&rsquo; The Duke regarding this as a formal act of resignation, laid it
+before the King and filled up the appointment. The correspondence is
+published in the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo; New Series, vol.
+iv. p. 449. The resignation of Lord Palmerston, Charles Grant, and Lord
+Dudley followed. The details of this transaction are sufficiently alluded
+to in the text.]</p></div>
+
+<p>There had been a dispute in the Cabinet about the Corn
+Bill, which occasioned the discussion of it to be put off for a
+few days at the time, and upon that occasion Grant resigned
+his office. The matter was made up and he stayed. But
+when upon the East Retford affair Huskisson resigned, and
+in such an extraordinary manner, the Duke felt that there was
+a disposition to embarrass him by these perpetual tenders
+of resignation, which he believed they thought he would
+not venture to accept. Upon receiving Huskisson&rsquo;s letter
+he went to Lord Bathurst and consulted him, and Lord
+Bathurst advised him to take him at his word. Everybody
+looks for some cause which does not appear for important
+events, and people with difficulty admit of very simple
+solutions and very trifling causes, though such are not
+unfrequently the real ones. I believe that Huskisson had
+no intention of embarrassing the Duke and none of resigning;
+but for a cool and sensible man his conduct is most
+extraordinary, for he acted with the precipitation of a
+schoolboy and showed a complete want of all those qualities
+of prudence and calm deliberation for which he has the
+greatest credit. But though this breach might have been
+avoided, from the sentiments which have been expressed by
+both parties, it is evident other differences would have arisen
+which must have dissolved the Government before long. After
+putting aside the violent opinions on both sides, the conclusion
+is that Huskisson acted very hastily and imprudently,
+and that his letter (say what he will) was a complete resignation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+and that the Duke had a right so to consider it; that
+in the Duke&rsquo;s conduct there appeared a want of courtesy
+and an anxiety to get rid of him which it would have been
+more fair to avow and defend than to deny; that on both
+sides there was a mixture of obstinacy and angry feeling,
+and a disposition to treat the question rather as a personal
+matter than one in which the public interests were deeply
+concerned. But the charge which is made on one side that
+Huskisson wanted to embarrass the Duke&rsquo;s Government and
+enhance his own importance, and that on the other of the
+Duke&rsquo;s insincerity, are both unfounded.</p>
+
+<p>Some circumstances, however, contributed to place the
+Duke&rsquo;s conduct in an unfavourable point of view. These
+were the extravagant and unconcealed joy of the High Tories
+and of his immediate friends, and his attending at the same
+time the Pitt dinner and sitting there while Lord Eldon
+gave his famous &lsquo;one cheer more&rsquo; for Protestant ascendency.
+That he treated Huskisson with some degree of harshness
+there is no doubt, but he was angry, and not without reason;
+the former brought it all upon himself. During the debate
+upon East Retford, when Huskisson was called upon by
+Sandon to redeem his pledge, he told Peel that he could not
+help himself, and must vote against him; but he begged him
+to put off the question till the following week, that it might
+be considered again. This Peel refused; had he acceded, all
+this would not have taken place.</p>
+
+<p>When the King saw Huskisson he was extremely gracious
+to him, expressed the utmost regret at losing him, and said
+that he had wished not to see him at first, that he might
+avoid receiving his resignation, and in hopes that the matter
+would have been
+arranged.<a name="FNA_04_05" id="FNA_04_05" href="#FN_04_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+However, the other party say
+that the King is very glad to have got rid of him and his
+party.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_05" id="FN_04_05" href="#FNA_04_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Huskisson solicited an audience, which his Majesty refused for some
+days to grant: he would not see him until he had written again to the
+Duke of Wellington.]</p></div>
+
+<p>In the middle of all this Madame de Lieven is supposed
+to have acted with great impertinence if not imprudence,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.</span>
+and to have made use of the access she has to the King to
+say all sorts of things against the Duke and the present
+Government. Her dislike to the Duke has been increasing
+ever since that cessation of intimacy which was caused by
+Canning&rsquo;s accession to power, when she treated him very
+uncivilly in order to pay court to Canning. Esterhazy told
+me last night that although her position here was now
+greatly changed, and that it was far from being so agreeable
+as it was, he could not accuse her of imprudence in having
+taken the part she had done, because he thought that it
+had answered very well, and that the objects of her Court
+had been in great measure accomplished through her
+means.</p>
+
+<h3>June 18th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s speech on the
+Catholic question is considered by many to have been so
+moderate as to indicate a disposition on his part to concede
+emancipation, and bets have been laid that Catholics will
+sit in Parliament next year. Many men are resolved to see
+it in this light who are anxious to join his Government,
+and whose scruples with regard to that question are removed
+by such an interpretation of his speech. I do not believe
+he means to do anything until he is compelled to it,
+which if he remains in office he will be; for the success of
+the Catholic question depends neither on Whigs nor Tories,
+the former of whom have not the power and the latter not
+the inclination to carry it. The march of time and the
+state of Ireland will effect it in spite of everything, and its
+slow but continual advance can neither be retarded by its
+enemies nor accelerated by its friends. In the meantime
+men affect to consider his expressions as of importance
+enough to influence their conduct in taking or refusing office.
+Frankland
+Lewis,<a name="FNA_04_06" id="FNA_04_06" href="#FN_04_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+who refused the Irish Secretaryship, said
+that after that speech he regretted his refusal and would be
+glad to take it, and now he wants to join the Government
+again. Certainly at this moment the Tories are triumphant,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+and so far from the Duke&rsquo;s Government having any difficulty
+in standing, there does not appear to be a disposition in any
+quarter to oppose it. Not only in Parliament there is no
+Opposition, but the press is veering round and treating him
+with great civility. The Government seem well disposed to
+follow up the Liberal policy, to which they have been suspected
+of being adverse, and have already declared that they
+do not intend to deviate either in their foreign or domestic
+policy from the principles on which the Government was
+understood to act previous to the separation. Arbuthnot
+told my father yesterday that they all regret now having
+resigned in 1827, and Huskisson owned to A. that he had
+acted with unfortunate precipitancy.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_06" id="FN_04_06" href="#FNA_04_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. T. Frankland Lewis, a member of the Grenville and
+Canning section of the Tory party; made a baronet by Sir Robert Peel;
+the father of the Right Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 29th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>I dined yesterday with the King at St.
+James&rsquo;s&mdash;his Jockey Club dinner. There were about thirty
+people, several not being invited whom he did not fancy.
+The Duke of Leeds told me a much greater list had been
+made out, but he had scratched several out of it. We
+assembled in the Throne Room, and found him already there,
+looking very well and walking about. He soon, however,
+sat down, and desired everybody else to do so. Nobody
+spoke, and he laughed and said, &lsquo;This is more like a Quaker
+than a Jockey Club meeting.&rsquo; We soon went to dinner,
+which was in the Great Supper Room and very magnificent.
+He sat in the middle, with the Dukes of Richmond and
+Grafton on each side of him. I sat opposite to him, and he
+was particularly gracious to me, talking to me across the
+table and recommending all the good things; he made me
+(after eating a quantity of turtle) eat a dish of crawfish soup,
+till I thought I should have burst. After dinner the Duke
+of Leeds, who sat at the head of the table, gave &lsquo;The King.&rsquo;
+We all stood up, when his Majesty thanked us, and said he
+hoped this would be the first of annual meetings of the sort
+to take place, there or elsewhere under his roof. He then
+ordered paper, pens, &amp;c., and they began making matches
+and stakes; the most perfect ease was established, just as
+much as if we had been dining with the Duke of York, and
+he seemed delighted. He made one or two little speeches,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD LYNDHURST AND THE GREAT SEAL.</span>
+one recommending that a stop should be put to the exportation
+of horses. He twice gave &lsquo;The Turf,&rsquo; and at the end
+the Duke of Richmond asked his leave to give a toast, and
+again gave &lsquo;The King.&rsquo; He thanked all the gentlemen, and
+said that there was no man who had the interests of the
+turf more at heart than himself, that he was delighted at
+having this party, and that the oftener they met the better,
+and he only wanted to have it pointed out to him how he
+could promote the pleasure and amusement of the turf, and
+he was ready to do anything in his power. He got up
+at half-past twelve and wished us good night. Nothing
+could go off better, and Mount Charles told me he was sure
+he was delighted.</p>
+
+<p>I dined with the Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] three
+days ago; he talked to me a great deal about his acceptance
+of the Great Seal and of the speculation it was. He was
+Master of the Rolls with 7,000&#8467;. a year for life when it
+was offered to him; he debated whether it was worth while
+to give this up to be Chancellor for perhaps only one year,
+with a peerage and the pension. He talked the matter over
+with his wife, and they agreed that if it only lasted one
+year (which he evidently thought probable) it was worth
+while, besides the contingency of a long Chancellorship.
+He asked me if the Government was popular and reckoned
+strong. I told him it was apparently popular and reckoned
+strong, because there was no Opposition and little chance
+of any. I said that however hazardous his speculation
+might have been, it had turned out well, for he had a good
+chance of being Chancellor as long as his predecessor had
+been, there being so few candidates for the office. He said
+this was true, and then he talked of his Court, and said it
+was impossible for one man to do the business of it. In
+talking of the speculation he had made, political opinions
+and political consistency seemed never to occur to him, and
+he considered the whole matter in a light so business-like
+and professional as to be quite amusing. He talked of the
+Duke, said he was a good man to do business with, quick
+and intelligent, and &lsquo;how well he managed that little correspondence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+with Huskisson,&rsquo; which was droll enough, for
+Huskisson dined there and was in the room.</p>
+
+<h3>August 6th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>About three weeks ago I went to Windsor
+to a Council. The King had been very ill for a day or two,
+but was recovered. Rob
+Adair<a name="FNA_04_07" id="FNA_04_07" href="#FN_04_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+was sworn in Privy Councillor,
+and he remained in the room and heard the speech,
+which he ought not to have done. The Duke attacked me
+afterwards (in joke) for letting him stay; but I told him it
+was no business of mine, and his neighbour ought to have
+told him to go. That neighbour, however, was Vesey
+Fitzgerald, who said it was the first time he had attended a
+Council, and he could not begin by turning another man
+out. I brought Adair back to town, and he told me a great
+many things about Burke, and Fox, and Fitzpatrick, and
+all the eminent men of that time with whom he lived when
+he was young. He said what I have often heard before,
+that Fitzpatrick was the most agreeable of them all, but
+Hare the most brilliant. Burke&rsquo;s conversation was delightful,
+so luminous and instructive. He was very passionate,
+and Adair said that the first time he ever saw him he
+unluckily asked him some question about the wild parts of
+Ireland, when Burke broke out, &lsquo;You are a fool and a blockhead;
+there are no wild parts in Ireland.&rsquo; He was extremely
+terrified, but afterwards Burke was very civil to
+him, and he knew him very well.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_07" id="FN_04_07" href="#FNA_04_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. Sir Robert Adair, the friend of Fox, formerly ambassador
+at Constantinople and Vienna. It was he whom Canning once called
+&lsquo;Bobadare-a-dool-fowla.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>He told me a great deal about the quarrel between Fox
+and Burke. Fox never ceased to entertain a regard for Burke,
+and at no time would suffer him to be abused in his presence.
+There was an attempt made to bring about a reconciliation,
+and a meeting for that purpose took place of all the leading
+men at Burlington House. Burke was on the point of yielding
+when his son suddenly made his appearance unbidden, and
+on being told what was going on said, &lsquo;My father shall be
+no party to such a compromise,&rsquo; took Burke aside and
+persuaded him to reject the overtures. That son Adair
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIR ROBERT ADAIR&rsquo;S ANECDOTES.</span>
+described as the most disagreeable, violent, and wrong-headed
+of men, but the idol of his father, who used to say
+that he united all his own talents and acquirements with
+those of Fox and everybody else. After the death of Richard
+Burke, Fox and Burke met behind the throne of the House
+of Lords one day, when Fox went up to Burke and put out
+both his hands to him. Burke was almost surprised into
+meeting this cordiality in the same spirit, but the momentary
+impulse passed away, and he doggedly dropped his hands and
+left the House.</p>
+
+<p>Adair told me that Lord Holland has written very copious
+memoirs of his own time, and particularly characters of all
+the eminent men who have died, in the delineation of which
+he excels. Soon after Pitt&rsquo;s resignation in 1801 there was
+an attempt made to effect a junction between Pitt and Fox,
+to which they were neither of them averse. The negotiation
+was, however, entrusted to subordinate agents, and Adair
+said that he had always regretted that they had not met, for if
+they had he thought the matter would have been arranged.
+As it was the design was thwarted by the King through the
+intervention (I think he said) of Lord Loughborough.</p>
+
+<p>There was another Council about a week ago. On these
+occasions the King always whispers to me something or other
+about his racehorses or something about myself, and I am at
+this moment in high favour. We had Howley and
+Bloomfield<a name="FNA_04_08" id="FNA_04_08" href="#FN_04_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+at this Council, with the latter of whom I made
+acquaintance, to the great amusement of the Duke. He
+laughed at seeing me conversing with this bishop.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_08" id="FN_04_08" href="#FNA_04_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I hear from Frederick Lamb that the Duke is greatly
+alarmed about Ireland. By-the-by he,
+Frederick,<a name="FNA_04_09" id="FNA_04_09" href="#FN_04_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+is come
+back from Portugal, thinking that our Government have
+acted very ill and very foolishly, first encouraging and then
+abandoning these wretched Constitutionalists to their fate,
+and he is no particular friend to Liberalism.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_09" id="FN_04_09" href="#FNA_04_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[Sir Frederick Lamb, afterwards created Lord Beauvale, and who became
+Lord Melbourne on the death of his brother William.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 14th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Just returned from Goodwood, where I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
+went on the 11th, and heard on arriving that the Lord
+High Admiral had resigned, but no particulars. It is a very
+good thing at all events.</p>
+
+<h3>August 16th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>The Lord High Admiral was turned
+out.<a name="FNA_04_10" id="FNA_04_10" href="#FN_04_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+The Duke told him that he must go, but that he might
+resign as if of his own accord. The Duke is all-powerful.
+It is strongly reported that Peel will resign, that the Duke
+means to concede the Catholic question and to negotiate a
+<i>concordat</i> with the Pope. Many people think Lord Grey
+will join the Government, and that he will be First Lord of
+the Admiralty. The Duke gave his brother Dr. Bloomfield&rsquo;s
+living without any solicitation. Esterhazy told me to-night
+that Palmella entertains from twenty to thirty of his
+countrymen at dinner every day, of whom there are several
+hundred in London, of the best families, totally destitute.
+All Palmella&rsquo;s property is sequestrated, but he receives the
+appointment of Portuguese Minister from the Brazilian
+Government.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_10" id="FN_04_10" href="#FNA_04_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[The King&rsquo;s letter dismissing the Duke of Clarence from the office of
+Lord High Admiral was dated the 11th of August, 1828. It is published in
+the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo; New Series, vol. iv. p. 595.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 22nd, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Stoke on the 19th and came
+back yesterday. There were the Dowager Lady Salisbury,
+Duchess of Newcastle, Worcester and Lady W. Russell,
+Giles, Billy Churchill. On the 18th Dawson&rsquo;s
+speech<a name="FNA_04_11" id="FNA_04_11" href="#FN_04_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+at
+Derry reached us, and I never remember any occurrence which
+excited greater surprise. The general impression was that
+he made the speech, with the Duke&rsquo;s knowledge and concurrence,
+which I never believed. I thought from what he
+said to me just before he went to Ireland that he had
+changed his own opinion, and now many people say they
+knew this; but I was little prepared to hear of his making
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DAWSON&rsquo;S SPEECH AT DERRY.</span>
+such a speech at such a place as Derry, and on such an occasion
+as a &lsquo;Prentice Boy&rsquo; commemoration. The rage and
+fury of the Orangemen there and of the Orange press here
+are boundless, and the violence and scurrility of their abuse
+are the more absurd because Dawson only described in
+glowing colours, and certainly without reserve, the actual
+state of Ireland, but did not argue the question at all further
+than leaving on his hearers the inevitable inference that he
+thought the time for granting emancipation was come. The
+truth is that the conversion of one of the most violent anti-Catholics
+must strike everybody as a strong argument in
+favour of the measure, and they know not by how many and
+by whom his example may be followed. The Orangemen
+are moving heaven and earth to create disturbances, and
+their impotent fury shows how low their cause is sunk. The
+Catholics, on the contrary, are temperate and calm, from
+confidence in their strength and the progressive advance of
+their course. But although I think the Catholics are now
+in a position which renders their ultimate success certain, I
+am very far from participating in the sanguine expectations
+of those who think the Duke of Wellington is convinced that
+the question must be settled directly, and that he will carry
+it through in the ensuing session. In the first place I see
+clearly that the Government are extremely annoyed at
+Dawson&rsquo;s speech. I saw Goulburn to-day, and though he
+did not say much, what he did say was enough to satisfy me
+of this: &lsquo;he hoped that it had been incorrectly reported.&rsquo;
+Dawson has written to the
+Duke,<a name="FNA_04_12" id="FNA_04_12" href="#FN_04_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+and the letter was sent
+to him to-day. But what has put me in despair about it
+is a letter of the Duke&rsquo;s which Drummond read to me
+to-day addressed, I do not know to whom, but upon that
+subject. It began, &lsquo;My dear sir,&rsquo; and after other matter
+proceeded nearly as follows:&mdash;&lsquo;This subject has been more
+discussed and more pamphlets have been written upon it in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+the course of the last twenty-five years than any other that
+I can remember. No two people are agreed upon what
+ought to be done, and yet the Government is expected at
+once to settle the question.&rsquo; This is the old argument, as if
+after thirty years&rsquo; discussion in every shape it was not time
+to settle the question. As if those who undertake to govern
+the country were not the men who are bound to find the
+means of settling it and allaying the irritation it causes.
+And as if, instead of no two persons being agreed upon the
+subject, all the ablest and wisest men in the country were not
+cordially agreed that complete emancipation is the only
+remedy for the evils that exist, and that they are opposed by
+the most despicable faction which ever existed, animated by
+the most base and sordid motives. This letter was read to
+me as conveying the Duke&rsquo;s opinions, which his secretary
+thought were very sound and sensible, and which I think
+evinced a degree of anility quite pitiable, and proves how
+little there is to expect from any liberality and good sense on
+his part.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_11" id="FN_04_11" href="#FNA_04_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[Mr. Peel&rsquo;s confidential letter to the Duke of Wellington, stating his
+reluctant conviction that it was indispensably necessary for the Government
+to change its policy on the Catholic question, was written on the 11th of
+August, 1828. The letter is published in Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s &lsquo;Posthumous
+Memoirs,&rsquo; vol. i, p. 189. It is a remarkable circumstance that Mr. Dawson&rsquo;s
+speech at Derry was made <i>just one week afterwards</i>; but there is no evidence
+that he knew of the change in his brother-in-law&rsquo;s opinion. See for further
+details as to the effect of Dawson&rsquo;s speech <i>infra</i>.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_12" id="FN_04_12" href="#FNA_04_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[This letter is published in the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo;
+New Series, vol. iv. p. 633. The Duke said, &lsquo;Dawson&rsquo;s speech is too bad.
+Surely a man who does such things ought to be put in a strait waistcoat.&rsquo;
+<i>Ibid</i>. p. 636.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I do not yet know the whole truth of the Lord High
+Admiral&rsquo;s resignation, but it seems that it is not yet certain.
+Negotiations on the subject are still going on. I believe
+he quarrelled with his council, particularly Cockburn, and
+that Government took part with Cockburn. The Duke of
+Clarence wants to promote deserving officers, but they oppose
+it on account of the expense, and they find in everything great
+difficulty in keeping him in order. His resignation will be very
+unpopular in the navy, for his system of promotion was more
+liberal and impartial than that of his predecessor, whose
+administration was one perpetual job, and who made the
+patronage of the Admiralty instrumental to governing Scotland.
+Hitherto the appointments of Government have not
+been the most judicious&mdash;Lord Belmore to Jamaica, because
+he is a Lord, and a very dull one; Lord Strangford to the
+Brazils, though the Duke knows as well as anybody that he
+cannot be trusted, and was recalled by Canning because he
+said and did all sorts of things at Constantinople for which
+he had no authority, and they found that no reliance whatever
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DISMISSAL OF THE LORD HIGH ADMIRAL.</span>
+was to be placed in him. Lord Stuart de Rothesay,
+too, is sent back to Paris, though personally obnoxious to the
+King and universally disliked.</p>
+
+<h3>Stoke, August 25th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Windsor to-day for a
+Council and came on here after it. There were the Chancellor,
+Peel, Fitzgerald, Ellenborough, Sir G. Murray, the Archbishop,
+and Bishop of London, who came to do homage.
+The King gave the Chancellor a long audience, and another
+to Peel, probably to talk over Dawson&rsquo;s speech and Orange
+politics. After the Council the King called me and talked
+to me about racehorses, which he cares more about than the
+welfare of Ireland or the peace of Europe. We walked over
+the Castle, which is nearly finished, but too gaudy. The
+King told me he would go to Egham races to-morrow. I
+talked to Fitzgerald about Dawson&rsquo;s speech. He said he
+believed Dawson had never told the Duke or Peel what he
+meant to do, that he thought he was very bold and imprudent.
+However, he was glad of it, as it must assist the cause,
+and the moral effect in Ireland would be produced before the
+Duke&rsquo;s sentiments could be known. Lord Mount Charles
+told me the day before yesterday that the reason the Duke
+of Clarence had resigned was, that he had in many instances
+exceeded his powers, which had produced remonstrances
+from the Duke of Wellington, whereupon the Duke of
+Clarence tendered his resignation, and the Duke immediately
+carried it to the King without asking him to
+stay.<a name="FNA_04_13" id="FNA_04_13" href="#FN_04_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+Afterwards
+there were some negotiations, when the Duke of
+Clarence refused to stay if Cockburn did. They would not,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+however, part with Cockburn, but subsequently the Duke
+shook hands with him and asked him to dine at Bushy on his
+birthday. He said that his successor was not appointed,
+but it will probably be Lord Melville. The King has not
+been well; he goes fishing and dining at Virginia Water,
+stays out late, and catches cold.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_13" id="FN_04_13" href="#FNA_04_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[A letter from the Duke of Wellington to Sir Robert Peel, dated the
+13th of August, 1828, explains the circumstances that led to the removal of
+the Duke of Clarence from the office of Lord High Admiral. This letter is
+published in the first volume of Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s &lsquo;Posthumous Memoirs on
+the Catholic Question and the Repeal of the Corn Laws,&rsquo; p. 269. The Duke
+of Wellington says, &lsquo;He behaved very rudely to Cockburn. I saw Cockburn
+and Croker, and both agreed in stating that the machine could no longer
+work.&rsquo; In a subsequent letter the Duke added, &lsquo;I quite agree with you
+that it is very unfortunate the Duke of Clarence has resigned. I did everything
+in my power to avoid that result, excepting give up Cockburn.&rsquo; The
+whole correspondence is published in the fourth volume of the Duke&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo;
+New Series.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 29th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Came from Stoke last night. There were
+the Lievens, Cowper, Lord Melbourne, Luttrell, Pierre
+d&rsquo;Aremberg, Creevy, Russell, Montrond. The King went to
+Egham races Tuesday and Thursday, was very well received
+and pleased. He was very gracious to me. Madame de Lieven
+went over to the Lodge to see Lady Conyngham, who finding
+she had never seen Clifden, carried her off there, ordered
+luncheon and the pony carriage, took her all over the place,
+and then carried her back to Salthill, where the King&rsquo;s
+carriage met her and took her back to Virginia Water to
+dinner. Lieven told me they had never expected to find this
+Turkish expedition an easy business, and had always been
+prepared for great difficulties, &amp;c., from which I conclude
+that they have met with some check. I met Bachelor, the
+poor Duke of York&rsquo;s old servant, and now the King&rsquo;s <i>valet
+de chambre</i>, and he told me some curious things about the interior
+of the Palace; but he is coming to call on me, and I
+will write down what he tells me then. There is a report
+that the Admiralty has been offered to Lord Melbourne. I
+asked him (at Stoke), and he said he had never heard of it.</p>
+
+<h3>London, November 25th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>I have not written anything
+since I left town, because nothing occurred worth remembering.
+Yesterday I went to the Council at Windsor. Most
+of the Ministers were there, the Recorder, two foreign
+Ministers, and the Duke of Clarence. The King seemed to be
+very well. The Duke of Wellington did not arrive till late,
+and before he was come the King sent for Peel and gave him
+an audience of two hours at least. I thought there must be
+something in the wind, and was struck with Peel&rsquo;s taking
+the Duke into one of the window recesses and talking to him
+very earnestly as soon as he came out. I returned to town
+after the Council, and in the evening went to the play, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">HEALTH AND HABITS OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+coming out I met Henry de Ros and Frederick Lamb. The
+former made me go with him in his carriage, when he told
+me what fully explained the cause of Peel&rsquo;s long audience&mdash;that
+the Duke has at last made up his mind to carry the
+Catholic question, and that
+Peel<a name="FNA_04_14" id="FNA_04_14" href="#FN_04_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+and the rest of the violent
+anti-Catholics are going out; that the Duke&rsquo;s present idea
+is to apply to Huskisson, but that nothing will be done or said
+till the Ministers assemble in town and hold their cabinets.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_14" id="FN_04_14" href="#FNA_04_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[It had not then transpired, nor was it known until long afterwards,
+that the proposal to carry Catholic Emancipation was made by Mr. Peel to
+the Duke of Wellington on the 11th of August. Sir Robert Peel states,
+however, in his &lsquo;Memoir,&rsquo; p. 269, &lsquo;At the close of the year 1828 little, if
+any, progress had been made in removing the difficulties with which the
+Duke of Wellington had to contend;&rsquo; and, p. 274, &lsquo;The chief difficulty was
+the King. At the commencement of the month of January 1829 his
+Majesty had not yet signified his consent that the whole subject of Ireland,
+including the Catholic question, should be taken into consideration by his
+confidential servants.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>He told me also that the French Government have at last
+agreed to make common cause with us in preventing the
+Russians from prosecuting the war against Turkey.</p>
+
+<h3>December 16th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>A Council at Windsor yesterday; very
+few present, and no audiences but Aberdeen for three-quarters
+of an hour and the Duke for five minutes. I sent
+for Bachelor and had a long talk with him. He said the
+King was well, but weak, his constitution very strong, no
+malady about him, but irritation in the bladder which he
+could not get rid of. He thinks the hot rooms and want of
+air and exercise do him harm, and that he is getting every
+day more averse to exercise and more prone to retirement,
+which, besides that it weakens his constitution, is a proof
+that he is beginning to break. Bachelor thinks he is in no
+sort of danger; I think he will not live more than two years.
+He says that his attendants are quite worn out with being
+always about him, and living in such hot rooms (which
+obliges them to drink) and seldom getting air and exercise.
+B. is at present well, but he sits up every other night with
+the King and never leaves him. He is in high favour, and
+Sir William Knighton is now as civil and obliging to him as
+he used to be the reverse. The King instructs him in his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+duties in the kindest manner, likes to have him about him,
+and talks a great deal to him. But his Majesty keeps everybody
+at a great distance from him, and all about him are
+afraid of him, though he talks to his pages with more
+openness and familiarity than to anybody. He thinks
+Radford (who is dying) is not in such favour as he was,
+though he is always there; of O&rsquo;Reilly the surgeon, who
+sees the King every day and carries him all the gossip he can
+pick up, Bachelor speaks with very little ceremony. The
+King told them the other day that &lsquo;O&rsquo;R. was the damnedest
+liar in the world,&rsquo; and it seems he is often in the habit of
+discussing people in this way to his <i>valets de chambre</i>. He
+reads a great deal, and every morning has his boxes brought
+to him and reads their contents. They are brought up by
+Knighton or Watson, both of whom have keys of all the
+boxes. He says there is not one person about him whom
+he likes&mdash;Mount Charles pretty well, Taylor better than
+anybody, Knighton constantly there and his influence unbounded;
+he thinks K. can do anything.</p>
+
+<h3>December 20th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Hyde Villiers called on me ten days ago
+to give me an account of his visit to Ireland. He seems
+to have been intimate with several of the leading men,
+particularly Shiel, whom all agree in describing as the
+cleverest man of his party. He also saw a good deal of the
+Lord-Lieutenant;<a name="FNA_04_15" id="FNA_04_15" href="#FN_04_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+and was struck by his imprudence and
+unreserve. He spoke very positively of his determination
+not to be a party to any measures contrary to his opinions,
+and did not scruple to complain of the little information he
+received from the Government here concerning their intentions.
+He also appears to have been flattered by O&rsquo;Connell
+into entire confidence in him, and told Villiers that he
+would trust him implicitly. O&rsquo;Connell and Shiel detest each
+other, though Shiel does not oppose him. Lawless detests
+him too, and he does everything he can to thwart and
+provoke him, and opposes him in the
+Association<a name="FNA_04_16" id="FNA_04_16" href="#FN_04_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+upon all
+occasions. Lately in the affair of the &lsquo;exclusive dealing&rsquo; he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF O&rsquo;CONNELL.</span>
+met with such opposition in the Association that it required
+a great deal of time and management to get rid of that proposition,
+although in the end he carried the matter very
+triumphantly. But O&rsquo;Connell, though opposed by a numerous
+party in the Association, is all-powerful in the country, and
+there is not one individual who has a chance of supplanting
+him in the affections of the great mass of the Catholics.
+For twenty-five years he has been continually labouring to
+obtain that authority and consideration which he possesses
+without a rival, and is now so great that they yield unlimited
+obedience to his individual will. As an orator he
+would probably fail in the English House of Commons; but
+to a mob, especially an Irish mob, he is perfect, exactly the
+style and manner which suits their tastes and comprehensions,
+and consequently his success with them is unbounded.
+He has a large landed property, is at the head of
+his profession, an admirable lawyer and manager of a cause,
+and never for a moment diverted by political or other considerations
+from the due discharge of his professional duties.
+He is besides a man of high moral character and great
+probity in private life, and has been for years in the habit of
+affording his professional assistance gratis to those of his
+own religion who cannot afford to pay for it. These are
+some of the grounds of his popularity, to which may be
+added his industry and devotion to the Roman Catholic
+cause; he rises at three every morning and goes to bed at
+eight. He possesses a very retentive memory, and is particularly
+strong in historical and constitutional knowledge.
+The great object of his ambition is to be at the head of
+his own profession, and his favourite project to reform
+the laws, a task for which he fancies himself eminently
+qualified. To accomplish any particular object he cares
+not to what charges of partial inconsistency he exposes
+himself, trusting to his own ingenuity to exonerate himself
+from them afterwards. Neither O&rsquo;Connell nor Shiel are
+supposed to be men of courage, but Lawless is, and he is
+thought capable of the most desperate adventures. Shiel is
+of opinion that the Association might be suppressed by law;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+O&rsquo;Connell thinks it could not, and that if it might legally
+it could not practically. O&rsquo;Connell says he can keep the
+country quiet another year certainly, Doyle thinks not.
+Doyle is a very able man, a man of the world, dislikes
+O&rsquo;Connell, but is obliged to act in concert with him. Doyle,
+conscious of his own talents, is deeply mortified that no field
+is open for their display, and he is one of those men who must
+be eminent in whatever cause they are engaged.
+Murray<a name="FNA_04_17" id="FNA_04_17" href="#FN_04_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+is a clever man, but not so ambitious as Doyle; Francis
+Leveson is extremely cautious, cold in his manners, and
+therefore conciliates no general regard in Ireland, where
+they like an exactly opposite character. William Lamb
+was popular beyond all precedent, but Francis seems to have
+avoided giving offence to either party, which is perhaps as
+much as could have been expected from him, and in a
+country where the rival factions are so exasperated against
+each other to be able to preserve a character for impartiality
+is no small praise. I wrote to my brother Henry what I have
+mentioned under the head of November 21st, and in return
+he told me that it was in contemplation to put down the
+Association, and that the law officers in Ireland had reported
+that it was practicable, and their opinion had come over
+here, but the decision of the Government had not arrived.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_15" id="FN_04_15" href="#FNA_04_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+[The Marquis of Anglesey was then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_16" id="FN_04_16" href="#FNA_04_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+[The Catholic Association. The &lsquo;exclusive dealing&rsquo; was a pledge
+required of members of the Association not to deal with Orangemen.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_17" id="FN_04_17" href="#FNA_04_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+[Dr. Murray, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Lord Francis
+Leveson (afterwards Lord Francis Egerton and Earl of Ellesmere), Mr.
+Greville&rsquo;s brother-in-law, was then Irish Secretary. William Lamb, afterwards
+Lord Melbourne, had preceded him in that office. Henry Greville
+held a place at the Vice-Regal Court.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I very soon saw enough to satisfy me that the Duke
+is endeavouring to prevail on Peel to stay in office, and his
+repeated conferences with the Bishop of Oxford and other
+bishops are enough to prove that he is negotiating with the
+Church, but nothing transpires of his intentions. Not one
+word has been said to Huskisson or any of his friends. My
+belief is that in that long conference at Windsor the King
+tried to prevail on Peel not to go; since which discussions
+between Peel, the Duke, and the Bishop have been going on
+to see how the matter can be arranged so as to make
+Peel&rsquo;s acquiescence palatable to the Church and the Brunswickers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD BELMORE GOVERNOR OF JAMAICA.</span>
+and perhaps to engage the Duke to modify his
+intended measures accordingly. This is conjecture. The
+Duke is gone to Wootton and to Middleton; he is always
+going about.</p>
+
+<h3>December 21st, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>A few days ago I saw Lord Belmore just
+as he was setting out for Jamaica. I went to talk to him
+about my
+plan.<a name="FNA_04_18" id="FNA_04_18" href="#FN_04_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+He was very civil and said he would do
+all that depended upon him. He does not seem to be bright,
+but whatever his talents may be, he seems to be left to the free
+exercise of them, for he told me that he felt his situation to
+be one of some difficulty, never having received any instructions
+(except of course the formal instructions given to every
+governor in writing) as to his conduct from the Secretary of
+State, having had no conversation with any of the authorities
+about the state of the colony, nor any intimation of their
+views and intentions in respect to the principal matters of interest
+there. He said that as the Assembly of Jamaica is now
+sitting, he had proposed to postpone his departure till the
+end of their session, when the Bills they passed would come
+over here, and he might discuss them with the Government
+and learn their sentiments and wishes as to the course
+he should adopt; a very sensible proposition. But he received
+for answer that he had better go now, for that when these
+Bills came over here Parliament would be sitting, and
+Government would not have leisure to attend to the affairs
+of Jamaica. And this is the way our colonies are governed!
+Stephen,<a name="FNA_04_19" id="FNA_04_19" href="#FN_04_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+to whom I told this, said he was not surprised, for
+that Sir George Murray did nothing&mdash;never wrote a despatch&mdash;had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+only once since he has been in office seen Taylor, who
+has got all the West Indies under his care.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_18" id="FN_04_18" href="#FNA_04_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+[Mr. Greville held the office of Secretary of the Island of Jamaica.
+The duties of the office were performed by a deputy paid by the Secretary
+out of the fees received in the island. He never visited Jamaica, and the
+office held on these conditions was a sinecure; but he occasionally took part
+in the affairs of Jamaica in this country. The &lsquo;plan&rsquo; alluded to in this
+passage is unknown to me. Somerset, second Earl of Belmore, had just been
+appointed Governor of Jamaica at this time.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_19" id="FN_04_19" href="#FNA_04_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+[James Stephen, Esq., then law adviser of the Colonial Office, and
+afterwards Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. Mr. Henry Taylor,
+the accomplished author of &lsquo;Philip von Artevelde,&rsquo; was at the head of the
+West India department of the office. Sir George Murray was Secretary of
+State.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I might as well have put in on the 25th of November
+what the King said to me, as it seems to have amused everybody.
+I was standing close to him at the Council, and he
+put down his head and whispered, &lsquo;Which are you for,
+Cadland or the mare?&rsquo; (meaning the match between Cadland
+and Bess of Bedlam); so I put my head down too and
+said, &lsquo;The horse;&rsquo; and then as we retired he said to the
+Duke, &lsquo;A little bit of Newmarket.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>December 30th, 1828</h3>
+
+<p>Hyde Villiers brought me on Thursday
+or Friday last a copy of the Duke&rsquo;s letter to
+Dr. Curtis,<a name="FNA_04_20" id="FNA_04_20" href="#FN_04_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+which had been sent to him from Dublin under strict injunction
+of not showing it. The next day it appeared in all the
+newspapers, O&rsquo;Connell having read it to the Association. It
+has made a great noise, and being as usual ambiguous, both
+parties affect to consider it to be in their favour. I fancy
+the Duke is very angry at its publication, at least judging
+from what his secretaries say.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_20" id="FN_04_20" href="#FNA_04_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+[The Duke of Wellington had corresponded with Dr. Curtis, the
+titular Roman Catholic Primate of Ireland, for many years. Indeed, as
+appears in the text, he had known him long before at Salamanca, when this
+prelate was at the Irish College there. Several excellent letters by Dr.
+Curtis to the Duke are published in the second volume of the Duke&rsquo;s &lsquo;Correspondence,&rsquo;
+New Series. The letter adverted to in the text was that in
+which the Duke said (not very wisely) that &lsquo;if men could bury the subject
+(of Catholic Emancipation) in oblivion for a short time, it might be possible
+to discover a satisfactory remedy.&rsquo; Curtis put a copy of the letter in
+O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s hands, and he read it aloud at the Catholic Association. Curtis
+sent a copy of the letter and his own reply to the Lord-Lieutenant, who
+answered him in another letter, in which he said that &lsquo;he did not before
+know the precise sentiments of the Duke upon the present state of the
+Catholic question.&rsquo; This letter was also made public, and added fuel to the
+flames.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The word <i>the</i> in the first paragraph was substituted for <i>a</i>,
+and this alteration these blockheads pretend makes a great
+difference in the sense. It makes none, and is only worthy
+of remark because they probably echo what he has said. It
+is clear enough as to his <i>opinion</i>, but nothing more. Curtis
+was in Spain and imprisoned by the French at Salamanca.
+After the battle the Duke delivered him and had a good deal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.</span>
+of communication with him. He returned to Ireland, and
+from that period has been in occasional correspondence with
+the Duke. Curtis had written him a long letter, desiring
+information about his intentions, and this was the answer.
+A few days ago Hyde Villiers called on the Duke and placed
+in his hands the resolutions which were agreed to by a committee
+of the general meeting to be held in Dublin next
+month. He took them, but said he must decline saying
+anything; as Minister of the Crown he could not say a
+word, as whatever he did must be done in conjunction
+with his colleagues and with the King; that there was a
+disposition to draw inferences from everything, as, for
+example, that a gentleman he had known in Spain had
+written to him on the subject, and his answer had been
+handed about, and all sorts of inferences drawn from it,
+which was very inconvenient, and proved how cautious he
+must be. No doubt it was the Curtis correspondence to
+which he alluded.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>1829.</h2>
+
+<h3>January 2nd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Lord Anglesey was recalled last Sunday.
+The Duke of Wellington came to see my mother either
+Saturday or Sunday last, and told her he had been with the
+King three hours the day before, talking to him about Lord A.,
+that his Majesty was furious with him, thought he took
+upon himself as if he were King of Ireland, and was indignant
+at all he said and all he did. The Duke talked a great
+deal about him, but did not say he was recalled, though his
+manner was such that he left an impression that he had something
+in his mind which he would not let out. He gave
+it to be understood, however, that he had been endeavouring
+to appease the King, and that Lord A.&rsquo;s recall was insisted on
+by his Majesty against his (the Duke&rsquo;s) desire. I enquired
+warmly whether he had asserted or only implied this, because
+I don&rsquo;t believe one word of it. I was told that he had only
+implied it, but had left that impression. But the Duke
+complained of Lord A.&rsquo;s conduct to himself; that he had at
+first written him insolent letters, and latterly had hardly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+ever written to him at all. My belief is that the Duke
+has for some time wished to get rid of Lord Anglesey, that
+these Cabinets have been upon this subject, and that his
+recall was settled there. As to the King&rsquo;s dictation and the
+Duke&rsquo;s submission, I don&rsquo;t believe a word of it. It has been
+clear to me for some time that the Irish Government could
+not remain in Lord Anglesey&rsquo;s hands. I am very sorry for
+it, for I think it will have a bad effect, and have little hope
+of its being followed by any measures likely to counteract
+the evil it immediately occasions.</p>
+
+<h3>January 4th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I have seen letters from Dublin stating
+that the immediate cause of the recall was a letter which
+Lord Anglesey had written to the Duke (but what that was I
+have not ascertained), and that his imprudence was so great
+it was impossible he could have gone on. Certainly the
+writing and then publishing this letter of Curtis&rsquo; is an
+enormous act of indiscretion. The consternation in Dublin
+seems to have been great, and Henry says that if Lord A.
+does not decline all demonstrations of popular feeling towards
+him, he will leave Ireland as Lord Fitzwilliam did, attended
+by the whole population. Yesterday I asked
+Fitzgerald<a name="FNA_04_21" id="FNA_04_21" href="#FN_04_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+if
+it was true that Lord A. was recalled. He put on a long
+face, and said &lsquo;he did not know; <i>recalled</i> he certainly was
+not.&rsquo; I saw he was not disposed to be communicative, so
+I said no more; he, however, began again of his own
+accord, and asked me whether I thought, in the event of
+Lord A.&rsquo;s coming away, that Francis Leveson would remain.
+I told him under what conditions he had taken the place,
+viz. that he was only to stay while Lord A. did; that circumstances
+might make a difference, but that I knew nothing.
+He said he had done remarkably well, given great satisfaction,
+and shown great discretion in a difficult situation;
+that the rock Lord A. had split upon was his vanity.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_21" id="FN_04_21" href="#FNA_04_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. Vesey Fitzgerald, then President of the Board of Trade.
+He was raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1835, as Baron
+Fitzgerald and Vesci.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The exact history of what took place in
+Dublin is as follows:&mdash;Lord Anglesey first of all desired
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.</span>
+George Villiers would get his letter to Dr. Curtis inserted
+in the newspaper. He took it to Shiel, who agreed to
+write as good an article as he could to go with it, and then
+he went to Dr. Murray to inform him (as Dr. Curtis&rsquo;s friend)
+of the intended publication, as Curtis himself was absent,
+and his consent ought to have been previously obtained. He
+went afterwards to the Phoenix Park, and Lord Anglesey
+laid the whole case and correspondence before him. Some
+time ago the Duke wrote to Lord Anglesey proposing that
+O&rsquo;Gorman Mahon and Steele should be removed from the
+Commission of the Peace on account of their conduct to the
+Sheriff of Clare. Lord Anglesey wrote word that the subject
+had engaged his attention, and he had laid the case before
+the law officers, who had reported to him that there were
+no grounds for any legal proceedings against them. &lsquo;How,
+therefore,&rsquo; said the Lord-Lieutenant, &lsquo;could I degrade men
+against whom my law officers advised me that no charge
+could be brought?&rsquo; This was one offence; and another, that
+he had countenanced Lord Cloncurry, who, being a member
+of the Association, was unworthy to receive the King&rsquo;s representative
+and the Chancellor. Lord Anglesey warmly
+defended Lord Cloncurry as a magistrate and a man, and
+appealed to his known loyalty and respect for the King as
+a proof that he would never have done anything derogatory
+to his own situation. The Duke&rsquo;s letter he described
+to have been overbearing and insolent, Lord
+Anglesey&rsquo;s<a name="FNA_04_22" id="FNA_04_22" href="#FN_04_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+temperate, but firm. Lord Anglesey declares that these
+were all the grounds of offence he had given. Five weeks
+elapsed, during which he heard nothing from the Duke,
+and at the end of that time he received his letter of
+recall, conceived nearly in these words:&mdash;&lsquo;My dear Lord
+Anglesey,&mdash;I am aware of the impropriety of having
+allowed your letter to remain so long unanswered, but I
+wished to consult my colleagues, who were out of town. I
+have now done so, and they concur with me that with such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+a difference of opinion between the King&rsquo;s Minister and
+the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland the government of that
+country could not be conducted by you with advantage to the
+public service. I have therefore taken the King&rsquo;s pleasure
+on the subject, and he commands me to inform you that
+you will be immediately relieved from your government. I
+will give you the earliest information of the arrangement
+which will be made in consequence. Believe me, &amp;c.&rsquo; This
+is nearly the
+letter.<a name="FNA_04_23" id="FNA_04_23" href="#FN_04_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+From Lord Anglesey George Villiers
+went to Shiel, and with him to O&rsquo;Connell, to whom Lord
+A. desired he would communicate the event. O&rsquo;Connell was
+dreadfully dejected, so much so that Shiel and G. Villiers
+were glad to go home and dine with him in order to calm
+him. They at length succeeded in doing so, and made him
+engage to abstain from any discussion of the recall in the
+Association the next day (a promise which he did not keep).
+Shiel made a very fine speech in the Association. Nothing,
+they say, can exceed the general feeling on the subject,
+and Lord Anglesey appears to be acting with great dignity
+and reserve; he wishes to decline all popular honours,
+and he put off going to the play, which he was to have
+done.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_22" id="FN_04_22" href="#FNA_04_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+[The correspondence of Lord Anglesey with the Duke of Wellington on
+these charges is now published in the &lsquo;Wellington Correspondence,&rsquo; New
+Series, vol. v. p. 244.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_23" id="FN_04_23" href="#FNA_04_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+[The letter itself is now published in the &lsquo;Wellington Correspondence,&rsquo;
+New Series, vol. v. p. 366. Mr. Greville&rsquo;s version of it differs in no material
+point from the original, though the language is slightly altered.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 7th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke wrote to Francis Leveson to
+say he must not be surprised to hear that a letter would
+reach Lord Anglesey by that day&rsquo;s post, conveying to him
+his recall; that the King was so furious with him that he
+said he would make any sacrifice rather than allow him to
+remain there five minutes longer. His Secretary had repeatedly
+remonstrated with the Lord-Lieutenant on his
+imprudent language in Ireland, and on the tone of his
+letters to the Duke, but that he always defended both on
+principle. The Duke said that his letters were most offensive
+towards him, yet he continued to declare that he should
+have been glad to keep Lord Anglesey on but for the
+King. The Lord-Lieutenant did not go to the play, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE KING AND THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.</span>
+his family did, and were received with great applause,
+although the pit was full of Orangemen. Lord Melville
+has refused the Lord-Lieutenancy.</p>
+
+<h3>January 11th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>When George Villiers sent me the accounts
+of what had passed in Ireland about Lord Anglesey&rsquo;s letter
+to Curtis I wrote him a long letter, in which I told him why
+I thought the letter and its publication were unjustifiable
+and indiscreet, and particularly cautioned him against connecting
+himself much with the agitator, on account of the
+harm it would do him here. He wrote me a long answer,
+defending Lord Anglesey and his measures, but I do not
+think he makes out a case for him, and if the Lord-Lieutenant
+makes in the House of Lords the defence which he
+proposes to make I think he will fail; but if he can keep
+Lord Plunket on his side, who is now said to be very eager
+about him, he will do. Plunket is under the influence of
+Blake, who keeps, as George Villiers says, &lsquo;Lord Plunket&rsquo;s
+mind in his breeches&rsquo; pocket.&rsquo; Lord Anglesey has behaved
+very well since the quarrel, declining all honours and
+expressions of public feeling.</p>
+
+<h3>January 12th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Lord Mount Charles came to me this
+morning and consulted me about resigning his seat at the
+Treasury. He hates it and is perplexed with all that has
+occurred between the Duke and Lord Anglesey. I advised
+him to resign, feeling as he does about it. He told me that
+he verily believed the King would go mad on the Catholic
+question, his violence was so great about it. He is very
+angry with him and his father for voting as they do, but
+they have agreed never to discuss the matter at all, and his
+mother never talks to the King about it. Whenever he does
+get on it there is no stopping him. Mount Charles attributes
+the King&rsquo;s obstinacy to his recollections of his father
+and the Duke of York and to the influence of the Duke of
+Cumberland. He says that &lsquo;his father would have laid his
+head on the block rather than yield, and that he is equally
+ready to lay his head there in the same cause.&rsquo; He is furious
+with Lord Anglesey, but he will be very much afraid of him
+when he sees him. Mount Charles was in the room when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
+Lord Anglesey took leave of the King on going to Ireland,
+and the King said, &lsquo;God bless you, Anglesey! I know you
+are a true Protestant.&rsquo; Anglesey answered, &lsquo;Sir, I will not
+be considered either Protestant or Catholic; I go to Ireland
+determined to act impartially between them and without
+the least bias either one way or the other.&rsquo; Lord Anglesey
+dined with Mount Charles the day before he went. The
+same morning he had been with the Duke and Peel to
+receive their last instructions, and he came to dinner in
+great delight with them, as they had told him they knew he
+would govern Ireland with justice and impartiality, and they
+would give him no instructions whatever. He showed me
+a letter from Mr. Harcourt Lees full of invectives against
+the Duke and lamentations at the recall, to show how the
+Protestants regretted him as well as the Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>He then talked to me about Knighton, whom the King
+abhors with a detestation that could hardly be described. He
+is afraid of him, and that is the reason he hates him so
+bitterly. When alone with him he is more civil, but when
+others are present (the family, for instance) he delights in
+saying the most mortifying and disagreeable things to him.
+He would give the world to get rid of him, and to have either
+Taylor or Mount Charles instead, to whom he has offered
+the place over and over again, but Mount Charles not only
+would not hear of it, but often took Knighton&rsquo;s part with
+the King. He says that his language about Knighton is
+sometimes of the most unmeasured violence&mdash;wishes he was
+dead, and one day when the door was open, so that the
+pages could hear, he said, &lsquo;I wish to God somebody would
+assassinate Knighton.&rsquo; In this way he always speaks of
+him and uses him. Knighton is greatly annoyed at it, and
+is very seldom there. Still it appears there is some secret
+chain which binds them together, and which compels the
+King to submit to the presence of a man whom he detests,
+and induces Knighton to remain in spite of so much hatred
+and ill-usage. The King&rsquo;s indolence is so great that it is next
+to impossible to get him to do even the most ordinary business,
+and Knighton is still the only man who can prevail on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+him to sign papers, &amp;c. His greatest delight is to make
+those who have business to transact with him, or to lay
+papers before him, wait in his anteroom while he is lounging
+with Mount Charles or anybody, talking of horses or any
+trivial matter; and when he is told, &lsquo;Sir, there is Watson
+waiting,&rsquo; &amp;c., he replies, &lsquo;Damn Watson; let him wait.&rsquo; He
+does it on purpose, and likes it.</p>
+
+<p>This account corresponds with all I have before heard,
+and confirms the opinion I have long had that a more contemptible,
+cowardly, selfish, unfeeling dog does not exist than
+this King, on whom such flattery is constantly lavished.
+He has a sort of capricious good-nature, arising however out
+of no good principle or good feeling, but which is of use to
+him, as it cancels in a moment and at small cost a long
+score of misconduct. Princes have only to behave with
+common decency and prudence, and they are sure to be
+popular, for there is a great and general disposition to pay
+court to them. I do not know anybody who is proof against
+their seductions when they think fit to use them in the shape
+of civility and condescension. The great consolation in all
+this is the proof that, so far from deriving happiness from
+their grandeur, they are the most miserable of all mankind.
+The contrast between their apparent authority and the contradictions
+which they practically meet with must be peculiarly
+galling, more especially to men whose minds are
+seldom regulated, as other men&rsquo;s are, by the beneficial discipline
+of education and early collision with their equals.
+There have been good and wise kings, but not many of them.
+Take them one with another they are of an inferior character,
+and this I believe to be one of the worst of the kind.
+The littleness of his character prevents his displaying the
+dangerous faults that belong to great minds, but with vices
+and weaknesses of the lowest and most contemptible order
+it would be difficult to find a disposition more abundantly
+furnished.</p>
+
+<h3>January 16th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I went to Windsor to a Council yesterday.
+There were the Duke, the Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of
+the Exchequer, Master of the Mint, Lord President, Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
+Aberdeen, Peel, Melville, Ellenborough. The King kept us
+waiting rather longer than usual. He looked very well, and
+was dressed in a blue great coat, all over gold frogs and
+embroidery. Lord Liverpool was there to give up the late
+Lord&rsquo;s Garter, and had an audience. He said to me afterwards
+that the King had asked him all sorts of questions
+about his family concerns, with which he seemed extraordinarily
+well acquainted, and to some of which he was puzzled
+to give an answer. The King is the greatest master of
+gossip in the world, and his curiosity about everybody&rsquo;s
+affairs is insatiable. I spoke to Peel about the Council
+books,<a name="FNA_04_24" id="FNA_04_24" href="#FN_04_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>
+which are in the State Paper Office, and he promised
+they should be restored to the Council Office.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_24" id="FN_04_24" href="#FNA_04_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+[At the fire which took place at Whitehall in 1619 several volumes of
+the &lsquo;Council Register&rsquo; were lost or dispersed. Some of these missing volumes
+were in the State Paper Office, and two are still in the British Museum.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Just before I set off to Windsor I heard from Ireland,
+and this is an extract of the letter:&mdash;&lsquo;Lord Anglesey received
+a letter from Peel this morning to the effect &ldquo;that as
+he had written and published a letter such as no Lord-Lieutenant
+was justified in writing, it was his Majesty&rsquo;s pleasure
+that Lords Justices should be immediately appointed.&rdquo;
+Francis found him very smiling and glorious, but angry, and
+declaring that he would do just the same again if he had to
+choose his line of conduct.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><i>À propos</i> of Denman&rsquo;s silk gown, Mount Charles told me
+the other day that Denman wrote a most humble apology to
+the King, notwithstanding which the Duke of Wellington
+had great trouble in mollifying him. At last he consented,
+but wrote himself on the document that in consideration of
+his humble apology his Majesty forgave him, as he thought
+it became the King to forgive a subject, but desired this note
+might be preserved in the Treasury, where Mount Charles
+says it now
+is.<a name="FNA_04_25" id="FNA_04_25" href="#FN_04_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_25" id="FN_04_25" href="#FNA_04_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+[This curious correspondence has now been published in the fifth
+volume of the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s &lsquo;Despatches,&rsquo; New Series, pp. 117 and
+153. The cause of the quarrel was a Greek quotation from Dion which
+Denman had introduced into one of his speeches at the Queen&rsquo;s trial. In
+the King&rsquo;s answer to the memorial (which answer was drawn up by the
+Duke of Wellington) the following passage occurs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The King could not believe that the Greek quotation referred to had
+occurred to the mind of the advocate in the eagerness and heat of his argument,
+nor that it was not intended, nor that it had not been sought for and
+suggested for the purpose of applying to the person of the Sovereign a gross
+insinuation.&rsquo; Denman, however, prayed his Majesty to believe that &lsquo;no such
+insinuation was ever made by him, that the idea of it never entered his
+mind,&rsquo; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The truth about this quotation is this:&mdash;During the Queen&rsquo;s trial
+Dr. Parr, who was a warm supporter of the Queen and an intimate friend
+of Denman, employed himself in ransacking books for quotations which
+might be used in the defence. Thus he lit in Bayle&rsquo;s Dictionary, article
+&lsquo;Octavia,&rsquo; upon the answer made by Pythias, one of the slaves of Octavia,
+to Tigellinus, when he was torturing the slaves of the Empress in order to
+convict her of adultery. The same answer occurs in substance in Tacitus&rsquo;
+&lsquo;Annals,&rsquo; book xiv. cap. 60. This Parr sent to Denman, and Denman used it
+in his speech. The fact is, therefore, that the quotation had been &lsquo;sought
+for and suggested&rsquo; for the express purpose of saying something personally
+offensive to the King. The King&rsquo;s resentment against Denman did not end
+here as will be seen lower down, where he refused to receive the Recorder&rsquo;s
+report through the Common Serjeant.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 21st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The sealed orders with which the ships
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">STATE OF RUSSIA.</span>
+have sailed from Plymouth, were orders to prevent the Portuguese
+(who have been sent away) from landing at Terceira.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Westmeath was the woman meant in the article in
+the &lsquo;Times&rsquo; from Ireland about the pension to which Lord
+Anglesey would not agree. The story is very true. There
+was 700&#8467;. disposable on the Pension Fund, and the Duke
+of Wellington desired 400&#8467;. might be given to Lady Westmeath,
+which Lord Anglesey and the Secretary both protested
+against, and were resolved to resign rather than
+agree to it. They wrote to the Duke such strong remonstrances
+that he appears to have desisted from the design,
+for they heard no more of it. It is therefore false that
+this had anything to do with the recall, though it is by no
+means improbable that it served to alienate the Duke from
+the Marquis and to make him desire the more to get rid of
+him. This happened as long ago as last August, I think.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday the Duke dined with us, in very good spirits,
+and agreeable as he always is, though not so communicative
+and free as he used to be. He had never told Francis Leveson
+about the Duke of
+Northumberland<a name="FNA_04_26" id="FNA_04_26" href="#FN_04_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+till Sunday, when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+he wrote to announce the appointment. His Grace seems
+mightily pleased with it, and fancies that his figure and his
+fortune are more than enough to make him a very good Lord-Lieutenant.
+He says he was obliged to coax him a little to
+get him to accept it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_26" id="FN_04_26" href="#FNA_04_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+[Hugh, third Duke of Northumberland, was declared Lord-Lieutenant
+of Ireland on the recall of Lord Anglesey.]</p></div>
+
+<p>He said that he was on the best terms with France,
+talked of Russia and her losses in the war, adding that the
+notion of her power was at an end. He believed that the
+Russians were numerically as strong as the Turks in the last
+campaign, and they were much more numerous than they
+said: first, <i>because</i> they said they were not so; and secondly,
+that he had other reasons for believing it; he thought they
+had begun the campaign with 160,000 men and had lost
+120,000.<a name="FNA_04_27" id="FNA_04_27" href="#FN_04_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+They were talking of St. Petersburg and its palaces.
+The Duke said that the fortunes of the great Russian nobles&mdash;the
+Tolstoys, &amp;c.&mdash;were so diminished that they lived in
+corners of their great palaces; but this was owing to the
+division of property and the great military colonies, by which
+the Crown lands were absorbed, and the Emperors had no
+longer the means of enriching the nobles by enormous donations
+as formerly. When to these circumstances are added
+the amelioration of the condition of the serfs, and the spirit of
+general improvement, and the growth of Liberal ideas, generated
+by intercommunication with the rest of Europe, it is
+impossible to doubt that a revolution must overtake Russia
+within a short period, and probably the Emperor has undertaken
+this war in order to give vent to the restless humours
+which are beginning to work. I said so to Lord Bathurst, and
+he replied that &lsquo;he thought so too, but that the present
+Emperor was a man of great firmness,&rsquo; as if any individual
+authority or character could stem the torrent of determined
+action impelled by universal revolution of feeling and opinion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER I.</span>
+He said the late Emperor was so well aware of this that he
+died of the vexation it had caused him, which was aggravated
+by the reflection that he was in great measure himself the
+cause of it. He was so bit by Liberal opinions, and so delighted
+with the effects he saw in other countries flowing
+from the diffusion of intelligence and freedom, that he
+wished to engraft these dangerous exotics upon the rude
+and unprepared soil of his own slavish community. When
+he went to Oxford he was so captivated with the venerable
+grandeur of that University that he declared he would build
+one when he got home, and it is equally true that he said he
+&lsquo;would have an Opposition.&rsquo; These follies were engendered
+in the brain of a very intelligent man by the mixture of
+such crudities with an unbounded volition, and the whole
+fermented by a lively imagination and a sincere desire to
+confer great benefits on his country.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_27" id="FN_04_27" href="#FNA_04_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+[This seems an extraordinary statement, but it shows how well informed
+the Duke was. In Major von Moltke&rsquo;s narrative of the campaign
+of 1828 he estimates the average force of the Russian army at 100,000.
+But from May 1828 to February 1829 no less than 210,108 men passed
+through the hospitals, or died in them. So that, as Moltke remarks, in the
+course of those ten months every man in his army was twice in hospital.
+Never did an army suffer more severely from sickness.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 25th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Lord Anglesey&rsquo;s departure from Dublin
+was very fine, and his answer to the addresses good. I fancy
+George Villiers had some hand in penning them. The Duke
+when he dined with us the other day said that a Russian
+Extraordinary Ambassador was coming here to overhaul
+Lieven, a M. Matuscewitz. He is the principal writer in
+their Foreign Office, a clever man. Their despatches are
+more able than they used to be, but the Duke said that the
+Turkish offices are better conducted than any, and the
+Turkish Ministers extremely able. Lord Bathurst told me
+he had lately read the minutes of a conversation between
+the Reis-Effendi and the Allied Ministers after the battle of
+Navarino, when they were ignorant whether the Turk had
+received intelligence of the event, and that his superiority
+over them was exceedingly striking. This was the conference
+in which when they asked him &lsquo;supposing such an
+event had happened, what he should say to it,&rsquo; he replied
+&lsquo;that in his country they never named a child till its sex
+was ascertained.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Everybody thinks the appointment of the Duke of Northumberland
+a very good one, and that the Duke is in great
+luck to get him. It is surprising that he should have consented
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+to go, but he probably likes to do something and display
+his magnificence. He is a very good sort of man, with a
+very narrow understanding, an eternal talker, and prodigious
+bore. The Duchess is a more sensible woman, and amiable
+and good-humoured. He is supposed to be ruled in all
+things by her advice; he has no political opinions, and
+though he has hitherto voted against the Catholics, he is one
+of the people who pin their faith on the Duke, and who are
+made to vote in any way and upon anything as he may
+please to desire them.</p>
+
+<p>This pension of Lady Westmeath&rsquo;s makes a great noise,
+and it is generally believed that when Lord Anglesey refused
+to grant it the Duke got the King&rsquo;s sign manual for it, and
+the job was done. The truth is that Lord Anglesey had
+at first refused, or rather expressed his disapprobation, and
+asked the Duke if the King had commanded it, to which the
+Duke sent an angry answer that he might have been sure he
+should not have recommended it but by the King&rsquo;s commands.
+M&mdash;&mdash; told me the pension (400&#8467;.) was granted four months
+ago, for he signed the warrant himself.</p>
+
+<p>Polignac is gone to Paris, but the Duke thinks not to be
+Minister. Polignac told him that he wished to return here,
+as he thought he could do more good here than there.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I went with Amyot to the State Paper Office
+to look after my Council books. I found one book belonging
+to my office and nearly thirty volumes of the &lsquo;Register of the
+Council of
+State,&rsquo;<a name="FNA_04_28" id="FNA_04_28" href="#FN_04_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+which I mean to ask for, but which I suppose
+they will refuse. Amyot suggests that as all the acts
+of the Council of State were illegal and of no authority they
+cannot be considered as belonging to the Council Office, and
+are merely historical records without an official character. I
+shall try, however, to get them. Mr. Lemon showed us a
+great many curious papers. When he first had the care of
+the State papers they were in the greatest confusion, and he
+has been diligently employed in reducing them to order.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE STATE PAPER OFFICE.</span>
+Every day has brought to light documents of importance
+and interest which as they are successively found are classed
+and arranged and rendered disposable for literary and historical
+purposes.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_28" id="FN_04_28" href="#FNA_04_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+[Of the time of the Commonwealth. The &lsquo;Privy Council Register&rsquo;
+extends from the last years of Henry VIII. to the present time, not including
+the Commonwealth.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Lemon has found papers relating to the Powder Plot alone
+sufficient to make two quarto volumes, exceedingly curious;
+all Garnett&rsquo;s original papers, and I hope hereafter they will
+be published.<a name="FNA_04_29" id="FNA_04_29" href="#FN_04_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>
+We saw the famous letter to Lord Mounteagle,
+of which Lemon said he had, he thought, discovered
+the author. It has been attributed to Mrs. Abington, Lord
+Mounteagle&rsquo;s sister, but he thinks it was written by Mrs.
+Vaux, who was a friend of hers, and mistress, probably, of
+Garnett; it is to her that many of Garnett&rsquo;s letters are
+addressed. It seems that Mrs. Vaux and Mrs. Abington
+were both present at the great meeting of the conspirators
+at Hendlip, and he thinks that the latter, desirous of saving
+her brother&rsquo;s life, prevailed on Mrs. Vaux to write the letter,
+for the handwriting exactly corresponds with some other
+writing of hers which he has seen. There is a remarkable
+paper written by King James with directions what questions
+should be put to Guy Faux, and ending with a recommendation
+that he should be tortured first gently, and then more
+severely as might be necessary. Then the depositions of
+Faux in the Tower, which had been taken down (contrary to
+his desire) in writing, and which he was compelled to sign
+upon the rack; his signature was written in faint and
+trembling characters, and his strength had evidently failed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
+in the middle, for he had only written &lsquo;Guido.&rsquo; There is a
+distinct admission in the Plot papers in Garnett&rsquo;s own hand
+that he came to a knowledge of the Plot otherwise than by
+the Sacrament of Confession, which oversets Lingard; a
+paragraph by which it is clear that the Pope knew of it;
+and a curious paper in which, having sworn that he had
+never written certain letters, which letters were produced
+when he was taxed with the false oath, Garnett boldly justifies
+himself, and says that they ought not to have questioned
+him on the subject, having the letters in their hands, and
+that he had a right to deny what he believed they could not
+prove&mdash;a very remarkable exposition of the tenets of his
+order and the doctrines of equivocation.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_29" id="FN_04_29" href="#FNA_04_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+[The substance of these papers has since been published by the late
+David Jardine, Esq., in his excellent &lsquo;Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot.&rsquo;
+(Murray, London, 1857.) Some of the particulars here referred to by Mr.
+Greville are not strictly accurate, or at least have not been confirmed by
+subsequent investigation. It is not probable that the letter to Lord Mounteagle
+was written by Mrs. Abington or by Mrs. Vaux, nor is it at all certain
+that either of these ladies had any knowledge of the Plot. Mr. Jardine
+ascribes the letter to Tresham (&lsquo;Narrative,&rsquo; &amp;c., p. 83). Garnett&rsquo;s admissions
+are printed in Jardine&rsquo;s Appendix. His knowledge of the Plot was derived
+from Greenway, a priest to whom Catesby had revealed it in confession.
+The Pope was probably not privy to the Plot. The celebrated  &lsquo;Treatise on
+Equivocation&rsquo; was found in Tresham&rsquo;s desk. The identical copy with
+Garnett&rsquo;s notes is still in the Bodleian; it was reprinted in 1851.]</p></div>
+
+<p>When I came away from the State Paper Office I met
+George Dawson, and we had a long conversation about Irish
+affairs, from which I gathered what is to be done. The
+Catholic question is to be conceded, the elective franchise
+altered, and the Association suppressed. This latter is, I
+take it, to be a preliminary measure, and I suspect the
+Duke went to the King on Monday with the resolution
+of the Cabinet on the subject, and I think so the more
+because the Archbishop was sent for post-haste just before
+he went. Dawson talked to me a great deal about his
+speech at Derry, and said that so many of his friends
+were aware of the change in his opinions that he thought
+it more fair and manly to declare them at once in public
+than to use any dissimulation with his constituents and
+leave them to be guessed at, as if he dared not own them;
+that he had made a great sacrifice, for he had risked his
+seat, which was very secure before, and had quarrelled with
+Peel, with his family, and with all his old political friends
+and associates. We talked a great deal about Peel, and I
+see clearly that he has given way; probably they have compromised
+the business, and he agrees to the Emancipation
+part, in order to have the Association suppressed and the
+40<i>s</i>. freeholders disfranchised. Lord Anglesey always said
+that his removal would facilitate the business, for the Duke
+wished to have all the credit of it to himself, and had no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">NAVARINO.</span>
+mind to divide it with him, whereas if Lord Anglesey had
+remained the chief credit would have fallen to his share.</p>
+
+<p>I met Sir Edward Codrington in the morning, and walked
+with him to Downing Street, where he was going to talk to
+the Duke about his Navarino business. He is mightily
+incensed, thinks he has been scandalously used both by
+Dudley and Aberdeen, is ready to tell his story and show
+his documents to anybody, and says he is resolved the whole
+matter shall come out, and in the House of Commons if he
+can produce it. God knows how his case will turn out, but
+I never saw a man so well satisfied with himself. He says
+that the action at Navarino was, as an achievement, nothing
+to the affair at Patras, when with one line-of-battle ship,
+one frigate, and a corvette he drove before him Ibrahim
+and four Turkish admirals and a numerous fleet.</p>
+
+<h3>February 4th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Middleton last Friday; very
+few people. I returned by Oxford, and called on Dr.
+Bandinell, who took me to the Bodleian. I could not
+find any Council books, but I had not much time to devote
+to the search. Dr. Bandinell promised to inform me
+if he could find any books or manuscripts relating to my
+office. I was surprised to find in the Bodleian a vast
+number of books (manuscripts) which had belonged to Pepys.
+I came to town on Monday night, and found that the concession
+of Catholic Emancipation was generally known; the
+&lsquo;Times&rsquo; had an article on Friday which clearly announced it.
+The rage and despair of the Orange papers is very amusing.
+I have not yet heard how the King took it all. Glad as I
+am that the measure is going to be carried, the conduct of
+all those who are to assist in it (the old anti-Catholics) seems
+to me despicable to the greatest degree; having opposed it
+against all reason and common sense for years past, now
+that the Duke of Wellington lifts up his finger they all obey,
+and without any excuse for their past or present conduct.
+The most agreeable event, if it turns out to be true, is the
+defection of Dr. Philpots, whose conduct and that of others
+of his profession will probably not be without its due effect
+in sapping the foundations of the Church. All the details
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
+that I have yet learnt confirm my opinion that the spirit in
+which the Duke and his colleagues approach this great
+measure is not that of calm and deliberate political reasoning,
+but a fearful sense of necessity and danger, to which they
+submit with extreme repugnance and with the most miserable
+feelings of pique and mortification at being compelled
+to adopt it. The Duke and Peel wrote to Francis Leveson,
+complaining of my brother&rsquo;s having met Shiel at dinner,
+and they were so enraged with George
+Villiers<a name="FNA_04_30" id="FNA_04_30" href="#FN_04_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+that they
+seriously meditated turning him out of his office. Wretched
+and contemptible to the greatest degree! They are now
+exceedingly annoyed because it is discovered that Woulffe
+was once a member of the Association, and would willingly
+have him turned out of the place of Assistant-Barrister, which
+has just been given to him; but Francis is resolved to maintain
+him in it. They say the Duke sent a copy of the King&rsquo;s
+Speech to Lord Eldon.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_04_30" id="FN_04_30" href="#FNA_04_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a>
+[Mr. George Villiers, then an Irish Commissioner of Customs (afterwards
+Earl of Clarendon), had cultivated the society of Shiel and invited
+him to dinner. Such an attention from an English official to an Irish
+Catholic was at that time an unheard-of innovation. Shiel told his host
+that he had never dined in a Protestant house before. The Duke of Wellington
+took great umbrage at what he considered an unwarrantable breach
+of official decorum.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>February 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Brookes&rsquo; yesterday, and found
+all the Whigs very merry at the Catholic news. Most of
+them were just come to town and had heard nothing till
+they arrived. The old Tories dreadfully dejected, but obliged
+to own it was all true; intense curiosity to hear what Peel
+will say for himself. The general opinion seems to be that the
+Duke has managed the matter extremely well, which I am
+disposed to think too, but there is always a disposition to
+heap praise upon him whenever it is possible. Nobody yet
+knows who are converted and who are not; they talk of
+nine bishops; I think he will have them all, and I expect a
+very great majority in the House of Lords. Many people
+expect that Wilmot&rsquo;s plan will be adopted, restraining the
+Catholics from voting in matters concerning the Church,
+which I do not believe, for Wilmot is at a discount and his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+plan is absurd and impracticable. Lord Harrowby, however,
+is all for it. I hear many of the Liberals are exceedingly
+provoked, and not unnaturally, at the Duke&rsquo;s effecting this
+measure, at which they have been so long labouring in vain,
+and give as many spiteful flings at him as they can about
+the insincerity of his letter to Curtis. It matters very little
+now whether he was sincere or not. It evidently was part
+of his plan to keep it all secret till it was matured, and as
+Curtis chose to ask him questions he was quite right to
+throw dust in his eyes.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
+The Catholic Relief Bill &mdash; Inconsistency of the Tories &mdash; The Catholic
+Association &mdash; Dinner at Charles Grant&rsquo;s &mdash; The Terceira Expedition &mdash; Tory
+Discontent &mdash; Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford University &mdash; A Blunder in
+Chancery &mdash; The Oxford Election &mdash; Influence of the Duke of Wellington &mdash;
+Debate of Royal Dukes &mdash; Peel beaten &mdash; Sir Edward Codrington &mdash; Violence
+of the King &mdash; Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill &mdash; The Duke of Cumberland
+&mdash; Furious State of Parties &mdash; Matuscewitz &mdash; Peel&rsquo;s Speech on
+Catholic Emancipation &mdash; Exclusion of O&rsquo;Connell from his Seat for Clare
+&mdash; Pitt&rsquo;s View of Catholic Emancipation &mdash; &lsquo;Musæ Cateatonenses&rsquo; &mdash;
+&lsquo;Thorough&rsquo; &mdash; Mr. Lowther not turned out &mdash; Duke of Newcastle&rsquo;s Audience
+of George IV. &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Personal Habits &mdash; The Debate &mdash; Mr. Sadler &mdash;
+Hardness of the Duke of Wellington &mdash; His Duel with Lord Winchelsea
+&mdash; The Bishops and the Bill &mdash; Sir Charles Wetherell &mdash; The King on the
+Duel &mdash; Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s Pocket-handkerchief &mdash; Debate on the Catholic
+Bill &mdash; The Duke of Richmond &mdash; Effects of Dawson&rsquo;s Speech on the King
+&mdash; The Bill in Jeopardy &mdash; Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey &mdash; Lord Falmouth
+and Lord Grey &mdash; O&rsquo;Connell at Dinner &mdash; The Duke breaks with
+Lord Eldon &mdash; Hibner the Murderess &mdash; Theatrical Fund &mdash; The Levee &mdash;
+The Duke&rsquo;s Carriage stopped &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Health &mdash; Lady Conyngham &mdash;
+O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s Seat &mdash; Child&rsquo;s Ball at Court &mdash; Princess Victoria &mdash; Legal
+Appointments &mdash; Lord Palmerston on Foreign Affairs &mdash; The King and Lord
+Sefton &mdash; The King&rsquo;s Speech on the Prorogation &mdash; Madame du Cayla &mdash;
+George IV.&rsquo;s Inaccuracy &mdash; Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on
+the King and the Duke of Cumberland.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>February 6th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Parliament met yesterday; a very full
+attendance and intense interest and curiosity. The King&rsquo;s
+Speech, which was long and better written than usual, was
+not quite satisfactory to the Catholics. I met Lord Harrowby
+coming from the House of Lords, and he said they did not
+like it at all; the previous suppression of the Association
+was what they disliked. However, all discontent was removed
+by Peel&rsquo;s speech, which was deemed (as to the intentions
+of Ministers) perfectly satisfactory even by those
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PEEL&rsquo;S SPEECH ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span>
+who were most prejudiced before against Government. I
+was in the House of Commons. Peel was very feeble, and
+his case for himself poor and ineffective; all he said was
+true enough, but it was only what had been said to him over
+and over again for years past, and he did not urge a single
+argument for acquiescing now which was not equally applicable
+to his situation two years ago. However, everybody
+was so glad to have the measure carried that they did not
+care to attack Peel or his speech, though if there had been
+a Brunswicker of any talent in the House he might have cut
+it up finely; two or three of them spoke, but wretchedly ill,
+and Lord Chandos was not at all violent, which I expected
+he would have been. Lord Eldon was violent but impotent,
+in the House of Lords, and Lord Bathurst made a sort of
+explanation which was very poor.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving the House of Commons I fell in with Burdett,
+Lord Sefton, and G. Bentinck, and they all owned that the
+business is very handsomely done; and Morpeth and many
+others whom I saw afterwards at the Club are quite satisfied.
+They would have preferred that the Catholic Relief
+Bill and the suppression of the Association should have gone
+together, but do not make any difficulties on this head, and
+acknowledge (which is the truth) that the Duke was probably
+obliged to do something to cajole the Tories, and give
+some colour to their conduct. I sat next to Fitzgerald in
+the House, who is not yet re-elected, and he told me that
+this was absolutely necessary. He was of course delighted
+and said, &lsquo;How right Lord Francis was to trust to the
+Duke,&rsquo; which, however, is all nonsense. He had no reason
+to trust to him at all, and I really believe would not have
+continued in office as Irish Secretary unless he had
+adopted this measure. He owned as Peel was speaking that
+he was not doing it well; he was feeble and diffuse in the
+beginning, and too full of civilities and appeals to Bankes
+and his old associates. However, thank God, the event is
+accomplished, no matter how; probably it could not have
+been done without the concurrence of these Tories, who have,
+I think, certainly lost their character by their conduct; and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
+there is this evil in the history of the measure, that a blow
+will have been given to the reputation of public men in
+general which will, I strongly suspect, have an important
+though not immediate effect upon the aristocratic influence
+in this country, and tend remotely to increase the democratic
+spirit which exists. In all these proceedings there has been
+so little of reason, principle, or consistency; so much of
+prejudice, subserviency, passion, and interest, that it is
+impossible not to feel a disgust to parties in general. The
+conduct of those idiots the Brunswickers is respectable in
+comparison with such men as the High Churchmen; and
+the Whigs and Catholic supporters, however they may have
+suffered before, in this matter stand clear and have only
+grounds for exultation. They accept the measure with great
+moderation, and are not disposed to mar the success of it
+by the introduction of any topics likely to create ill blood,
+nor to damp the ardour of new converts by throwing their
+former follies in their faces.</p>
+
+<p>Now, then, the Duke is all-powerful, and of course he
+will get all the honour of the day. Not that he does not
+deserve a great deal for having made up his mind to the
+thing; he has managed it with firmness, prudence, and
+dexterity; but to O&rsquo;Connell and the Association, and those
+who have fought the battle on both sides of the water, the
+success of the measure is due. Indeed, Peel said as much,
+for it was the Clare election which convinced both him and
+the Duke that it must be done, and from that time the only
+question was whether he should be a party to it or not. If
+the Irish Catholics had not brought matters to this pass by
+agitation and association, things might have remained as
+they were for ever, and all these Tories would have voted on
+till the day of their death against them.</p>
+
+<p>Mahony, who is here, has written over to O&rsquo;Connell,
+as have all the other Catholics, to implore him to use his
+whole influence to procure the dissolution of the Association,
+and it is said that O&rsquo;Connell had an idea of resigning
+his seat for Clare to Vesey, on the ground that, having
+turned him out because he had joined a Government hostile
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DINNER AT CHARLES GRANT&rsquo;S</span>
+to their claims, he owed him this reparation on finding it
+not to be the case. But I doubt whether this scheme is
+practicable; still, I think if O&rsquo;Connell could do it it would be a
+good thing, and serve to reconcile the people here to him, and
+give a great lift to his character. I expect to hear that the
+Association has dissolved itself on receiving intelligence of
+the proceedings in the House of Commons. Lord Anglesey
+spoke very well, but nobody will care for his case now;
+besides, I doubt his making out a good one. The fact is
+that they laid a trap for him, and that he fell into it; that
+the Duke&rsquo;s letters became more insulting, and that a prudent
+man would have avoided the snare into which his high spirit
+and passion precipitated him.</p>
+
+<h3>February 8th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Peel spoke on Friday night better than he
+did on Thursday. Huskisson made a spiteful speech, and
+George Dawson one which I heard Huskisson say he thought
+one of the neatest speeches he had ever heard. I dined
+yesterday with all the Huskissonians at Grant&rsquo;s. There were
+there Lords Granville, Palmerston, and Melbourne, Huskisson,
+Warrender, and one or two more. Huskisson is in good
+humour and spirits, but rather bitter; he said that if Peel
+had asked the advice of a friend what he should do, the
+advice would have been for his own honour to resign. I said
+I did not think Peel would have got credit by resigning. He
+said, &lsquo;But don&rsquo;t you think he has quite lost it by staying in?&rsquo;
+He owned, however, that the Duke could not have carried
+it without Peel, that his influence with the Church party is
+so great that his continuance was indispensable to the Duke.</p>
+
+<p>This affair of the Portuguese at
+Terceira<a name="FNA_05_01" id="FNA_05_01" href="#FN_05_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+(which certainly,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
+unless it can be explained, seems a gross outrage) they all
+fell upon very severely, and Lord Harrowby told me afterwards
+he could not understand it, and thought for the honour
+of the country it should be explained forthwith.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_01" id="FN_05_01" href="#FNA_05_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[In December 1828 an expedition, consisting of 652 Portuguese
+refugees of the party of the Queen, sailed from England for Terceira in four
+vessels, under the command of Count Saldanha. Terceira held for the
+Queen, and arms and ammunition had previously been sent them from
+England. The British Government ordered Captain Walpole, of the
+&lsquo;Ranger&rsquo; to stop this expedition off Terceira, which he did by firing a gun
+into Saldanha&rsquo;s ship. The ground taken by the Duke of Wellington in
+defence of this measure was his resolution to maintain the neutrality of
+England between the two parties then contending for the Crown of Portugal.
+But the proceeding was vehemently attacked in Parliament and elsewhere.]</p></div>
+
+<p>We are now beginning to discover different people&rsquo;s
+feelings about this Catholic business, and it is clear that
+many of the great Tories are deeply offended that the Duke
+was not more communicative to them, principally, it seems,
+because they have continued to talk in an opposite sense
+and in their old strain up to the last moment, thereby committing
+themselves, and thus becoming ridiculous by the
+sudden turn they are obliged to make. This they cannot
+forgive, and many of them are extremely out of humour,
+although not disposed to oppose the Duke. The Duke of
+Rutland means to go to Belvoir, and not vote at all. The
+Duke of Beaufort does not like it, but will support the
+measure. Lowther has been to the King, and it is supposed
+he has resigned. They complain that the Duke has thrown
+them over, still nobody doubts that he will have great
+majorities in both Houses.  It was asserted most positively
+at Brookes&rsquo; yesterday that Peel&rsquo;s offer of resigning his seat
+at Oxford had been accepted. In Dublin the moderate
+people are furious with O&rsquo;Connell for his abuse of everybody.
+There is no getting over the fact that he it is who has
+brought matters to this conclusion, and that but for him the
+Catholic question would never have been carried; but his
+violence, bad taste, and scurrility have made him &lsquo;lose the
+lustre of his former praise.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>February 9th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I called at Devonshire House in the
+morning, and there found Princess Lieven very eloquent and
+very angry about the Terceira business, which certainly requires
+explanation. She is very hostile to the Duke, which
+is natural, as he is anti-Russian, and they have never got
+over their old quarrel. Saldanha got up a <i>coup de théâtre</i>
+on board his ship. When Walpole fired on him a man was
+killed, and when the English officer came on board he had
+the corpse stretched out and covered by a cloak, which was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DISCONTENT OF THE TORIES.</span>
+suddenly withdrawn, and Saldanha said, &lsquo;Voilà un fidèle
+sujet de la Reine, qui a toujours été loyal, assassiné,&rsquo; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Went from thence to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who declaimed
+against O&rsquo;Connell and wants to have a provision in the Bill
+to prevent his sitting for Clare, which I trust is only her
+folly, and that there is no chance of such a thing. The
+Duke came in while I was there. He said he had no doubt
+he should do very well in the House of Lords, but up to that
+time he could only (that he knew of for certain) reduce the
+majority of last year to twenty. He did not count bishops, of
+whom he said he knew nothing, but the three Irish bishops
+would vote with him. There were many others he did not
+doubt would, but he could only count upon that number.
+He held some proxies, which he said he would not make
+use of, such as Lord Strangford&rsquo;s, as he could not hear from
+him in time, and would not use anybody&rsquo;s proxy for this
+question who had voted against it before. I told him how
+peevish the Duke of Rutland, and Beaufort, and others of the
+High Tories were, but he only laughed. In the evening
+Fitzgerald told me that the Convocation at Oxford had
+accepted Peel&rsquo;s resignation of his seat for the University,
+but left the time to him. It seems to me that this affair
+was mismanaged. In the first instance Peel wrote to the
+Dean of Christ Church, but he and
+Lloyd<a name="FNA_05_02" id="FNA_05_02" href="#FN_05_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+agreed that he
+ought to write to the Vice-Chancellor, which he did. The
+Vice-Chancellor did not read his letter till after they had
+voted the address to Parliament by three to one, after which
+it was difficult for them to express anything but disapprobation
+of Peel&rsquo;s conduct; whereas if the Vice-Chancellor had
+read it first, probably the petition would not have been
+carried, or at any rate not by so large a majority. He had
+better have carried his Bill through and then resigned, when
+I have no doubt he would have been re-elected; very likely
+he may be as it is.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_02" id="FN_05_02" href="#FNA_05_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[The Bishop of Oxford, one of Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s most intimate
+friends.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Tom Duncombe is going to make another appearance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+on the boards of St. Stephen&rsquo;s, on the Terceira business,
+and he is to give notice to-night. He has been with Palmella
+and Frederick Lamb, who are both to assist in getting
+up his case, and he expects to be supported by some of the
+Whigs and by the Huskissonians, which latter are evidently
+anxious to do anything they can to embarrass the Government.
+I know nothing of the case, which, <i>primâ facie</i>,
+appears much against Government; but the moment is so
+ill-chosen, in the midst of this great pending affair, that
+I think they will make nothing of it. Palmella is a great
+fool for his pains, for in clamouring against the Duke he is
+only kicking against the pricks. As to Duncombe, he is
+egged on by Lambton and instructed by Henry de Ros,
+who cares nothing about the matter, and only does it for the
+fun of the thing. I have no idea but that Duncombe must
+cut a sorry figure when he steps out of the line of personal
+abuse and impertinence.</p>
+
+<h3>February 11th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Nothing is thought of or talked of but
+the Catholic question; what Peers and bishops will vote for
+it? who voted before against it? There is hardly any other
+feeling than that of satisfaction, except on the part of the
+ultra-Tories, who do not attempt to conceal their rage
+and vexation; the moderate Tories, who are mortified at
+not having been told of what was going on; and Huskisson&rsquo;s
+party, who would have been glad to have a share in the
+business, and who now see themselves in all probability excluded
+for ever. O&rsquo;Connell arrived yesterday; it is supposed
+he will not take his seat, but he does not seem inclined to
+co-operate with Government in keeping things quiet. However,
+his real disposition is not yet known, and probably he
+has not made up his mind what to do, but waits for events.
+Notwithstanding the declaration of the bishops, I do not
+believe they will vote against Government. Peel spoke very
+well last night, and severely trimmed old Bankes, which
+gives me great pleasure, so much do I hate that old worn-out
+set. How this change of measures changes one&rsquo;s whole way
+of thinking; though I have nothing to do with politics, I
+cannot help being influenced to an extraordinary degree by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+what has passed, and can understand from my own feelings
+how those who are deeply engaged may be biassed by the
+prejudices and attachments of party without any imputation
+against their sincerity or judgment. When we see men
+pursuing a course of which we greatly disapprove, all their
+actions and motives are suspected by us, and <i>vice versâ</i>. We
+lend a willing ear to imputations of vanity, interest, and
+other unworthy motives, and when we cannot explain or
+comprehend the particulars of men&rsquo;s conduct, we judge
+them unfavourably while we are opposed to their measures;
+but when they do what we wish, we see the same things very
+differently, and begin to hesitate about the justice of our
+censures and the suspicions which we previously entertained.
+It is pretty clear that the Duke will have a good majority
+in the House of Lords, and that many Peers and bishops will
+find excuses between this and then for voting with him or
+remaining neutral.</p>
+
+<p>A ridiculous thing happened the other day in the Vice-Chancellor&rsquo;s
+Court. Sugden had taken a brief on each side
+of a case without knowing it. Home, who opened on one
+side and was followed by another lawyer, was to be answered
+by Sugden; but he, having got hold of the wrong brief,
+spoke the same way as Home. The Vice-Chancellor said
+coolly, &lsquo;Mr. Sugden is with you?&rsquo; &lsquo;Sir,&rsquo; said Home, &lsquo;his
+argument is with us, but he is engaged on the other side.&rsquo;
+Finding himself in a scrape, he said &lsquo;it was true he held
+a brief for the other party, but for no client would he ever
+argue against what he knew to be a clear rule of law.&rsquo; However,
+the Court decided against them all.</p>
+
+<h3>February 13th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Still the Catholic question and the
+probable numbers in the House of Lords; nobody talks of
+anything else. Lord Winchelsea makes an ass of himself,
+and would like to be sent to the Tower, but nobody will mind
+anything such a blockhead says. Lord Holland talks of a
+majority of sixty in the Lords. I walked with Ebrington
+to O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s door the other day; he went in. The next day
+I asked him what had passed. He said that he had pressed
+him strongly to dissolve the Association; O&rsquo;Connell said he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+could not press it himself, but would write to Ireland that it
+was the unanimous opinion of all the friends of the cause here
+that it should be done. The fact is, he does not dare to acquiesce
+in all the measures of Government, though there is
+little doubt but that he desires to see an end to associations
+and agitations. Lady Jersey affects to be entirely in the Duke&rsquo;s
+confidence. She said to Lord Granville at Madame de Lieven&rsquo;s
+the other night that &lsquo;she made it a rule never to talk to
+the Duke about affairs in public,&rsquo; and she said to me last
+night that she had known what was to be done about the
+Catholics all along. Certainly she contrives to make the
+Duke see a great deal of her, for he calls on her, and writes
+to her perpetually, but I doubt whether he tells her much of
+anything. Some of the household have made a struggle to
+be exempted from the general obligation on all members of
+Government to vote for the Bill, but the Duke will not stand
+it, and they must all vote or go out. The Privy Seal was
+offered to Lord Westmoreland, but he refused, and his
+answer was good&mdash;that if he had been in the Cabinet, he
+might possibly have seen the same grounds for changing
+his mind on the Catholic question that the other Ministers
+did; but not having had those opportunities, he retained his
+former opinions, and therefore could not accept office.</p>
+
+<h3>February 22nd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Newmarket last Sunday and
+came back on Thursday. Still the Catholic question and
+nothing else. Everybody believed that the Duke of Cumberland
+would support Government till he made this last speech.
+He went to the King, who desired him to call on the Duke,
+and when he got to town he went uninvited to dine with him.
+There has been nothing of consequence in either House,
+except the dressing which Lord Plunket gave Lord Eldon,
+though that hard-bitten old dog shows capital fight. Peel
+has got a most active and intelligent committee at Oxford,
+and they consider his election safe. Inglis&rsquo;s committee, on
+the contrary, is composed of men not much better than old
+women, except Fynes Clinton, the chairman. Every day the
+majority promises to be greater in the House of Lords, but
+it is very ridiculous to see the faces many of these Tory
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+Lords make at swallowing the bitter pill. Too great a noise
+is made about Peel and his sacrifices, but he must be supported
+and praised at this juncture. It is not for those who
+have been labouring in this cause, and want his assistance,
+to reject him or treat him uncivilly now that he tenders it.
+But as to the body of the High Tories, it is impossible not to
+regard their conduct with disgust and contempt, for now they
+feel only for themselves, and it is not apprehension of those
+dangers they have been constantly crying out about that
+affects them, but the necessity they are under of making
+such a sudden turn, and bitter mortification at having
+been kept in total ignorance, and, consequently, having
+been led to hold the same violent language up to the last
+moment. If Canning had lived, God knows what would
+have happened, for they never would have turned round for
+him as they are now about to do for the Duke. The circumstances
+of the case are just the same; since 1825 the same
+game has been going on in Ireland, and in the same manner,
+and the Clare election was only what had happened at
+Waterford before. All this has given a blow to the aristocracy,
+which men only laugh at now, but of which the effects
+will be felt some day or other. Who will have any dependence
+hereafter on the steadiness and consistency of public
+men, and what credit will be given to professions and declarations?
+I am glad to see them dragged through the
+mire, as far as the individuals are concerned, but I am sorry
+for the effect that such conduct is likely to produce. There
+was a capital paper of Cobbett&rsquo;s yesterday, in his best style.
+Many Liberals are uneasy about what are called the securities,
+and when the Duke tells Lord Colchester that if he
+will wait he will be satisfied with the Bill, it is enough to
+make them so; but my hopes predominate over my fears.
+Yesterday Vesey Fitzgerald said that &lsquo;we had not yet seen
+what some people might consider the objectionable parts of the
+measure, but that, though certain things might be necessary,
+the Government are impressed with the paramount necessity
+of not leaving the Catholic question behind them, and that
+the Duke was a man of too firm a mind not to go through
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+with it;&rsquo; and I think he said distinctly that Catholics and
+Protestants must be placed on an equal footing, or something
+to that effect. He went off into a panegyric on the Duke, and
+said that seeing him as he did for several hours every day,
+he had opportunities of finding out what an extraordinary
+man he was, and that it was remarkable what complete
+ascendency he had acquired over all who were about him.
+The English of this is (what everybody knew) that he dictates
+to his Cabinet. The fact is, he is a man of great
+energy, decision, and authority, and his character has been
+formed by the events of his life, and by the extraordinary
+circumstances which have raised him to a situation higher
+than any subject has attained in modern times. That his
+great influence is indispensable to carry this question, and
+therefore most useful at this time, cannot be doubted, for
+he can address the King in a style which no other Minister
+could adopt. He treats with him as with an equal, and the
+King stands completely in awe of him. It will be long
+before a correct and impartial estimate is formed of the
+Duke&rsquo;s character and abilities; his talents, however, must be
+of a very superior, though not of the most shining description.
+Whatever he may be, he is at this moment one of the
+most powerful Ministers this country has ever seen. The
+greatest Ministers have been obliged to bend to the King, or
+the aristocracy, or the Commons, but he commands them
+all. M&mdash;&mdash; told me that he had not seen the King, but
+that he heard he was as sulky as a bear, and that he was
+sure he would be very glad if anything happened to defeat
+this measure, though he is too much afraid of the Duke to do
+anything himself tending to thwart it.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor of Russia is extremely disgusted at the
+language of the newspapers here, and desired his Minister
+to complain of it, and the Duke wrote the answer himself, in
+which he entered at great length into the character and
+utility of the press in this country, a dissertation affording a
+proof certainly of his quickness and industry, overwhelmed
+as he is with business. The Duke of Richmond offered to
+give up his Garter, but the Duke would not take it back.</p>
+
+<h3>February 26th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEBATE OF THE ROYAL DUKES.</span>
+The debate on Monday night in the
+House of Lords was very amusing. It was understood the
+Duke of Clarence was to speak, and there was a good deal
+of curiosity to hear him. Lord Bathurst was in a great
+fright lest he should be violent and foolish. He made a
+very tolerable speech, of course with a good deal of stuff in
+it, but such as it was it has exceedingly disconcerted the
+other party. The three royal Dukes Clarence, Cumberland,
+and Sussex got up one after another, and attacked each other
+(that is, Clarence and Sussex attacked Cumberland, and he
+them) very vehemently, and they used towards each other
+language that nobody else could have ventured to employ;
+so it was a very droll scene. The Duke of Clarence said the
+attacks on the Duke [of Wellington] had been <i>infamous</i>; the
+Duke of Cumberland took this to himself, but when he began
+to answer it could not recollect the expression, which the
+Duke of Clarence directly supplied. &lsquo;I said &ldquo;infamous.&rdquo;&rsquo;
+The Duke of Sussex said that the Duke of Clarence had not
+intended to apply the word to the Duke of Cumberland, but
+if he chose to take it to himself he might. Then the Duke
+of Clarence said that the Duke of Cumberland had lived
+so long abroad that he had forgotten there was such a thing
+as freedom of debate.</p>
+
+<h3>February 27th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>They say Plunket made one of the best
+speeches he ever delivered last night, and Lord Anglesey
+spoke very well. There was hardly anybody in the House.
+Peel&rsquo;s election [Oxford University] is going on ill. The Convocation
+presents a most disgraceful scene of riot and uproar.
+I went to the Committee Room last night at twelve, and
+found nobody there but Dr. Russell, the head-master of the
+Charterhouse, who was waiting for Hobhouse and amusing
+himself by correcting his boys&rsquo; exercises. He knew me,
+though he had not seen me for nearly twenty years, when I
+was at school. I shall be sorry if Peel does not come in,
+not that I care much for him, but because I cannot bear that
+his opponents should have a triumph.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Georgiana Bathurst told me she had had a great
+scene with the Duke of Cumberland. She told him not to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
+be factious and to go back to Germany; he was very angry,
+and after much argument and many reproaches they made
+it up, embraced, and he shed a flood of tears.</p>
+
+<p>I met with these lines in &lsquo;The Duke of Milan&rsquo; (Massinger),
+which are very applicable to the Duke in his dealings with
+his Cabinet and his old friends the Tories:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">You never heard the motives that induced him<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To this strange course? No; these are cabinet councils,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And not to be communicated but<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To such as are his own and sure. Alas!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We fill up empty places, and in public<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are taught to give our suffrages to that<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which was before determined.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h3>March 1st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>As the time draws near for the development
+of the plans of Government a good deal of uneasiness and
+doubt prevails, though the general disposition is to rely on
+the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s firmness and decision and to hope
+for the best. Peel&rsquo;s defeat at
+Oxford,<a name="FNA_05_03" id="FNA_05_03" href="#FN_05_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+though not likely to
+have any effect on the general measure, is unlucky, because
+it serves to animate the anti-Catholics; and had he succeeded,
+his success would have gone far to silence, as it must
+have greatly discouraged, them. Then the King gives the
+Ministers uneasiness, for the Duke of Cumberland has been
+tampering with him, and through the agency of Lord Farnborough
+great attempts have been made to induce him to
+throw obstacles in the way of the measures. He is very well
+inclined, and there is nothing false or base he would not do
+if he dared, but he is such a coward, and stands in such awe
+of the Duke, that I don&rsquo;t think anything serious is to
+be apprehended from him. There never was anything so
+mismanaged as the whole affair of Oxford. First the letter
+Peel wrote was very injudicious; it was a tender of resignation,
+which being received just after the vote of Convocation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIR E. CODRINGTON AND THE DUKE.</span>
+they were obliged to accept it. Then he should never have
+stood unless he had been sure of success, and it appears now
+that his canvass never promised well from the beginning.
+He should have taken the Chiltern Hundreds, and immediately
+informed them that he had done so. Probably no
+opposition would have been made, but after having accepted
+his resignation they could not avoid putting up another man.
+It appears that an immense number of parsons came to vote
+of whose intentions both parties were ignorant, and they
+almost all voted for Inglis.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_03" id="FN_05_03" href="#FNA_05_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[Upon the 4th of February Mr. Peel resigned his seat for the University
+of Oxford, in consequence of the change of his opinions on the Catholic
+question. A contest ensued, Sir Robert Harry Inglis being the candidate
+opposed to Peel. Inglis was returned by a majority of 146. Mr. Peel sat
+for the borough of Westbury during the ensuing debates.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Codrington was at Brookes&rsquo; yesterday, telling everybody
+who would listen to him what had passed at an interview,
+that I have mentioned before, with the Duke of Wellington,
+and how ill the Duke had treated him. He said the Duke
+assured him that neither he nor any of his colleagues, nor the
+Government collectively, had any sort of hostility to him, but,
+on the contrary, regarded him as a very meritorious officer,
+&amp;c. He then said, &lsquo;May I, then, ask why I was recalled?&rsquo;
+The Duke said, &lsquo;Because you did not understand your
+instructions in the sense in which they were intended by
+us.&rsquo; He replied that he had understood them in their plain
+obvious sense, and that everybody else who had seen them
+understood them in the same way&mdash;Adam, Ponsonby, Guilleminot,
+&amp;c.&mdash;and then he asked the Duke to point out the
+passages in which they differed, to which he said, &lsquo;You
+must excuse me.&rsquo; All this he was telling, and it may be
+very true, and that he is very ill-used; but if he means to bring
+his case before Parliament, he is unwise to chatter about it
+at Brookes&rsquo;, particularly to Lord Lynedoch, to whom he
+was addressing himself, who is not likely to take part with
+him against the Duke.</p>
+
+<h3>March 2nd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Saw M&mdash;&mdash; yesterday; he has been at
+Windsor for several days, and confirmed all that I had heard
+before about the King. The Duke of Cumberland has
+worked him into a state of frenzy, and he talks of nothing
+but the Catholic question in the most violent strain. M&mdash;&mdash;
+told me that his Majesty desired him to tell his household
+that he wished them to vote against the Bill, which M&mdash;&mdash; of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+course refused to do. I asked him if he had told the Duke
+of Wellington this; he said he had not, but that the day the
+Ministers came to Windsor for the Council (Thursday last, I
+think) he did speak to Peel, and told him the King&rsquo;s violence
+was quite alarming. Peel said he was afraid the King was
+greatly excited, or something to this effect, but seemed
+embarrassed and not very willing to talk about it. The
+result, however, was that the Duke went to him on Friday,
+and was with him six hours, and spoke to his Majesty so
+seriously and so firmly that he will now be quiet. Why the
+Duke does not insist upon his not seeing the Duke of Cumberland
+I cannot imagine. There never was such a man, or behaviour
+so atrocious as his&mdash;a mixture of narrow-mindedness,
+selfishness, truckling, blustering, and duplicity, with no object
+but self, his own ease, and the gratification of his own fancies
+and prejudices, without regard to the advice and opinion of
+the wisest and best informed men or to the interests and
+tranquillity of the country.</p>
+
+<h3>March 3rd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Called on H. de Ros yesterday morning, who
+told me that the Duke of Cumberland and his party are still
+active and very sanguine. Madame de Lieven is in all his
+confidence, who, out of hatred to the Duke, would do anything
+to contribute to his overthrow. The Duke of Cumberland
+tells her everything, and makes her a medium of
+communication with the Huskisson party, who, being animated
+by similar sentiments towards the Duke, the Tories
+think would gladly join them in making a party when the
+way is clear for them. The Chancellor went to Windsor on
+Sunday, and on to Strathfieldsaye at night, where he arrived
+at three in the morning. Yesterday the Duke came to town,
+but called at Windsor on his way. Dawson, however, told me
+that he believed the Duke in <i>his</i> interview on Friday had
+settled everything with the King, and had received most
+positive assurances from him that no further difficulties should
+be made; but it is quite impossible to trust him.</p>
+
+<h3>March 4th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Nothing could exceed the consternation
+which prevailed yesterday about this Catholic business.
+The advocates of the Bill and friends of Government
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+were in indescribable alarm, and not without good cause.
+All yesterday it was thought quite uncertain whether the
+Duke&rsquo;s resignation would not take place, and the Chancellor
+himself said that nothing was more likely than that
+they should all go out. On Sunday the King sent for the
+Chancellor; he went, and had an audience in which the King
+pretended that he had not been made aware of all the provisions
+of the Bill, that the securities did not satisfy him, and
+that he could not consent to it. The Chancellor could do
+nothing with him; so instead of returning to town he went
+on to Strathfieldsaye, where the Duke was gone to receive
+the Judges. There he arrived at three in the morning, had
+a conference of two hours with the Duke, and returned to
+town quite exhausted, to be in the House of Lords at ten in
+the morning. The Duke called at Windsor on his way to
+town on Monday, and had a conversation with the King, in
+which he told him it was now impossible for him to recede,
+and that if his Majesty made any more difficulties he must
+instantly resign. The King said he thought he would not
+desert him under any circumstances, and tried in vain to
+move him, which not being able to do, he said that he must
+take a day to consider his final determination, and would
+communicate it. This he did yesterday afternoon, and he
+consented to let the Bill go on. There was a Cabinet in the
+morning, and another in the evening, the latter about the
+details of the Bill, for Francis Leveson and Doherty were
+both present.</p>
+
+<p>I met Lord Grey at dinner, and in the evening at
+Brookes&rsquo; had a great deal of conversation with Scarlett,
+Duncannon, and Spring Rice. They are all much alarmed,
+and think the case full of difficulties, not only from the
+violence and wavering of the King, but from the great objections
+which so many people have to the alteration of the
+elective franchise. Duncannon says nothing shall induce
+him to support it, and he would rather defeat the whole
+measure than consent to it; Spring Rice, on the contrary, is
+ready to swallow anything to get Emancipation. The object
+of the anti-Catholics is to take advantage of this disunion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
+and of the various circumstances which throw difficulties in
+the way of Government, and they think, by availing themselves
+of them dexterously, they will be able to defeat the
+measure. They all seem to think that the Oxford election
+has been attended with most prejudicial effects to the cause.
+It has served for an argument to the Cumberland faction
+with the King, and has influenced his Majesty very much.</p>
+
+<p>Huskisson made a speech last night which must put an end
+to any hopes of assistance to the Opposition from him and his
+party, which it is probable they looked to before, and I dare say
+the Duke of Cumberland has held out such hopes to the King.
+The correspondence between the Duke of Wellington and the
+Duke of Cumberland was pretty violent, I believe, but the
+Duke of Cumberland misrepresents what passed both in it
+and at their interview. He declared to the Duke that he
+would not interfere in any manner, but refused to leave the
+country; to Madame de Lieven he said that the Duke had
+tried everything&mdash;entreaties, threats, and bribes&mdash;but that he
+had told him he would not go away, and would do all he
+could to defeat his measures, and that if he were to offer
+him 100,000&#8467;. to go to Calais he would not take it. The
+degree of agitation, alternate hopes and fears, and excitement
+of every kind cannot be conceived unless seen and
+mixed in as I see and mix in it. Spring Rice said last night
+he thought those next four days to come would be the most
+important in the history of the country of any for ages past,
+and so they are. I was told last night that Knighton has
+been co-operating with the Duke of Cumberland, and done
+a great deal of mischief, and that he has reason to think that
+K. is intriguing deeply, with the design of expelling the
+Conyngham family from Windsor. This I do not believe,
+and it seems quite inconsistent with what I am also told&mdash;that
+the King&rsquo;s dislike of Knighton, and his desire of
+getting rid of him, is just the same, and that no day
+passes that he does not offer Mount Charles Knighton&rsquo;s
+place, and, what is more, that Knighton presses him to
+take it.</p>
+
+<h3>March 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Great alarm again yesterday because the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+Duke, the Chancellor, and Peel went down to Windsor again.
+Dined at Prince Lieven&rsquo;s. In the evening we learned that
+everything was settled&mdash;that as soon as the King found the
+Duke would really leave him unless he gave way, he yielded
+directly, and that if the Duke had told him so at first he
+would not have made all this bother. The Duke of Cumberland
+was there (at Lieven&rsquo;s), but did not stay long. I sat next
+to Matuscewitz (the Russian who is come over on a special
+mission to assist Lieven), and asked him if he did not think
+we were a most extraordinary people, and seeing all that goes
+on, as he must do, without any prejudices about persons or
+things, if it was not marvellous to behold the violence which
+prevailed in the Catholic discussion. He owned that it was
+inconceivable, and, notwithstanding all he had heard and
+read of our history for some years past, he had no idea that
+so much rage and animosity could have been manifested and
+that the anti-Popery spirit was still so vigorous. The day,
+however, is at last arrived, and to-night the measure will be
+introduced. But the Duke of Cumberland and his faction
+by no means abandon all hopes of being able to throw over
+the Bill in its progress, and they will leave no stone unturned
+to effect their purpose and to work on the King&rsquo;s mind
+while it is going on.</p>
+
+<h3>March 6th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Peel brought on the Catholic question last
+night in a speech of four hours, and said to be far the best
+he ever made. It is full of his never-failing fault, egotism,
+but certainly very able, plain, clear, and statesmanlike, and
+the peroration very eloquent. The University of Oxford
+should have been there in a body to hear the member they
+have rejected and him whom they have chosen in his place.
+The House was crammed to suffocation, and the lobby likewise.
+The cheering was loud and frequent, and often burst
+upon the impatient listener without. I went to Brookes&rsquo;
+and found them all just come from the House, full of satisfaction
+at Peel&rsquo;s speech and the liberality of the measure,
+and in great admiration of Murray&rsquo;s. The general disposition
+seemed to be to support both the Bills, and they argued
+justly who said that those who would have supported the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>
+whole measure if it had been in one Bill ought not to take
+advantage of there being two to oppose the one they dislike.
+The part that is the most objectionable is making the
+measure so far prospective (&lsquo;hereafter to be elected&rsquo;) as to
+exclude O&rsquo;Connell from Clare, more particularly after the
+decision of the Committee in his favour.  Six weeks ago
+Mrs. Arbuthnot told me that it was intended to exclude
+him, but I did not believe her. It seemed to me too improbable,
+and I never thought more about it. If they persist
+in this it is nothing short of madness, and I agree with
+Spring Rice, who said last night that instead of excluding
+him you should pay him to come into Parliament, and
+rather buy a seat for him than let him remain out. If they
+keep him out it can only be from wretched motives of
+personal spite, and to revenge themselves on him for having
+compelled them to take the course they have adopted. The
+imprudence of this exception is obvious, for when pacification
+is your object, and to heal old wounds your great desire, why
+begin by opening new ones and by exasperating the man who
+has the greatest power of doing mischief and creating disturbance
+and discontent in Ireland? It is desirable to reconcile
+the Irish to the measures of disfranchisement, and to allow
+as much time as possible to elapse before the new system
+comes into practical operation.  By preventing O&rsquo;Connell
+from taking his seat his wrongs are identified with those of
+the disfranchised freeholders. He will have every motive
+for exasperating the public mind and exciting universal dissatisfaction,
+and there will be another Clare election, and a
+theatre for the display of every angry passion which interest
+or revenge can possibly put in action.  It is remarkable
+that attacks, I will not say upon the Church, but upon
+Churchmen, are now made in both Houses with much approbation.
+The Oxford parsons behaved so abominably at the
+election that they have laid themselves open to the severest
+strictures, and last night Lord Wharncliffe in one House
+and Murray in the other commented on the general conduct
+of Churchmen at this crisis with a severity which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DIVISION ON THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+was by no means displeasing except to the bishops. I
+am convinced that very few years will elapse before the
+Church will really be in danger. People will grow tired of
+paying so dearly for so bad an article.</p>
+
+<h3>March 8th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday the list came out of those who
+had voted on the Catholic question, by which it appeared
+that several people had voted against the Government (particularly
+all the Lowthers) who were expected to vote with
+them, and of course this will be a test by which the Duke&rsquo;s
+strength and absoluteness may be tried, so much so that it
+is very generally thought that if he permits them to vote
+with impunity he will lose the question. It was said in
+the evening that Lowther and Birkett had resigned, but
+Lord Aberdeen, whom I met at dinner, said they had not at
+five o&rsquo;clock yesterday evening. It is, I think, impossible for
+the Duke to excuse anybody who votes against him or stays
+away. Dined at Agar Ellis&rsquo;s and met Harrowbys, Stanleys,
+Aberdeen, &amp;c. Lord Harrowby thought Peel&rsquo;s speech
+extremely able and judicious. He said that Lord Eldon had
+asserted that Mr. Pitt&rsquo;s opinions had been changed on this
+question, which was entirely false, for he had been much
+more intimate with Mr. Pitt than Lord Eldon ever was, and
+had repeatedly discussed the question with him, and had
+never found the slightest alteration in his sentiments. He
+had deprecated bringing it on because at that moment he
+was convinced that it would have driven the King mad and
+raised a prodigious ferment in England. He talked a great
+deal of Fox and Pitt, and said that the natural disposition of
+the former was to arbitrary power and that of the latter to be
+a reformer, so that circumstances drove each into the course
+the other was intended for by nature. Lord North&rsquo;s letter
+to Fox when he dismissed him in 1776 was, &lsquo;The King has
+ordered a new commission of the Treasury to be made out,
+in which I do not see your name.&rsquo; How dear this cost him
+and what an influence that note may have had on the affairs
+of the country and on Fox&rsquo;s subsequent life! They afterwards
+talked of the &lsquo;Cateatonenses&rsquo; written by Canning,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
+Frere, and G. Ellis. Lady Morley has a copy, which I am
+to see.<a name="FNA_05_04" id="FNA_05_04" href="#FN_05_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_04" id="FN_05_04" href="#FNA_05_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[The &lsquo;Musæ Cateatonenses,&rsquo; a burlesque narrative of a supposed expedition
+of Mr. George Legge to Cateaton Street in search of a Swiss chapel.
+Nothing can be more droll. The only copy I have seen is still at Saltram.
+This <i>jeu d&rsquo;esprit</i> (which fills a volume) was composed by Canning and his
+friends one Easter recess they spent at Ashbourne.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 9th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>It was reported last night that there had
+been a compromise with Lowther, who is to retain his seat
+and to vote for the Bill in all its other stages. But he dined
+at Crockford&rsquo;s, and told somebody there that he had tendered
+his resignation and had received no answer. I do not understand
+this indecision; they must deprive those who will not
+support them thoroughly. &lsquo;Thorough,&rsquo; as Laud and Strafford
+used to say, must be their word.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening</i>.&mdash;I asked Lord Bathurst to-day if Lowther, &amp;c.,
+were out, and he said nothing had been done about it, that
+there was plenty of time. Afterwards met Mrs. Arbuthnot
+in the Park, and turned back with her. She was all against
+their being turned out, from which I saw that they are to
+stay in. We met Gosh, and I walked with them to the
+House of Commons. We renewed the subject, and he said
+that he had been just as much as I could be for the adoption of
+strong measures, but that the great object was to carry the
+Bill, and if the Duke did not act with the greatest prudence
+and caution it would still be lost. He hinted that the difficulties
+with the King are still great, and that he is in a state of
+excitement which alarms them lest he should go mad. It
+is pretty clear that the Duke cannot venture to turn them out.
+In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland continues at work.
+Lord Bathurst told me that he went to Windsor on Saturday,
+that he had assured the King that great alarm prevailed
+in London, that the people were very violent, and that the
+Duke had been hissed by the mob in going to the House of
+Lords, all of which of course he believes. The Duke is very
+unwell. I think matters do not look at all well, and I am
+alarmed.</p>
+
+<h3>March 11th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke was much better yesterday, went
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.</span>
+to the House, and made a very good and stirring speech in
+answer to Lord Winchelsea, who disgusted all his own party
+by announcing himself an advocate for reform in Parliament.
+It is now clear that Lowther, &amp;c., are not to quit their
+places unless something fresh occurs. The reason supposed
+is that the King supports them, and that the Duke does not
+venture to insist on their dismissal. The real reason is
+that he has got an idea that the Whigs want to make him
+quarrel with his old friends in order to render him more
+dependent upon them, and he is therefore anxious (as he
+thinks he can) to carry through the measure without
+quarrelling with anybody, so that he will retain the support
+of the Tories and show the Whigs that he can do without
+them, a notion which is unfounded, besides being both unwise
+and illiberal. He has already given some persons to understand
+that they <i>must</i> support him on this question, and now
+he is going to grant a dispensation to others, nor is there
+any necessity for <i>quarrelling</i> with anybody. Lowther himself
+evidently felt that he could not hold his office and oppose
+the measure, and consequently resigned. The Duke might
+accept his resignation with a very friendly explanation on
+the subject; eventually he would be certain to join Government
+again, for to what other party could he betake himself?
+These great Tory borough-mongering Lords have no taste
+for opposition. Arbuthnot told my father that this was his
+feeling, and when I told Mrs. Arbuthnot what a bad moral
+effect the Duke&rsquo;s lenity had, she said, &lsquo;Oh, you hear that from
+the Opposition.&rsquo; Last night in his speech, when he said he
+had the cordial support of his Majesty, he turned round with
+energy to the Duke of Cumberland. Several Peers upon one
+pretext or another have withdrawn the support they had
+intended to give to the Duke&rsquo;s Bill. Fourteen Irish bishops
+are coming over in a body to petition the King against this
+Bill, and most foolish they. The English bishops may by
+possibility be sincere and disinterested in their opposition
+(not that I believe they are), but nobody will ever believe
+that the Irish think of anything but their scandalous revenues.
+The thing must go; the only question is when and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>
+how. The Kent petition to the King is to be presented, I
+believe, by Lords Winchelsea and Bexley; they would not
+entrust it to Peel. Lord W. wanted to march down to
+Windsor at the head of 25,000 men.</p>
+
+<h3>March 14th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Arbuthnot told the Duke what was said
+about not turning out the refractory members, and he
+replied, &lsquo;I have undertaken this business, and I am determined
+to go through with it. Nobody knows the difficulties
+I have in dealing with my royal master, and nobody knows
+him so well as I do. I will succeed, but I am as in a field
+of battle, and I must fight it out my own way.&rsquo; This would
+be very well if there were not other motives mixed up with
+this&mdash;jealousy of the Whigs and a desire to keep clear of
+them, and quarrel with them again when this is over.
+Herries told Hyde Villiers that <i>their</i> policy was conservative,
+that of the Whigs subversive, and that they never could act
+together. All false, for nobody&rsquo;s policy is subversive who
+has much to lose, and the Whigs comprise the great mass of
+property and a great body of the aristocracy of the country.
+Nobody seems to doubt that the Bill will pass. The day
+before yesterday the Duke of Newcastle went to Windsor
+and had an audience. Lord Bathurst told me that they had
+reason to believe his Grace had told the King his own sentiments
+on the Catholic question, but that the King had made
+no answer. But as nobody was present they could not
+depend on the truth of this (which they had from his
+Majesty himself, of course), and he begged me to find out
+what account the Duke gave of it.</p>
+
+<h3>March 15th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke of Newcastle was with the King
+an hour and a half or two hours. After he had presented
+his petitions he pulled out a paper, which he read to the
+King. His Majesty made him no answer, and desired him
+if he had any other communications to make to him to send
+them through the Duke of Wellington. I dare say this is
+true, not because he says so, but because there has been no
+notice taken of the Duke&rsquo;s visit in any of the newspapers.
+They now talk of thirteen bishops, and probably more,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PERSONAL HABITS OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+voting with Government. I suppose the majority will be
+very large.</p>
+
+<h3>March 16th to 17th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I received a message from the King,
+to tell me that he was sorry I had not dined with him the
+last time I was at Windsor, that he had intended to ask
+me, but finding that all the Ministers dined there except
+Ellenborough, he had let me go, that Ellenborough might
+not be the only man not invited, and &lsquo;he would be damned
+if Ellenborough ever should dine in his house.&rsquo; I asked
+Lord Bathurst afterwards, to whom I told this, why he hated
+Ellenborough, and he said that something he had said during
+the Queen&rsquo;s trial had given the King mortal offence, and he
+never forgave it. The King complains that he is tired to death
+of all the people about him. He is less violent about the
+Catholic question, tired of that too, and does not wish to hear
+any more about it. He leads a most extraordinary life&mdash;never
+gets up till six in the afternoon. They come to him and open
+the window curtains at six or seven o&rsquo;clock in the morning;
+he breakfasts in bed, does whatever business he can be
+brought to transact in bed too, he reads every newspaper
+quite through, dozes three or four hours, gets up in time for
+dinner, and goes to bed between ten and eleven. He sleeps
+very ill, and rings his bell forty times in the night; if he
+wants to know the hour, though a watch hangs close to him,
+he will have his <i>valet de chambre</i> down rather than turn his
+head to look at it. The same thing if he wants a glass of
+water; he won&rsquo;t stretch out his hand to get it. His valets
+are nearly destroyed, and at last Lady Conyngham prevailed
+on him to agree to an arrangement by which they wait on him
+on alternate days. The service is still most severe, as on the
+days they are in waiting their labours are incessant, and
+they cannot take off their clothes at night, and hardly lie
+down. He is in good health, but irritable, and has been
+horribly annoyed by other matters besides the Catholic
+affair.</p>
+
+<h3>March 18th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I was at Windsor for the Council and the Recorder&rsquo;s
+report. We waited above two hours; of course his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>
+Majesty did not get up till we were all there. A small
+attendance in Council&mdash;the Duke, Bathurst, Aberdeen, Melville,
+and I think no other Cabinet Minister. I sent for
+Batchelor, the King&rsquo;s <i>valet de chambre</i>, and had a pretty long
+conversation with him; he talked as if the walls had ears, but
+was anxious to tell me everything. He confirmed all I had
+before heard of the King&rsquo;s life, and said he was nearly dead
+of it, that he was in high favour, and the King had given him
+apartments in the Lodge and some presents. His Majesty
+has been worried to death, and has not yet made up his
+mind to the Catholic Bill (this man knows, I&rsquo;ll be bound).
+But what he most dwelt on was Sir William Knighton. I
+said to him that the King was afraid of the Duke. He
+replied he thought not; he thought he was afraid of nobody
+but of Knighton, that he hated him, but that his influence
+and authority were without any limit, that he could do anything,
+and without him nothing could be done; that after
+him Lady Conyngham was all-powerful, but in entire subserviency
+to him; that she did not dare have anybody to
+dine there without previously ascertaining that Knighton
+would not disapprove of it; that he knew everything, and
+nobody dared say or do a thing of any sort without his permission.
+There was a sort of mysterious awe with which
+he spoke of Knighton, mixed with dislike, which was curious.
+He is to call on me when he comes to London, and will, I
+dare say, tell me more. Returned to town at night, and
+heard of Sadler&rsquo;s
+speech<a name="FNA_05_05" id="FNA_05_05" href="#FN_05_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+and read it. It is certainly very
+clever, but better as reported than as it was delivered. He
+sent the report to the &lsquo;Morning Journal&rsquo; himself, and added
+some things and omitted others, and thereby improved it.
+He is sixty-seven years old, and it is his maiden speech;
+certainly very remarkable and indicative of much talent.
+Lord Harrowby told me he heard it, and was greatly struck
+by it.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_05" id="FN_05_05" href="#FNA_05_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Mr. Sadler, who had never sat in Parliament before, was returned by
+the Duke of Newcastle at this time for the express purpose of opposing the
+Catholic Relief Bill, which he did with considerable ability.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 19th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Last night the debate ended, with a very excellent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span>
+speech from Robert
+Grant,<a name="FNA_05_06" id="FNA_05_06" href="#FN_05_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+and a speech from Lord
+Palmerston which astonished everybody. The Attorney-General
+was violent and brutal, and Peel&rsquo;s reply very good;
+he was bursting with passion, but restrained himself. I
+met Tierney, and told him that there was great disappointment
+that he had not answered Sadler. He said he could
+not speak for coughing, that Sadler&rsquo;s speech was clever, but
+over-rated, nothing like so good as they talked of. Robert
+Grant&rsquo;s was very good indeed, the best for matter; Palmerston&rsquo;s
+the most brilliant, &lsquo;an imitation of Canning, and not
+a bad one.&rsquo; Though the Opposition gained eight in this
+division, they are disappointed and disheartened, and will
+make but little fight on the other stages (as it is thought).
+Nine bishops are to vote. The meeting at Lambeth took
+place the day before yesterday, but it came to nothing. They
+separated agreeing to meet again, and in the meantime that
+each should take his own line. Tierney talked of the Duke&rsquo;s
+management of this business with great admiration, as did
+Lord Durham last night in the same strain; but after all
+what was it but the resolution of secresy (which I think was
+a most wise and judicious one)? for he did nothing but keep
+the secret. However, the thing has been well imagined and
+well executed. Tierney thinks Peel will resign when it is
+all over, and at his father&rsquo;s death will be made a Peer. I
+should not wonder; he must be worn to death with the
+torrents of abuse and invective with which his old friends
+assail him on every occasion. I presume that if he could
+have anticipated their conduct he would not have been so
+civil to them in the beginning, and would have taken another
+turn altogether; it would have been better for him. Lady
+Worcester told me to-day what adds to many other proofs
+that the Duke is a very <i>hard</i> man; he takes no notice of any
+of his family; he never sees his mother, has only visited
+her two or three times in the last few years; and has not now
+been to see Lady Anne, though she has been in such affliction
+for the death of her only son, and he passes her door every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
+time he goes to Strathfieldsaye. He is well with Lady
+Maryborough, though they quarrelled after Lord M. was
+driven from the Cabinet; Lord Wellesley is seriously affronted
+with him at the little consideration the Duke shows for him,
+and for having shown him no confidence in all this business,
+especially as the Catholic question was the only political
+difference that existed between them. He is a very extraordinary
+man certainly, and with many contradictions in his
+character; in him, however, they are so much more apparent
+than in any other man, for he is always before the world&mdash;all
+his actions, his motives, and even his thoughts.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_06" id="FN_05_06" href="#FNA_05_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[Robert Grant, Esq., M.P., brother of Mr. Charles Grant. He was
+afterwards appointed Governor of Bombay.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 21st, 1829, at night</h3>
+
+<p>This morning the Duke fought a
+duel with Lord Winchelsea. Nothing could equal the astonishment
+caused by this event. Everybody of course sees the
+matter in a different light; all blame Lord W., but they are
+divided as to whether the Duke ought to have fought or not.
+Lord W.&rsquo;s letter appeared last Monday, and certainly from
+that time to this it never entered into anybody&rsquo;s head that
+the Duke ought to or would take it up, though the expressions
+in it were very impertinent. But Lord Winchelsea
+is such a maniac, and has so lost his head (besides the
+ludicrous incident of the
+handkerchief<a name="FNA_05_07" id="FNA_05_07" href="#FN_05_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>),
+that everybody
+imagined the Duke would treat what he said with silent
+contempt. He thought otherwise, however, and without
+saying a word to any of his colleagues or to anybody but
+Hardinge, his second, he wrote and demanded an apology.
+After many letters and messages between the parties (Lord
+Falmouth being Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s second) Lord Winchelsea
+declined making any apology, and they met. The letters on
+the Duke&rsquo;s part are very creditable, so free from arrogance or
+an assuming tone; those on Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s not so, for one
+of them is a senseless repetition of the offence, in which he
+says that if the Duke will deny that his allegations are true
+he will apologise. They met at Wimbledon at eight o&rsquo;clock.
+There were many people about, who saw what passed. They
+stood at a distance of fifteen paces. Before they began
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUEL OF THE DUKE AND LORD WINCHELSEA.</span>
+Hardinge went up to Lords Winchelsea and Falmouth, and
+said he must protest against the proceeding, and declare
+that their conduct in refusing an apology when Lord Winchelsea
+was so much in the wrong filled him with disgust.
+The Duke fired and missed, and then Winchelsea fired in the
+air. He immediately pulled out of his pocket the paper
+which has since appeared, but in which the word &lsquo;apology&rsquo;
+was omitted. The Duke read it and said it would not do.
+Lord Falmouth said he was not come there to quibble about
+words, and that he was ready to make the apology in whatever
+terms would be satisfactory, and the word &lsquo;apology&rsquo; was
+inserted on the ground. The Duke then touched his hat,
+said &lsquo;Good morning, my Lords,&rsquo; mounted his horse, and rode
+off. Hume was there, without knowing on whose behalf till
+he got to the ground. Hardinge asked him to attend, and
+told him where he would find a chaise, into which he got.
+He found there pistols, which told him the errand he was on,
+but he had still no notion the Duke was concerned; when he
+saw him he was ready to drop. The Duke went to Mrs.
+Arbuthnot&rsquo;s as soon as he got back, and at eleven o&rsquo;clock she
+wrote a note to Lord Bathurst, telling him of it, which he
+received at the Council board and put into my hands. So
+little idea had he of Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s letter leading to anything
+serious that when on Wednesday, at the Council at
+Windsor, I asked him if he had read it, he said, laughing,
+&lsquo;Yes, and it is a very clever letter, much the wisest thing he
+ever did; <i>he has got back his money</i>. I wish I could find some
+such pretext to get back mine.&rsquo; At twelve o&rsquo;clock the Duke
+went to Windsor to tell the King what had happened. Winchelsea
+is abused for not having made an apology when it
+was first required; but I think, having committed the folly of
+writing so outrageous a letter, he did the only thing a man
+of honour could do in going out and receiving a shot and
+then making an apology, which he was all this time prepared
+to do, for he had it ready written in his pocket. I think the
+Duke ought not to have challenged him; it was very juvenile,
+and he stands in far too high a position, and his life is so
+much <i>publica cura</i> that he should have treated him and his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
+letter with the contempt they merited; it was a great error
+in judgment, but certainly a venial one, for it is impossible
+not to admire the high spirit which disdained to shelter itself
+behind the immunities of his great character and station,
+and the simplicity, and almost humility, which made him at
+once descend to the level of Lord Winchelsea, when he
+might, without subjecting himself to any imputation derogatory
+to his honour, have assumed a tone of lofty superiority and
+treated him as unworthy of his notice. Still it was beneath
+his dignity; it lowered him, and was more or less ridiculous.
+Lord Jersey met him coming from Windsor, and spoke to
+him. He said, &lsquo;I could not do otherwise, could I?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_07" id="FN_05_07" href="#FNA_05_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[The incident of the handkerchief is related below, p. 198 (March 29th, 1829).]</p></div>
+
+<p>I met the Bishop of Oxford in the Park this morning; he
+said nine bishops, and probably ten, would vote for the Bill.
+He said he was not at the meeting at Lambeth, but the Archbishop
+sent for him, and despatched him to the Duke with an
+account of their proceedings. The Archbishop summoned
+the bishops to consult upon the course they should pursue,
+and see if there was any chance of their acting with
+unanimity. Finding this was not possible, they resolved
+that each should take his own line; and a proposal to address
+the King, which was urged by one or two of the most violent
+(he did not name them), was overruled. The anti-Catholic
+papers and men lavish the most extravagant encomiums on
+Wetherell&rsquo;s speech, and call it &lsquo;the finest oration ever delivered
+in the House of Commons,&rsquo; &lsquo;the best since the second
+Philippic.&rsquo; He was drunk, they say. The Speaker said
+&lsquo;the only lucid interval he had was that between his waistcoat
+and his breeches.&rsquo; When he speaks he unbuttons his braces,
+and in his vehement action his breeches fall down and his
+waistcoat runs up, so that there is a great interregnum. He
+is half mad, eccentric, ingenious, with great and varied information
+and a coarse, vulgar mind, delighting in ribaldry
+and abuse, besides being an enthusiast. The first time he distinguished
+himself was in Watson&rsquo;s trial, when he and Copley
+were his counsel, and both made very able speeches. He was
+then a trading lawyer and politician, till the Queen came
+over, when he made a very powerful speech in the House of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE KING ON THE DUEL.</span>
+Commons, full of research, in favour of inserting her name
+in the Liturgy. He was then engaged by Chancellor Eldon
+for the Court, soon after made Solicitor-General, much
+abused for ratting, became Attorney-General, and resigned
+when Canning became Minister. He was restored when the
+Duke was made Prime Minister, and now he will have to
+retire again.</p>
+
+<h3>March 26th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Everything is getting on very quietly in the
+House of Commons, and the Opposition are beginning to
+squabble among themselves, some wishing to create delay, and
+others not choosing to join in these tricks, when they know
+it is useless. The Duke came here the night before last, but
+I was not at home. He talked over the whole matter with his
+usual simplicity. The King, it seems, was highly pleased with
+the Winchelsea affair, and he said, &lsquo;I did not see the letter
+(which is probably a lie); if I had, I certainly should have
+thought it my duty to call your attention to it.&rsquo; Somebody
+added that &lsquo;he would be wanting to fight a duel himself.&rsquo;
+Sefton said, &lsquo;he will be sure to think he has fought one.&rsquo;
+Hume gave the two Lords a lecture on the ground after the
+duel, and said he did not think there was a man in England
+who would have lifted his hand against the Duke. Very uncalled
+for, but the Duke&rsquo;s friends have less humility than he
+has, for Lord Winchelsea did not lift his hand against him.
+It is curious that the man who threw the bottle at Lord Wellesley
+in Dublin (and who is a Protestant fanatic) has been
+lurking constantly about the House of Lords, so much so that
+it was thought right to apprise Peel of it, and the police have
+been desired in consequence to keep a strict watch over him,
+and to take care that he does no mischief. The Duke after
+the duel sent Lord Melville to the Duke of Montrose with a
+message that his son-in-law had behaved very much like a
+gentleman. The women, particularly of course Lady Jersey,
+have been very ridiculous, affecting nervousness and fine
+feeling, though they never heard of the business till some
+hours after it was over. Mrs. Arbuthnot was not so foolish
+but made very light of it all, which was in better sense and
+better taste.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>
+M&mdash;&mdash; told me two days ago that, although he is more
+quiet, the King is not at all reconciled to the Catholic question.
+His Majesty was very much annoyed at his speech
+the other day, having always hoped that he was at heart
+too indifferent about it to take a decided line or express
+publicly a strong opinion. It is supposed that either Sugden
+or Alderson will be Solicitor-General. O&rsquo;Connell has done
+himself great credit by his moderation in the Committee.
+Grattan wanted to move an amendment omitting the words
+by which O&rsquo;Connell is excluded from taking his seat for
+Clare, when Rice and Duncannon begged him to withdraw
+it, and said they were charged with the expression of
+O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s wish that his individual case should not be
+thought of, as he would not have it be any impediment
+to the success of the measure. This, of course, greatly
+annoys those who have inveighed against him, and who have
+always contended that he only wished for confusion, and
+would be very sorry to see the question settled.</p>
+
+<p>The other day Jack
+Lawless<a name="FNA_05_08" id="FNA_05_08" href="#FN_05_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+called on Arbuthnot to ask
+him some question about the Deccan prize money, in which
+a brother of his has an interest. He entered upon politics, was
+very obsequious in his manner, extravagant in praise of the
+Duke, quite shocked that he should have fought a duel, and
+said, &lsquo;Sir, we are twelve of us here, and not one but what
+would fight for him any day in the week.&rsquo; He said that some
+years ago, when he heard the Duke speak, he was distressed
+at his hesitation, but that now he spoke better than anyone;
+that in the Lords he heard Eldon, and Plunket, and Grey,
+and then up got the Duke and answered everybody, and
+spoke better than they all. Arbuthnot says he was bowing
+and scraping, and all humility and politeness, with none of
+the undergrowl of the Association.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_08" id="FN_05_08" href="#FNA_05_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[A prominent member of the Catholic Association in Dublin.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 26th, 1829, at night</h3>
+
+<p>Just met M&mdash;&mdash;, who had returned
+that moment from Windsor, where he had left the
+King in such an ill humour that he would not stay and dine
+there. The Duke of Cumberland never goes there without
+unsettling his mind, and yesterday evening Lord Mansfield
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD ELDON&rsquo;S INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.</span>
+had been to the Castle and had an audience. Lord Eldon
+prevails on all these Peers to exercise their right and demand
+audiences. Lord Mansfield had no petition to present, and
+only went to remonstrate about the Catholic question and
+tell the King that all the Protestants looked to him to save
+them from the impending danger. The King declares he
+only listens to what they say, and replies that he must leave
+everything to his Ministers; but it is impossible for him
+to listen (and not talk himself) for an hour and a quarter
+together. He is very angry at the Bishop of Winchester&rsquo;s
+speech, and at the declaration in favour of the Bill by both
+of the
+brothers.<a name="FNA_05_09" id="FNA_05_09" href="#FN_05_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+He accused M&mdash;&mdash; of having influenced
+the Bishop, which he denied, and told him that he would
+not have been biassed by anybody. The King still is in
+hopes that the Bill will not pass, and said that the Ministers
+had only a majority of five, and with that they would not
+carry it through. M&mdash;&mdash; replied that they had above fifty,
+and after such a majority as there had been in the Commons
+it must pass. All this he received as sulkily as possible, and
+it is clear that if he dared, and if he could, he would still
+defeat the measure. His dislike to it is the opposition of a
+spoiled child, founded on considerations purely personal and
+selfish and without any reason whatever.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_09" id="FN_05_09" href="#FNA_05_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[The two Sumners. Dr. John Bird Sumner (afterwards Archbishop of
+Canterbury) had been raised to the see of Chester in 1828. They owed
+their advancement to the especial favour of George IV. The bishop
+adverted to in the next sentence was the Bishop of Winchester.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 29th, 1829, at night</h3>
+
+<p>Dined at Lady Sandwich&rsquo;s, and met
+Madame de Lieven, who is grown very gracious, craving for
+news, and probably very malignant. Lieven told me (which
+she did not) that Lord Eldon was with the King yesterday
+for four hours. She confirmed it after dinner, and said that
+Halford had told her, but added that he had done no
+harm.<a name="FNA_05_10" id="FNA_05_10" href="#FN_05_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+Lieven also told me that Stratford Canning is coming home,
+and Robert Gordon going to Constantinople. He is a dull,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>
+heavy man, and not able, I should think, to cope with the
+Turkish Ministers, if they are (as the Duke says) the ablest
+diplomatists in Europe. I don&rsquo;t know why Stratford Canning
+is coming home, whether <i>nolens</i> or <i>volens</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_10" id="FN_05_10" href="#FNA_05_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[This was the celebrated interview related in Lord Eldon&rsquo;s &lsquo;Memoirs&rsquo;
+vol. iii., when, however, the King gave Lord E. a very erroneous account
+of the transaction, subsequently corrected by Sir Robert Peel in his &lsquo;Memoirs.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>I have, I see, alluded to Lord Winchelsea&rsquo;s handkerchief
+story,<a name="FNA_05_11" id="FNA_05_11" href="#FN_05_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+but have not mentioned the circumstances, which I
+may as well do. Lord Holland came home one night from
+the House of Lords, and as soon as he had occasion to blow
+his nose pulled his handkerchief out of his pocket; upon which
+my Lady exclaimed (she hates perfumes), &lsquo;Good God, Lord
+H., where did you get that handkerchief? Send it away
+directly.&rsquo; He said he did not know, when it was inspected,
+and the letter <i>W</i> found on it. Lord H. said, &lsquo;I was sitting
+near Lord Winchelsea, and it must be his, which I took up
+by mistake and have brought home.&rsquo; Accordingly the next
+day he sent it to Lord Winchelsea with his compliments.
+Lord Winchelsea receiving the handkerchief and the message,
+and finding it marked <i>W</i>, fancied it was the Duke&rsquo;s, and that
+it was sent to him by way of affronting him; on which he went
+to the Duke of Newcastle and imparted to him the circumstances,
+and desired him to wait on Lord Holland for an explanation.
+This his Grace did, when the matter was cleared
+up and the handkerchief was found to be the property of
+Lord Wellesley. The next day Lord Winchelsea came up
+laughing to Lord Holland in the House of Lords, and said
+he had many apologies to make for what had passed, but that
+he really was in such a state of excitement he did not know
+what he said and
+did.<a name="FNA_05_12" id="FNA_05_12" href="#FN_05_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_11" id="FN_05_11" href="#FNA_05_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[<i>Supra</i>, p. 192 (March 21st, 1829).]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_12" id="FN_05_12" href="#FNA_05_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[Lord Winchelsea was in the habit of flourishing a white pocket handkerchief
+while he was speaking in the House of Lords. This peculiarity;
+associated with his sonorous tones, his excited action, and his extravagant
+opinions, gave point to the incident.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>April 4th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>On the third reading of the Catholic Bill in
+the House of Commons Sadler failed, and Palmerston made
+a speech like one of Canning&rsquo;s. The Bill has been two
+nights in the House of Lords. They go on with it this
+morning, and will divide this evening. The Chancellor made
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.</span>
+a very fine speech last night, and the Bishop of Oxford spoke
+very well the night before, but the debate has been dull on
+the whole; the subject is exhausted. The House of Lords
+was very full, particularly of women; every fool in London
+thinks it necessary to be there. It is only since last year
+that the steps of the throne have been crowded with ladies;
+formerly one or two got in, who skulked behind the throne,
+or were hid in Tyrwhitt&rsquo;s box, but now they fill the whole
+space, and put themselves in front with their large bonnets,
+without either fear or shame.</p>
+
+<h3>April 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The question was put at a little before twelve
+last night, and carried by 105&mdash;217 to 112 (a greater majority
+than the most sanguine expected)&mdash;after a splendid speech
+from Lord Grey and a very good one from Lord Plunket.
+Old Eldon was completely beat, and could make no fight at
+all; his speech was wretched, they say, for I did not hear it.
+This tremendous defeat will probably put an end to anything
+like serious opposition; they will hardly rally again.</p>
+
+<p>I dined at Chesterfield House, but nobody came to dinner.
+Chesterfield and his party were all at the House of Lords. I
+found myself almost alone with Vesey Fitzgerald, with whom
+I had much talk after dinner. He said that it would be a long
+time before all the circumstances and all the difficulties relating
+to their proceedings were known, but when they were
+it would be seen how great had been the latter, how curious
+the former; that the day the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel
+were with the King they actually were out (all of which
+I knew), and that he believes if the other party could have
+made a Government with a chance of standing, out they
+would have gone; but that it was put to them (this I did
+not know), and they acknowledged they could not. They
+held consultations on the subject, and the man they principally
+relied on was the Duke of Richmond; they meant he
+should be either First Lord of the Treasury or Lord-Lieutenant
+of Ireland. Lord Winchelsea said to Ellenborough,
+&lsquo;Why, he speaks better than the Duke of Wellington any
+day.&rsquo; He happens to have his wits, such as they are, about
+him, and has been quick and neat in one or two little speeches,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>
+though he spoke too often, and particularly in his attack on
+the Bishop of Oxford the other night. Last year, on the
+Wool question, he did very well, but all the details were got
+up for him by George
+Bentinck,<a name="FNA_05_13" id="FNA_05_13" href="#FN_05_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+who took the trouble.
+Besides, his fortune consists in great measure of wool, he
+lives in the country, is well versed in rural affairs and the
+business of the quarter sessions, has a certain calibre of
+understanding, is prejudiced, narrow-minded, illiterate, and
+ignorant, good-looking, good-humoured, and unaffected, tedious,
+prolix, unassuming, and a duke. There would not
+have been so much to say about him if they had not excited
+an idea in the minds of some people of making him Prime
+Minister and successor to the Duke of Wellington.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_13" id="FN_05_13" href="#FNA_05_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[It deserves remark that Lord George Bentinck was thus early employing
+his singular talents in mastering details, although he took no conspicuous
+part in politics until the proposal for the repeal of the Corn Law
+in 1845.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Vesey told me that Dawson&rsquo;s speech at Derry very nearly
+overturned the whole design. The King heard of it the day
+of a Council at Windsor (which I well remember). The
+Chancellor was with him for a long time, but it was almost
+impossible to persuade the King that Dawson knew nothing
+of the intention of the Government, and that his speech was
+not made in concert with Peel and the Duke. This it was
+which caused them such excessive annoyance, because it
+raised difficulties which well-nigh prevented the accomplishment
+of the design. It must be owned that the King might
+well believe this, and although it is very certain that Dawson
+knew nothing, and that his making such a speech ought to
+have been a proof that he was in ignorance, it will always
+be believed that he was aware of the intended measure, and
+that his speech was made with the Duke&rsquo;s concurrence. It is
+curious enough that his opinion had been long changed, and
+that he had intended to pronounce his recantation when
+Brownlow did, but as Brownlow got the start of him he
+would not. For two years after this he persevered in the
+old course, and when Canning came in, and the Catholic
+question was the great field on which he was to be fought,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE BILL IN JEOPARDY.</span>
+Dawson reverted vigorously to his old opinions, and spoke
+vehemently against emancipation. Such is party!</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances that Vesey talked of are in fact pretty
+well known or guessed at, nor has there ever been any secret
+as to the main fact of the King&rsquo;s opposition and dislike to
+the measure. He told me that after Eldon&rsquo;s visit of four
+hours the Duke remonstrated, and told the King what great
+umbrage it gave his Ministers to see and hear of these long
+and numerous interviews with their opponents. The King
+declared that he said nothing and that nothing passed calculated
+to annoy them, which they none of them believed, but
+of course could make no reply to.</p>
+
+<h3>April 8th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I have mentioned above
+(March 4th<a name="FNA_05_14" id="FNA_05_14" href="#FN_05_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>),
+p. 180, the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel going to the King,
+and the alarm that prevailed here. That day the Catholic
+question was in great jeopardy. They went to tell the King
+that unless he would give them his real, efficient support,
+and not throw his indirect influence into the opposite scale,
+they would resign. He refused to give them that support;
+they placed their resignations in his hands and came away.
+The King then sent to Eldon, and asked him if he would
+undertake to form a Government. He deliberated (then it
+was that it was question of the Duke of Richmond being
+First Lord or Lord-Lieutenant), but eventually said he could
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
+not undertake it. On his refusal the King yielded, and the
+Bill went on; but if Eldon had accepted, the Duke and his
+colleagues would have been out, and God knows what would
+have happened. It was, of course, of all these matters that
+the King talked to Eldon in the long interview they had the
+other day. He is very sulky at the great majority in the
+House of Lords, as I knew he would be.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_14" id="FN_05_14" href="#FNA_05_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[It was on the 3rd of March that this interview took place, as related
+by Sir R. Peel himself in his &lsquo;Memoir&rsquo; (vol. i. p. 343). The King asked his
+Ministers to explain the details of the measure they proposed to bring in.
+They informed his Majesty that it would be necessary to modify in the case
+of the Roman Catholics that part of the oath of supremacy which relates to
+the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and supremacy of the Pope. To this the
+King said he could not possibly consent. Upon this Mr. Peel and his colleagues
+informed his Majesty that they must resign. His Majesty accepted
+the resignations, and the Ministers returned to London (after an audience of
+five hours) under the full persuasion that the Government was dissolved.
+In the interval some attempt was made to form a Protestant Cabinet;
+but on the evening of the following day, the 4th of March, the King
+wrote a letter to the Duke of Wellington, informing him that his Majesty
+anticipated so much difficulty in the attempt to form another Administration
+that he could not dispense with his Ministers&rsquo; services, and that they were
+at liberty to proceed with the measures of which notice had been given in
+Parliament.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Lady Jersey is in a fury with Lord Anglesey, and goes
+about saying he insulted her in the House of Lords the
+other night. She was sitting on one of the steps of the
+throne, and the Duchess of Richmond on the step above.
+After Lord Anglesey had spoken he came to talk to the
+Duchess, who said, &lsquo;How well you did speak;&rsquo; on which he
+said, &lsquo;Hush! you must take care what you say, for here is
+Lady Jersey, and she reports for the newspapers;&rsquo; on which
+Lady Jersey said very angrily, &lsquo;Lady Jersey is here for her
+own amusement; what do you mean by reporting for newspapers?&rsquo;
+to which he replied with a profound bow, &lsquo;I beg
+your Ladyship&rsquo;s pardon; I did not mean to offend you, and if
+I did I beg to make the most ample apology.&rsquo; This is his
+version; hers, of course, is different. He says that he meant
+the whole thing as a joke. It was a very bad joke if it was
+one, and as he knows how she abuses him, one may suspect
+that there was something more than joking in it.</p>
+
+<p>The other night Lord Grey had called Lord Falmouth to
+order, and after the debate Falmouth came up to him with a
+menacing air and said, &lsquo;My Lord Grey, I wish to inform you
+that if upon any future occasion you transgress in the
+slightest degree the orders of the House, I shall most certainly
+call you to order.&rsquo; Lord Grey, who expected from his
+air something more hostile, merely said, &lsquo;My Lord, your
+Lordship will do perfectly right, and whenever I am out of
+order I hope you will.&rsquo; Last night old Eldon got a dressing
+again from the Chancellor.</p>
+
+<h3>April 9th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Met O&rsquo;Connell at dinner yesterday at William
+Ponsonby&rsquo;s. The only Irish (agitators) were he and O&rsquo;Gorman
+Mahon; &mdash;&mdash;, he said, was too great a blackguard, and he would
+not invite him. O&rsquo;Connell arrived from Ireland that day;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">O&rsquo;CONNELL AT DINNER.</span>
+there is nothing remarkable in his manner, appearance, or
+conversation, but he seems lively, well bred, and at his ease.
+I asked him after dinner &lsquo;whether Catholics had not taken
+the oath of supremacy till it was coupled with the declaration;&rsquo;
+he said, &lsquo;in many instances in the reigns of Elizabeth, James,
+and Charles, because at that time it was considered to apply
+to the civil supremacy of the Pope only, and that the Government
+admitted of that interpretation of it, but that no
+Catholic could take it now, because that construction is never
+given to the oath.&rsquo; Duncannon told me that O&rsquo;Connell has
+no wish to be in Parliament, that he makes so much money
+by his profession that it is a great loss to him to attend
+Parliament at all. What they want is a compromise with
+Vesey Fitzgerald, by which he may be admitted to take his
+seat in this Parliament on an understanding that he will
+not oppose Vesey in the next; not that I see how that is to
+be done, except by an Act of Parliament (which would never
+pass) in his favour. Besides, the Duke detests him, and
+Vesey likewise. They cannot forgive him for all he has done
+and all he has made them do. O&rsquo;Gorman, the secretary of
+the Catholic Association, appears a heavy, civil, vulgar man.
+I sat next to Stanley, who told me a story which amused me.
+Macintosh, in the course of the recent debates, went one day
+to the House of Commons at eleven in the morning to take
+a place. They were all taken on the benches below the gangway,
+and on asking the doorkeeper how they happened to be
+all taken so early, he said, &lsquo;Oh, sir, there is no chance of
+getting a place, for Colonel Sibthorpe sleeps at a tavern close
+by, and comes here every morning by eight o&rsquo;clock and takes
+places for all the saints.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>April 13th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>On Friday last the Catholic Bill was read
+a third time, after a very dull debate. Lord Eldon attempted
+to rally, and made a long and wretched speech which
+lasted two hours. Nobody spoke well. The Duke in his
+reply dropped all the terms of courtesy and friendship he had
+hitherto used in speaking of old Eldon, and broke off with
+him entirely. He is disgusted at his opposition out of doors,
+and at his having been the constant adviser of the Duke of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>
+Cumberland and all the foolish Lords who have been pestering
+the King at Windsor; and he is acquainted with all his
+tricks and underhand proceedings, probably with more of
+them than we know of. He thanked the Opposition for their
+support&mdash;thanks which they well merit from him&mdash;but of
+course nobody is satisfied. He was before accused of ingratitude
+in never taking notice of their conduct, and even it is
+said that he gave them to understand he had no more need
+of their services, and wished to make them his bow. I don&rsquo;t
+believe he meant any such thing; he intended to thank them
+simply, though it is probably true that he does not wish to
+continue in alliance with them, and is anxious to see the
+Tories put themselves under his orders again. On Saturday
+he sent the commission down to Windsor for the King&rsquo;s
+signature, with other papers as a matter of course; he would
+not go himself, that there might be no fresh discussion between
+them.</p>
+
+<p>I went on Friday morning to the Old Bailey to hear the
+trials, particularly that of the women for the murder of
+the apprentices; the mother was found guilty, and will be
+hanged to-day&mdash;has been by this
+time.<a name="FNA_05_15" id="FNA_05_15" href="#FN_05_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+The case exhibited a
+shocking scene of wretchedness and poverty, such as ought
+not to exist in any community, especially in one which pretends
+to be so flourishing and happy as this is. It is, I suppose,
+one case of many which may be found in this town,
+graduating through various stages of misery and vice. These
+wretched beings were described to be in the lowest state of
+moral and physical degradation, with scarcely rags to cover
+them, food barely sufficient to keep them alive, and working
+eighteen or nineteen hours a day, without being permitted
+any relaxation, or even the privilege of going to church on
+Sunday. I never heard more disgusting details than this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THEATRICAL FUND DINNER.</span>
+trial elicited, or a case which calls more loudly for an investigation
+into the law and the system under which such proceedings
+are possible. Poverty, and vice, and misery must always
+be found in a community like ours, but such frightful contrasts
+between the excess of luxury and splendour and these scenes
+of starvation and brutality ought not to be possible; but I am
+afraid there is more vice, more misery and penury in this
+country than in any other, and at the same time greater
+wealth. The contrasts are too striking, and such an unnatural,
+artificial, and unjust state of things neither can nor
+ought to be permanent. I am convinced that before many
+years elapse these things will produce some great convulsion.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_15" id="FN_05_15" href="#FNA_05_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+[Two wretched women named Hibner were tried, and one of them
+convicted for the murder of a parish apprentice named Francis Colepitts by
+savage ill-treatment. The elder prisoner was found guilty and executed on
+the 13th of April. No such concourse of people had assembled to witness
+an execution since that of Fauntleroy. The details of the crime were horrible,
+and had excited great sympathy for the victim amongst all classes.&mdash;<i>Ann.
+Regist. for 1829, Chronicle</i>, p. 71.]</p></div>
+
+<p>After the Old Bailey I went and dined at the Covent
+Garden Theatrical Fund dinner. The Duke of Clarence
+could not come, so they put Lord Blessington in the chair,
+who made an ass of himself. Among other toasts he was to
+give &lsquo;The memory of the Duke of York,&rsquo; who was the founder
+of the institution. He prefaced this with a speech, but gave
+&lsquo;The health,&rsquo; &amp;c., on which Fawcett, who sat opposite, called
+out in an agony, &lsquo;The memory, my Lord!&rsquo; He corrected
+himself, but in a minute after said again &lsquo;The health.&rsquo; &lsquo;The
+memory, my Lord!&rsquo; again roared Fawcett. It was supremely
+ridiculous. Francis Leveson sat on his right, Codrington on
+his left, and Lawless the agitator just opposite; he is a pale,
+thin, common-looking little man, and has not at all the air
+of a patriot orator and agitator.</p>
+
+<h3>May 14th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I have been at Newmarket for three weeks,
+and have had no time to write, nor has anything particular occurred.
+The King came to town, and had a levee and drawing-room,
+the former of which was very numerously, the other
+shabbily attended. At the levee he was remarkably civil to
+all the Peers, particularly the Duke of Richmond, who had
+distinguished themselves in opposition to Government in
+the late debates, and he turned his back on the bishops who
+had voted for the Bill. O&rsquo;Connell and Shiel were both at the
+levee; the former had been presented in Ireland, so had not
+to be presented again, but the King took no notice of him,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>
+and when he went by said to somebody near him, &lsquo;Damn
+the fellow! what does he come here for?&rsquo;&mdash;dignified.</p>
+
+<p>There was an odd circumstance the day of the drawing-room.
+The Duke of Cumberland, as Gold Stick, gave orders
+at the Horse Guards that no carriages should be admitted
+into the Park, and Peel and the Duke of Wellington, when
+they presented themselves on their way to Court, were refused
+admission. The officer on guard came to the Duke&rsquo;s carriage
+and said that such were his orders, but that he was sure
+they were not meant to extend to his Grace, and if he would
+authorise him he would order the gates to be opened. The
+Duke said &lsquo;By no means,&rsquo; and then desired his carriage to go
+round the other way. Many people thought that this was a
+piece of impertinence of the Duke of Cumberland&rsquo;s, but the
+Duke says that the whole thing was a mistake. Be this as
+it may, the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of Wellington
+do not speak, and whenever they meet, which often happens
+in society, the former moves off.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning Batchelor called on me, and sat with
+me for an hour, telling me all sorts of details concerning the
+interior of Windsor and St. James&rsquo;s. The King is well in
+health, except that since last September he has been afflicted
+with a complaint in his bladder, which both annoys and
+alarms him very much. There is no appearance of stone or
+gravel, but violent irritation, which is only subdued by
+laudanum, and always returns when the effect of the opiate
+is gone off. The laudanum, too, disagrees much with his
+general health. He is attended by Sir Henry Holland, Brodie,
+and O&rsquo;Reilly. Sir A. Cooper, who did attend him, is not now
+consulted, in consequence (Batchelor thinks) of some petty
+intrigue in some quarter. This O&rsquo;Reilly, who has gradually
+insinuated himself into the King&rsquo;s confidence, and by constantly
+attending him at Windsor, and bringing him all the
+gossip and tittle-tattle of the neighbourhood (being on the
+alert to pick up and retail all he can for the King&rsquo;s amusement),
+has made himself necessary, and is not now to be
+shaken off, to the great annoyance of Knighton, who cannot
+bear him, as well as of all the other people about the King,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LADY CONYNGHAM.</span>
+who hate him for his meddling, mischievous character, The
+King&rsquo;s <i>valets de chambre</i> sit up alternately, and as he sleeps
+very ill he rings his bell every half-hour. He talks of everybody
+and everything before his valets with great freedom,
+except of politics, on which he never utters a word in their
+presence, and he always sends them away when he sees anybody
+or speaks on business of any kind. Batchelor thinks
+that this new disorder is a symptom of approaching decay,
+and that the King thinks so himself.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the influence of Knighton and that of
+Lady Conyngham continue as great as ever; nothing can be
+done but by their permission, and they understand one another
+and play into each other&rsquo;s hands. Knighton opposes every
+kind of expense, except that which is lavished on her. The
+wealth she has accumulated by savings and presents must be
+enormous. The King continues to heap all kinds of presents
+upon her, and she lives at his expense; they do not possess
+a servant; even Lord Conyngham&rsquo;s <i>valet de chambre</i> is not
+properly their servant. They all have situations in the King&rsquo;s
+household, from which they receive their pay, while they
+continue in the service of the Conynghams. They dine every
+day while in London at St. James&rsquo;s, and when they give a
+dinner it is cooked at St. James&rsquo;s and brought up to Hamilton
+Place in hackney coaches and in machines made expressly
+for the purpose; there is merely a fire lit in their
+kitchen for such things as must be heated on the spot. At
+Windsor the King sees very little of her except of an
+evening; he lies in bed half the day or more, sometimes goes
+out, and sometimes goes to her room for an hour or so in the
+afternoon, and that is all he sees of her. A more despicable
+scene cannot be exhibited than that which the interior of
+our Court presents&mdash;every base, low, and unmanly propensity,
+with selfishness, avarice, and a life of petty intrigue and
+mystery.</p>
+
+<h3>May 16th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connell attempted to take his seat last
+night, but the business was put off till Monday. His case
+is exceedingly well got up, but too long. There are many
+opinions as to his right; many people think he has established
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>
+it (though he had failed to do so), that a Bill ought to be
+brought in to enable him to take the new oaths. It was
+supposed Government would take no part, but Peel&rsquo;s speech
+and the language of some of the Ministers are rather unfavourable
+to him. Lord Grey, when he read the case,
+thought his argument on the tenth clause of the Bill conclusive,
+but when he examined the Bill he thought differently,
+and that the context gives a different signification to the
+words on which O&rsquo;Connell relies. Tierney thinks otherwise,
+and this they debated Bill in hand in Lady Jersey&rsquo;s room
+yesterday morning. O&rsquo;Connell was in a great fright when
+he went up to the table. He got through the necessary
+forms in the Steward&rsquo;s office by means of the Commissioners
+whom Duncannon provided, and who were, I believe, Burdett
+and Ebrington. He ought to be allowed to take his seat,
+but probably he will not; it is a very hard
+case.<a name="FNA_05_16" id="FNA_05_16" href="#FN_05_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+The Duke
+of Orleans is come, and his son, the Duke of Chartres; the
+latter was at the opera to-night in Prince Leopold&rsquo;s box.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_16" id="FN_05_16" href="#FNA_05_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+[O&rsquo;Connell was excluded from taking his seat as member for Clare, for
+which he had been elected before the passing of the Relief Act, because it
+was held that he was bound to take the oath which was required by law at
+the time of his election, and not the oath imposed on Roman Catholics by
+the recent statutes. He presented himself to be sworn at the table of the
+House of Commons on the 15th of May, and there refused to take the former
+oath, which was tendered to him by the Clerk. The House divided 100 to
+116 against his admission without taking the oath of supremacy on the 18th;
+Mr. O&rsquo;Connell having previously been heard at the bar in person in support
+of his claim.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>May 29th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connell is said to have made a very good
+speech at the bar of the House, and produced rather a favourable
+impression. He has done himself this good, that whereas
+it was pretty generally thought that he was likely to
+fail in the House of Commons as a speaker, he has now
+altered that impression. There is but one opinion as to the
+wretched feeling of excluding him, but the saddle is put upon
+the right horse, and though the Government are now obliged
+to enforce the provisions of their own Bill, everybody knows
+that the exclusion was the work of the King. O&rsquo;Connell
+goes back to Clare (as he says) sure of his election; there
+will be a great uproar, but at present nobody expects any
+opposition, and all deprecate a contest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PRINCESS VICTORIA AT A CHILD&rsquo;S BALL.</span>
+Yesterday the King gave a dinner to the Dukes of
+Orleans and Chartres, and in the evening there was a child&rsquo;s
+ball. It was pretty enough, and I saw for the first time the
+Queen of
+Portugal<a name="FNA_05_17" id="FNA_05_17" href="#FN_05_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+and our little Victoria. The Queen was
+finely dressed, with a ribband and order over her shoulder, and
+she sat by the King. She is good-looking and has a sensible
+Austrian countenance. In dancing she fell down and hurt
+her face, was frightened and bruised, and went away. The
+King was very kind to her. Our little Princess is a short,
+plain-looking child, and not near so good-looking as the
+Portuguese. However, if nature has not done so much,
+fortune is likely to do a great deal more for her. The King
+looked very well, and stayed at the ball till two. There were
+very few people, and neither Arbuthnot nor Mrs. A. were
+asked. I suspect this is owing to what passed in the House
+about opening the Birdcage Walk. It puts the King in a
+fury to have any such thing mentioned, not having the
+slightest wish to accommodate the public, though very
+desirous of getting money out of their pockets.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_17" id="FN_05_17" href="#FNA_05_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+[Donna Maria II. da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, on the abdication of
+her father, Don Pedro, succeeded to the throne on the 2nd of May, 1826.
+She was born on the 4th of April, 1819, and was consequently but a few weeks
+older than the Princess Victoria.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The day before yesterday there was a review for the Duke
+of Orleans, and the Marquis of Anglesey, who was there at
+the head of his regiment, contrived to get a tumble, but was
+not hurt. Last night at the ball the King said to Lord
+Anglesey, &lsquo;Why, Paget, what&rsquo;s this I hear? they say you rolled
+off your horse at the review yesterday.&rsquo; The Duke as he left
+the ground was immensely cheered, and the people thronged
+about his horse and would shake hands with him. When
+Lord Hill went to the King the day before to give him an account
+of the intended review and the dispositions that had been
+made, he said, &lsquo;Hill, if I can throw my leg over your Shropshire
+horse, don&rsquo;t be surprised if you see me amongst you.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The new law appointments have just been announced,
+and have created some
+surprise.<a name="FNA_05_18" id="FNA_05_18" href="#FN_05_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_18" id="FN_05_18" href="#FNA_05_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+[The Attorney-General, Sir Charles Wetherell, had resigned in consequence
+of his violent opposition to the Catholic Relief Bill, and was succeeded
+by Sir James Scarlett (afterwards Lord Abinger). The Solicitor-General,
+Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, was raised on the 9th of June to
+the Chief Justiceship of the Common Pleas; and was succeeded in the
+Solicitorship by Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden (afterwards Lord St.
+Leonards). The vacancy in the Common Pleas was caused by the resignation
+of Sir William Draper Best, who was created Lord Wynford for the
+purpose of assisting the Chancellor with the judicial business of the House
+of Lords.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 11th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>
+I have been at Epsom for a week; the Duke
+of Grafton, Lords Wilton, Jersey, and Worcester, Russell,
+Anson, Irby, and myself took Down Hall for the races and
+lived very well. Nothing particular has occurred. Lord
+and Lady Ellenborough are separated, and he is supposed to
+have behaved very handsomely to her. They say he does not
+now know the whole story of her intrigue with Felix Schwarzenberg;
+that hero is gone to the Russian army. All the
+new appointments were declared when I was out of town,
+and they excited some surprise and more disapprobation.
+They have made Best a Peer, who is poor and has a family,
+by which another poor peerage will be added to the list;
+and he is totally unfit for the situation he is to fill&mdash;that of
+Deputy-Speaker of the House of Lords, and to assist the
+Chancellor in deciding Scotch causes, of which he knows
+nothing whatever; and as the Chancellor knows nothing
+either, the Scotch law is likely to be strangely administered
+in that great court of appeal. They would have done
+better to have made
+Alexander<a name="FNA_05_19" id="FNA_05_19" href="#FN_05_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+a Peer, who is very old, understands
+Equity Law, and has no children; but he knows very
+little of Common Law (which Best is well versed in), and so
+they keep him on the bench and put Best on the Woolsack.
+Lord Rosslyn is Privy
+Seal,<a name="FNA_05_20" id="FNA_05_20" href="#FN_05_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>
+and Scarlett Attorney-General,
+which looks like a leaning towards the Whigs; but then
+Trench and Lord Edward Somerset are put into the Ordnance;
+George Bankes goes back to the India Board, and Government
+supports him in his contest at Cambridge against
+William Cavendish. This conduct is considered very unhandsome,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD PALMERSTON ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</span>
+and Tierney, who was well disposed towards the
+Government, told me yesterday that if the Duke did not
+take care he thought he would get swamped with such doings,
+that the way he went on was neither fish nor flesh, and he
+would offend more people than he would conciliate. At
+present there is no party, and if Government have no opponents
+they have no great body of supporters on whom they
+can depend; everything is in confusion&mdash;party, politics, and
+all.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_19" id="FN_05_19" href="#FNA_05_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+[Sir William Alexander, then Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.
+The Court of Exchequer still retained its Equity jurisdiction.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_20" id="FN_05_20" href="#FNA_05_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+[Lord Rosslyn was considered to be a Whig, and Sir James Scarlett
+was better known for the Liberal opinions he once professed than for the Tory
+opinions he afterwards assumed.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The event of last week was Palmerston&rsquo;s speech on the
+Portuguese question, which was delivered at a late hour and
+in an empty House, but which they say was exceedingly able
+and eloquent. This is the second he has made this year of
+great merit. It was very violent against Government. He
+has been twenty years in office and never distinguished himself
+before, a proof how many accidental circumstances are
+requisite to bring out the talents which a man may possess.
+The office he held was one of dull and dry detail, and he
+never travelled out of it. He probably stood in awe of
+Canning and others, and was never in the Cabinet; but
+having lately held higher situations and having acquired
+more confidence, and the great men having been removed
+from the House of Commons by death or promotion, he has
+launched forth, and with astonishing success. Lord Granville
+told me he had always thought Palmerston was capable
+of more than he did, and had told Canning so, who did not
+believe it.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday the King had his racing dinner, which was
+more numerously attended and just as magnificent as that
+he gave last year, but not half so gay and joyous. I believe
+he had some gouty feeling and was in pain, for, contrary to
+his usual custom, he hardly spoke, and the Duke of Richmond,
+who sat next to him, told me that the little he did say was
+more about politics than the turf, and he fancied that something
+had annoyed him. He looked well enough, and was
+very cheerful before dinner. When his health was drunk
+&lsquo;as Patron of the Jockey Club, and many thanks to him for
+condescending to accept that title,&rsquo; he made a speech, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>
+which he said that &lsquo;he was much gratified by our kindness,
+and he could assure us that in withdrawing himself as he had
+done from the Jockey Club he was not influenced by any
+unkindness to any member of it, or any indifference to the
+interests of the turf.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>June 24th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Stoke for the Ascot races. There
+was such a crowd to see the cup run for as never was seen
+before. The King was very anxious and disappointed. I
+bought the winner for
+Chesterfield<a name="FNA_05_21" id="FNA_05_21" href="#FN_05_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+two hours before the race,
+he having previously asked the King&rsquo;s leave, which he gave
+with many gracious expressions. I have set about making a
+reconciliation between the King and Lord Sefton. Both are
+anxious to make it up, but each is afraid to make the first advances.
+However, Sefton must make them, and he will. The
+cause of their quarrel is very old, and signifies little enough
+now.... They have been at daggers drawn ever since, and
+Sefton has revenged himself by a thousand jokes at the
+King&rsquo;s expense, of which his Majesty is well aware. Their
+common pursuit, and a desire on the one side to partake of
+the good things of the Palace, and on the other side to be
+free from future pleasantries, has generated a mutual disposition
+to make it up, which is certainly sensible. The King
+has bought seven horses successively, for which he has given
+11,300 guineas, principally to win the cup at Ascot, which
+he has never accomplished. He might have had Zinganee,
+but would not, because he fancied the Colonel would beat
+him; but when that appeared doubtful he was very sorry not
+to have bought him, and complained that the horse was not
+offered to him. He is now extravagantly fond of Chesterfield,
+who is pretty well bit by it. There is always a parcel of
+eldest sons and Lords in possession invited to the Cottage
+for the sake of Lady Maria Conyngham. The King likes to
+be treated with great deference but without fear, and that
+people should be easy with him, and gay, and listen well.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE COTTAGE.</span>
+There was a grand consultation at the Cottage between the
+King, Lieven, Esterhazy, and the Duke of Cumberland as
+to the way in which the ladies should be placed at dinner,
+the object being that Lady Conyngham should sit next to
+his Majesty, though according to etiquette the two Ambassadresses
+should sit one on each side of him. It was contrived
+by the Duke of Cumberland taking out one of them
+and sitting opposite, by which means the lovely Thais sat
+beside him and he was happy.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_21" id="FN_05_21" href="#FNA_05_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+[George Augustus, sixth Earl of Chesterfield, born in 1805, died in
+1866. He married in 1830 Anne, daughter of Lord Forester. In 1829 he
+was one of the most brilliant of the young men of fashion of that day, having
+succeeded to a large rental and large accumulations in his minority.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 26th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I met Tierney and Lord Grey at dinner
+yesterday; the former wanted to know what passed about
+the King&rsquo;s Speech at the Council at Windsor the other day.
+I had heard nothing, not having been at the Council, but it
+is believed that the Ministers had put in the Speech a sentence
+expressive of satisfaction and sanguine hopes about
+Ireland, and that at the last moment the King would not
+agree to this; for after the Duke&rsquo;s audience, which lasted
+a good while, there was a Cabinet, and it is supposed they
+knocked under, for the paragraph about Ireland is cold
+enough. The Duke of Cumberland is thought to have
+had a hand in all this, and to have persuaded the King
+to be obstinate. We talked a great deal about the situation
+of the Government and the state of the House of
+Commons, and Tierney thinks that unless the Duke
+strengthens himself he will not be able to go on; that
+Rosslyn and Scarlett are of little use to him, and what
+he wants is the support of those who will bring followers
+in their train, such as Althorp, who has extensive connections,
+enjoys consideration, and would be of real use
+to him.  There is a strong report that Althorp is to be
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, Goulburn Speaker, and
+Sutton<a name="FNA_05_22" id="FNA_05_22" href="#FN_05_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+a Peer. At present the Government is anything but strong,
+but then there exists no party, nor is there any man of
+ability and authority enough to make one. The Duke must
+strengthen himself, and have recourse for the purpose either
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>
+to the Whigs or to Huskisson and his friends. These latter
+he detests, and he knows they hate him and are his bitterest
+enemies. The Whigs he would not dislike so much, but the
+King is averse to have them, and the Duke is beset by his
+old suspicion that they want to break up the Tory party and
+make him dependent on themselves. At the same time, in
+taking in Lord Rosslyn and Scarlett, he has made some advances
+towards them, though Lord Grey is displeased at his not
+having shown him more deference and communicated to him
+his intentions about Rosslyn. Lord Rosslyn asked Lord Grey&rsquo;s
+advice as to accepting, and he advised him to take office,
+explaining at the same time that he should not pledge himself
+to support Government, though he was at present well
+disposed to do so, and should be still more disposed when
+Lord Rosslyn became a part of it. Tierney said it was very
+lamentable that there should be such a deficiency of talent in
+the rising generation, and remarkable how few clever young
+men there are now in the House of Commons. The King
+did not like Lord Rosslyn&rsquo;s appointment; he hates all the
+Whigs; indeed, he hates the best men of all parties, and
+likes none but such as will be subservient to himself. So
+little public spirit has he, and so much selfishness, that
+he would rather his Government was weak than strong, that
+they may be the more dependent upon him; though he only
+wishes to be powerful in order to exercise the most puerile
+caprices, gratify ridiculous resentments, indulge vulgar prejudices,
+and amass or squander money; not one great object
+connected with national glory or prosperity ever enters
+his brain. I am convinced he would turn out the Duke to-morrow
+if he could see any means of replacing him. I
+don&rsquo;t think I mentioned that when he talked of giving the
+child&rsquo;s ball Lady Maria Conyngham said, &lsquo;Oh, do, it will be
+so nice to see the <i>two little Queens</i> dancing together&rsquo; (the little
+Queen of Portugal and the Princess Victoria), at which he
+was beyond measure provoked.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_22" id="FN_05_22" href="#FNA_05_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+[Right Hon. Manners Sutton, Speaker of the House of Commons. He
+retained that office till 1835, when he was beaten on the great contest with
+Mr. Abercromby, and raised to the peerage as Lord Canterbury.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>July 10th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I dined with the Duke of Wellington yesterday;
+a very large party for Mesdames the Duchesse d&rsquo;Escars
+and Madame du Cayla; the first is the widow of the Duc
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MADAME DU CAYLA.</span>
+d&rsquo;Escars, who was Premier Maître d&rsquo;Hôtel of Louis XVIII.,
+and who was said to have died of one of the King&rsquo;s good
+dinners, and the joke was, &lsquo;Hier sa Majesté a eu une indigestion,
+dont M. le Duc d&rsquo;Escars est mort.&rsquo; Madame du
+Cayla<a name="FNA_05_23" id="FNA_05_23" href="#FN_05_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+is come over to prosecute some claim upon this
+Government, which the Duke has discovered to be unfounded,
+and he had the bluntness to tell her so as they were going
+to dinner. She must have been good-looking in her youth;
+her countenance is lively, her eyes are piercing, clear complexion,
+and very handsome hands and arms; but the best
+part about her seemed to be the magnificent pearls she wore,
+though these are not so fine as Lady Conyngham&rsquo;s. All
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>
+king&rsquo;s mistresses seem to have a rage for pearls; I remember
+Madame Narischkin&rsquo;s were splendid. Madame du Cayla is
+said to be very rich and clever.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_05_23" id="FN_05_23" href="#FNA_05_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+[Madame du Cayla had been the <i>soi-disant</i> mistress of Louis XVIII.,
+or rather the favourite of his declining years. &lsquo;Il fallait une Esther,&rsquo; to use
+her own expression, &lsquo;à cet Assuérus.&rsquo; She was the daughter of M. Talon,
+brought up by Madam Campan, and an early friend of Hortense Beauharnais.
+Her marriage to an officer in the Prince de Condé&rsquo;s army was an
+unhappy one; and she was left, deserted by her husband, in straitened circumstances.
+After the assassination of the Duc de Berry, M. de la Rochefoucauld,
+one of the leaders of the ultra-Royalist party, contrived to throw
+her in the way of Louis XVIII., in the hope of counteracting the more
+Liberal influence which M. de Cazes had acquired over the King. Madame
+du Cayla became the hope and the mainstay of the altar and the throne.
+The scheme succeeded. The King was touched by her grace and beauty,
+and she became indispensable to his happiness. His happiness was said to
+consist in inhaling a pinch of snuff from her shoulders, which were remarkably
+broad and fair. M. de Lamartine has related the romance of her life
+in the thirty-eighth book of his &lsquo;Histoire de la Restauration,&rsquo; and Béranger
+satirised her in the bitterest of his songs&mdash;that which bears the name of
+&lsquo;Octavie&rsquo;:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sur les coussins où la douleur l&rsquo;enchaîne<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Quel mal, dis-tu, vous fait ce roi des rois?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vois-le d&rsquo;un masque enjoliver sa haine<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pour étouffer notre gloire et nos lois.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vois ce coeur faux, que cherchent tes caresses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">De tous les siens n&rsquo;aimer que ses aïeux;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Charger de fer les muses vengeresses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Et par ses moeurs nous révéler ses dieux.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Peins-nous ces feux, qu&rsquo;en secret tu redoutes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Quand sur ton sein il cuve son nectar,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ces feux dont s&rsquo;indignaient les voûtes<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Où plane encor l&rsquo;aigle du grand César.</span>
+</div></div>
+<p>It is curious that in 1829 the last mistress of a King of France should have
+visited London under the reign of the last mistress of a King of England.]</p></div>
+
+<p>After dinner the Duke talked to me for a long time about
+the King and the Duke of Cumberland, and his quarrel with
+the latter. He began about the King&rsquo;s making Lord Aberdeen
+stay at the Cottage the other day when he had engaged
+all the foreign Ambassadors to dine with him in London.
+Aberdeen represented this to him, but his Majesty said &lsquo;it
+did not matter, he should stay, and the Ambassadors should
+for once see that he was King of England.&rsquo; &lsquo;He has no idea,&rsquo;
+said the Duke, &lsquo;of what a King of England ought to do, or
+he would have known that he ought to have made Aberdeen
+go and receive them, instead of keeping him there.&rsquo; He said
+the King was very clever and amusing, but that with a surprising
+memory he was very inaccurate, and constantly told
+stories the details of which all his auditors must know to be
+false. One day he was talking of the late King, and asserted
+that George III. had said to himself, &lsquo;Of all the men I
+have ever known you are the one on whom I have the
+greatest dependence, and you are the most perfect gentleman.&rsquo;
+Another day he said &lsquo;that he recollected the old
+Lord Chesterfield, who once said to him, &ldquo;Sir, you are the
+fourth Prince of Wales I have known, and I must give your
+Royal Highness one piece of advice: stick to your father; as
+long as you adhere to your father you will be a great and
+a happy man, but if you separate yourself from him you
+will be nothing and an unhappy one;&rdquo; and, by God (added
+the King), I never forgot that advice, and acted upon it all
+my life.&rsquo; &lsquo;We all,&rsquo; said the Duke, &lsquo;looked at one another with
+astonishment.&rsquo; He is extremely clever and particularly ingenious
+in turning the conversation from any subject he
+does not like to discuss.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;I,&rsquo; added the Duke of Wellington, </p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em">
+&lsquo;remember calling
+upon him the day he received the news of the battle of
+Navarino. I was not a Minister, but Commander-in-Chief,
+and after having told me the news he asked me what I
+thought of it. I said that I knew nothing about it, was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON&rsquo;S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+ignorant of the instructions that had been given to the
+admiral, and could not give any opinion; but &ldquo;one thing is
+clear to me, that your Majesty&rsquo;s ships have suffered very
+much, and that you ought to reinforce your fleet directly, for
+whenever you have a maritime force yours ought to be
+superior to all others.&rdquo; This advice he did not like; I saw
+this, and he said, &ldquo;Oh, the Emperor of Russia is a man of
+honour,&rdquo; and then he began talking, and went on to Venice,
+Toulon, St. Petersburg, all over the Continent, and from one
+place and one subject to another, till he brought me to
+Windsor Castle. I make it a rule never to interrupt him,
+and when in this way he tries to get rid of a subject in
+the way of business which he does not like, I let him talk
+himself out, and then quietly put before him the matter in
+question, so that he cannot escape from it. I remember
+when the Duke of Newcastle was going to Windsor with a
+mob at his heels to present a petition (during the late discussions)
+I went down to him and showed him the petition,
+and told him that they ought to be prevented from coming.
+He went off and talked upon every subject but that which I
+had come about, for an hour and a half. I let him go on till
+he was tired, and then I said, &ldquo;But the petition, sir; here it
+is, and an answer must be sent. I had better write to the
+Duke of Newcastle and tell him your Majesty will receive it
+through the Secretary of State; and, if you please, I will
+write the letter before I leave the house.&rdquo; This I did,
+finished my business in five minutes, and went away with the
+letter in my pocket. I know him so well that I can deal with
+him easily, but anybody who does not know him, and who is
+afraid of him, would have the greatest difficulty in getting
+on with him. One extraordinary peculiarity about him is,
+that the only thing he fears is ridicule. He is afraid of
+nothing which is hazardous, perilous, or uncertain; on the
+contrary, he is all for braving difficulties; but he dreads
+ridicule, and this is the reason why the Duke of Cumberland,
+whose sarcasms he dreads, has such power over him,
+and Lord Anglesey likewise; both of them he hates in proportion
+as he fears them.&rsquo;
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+I said I was very much, surprised
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>
+to hear this, as neither of these men were wits, or
+likely to make him ridiculous; that if he had been afraid of
+Sefton or Alvanley it could have been understood. &lsquo;But,&rsquo;
+rejoined the Duke,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+&lsquo;he never sees these men, and he does
+not mind anybody he does not see; but the Duke of
+Cumberland and Lord Anglesey he cannot avoid seeing, and
+the fear he has of what they may say to him, as well as of
+him, keeps him in awe of them. No man, however, knows
+the Duke of Cumberland better than he does; indeed, all
+I know of the Duke of Cumberland I know from him,
+and so I told him one day. I remember asking him why
+the Duke of Cumberland was so unpopular, and he said,
+&ldquo;Because there never was a father well with his son, or
+husband with his wife, or lover with his mistress, or a
+friend with his friend, that he did not try to make mischief
+between them.&rdquo; And yet he suffers this man to have constant
+access to him, to say what he will to him, and often
+acts under his influence.&rsquo;
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+I said, &lsquo;You and the Duke of
+Cumberland speak now, don&rsquo;t you?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+&lsquo;Yes, we speak. The
+King spoke to me about it, and wanted me to make him an
+apology. I told him it was quite impossible, &ldquo;Why,&rdquo; said
+he, &ldquo;you did not mean to offend the Duke of Cumberland, I
+am sure.&rdquo; &ldquo;No, sir,&rdquo; said I; &ldquo;I did not wish to offend him,
+but I did not say a word that I did not mean. When we meet
+the Royal Family in society, they are our superiors, and we
+owe them all respect, and I should readily apologise for
+anything I might have said offensive to the Duke; but in the
+House of Lords we are their peers, and for what I say there
+I am responsible to the House alone.&rdquo; &ldquo;But,&rdquo; said the
+King, &ldquo;he said you turned on him as if you meant to address
+yourself to him personally.&rdquo; &ldquo;I did mean it, sir,&rdquo; said I,
+&ldquo;and I did so because I knew that he had been here, that he
+had heard things from your Majesty which he had gone and
+misrepresented and misstated in other quarters, and knowing
+that, I meant to show him that I was aware of it. I am sorry
+that the Duke is offended, but I cannot help it, and I cannot
+make him an apology.&rdquo; &rsquo;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Duke went on, </p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+&lsquo;I was so afraid he would tell the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKES OF WELLINGTON AND CUMBERLAND.</span>
+Duke that I was sorry for what I had said, that I repeated
+to him when I went away, &ldquo;Now, sir, remember that I will
+not apologise to the Duke, and I hope your Majesty will
+therefore not convey any such idea to his mind.&rdquo; However,
+he spoke to him, I suppose, for the next time I met the Duke
+he bowed to me. I immediately called on him, but he did
+not return my visit. On a subsequent occasion [I forget what
+he said it was] I called on him again, and he returned my
+visit the same day.&rsquo;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Duke then talked of the letter which the Duke of
+Cumberland had just written (as Grand Master of the Orange
+Lodges) to Enniskillen, which he thought was published with
+the most mischievous intentions. However, he said, </p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+&lsquo;I know not what he is at, but while I am conscious of going
+on in a straightforward manner I am not afraid of him, or of
+anything he can do,&rsquo;
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+which I was surprised to hear, because
+it looked as if he was afraid of him. I asked him whether,
+with all the cleverness he thought belonged to the King, he
+evinced great acuteness in discussing matters of business, to
+which he replied, &lsquo;Oh, no, not at all, the worst judgment that
+can be.&rsquo; This was not the first time I had heard the Duke&rsquo;s
+opinion of the King. I remember him saying something to
+the Duke of Portland about him during the Queen&rsquo;s trial
+indicative of his contempt for him.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland, instead of returning
+to Berlin, has sent for the Duchess and his son, and
+means to take up his abode in this country, in hopes of prevailing
+upon the King to dismiss his Ministers and make a
+Government under his own auspices; but however weak the
+Government may be, he will not succeed, for the King has an
+habitual reliance upon the Duke [of Wellington] which overcomes
+the mortification and dislike he feels at being dependent
+upon him; and, besides, the materials do not exist out
+of which a Government could be formed that would have the
+support of the House of Commons. The great want which
+this Administration experiences is that of men of sufficient
+information and capacity to direct the complicated machinery
+of our trade and finances and adjust our colonial differences.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>
+Huskisson, Grant, and Palmerston were the ablest men, and
+the two first the best informed in the Government. Fitzgerald
+knows nothing of the business of his office, still less
+of the principles of trade; he is idle, but quick. Of Murray
+I know nothing; he is popular in his office, but he has neither
+the capacity nor the knowledge of Huskisson.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
+The Recorder&rsquo;s report &mdash; Manners of George IV. &mdash; Intrigues of the Duke of
+Cumberland &mdash; Insults Lady Lyndhurst &mdash; Deacon Hume at the Board of
+Trade &mdash; Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the Lord Chancellor
+&mdash; A Bad Season &mdash; Prostration of Turkey &mdash; France under Polignac
+&mdash; State of Ireland &mdash; Mr. Windham&rsquo;s Diary &mdash; George IV.&rsquo;s Eyesight &mdash;
+Junius &mdash; A Man without Money &mdash; Court-martial on Captain Dickinson &mdash;
+The Duke and the &lsquo;Morning Journal&rsquo; &mdash; Physical Courage of the King &mdash;
+A Charade at Chatsworth &mdash; Huskisson and the Duke &mdash; Irish Trials &mdash; Tom
+Moore &mdash; Scott &mdash; Byron &mdash; Fanny Kemble &mdash; Sir James Mackintosh &mdash; His
+Conversation &mdash; Black Irishmen &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s Irish Story &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s Singing
+&mdash; George IV. and Mr. Denman &mdash; Strawberry Hill &mdash; Moore at Trinity
+College &mdash; Indian Vengeance at Niagara &mdash; Count Woronzow &mdash; Lord
+Glengall&rsquo;s Play &mdash; The Recorder&rsquo;s Report.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>July 21st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>There was a Council last Thursday, and the
+heaviest Recorder&rsquo;s report that was ever known, I believe;
+seven people left for execution. The King cannot bear this,
+and is always leaning to the side of mercy. Lord Tenterden,
+however, is for severity, and the Recorder still more so. It
+not unfrequently happens that a culprit escapes owing to
+the scruples of the King; sometimes he put the question of
+life or death to the vote, and it is decided by the voices of
+the majority. The King came to town at one, and gave
+audiences until half-past four. He received Madame du
+Cayla, whom he was very curious to see. She told me afterwards
+that she was astonished at his good looks, and seemed
+particularly to have been struck with his  &lsquo;belles jambes et
+sa perruque bien arrangée;&rsquo; and I asked her if she had ever
+seen him before, and she said no, &lsquo;mais que le feu Roi lui
+en avait souvent parlé, et de ses belles manières, qu&rsquo;en vérité
+elle les avait trouvées parfaites.&rsquo; There was a reigning
+Margrave of Baden waiting for an audience in the room we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
+assembled in. Nobody took much notice of him, and when
+the Duke spoke to him he bowed to the ground, bow after
+bow; when he went away nobody attended him or opened
+the door for him.</p>
+
+<h3>July 24th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The accounts from Ireland are very bad;
+nothing but massacres and tumults, and all got up by the
+Protestants, who desire nothing so much as to provoke the
+Catholics into acts of violence and outrage. They want a
+man of energy and determination who will cause the law to
+be respected and impartially administered. If Lord Anglesey
+was there, it is very probable these outrages would not have
+taken place, but no one cares for such a man of straw as the
+present Lord Lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Cumberland is doing all he can to set the
+King against the Duke; he always calls him &lsquo;King Arthur,&rsquo;
+which made the King very angry at first, and he desired he
+would not, but he calls him so still, and the King submits.
+He never lets any of the Royal Family see the King alone;
+the Duchess of Gloucester complains bitterly of his conduct,
+and the way in which he thrusts himself in when she is with
+his Majesty. The other day Count Münster came to the
+King, and the Duke of Cumberland was determined he
+should not have a private audience, and stayed in the room
+the whole time. He hates Lady Conyngham, and she him.
+They put about that he has been pressed to stay here by the
+King, which is not true; the King would much rather he
+went away. The Duke of Wellington told me that he one
+day asked the King when the Duke was going, and he said,
+&lsquo;I am sick to death of the subject. I have been told he was
+going fifty times, but when he goes, or whether he ever goes
+at all, I have not the least idea.&rsquo; He is now very much
+provoked because the King will not talk politics with him.
+His Majesty wants to be quiet, and is tired of all the Duke&rsquo;s
+violence and his constant attacks.</p>
+
+<h3>August 8th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>There is a story current about the Duke of
+Cumberland and Lady Lyndhurst which is more true than
+most stories of this kind. The Duke called upon her, and
+grossly insulted her; on which, after a scramble, she rang
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">INTRIGUES OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.</span>
+the bell. He was obliged to desist and to go away, but
+before he did he said, &lsquo;By God, madam, I will be the ruin
+of you and your husband, and will not rest till I have
+destroyed you both.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Vesey Fitzgerald has turned out the Chief Clerk in the
+Board of Trade, and put in
+Hume<a name="FNA_06_01" id="FNA_06_01" href="#FN_06_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+as Assistant Secretary.
+He told me it was absolutely necessary, as nobody in the
+Office knew anything of its business, which is, I believe,
+very true, but as true of himself as of the rest. Hume is a
+very clever man, and probably knows more of the principles
+of trade and commerce than anybody, but so it is in every
+department of Government&mdash;great ignorance on the part of
+the chiefs, and a few obscure men of industry and ability
+who do the business and supply the knowledge requisite,
+<i>sic vos non vobis</i> throughout.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_01" id="FN_06_01" href="#FNA_06_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[Mr. Deacon Hume, a very able public servant. He remained at the
+Board of Trade many years.]</p></div>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connell was elected without opposition; he was more
+violent and more popular than ever. They treat him with
+every indignity, and then they complain of his violence;
+besides, he must speak to the Irish in the strain to which
+they have been used and which pleases them. Had he
+never been violent, he would not be the man he is, and
+Ireland would not have been emancipated.</p>
+
+<h3>August 18th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Last Saturday I came back from Goodwood,
+and called on Lady Jersey, whom I found very
+curious about a correspondence which she told me had taken
+place between the Duke of Cumberland and the Chancellor
+relative to a paragraph which had appeared in the &lsquo;Age,&rsquo;
+stating that his Royal Highness had been turned out of Lady
+Lyndhurst&rsquo;s house in consequence of having insulted her in
+it. She said she was very anxious to see the letter, for she
+heard that the Duke had much the best of it, and that the
+Chancellor&rsquo;s letter was evasive and Jesuitical. The next
+day I was informed of the details of this affair. I found
+that the Duke had called upon her and had been denied;
+that he had complained half in jest, and half in earnest, to
+the Chancellor of her not letting him in; that on a subsequent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>
+day he had called so early that no orders had been
+given to the porter, and he was let in; that his manner
+and his language had been equally brutal and offensive; that
+he afterwards went off upon politics, and abused the whole
+Administration, and particularly the Chancellor, and after
+staying two or three hours, insulting and offending her in
+every way, he took himself off. Soon after he met her somewhere
+in the evening, when he attacked her again. She
+treated him with all possible indignation, and would have
+nothing to say to him.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I met the Chancellor at the Castle at a
+Council. He took me aside, and said that he wished to tell me
+what had passed, and to show me the correspondence. He
+then began, and said that after the Duke&rsquo;s visit Lady L. had
+told the Chancellor of his abuse of him and the Government,
+but had suppressed the rest, thinking it was better not to
+tell him, as it would put him in a very embarrassing position,
+and contenting herself with saying she would never receive
+the Duke again upon the other grounds, which were quite
+sufficient; but that some time after reports reached her
+from various quarters (Lord Grey, Lord Durham, Lord
+Dudley, and several others) that the Duke went about
+talking of her in the most gross and impertinent manner.
+Upon hearing this, she thought it right to tell the Chancellor
+the other part of his conduct which she had hitherto concealed,
+and this she did in general terms, viz. that he had
+been very insolent and made an attack upon her. The
+Chancellor was exceedingly incensed, but he said after much
+consideration he thought it better to let the matter drop; a
+long time had elapsed since the offence was committed; all
+communication had ceased between all the parties; and he
+felt the ridicule and inconvenience of putting himself (holding
+the high office he did) in personal collision with a Royal
+Duke, besides the annoyance which it would be to Lady
+Lyndhurst to become publicly the subject of such a quarrel.
+There, then, he let the matter rest, but about a fortnight
+ago he received a letter from the Duke enclosing a newspaper
+to this effect, as well as I can recollect it, for I was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.</span>
+obliged to read the letter in such a hurried way that I could
+not bring the exact contents away with me, though I am
+sure I do not err in stating their sense:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>&lsquo;My Lord,&mdash;I think it necessary to enclose to your Lordship
+a newspaper containing a paragraph which I have
+marked, and which relates to a pretended transaction in
+your Lordship&rsquo;s house. I think it necessary and proper to
+contradict this statement, which I need not say is a gross
+falsehood, and I wish, therefore, to have the authority of
+Lady Lyndhurst for contradicting it.</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 50%;">&lsquo;I am, my Lord, yours sincerely,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right; font-variant: small-caps;">&lsquo;Ernest.&rsquo;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This was the sense of the letter, though it was not so
+worded; it was civil enough. The Chancellor answered:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+Lord Chancellor with his duty begs to acknowledge
+the favour of your Royal Highness&rsquo;s letter. The Lord
+Chancellor had never seen the paragraph to which your
+Royal Highness alludes, and which he regards with the
+most perfect indifference, considering it as one of that series
+of calumnies to which Lady Lyndhurst has been for some
+time exposed from a portion of the press, and which she has
+at length learnt to regard with the contempt they deserve.&rsquo;
+He said that he thought it better to let the matter drop,
+and he wrote this answer by way of waiving any discussion
+on the subject, and that the Duke might contradict the paragraph
+himself if he chose to do so. To this the Duke wrote
+again:&mdash;&lsquo;My Lord,&mdash;I have received your Lordship&rsquo;s answer,
+which is not so explicit as I have a right to expect. I repeat
+again that the statement is false and scandalous, and I have
+a right to require Lady Lyndhurst&rsquo;s sanction to the contradiction
+which I think it necessary to give to it.&rsquo; This letter
+was written in a more impertinent style than the other.
+On the receipt of it the Chancellor consulted the Duke of
+Wellington, and the Duke suggested the following answer,
+which the Chancellor sent:&mdash;&lsquo;The Lord Chancellor has had
+the honour of receiving your Royal Highness&rsquo;s letter of
+&mdash;&mdash;. The Lord Chancellor does not conceive it necessary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>
+to annoy Lady Lyndhurst by troubling her upon the subject,
+and with what relates to your Royal Highness the Lord
+Chancellor has no concern whatever; but with regard to
+that part which states that your Royal Highness had been
+excluded from the Lord Chancellor&rsquo;s house, there could
+be no question that the respect and grateful attachment
+which both the Chancellor and Lady Lyndhurst felt to their
+Sovereign made it impossible that any brother of that
+Sovereign should ever be turned out of his house.&rsquo; To this
+the Duke wrote another letter, in a very sneering and
+impertinent tone in the third person, and alluding to the
+<i>loose reports</i> which had been current on the subject, and
+saying that &lsquo;the Chancellor might have his own reasons for
+not choosing to speak to Lady Lyndhurst on the subject;&rsquo; to
+which the Chancellor replied that &lsquo;he knew nothing of any
+loose reports, but that if there were any, in whatever quarter
+they might have originated, which went to affect the conduct
+of Lady Lyndhurst in the matter in question, they were
+most false, foul, and calumnious.&rsquo; So ended the correspondence;
+all these latter expressions were intended to apply
+to the Duke himself, who is the person who spread the <i>loose
+reports</i> and told the lies about her. When she first denied
+him, she told Lord Bathurst of it, who assured her she had
+done quite right, and that she had better never let him in, for
+if she did he would surely invent some lies about her. Last
+Sunday week the Chancellor went down to Windsor, and
+laid the whole correspondence before the King, who received
+him very well, and approved of what he had done; but of
+course when he saw the Duke of Cumberland and heard his
+story, he concurred in all his abuse of the Chancellor. I
+think the Chancellor treated the matter in the best way the
+case admitted of.  Had he taken it up, he must have
+resigned his office and called the Duke out, and what a
+mixture of folly and scandal this would have been, and how
+the woman would have suffered in it all!</p>
+
+<h3>August 22nd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The day before yesterday Sir Henry Cooke
+called on me, and told me that he came on the part of the
+Duke of Cumberland, who had heard that I had seen the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.</span>
+correspondence, and that I had given an account of it which
+was unfavourable to him, that his Royal Highness wished
+me, therefore, to call on him and hear his statement of the
+facts. Cooke then entered into the history, and told me that
+it was he who had originally acquainted the Duke with the
+reports which were current about him, and had advised him
+to contradict them, but that he had not found any opportunity
+of taking it up till this paragraph appeared in the &lsquo;Age&rsquo;
+newspaper; that the Duke had given him an account of what
+had passed, which was that Lady Lyndhurst had begged him
+to call upon her, then to dine with her, and upon every
+occasion had encouraged him. I heard all he had to say,
+but declined calling on the Duke. As I wished, however,
+that there should be no misrepresentation in what I said on
+the subject, I wrote a letter to Cooke, to be laid before the
+Duke, in which I gave an account of the circumstances
+under which I had been concerned in the business, stating
+that I had not expressed any opinion of the conduct of the
+parties, and that I did not wish to be in any way mixed up
+in it. After I had seen Cooke I went to the Chancellor and
+read my letter to him. I found he had not shown the King
+the two last letters that had passed; and as Cooke had told
+me that the Duke meant to go to Windsor the next day and
+lay the whole correspondence before the King, the Chancellor
+immediately sent off a messenger with the two letters
+which the King had not seen. The Chancellor has since
+circulated the correspondence among his friends, but with
+rather too undignified a desire to submit his conduct to the
+judgment of a parcel of people who only laugh at them both,
+and are amused with the gossip and malice of the thing.</p>
+
+<h3>August 25th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>I came to town from Stoke yesterday
+morning, and found a palavering letter from Cooke, returning
+mine, saying that the Duke was quite satisfied, and saw that
+it would be useless to have an interview with me; that he had
+persuaded his Royal Highness to drop the whole affair; and
+ended with many protestations of respect for the Chancellor
+and the purity of his own motives in meddling with the
+matter. I sent his letter to the Chancellor, together with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
+my own, that he might show them both to the Duke of Wellington.</p>
+
+<p>Melbourne, who is a pretty good judge of Irish affairs,
+thinks that Government will probably be under the necessity
+of adopting strong coercive measures there; but whether
+they are adopted, or a temporary policy of expedients persisted
+in, nobody is there fit to advise what is requisite. The
+Duke of Northumberland is an absolute nullity, a bore beyond
+all bores, and, in spite of his desire to spend money and be
+affable, very unpopular. The Duchess complains of it and
+can&rsquo;t imagine why, for they do all they can to be liked, but
+all in vain.</p>
+
+<h3>August 28th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Stoke since Tuesday for the Egham
+races; Esterhazy, Alvanley, Montrond, Mornay, B. Craven,
+&amp;c. The King came to the races one day (the day I was
+not there) in excellent health. The weather exceeds everything
+that ever was known&mdash;a constant succession of gales of
+wind and tempests of rain, and the sun never shining. The
+oats are not cut, and a second crop is growing up, that has
+been shaken out of the first. Everybody contemplates with
+dismay the approach of winter, which will probably bring
+with it the overthrow of the Corn Laws, for corn must be at
+such a price as to admit of an immense importation. So
+much for our domestic prospect here, to say nothing of
+Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the Sultan with his firmness has brought
+the Russians to the gates of Constantinople, and not a soul
+doubts that they are already there, or that they will be
+directly; there is nothing to resist either Diebitsch or Paskiewitch.
+Esterhazy talks of it as certain, and so unaccountable
+does it seem that Austria should have been a passive
+spectator of the Russian victories, that a strong notion prevails
+that Metternich has made his bargain with them, and
+that in the impending partition Austria is to have her
+share. Still more extraordinary does it appear that the Duke,
+from whom vigour and firmness might have been expected,
+should not have interfered. That cursed treaty of the 6th of
+July, and the subsequent battle of Navarino, which were intended
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">RUSSIA AND TURKEY.</span>
+to give us a right to arrest the ambition of Russia, have
+been rendered nugatory by the obstinacy of the Turks on the
+one hand, and the perpetual changes of Administration here
+and in France, which have prevented any steady and consistent
+course of policy from being followed; while the Russians,
+availing themselves of both these circumstances, have pushed
+on with singleness of purpose and great vigour of execution.
+It is quite impossible now to foresee the end of all this, but
+the elements are abroad of as fine disturbances as the most
+restless can desire.</p>
+
+<p>France is probably too much occupied with her own
+affairs to pay much attention to those of Turkey, nor is it
+clear that the French would much regret any event which
+tended to impair our commercial greatness. So busy are the
+French with their own politics, that even the milliners have
+left off making caps. Lady Cowper told me to-day that
+Madame Maradan complained that she could get no bonnets,
+&amp;c., from Paris; for they would occupy themselves with nothing
+but the change of
+Administration.<a name="FNA_06_02" id="FNA_06_02" href="#FN_06_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+Nothing can exceed
+the violence that prevails; the King does nothing but
+cry. Polignac is said to have the fatal obstinacy of a martyr,
+the worst sort of courage of the <i>ruat c&oelig;lum</i> sort. Aberdeen
+said at dinner at Madame de Lieven&rsquo;s the other day that he
+thought him a very clever man; and that the Duke of Wellington
+went still further, for he said that he was the ablest
+man France had had since the Restoration. I remember
+him well when he was courting his first wife, Archy Macdonald&rsquo;s
+sister; and if being first a prisoner, then an emigrant,
+then a miser, and now a saint can make him a good
+Minister, he may be one.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_02" id="FN_06_02" href="#FNA_06_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[The Polignac Ministry took office on the 8th of August.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>August 31st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke, the Chancellor, and Privy Seal
+came from Walmer to-day for a Cabinet; and Esterhazy,
+who was to have dined with me, sent word that as he had received
+a courier this morning, and was obliged to send off
+Dietrichstein this evening, he could not come. It is said
+that Sir Frederick Gordon has sent word that the Turks are
+frightened and wish to treat, but probably it is now too late.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>
+Last night news came that Villa Flor had routed Miguel&rsquo;s
+expedition against Terceira, and at the same time the little
+Queen is embarking with the Empress for the Brazils. This
+probably comes too late; some time ago it might have been
+of some use. Miguel will probably be recognised by this
+country, and then the game is up. I have long been convinced
+that the Duke meant eventually to acknowledge
+Miguel, or he would not have tolerated Beresford&rsquo;s conduct.
+If Lamb is to be believed, Beresford was secretly in it all.</p>
+
+<p>I met the Chancellor this morning, who gave me back my
+letter and Cooke&rsquo;s answer. He said, &lsquo;There are other reports
+afloat now, I hear.&rsquo; I said, &lsquo;What? I have heard none.&rsquo; &lsquo;Oh,&rsquo;
+he said, &lsquo;on public matters, and they are put about by that
+blackguard,&rsquo; meaning the Duke of Cumberland. I suppose
+he alludes to changes in the Government, but I have heard
+of none; they are, in fact, kept in hot water by this fellow&rsquo;s
+activity, though I think he cannot do the mischief he would,
+like.</p>
+
+<p>From what I hear, it is probable that Lord William
+Bentinck will be speedily recalled from India. His measures
+are of too Liberal a cast to suit the taste of the present
+Government. The Duke has never liked him, not since the
+war in Spain, when he did not behave quite well to Lord
+William, and he seldom forgets old animosities; besides, he
+cannot bear anybody who takes a line of their own.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Ellenborough, strong in the concurrence of the Duke,
+is inclined to be insolent in his tone to Lord William, which,
+I take it, he will not stand. The Duke looks upon Lord
+William as a hasty, imprudent man, with bad judgment, and
+I am not sure that he is very wrong. He has made himself
+popular by the affability and <i>bonhomie</i> of his manner, his
+magnificence and hospitality, and the liberal and generous
+character of his political opinions, but he is far from a
+clever man, and I suspect his judgment is very indifferent.</p>
+
+<p>I hear from Ireland that Doherty conducts the trial of
+the policeman with consummate skill; the object was that
+the trial should appear fair, and that the men should be
+acquitted. They were acquitted, and the people were furious.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MR. WINDHAM&rsquo;S DIARY.</span>
+There is excitement enough in that wretched country, and
+every effort is made to keep it up at its highest pitch; the
+press on each side teems with accusations and invectives, and
+the Protestants strain every nerve to inflame the spirit of
+rancorous fury which distinguished the Brunswickers before
+the Catholic question was carried, and to provoke the Catholics
+to overt acts of violence. Both sides are to blame, but the
+Protestants the most. George Villiers wrote me word of a
+crime that has been perpetrated, the most atrocious I ever
+heard of.... The country in which such an abomination
+was perpetrated should be visited with the fate of Sodom
+and Gomorrah. The arm of justice is too slow; public indignation
+should deal out a rapid and a terrible vengeance.</p>
+
+<h3>September 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>There is a strong report that the Turks
+want to treat, and the proclamation of Diebitsch looks as if
+the Russians were ready to make peace. There is also a
+hope that the Russian army may have been too bold, and
+finds itself in a scrape by having advanced too far from its
+resources, but the former notion is the most likely of the
+two. Three or four sail of the line are ordered out to the
+Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I went with Amyot to his house, where he
+showed me a part of Windham&rsquo;s diary; there are twenty-eight
+little volumes of it, begun in 1784, when he was thirty-four
+years old, and continued irregularly till his death; it
+seems to be written very freely and familiarly, and is probably
+a correct picture of the writer&rsquo;s mind. I only read a
+few pages, which were chiefly notices of his moving about,
+where he dined, the company he met, and other trifles, often
+very trifling and sometimes not very decent; it abounds with
+expressions of self-reproach for idleness, breach of resolutions,
+and not taking care of his health; talks of the books
+he reads and means to read, and constantly describes the
+state of spirits he is in. There is a paper containing an
+account of his last interview with Johnson, shortly before
+Johnson died; he says that he told Johnson how much he
+reproached himself for not having lived more in his society,
+and that he had often resolved to be with him as much as he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>
+could, but that his not having done so was a proof of the
+fallacy of our resolutions, that he regretted. In Windham&rsquo;s
+diary are several Johnsoniana, after the manner of Boswell,
+only much shorter, his opinions on one or two subjects briefly
+given, some quotations and criticisms. I was much struck
+with his criticisms on Virgil, whom he seems to have held
+in great contempt, and to have regarded as inferior to Ovid.
+He says, &lsquo;Take away his imitation of Homer, and what do you
+leave him?&rsquo;  Of Homer his admiration was unbounded, although
+he says that he never read the whole of the &lsquo;Odyssey&rsquo;
+in the original, but that everything which is most admirable
+in poetry is to be found in Homer. I care the less about remembering
+these things because they will probably appear in
+print before
+long.<a name="FNA_06_03" id="FNA_06_03" href="#FN_06_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_03" id="FN_06_03" href="#FNA_06_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[A selection from Mr. Windham&rsquo;s journals was published by Mrs.
+Henry Baring in 1866. The Johnsoniana had previously been published by
+Mr. Croker in his edition of Boswell&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life of Johnson.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>Windham told Johnson that he regretted having omitted
+to talk to him of the most important of all subjects on which
+he had often doubted. Johnson said, &lsquo;You mean natural
+and revealed religion,&rsquo; and added that the historical evidences
+of Christianity were so strong that it was not possible to
+doubt its truth, that we had not so much evidence that
+Cæsar died in the Capitol as that Christ died in the manner
+related in the Bible; that three out of four of the Evangelists
+died in attestation of their evidence, that the same
+evidence would be considered irresistible in any ordinary
+historical case. Amyot told me, as we were coming along,
+that Windham had questioned Johnson about religion, having
+doubts, and that Johnson had removed them by this declaration:
+if, then, the commonest and hundred times repeated
+arguments were sufficient to remove such doubts as were
+likely to occur to a mind like Windham&rsquo;s, it may be counted
+a miracle, for I am sure, in the ordinary affairs of life, Windham
+would not have been so easily satisfied. It has always
+appeared to me questionable whether Johnson was a believer
+(I mean whether his clear and unbiassed judgment was satisfied)
+in Christianity; he evidently dreaded and disliked the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AND THE &lsquo;MORNING JOURNAL.&rsquo;</span>
+subject, and though he would have been indignant had anybody
+hinted that he had doubts, his nervous irritation at any
+religious discussion betokened a mind ill at ease on the subject.
+I learnt one thing from Windham&rsquo;s diary which I put
+into immediate practice, and that is, to write mine on one
+side only, and leave the other for other matters connected
+with the text; it is more convenient certainly.</p>
+
+<h3>September 16th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Brighton on Saturday last to
+pay Lady Jersey a visit and shoot at Firle. Jersey and I
+shot 376 rabbits, the greatest number that had ever been
+killed on the hills. The scenery is very fine&mdash;a range of
+downs looking on one side over the sea, and on the other
+over a wide extent of rich flat country. It is said that Firle
+is the oldest park in England. It belongs to Lord Gage.</p>
+
+<p>I heard at Brighton for the first time of the Duke of
+Wellington&rsquo;s prosecution of the &lsquo;Morning Journal,&rsquo; which
+was announced by the paper itself in a paragraph quite as
+scurrilous as those for which it is attacked. It seems that
+he has long made up his mind to this measure, and that he
+thinks it is a duty incumbent on him, which I do not see,
+and it appears to me to be an act of great folly. He stands
+much too high, has performed too great actions, and the
+attacks on him were too vulgar and vague to be under the
+necessity of any such retaliatory measure as this, and he
+lowers his dignity by entering into a conflict with such an
+infamous paper, and appearing to care about its abuse. I
+think the Chancellor was right, and that he is wrong. There
+is a report that the King insists upon the Duke of Cumberland
+being Commander-in-Chief, and it is extraordinary how
+many people think that he will succeed in turning out the
+Duke. Lord Harrington died while I was at Brighton, and
+it is supposed that the Duke of Cumberland will try and get
+the Round
+Tower,<a name="FNA_06_04" id="FNA_06_04" href="#FN_06_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+but probably the King will not like to
+establish him so near himself. The King has nearly lost
+his eyesight, and is to be couched as soon as his eyes are in
+a proper state for the operation. He is in a great fright
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>
+with his father&rsquo;s fate before him, and indeed nothing is more
+probable than that he will become blind and mad too; he is
+already a little of both. It is now a question of appointing
+a Private Secretary, and Knighton, it is supposed, would be
+the man; but if he is to abstain from all business, there
+would seem to be no necessity for the appointment, as he
+will be as little able to do business with his Private Secretary
+as with his Minister.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_04" id="FN_06_04" href="#FNA_06_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+Lord Conyngham got the Round Tower, and Lord Combermere the
+regiment&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I have been living at Fulham at Lord Wharncliffe&rsquo;s villa
+for six or seven weeks; I have lived here in idleness and
+luxury, giving dinners, and wasting my time and my money
+rather more than usual. I have read next to nothing since
+I have been here; I am ashamed to think how little&mdash;in
+short, a most unprofitable life.</p>
+
+<h3>September 23rd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Fulham till Friday, when I came
+to town. Went to Stoke on Saturday, and returned yesterday;
+old Lady Salisbury, Giles, E. Capel, and Conroy.
+There is always something to be learnt from everybody, if
+you touch them on the points they know. Giles told me
+about the letter to his sister written by
+Francis,<a name="FNA_06_05" id="FNA_06_05" href="#FN_06_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+and which
+was supposed to have afforded another proof that he was
+Junius. Many years ago Francis was in love with his sister,
+Mrs. King (at Bath), and one day she received an anonymous
+letter, enclosing a copy of verses. The letter said that the
+writer had found the verses, and being sure they were meant
+for her, had sent them to her. The verses were in Francis&rsquo;
+handwriting, the envelope in a feigned hand. When the
+discussion arose about Francis being Junius, Giles said to
+his sister one day, &lsquo;If you have kept those verses which
+Francis wrote to you many years ago at Bath, it would be
+curious to examine the handwriting and see if it corresponds
+with that of Junius.&rsquo; She found the envelope and verses,
+and, on comparing them, the writing of the envelope was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">A MAN WITHOUT MONEY.</span>
+identical with that of Junius as published in Woodfall&rsquo;s
+book.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_05" id="FN_06_05" href="#FNA_06_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[Sir Philip Francis, the reputed author of the &lsquo;Letters of Junius.&rsquo;
+This anecdote has since been verified with great minuteness by Mr. Twisleton
+in his researches on the authorship of &lsquo;Junius.&rsquo; The copy of verses
+and the envelope in a feigned hand are still in existence. I have seen them.
+The feigned hand appears to be identical with that of Junius.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Old Creevey is rather an extraordinary character. I know
+nothing of the early part of his history, but I believe he was
+an attorney or barrister; he married a widow, who died a
+few years ago; she had something, he nothing; he got into
+Parliament, belonged to the Whigs, displayed a good deal of
+shrewdness and humour, and was for some time very troublesome
+to the Tory Government by continually attacking
+abuses. After some time he lost his seat, and went to live
+at Brussels, where he became intimate with the Duke of
+Wellington. Then his wife died, upon which event he was
+thrown upon the world with about 200&#8467;. a year or less, no
+home, few connections, a great many acquaintance, a good
+constitution, and extraordinary spirits. He possesses nothing
+but his clothes, no property of any sort; he leads a vagrant
+life, visiting a number of people who are delighted to have
+him, and sometimes roving about to various places, as fancy
+happens to direct, and staying till he has spent what money
+he has in his pocket. He has no servant, no home, no
+creditors; he buys everything as he wants it at the place he
+is at; he has no ties upon him, and has his time entirely at
+his own disposal and that of his friends. He is certainly a
+living proof that a man may be perfectly happy and exceedingly
+poor, or rather without riches, for he suffers none of
+the privations of poverty and enjoys many of the advantages
+of wealth. I think he is the only man I know in society who
+possesses nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dickinson&rsquo;s
+trial<a name="FNA_06_06" id="FNA_06_06" href="#FN_06_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+ended last week, with a
+sentence which was levelled against Codrington, and which
+called the charges groundless, frivolous, and vexatious. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>
+is generally thought that this sentence might have been
+spared, though the acquittal was proper; that Codrington
+behaved very foolishly, and in ever mentioning the round
+robin after he had forgiven it, very inexcusably; but that,
+on the other hand, the Admiralty had displayed a spirit of
+hostility and rancour against him which is very disgusting,
+and that Blackwood was sent down to the court-martial for
+the express purpose of bullying and thwarting him. I saw
+him after the sentence; he seemed annoyed, but said that
+such a sentence made it necessary the matter should not
+stop there, and that it must be taken up in Parliament. I
+cannot see what he is to gain by that; he may prove that the
+Ministry of that day (which was not the Duke&rsquo;s) behaved
+very ill, but that has nothing to do with the court-martial.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_06" id="FN_06_06" href="#FNA_06_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+[Captain Dickinson fought the &lsquo;Genoa&rsquo; at the battle of Navarino after
+Captain Bathurst, the commander of the ship, was killed. A quarrel afterwards
+took place between him and Sir Edward Codrington, and Dickinson
+was tried by court-martial for not making proper use of the springs ordered
+by the Admiral to be placed on the anchors, the consequence of which was
+that her broadside was not directed against the enemy, but fired into the
+&lsquo;Albion.&rsquo; Captain Dickinson was honourably acquitted of all the charges,
+and it was proved that Sir Edward Codrington&rsquo;s recollection of what had
+passed was inaccurate in some particulars.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The whole press has risen up in arms against the Duke&rsquo;s
+prosecution of the &lsquo;Morning Journal,&rsquo; which appears to me,
+though many people think he is right, a great act of weakness
+and passion. How can such a man suffer by the attacks
+of such a paper, and by such attacks, the sublime of the
+ridiculous?&mdash;&lsquo;that he is aiming at the Crown, but <i>we</i> shall
+take care that he does not succeed in this.&rsquo; The idea of the
+Duke of Wellington seeking to make himself King, and his
+ambition successfully resisted by the editor of a newspaper,
+&lsquo;flogs&rsquo; any scene in the &lsquo;Rehearsal.&rsquo; I saw the Duke
+yesterday morning; he was just come from Doncaster, where
+he told me he had been very well received. He was with
+Chesterfield, who was to have had a large party. Afterwards
+I rode with him, and he took me to see his house, which is
+now excellent. He told me that both the King&rsquo;s eyes were
+affected, the left the most, and that he would have the
+operation performed when they were fit for it; he said that
+the King never evinced any fear upon these occasions, that
+he was always perfectly cool, and neither feared operations
+or their possible consequences; that he remembered when
+he had a very painful and dangerous operation performed
+some time ago upon his head, that he was not the least
+nervous about it, nor at all afraid of dying, for they told him
+that he would very likely not recover. I said, &lsquo;Then, after
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHATSWORTH.</span>
+all, perhaps he who has the reputation of being a coward
+would prove a very brave man if circumstances occasioned
+his showing what he is.&rsquo; He said, &lsquo;Very likely;&rsquo; that he
+seemed to have but one fear, that of ridicule: he cannot bear
+the society of clever men, for fear of ridicule; he cannot
+bear to show himself in public, because he is afraid of the
+jokes that may be cut on his person.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I met Matuscewitz, who is all glorious at
+the Russian successes. He, Montrond, and I talked the
+matter over, and he said that they should make peace, but
+of course (I had said, &lsquo;Vous serez modestes, n&rsquo;est-ce pas?&rsquo;)
+they should profit by circumstances; that the Allied
+Ministers would not be permitted to interfere, and they
+should grant such terms as they pleased without consulting
+them. This was a
+lie,<a name="FNA_06_07" id="FNA_06_07" href="#FN_06_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+for Bandinell had told me in the
+morning that the negotiations were going on in concert
+with the Ambassadors of the Allies.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_07" id="FN_06_07" href="#FNA_06_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+It was not a lie though after all, for I don&rsquo;t believe the Allied
+Ministers had any concern in the matter. (December 5th.)&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>November 4th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Left London the last week in September,
+and, after visiting at several country houses, slept at Harborough,
+and went to Bretby to breakfast; got there at twelve
+and found nobody up. In process of time they came down
+to breakfast, the party consisting of the Chancellor and Lady
+Lyndhurst, the Worcesters, Mrs. Fox, and Williams, the
+chaplain, and his wife. I saw very little of the place, which
+seems pretty, but not large; a very large unfinished house.
+I stayed two or three hours, and went on to
+Chatsworth,<a name="FNA_06_08" id="FNA_06_08" href="#FN_06_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+where I arrived just as they were going to dinner, but was
+not expected, and so there was no room at the table. The
+party was immense; 40 people sat down to dinner every day,
+and about 150 servants in the steward&rsquo;s room and servants&rsquo;
+hall; there were the Lievens, Cowpers, Granvilles, Wharncliffes,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>
+Granthams, Wiltons, Stanleys, Belfasts, Newboroughs,
+Dawsons, Matuscewitz, Clanwilliams, G. Anson, H. de Ros,
+&amp;c. Nothing could be more agreeable from the gaiety of
+numbers and the entire liberty which prevails; all the
+resources of the house&mdash;horses, carriages, keepers, &amp;c.&mdash;are
+placed at the disposal of the guests, and everybody does
+what they like best. In the evening they acted charades or
+danced, and there was plenty of whist and <i>écarté</i> high and
+low. It was in the middle of that party that news came of
+the negotiations being begun between the Russians and
+Turks,<a name="FNA_06_09" id="FNA_06_09" href="#FN_06_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+and I received a letter from Robert Grosvenor,
+which Madame de Lieven was ready to devour, and she was
+very angry that I would not let her see the whole of it. Our
+Russians were of course triumphant, and the Princess&rsquo;s good
+humour was elevated to rapture by a very pretty compliment
+which was paid her in the shape of a charade, admirably
+got up as a <i>pièce de circonstance</i>, and which has since made
+some noise in the world. The word was Constantinople,
+which was acted: <i>Constant</i>, Penelope and the suitors; <i>Inn</i>,
+a tavern scene; and <i>Opal</i>, the story in &lsquo;Anne of Geierstein.&rsquo;
+The whole represented the Divan, the arrival of Diebitsch&rsquo;s
+Ambassadors, a battle between the Turks and Russians, the
+victory of the latter, and ended by Morpeth as Diebitsch
+laying a crown of laurel at Madame de Lieven&rsquo;s feet. She
+was enchanted, and of course wrote off an account of it to
+the Empress. The whole thing is abused as a <i>bassesse</i> by
+her enemies, but it was very amusing, and in the Duke&rsquo;s
+house, who is a friend of the Emperor, a not unbecoming
+compliment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_08" id="FN_06_08" href="#FNA_06_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+[The hospitality of Chatsworth in the lifetime of William Spencer
+Cavendish, sixth Duke of Devonshire, was princely. The Duke of Portland,
+Mr. Greville&rsquo;s grandfather, married Dorothy, only daughter of
+William, fourth Duke of Devonshire, from whom Mr. Greville derived his
+second name of Cavendish. He was therefore second cousin of the sixth
+Duke and of Lady Granville and Lady Carlisle.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_09" id="FN_06_09" href="#FNA_06_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[The negotiations for the peace of Adrianople, which terminated the
+Russo-Turkish war.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I returned to Newmarket on the 11th of October. At
+the end of the week I had a fall from my horse, which confined
+me to my room for ten days. The Arbuthnots were at
+Newmarket, having come from Sudbourne, where Lord
+Hertford had brought the Duke and Huskisson together.
+Nothing seems to have passed between them beyond the
+common civilities of society, but Huskisson has suffered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">IRISH TRIALS.</span>
+greatly from a universal opinion that the meeting was
+sought by him for the purpose of re-ingratiating himself
+with the Duke, and, if possible, getting into office on any
+terms. It is a proof of the low estimation in which his
+character is held even by those who rate his talents the
+highest that all his former political adherents think this of
+him. With such a reputation his political efficacy never
+can be great again. There was a strong report that he
+was to join the Government, which is now dying away.
+The Duke is very fortunate, for his most formidable opponents
+always do something to lower their own characters
+and render themselves as little formidable to him as possible.</p>
+
+<p>The trials in Ireland are just over, and the Government
+have been defeated, which I find they think may be productive
+of very important consequences to the peace of the
+country. The obstinacy of one man, who held out against
+the other eleven, in the second batch of conspirators who were
+tried, obliged them at length to dismiss the jury, and the
+prisoners will be tried at the next assizes; the others were
+acquitted, though the evidence against them was the same
+as that on which Leary, &amp;c., were convicted. The exertions
+of O&rsquo;Connell, who appears to have acted with great ability,
+produced this result. The Government say, of course, that
+he has acted very ill, but as the Judge, at the conclusion of
+the trial, said publicly that the defence had been conducted
+with perfect regard to the due administration of the laws,
+we may conclude that while he availed himself of every
+advantage, he did not overstep the legitimate duty of an
+advocate to his client. It is, however, agreed on all hands,
+notwithstanding these excesses, that the state of the country
+is improving, and the Emancipation Bill producing fresh
+benefits every day.</p>
+
+<h3>November 9th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Dined to-day with Byng and met Tom
+Moore, who was very agreeable; he told us a great deal about
+his forthcoming &lsquo;Life of Byron.&rsquo; He is nervous about it;
+he is employed in conjunction with Scott and Mackintosh to
+write a history of England for one of the new publications like
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
+the Family
+Library.<a name="FNA_06_10" id="FNA_06_10" href="#FN_06_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+Scott is to write Scotland, Mackintosh
+England, and Moore Ireland; and they get 1,000&#8467;. apiece;
+but Scott could not compress his share into one volume, so he
+is to have 1,500&#8467;. The republication of Scott&rsquo;s works will
+produce him an enormous fortune; he has already paid off
+30,000&#8467;. of the Constable bankruptcy debt, and he is to pay
+the remaining 30,000&#8467;. very soon. A new class of readers is
+produced by the Bell and Lancaster schools, and this is the
+cause of the prodigious and extensive sale of cheap publications.
+Moore had received a letter from Madame de Guiccioli
+to-day; he says she is not handsome. Byron&rsquo;s exploits,
+especially at Venice, seem to have been marvellous. Moore
+said he wrote with extraordinary rapidity, but his corrections
+were frequent and laborious. When he wrote the
+address for the opening of Drury Lane Theatre, he corrected
+it repeatedly.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_10" id="FN_06_10" href="#FNA_06_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+Dr. Lardner&rsquo;s &lsquo;Cyclopædia.&rsquo; Moore told me that the editor of one of
+the annuals offered him 600&#8467;. to write two articles for his work, but &lsquo;that he
+loathed the task&rsquo; and refused, though the money would have been very
+acceptable. The man said he did not care about the merit of the performance,
+and only wanted his name; when Moore refused, the editor raked out
+some old and forgotten lines of his to Perry, and inserted them with his
+name.&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I saw Miss Fanny Kemble for the first time on Friday,
+and was disappointed. She is short, ill made, with large
+hands and feet, an expressive countenance, though not handsome,
+fine eyes, teeth, and hair, not devoid of grace, and with
+great energy and spirit, her voice good, though she has a
+little of the drawl of her family. She wants the pathos and
+tenderness of Miss O&rsquo;Neill, and she excites no emotion; but
+she is very young, clever, and may become a very good,
+perhaps a fine actress. Mrs. Siddons was not so good at her
+age. She fills the house every night.</p>
+
+<p>The King, who was to have gone to Brighton, has given it
+up, nobody knows why, but it is supposed that the Marchioness
+is not well. This morning the Duke and my brother were
+occupied for half an hour in endeavouring to fold a letter
+to his Majesty in a particular way, which he has prescribed,
+for he will have his envelopes made up in some French fashion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH</span>
+I hear he thinks that he rode Fleur de Lis for the cup at
+Goodwood, which he may as well do as think (which he does)
+that he led the heavy dragoons at Salamanca.</p>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connell has been making a most infamous speech at
+Youghal, and is moving heaven and earth to begin a fresh
+agitation about the Union, and to do all the mischief he can.
+Francis Leveson is to meet Sheil at dinner to-morrow for the
+first time; he did not dare do this without asking leave of
+Peel. Peel answered his letter that he &lsquo;rather inclined
+himself to do anything to win him, but stating that the
+Duke would urge the difficulties of their position, and also
+the King&rsquo;s horror of the man,&rsquo; &amp;c. The King&rsquo;s horror is in
+consequence of his speech about the Duke of York. I am
+told Greece is to be erected into a kingdom, with a boundary
+line drawn from Volo to Arta, and that the sovereignty is to
+be offered to Prince Frederick of Orange, and, if he refuses
+it, to Leopold.</p>
+
+<h3>November 12th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Roehampton at Lord Clifden&rsquo;s from
+Tuesday, the 10th, till to-day; Sir James Mackintosh, Moore,
+Poodle
+Byng,<a name="FNA_06_11" id="FNA_06_11" href="#FN_06_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+and the Master of the Rolls. It was uncommonly
+agreeable. I never was in Mackintosh&rsquo;s society for
+so long before, and never was more filled with admiration.
+His prodigious memory and the variety and extent of his
+information remind me of all I have heard and read of
+Burke and Johnson; but his amiable, modest, and unassuming
+character makes him far more agreeable than they
+could either of them (particularly Johnson) have been,
+while he is probably equally instructive and amusing. Not
+a subject could be mentioned of which he did not treat with
+equal facility and abundance, from the Council of Trent to
+Voltaire&rsquo;s epistles; every subject, every character, every work,
+all were familiar to him, and I do not know a greater treat
+than to hear him talk.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_11" id="FN_06_11" href="#FNA_06_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[Hon. Frederick Byng, formerly of the Foreign Office, universally known
+at this time as &lsquo;The Poodle,&rsquo; probably because he once kept a fine animal of
+that breed.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Mackintosh said he was a great reader of novels; had read
+&lsquo;Old Mortality&rsquo; four times in English and once in French.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
+Ellis said he preferred Miss Austen&rsquo;s novels to Scott&rsquo;s.
+Talked of the old novelists&mdash;Fielding, little read now,
+Smollett less; Mackintosh is a great admirer of Swift, and does
+not think his infamous conduct to Vanessa quite made out.
+Talked of the articles of our religion, and said that they
+were in almost exact conformity with certain doctrines laid
+down in the Council of Trent. The Jansenists differ very
+little from our Church, except as to the doctrine of the Real
+Presence. Speaking of India, Mackintosh said that it was very
+remarkable that we had lost one great empire and gained
+another in the same generation, and that it was still a moot
+point whether the one really was a gain or the other a loss.
+Called America the second Maritime Power. Franklin wept
+when he quitted England. When he signed the treaty at
+Paris, he retired for a moment and changed his coat. It was
+remarked, and he said he had been to put on the coat in
+which he had been insulted by Lord Loughborough at the
+English Council Board. Madame de Staël, he said, was more
+agreeable in <i>tête-à-tête</i> than in society; she despised her
+children, and said, &lsquo;Ils ne me ressemblent pas.&rsquo; He told her
+she did not do them justice, particularly her daughter. She
+said, &lsquo;C&rsquo;est une lune bien pâle.&rsquo; She took an aversion to
+Rogers, but when she met him at Bowood, and he told her
+anecdotes, she liked him. She had vanquished Brougham,
+and was very proud of those conquests.</p>
+
+<p>Moore told several stories which I don&rsquo;t recollect, but
+this amused us:&mdash;Some Irish had emigrated to some West
+Indian colony; the negroes soon learnt their brogue, and
+when another shipload of Irish came soon after, the negroes
+as they sailed in said, &lsquo;Ah, Paddy, how are you?&rsquo; &lsquo;Oh,
+Christ!&rsquo; said one of them, &lsquo;what, y&rsquo;re become black already!&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Moore, without displaying the astonishing knowledge of
+Mackintosh, was very full of information, gaiety, and humour.
+Two more delightful days I never passed. I could not help
+reflecting what an extraordinary thing success is in this
+world, when a man so gifted as Mackintosh has failed completely
+in public life, never having attained honours, reputation,
+or wealth, while so many ordinary men have reaped an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIR PHILIP CRAMPTON&rsquo;S STORY</span>
+abundant harvest of all. What a consolation this affords
+to mediocrity! None can approach Mackintosh without
+admiring his extraordinary powers, and at the same time
+wondering why they have not produced greater effects in the
+world either of literature or politics. His virtues are obstacles
+to his success; he has not the art of pushing or of
+making himself feared; he is too <i>doucereux</i> and complimentary,
+and from some accident or defect in the composition of
+his character, and in the course of events which have influenced
+his circumstances, he has always been civilly neglected.
+Both Mackintosh and Moore told a great many
+anecdotes, but one morning at breakfast the latter related a
+story which struck us all. Mackintosh said it was enough to
+furnish materials for a novel, but that the simple narrative
+was so striking it ought to be written down without exaggeration
+or addition. I afterwards wrote it down as nearly as I
+could recollect it. It was Crampton, the Surgeon-General,
+who told it to Moore, and Crampton <i>loquitur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Some years ago I was present at a duel that was fought
+between a young man of the name of MacLoughlin and
+another Irishman. MacL. was desperately wounded; his
+second ran up to him, and thought to console him with the
+intelligence that his antagonist had also fallen. He only
+replied, &ldquo;I am sorry for it if he is suffering as much as I
+do now.&rdquo; I was struck by the good feeling evinced in this
+reply, and took an interest in the fate of the young man.
+He recovered, and a few years after my interest was again
+powerfully excited by hearing that he had been arrested on
+suspicion of having murdered his father-in-law, his mother&rsquo;s
+second husband. He was tried and found guilty on the evidence
+of a soldier who happened to be passing in the middle of
+the night near the house in which the murder was committed.
+Attracted by a light which gleamed through the lower part of
+the window, he approached it, and through an opening between
+the shutter and the frame was able to look into the room.
+There he saw a man in the act of lifting a dead body from
+the floor, while his hands and clothes were stained all over
+with blood. He hastened to give information of what he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>
+had seen; MacLoughlin and his mother were apprehended,
+and the former, having been identified by the soldier, was
+found guilty. There was no evidence against the woman,
+and she was consequently acquitted. MacLoughlin conducted
+himself throughout the trial with determined calmness, and
+never could be induced to acknowledge his guilt. The
+morning of his execution he had an interview with his
+mother; none knew what passed between them, but when
+they parted he was heard to say, &ldquo;Mother, may God forgive
+you!&rdquo; The fate of this young man made a deep impression
+on me, till time and passing events effaced the occurrence
+from my mind. It was several years afterwards that I one
+day received a letter from a lady (a very old and intimate
+acquaintance) entreating that I would immediately hasten
+down to the assistance of a Roman Catholic priest who was
+lying dangerously ill at her house, and the symptoms of whose
+malady she described. Her description left me doubtful
+whether the mind or the body of the patient was affected.
+Being unable to leave Dublin, I wrote to say that if the
+disease was bodily the case was hopeless, but if mental I
+should recommend certain lenitives, for which I added a
+prescription. The priest died, and shortly after his death
+the lady confided to me an extraordinary and dreadful story.
+He had been her confessor and intimate friend, and in
+moments of agony and doubt produced by horrible recollections
+he had revealed to her a secret which had been imparted
+to him in confession. He had received the dying
+confession of MacLoughlin, who, as it turned out, was not
+the murderer of his father-in-law, but had died to save the
+life and honour of his mother, by whom the crime had been
+really committed. She was a woman of violent passions; she
+had quarrelled with her husband in the middle of the night,
+and after throwing him from the bed had despatched him
+by repeated blows. When she found he was dead she was
+seized with terror, and hastening to the apartment of her
+son, called him to witness the shocking spectacle and to
+save her from the consequences of her crime. It was at this
+moment, when he was lifting the body and preparing to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TOM MOORE</span>
+remove the bloody evidence of his mother&rsquo;s guilt, that the
+soldier passed by and saw him in the performance of his
+dreadful task. To the priest alone he acknowledged the
+truth, but his last words to his mother were now explained.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>November 20th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Roehampton. Only Moore and myself;
+Washington Irving and Maclane, the American Minister,
+come to-morrow. Moore spoke in the highest terms of
+Luttrell, of his wit and information, and of his writings, to
+which he does not think the world does justice, particularly
+the &lsquo;Advice to Julia,&rsquo; but he says Luttrell is too fearful of
+giving offence. Moore was very agreeable, told a story
+of Sir &mdash;&mdash; St. George in Ireland. He was to attend a
+meeting at which a great many Catholics were to be present
+(I forget where), got drunk and lost his hat, when he went
+into the room where they were assembled and said, &lsquo;Damnation
+to you all; I came to emancipate you, and you&rsquo;ve stole
+my hat.&rsquo; In the evening Moore sang, but the pianoforte
+was horrid, and he was not in good voice; still his singing
+&lsquo;va dritto al cuore,&rsquo; for it produces an exceeding sadness,
+and brings to mind a thousand melancholy recollections, and
+generates many melancholy anticipations. He told me as
+we came along that with him it required no thought to write,
+but that there was no end to it; so many fancies on every
+subject crowded on his brain; that he often read what he
+had written as if it had been the composition of another,
+and was amused; that it was the greatest pleasure to him to
+compose those light and trifling pieces, humorous and satirical,
+which had been so often successful. He holds Voltaire
+to have been the most extraordinary genius that ever lived,
+on account of his universality and fertility; talked of Scott
+and his wonderful labour and power of composition, as well
+as the extent to which he has carried the art of book-making;
+besides writing this history of Scotland for Dr. Lardner&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;Encyclopædia,&rsquo; he is working at the prefaces for the republication
+of the Waverley Novels, the &lsquo;Tales of a Grandfather,&rsquo;
+and has still found time to review Tytler, which he
+has done out of the scraps and chips of his other works. A
+little while ago he had to correct some of the proofs of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
+history of Scotland, and, being dissatisfied with what was
+done, he nearly wrote it over again, and sent it up to the
+editor. Some time after finding another copy of the proofs,
+he forgot that he had corrected them before, and he rewrote
+these also and sent them up, and the editor is at this moment
+engaged in selecting from the two corrected copies the best
+parts of each.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I met the Chancellor at dinner at the Master
+of the Rolls&rsquo;, when he told me about the King and
+Denman.<a name="FNA_06_12" id="FNA_06_12" href="#FN_06_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+The King would not have the Recorder&rsquo;s report last week,
+because the Recorder was too ill to attend, and he was resolved
+not to see Denman. The Duke went to him, when he
+threw himself into a terrible tantrum, and was so violent and
+irritable that they were obliged to let him have his own way
+for fear he should be ill, which they thought he would otherwise
+certainly be. He is rather the more furious with Denman
+from having been forced to consent to his having the silk
+gown, and he said at that time that he should never set his
+foot in any house of his; so that business is at a standstill,
+and the unfortunate wretches under sentence of death are
+suffered to linger on, because he does not choose to do his
+duty and admit to his presence an officer to whom he has
+taken an aversion. As the Chancellor said to me, &lsquo;the fact is,
+he is mad.&rsquo; The fact is that he is a spoiled, selfish, odious
+beast, and has no idea of doing anything but what is agreeable
+to himself, or of there being any duties attached to the
+office he holds. The expenses of the Civil List exceed the
+allowance in every branch, every quarter; but nobody can
+guess how the money is spent, for the King makes no show
+and never has anybody there. My belief is that &mdash;&mdash; and
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; plunder him, or rather the country, between them,
+in certain stipulated proportions. Among other expenses
+his tailor&rsquo;s bill is said to be 4,000&#8467;. or 5,000&#8467;. a year. He is
+now employed in devising a new dress for the Guards.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_12" id="FN_06_12" href="#FNA_06_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Denman and Lord Chief Justice
+of England, was at this time Common Serjeant of the City of London.
+George IV. hated him for the part he had taken on the Queen&rsquo;s trial, and
+did all he could to prevent his having a silk gown. <i>Vide supra</i>, p. 156, January 16th, 1829.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>November 21st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">STRAWBERRY HILL</span>
+Maclane, the American Minister, could
+not come, but Irving did. He is lively and unassuming,
+rather vulgar, very good-humoured. We went to Strawberry
+Hill to-day&mdash;Moore, Ellis, Lady Georgiana, and I. Ellis is an
+excellent cicerone; everything is in the state in which old
+Horace Walpole left it, and just as his catalogue and description
+describe it. He says in that work that he makes that
+catalogue to provide against the dispersion of his collections,
+and he tied up everything as strictly as possible. Moore
+sang in the evening and was very agreeable the whole day.
+He said that Byron thought that Crabbe and Coleridge had
+the most genius and feeling of any living poet. Nobody
+reads Crabbe now. How dangerous it is to be a story-teller,
+however agreeable the manner or amusing the budget, for
+Moore to-day told a story which he told here last week!
+However, they all laughed just the same, except me, and I
+moralised upon it thus. Clifden is a very odd man, shrewd
+and well informed, and somewhat sarcastic, but very gay
+and good-humoured, fond of society and the &lsquo;Times&rsquo; newspaper,
+a great enemy to the Church, and chuckles over its
+alarms and its dangers, but I was amused with a comical
+contradiction. Somebody told a story about an erratum in
+an Irish paper, which said that such a one had abjured
+the errors of the Romish Church and embraced those of the
+Protestant, at which he was greatly diverted, and said, &lsquo;That
+is just what I should have said myself;&rsquo; and to-day after
+dinner, all of a sudden, he said grace (he says grace on
+Sunday only).</p>
+
+<p>Moore gave an account this morning of his being examined
+in Trinity College, Dublin, when a boy, during the
+rebellion. Many of the youths (himself, and he says he is
+pretty sure Croker, among the number) had taken the oath
+of the United
+Irishmen<a name="FNA_06_13" id="FNA_06_13" href="#FN_06_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+(Emmett<a name="FNA_06_14" id="FNA_06_14" href="#FN_06_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+and some others who were
+in the College had absconded). The Chancellor (Lord Clare)
+came to the College, erected his tribunal, and examined all
+the students upon oath. He asked first if they had belonged
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>
+to any society of United Irish, and, if the answer was in the
+affirmative, he asked whom they had ever seen there and
+what had passed. Contumacy was punishable by expulsion
+and exclusion from every profession. At the end of the
+first day&rsquo;s examination Moore went home to his parents, and
+told them he could not take an oath which might oblige him
+to criminate others (as he should be forced to answer any
+question they might choose to put), and though they were
+poor, and had conceived great hopes of him, they encouraged
+him in this resolution. The next day he was called forth,
+when he refused to be sworn, stating his reasons why. The
+Chancellor said he did not come there to dispute with him,
+but added that they should only ask him general questions,
+on which he took the oath, but reserved to himself the
+power of declining to answer particular questions. They only
+asked him such questions as he could conscientiously answer
+(they had got all the information they wanted, and were
+beginning to relax), but when they had done with him Lord
+Clare asked him why he had demurred to answer. He said
+he was afraid he might be called on to criminate others, and
+that he had never taken an oath before, and naturally felt
+some reluctance and dread on such an occasion.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_13" id="FN_06_13" href="#FNA_06_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+He did not take the oath till after this examination.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_14" id="FN_06_14" href="#FNA_06_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+He had lived in intimacy with Emmett.</p></div>
+
+<p>Moore told a story of an Irishman who saw from the
+pit a friend of his acting Othello, and he called out, &lsquo;Larry,
+Larry, Larry, there&rsquo;s the least taste in life of your linen
+hanging out!&rsquo; One day in America near the falls of Niagara
+Moore saw this scene:&mdash;An Indian whose boat was moored
+to the shore was making love to the wife of another Indian;
+the husband came upon them unawares; he jumped into
+the boat, when the other cut the cord, and in an instant
+it was carried into the middle of the stream, and before he
+could seize his paddle was already within the rapids.
+He exerted all his force to extricate himself from the
+peril, but finding that his efforts were vain, and his canoe
+was drawn with increasing rapidity towards the Falls, he
+threw away his paddle, drank off at a draught the contents
+of a bottle of brandy, tossed the empty bottle into the air, then
+quietly folded his arms, extended himself in the boat, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LORD GLENGALL&rsquo;S COMEDY</span>
+awaited with perfect calmness his inevitable fate. In a
+few moments he was whirled down the Falls and disappeared
+for ever.</p>
+
+<p>Washington Irving wants sprightliness and more refined
+manners. He was in Spain four years, at Madrid, Seville,
+and Grenada. While at the latter place he was lodged
+in the Alhambra, which is excellently preserved and very
+beautiful; he gives a deplorable description of the ignorance
+and backward state of the Spaniards. When he returned
+to France he was utterly uninformed of what had been
+passing in Europe while he was in Spain, and he says that
+he now constantly hears events alluded to of which he
+knows nothing.</p>
+
+<h3>December 1st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>After I left Roehampton last week came
+to town and dined with Byng, Moore, Irving, Sir T. Lawrence,
+and Vesey Fitzgerald; very agreeable. No news but the failure
+of the Spanish expedition against Mexico, which capitulated,
+and the soldiers promised never to bear arms against Mexico
+again. On Friday went to see Lord Glengall&rsquo;s comedy, with
+a prologue by F. Mills and an epilogue by
+Alvanley.<a name="FNA_06_15" id="FNA_06_15" href="#FN_06_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+It
+succeeded, though the first two acts went off heavily; not
+much novelty in it, but the characters well drawn and some of
+the situations very good: it amused me very well, and was
+exceedingly well acted. Glengall came to me afterwards
+to get criticisms on his play. I told him some of the faults,
+and he was not in the Sir Fretful line, but took it all very
+thankfully. At Roehampton on Sunday; Byng, Sir Robert
+Wilson,
+Sharpe,<a name="FNA_06_16" id="FNA_06_16" href="#FN_06_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+and Luttrell. There is a joke of Luttrell&rsquo;s
+about Sharpe. He was a wholesale hatter formerly; having
+a dingy complexion, somebody said he had transferred the
+colour of his hats to his face, when Luttrell said that &lsquo;it was
+<i>darkness which might be felt</i>.&rsquo; Wilson has written to the
+Sultan a letter full of advice, and he says the Turks will
+be more powerful than ever. Wilson is always full of opinions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>
+and facts; the former are wild and extravagant, the latter
+generally false.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_15" id="FN_06_15" href="#FNA_06_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+[A comedy by the Earl of Glengall, entitled &lsquo;The Follies of
+Fashion.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_16" id="FN_06_16" href="#FNA_06_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+[Richard Sharpe, Esq., well known by the <i>sobriquet</i> of &lsquo;Conversation
+Sharpe.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>No Council yet; the King is employed in altering the
+uniforms of the Guards, and has pattern coats with various
+collars submitted to him every day. The Duke of Cumberland
+assists him, and this is his principal occupation; he
+sees much more of his tailor than he does of his Minister.
+The Duke of Cumberland&rsquo;s boy, who is at Kew, diverts himself
+with making the guard turn out several times in the course
+of the day to salute him.</p>
+
+<h3>December 3rd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Came from Roehampton. Lady Pembroke
+and her daughter, Luttrell and I, and the Lievens, dined there
+one day. Lady Pembroke was Countess Woronzow; Lord
+Pembroke pleaded poverty all his life, and died leaving each of
+his five daughters 20,000&#8467;., and his wife 200,000&#8467;. to do what
+she liked with. Old Woronzow was Ambassador here many
+years, has lived here ever since, and never learnt a word of
+English. His son Michel is one of the most distinguished
+officers in the Russian army, and now Governor of Odessa
+and the province of which that city is the capital.</p>
+
+<p>I went to see Glengall&rsquo;s play again, which was much better
+acted than the first time, and, having been curtailed, went off
+very well. Henry de Ros, Glengall, and I went together. I
+was very much amused (but did not venture to show it) at a
+point in one of the scenes between Lureall and Sir S. Foster:
+the latter said, &lsquo;Let me tell you, sir, that a country gentleman
+residing on his estate is as valuable a member of society as a
+man of fashion in London who lives by plundering those who
+have more money and less wit than himself;&rsquo; when De Ros
+turned to Glengall and said, &lsquo;Richard, there appears to me
+to be a great deal of twaddle in this play; besides, you throw
+over the good cause.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>December 5th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>This morning the Duke of Wellington
+sent for me about the Council on Monday, and after settling
+that matter he began talking about the King&rsquo;s conduct with
+reference to the Recorder&rsquo;s report. I told him it was thought
+very extraordinary. He said, &lsquo;You have no idea what a
+scene I had with him; there never was anything like it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE RECORDER&rsquo;S REPORT</span>
+I never saw him so violent.&rsquo; He then rang the bell, when
+Drummond (his secretary) appeared, and the Duke desired
+him to bring the correspondence with the King about the
+Recorder, which was done. He then said, &lsquo;I came to town
+on the Monday for the Council and report, which was to
+have been on Tuesday, and which he had himself settled,
+without consulting me; in the afternoon Phillips came to me
+and said that the Recorder could not attend, and that they
+did not know if his Majesty would receive Denman. I
+wrote to the King directly this letter.&rsquo; He then read the
+letter, which was to this effect: that he informed the King
+that the Recorder was ill, and therefore the Common Serjeant,
+Mr. Denman, would have the honour of making the
+report to his Majesty; that he thought it right to apprise
+him of this, and if he had any objection to receive Mr.
+Denman, it would be better to put off the Council, as no
+other person could now lay the report before him. &lsquo;To this
+the King wrote an answer, beginning &ldquo;My dear Duke,&rdquo;
+not as usual,&rsquo; the Duke said, &lsquo; &ldquo;My dear Friend,&rdquo; that the
+state of his eyes would not allow him to write by candle-light,
+and he was therefore obliged to make use of an
+amanuensis. The letter was written by Watson, and signed
+by the King, &ldquo;Your sincere Friend, G. R.&rdquo; It was to
+the effect that he was quite surprised the Duke should have
+made him such a proposal; that he had been grossly insulted
+by Denman, and would never admit him to his
+presence; that it had been settled the Deputy-Recorder,
+Arabin, in the absence of the Recorder, should make the
+report, and that he had already done so; that he was surprised,
+knowing as the Duke must do the firmness of his
+character, that he should think him capable of yielding
+on this subject; that he never would do so, and desired
+the Council might take place, and the report be made by
+Arabin.&rsquo; His letter was much longer, but this was the
+pith of it. On the receipt of this the Duke held a consultation
+with Peel and the Chancellor, when they determined
+to put off the Council, which was done, and the Duke
+wrote to the King, as nearly as I can recollect, as follows.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
+This was an admirable letter&mdash;business-like, firm, and
+respectful:&mdash;&lsquo;That upon the receipt of his Majesty&rsquo;s letter he
+had thought it his duty to consult the Chancellor, and that
+they had come to the resolution of postponing the Council
+and report; that the making of this report was the privilege
+of the City of London, and that the Recorder in the execution
+of this duty, being unable to attend, had placed it in the
+hands of the Common Serjeant, whose duty it then became
+to present it; that it was now in his hands, and could not
+be withdrawn without his consent; that the only occasion on
+which it had been presented by Mr. Serjeant Arabin had been
+when the Common Serjeant was on the circuit; that as his
+Majesty objected to admit Mr. Denman to his presence, they
+had thought it best to put off the Council, as if Mr. Arabin
+was summoned he could have no report to present, and there
+would probably arise some discussion between the Common
+Serjeant and him, which would be a proceeding such as ought
+not to take place in his Majesty&rsquo;s palace, and that he would
+wait upon his Majesty the next morning and take his
+commands upon the subject.&rsquo; The next day, he continued,
+he went to Windsor, where he had a grand scene with his
+Majesty. &lsquo;I am sure,&rsquo; said the Duke, &lsquo;that nobody can
+manage him but me.&rsquo; He repeated all he had said in his
+letter, and a great deal more; represented to him that having
+given his sanction to the official appointment of Denman
+since the Queen&rsquo;s trial, he could not refuse to receive him in
+the execution of his duty without alleging legal objections
+for so doing; to which the King replied that Lord Liverpool
+had behaved very ill to him, and had made him do this; and
+then he became very violent, and cursed and swore, and said
+he never would see him. The Duke said that he might put
+off the report; that there were three men who must be
+hanged, and it did not signify one farthing whether they were
+kept in prison a little longer or shorter time (he forgets that
+there are others lying under sentence of death, probably
+several), and that he had better put it off than have the
+Common Serjeant come down to a scene in his palace. After
+letting him run on in his usual way, and exhaust his violence,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE CIVIL LIST</span>
+he left him, and the report stands over once more; but the
+Duke told me that it could not stand over after this, and if
+the Recorder is not well enough when the time arrives for
+the next report, his Majesty must receive Denman whether
+he will or no, and that he shall insist upon it. He told me
+the whole history in great detail mixed with pretty severe
+strictures on the King. I have put down all I could carry
+away. I have not such a memory (or such an invention) as
+Bourrienne.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke then told me that he had made strong remonstrances
+about the excess of expenditure on the Civil List;
+that in the Lord Steward&rsquo;s department there had been an
+excess of 7,000&#8467;., in that of the Master of the Horse of
+5,000&#8467;., and that of the Master of the Robes (the tailor&rsquo;s
+bill) of 10,000&#8467;. in the last
+half-year;<a name="FNA_06_17" id="FNA_06_17" href="#FN_06_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+that he had stated
+that unless they could save the difference in the next half-year,
+or pay it out of the Privy Purse, he must go to Parliament,
+which would bring the whole of the expenses of the
+Civil List under discussion. He said it was very extraordinary,
+that the King&rsquo;s expenses appeared to be nothing;
+his Majesty had not more tables than he (the Duke) had.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_06_17" id="FN_06_17" href="#FNA_06_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+I am not sure that I am correct in the sums, but very nearly so.&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>I asked him about Brummell and his Consulship. He
+said Aberdeen hesitated; that he had offered to take all the
+responsibility on himself; that he had in Dudley&rsquo;s time
+proposed it to him (Dudley), who had objected, and at last
+owned he was afraid the King might not like it, on which
+he had spoken to the King, who had made objections, abusing
+Brummell&mdash;said he was a damned fellow and had behaved
+very ill to him (the old story, always himself&mdash;<i>moi, moi, moi</i>)&mdash;but
+after having let him run out his tether of abuse, he had
+at last extracted his consent; nevertheless Dudley did not
+give him the appointment. The Duke said he had no acquaintance
+with Brummell.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>
+Chapter of the Bath &mdash; The Duc de Dino arrested &mdash; A Ball to the Divan &mdash;
+English Policy in Greece &mdash; Sir Thomas Lawrence &mdash; Gallatin &mdash; Court of
+King&rsquo;s Bench &mdash; Accident to the Grand Duke Constantine &mdash; Osterley &mdash;
+Young Sidney Herbert &mdash; Duke of Wellington in Office &mdash; Stapleton&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;Life of Canning&rsquo; &mdash; Death of Sir Thomas Lawrence &mdash; Leopold and the
+Throne of Greece &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Answers to Lord Grey &mdash; Distressed State
+of the Country &mdash; Canning&rsquo;s Greatness and his Failings &mdash; Death of
+Tierney &mdash; Sir Martin Shee President &mdash; The Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Views
+and Conduct &mdash; The Coming Session &mdash; Moore&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life of Byron&rsquo; &mdash; Character
+of Byron &mdash; Opening of Parliament &mdash; The Fire King &mdash; The Duke of
+Wellington&rsquo;s Speaking &mdash; The English Opera House burnt down &mdash; Lord
+Thurlow on Kenyon and Buller &mdash; Old Rothschild &mdash; Lansdowne House &mdash;
+Earl Stanhope &mdash; John Murray &mdash; Departure for Italy.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>December 7th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Windsor for a Council; the Duke was
+there, and Lord Aberdeen, Murray, Lord Rosslyn, the Chancellor,
+and Herries. There was a chapter of the Bath, when
+the Duke of Clarence was installed Grand Master, Stratford
+Canning and Robert Gordon Grand Crosses. The King looked
+very well, but was very blind. The Council was by candle-light,
+but he could not see to read the list, and begged me to
+read it for him. However, I was so good a courtier that I held
+the candle in such a way as to enable him to read it himself.
+He saw the Duke for a short time, and the Chancellor for a
+long time. I asked the latter if the King had been <i>Denmanising</i>,
+and he said, &lsquo;Oh, yes&mdash;&ldquo;I said when I consented to that
+fellow&rsquo;s having the silk gown that I would never admit him,&rdquo;
+&amp;c.&rsquo; I was amused with old Conyngham, who told me
+his wife had been in danger, &lsquo;so they tell me,&rsquo; talking of
+her as if she were somebody else&rsquo;s wife. The Duke went
+from the Council to Stowe; we all returned to town.</p>
+
+<h3>December 9th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with Prince Lieven; a great
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE DUC DE DINO ARRESTED</span>
+dinner&mdash;Laval,<a name="FNA_07_01" id="FNA_07_01" href="#FN_07_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Granvilles, Aberdeen, Montrond, &amp;c. The
+Duc de Dino, who came here to amuse himself, has been
+arrested, and Montrond and Vaudreuil begged Laval to put
+him on his list of <i>attachés</i> at the Foreign Office, which would
+release him from the sponging-house. He was afraid and
+made difficulties; they were excessively provoked, but at
+last induced him to speak to Lord Aberdeen about it, which
+he said he would do after dinner. In the meantime Montrond
+got me to tell the story to Aberdeen, which I did, and got
+him to encourage Laval to do the business. He then told
+Laval that I had <i>aplani</i> the matter, at which the Ambassador
+was rather affronted, but I suppose the thing will be done
+and Dino will get out. The Duc de Dino is Talleyrand&rsquo;s
+nephew, and his son has married Mademoiselle de Montmorency,
+a relation of the Duc de Laval.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_01" id="FN_07_01" href="#FNA_07_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[The Duc de Laval had succeeded Prince Polignac as French Ambassador
+in London.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>December 10th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Last night Miss Kemble acted Belvidera
+for the first time, and with great success.</p>
+
+<h3>December 18th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Roehampton last Saturday to Monday;
+Granvilles, Byng, Lord Ashley, and I. Dino was extricated
+from prison by Laval&rsquo;s paying the money, which
+he did very handsomely; he thought it wrong to have him in
+prison and wrong to attach him fictitiously to his Embassy,
+so he paid the debt, and Dino is gone back to France.</p>
+
+<p>Despatches were received from Gordon yesterday giving
+an account of a ball he had given to the Divan; the Turks
+came, and the Reis-Effendi waltzed with a Mrs. Moore.
+After supper they drank King George IV.&rsquo;s health in
+bumpers of champagne. This story was told to Lord
+Sidmouth as a good joke; but he said with a face of dismay,
+&lsquo;Good God, is it possible? To what extent will these innovations
+be carried?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>December 19th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>There is a review in the &lsquo;Foreign
+Quarterly&rsquo; (the last number) on Greece, which is a remarkably
+able critique of the conduct of our Government in the
+affairs of that State. The writer, whoever he may be, has
+been amply supplied with documents and information,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>
+probably from Paris. Nothing can be more just than his
+remarks on our miserable policy, or more severe. I showed
+it to Lord Granville, who told me that it was generally
+correct, though containing some errors; for instance, that
+it was not true that we had engaged to afford the Greeks
+pecuniary aid, which we never did promise, but that he had
+been himself the person to negotiate with M. de la Ferronays,
+then Minister for Foreign Affairs at Paris, for the more
+limited boundary, and to dissuade the French from sending
+their expedition to the Morea; that there had been a violent
+contest in the English Cabinet on that subject, Huskisson
+and Dudley being in favour of the French expedition, and
+the Duke and the rest against it, but that the moment
+Huskisson and his party resigned the Duke gave way and
+agreed to the measure. This affords another example of his
+extraordinary mode of proceeding, that of opposing the
+views and plans of others violently, and when he finds
+opposition fruitless, or likely to become so, turning short
+round and adopting them as his own, and taking all the
+credit he can get for doing so. He did so in the case of the
+recognition of the South American colonies, of the Test and
+Corporation Acts, the Catholic question, and in this instance.
+Then his conduct on the Corn Bill is only the converse of
+the same proposition&mdash;begins by being a party to it and then
+procures its rejection. Greece and Portugal, if well handled,
+would afford two great cases against the Duke&rsquo;s foreign
+policy, and they serve as admirable commentaries on each
+other. The raising the siege of Previsa, and the respect
+paid to Miguel&rsquo;s blockade, and compulsion exercised on the
+Terceira people are enough to prove everything.</p>
+
+<p>Ashley told me a curious thing about Sir Thomas Lawrence
+the other day. His father kept the inn at
+Devizes,<a name="FNA_07_02" id="FNA_07_02" href="#FN_07_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+and when Lord Shaftesbury&rsquo;s father and mother were once
+at the inn with Lord Shaftesbury, then a boy, the innkeeper
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">GALLATIN</span>
+came into the room and said he had a son with a genius
+for drawing, and, if they would allow him, his little boy
+should draw their little boy&rsquo;s picture; on which the little
+Lawrence was sent for, who produced his chalk and paper,
+and made a portrait of the young Lord.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_02" id="FN_07_02" href="#FNA_07_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[Sir Thomas Lawrence&rsquo;s father at one time kept the &lsquo;Black Bear&rsquo; at
+Devizes. In 1775 Lord and Lady Kenyon had the young prodigy (as he
+was called) introduced to them there. Lawrence was then only six years
+old.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>December 21st, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Roehampton from Saturday; Maclane,
+the American Minister, Washington Irving, Melbourne,
+Byng, and on Sunday the Lievens to dinner. Maclane a
+sensible man, with very good American manners, which are
+not refined. Even Irving, who has been so many years here,
+has a bluntness which is very foreign to the tone of good
+society. Maclane gave me a curious account of Gallatin.
+He was born at Geneva, and went over to America early in
+life, possessed of nothing; there he set up a little huxtering
+shop&mdash;in I forget what State&mdash;and fell in love with
+one of the daughters of a poor woman at whose house he
+lodged, but he was so destitute that the mother refused him.
+In this abject condition accident introduced him to the celebrated
+Patrick Henry, who advised him to abandon trade,
+and go into the neighbouring State and try to advance
+himself by his talents. He followed the advice, and soon
+began to make himself known.</p>
+
+<h3>December 22nd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with Byng yesterday and met
+Moore, Fitzgerald, and Luttrell. Luttrell is a great lover of
+conundrums, which taste he acquired from Beresford, the
+author of the &lsquo;Miseries of Human Life,&rsquo; who has invented some
+very curious but elaborate conundrums. They are not worth
+repeating. Moore told a story of an Irishman at the play
+calling out, &lsquo;Now, boys, a clap for Wellington!&rsquo; which being
+complied with, &lsquo;And now silence for the rest of the family!&rsquo;
+He complained that all the humour which used to break out
+in an Irish audience is extinct.</p>
+
+<p>Fitzgerald told me that the King had been annoying
+them as much as he could, that he took pleasure in making
+his Government weak, that the money matter (which the
+Duke told me of before) had been settled by &lsquo;contrivances,&rsquo;
+or that they must have gone to Parliament for the amount;
+that he has just ordered plate to the amount of 25,000&#8467;.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>
+Fitzgerald is so ill that he can scarcely carry on the business
+of his office, and yet he does not like to give it up, for fear of
+embarrassing the Government; he complained that the other
+offices had thrown much of their business on the Board of
+Trade, a custom which had grown up in Huskisson&rsquo;s time,
+who was the most competent man, and who took it all.
+Probably Huskisson was not sorry, by making himself very
+useful, to make himself nearly indispensable, and thought
+that he was so; and so he was <i>de jure</i>, but the Duke would
+not let him be so <i>de facto</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>December 23rd, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>Went to the Court of King&rsquo;s Bench
+this morning to prove that the Duke of Wellington is a
+Privy Councillor, on the trial of the action which the
+Duke brought against the &lsquo;Morning Journal.&rsquo; The action
+brought by the Chancellor had been tried the day before.
+Scarlett was feeble; Alexander again defended himself
+in a very poor speech; the jury retired for three hours,
+and I thought would have said &lsquo;Not guilty;&rsquo; but they
+brought in a verdict which is tantamount to a defeat
+of the prosecution on this charge, and amply proves the
+folly of having instituted it at all. I did not hear the
+second trial, on which they gave a verdict of guilty, after
+consulting for about half an hour. The jury in each case
+consisted of eight special jurors and four talesmen. Afterwards
+there was a <i>crim. con</i>. case, which I did not stay out,
+but which was amusing enough from the translations of the
+counsel, the Judge, the witnesses, and the interpreters, for
+some of the witnesses were French. Lord Tenterden has
+a comical way of muttering to himself half aloud as the
+counsel are speaking, either answering or commenting on
+what they say. Scarlett was saying (in this last case) that
+he could not prove the fact, but he could prove that the
+defendant passed the night in the lady&rsquo;s room, and the
+jury might judge what he did, when Tenterden muttered,
+&lsquo;If he did nothing, what was he there for?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The prosecution finished with the trial of Bell (of the
+&lsquo;Atlas&rsquo;), who made a very good speech (it was about Lord
+and Lady Lyndhurst), and the jury found him guilty of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PRESS PROSECUTIONS</span>
+publishing only, which I take to be an acquittal; the point,
+however, will not be tried probably, for it is not likely that
+he will be brought up for judgment. He will be contented
+to get off, and they will not like to stir such a question.
+The result of the trials proves the egregious folly of having
+ever brought them on, especially the Duke&rsquo;s. One of the
+verdicts is, as far as he is concerned, an acquittal; the
+author showed himself to be so contemptible that he had
+better have been treated with indifference. He has been
+converted into a sort of martyr, and whatever may have been
+thought of the vulgar scurrility of the language, ruin and
+imprisonment will appear to most people too severe a punishment
+for the offence. Then the whole press have united
+upon this occasion, and in some very powerful articles have
+spread to every corner of the country the strongest condemnation
+of the whole proceeding. The Government, or
+rather the Duke, is likely to become unpopular, and no good
+end will have been answered. I do not believe that these
+prosecutions originate in a desire to curb the press, but
+merely in that of punishing a writer who had so violently
+abused him; not, however, that he would be sorry to adopt
+any measure which should tend to fetter free discussion, and
+subject the press to future punishment. But this would be
+a fearful war to wage, and I do not think he is rash enough
+to undertake such a crusade.</p>
+
+<h3>December 27th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Panshanger since the 24th; Lievens,
+J. Russell, Montrond, M. de la Rochefoucauld, F. Lamb. On
+Christmas Day the Princess [Lieven] got up a little <i>fête</i>
+such as is customary all over Germany. Three trees in
+great pots were put upon a long table covered with pink
+linen; each tree was illuminated with three circular tiers of
+coloured wax candles&mdash;blue, green, red, and white. Before
+each tree was displayed a quantity of toys, gloves, pocket-handkerchiefs,
+workboxes, books, and various articles&mdash;presents
+made to the owner of the tree. It was very pretty. Here it
+was only for the children; in Germany the custom extends
+to persons of all ages. The Princess told us to-day about the
+Emperor of Russia&rsquo;s relapse and the cause of it. He had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>
+had a cold which he had neglected, but at length the
+physicians had given him some medicine to produce perspiration,
+and he was in bed in that state, the Empress
+sitting by him reading to him, when on a sudden a dreadful
+noise was heard in the next (the children&rsquo;s) room, followed
+by loud shrieks. The Empress rushed into the room, and
+the Emperor jumped out of bed in his shirt and followed
+her. There the children, the governess, and the nurses
+were screaming out that Constantine (the second boy, of
+two years old) was destroyed; a huge vase of porphyry
+had been thrown down and had fallen over the child, who
+was not to be seen. So great was the weight and size of the
+vase that it was several minutes before it could be raised,
+though assistance was immediately fetched, and all that time
+the Emperor and Empress stood there in ignorance of the
+fate of the child, and expecting to see the removal of the
+vase discover his mangled body, when to their delight it was
+found that the vase had fallen exactly over him, without
+doing him the least injury, but the agitation and the cold
+brought on a violent fever, which for some time put the
+Emperor in great danger. The Princess said she was surprised
+that it did not kill the Empress, for she is the most
+nervous woman in the world, ever since the conspiracy at
+the time of his accession, when her nerves were <i>ébranlés</i>
+by all she went through. That scene (of the revolt of
+the Guards) took place under the window of the Palace.
+The whole Imperial Family was assembled there and saw
+it all, the Emperor being in the middle of men by whom
+they expected him to be assassinated every moment. During
+all that time&mdash;many hours&mdash;the young Empress never spoke,
+but stood &lsquo;pâle comme une statue,&rsquo; and when at length it
+was all over, and the Emperor returned, she threw herself
+on her knees and began to pray.</p>
+
+<h3>December 29th, 1829</h3>
+
+<p>At Osterley;<a name="FNA_07_03" id="FNA_07_03" href="#FN_07_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+Lady Euston, Mrs. Sheridan
+and her son; a very fine house, which is thrown away, as
+they hardly ever live there. They spent 200,000&#8467;. in building
+Middleton, which is the worst place in England, and now they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WELLINGTON AS A MINISTER</span>
+regret it, but Lord Jersey hates Osterley and likes Middleton.
+This place belonged to Sir Thomas Gresham, but the present
+house is modern. It was here that Sir Thomas Gresham
+feasted Queen Elizabeth, and pulled down a wall in the
+night which she had found fault with, so that in the morning
+she found it was gone.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_03" id="FN_07_03" href="#FNA_07_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+[Lord Jersey&rsquo;s seat near Hanwell, Middlesex.]</p></div>
+
+<hr  />
+
+<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">1830.</h2>
+
+<h3>January 2nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>At Roehampton; William Howard, Baring
+Wall, and Lady Pembroke&rsquo;s
+son;<a name="FNA_07_04" id="FNA_07_04" href="#FN_07_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+the best sort of youth I
+have seen for a long while, and he will have 12,000&#8467;. a year,
+besides what his mother may leave him. Vesey Fitzgerald
+is so ill that it is doubtful if he will recover, and, at all
+events, almost impossible that he should remain in office. It
+will be very difficult for the Duke to fill his place. There is
+not a man in office now who is fit for it, and where is he to
+look for anyone else? Yet I think almost anybody would
+take it; for although the late prosecutions are blamed, and
+the foreign policy is thought by most people to have been
+very miserable, there is an extensive disposition to support
+the Duke and to keep him at the head of affairs. Huskisson
+is the man whose knowledge and capacity would be of the
+greatest service just now, but the Duke will not like to apply
+to him in a moment of distress, because he would probably
+take advantage of that distress to make better terms for
+himself; at the same time, I should not be surprised if the
+Duke were to invite him to return to the Cabinet, and that
+he accepted the Chancellorship of the Exchequer or one of
+the Secretaryships without any conditions. Vesey will be a
+great loss, for he is clever and ready in debate, and by great
+diligence and application, and the powerful assistance of
+Hume and Stephen, he has made considerable progress in
+the science of trade and commerce.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_04" id="FN_07_04" href="#FNA_07_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+[Sidney Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea, whose life and character
+did not belie the promise of his youth.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>January 5th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>There are many speculations about Vesey&rsquo;s
+successor; some think Lord Chandos or Herries; I think
+Frankland Lewis, but that Lord Chandos will have some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>
+place before long; the Duke has a great hankering after that
+set. In the meantime all accounts concur in admitting the
+great and increasing distress; and, as such a state of things
+not unnaturally produces a good deal of ill-humour, the
+Duke is abused for gadding about visiting and shooting
+while the country is in difficulty, and it is argued that he
+must be very unfeeling and indifferent to it all to amuse
+himself in this manner. Nothing can be more unjust than
+such accusations as these. The sort of relaxation he takes
+is necessary to his health, and, all things considered, it
+is not extraordinary he should prefer other people&rsquo;s houses
+to his own, particularly when everyone invites him in
+the most pressing manner. But these visits by no means
+interrupt the course of his official business; all his letters
+are regularly sent to him, and as regularly answered
+every day, and it is his habit to open his letters himself,
+to read them all, and to answer all.  He never receives
+any letter, whatever may be the subject or the situation
+of the writer, that he does not answer, and that immediately,
+to a degree which is not only unprecedented, but
+quite unnecessary, and I think unwise, although certainly
+it contributes to his popularity.  It is another proof of
+that simplicity of character and the absence of all arrogance
+which are so remarkable in him, especially as he
+has long been used to command and to implicit obedience,
+and the whole tenor of his conduct since he has been in
+office shows that he is covetous of power and authority, and
+will not endure anybody who will not be subservient to him;
+still in his manner and bearing there is nothing but openness,
+frankness, civility, and good-humour. As to his supposed indifference
+to the public distress, I firmly believe that his
+mind is incessantly occupied with projects for its relief, and
+that when unwarped by particular prejudices, partialities,
+and antipathies, which have had a stronger and more frequent
+influence over him than befits so great a man, he is animated
+with a sincere desire to reform abuses of any kind,
+and is not diverted from his purpose by any personal considerations
+or collateral objects. The King is preparing for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">STAPLETON&rsquo;S &lsquo;MEMOIRS OF CANNING&rsquo;</span>
+a new battle with him (stimulated, I presume, by the Duke
+of Cumberland) about the appointment of sheriffs. He has
+taken it into his head that he will not appoint any Roman
+Catholic sheriff; and as several have been named, and these
+generally first on the list, according to the usual practice,
+they must be chosen. The King will be obliged to give way,
+but it is an additional proof of his bad disposition and his
+pleasure in thwarting his Ministers on every possible occasion.</p>
+
+<h3>January 7th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Stapleton&rsquo;s &lsquo;Memoirs of Canning&rsquo; are
+coming out directly, but he is prevented from making use of
+all the documents he, or rather Lady Canning, has. She has
+had an angry correspondence with the Foreign Office. Every
+Minister takes away a <i>précis</i> of all he has done while in
+office, but Canning&rsquo;s <i>précis</i> was not finished when he died.
+She wrote and demanded that what was incomplete should
+be furnished to her, but claimed it as a right, and said it was
+for the purpose of vindicating him. Lord Aberdeen declined
+giving it, and I think very properly. The reason he assigned
+was that a Minister who was furnished with such documents
+for his own justification was bound by his oath of secresy not
+to reveal the contents, but the secrets of the State could not
+be imparted to any irresponsible person, who was under no
+such restraint.</p>
+
+<p>Vesey Fitzgerald is better, but will hardly be able to do
+any business. Some think he will have leave of absence,
+that Dawson will exchange offices with Courtenay, and do
+the business of the Board of Trade; others, that Herries
+will succeed Vesey, or Frankland Lewis. The revenue has
+fallen off one million and more. The accounts of distress
+from the country grow worse and more desponding, and a
+return to one pound notes begins to be talked of.</p>
+
+<h3>Roehampton, January 9th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning died Sir
+Thomas Lawrence after a very short illness. Few people knew
+he was ill before they heard he was dead. He was <i>longè
+primus</i> of all living painters, and has left no one fit to succeed
+him in the chair of the Royal Academy. Lawrence
+was about sixty, very like Canning in appearance, remarkably
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>
+gentlemanlike, with very mild manners, though rather
+too <i>doucereux</i>, agreeable in society, unassuming, and not a
+great talker; his mind was highly cultivated, he had a taste
+for every kind of literature, and was enthusiastically devoted
+to his art; he was very industrious, and painted an enormous
+number of portraits, but many of his later works are still
+unfinished, and great complaints used to be made of his exacting
+either the whole or half payment when he began a
+picture, but that when he had got the money he could never
+be prevailed on to complete it. Although he is supposed to
+have earned enormous sums by his paintings, he has always
+been a distressed man, without any visible means of expense,
+except a magnificent collection of drawings by the ancient
+masters, said to be the finest in the world, and procured at
+great cost. He was, however, a generous patron of young
+artists of merit and talent. It was always said that he lost
+money at play, but this assertion seems to have proceeded
+more from the difficulty of reconciling his pecuniary embarrassments
+with his enormous profits than from any proof
+of the fact. He was a great courtier, and is said to have been
+so devoted to the King that he would not paint anybody who
+was personally obnoxious to his Majesty; but I do not
+believe this is true. He is an irreparable loss; since Sir
+Joshua there has been no painter like him; his portraits as
+pictures I think are not nearly so fine as Sir Joshua&rsquo;s, but
+as likenesses many of them are quite perfect. Moore&rsquo;s was
+the last portrait he painted, and Miss Kemble&rsquo;s his last
+drawing.</p>
+
+<p>The King has been very ill; lost forty ounces of blood.
+Vesey is better, but has no chance of going on with his
+office. The general opinion seems to be that Herries will
+succeed him. I do not believe he knows anything of the
+business of the Board of Trade. Charles Mills told me
+yesterday that a proposal was lately made by Government
+to the East India Company to reduce their dividends, and
+that at the very time this was done Rothschild, who had
+40,000&#8467;. East India stock, sold it all out, and all his friends
+who held any did the same. The matter was eventually
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LEOPOLD AND THE THRONE OF GREECE</span>
+dropped, but he says nobody doubts that N&mdash;&mdash; gave notice
+to Rothschild of the proposed measure. The Company are
+mightily satisfied with Lord William Bentinck, who has
+acted very handsomely by them in this business by the reduction
+of the pay of the troops. He has written some very
+trimming letters to Lord Combermere, who is coming home,
+and if he had not been, would probably have been recalled.
+The Duke, as well as the Company, is furious with Combermere
+for the part he has acted in the affair.</p>
+
+<p>Leopold&rsquo;s election to the throne of Greece seems to be
+settled, and while everybody has been wondering what could
+induce him to accept it, it turns out that he has been most
+anxious for it, and has moved heaven and earth to obtain it;
+that the greatest obstacle he has met with has been from the
+King, who hates him, and cannot bear that he should become
+a crowned head. He may think it &lsquo;better to reign in hell
+than serve in heaven,&rsquo; but I should have thought he had
+a better prospect here, with 50,000&#8467;. a year and as uncle
+to the heiress apparent, than to go to a ruined country
+without cities or inhabitants, and where everything is to
+be created, and to sit on such a wretched throne as the
+nominee of the Allied Powers, by whom he will be held
+responsible for his acts; however, &lsquo;il ne faut pas disputer
+des goûts.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>George Bentinck told me that Lady Canning is not satisfied
+with Stapleton&rsquo;s book, particularly with that part of it
+in which he attempts to answer Lord Grey&rsquo;s speech, which
+she thinks poor and spiritless; he is not disposed to be very
+severe on Lord Grey, being in a manner connected with
+him. She is persuaded that that speech contributed to
+kill Canning; his feelings were deeply wounded that not
+one of his friends said a word in reply to it, although
+some of them knew that the facts in Lord Grey&rsquo;s speech
+were incorrect. He vehemently desired to be raised to the
+peerage, that he might have an opportunity of answering it,
+and he had actually composed and spoken to Mrs. Canning
+the speech which he intended to make in the House of
+Lords. A great part of this she remembers. It seems, too,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>
+that to the day of his death this was the ruling desire of his
+mind, and he had declared that the following year, when he
+should have carried the Corn Bill through the House of
+Commons, he would go to the House of Lords and fight the
+battle there.</p>
+
+<h3>January 17th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Charles Mills told me the other day that
+the Chancellor of the Exchequer has been making enquiries
+as to the fact of Rothschild having sold his India stock at
+the time he did. The two Grants (Charles and Robert) are
+always together, and both very forgetful and unpunctual.
+Somebody said that if you asked Charles to dine with you
+at six on Monday, you were very likely to have Robert at
+seven on Tuesday.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Villiers (who has been living with Malcolm
+on board his ship in the Mediterranean) writes word that
+Malcolm told him that he had orders, in the event of
+Diebitsch&rsquo;s marching upon Constantinople, to destroy the
+Russian fleet. If this is true, it would have been a great
+outrage, and a most extraordinary piece of vigour, after so
+much long-suffering and endurance.</p>
+
+<p>The country gentlemen are beginning to arrive, and they
+all tell the same story as to the universally prevailing distress
+and the certainty of things becoming much worse; of the
+failure of rents all over England, and the necessity of some
+decisive measures or the prospect of general ruin. Of course
+they differ as to the measures, but there appears to be a
+strong leaning towards the alteration in the currency and one
+pound notes. It really does appear, from many representations,
+that a notion prevails of the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s
+indifference to the state of the country, and of his disposition
+to treat the remonstrances and petitions of the people, as
+well as their interests and feelings, with contempt, which I
+believe most false and unjust. He has an overweening
+opinion of his own all-sufficiency, and that is his besetting
+sin, and the one which, if anything does, will overturn his
+Government, for if he would be less dictatorial and opinionated,
+and would call to his assistance such talents and information
+as the crisis demands, he would be universally
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">POLITICAL MORALITY</span>
+voted the best man alive to be at the head of the Government;
+but he has such a set of men under him, and Peel
+will never get over the Catholic question. [Peel got over it,
+but not before he had expiated his conduct by being turned
+out.]</p>
+
+<h3>January 20th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>The Duke and Lord Bathurst dined here
+yesterday, the former not in good spirits. The battle about
+Leopold and Greece is still going on between his Majesty
+and his Ministers. The Duke was talking about the robbery
+at Brussels of the Princess of Orange&rsquo;s jewels, and that
+there is reason to believe that Pereira, the Prince&rsquo;s friend,
+had some concern in it; many people suspect that both he
+and the Prince were concerned. The Princess was in the
+country, and only one maid-servant in the house where such
+valuable property was left. The jewels were in a case, and
+the key of the case was kept in a cabinet, which was opened,
+the key taken, and the large case or chest opened by it.
+Small footsteps (like those of Pereira, who has very small
+feet) were traced in the house or near it, and the day of the
+robbery the porter was taken by Pereira&rsquo;s servant to his
+house and there made drunk. The robbery was discovered
+on Friday morning, but no steps were taken to inform the
+police till Sunday night.</p>
+
+<h3>January 22nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I believe it to be impossible for a man of
+squeamish and uncompromising virtue to be a successful politician,
+and it requires the nicest feeling and soundest judgment
+to know upon what occasions and to what extent it is
+allowable and expedient to diverge from the straight line.
+Statesmen of the greatest power, and with the purest intentions,
+are perpetually counteracted by prejudices, obstinacy,
+interest, and ignorance; and in order to be efficient they must
+turn, and tack, and temporise, sometimes dissemble. They
+who are of the <i>ruat c&oelig;lum</i> sort, who will carry everything their
+own way or not at all, must be content to yield their places
+to those who are certainly less scrupulous, and submit to the
+measures of those who are probably less wise. But though
+it is possible that the less rigid and austere politician may
+be equally virtuous and disinterested, the whole context of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>
+his life must be such as to endure the most scrutinising
+enquiry, which unfortunately it will very seldom do, in order
+to establish a character for integrity. If Canning had had
+a fair field, he would have done great things, for his lofty
+and ambitious genius took an immense sweep, and the
+vigour of his intellect, his penetration and sagacity, enabled
+him to form mighty plans and work them out with success;
+but it is impossible to believe that he was a high-minded
+man, that he spurned everything that was dishonest, uncandid,
+and ungentlemanlike; he was not above trick and
+intrigue, and this was the fault of his character, which was
+unequal to his genius and understanding. However, notwithstanding
+his failings he was the greatest man we have
+had for a long time, and if life had been spared to him, and
+opposition had not been too much for him, he would have
+raised our character abroad, and perhaps found remedies for
+our difficulties at home. What a difference between his
+position and that of the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s! Everybody
+is disposed to support the latter and give him unlimited
+credit for good intentions. The former was obliged to
+carry men&rsquo;s approbation by storm, and the moment he
+had failed, or been caught tripping, he would have been
+lost.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke has lately given audience to the West Indians
+who came to complain of their sufferings and taxation and
+to implore relief. Murray and Goulburn were present,
+neither of whom, it is said, spoke a word. The Duke cut
+them very short, and told them they were not distressed at
+all, and that nothing would be done for them. He is like
+the philosopher in Molière&rsquo;s play, who says, &lsquo;Il ne faut pas
+dire que vous avez reçu des coups de bâton, mais qu&rsquo;il vous
+semble que vous en avez reçus.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence was buried yesterday; a magnificent funeral,
+which will have cost, they say, 2,000&#8467;. The pall was borne
+by Clanwilliam, Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, Croker, Agar Ellis,
+and three more&mdash;I forget who. There were thirty-two
+mourning-coaches and eighty private carriages. The ceremony
+in the church lasted two hours. Pretty well for a man
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DUKE OF WELLINGTON&rsquo;S POSITION</span>
+who died in very embarrassed circumstances. The favourites
+for the chair of the Academy are Shee and Wilkie, painters,
+and Westmacott and Chantrey, sculptors.</p>
+
+<p>We were talking of Clanwilliam, who Agar said was the
+quickest man he had ever known; Luttrell said he and
+Rogers were &lsquo;the <i>quick</i> and the <i>dead</i>.&rsquo; Looking over the
+&lsquo;Report of the Woods and Forests and the Cost of the
+Palaces,&rsquo; somebody said &lsquo;the pensive&rsquo; (meaning the public:
+see Rejected Addresses) must pay; Luttrell said &lsquo;the public
+was the pensive and the King the expensive.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>January 26th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday afternoon Tierney died. He
+sank back in his chair and expired suddenly, without any
+previous illness; he had been in an indifferent state of health
+for some time, but he had resolved to make one more effort
+in Parliament and deliver his opinion on the present state
+of affairs. He is a great loss to all his friends; his political
+life was already closed.</p>
+
+<p>Shee was elected President of the Royal Academy last
+night at ten o&rsquo;clock. He had sixteen or eighteen votes; Sir
+William Beechey six, who was the nearest to Shee; Wilkie
+only two. He is an Irishman and a Catholic, a bad painter,
+a tolerable poet, and a man of learning, but, it is said,
+florid.</p>
+
+<p>Had a long conversation with Arbuthnot yesterday, who
+is weak, but knows everything; his sentiments are the Duke&rsquo;s.
+They are furious with the old Tories, especially Lord Lonsdale,
+and not well satisfied with Lowther, whom they suspect
+to be playing a sneaking, underhand part. The Duke is
+determined not to alter his Government, nor to take anybody
+in to strengthen it. Arbuthnot said that the Duke had
+shown he did not mean to be exclusive when he had taken in
+Scarlett and Calcraft, and that &lsquo;his friends&rsquo; would not have
+borne any more extensive promotion from that party; that of
+all Ministers he was the one who least depended upon Parliamentary
+influence and the assistance of the great families;
+and that if Lord Lonsdale and all his members were to leave
+him to-morrow, he would not care a straw. Still he pays
+them, if not court, great deference, and he keeps Lowther,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>
+though he suspects him. Arbuthnot said that as soon as
+the Duke became Minister he said to him, &lsquo;Now, Duke, for
+God&rsquo;s sake settle that question&rsquo; (the Catholic), which was
+as much as to say, &lsquo;Now that you have got rid of every
+enemy and every rival, now that you can raise your own
+reputation, and that you will share the glory with no one,
+do that which you would never let anybody else do, and fight
+for the measure you have been opposing all your life.&rsquo; It
+may be imagined he would not have said this unless he had
+been fully aware of the Duke&rsquo;s sentiments on the subject.
+This speech was made to him eight months after Canning
+came into office, when they <i>all</i> went out, <i>on the Catholic
+question</i>. He says it is utterly false that the Duke is unconscious
+of or indifferent to the distress, but that it is
+exaggerated, and the Duke attributes it to temporary and
+not to permanent causes; that he labours incessantly on the
+subject, and his thoughts are constantly occupied with
+devising a remedy for it, which he thinks he can do. He
+adverted to the difficulties with the King, who is never to be
+depended upon, as his father was. He remembers upon
+some occasion, when Perceval was Minister, and thought the
+difficulties of his situation great, he represented to George
+III. his sense of them in a letter; Perceval showed him the
+King&rsquo;s answer, which was in these words:&mdash;&lsquo;Do you stand
+by me as I will stand by you, and while we stand by each
+other we have nothing to fear.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>I told Arbuthnot it was reported that the Duke had
+given a very rough answer to the West Indian deputations,
+and that if he had it was unwise, as, though he might not
+adopt such measures of relief as they desired, he could treat
+them with soft language. He said that, so far from it, Lord
+Chandos had returned to the Duke the next day, and apologised
+for their conduct to him, assuring him that he was
+ashamed and tired of his connexion with them, and should
+withdraw from it as soon as possible. This I mentioned at
+Brookes&rsquo;, but Gordon (a West Indian) said that they had all
+been shocked at the manner in which he had used them,
+that some of them had declared they would never go to him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE COMING SESSION</span>
+again; and Spring Rice said that old George Hibbert, who
+has been their agent these thirty years, and had attended
+deputations to every Prime Minister since Pitt, had told him
+that he never saw one so ill received before. It is customary
+for every deputation to draw out a minute of their conversation
+with the Minister, which they submit to him to admit
+its correctness. They did so, but the Duke destroyed their
+minute, and sent them back one drawn out by himself,
+which, however, they declare was not so correct as that
+which had been transmitted to him; which I can well believe,
+but they had no right to complain of this, on the
+contrary.</p>
+
+<h3>January 30th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Laid up with the gout these last three
+days. George Bankes has resigned, and John Wortley is
+appointed Secretary to the Board of Control. He was of the
+Huskisson party, as it is called (though it does not deserve
+the name), and previously to the offer of this place being
+made to him was rather inimical to the Government; but
+the Duke proposed, and he accepted. I doubt his being of
+much use to them. Lord Ellenborough&rsquo;s letter to Sir John
+Malcolm, which appeared in the &lsquo;Times&rsquo; a few days ago,
+has made a great deal of noise, as it well may, for a more
+flippant and injudicious performance has seldom been
+seen.<a name="FNA_07_05" id="FNA_07_05" href="#FN_07_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_05" id="FN_07_05" href="#FNA_07_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[This letter, which excited much attention at this time, will be found
+in the &lsquo;Life of Sir John Malcolm,&rsquo; by Mr. (now Sir John) Kaye, vol. ii.
+p. 528. It had been written a year before, and by some indiscretion obtained
+publicity in India. A warm dispute had broken out between Sir
+John Malcolm, then Governor of Bombay, and the Judges of the Supreme
+Court there. Lord Ellenborough took Malcolm&rsquo;s part with great eagerness,
+and said of the Chief Justice, Sir J. P. Grant, that he &lsquo;would be like a wild
+elephant between two tame ones.&rsquo; This expression was long remembered
+as a joke against Lord Ellenborough.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The greatest curiosity and interest prevail about the
+transactions in the ensuing session&mdash;whether there will be
+any opposition, and from what quarter, how Peel will
+manage, how the country gentlemen will act and what
+language they will hold, and whether the Duke will produce
+any plan for alleviating the distress. I think there will be
+a great deal of talking and complaining, a great many half-measures
+suggested, but no opposition, and that the Duke
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>
+will do nothing, and get through the session without much
+difficulty. There was to have been a Council on Thursday
+to prick the sheriffs, but it was put off on account of my gout,
+and I was not able to attend at the dinner at the Chancellor&rsquo;s
+on Wednesday for the same reason. I remember once before
+a Council was put off because I was at Egham for the races;
+that was a Council in &rsquo;27, I think, to admit foreign corn.</p>
+
+<h3>February 1st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Stapleton&rsquo;s book on Mr. Canning is not to
+appear. Douglas was sent to him by Aberdeen to tell him that
+if anything appeared in it which ought not to be published
+he would be turned out of his office. He wrote to Lady Canning
+accordingly, who sent him a very kind answer, desiring
+him by no means to expose himself to any such danger, and
+consenting to the suppression of the work. I am glad of it
+on all accounts.</p>
+
+<h3>February 3rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Brougham has given up Lord Cleveland&rsquo;s
+borough, and comes in for Knaresborough, at the Duke of
+Devonshire&rsquo;s invitation. He is delighted at the exchange.
+I see by the &lsquo;Gazette&rsquo; there has been a compromise with
+the King about the Catholic sheriffs; only one (Petre for
+Yorkshire) is chosen, the others, though first on the list and
+no excuses, passed over: they were Townley for Lancashire
+and Sir T. Stanley for Cheshire. It is childish and ridiculous
+if so; but no matter, as the principle is admitted.</p>
+
+<p>I have just finished the first volume of Moore&rsquo;s &lsquo;Life of
+Byron.&rsquo; I don&rsquo;t think I like this style of biography, half-way
+between ordinary narrative and self-delineation in the
+shape of letters, diary, &amp;c. Moore&rsquo;s part is agreeably and
+feelingly written, and in a very different style from the &lsquo;Life
+of Sheridan&rsquo;&mdash;no turgid diction and brilliant antitheses. It
+is, however, very amusing; the letters are exceedingly clever,
+full of wit, humour, and point, abounding in illustration,
+imagination, and information, but not the most agreeable
+sort of letters. They are joined together by a succession
+of little essays upon his character. But as to life, it is
+no life at all; it merely tells you that the details of his life
+are not tellable, that they would be like those of Tilly or
+Casanova, and so indecent, and compromise so many people,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">CHARACTER OF LORD BYRON</span>
+that we must be content to look at his life through an
+impenetrable veil. Then in the letters and diary the perpetual
+hiatus, and asterisks, and initials are exceedingly
+tantalising; but altogether it is very amusing. As to Byron,
+I have never had but one opinion about his poetry, which I
+think of first-rate excellence; an enormous heresy, of course,
+more particularly with those whose political taste rests upon
+the same foundation that their religious creed does&mdash;that of
+having been taught what to admire in the one case as they
+have been enjoined what to believe in the other. With
+regard to his character, I think Moore has succeeded in
+proving that he was far from deficient in amiable qualities;
+he was high-minded, liberal, generous, and good-natured,
+and, if he does not exaggerate his own feelings, a warm-hearted
+and sincere friend. But what a wretch he was!
+how thoroughly miserable with such splendid talents! how
+little philosophy!&mdash;wretched on account of his lame foot; not
+even his successes with women could reconcile him to a little
+personal deformity, though this is too hard a word for it;
+then tormenting himself to death nobody can tell why or
+wherefore. There never was so ill-regulated a mind, and he
+had not even the talent of making his pleasures subservient
+to his happiness&mdash;not any notion of <i>enjoyment</i>; all with him
+was riot, and debauchery, and rage and despair. That he
+very sincerely entertained a bad opinion of mankind may be
+easily believed; but so far from his pride and haughtiness
+raising him above the influence of the opinion of those whom
+he so despised, he was the veriest slave to it that ever
+breathed, as he confesses when he says that he was almost
+more annoyed at the censure of the meanest than pleased
+with the praises of the highest of mankind; and when he
+deals around his fierce vituperation or bitter sarcasms, he is
+only clanking the chains which, with all his pride, and
+defiance, and contempt, he is unable to throw off. Then he
+despises pretenders and charlatans of all sorts, while he is
+himself a pretender, as all men are who assume a character
+which does not belong to them, and affect to be something
+which they are all the time conscious they are not in reality.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>
+But to &lsquo;assume a virtue if you have it not&rsquo; is more allowable
+than to assume a vice which you have not.  To
+wish to appear better or wiser than we really are is excusable
+in itself, and it is only the manner of doing it
+that may become ridiculous; but to endeavour to appear
+worse than we are is a species of perverted vanity the most
+disgusting, and a very bad compliment to the judgment, the
+morals or the taste of our acquaintance. Yet, with all his
+splendid genius, this sort of vanity certainly distinguished
+Lord Byron, and that among many other things proves how
+deeply a man may be read in human nature, what an insight
+he may acquire into the springs of action and feeling, and
+yet how incapable he may be of making any practical
+application of the knowledge he has acquired and the result
+of which he can faithfully delineate. He gives a list of the
+books he had read at eighteen which appears incredible,
+particularly as he says that he was always idle, and eight
+years after Scott says he did not appear well read either in
+poetry or history. Swift says &lsquo;some men know books as
+others do Lords&mdash;learn their titles, and then boast of their
+acquaintance with them,&rsquo; and so perhaps at eighteen he knew
+by name the books he mentions; indeed, the list contains
+Hooker, Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Berkeley, &amp;c. It sounds rather
+improbable; but his letters contain allusions to every sort
+of literature, and certainly indicate considerable information.
+&lsquo;Dans le pays des aveugles les borgnes sont rois,&rsquo; and Sir
+Walter Scott might think a man half read who knows
+all that is contained in the brains of White&rsquo;s, Brookes&rsquo;, and
+Boodle&rsquo;s, and the greater part of the two Houses of Parliament.
+But the more one reads and hears of great men the
+more reconciled one becomes to one&rsquo;s own mediocrity.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Say thou, whose thoughts at nothingness repine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall Byron&rsquo;s fame with Byron&rsquo;s fate be thine?</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+Who would not prefer any obscurity before such splendid
+misery as was the lot of that extraordinary man? Even
+Moore is not happy. One thinks how one should like to be
+envied, and admired, and applauded, but after all such men
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WEAKNESS OF THE GOVERNMENT</span>
+suffer more than we know or they will confess, and their
+celebrity is dearly purchased.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Se di ciascun l&rsquo;interno affanno<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Si leggesse in fronte scritto,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quanti guai ch&rsquo;invidia fanno<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ci farebbe pietà.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+One word more about Byron and I have done. I was much
+struck by the coincidence of style between his letters and his
+journal, and that appears to me a proof of the reality and
+nature which prevailed in both.</p>
+
+<h3>February 5th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Parliament met yesterday; there was
+a brisk debate and an amendment on the Address in each
+House. The Duke had very indiscreetly called the distress
+&lsquo;partial&rsquo; in the Speech, and the consequence was an amendment
+moved by Knatchbull declaring it to be general. The
+result shows that Government has not the slightest command
+over the House of Commons, and that they have nothing
+but casual support to rely upon, and that of course will only
+be to be had &lsquo;dum se bene gesserint.&rsquo; For a long time
+Holmes and their whippers-in thought that they should be
+in a minority; but Hume and a large party of Reformers
+supported them (contrary to their own expectations), so they
+got a majority of 50 out of 250. The division was very extraordinary,
+Brougham, Sadler, and O&rsquo;Connell voting together.
+It is pretty clear, however, that they are in no danger of
+being turned out, but that they are wretchedly off for speakers.
+Huskisson made a shabby speech enough, O&rsquo;Connell his
+<i>début</i>, and a successful one, heard with profound attention;
+his manner good and his arguments attended and replied to.
+In the Lords there was nothing particular, but nothing was
+concerted by any party, for the subject of the amendment in
+the Commons was not even touched upon in the Lords,
+which is very remarkable. Lord Chandos has refused the
+Mint, because they will not give him a seat in the Cabinet,
+but many people think it is because he has been pressed to
+refuse by his High Tory friends. Charles Ross is the new
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span>
+Lord of the
+Admiralty,<a name="FNA_07_06" id="FNA_07_06" href="#FN_07_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+and Abercromby Chief Baron of
+Scotland, which everybody is glad of.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_07_06" id="FN_07_06" href="#FNA_07_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+The appointment has not taken place.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is a charlatan of the name of Chobert, who calls
+himself the Fire King, who has been imposing upon the
+world for a year or more, exhibiting all sorts of juggleries in
+hot ovens, swallowing poisons, hot lead, &amp;c.; but yesterday
+he was detected signally, and after a dreadful uproar was
+obliged to run away to avoid the ill-usage of his exasperated
+audience. He pretended to take prussic acid, and challenged
+anybody to produce the poison, which he engaged to swallow.
+At last Mr. Wakley, the proprietor of the &lsquo;Lancet,&rsquo; went
+there with prussic acid, which Chobert refused to take, and
+then the whole deception came out, and there is an end of it;
+but it has made a great deal of noise, taken everybody in, and
+the fellow has made a great deal of money. It was to have
+been his last performance, but &lsquo;tant va la cruche à l&rsquo;eau
+qu&rsquo;enfin....</p>
+
+<h3>February 13th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>In the House of Lords last night: Lord
+Holland&rsquo;s motion on Greece; his speech was amusing, but
+not so good as he generally is; Aberdeen wretched, the
+worst speaker I ever heard and incapable of a reply; I
+had no idea he was so bad. The Duke made a very clever
+speech, answering Holland and Melbourne, availing himself
+with great dexterity of the vulnerable parts of their
+speeches and leaving the rest alone. I was sitting by
+Robert Grant on the steps of the throne, and said to him,
+&lsquo;That is a good speech of the Duke&rsquo;s,&rsquo; and he said, &lsquo;He
+speaks like a great man;&rsquo; and so he did; it was bold and
+manly, and a high tone, not like a practised debater, but a
+man with a vigorous mind and determined character.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Commons Graham spoke for two hours;
+Burdett said not well, but others said the contrary. The
+Government resolution moved as an amendment by Dawson
+was better than his, so it was adopted without difficulty. Burdett
+said Peel made the best speech he ever heard him make,
+and threw over the Tories. Dined afterwards with Cowper,
+Durham, and Glengall. Durham said that Lord Grey&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE BURNT</span>
+politics were the same as his, and that before Easter he
+thought an Opposition would be formed, and that the elements,
+though scattered, exist of a strong one. I doubt it.</p>
+
+<h3>February 16th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Last night the English Opera House was
+burnt down&mdash;a magnificent fire. I was playing at whist at the
+&lsquo;Travellers&rsquo; with Lord Granville, Lord Auckland, and Ross,
+when we saw the whole sky illuminated and a volume of fire
+rising in the air. We thought it was Covent Garden, and
+directly set off to the spot. We found the Opera House and
+several houses in Catherine Street on fire (sixteen houses),
+and, though it was three in the morning, the streets filled by
+an immense multitude. Nothing could be more picturesque
+than the scene, for the flames made it as light as day and
+threw a glare upon the strange and motley figures moving
+about. All the gentility of London was there from Princess
+Esterhazy&rsquo;s ball and all the clubs; gentlemen in their fur
+cloaks, pumps, and velvet waistcoats mixed with objects like
+the <i>sans-culottes</i> in the French Revolution&mdash;men and women
+half-dressed, covered with rags and dirt, some with nightcaps
+or handkerchiefs round their heads&mdash;then the soldiers,
+the firemen, and the engines, and the new police running
+and bustling, and clearing the way, and clattering along, and
+all with that intense interest and restless curiosity produced
+by the event, and which received fresh stimulus at every
+renewed burst of the flames as they rose in a shower of sparks
+like gold dust. Poor Arnold lost everything and was not
+insured. I trust the paraphernalia of the Beefsteak Club
+perished with the rest, for the enmity I bear that society for
+the dinner they gave me last year.</p>
+
+<h3>February 19th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>In the House of Lords last night to
+hear Melbourne&rsquo;s motion about Portugal&mdash;a rather long
+and very bad debate. Melbourne spoke very ill&mdash;case very
+negligently got up, weakly stated, confused, and indiscreet&mdash;in
+the same sense as his brother&rsquo;s pamphlet, with part
+of which (the first part) none of the members of Canning&rsquo;s
+Administration or of Goderich&rsquo;s agree, and consequently it
+was answered by Lansdowne and Goderich. The latter made
+an excellent speech, the only good one that was made. Aberdeen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>
+was wretched; it is really too bad that a man should
+be Secretary for Foreign Affairs who cannot speak better.
+The Duke made no case for the Terceira business, and
+delivered a very poor speech; but I like his speaking&mdash;it is so
+much to the point, no nonsense and verbiage about it, and he
+says strongly and simply what he has to say. The other
+night on Greece there was a very brisk skirmish between
+Palmerston and Peel, and the former spoke, they say,
+remarkably well; the latter, as usual, was in a passion.</p>
+
+<h3>February 21st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with the Chancellor; Granvilles,
+Hollands, Moore, Luttrell, Lord Lansdowne, Auckland, and
+one or two more; very agreeable. Lord Holland told stories
+of Lord Thurlow, whom he mimicks, they say, exactly.
+When Lord Mansfield died, Thurlow said, &lsquo;I hesitated a long
+time between Kenyon and Buller. Kenyon was very intemperate,
+but Buller was so damned corrupt, and I thought
+upon the whole that intemperance was a less fault in a judge
+than corruption, not but what there was a damned deal of
+corruption in Kenyon&rsquo;s intemperance.&rsquo; Lady Holland and
+I very friendly; the first time I have met her in company
+since our separation (for we have never quarrelled).
+She is mighty anxious to get me back, for no other reason
+than because I won&rsquo;t go. Everybody is surprised at Melbourne&rsquo;s
+failure the other night; some say he was not well,
+some that he did not like the business. I doubt if he is up
+to it; he did not speak like a man that has much in him.</p>
+
+<h3>February 23rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with Lord Bathurst and a dull
+party; but after dinner Lady Bathurst began talking about
+the King, and told me one or two anecdotes. When the
+account of Lord Liverpool&rsquo;s seizure reached the King at
+Brighton, Peel was at the Pavilion; the King got into one
+of his nervous ways, and sent for him in the middle of the
+night, desiring he would not dress; so he went down in his
+bedgown and sat by the side of the King&rsquo;s bed. Peel has
+got an awkward way of thrusting out his hands while he
+talks, which at length provoked the King so much that he
+said, &lsquo;Mr. Peel, it is no use going on so (taking him off)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">WINDSOR CASTLE</span>
+and thrusting out your hands, which is no answer to my
+question.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Went to Esterhazy&rsquo;s ball; talked to old Rothschild, who
+was there with his wife and a dandy little Jew son. He says
+that Polignac&rsquo;s Government will stand by the King&rsquo;s support
+and Polignac&rsquo;s own courage; offered to give me a letter
+to his brother, who would give me any information I wanted,
+squeezed my hand, and looked like what he is.</p>
+
+<h3>February 25th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday at Windsor for a Council;
+the first time I have seen one held in the new rooms of
+the Castle. They are magnificent and comfortable, the corridor
+really delightful&mdash;furnished through its whole length
+of about 500 feet with the luxury of a drawing-room, and
+full of fine busts and bronzes, and entertaining pictures,
+portraits, and curious antiquities. There were the Chancellor,
+the Duke, three Secretaries of State, Bathurst, and Melville.
+The King very blind&mdash;did not know the Lord Chancellor, who
+was standing close to him, and took him for Peel; he would
+not give up the point, though, for when he found his mistake
+he attributed it to the light, and appealed to Lord Bathurst,
+who is stone-blind, and who directly agreed.</p>
+
+<h3>February 26th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Intended to go to the House of Lords
+to hear the debate on Lord Stanhope&rsquo;s motion (state of the
+nation), but went to see Fanny Kemble in &lsquo;Mrs. Beverley&rsquo;
+instead. She had a very great success&mdash;house crowded and
+plenty of emotion&mdash;but she does not touch me, though she
+did more than in her other parts; however, she is very good
+and will be much better.</p>
+
+<p>The debate in the Lords was not lively, and the Duke,
+they say, made a most execrable speech. The fact is that
+he is not up to a great speech on a great question; he wants
+the information and preparation, the discipline of mind, that
+is necessary, and accordingly he exposes himself dreadfully,
+and entirely lost all the advantages he had gained by the
+excellent speeches he had previously made on other and
+more confined questions. He was very angry with the Duke
+of Richmond, whose opposition to him is considered by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>
+Duke&rsquo;s adherents as a sort of political parricide. Old Eldon
+spoke very well, and Radnor; the rest but moderate.</p>
+
+<h3>February 27th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined at Lord Lansdowne&rsquo;s; Moore,
+Rogers, J. Russell, Spring Rice, Charles Kemble, Auckland,
+and Doherty; very agreeable, but Rogers was overpowered
+by numbers and loud voices. Doherty told some good professional
+stories, and they all agreed that Irish courts of
+justice afforded the finest materials for novels and romances.
+The &lsquo;Mertons&rsquo; and &lsquo;Collegians&rsquo; are both founded on facts;
+the stories are in the &lsquo;New Monthly Magazine;&rsquo; they said
+the author had not made the most of the &lsquo;Collegians&rsquo; story.
+Very odd nervousness of Moore; he could not tell that story
+(of Crampton&rsquo;s), which I begged him to do, and which would
+not have been lugged in neck and shoulders, because everybody
+was telling just such stories; he is delighted with
+my note of it. Charles Kemble talked of his daughter and
+her success&mdash;said she was twenty, and that she had once
+seen Mrs. Siddons in &lsquo;Lady Randolph&rsquo; when she was seven
+years old. She was so affected in &lsquo;Mrs. Beverley&rsquo; that
+he was obliged to carry her into her dressing-room, where
+she screamed for five minutes; the last scream (when she
+throws herself on his body) was involuntary, not in the part,
+and she had not intended it, but could not resist the impulse.
+She likes Juliet the best of her parts.</p>
+
+<h3>February 28th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined yesterday with Lord Stanhope;
+Murray the bookseller (who published &lsquo;Belisarius&rsquo;), Wilkie
+the painter, and Lord Strangford; nobody else of note. Wilkie
+appears stern, and might pass for mad; he said very little.
+Murray chattered incessantly; talked to me a great deal
+about Moore, who would have been mightily provoked if he
+had heard him. An odd dinner, not agreeable, though Lord
+Stanhope is amusing, so strange in his appearance, so ultra-Tory
+and anti-Liberal in his politics, full of information and
+a good deal of drollery. Murray told me that Moore is
+going to write a &lsquo;Life of Petrarch.&rsquo; Croker would have
+written Lawrence&rsquo;s Life if Campbell [the poet] had not
+seized the task before anybody else thought of laying hold of
+it. He has circulated a command that all persons who have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FOR ITALY</span>
+anything to communicate will send their letters to <i>his secretary</i>,
+and not to him.</p>
+
+<h3>March 2nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To-morrow I set out to Italy, after many
+years of anxiety to go there, without violent expectations of
+pleasure, but not thinking of disappointment. I care not
+for leaving London or anything in it; there are a few people
+whose society I regret, but as to friends or those who care
+for me, or for whom I care, I leave few behind.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span>
+Calais &mdash; Beau Brummell &mdash; Paris &mdash; The Polignac Ministry &mdash; Polignac and
+Charles X. &mdash; The Duke of Orleans &mdash; State of Parties &mdash; Talleyrand &mdash; Lyons
+&mdash; First Impressions of Mountain Scenery &mdash; Mont Cenis &mdash; Turin &mdash; Marengo
+&mdash; Genoa &mdash; Road to Florence &mdash; Pisa &mdash; Florence &mdash; Lord and Lady Burghersh
+&mdash; Thorwaldsen &mdash; Lord Cochrane &mdash; Rome &mdash; St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Frascati &mdash; Grotta
+Ferrata &mdash; Queen Hortense and Louis Napoleon &mdash; Coliseum &mdash; Death of
+Lady Northampton &mdash; The Moses &mdash; Gardens &mdash; Palm Sunday &mdash; Sistine
+Chapel &mdash; The Cardinals &mdash; Popes &mdash; Cardinal Albani &mdash; The Farnese Palace
+&mdash; A Dead Cardinal &mdash; Pasquin &mdash; Statue of Pompey &mdash; Galleries and Catacombs
+&mdash; Bunsen &mdash; The Papal Benediction &mdash; Ceremonies of the Holy
+Week &mdash; The Grand Penitentiary &mdash; A Confession &mdash; Protestant Cemetery
+&mdash; Illumination of St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Torlonia &mdash; Bunsen on the Forum.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Paris, March 6th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I left London at three o&rsquo;clock on
+Wednesday, the 3rd, and arrived at Dover between twelve
+and one. Went over in the packet at nine on Thursday,
+which was not to have sailed till twelve, but did
+go at nine, principally because they heard that I had got
+despatches, for I had armed myself with three passports
+couched in such terms as were most likely to be useful. A
+good but rather long passage&mdash;near four hours&mdash;and the day
+magnificent. Landed with difficulty in boats. Detained at
+Calais till seven. There I had a long conversation with
+Brummell about his Consulship, and was moved by his
+account of his own distresses to write to the Duke of
+Wellington and ask him to do what he could for him. I
+found him in his old lodging, dressing; some pretty pieces
+of old furniture in the room, an entire toilet of silver, and a
+large green macaw perched on the back of a tattered silk
+chair with faded gilding; full of gaiety, impudence, and
+misery.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Tweeddale came over in the packet, and we dined
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PARIS IN MARCH 1830</span>
+together. He was full of the Duke of Richmond&rsquo;s speech
+about the Duke of Wellington the other night, which he
+said had annoyed the Duke of Wellington more than anything
+that ever happened to him, and that the Duke of
+Richmond was now equally sorry for what he had said. He
+(Tweeddale) was employed to carry a message from the one
+Duke to the other, which, however, the Duke of Wellington
+did not take in good part, nor does it seem that he is at
+all disposed to lay aside his resentment. Tweeddale ranks
+Richmond&rsquo;s talents very highly, and says he was greatly
+esteemed in the army.</p>
+
+<p>Left Calais at seven; travelled all night&mdash;the roads
+horrid in most parts&mdash;and arrived at Paris last night at
+half-past twelve. Found everything prepared&mdash;an excellent
+apartment, <i>laquais de place</i>, and courier. Called on Lady
+Stewart and old Madame Craufurd, and wandered about
+the whole day. Paris looking gay and brilliant in the finest
+weather I ever saw. I find the real business is not to begin
+in the Chambers till about the 10th, so I shall not wait for
+it. Polignac is said to be very stout, but the general opinion
+is that he will be in a minority in the Chambers; however,
+as yet I have seen nobody who can give good information
+about the state of parties. For the first time (between
+Calais and Paris) I saw some new houses and barns building
+near Abbeville and Beauvais, and the cottages near Monsieur
+de Clermont-Tonnerre&rsquo;s mansion had a very English look.</p>
+
+<p>It is Lent, and very little going on here. During the
+Carnival they had a ball for the benefit of the poor, which
+was attended by 5,000 people, and produced 116,000 francs.
+Immense sums were given in charity, and well appropriated
+during the severe weather. There are also nuns (<i>soeurs de
+charité</i>), who visit and tend the sick, whose institution is far
+more practically useful than anything of which our Protestant
+country can boast. I shall only stay here a very
+few days.</p>
+
+<h3>March 8th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>It will be difficult to get away from this
+place if I don&rsquo;t go at once; the plot thickens, and I am in
+great danger of dawdling on, Yesterday morning I walked
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span>
+about, visiting, and then went through the Tuileries and the
+Carrousel. The Gardens were full of well-dressed and good-looking
+people, and the day so fine that it was a glorious sight.
+The King is, after all, hardly master of his own palace, for the
+people may swarm like bees all around and through it, and
+he is the only man in Paris who cannot go into the Gardens.
+Dined with Standish, Brooke Greville, Madame Alfred de
+Noailles and her daughter, and then went to Madame de Flahault&rsquo;s
+to see the world and hear politics. After all, nobody
+has an idea how things will turn out, or what are Polignac&rsquo;s
+intentions or his resources. Lord
+Stuart<a name="FNA_08_01" id="FNA_08_01" href="#FN_08_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+told me that he knew
+nothing, but that when he saw all the Ministers perfectly
+calm and satisfied, and heard them constantly say all would
+be well, although all France and a clear majority in both
+Chambers seemed to be against them, he could not help thinking
+they must have some reason for such confidence, and
+something in reserve, of which people were not aware. Lady
+Keith,<a name="FNA_08_02" id="FNA_08_02" href="#FN_08_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+with whom I had a long talk, told me that she did
+not believe it possible they could stand, that there was no
+revolutionary spirit abroad, but a strong determination to
+provide for the stability of their institutions, a disgust at
+the obstinacy and pretensions of the King, and a desire to
+substitute the Orleans for the reigning branch, which was
+becoming very general; that Polignac is wholly ignorant of
+France, and will not listen to the opinions of those who
+could enlighten him. It is supposed that the King is determined
+to push matters to extremity, to try the Chambers,
+and if his Ministry are beaten to dissolve them and govern
+<i>par ordonnance du Roi</i>, then to try and influence the elections
+and obtain a Chamber more favourable than the
+present. Somebody told her the other day of a conversation
+which Polignac had recently had with the King, in which
+his Majesty said to him, &lsquo;Jules, est-ce que vous m&rsquo;êtes très-dévoué?&rsquo;
+&lsquo;Mais oui, Sire; pouvez-vous en douter?&rsquo; &lsquo;Jusqu&rsquo;à
+aller sur l&rsquo;échafaud?&rsquo; &lsquo;Mais oui. Sire, s&rsquo;il le faut.&rsquo; &lsquo;Alors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">IMPENDING CRISIS IN FRANCE</span>
+tout ira bien.&rsquo; It is thought that he has got into his head
+the old saying that if Louis XVI. had got upon horseback
+he could have arrested the progress of the Revolution&mdash;a piece
+of nonsense, fit only for a man &lsquo;qui n&rsquo;a rien oublié ni rien
+appris.&rsquo; It is supposed the Address will be carried against
+the Government by about 250 to 130. (It was 221 to 180. &mdash;&mdash; has
+a <i>tabatière Warin</i> of that day, with the names of
+the 221 on the lid.) All the names presented to the King
+yesterday for the Presidency are obnoxious to him, but he
+named Royer Collard, who had twice as many votes as any
+of the others. It was remarked at the <i>séance royale</i> that
+the King dropped his hat, and that the Duke of Orleans
+picked it up, and they always make a great deal of these
+trifles. The Duke of Orleans is, however, very well with the
+Court, and will not stir, let what will happen, though he
+probably feels like Macbeth before the murder of Duncan&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">If chance will have me King, why let chance crown me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Without my stir.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_01" id="FN_08_01" href="#FNA_08_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+[Lord Stuart de Rothesay was then British Ambassador in Paris.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_02" id="FN_08_02" href="#FNA_08_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+[Married to Count de Flahault; in her own right Baroness Keith and
+Nairn. She died in 1867.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>March 8th, 1830, at night</h3>
+
+<p>Walked about visiting, and heard
+all the gossip of Paris from little Madame Graham, who
+also invited me to Pozzo di Borgo&rsquo;s box at the Opera. I
+don&rsquo;t mean to record the gossip and scandal unless when I
+hear something out of the common way and amusing.
+Dined with Stuart; Tweeddale, Gurwood, Allen, and some
+heavy <i>attachés</i>; no French. He appears to live handsomely.
+Afterwards to the Opera to see Taglioni, who did not dance;
+then to Madame Appony&rsquo;s, to whom I was introduced, and
+we had plenty of bowing and smirking and civilities about
+my family. Rather bored at the party, and am come home
+quite resolved to be off on Thursday, but am greatly puzzled
+about my route, for everybody recommends a different
+one.</p>
+
+<h3>March 9th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with M. de Flahault; met M. de
+Talleyrand, Madame de Dino, General Sébastiani, M. Bertin
+de Vaux, Duc de Broglie, and Montrond. Sébastiani and
+Bertin de Vaux are Deputies, and all violent Oppositionists.
+After dinner M. de Lescure, another man, and the young
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>
+Duc de Valençay, Madame de Dino&rsquo;s son, came in. They
+talked politics all the time, and it was curious enough to me.
+Bertin is the sort of man in appearance that Tierney was,
+and shrewd like him; he is brother to the editor, and
+principal manager himself, of the &lsquo;Journal des Débats.&rsquo;
+Sébastiani is slow and pompous. The Duc de Broglie is
+one of the best men in France. They all agreed that the
+Government cannot stand. Talleyrand is as much against
+it as any of them. Sébastiani told me they should have
+280 against 130. Talleyrand said that it was quite impossible
+to predict what might be the result of this contest (if
+the Court pushed matters to extremity) both to France and
+Europe, and that it was astonishing surrounding nations,
+and particularly England, did not see how deeply they
+were interested in the event. He said of us, &lsquo;Vous avez
+plus d&rsquo;argent que de crédit.&rsquo; He looks horridly old, but
+seems vigorous enough and alive to everything. After
+dinner they all put their heads together and chattered
+politics as fast as they could. Madame de Flahault is more
+violent than her husband, and her house is the resort of all
+the Liberal party. Went afterwards to the Opera and saw
+Maret, the Duc de Bassano, a stupid elderly bourgeois-looking
+man, with two very pretty daughters. The battle
+is to begin in the Chamber on Saturday or Monday on the
+Address. Talleyrand told me that the next three weeks
+would be the most important of any period since the Restoration.
+It is in agitation to deprive him of his place of
+Grand Chambellan.</p>
+
+<h3>Susa, March 15th, 1830, 9 o&rsquo;clock.</h3>
+
+<p>Just arrived at this place
+at the foot of Mont Cenis. Left Paris on the 11th, at
+twelve o&rsquo;clock at night. On the last day, Montrond made
+a dinner for me at a club to see M. des Chapelles play at
+whist. I saw it, but was no wiser; but I conclude he
+plays very well, for he always wins, is not suspected of
+cheating, and excels at all other games. At twelve I got
+into my carriage, and (only stopping an hour and a half
+for two breakfasts) got to Lyons in forty-eight hours and a
+half. Journey not disagreeable, and roads much better than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MOUNTAIN SCENERY</span>
+I expected, particularly after Macon, when they became as
+good as in England; but the country presents the same sterile,
+uninteresting appearance as that between Calais and Paris&mdash;no
+hedges, no trees, except tall, stupid-looking poplars, and
+no châteaux or farm-houses. I am at a loss to know why
+a country should look so ill which I do not believe is either
+barren or ill cultivated. Lyons is a magnificent town. It
+was dark when I arrived, or rather moonlight, but I could
+see that the quay we came along was fine, and yesterday
+morning I walked about for an hour and was struck with the
+grandeur of the place; it is like a great and magnificent
+Bath; but I had not time to see much of it, and, with beautiful
+weather, I set off at ten o&rsquo;clock. The mountains (les
+Échelles de Savoie) appear almost directly in the distance,
+but it was long before I could make out whether they were
+clouds or mountains.</p>
+
+<p>After crossing the Pont de Beauvoisin we began to mount
+the Échelles, which I did on foot, and I never shall forget the
+first impression made upon me by the mountain scenery.
+It first burst upon me at a turn of the road&mdash;one huge
+perpendicular rock above me, a deep ravine with a torrent
+rushing down and a mountain covered with pines and ilexes
+on the other side, and in front another vast rock which was
+shining in the reflected light of the setting sun. I never
+shall forget it. How I turned round and round, afraid to
+miss a particle of the glorious scene. It was the liveliest
+impression because it was the first. I walked nearly to the
+other post with the most exquisite pleasure, but it was dark
+by the time I got to La Grotta. I went on, however, all
+night, very unhappy at the idea of losing a great deal of this
+scenery, but consoled by the reflection that there was plenty
+left. As soon as it was light I found myself in the middle
+of the mountains (the Lower Alps), and from thence I proceeded
+across the Mont Cenis. Though not the finest pass,
+to me, who had never seen anything like it, it appeared
+perfectly beautiful, every turn in the road presenting a new
+combination of Alpine magnificence. Nothing is more
+striking than the patches of cultivation in the midst of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>
+tremendous rocks and precipices, and in one or two spots
+there were plots of grass and evergreens, like an English
+shrubbery, at the foot of enormous mountains covered with
+snow. There was not a breath of air in these valleys, and
+the sun was shining in unclouded brightness, so that there
+was all the atmosphere of summer below with all the livery
+of winter above.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">The altitude of some tall crag<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That is the eagle&rsquo;s birthplace, or some peak<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Familiar with forgotten years, that shows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Inscribed as with the silence of the thought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon its bleak and visionary sides,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The history of many a winter storm<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or obscure record of the path of fire.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">There the sun himself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At the calm close of Summer&rsquo;s longest day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rests his substantial orb; between those heights,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on the top of either pinnacle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">More keenly than elsewhere in night&rsquo;s blue vault<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sparkle the stars, as of their station proud:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thoughts are not busier in the mind of man<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than the mute agents stirring there,&mdash;alone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here do I sit and watch.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+In one place, too, I remarked high up on the side of the
+rugged and barren mountain two or three cottages, to arrive
+at which steps had been cut in the rock. No sign of vegetation
+was near, so exactly the description of Goldsmith:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dear is that shed to which their souls conform,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dear that hill that lifts them to the storm;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In another place there was a cluster of houses and a
+church newly built. Not far from Lans-le-Bourg (at the foot
+of Mont Cenis) is a very strong fort, built by the King of
+Sardinia, which commands the road. It has a fine effect
+perched upon a rock, and apparently unapproachable. A
+soldier was pacing the battlement, and his figure gave life to
+the scene and exhibited the immensity of the surrounding
+objects, so minute did he appear. At Lans-le-Bourg they
+put four horses and two mules to my carriage, but I took my
+courier&rsquo;s horse and set off to ride up the mountain with a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE MONT CENIS</span>
+guide who would insist upon going with me, and who
+proposed to take me up a much shorter way by the old
+road, which, however, I declined; he was on foot, and made
+a short cut up the hill while I rode by the road, which winds
+in several turns up the mountain. Fired with mountainous
+zeal, I had a mind to try one of these short cuts, and giving
+my horse to Paolo (my <i>valet de chambre</i>) set off with my guide
+to climb the next intervening ascent; but I soon found that
+I had better have stuck to my horse, for the immensity of
+the surrounding objects had deceived me as to the distance,
+and the ground was so steep and slippery that, unprepared
+as I was for such an attempt, I could not keep my footing.
+When about half-way up, I looked ruefully round and saw
+steeps above and below covered with ice and snow and loose
+earth. I could not get back, and did not know how to get
+on. I felt like the man who went up in a balloon, and when
+a mile in the air wanted to be let out. My feelings were very
+like what Johnson describes at Hawkestone in his tour in
+Wales. &lsquo;He that mounts the precipices at &mdash;&mdash; wonders how
+he came thither, and doubts how he shall return; his walk
+is an adventure and his departure an escape. He has not
+the tranquillity but the horrors of solitude&mdash;a kind of turbulent
+pleasure between fright and admiration.&rsquo; My guide,
+fortunately, was active and strong, and properly shod so
+he went first, making steps for me in the snow, into which
+I put my feet after his, while with one hand I grasped
+the tail of his blue frock and with the other seized bits of
+twig or anything I could lay hold of; and in this ludicrous
+way, scrambling and clambering, hot and out of breath, to
+my great joy I at last got to the road, and for the rest of the
+ascent contented myself with my post-horse, who had a set
+of bells jingling at his head and was a sorry beast enough.
+I was never weary, however, of admiring the scenery. The
+guide told me he had often seen Napoleon when he was
+crossing the mountain, and that he remembered his being
+caught in a
+<i>tormento</i>,<a name="FNA_08_03" id="FNA_08_03" href="#FN_08_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+when his life was saved by two young
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>
+Savoyards, who took him on their backs and carried him
+to a <i>rifugio</i>.<a name="FNA_08_04" id="FNA_08_04" href="#FN_08_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+He asked them if they were married, and,
+finding they were not, enquired how much was enough to
+marry upon in that country, and then gave them the requisite
+sum, and settled pensions of 600 francs on each of them.
+One is dead, the other still receives it. As I got near the
+top of the mountain the road, which had hitherto been
+excellent, became execrable and the cold intense. I had left
+summer below and found winter above. I looked in vain for
+the chamois, hares, wolves, and bears, all of which I was told
+are found there. At last I arrived at the summit, and found
+at the inn a friar, the only inhabitant of the Hospice, who,
+hearing me say I would go there (as my carriage was not yet
+come), offered to go with me; he was young, fat, rosy, jolly,
+and dirty, dressed in a black robe with a travelling-cap on his
+head, appeared quick and intelligent, and spoke French and
+Italian. He took me over the Hospice, which is now quite
+empty, and showed me two very decently furnished rooms
+which the Emperor Napoleon used to occupy, and two inferior
+apartments which had been appropriated to the Empress
+Maria Louisa. The N.&rsquo;s on the <i>grille</i> of the door had been
+changed for V.E.&rsquo;s (Victor Emmanuel) and M.T.&rsquo;s (Maria
+Theresa), and frightful pictures of the Sardinian King and
+Queen have replaced the Imperial portraits. All sorts of
+distinguished people have slept there <i>en passant</i>, and do still
+when compelled to spend the night on Mont Cenis. He offered
+to lodge and feed me, but I declined. I told him I was glad to
+see Napoleon&rsquo;s bedroom, as I took an interest in everything
+which related to that great man, at which he seemed
+extremely pleased, and said, &lsquo;Ah, monsieur, vous êtes donc
+comme moi.&rsquo; I dined at the inn (a very bad one) on some
+trout which they got for me from the Hospice&mdash;very fine fish,
+but very ill dressed. The sun was setting by the time I set
+off, it was dusk when I had got half-way down the descent,
+and dark before I had reached the first stage. When half-way
+down the descent, the last rays of the sun were still
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TURIN</span>
+gilding the tops of the crags above, and the contrast between
+that light above and the darkness below was very fine. From
+what I saw of it, and from what I guess, straining my eyes
+into the darkness to catch the dim and indistinct shapes of
+the mountains, the Italian side is the finest&mdash;the most wild
+and savage and with more variety. On the French side you
+are always on the breast of the same mountain, but on the
+Italian side you wind along different rocks always hanging
+over a precipice with huge black, snow-topped crags frowning
+from the other ridge. I was quite unhappy not to see it.
+Altogether I never shall forget the pleasure of the two days&rsquo;
+journey and the first sight of the Alps, exceeding the expectations
+I had formed, and for years I have enjoyed nothing
+so much. The descent (at the beginning of which, by-the-bye,
+I was very nearly overturned) only ends at this place, where
+I found a tolerable room and a good fire, but the <i>cameriere</i>
+stinking so abominably of garlic that he impregnated the
+whole apartment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_03" id="FN_08_03" href="#FNA_08_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+A <i>tormento</i> (most appropriate name) is a tempest of wind, and sleet,
+and snow, exceedingly dangerous to those who are met by it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_04" id="FN_08_04" href="#FNA_08_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+A <i>rifugio</i> is a sort of cabin, of which there are several built at certain
+distances all the way up the mountain, where travellers may take shelter.</p></div>
+
+<h3>Turin, March 16th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Got here early and meant to sleep,
+but have changed my mind and am going on. A fine but
+dull-looking town. Found the two Forsters, who pressed me
+to stay. Made an ineffectual attempt to get into the
+Egyptian Museum, said to be the finest in the world. It was
+collected by Drovetti, the French Consul, and offered to us
+for 16,000&#8467;., which we declined to give, and the King of
+Sardinia bought it. Forster told me that this country is
+rich, not ill governed, but plunged in bigotry. There are
+near 400 convents in the King&rsquo;s dominions. It is the dullest
+town in Europe, and it is because it looks so dull that I
+am in a hurry to get out of it. This morning was cloudy,
+and presented fresh combinations of beauty in the mountains
+when the clouds rolled round their great white peaks, sometimes
+blending them in the murky vapour, and sometimes
+exhibiting their sharp outlines above the wreath of mist. I
+did not part from the Alps without casting many a lingering
+look behind.</p>
+
+<h3>Genoa, March 18th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Got on so quick from Turin that I
+went to Alessandria that night, and set off at half-past six
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
+yesterday morning. Crossed the field of battle of Marengo,
+a boundless plain (now thickly studded with trees and houses),
+and saw the spot where Desaix was killed. The bridge over
+the Bormida which Melas crossed to attack the French army
+is gone, but another has been built near it. The Austrians
+or Sardinians have taken down the column which was
+erected to the memory of Desaix on the spot where he fell;
+they might as well have left it, for the place will always be
+celebrated, though they only did as the French had done
+before. After the battle of Jena they took down the Column
+of Rossbach,<a name="FNA_08_05" id="FNA_08_05" href="#FN_08_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+but that was erected to commemorate the
+victory, and this the death of the hero. I feel like Johnson&mdash;&lsquo;far
+far from me and my friends be that frigid philosophy
+which can make us pass unmoved over any scenes which
+have been consecrated by virtue, by valour, or by wisdom&rsquo;&mdash;and
+I strained the eyes of my imagination to see all the
+tumult of this famous battle, in which Bonaparte had been
+actually defeated, yet (one can hardly now tell how) was in
+the end completely victorious. This pillar might have been
+left, too, as a striking memorial of the rapid vicissitudes of
+fortune: the removal of it has been here so quick, and at
+Rossbach so tardy, a reparation of national honour.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_05" id="FN_08_05" href="#FNA_08_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+The battle of Rossbach was gained by Frederick the Great over the
+French and Austrians in 1757.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Apennines are nothing after the Alps, but the descent
+to Genoa is very pretty, and Genoa itself exceeds everything
+I ever saw in point of beauty and magnificence.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How boldly doth it front us, how majestically&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a luxurious vineyard: the hill-side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is hung with marble fabrics, line o&rsquo;er line,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terrace o&rsquo;er terrace, nearer still and nearer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the blue heavens, here bright and sumptuous palaces<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With cool and verdant garden interspersed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">* &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; * &nbsp; &nbsp; *<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While over all hangs the rich purple eve.<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Milman&rsquo;s</span> <i>Fall of Jerusalem</i>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I passed the whole day after I got here in looking into
+the palaces and gardens and admiring the prospect on every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA</span>
+side. You are met at every turn by vestiges of the old
+Republic; in fact, the town has undergone very little alteration
+for hundreds of years, and there is an air of gaiety and
+bustling activity which, with the graceful costume of the men
+and women, make it a most delightful picture. Genoa appears
+to be a city of palaces, and although many of the largest
+are now converted to humbler uses, and many fallen to
+decay, there are ample remains to show the former grandeur
+of the princely merchants who were once the lords of the
+ocean. Everything bespeaks solidity, durability, and magnificence.
+There are stupendous works which were done at
+the expense of individuals. In every part of the town are
+paintings and frescoes, which, in spite of constant exposure
+to the atmosphere, have retained much of their brilliancy
+and freshness. The palaces of Doria are the most interesting;
+but why the Senate gave him that which bears still
+the inscription denoting its being their gift it is difficult to
+say, when his own is so superior and in a more agreeable
+situation. The old palace of Andrew is now let for lodgings,
+and the Pamfili Doria live at Rome. The walls are covered
+with inscriptions, and I stopped to read two on stone slabs
+on the spot where the houses of malefactors had formerly
+stood, monuments of the vindictive laws of the Republic,
+which not only punished the criminal himself, but consigned
+his children to infamy and his habitation to destruction;
+though they stand together they are not of the same date.
+There is no temptation to violate the decree by building
+again on the spot, for they are in a narrow, dirty court, to
+which light can scarcely find access. The Ducal Palace now
+belongs to the Governor. It has been modernised, but in
+the dark alleys adjoining there are remains demonstrative of
+its former extent&mdash;pictures of the different Doges in fresco
+on the walls half erased, and little bridges extending from
+the windows (or doors) of the palace to the public prisons
+and other adjoining buildings. The view from my <i>albergo</i>
+(<i>della villa</i>) is the gayest imaginable, looking over the
+harbour, which is crowded with sailors and boats full of animation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>
+<i>Evening</i>.&mdash;Passed the whole day seeing sights. Called
+on Madame Durazzo, and went with her and her niece,
+Madame Ferrari, to the King&rsquo;s palace, formerly a Durazzo
+palace.  Like the others, a fine house, full of painting
+and gilding, and with a terrace of black and white marble
+commanding a view of the sea.  The finest picture is a
+Paul Veronese of a Magdalen with our Saviour.  The
+King and Queen sleep together, and on each side of the
+royal bed there is an assortment of ivory palms, crucifixes,
+boxes for holy water, and other spiritual guards for their
+souls. For the comfort of their bodies he has had a machine
+made like a car, which is drawn up by a chain from the
+bottom to the top of the house; it holds about six people,
+who can be at pleasure elevated to any storey, and at each
+landing-place there is a contrivance to let them in and out.
+From thence to the Brignole Palace (called the Palazzo
+Rosso), where I met M. and Madame de Brignole, who were
+very civil and ordered a scientific footman to show us the
+pictures. They are numerous and excellent, but we could
+only take a cursory look at them; the best are the Vandykes,
+particularly a Christ and a portrait of one of the Brignoles on
+horseback, and a beautiful Carlo Dolce, a small bleeding Christ.
+I saw the churches&mdash;San Stefano, Annunziata, the Duomo,
+San Ambrosio, San Cyro. There are two splendid pictures
+in the Ambrosio, a Guido and a Rubens; the Martyrdom in
+the San Stefano, by Julio Romano and Raphael, went to Paris
+and was brought back in 1814. The churches have a profusion
+of marble, and gilding, and frescoes; the Duomo is
+of black and white marble, of mixed architecture, and highly
+ornamented&mdash;all stinking to a degree that was perfectly intolerable,
+and the same thing whether empty or full; it is
+the smell of stale incense mixed with garlic and human
+odour, horrible combination of poisonous exhalations.  I
+must say, as everybody has before remarked, that there is
+something highly edifying in the appearance of devotion
+which belongs to the Catholic religion; the churches are
+always open, and, go into them when you will, you see men
+and women kneeling and praying before this or that altar,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA</span>
+absorbed in their occupation, and who must have been led
+there by some devotional feeling. This seems more accordant
+with the spirit and essence of religion than to have the
+churches, as ours are, opened like theatres at stated hours
+and days for the performance of a long service, at the end
+of which the audience is turned out and the doors are locked
+till the next representation. Then the Catholic religion
+makes no distinctions between poverty and wealth&mdash;no pews
+for the aristocracy well warmed and furnished, or seats set
+apart for the rich and well dressed; here the church is open
+to all, and the beggar in rags comes and takes his place by
+the side of the lady in silks, and both, kneel on the same
+pavement, for the moment at least and in that place reduced
+to the same level.</p>
+
+<p>I saw the Ducal Palace, where there are two very fine
+halls,<a name="FNA_08_06" id="FNA_08_06" href="#FN_08_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+the old Hall of Audience and the Hall of Council,
+the latter 150 by 57 feet; and the Doria Palace, delightfully
+situated with a garden and fine fountain, and a
+curious old gallery opening upon a marble terrace, richly
+painted, gilt and carved, though, now decayed. Here the
+Emperor Napoleon lived when he was at Genoa, preferring
+Andrew Doria&rsquo;s palace to a better lodging: he had some
+poetry in his ambition after all. Lastly to the Albergo dei
+Poveri,<a name="FNA_08_07" id="FNA_08_07" href="#FN_08_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+a noble institution, built by a Brignole and enriched
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>
+by repeated benefactions; like all the edifices of the
+old Genoese, vast and of fine proportions. The great staircase
+and hall are adorned with colossal statues of its benefactors
+(among whom are many Durazzos), and the sums
+that they gave or bequeathed are commemorated on the
+pedestals. In the chapel is a piece of sculpture by Michael
+Angelo, a dead Christ and Virgin (only heads), and an altarpiece
+by Puget. Branching out from the chapel are two
+vast chambers, lofty, airy, and light, one for the men, the
+other for the women. About 800 men and 1,200 or 1,300
+women are supported here. Many of the nobles are said
+to be rich&mdash;Ferrari, Brignole, Durazzo, and Pallavicini particularly.
+I forgot to mention the chapel and tomb of
+Andrew Doria; the chapel he built himself; his body,
+arrayed in princely robes, lies in the vault. There is a Latin
+inscription on the chapel, signifying that he stood by the
+country in the days of her affliction. It is a pretty little
+chapel full of painting and gilding. In the early part of
+the Revolution the tomb narrowly escaped destruction, but
+it was saved by the solidity of its materials. I gave the
+man who showed me this tomb a franc, and he kissed my
+hand in a transport of gratitude.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_06" id="FN_08_06" href="#FNA_08_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+They are left just in the state in which they were in the time of the
+Republic; the balustrade still surrounds the elevated platform on which the
+throne of the Doge was placed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_07" id="FN_08_07" href="#FNA_08_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+The Albergo dei Poveri and the Scoghetti Gardens pleased me more
+than anything I saw in Genoa. I am sorry I did not see the Sordi e Muti,
+which is admirably conducted, and where the pupils by all accounts perform
+wonders. The Albergo is managed by a committee consisting of the principal
+nobles in the town. The Scoghetti Gardens are delightfully laid out;
+there is a shrubbery of evergreens with a cascade, and a summer-house
+paved with tiles&mdash;two or three rooms in it, and a hot and cold bath. It is
+astonishing how they cherish the memory of
+&lsquo;Lord Bentinck.&rsquo;<a name="FNA_08_07a" id="FNA_08_07a"
+  href="#FN_08_07a" class="fnanchor">[7a]</a> I heard of
+him in various parts of the town, particularly here, as he lived in the house
+when first he came to Genoa. The Gardens command a fine view of the
+city, the sea, and the mountains. The saloon in the Serra is only a very
+splendid room, glittering with glass, and gold, and lapis lazuli; by no means
+deserves to be called, as it is by Forsyth, the finest saloon in Europe. It is
+not very large, and not much more gilt than Crockford&rsquo;s drawing-room, but
+looks cleaner, though it has been done these seventy years or more.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_07a" id="FN_08_07a" href="#FNA_08_07a"><span class="label">[7a]</span></a>
+[Lord William Bentinck was Mr. Greville&rsquo;s uncle.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>Florence, March 21st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Arrived here at seven o&rsquo;clock.
+Left Genoa on the 19th (having previously gone to see the
+Scoghetti Gardens and the Serra Palace), and went to Sestri
+to pass that evening and the next morning with William
+Ponsonby, who was staying there. The road from Genoa to
+Chiavari is one continual course of magnificent scenery,
+winding along the side of the mountains and hanging over
+the sea, the mountains studded with villages, villas, and
+cottages which appear like white specks at a distance, till
+on near approach they swell into life and activity. The
+villas are generally painted as at Genoa; the orange trees
+were in full bloom, and the gardens often slope down to the
+very margin of the sea. Every turn in the road and each
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SESTRI AND PISA</span>
+fresh ascent supplies a new prospect, and the parting view
+of Genoa, with the ocean before and the Apennines behind,
+cannot be imagined by those who have not seen it. &lsquo;Si
+quod vere natura nobis dedit spectaculum in hac tellure vere
+gratum et philosopho dignum, id semel, mihi contigisse
+arbitror, cum ex celsissimâ rupe speculabundus ad oram
+maris mediterranei, hinc aequor cæruleum, illinc tractus
+Alpinos prospexi, nihil quidem magis dispar aut dissimile
+nec in suo genere magis egregium et
+singulare.&rsquo;<a name="FNA_08_08" id="FNA_08_08" href="#FN_08_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_08" id="FN_08_08" href="#FNA_08_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+Burnet&rsquo;s &lsquo;Theory of the Earth.&rsquo;</p></div>
+
+<p>Chiavari and Sestri are both beautiful, especially the
+latter, in a little bay with a jutting promontory, a rocky hill
+covered with evergreens, and shrubs, and heather, and
+affording grand and various prospects of the still blue sea
+and the white and shining coast with the dark mountains
+behind&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">A sunny bay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the salt sea innocuously breaks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the sea breeze as innocently breathes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Sestri&rsquo;s leafy shores&mdash;a sheltered hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In a soft clime encouraging the soil<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To a luxuriant beauty.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The mountain road from Chiavari to La Spezzia presents
+the same scenery as far as Massa and Carrara, which
+I unfortunately lost by travelling in the night. I crossed
+the river in the boat by candle-light, which was picturesque
+enough, the scanty light gleaming upon the rough
+figures who escorted me and plied the enormous poles
+by which they move the ferry-boat. Got to Pisa to breakfast
+(without stopping at Lucca), and passed three hours
+looking at the Cathedral, Leaning Tower, Baptistry, and
+Campo Santo, the last of which alone would take up the
+whole day to be seen as it ought. The Cathedral is under
+repair; the pictures have been covered up or taken down,
+and the whole church was full of rubbish and scaffolding;
+but in this state I could see how fine it is, and admire
+the columns which Forsyth praises, and the roof and many
+of the marbles. The Grand Duke has ordered it all to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>
+cleaned, and very little of it to be altered. One alteration,
+however, is in very bad taste; he has taken away the old
+confessionals of carved wood, and substituted others of
+marble, fixed in the wall, which are exactly like modern
+chimney-pieces, and have the worst effect amidst the
+surrounding antiquities. The exterior is rather fantastic,
+but the columns are beautiful, and John of Bologna&rsquo;s bronze
+doors admirable. The Campo Santo is full of ancient tombs,
+frescoes, modern busts, and morsels of sculpture of all ages
+and descriptions. The Leaning
+Tower<a name="FNA_08_09" id="FNA_08_09" href="#FN_08_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+is 190 feet high,
+and there are 293 steps to the top of it, which I climbed up
+to view the surrounding country, but it was not clear enough
+to see the sea and Elba. Here is the finest aqueduct I have
+seen, which continues to pour water into the town. Part
+of the old
+wall<a name="FNA_08_10" id="FNA_08_10" href="#FN_08_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+with its towers is still standing. These
+pugnacious republics, who were always squabbling with
+each other and wasting their strength in civil broils, erected
+very massive defences. The Pisans are proud of their
+ancient exploits. The San Stefano or Chiesa dei Cavalieri
+is full of standards taken from the Turks, and the man who
+showed me the Campo Santo said that a magnificent Grecian
+vase which is there had been brought from Genoa by the
+Pisans before the foundation of Rome. There are Egyptian,
+Etruscan, Roman, and Grecian remains, which have been
+plundered, or conquered, or purchased by patriotic Pisans to
+enrich their native city. The frescoes are greatly damaged.
+I went to look at the celebrated house &lsquo;Alla Giornata,&rsquo; a
+white marble palace on the Arno; the chains still hang over
+the door, and there is an inscription above them which looks
+modern. My <i>laquais de place</i> told me what I suppose is the
+tradition of the place&mdash;that the son of the family was taken
+by the Turks, and that they had captured a Turk, who was
+put in chains; that an exchange was agreed upon, and the
+prisoners on either side released, and that the chains were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FLORENCE</span>
+hung up and the inscription added, signifying that the Turk
+was at liberty to go again into the light of day. But it was
+a lame and improbable story, and I prefer the mystery to
+the explanation.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_09" id="FN_08_09" href="#FNA_08_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+There was another leaning edifice, but the Grand Duke had it pulled
+down; it was thought dangerous.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_10" id="FN_08_10" href="#FNA_08_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+It had been destroyed, but was restored by the Medici or the present
+family.</p></div>
+
+<p>Much as I was charmed with the mountains, I was not
+sorry, for a change, to get into the rich, broad plain of Tuscany,
+full of vineyards and habitations along the banks of
+the Arno. The voice and aspect of cheerfulness is refreshing
+after a course of rugged and barren grandeur; the road is
+excellent and the travelling rapid. Yesterday being a holiday,
+and to-day Sunday, the whole population in their best
+dresses have been out on the road, and very good-looking
+they generally are. There are not more beggars than in
+France, and certainly a far greater appearance of prosperity
+throughout the north of Italy than in any part of France I
+have seen, although there are the same complaints of distress
+and poverty here that are heard both there and in England.
+Thorwaldsen, the sculptor, is in this inn, and the King of
+Bavaria left it this morning. The book of strangers is rather
+amusing; the entries are sometimes remarkable or ridiculous.
+I found &lsquo;La Duchesse de Saint-Leu et le Prince
+Louis-Napoléon; Lord and Lady Shrewsbury and family;
+Miss Caroline Grinwell, of New York; the King of Bavaria
+(not down in the book though); Thorwaldsen&rsquo;. Tuscany
+seems to be flourishing and contented; the Government is
+absolute but mild, the Grand Duke enormously rich.</p>
+
+<h3>March 23rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning breakfasted with Lord
+Normanby, who has got a house extending 200 feet in front,
+court, garden, and stables for about 280&#8467;. a year, everything
+else cheap in proportion, and upon 2,000&#8467;. a year a man may
+live luxuriously. His house was originally fitted up for the
+Pretender, and C. R.&rsquo;s are still to be seen all over the place.
+Called on Lord
+Burghersh,<a name="FNA_08_11" id="FNA_08_11" href="#FN_08_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+who was at breakfast&mdash;the table
+covered with manuscript music, a pianoforte, two fiddles, and
+a fiddler in the room. He was full of composition and getting
+up his opera of &lsquo;Phædra&rsquo; for to-morrow night. The Embassy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span>
+is the seat of the Arts, for Lady Burghersh has received the
+gift of painting as if by inspiration, and she was in a brown
+robe in the midst of oils, and brushes, and canvas; and a
+model was in attendance, some part of whose person was to
+be introduced into a fancy piece. She copies pictures in the
+Gallery, and really extraordinarily well if it be true that till
+a year ago she had never had a brush in her hand, and that
+she is still quite ignorant of drawing.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_11" id="FN_08_11" href="#FNA_08_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[Lord Burghersh, afterwards Earl of Westmoreland, was then British
+Minister at Florence.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Went into two or three of the churches, then to the
+Gallery, and sat for half an hour in the Tribune, but could
+not work myself into a proper enthusiasm for the &lsquo;Venus,&rsquo;
+whose head is too small and ankles too thick, but they say
+the more I see her the more I shall like her. I prefer the
+&lsquo;Wrestlers,&rsquo; and the head of the &lsquo;Remontleur&rsquo; is the only
+good <i>head</i> I have seen, the only one with expression. &lsquo;Niobe&rsquo;
+is fine, but I can&rsquo;t bear her children, except one. Then to
+the Casine on horseback to see the town and the world: it
+seems a very enjoyable place. This morning again dropped
+into some of the churches, after which I have always a
+hankering, though there is great sameness in them, but I
+have a childish liking for Catholic pomp. The fine things
+are lost amidst a heap of rubbish, but there is no lack of
+marble, and painting, and gilding in most of them. They
+are going on with the Medici Chapel, on which millions
+have been wasted and more is going after, for the Grand
+Duke is gradually finishing the work. The profusion of
+marble is immense, and very fine and curious if examined in
+detail; the precious stones are hardly seen, and when they
+are, not to be recognised as such. To the Pitti Palace, of
+which one part is under repair and not visible, but I saw
+most of the best pictures. I like pictures better than statues.
+It is a beautiful palace, and well furnished for show. Nobody
+knows what Vandyke was without coming here. To the
+Gabinetto Fisico, and saw all the wax-works, the progress
+of gestation, and the representation of the plague, incomparably
+clever and well executed. I saw nothing disgusting in
+the wax-works in the museum, which many people are so
+squeamish about.</p>
+
+<p>Before dinner yesterday called upon Thorwaldsen, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FLORENCE</span>
+was in the inn, to tell him Lord Gower likes his &lsquo;Ganymede.&rsquo;
+He was mighty polite, squeezed my hand, and reconducted me
+to my own door. At night went to the Opera and heard
+David and Grisi in &lsquo;Ricciardo e Zoraida.&rsquo; She is like Pasta
+in face and figure, but much handsomer, though with less
+expression. She is only eighteen. He has lost much of his
+voice, and embroiders to make up for it, but every now and
+then he appears to find it again, and his taste and expression
+are exquisite.
+To-night at a child&rsquo;s ball at Lady Williamson&rsquo;s,
+where I was introduced to Lord Cochrane, and had a
+great deal of talk with him; told him I thought things
+would explode at last in England, which he concurred in,
+and seemed to like the idea of it, in which we differ, owing
+probably to the difference of our positions; he has nothing,
+and I everything, to lose by such an event.</p>
+
+<h3>March 25th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Went yesterday morning to Santa Croce to
+hear a Mass on the completion of a monument which has
+been erected to Dante; very crowded and the music indifferent.
+Afterwards to the Gallery and saw all the cabinets,
+but we were hurried through them too rapidly. I began to
+like the &lsquo;Venus&rsquo; better, best of all the statues. The
+&lsquo;Niobe&rsquo;<a name="FNA_08_12" id="FNA_08_12" href="#FN_08_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+cannot have been a group, nor the children have belonged
+to the mother. Rode to Normanby&rsquo;s villa at Sesto, five
+miles from Florence; a large and agreeable house, gardens
+full of fountains, statues, busts, orange and lemon trees,
+shrubs and flowers. He pays 600 dollars a year for it, exclusive
+of the race-ground. In the evening to Burghersh&rsquo;s
+opera, which was very well performed; pretty theatre,
+crowded to suffocation. All the actors
+amateurs;<a name="FNA_08_13" id="FNA_08_13" href="#FN_08_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+chorus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span>
+composed of divers ladies and gentlemen of Florence,
+principally English. Here all the society of Florence was
+assembled in nearly equal proportions of Italians, English,
+and other foreigners. Nothing can be worse than it is, for
+there is no foundation of natives, and the rest are generally
+the refuse of Europe, people who come here from want of
+money or want of character. Everybody is received without
+reference to their conduct, past or present, with the exception,
+perhaps, of Englishwomen who have been divorced, whose
+case is too notorious to allow the English Minister&rsquo;s wife to
+present them at Court.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_12" id="FN_08_12" href="#FNA_08_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+The &lsquo;Niobe&rsquo; is supposed to have been a group upon some temple</p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 220px;" >
+<img src="images/img001.png" width="220" height="48" alt="Schematic of Temple Arch" title="" />
+</div>
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">so, of which the mother was the centre figure;
+this makes it more probable, but the difficulty to this hypothesis is, that
+there do not appear to be the necessary gradations in the size or altitude
+of the other figures; the sons in the &lsquo;Laocoon&rsquo; are certainly little men.
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="FN_08_13" id="FN_08_13" href="#FNA_08_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+<table style="font-size: 90%;" summary="">
+<tr>
+<td>Phædra</td>
+<td>Miss Williams</td>
+<td>Soprano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hippolytus &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+<td>Madame Vigano</td>
+<td>Contralto.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>The Girl</td>
+<td>Madame de Bombelles &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+<td>Soprano.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Theseus</td>
+<td>Goretti</td>
+<td>Tenor.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Attendant</td>
+<td>Franceschini</td>
+<td>Bass.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3>March 26th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning to a Mass at the Annunziata,
+to which the Grand Duke came in state, with his family
+and Court. The piazza was lined with guards; seven coaches-and-six
+with his <i>guardia nobile</i> and running footmen; the
+Mass beautifully performed by his band, Tacchinardi (father
+of Madame Persiani, I believe) singing and Manielli directing.
+Then rode to Lord Cochrane&rsquo;s villa, where we found
+them under a matted tent in the garden, going to dinner.
+He talks of going to Algiers to see the French attack it.
+He has made 100,000&#8467;. by the Greek bonds. It is a pity he
+ever got into a scrape; he is such a fine fellow, and so
+shrewd and good-humoured. To the Certosa, on a hill two
+miles from Florence; very large convent, formerly very rich,
+and had near forty monks, now reduced to seven residents,
+though there are a few more who belong to it, but who are
+absent. It is in good repair, but looks desolate. There is
+an old monk, Don Fortunatus by name, who understands
+English and speaks it tolerably, delights in English people
+and books, received us in his cell, which consists of two or
+three little apartments, not uncomfortable and commanding
+a beautiful view; talked with great pleasure of his English
+acquaintance, and showed all their cards, which he treasured
+up. A very lively, good-humoured old friar. Returned to
+ride in the Corso, which is a narrow street going from the
+Duomo to the Annunziata, to drive up and down which is
+one of the ceremonies of the day (Lady Day), as the people
+are supposed to go and pay their respects to the Virgin.
+In the evening to the Opera and heard David again.</p>
+
+<h3>Rome, March 29th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ROME</span>
+Set off yesterday morning at half-past
+seven from Florence, and arrived here at six this evening in
+a fine glowing sunset, straining my eyes to catch interesting
+objects, and trying in vain to make out the different hills.
+The last two days at Florence I went to the Gallery and
+Pitti Palace again with the Copleys. Half the rooms were
+shut up when I was at the Pitti before, but we now saw
+them all, and probably the finest collection of pictures in the
+world. The Raphaels, Rubens, Andrea del Sartos, and
+Salvators I liked the best. On Saturday evening went to
+Court and was presented to the Grand Duke, who is vulgar-looking
+and has bad manners; but the whole thing is rather
+handsome. Stopped at Siena to see the cathedral; very fine,
+the ancient fount beautiful. The mutilated Graces I am not
+connoisseur enough to appreciate, but the illuminated Missals
+of the thirteenth century I thought admirable, both for
+the colouring and the drawing, and as exquisitely finished as
+any miniature. The entrance to Rome through the Porta
+del Popolo appeared very fine, but I was disappointed in the
+first distant view of the city from the hill above Viterbo. I
+passed Radicofani in the dark, and saw little to admire in
+the Lake of Bolsena or the surrounding country. The women
+throughout Italy appeared very handsome, one quite beautiful
+at Siena.</p>
+
+<h3>March 30th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>This morning I awoke very early, and could
+not rest till I had seen St. Peter&rsquo;s; so set off in a hackney
+coach, drove by the Piazza della Colonna and the Castle of St.
+Angelo (which burst upon me unexpectedly as I turned on the
+bridge), and got out as soon as St. Peter&rsquo;s was in sight. My
+first feeling was disappointment, but as I advanced towards
+the obelisk, with the fountains on each side, and found myself
+in that ocean of space with all the grand objects around,
+delight and admiration succeeded. As I walked along the
+piazza and then entered the church, I felt that sort of
+breathless bewilderment which was produced in some degree
+by the first sight of the Alps. Much as I expected I was not
+disappointed. St. Peter&rsquo;s sets criticism at defiance; nor
+can I conceive how anybody can do anything but admire
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span>
+and wonder there, till time and familiarity with its glories
+shall have subjected the imagination to the judgment. I then
+came home and went with Morier to take a cursory view of
+the city and blunt the edge of curiosity. In about five hours
+I galloped over the Forum, Coliseum, Pantheon, St. John
+Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Vatican, and several
+arches and obelisks. I cannot tell which produced the
+greatest impression, St. Peter&rsquo;s or the Coliseum; but if I
+might only have seen one it should be the Coliseum, for there
+can be nothing of the same kind
+besides.<a name="FNA_08_14" id="FNA_08_14" href="#FN_08_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_14" id="FN_08_14" href="#FNA_08_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+Of the same kind there is, at Pompeii, but not near so fine; more perfect
+as a specimen, far less beautiful as an object. And the amphitheatre
+at Verona, but that is very inferior.</p></div>
+
+<p>They only who have seen Rome can have an idea of the
+grandeur of it and of the wonders it contains, the treasures
+of art and the records of antiquity. Of course I had the
+same general idea of there being much to see that others
+have, but was far from being prepared for the reality, which
+exceeds my most sanguine expectations. The Vatican alone
+would require years to be examined as it deserves. It is
+remarkable, however, how the pleasure of the imagination
+arising from antiquities depends upon their accidents. The
+busts, statues, columns, tombs, and fragments of all sorts
+are heaped together in such profusion at the Vatican that
+the eyes ache at them, the senses are bewildered, and we
+regard them (with some exceptions) almost exclusively as
+objects of art, and do not feel the interest which, separately,
+they might inspire by their connection with remote ages,
+whereas there is scarcely one of those, if it were now to be
+discovered, that would not excite the greatest curiosity,
+and be, in the midst of the ruins to which it belongs, an
+object of far greater interest than a finer production which
+had taken its splendid but frigid position in this collection.
+We went to the Sistine Chapel, and saw Michael Angelo&rsquo;s
+frescoes, which Sir Joshua Reynolds says are the finest
+paintings in the world, and which the unlearned call great
+rude daubs. I do not pretend to the capacity of appreciating
+their merits, but was very much struck with the ease, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span>
+grace, and majesty of some of the figures; it was, however,
+too dark to see the &lsquo;Last Judgment.&rsquo; I ended by St. Peter&rsquo;s
+again, where there were many devout Catholics praying round
+the illuminated tomb of the Apostle, and many foolish English
+poking into it to stare and ask questions, the answers to
+which they did not understand. I have but one fault to
+find, and that is with the Glory, a miserable transparency in
+the great window opposite the entrance, throwing a yellow
+light upon the Dove, which has the most paltry effect, and
+is utterly unworthy of the grandeur of such a place.</p>
+
+<h3>April 1st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning at nine o&rsquo;clock went with
+Edward Cheney and George Hamilton to Frascati to dine with
+Henry Fox, who has got a villa there. As soon as we arrived
+Cheney and I walked over to Grotta Ferrata to see Domenichino&rsquo;s
+frescoes. The convent is about a mile and a half off,
+large, formerly rich, full of monks, and a fortress; also the
+scene of various miracles performed by St. Nilo, the founder
+and patron saint; now tenanted by a few beggarly friars, and
+part of it let to Prince Gagarin, the Russian Minister, as a
+villa. Domenichino sought and found an asylum there in consequence
+of some crime he had committed or debt he had incurred;
+he stayed there two years, and in return for the
+hospitality of the monks adorned their chapel with (some
+think) the finest frescoes in the world. They are splendid
+pictures, and all painted by his own hand.</p>
+
+<p>At dinner we had Hortense, the ex-Queen of Holland, her
+son, Prince Louis Napoleon, her lady in waiting, Lady Sandwich
+and her daughter, Cheney, Hamilton, Lord Lovaine, and
+Fordwich. We dined in the garden, but there was too much
+wind for a <i>fête champêtre</i>. Hortense is not near so ugly as I
+expected, very unaffected and gay, and gives herself no royal
+airs. The only difference between her and anybody else was
+that, after dinner, when she rose from table, her own servant
+presented her with a finger-glass and water, which nobody
+else had. She is called Madame.</p>
+
+<p>We returned by moonlight, and though I did not go into
+the Coliseum, because the moon was not full enough, it looked
+fine, and the light shining through the lower arches had a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span>
+beautiful effect. This morning went a long round of sights&mdash;Caesar&rsquo;s
+Palace, of which there are no remains but fragments
+of walls; it really does &lsquo;grovel on earth in indistinct decay.&rsquo;
+Caracalla&rsquo;s Baths, which are stupendous; the <i>custode</i>
+showed us a room in which were heaped up bits of marble of
+all sorts and sizes, fragments of columns and friezes; and he
+told us that they never excavated without finding something.
+And Titus&rsquo;s Baths, less magnificent but equally curious, because
+they contain the remains of the Golden House of Nero,
+on which Titus built his Thermæ. The ruins are, in fact, part
+of the Golden House, for the Thermæ have been altogether
+destroyed. Then to the Capitol, Forum, Temple of Vesta,
+Fortuna Virilis, and other places with Morier. The Capitol
+contains an interesting collection of busts and statues of
+all the Emperors, most famous characters of ancient Rome
+and Greece together, with various magnificent objects of art.
+By dint of repeatedly seeing their effigies, one becomes
+acquainted with the faces of these worthies. These tastes
+grow upon one strangely at Rome, and there is a sort of elevation
+arising from this silent intercourse with the &lsquo;great
+of old.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Proud names, who once the reins of empire held,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In arms who triumphed, or in arts excell&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chiefs graced with scars, and prodigal of blood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stern patriots who for sacred freedom stood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Just men by whom impartial laws were given,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And saints who taught, and led the way to heaven.<br /></span>
+<span class="i20"><span class="smcap">Tickell.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There has been a wrangle about the Borghese Gardens
+which the Prince ordered to be shut up; the Government
+remonstrated, and a correspondence ensued which ended in
+their being reopened to the public, whom he has no right
+to exclude. Paul V. gave the Borghese Gardens to his
+nephew (Aldobrandini) with a condition that they should
+always be open to the public, which they have been from
+then till now. They were a part of the Cenci property,
+which was immense, and confiscated by an enormous piece
+of injustice.</p>
+
+<h3>April 3rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span>
+Went on Thursday to Lady Mary Deerhurst&rsquo;s
+and the Duchess Torlonia&rsquo;s, where all the English in Rome
+(or rather all the most vulgar) were assembled. Yesterday
+morning to the Colonna Palace, Museum of the Capitol,
+Baths of Diocletian, now Church of Santa Maria degli
+Angeli, which are very remarkable because built on the baths,
+of which it has preserved the form; San Pietro in Vincoli,
+San Bernardo, all built on the site and amidst the ruins of
+Titus&rsquo;s and Vespasian&rsquo;s Baths; in various parts the old
+pavement is preserved, which shows how magnificent they
+must have been, for it is all of giallo, verd antique, porphyry,
+&amp;c. To the garden of the Maronite Convent to see the
+Coliseum, whence there is the finest view of it in Rome.
+Then to the Coliseum, and walked all over the ruins while a
+parcel of friars with covered faces were chanting and praying
+at each of the altars in succession round the circle below
+(called the Via Crucis).</p>
+
+<p>I called yesterday morning on M. de la Ferronays, the
+French Ambassador, who was very civil and obliging. Dined
+in the evening with Lord Haddington, Lovaine, Morier, Prince
+Gagarin the Russian Minister, Cheney, and M. Dedel. After
+dinner George Hamilton came in and said that Lady Northampton
+had died suddenly at five o&rsquo;clock. I never saw her,
+but they say she was a very good sort of woman, and remarkably
+clever, which good sort of women seldom are. She
+had written a poem full of genius and imagination. Lord
+Northampton was absent at a <i>scavo</i> he has forty miles off.</p>
+
+<p>There has been no rain here for two months, and the
+clouds of dust are insupportable; as it is the town in Europe
+best supplied with water (there are three aqueducts; the
+ancients had sixteen) so it is the worst watered. The excavations
+which are going on (though languidly) are always
+producing something. Two busts, said to be fine, were found
+the day before yesterday at the Borghese Villa at Frascati.</p>
+
+<p>I saw yesterday at San Pietro in Vincoli Michael Angelo&rsquo;s
+famous Moses. It may be very fine, but to my eye is merely
+a colossal statue; the two horns are meant to represent rays
+of light; but how can rays of light be represented in marble,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>
+any more than the breath? It is impossible to make
+marble imitate that which is impalpable. The beard is ropy
+and unnatural; it is, however, an imposing sort of figure.
+But I am more sensible to painting than to sculpture. I
+delight in almost everything of Domenichino&rsquo;s, who is
+only inferior (if inferior) to Raphael. As to Michael Angelo,
+he speaks a language the unlearned do not understand; his
+merit, acknowledged to be transcendent as it is by all artists,
+cannot be questioned; but he must serve as a model to form
+future excellence, and not be expected to produce present
+delight, except to those who, by long study, have learnt to
+comprehend and appreciate him.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening</i>.&mdash;This morning to the tomb of the Scipios, Catacombs,
+Cecilia Metella (from which I wonder they don&rsquo;t
+take the battlements), the Circus of Maxentius, Temple of
+Bacchus, the Fountain of Egeria, San Stefano Rotondo,
+Temple of Pallas, Arches of Drusus and Dollabella, and the
+Borghese Villa and Gardens. The ruins of the Gaetani
+Castle are rather picturesque, but they spoil the tomb,
+which would be far finer without its turrets. The Circus
+is as curious as anything I have seen, for it looks like a
+fresh ruin. Old Torlonia furbished it up at his own expense,
+and brought to light the inscription which proved it to
+be Maxentius&rsquo;s instead of Caracalla&rsquo;s Circus. The remains
+are so perfect that it is easy to trace the whole arrangement
+of the ancient games. Forsyth says very truly that the
+Fountain of Egeria is a mere trough; but everybody praises
+the water, which is delicious, and it falls with a murmur
+which invites to idleness and contemplation. This fountain
+has been beautifully sung, but it is a miserable ruin, ill deserving
+of such strains.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In vallum Egeriæ descendimus et speluncas<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dissimiles veris&mdash;quanto præstantius esset<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Numen aquæ, viridi si margine clauderet undas<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Herba, nec ingenuum violarent marmora tophum.<br /></span>
+<span class="i20"><span class="smcap">Juvenal</span>.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A little wood of firs, and pines, and ilexes about thirty or
+forty years old is pointed out as the grove in which Numa
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE SISTINE CHAPEL</span>
+used to meet the nymph. In all the views on one side Soracte
+is a striking object, as it</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">From out the plain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heaves like a long-swept wave about to break<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on the curl hangs pausing.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I like this side of Rome, where the aqueducts stride over
+the Campagna, and the ruins of the mighty Claudian tower
+over the pigmy arches of the Pope, like the genius of
+ancient over that of modern Rome. The Borghese is the
+<i>beau idéal</i> of a villa; lofty, spacious apartments, adorned with
+statues, busts, and marbles, painting and gilding, and magnificent
+gardens; but deserted by its owner, who has only
+been there once in the last thirty years, and untenable in
+the summer from malaria, which is very unaccountable, for
+it is close to Rome, high, and full of trees; but nobody
+knows anything about the malaria. The Gardens are the
+fashionable lounge, but after June nobody can walk there.
+Though the Prince never comes here he has just bought a
+large piece of ground between the Porta del Popolo and the
+Gardens, and is making a handsome entrance, has already
+built gates and some ugly Egyptian imitations, and is
+making a waterfall. I dined with Lady William Russell,
+and set off to go to Queen Hortense in the evening, but
+found so few carriages in the court that we would not go in.</p>
+
+<h3>April 4th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To the Sistine Chapel for the ceremonies of
+Palm Sunday; we got into the body of the chapel, not without
+difficulty; but we saw M. de la Ferronays in his box, and he
+let us in (Morier and me). It was only on a third attempt I
+could get there, for twice the Papal halberdiers thrust me
+back, and I find since it is lucky they did not do worse; for
+upon some occasion one of them knocked a cardinal&rsquo;s eye
+out, and when he found who he was, begged his pardon, and
+said he had taken him for a bishop. Here I had a fine opportunity
+of seeing the frescoes, but they are covered with
+dirt, the &lsquo;Last Judgment&rsquo; neither distinguishable nor intelligible
+to me. The figures on the ceiling and walls are
+very grand even to my ignorance. The music (all vocal)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>
+beautiful, the service harmoniously chanted, and the responsive
+bursts of the chorus sublime. The cardinals appeared
+a wretched set of old twaddlers, all but about three
+in extreme decrepitude&mdash;Odescalchi, who is young and a
+good preacher, Gregorio, Capellari [afterwards Pope Gregory
+XVI.]. On seeing them, and knowing that the sovereign
+is elected by and from them, nobody can wonder that the
+country is so miserably governed. These old creatures, on
+the demise of a Pope, are as full of ambition and intrigue
+as in the high and palmy days of the Papal power. Rome
+and its territory are certainly worth possessing, though
+the Pontifical authority is so shorn of its beams; but the
+fact is that the man who is elected does not always govern
+the country,<a name="FNA_08_15" id="FNA_08_15" href="#FN_08_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+and he is condemned to a life of privation and
+seclusion. An able or influential cardinal is seldom elected.
+The parties in the Conclave usually end by a compromise,
+and agree to elect some cardinal without weight or influence,
+and there are not now any Sixtus the Fifths to
+make such an arrangement hazardous. Austria, Spain, and
+France have all vetos, and Portugal claims and exercises one
+when she can. To this degradation Rome is now obliged to
+submit. The most influential of the cardinals is
+Albani.<a name="FNA_08_16" id="FNA_08_16" href="#FN_08_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+At
+the last election the Papal crown was offered to Cardinal
+Caprara, but Albani stipulated that he should make him
+Secretary of State; Caprara refused to promise, and Albani
+procured the election of the present Pope (who did not desire
+or expect the elevation), became Secretary of State
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">A DEAD CARDINAL</span>
+(being eighty), and governs the country. He is rich and
+stingy. The great Powers still watch the proceedings of
+the Conclave with jealousy; and though it is difficult to conceive
+how the Pope can assist any one of them to the detriment
+of another, an Ambassador will put his veto upon any
+cardinal whom he thinks unfavourable to his nation; this
+produces all sorts of trickery, for when the Conclave want to
+elect a man who is obnoxious to Austria, for example, they
+choose another whom they think is equally so (but whom they
+do not really wish to elect), that the veto may be expended
+upon him, for each Government has one veto only. The last
+veto absolutely put was on Cardinal &mdash;&mdash;, who was elected
+on the death of Pius VII. He had behaved very rudely to
+the Empress Maria Louisa when she took refuge in the north
+of Italy after the downfall of Napoleon, thinking it was a
+good moment to bully the abdicated Emperor&rsquo;s wife. She
+complained to her father, who promised her the Cardinal
+never should be Pope. He was a young and ambitious man,
+and the veto killed him with vexation and disappointment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_15" id="FN_08_15" href="#FNA_08_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+This, from what I have heard since, was not true of the last Pope,
+Leo XII., who was an odious, tyrannical bigot, but a man of activity, talent,
+and strength of mind, a good man of business, and his own Minister. He
+was detested here, and there are many stories of his violent exertions of
+authority. He was a sort of bastard Sixtus V., but at an immense distance
+from that great man, &lsquo;following him of old, with steps unequal.&rsquo; He used,
+however, to interfere with the private transactions of society, and banish
+and imprison people, even of high rank, for immorality.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_16" id="FN_08_16" href="#FNA_08_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+Albani holds the Austrian veto, and is supported by her authority.
+But I have heard that since Clement XI., who was an Albani, there has
+always been a powerful Albani faction in the Conclave. This cardinal is
+enormously rich and the head of his house. The Duke of Modena is his
+nephew, and it is generally thought will be his heir.</p></div>
+
+<p>Went and walked about St. Peter&rsquo;s, and was surprised to
+find how very little longer it is than St. Paul&rsquo;s. To the Farnese
+Palace, built by Paul III. out of the ruins of the Coliseum,
+which now, with all the Farnese property, belongs to
+the King of Naples, and is consequently going to decay.
+It got into his hands by the marriage of a King of Naples
+with the last heiress of the house of Farnese. The Neapolitan
+property here consists of the Farnese and Farnesina
+Palaces, the Orti Farnesiani, and the Villa Madama, all in a
+wretched state; and the Orti, in which there are probably
+great remains, they will not allow to be excavated. Many
+of the fine things are gone to Naples, but a few remain,
+most of which came out of the Thermæ of Caracalla, and
+originally from the Villa of Adrian. These two, principally
+the one through the other, have been the great mines from
+which the existing treasures of art were drawn. The
+frescoes in this palace are beautiful&mdash;a gallery by Annibal
+and Agostino Caracci, with a few pictures by Domenichino,
+Guido, and Lanfranco. Annibal Caracci&rsquo;s are as fine as any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>
+I have seen; also a little cabinet picture painted entirely
+by Annibal, which is exquisite.</p>
+
+<p>As we were going to this palace we drove by the Cancellaria
+(which was likewise built out of the Coliseum), and
+heard by accident that a dead cardinal (Somaglia) was lying
+in state there. Somaglia was Secretary of State in Leo&rsquo;s
+time. Having seen all the living cardinals, we thought we
+might as well complete our view of the Sacred College with
+the dead one, and went up. After a great deal of knocking
+we were admitted to a private view half an hour before the
+public was let in. He had been embalmed, and lay on a
+bed under a canopy on an inclined plane, full dressed in
+cardinal&rsquo;s robes, new shoes on, his face and hands uncovered,
+the former looking very fresh (I believe he was rouged), his
+fingers black, but on one of them was an emerald ring, candles
+burning before the bed, and the window curtains drawn. He
+was 87 years old, but did not look so much, and had a healthier
+appearance in death than half the old walking mummies we
+had seen with palms in their hands in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Took a look at Pasquin, who had nothing but advertisements
+pasted upon him. I had seen Marphorius in the
+Capitol; there has long been an end to the witty dialogues
+of the days of Sixtus V., so quaintly told by Leti; they are
+so little &lsquo;birds of a feather&rsquo; (for Pasquin is a mutilated
+fragment, Marphorius a colossal statue of the ocean) that,
+residing as they did at different parts of the town, it is difficult
+to understand how they ever came to converse with each
+other at all. I remember one of the best of his stories.
+Sixtus V. made his sister a princess, and she had been a
+washerwoman. The next day Pasquin appeared with a dirty
+shirt on. Marphorius asks him &lsquo;why he wears such foul
+linen;&rsquo; and he answers &lsquo;that his washerwoman has been
+made a princess, and he can&rsquo;t get it washed.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>To the Farnesina: Raphael&rsquo;s frescoes, the famous Galatea,
+and the great head which Michael Angelo painted on the
+wall, as it is said as a hint to Raphael that he was too minute.
+There it is just as he left it. Here Raphael painted the
+Transfiguration, and here the Fornarina was shut up with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">POMPEY&rsquo;S STATUE</span>
+him that he might not run away from his work. It might
+be thought that to shut up his mistress with him was not the
+way to keep him to his work. Be that as it may, the plan
+was a good one which produced these frescoes and the Transfiguration.</p>
+
+<p>I very nearly forgot to mention the Palazzo Spada, where
+we went to see the famous statue of Pompey, which was
+found on the spot where the Senate House formerly stood,
+and which is (as certainly as these things can be certain)
+the identical statue at the foot of which Cæsar fell.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Muffling his face within his robe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ev&rsquo;n at the base of Pompey&rsquo;s statue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>People doubt this statue, because it is not like his busts.
+There is certainly no resemblance to the bust I have seen,
+which represents Pompey as a fat, vulgar-looking man with
+a great double chin. It is impossible for the coldest imagination
+to look at this statue without interest, for it calls up
+a host of recollections and associations, standing before you
+unchanged from the hour when Cæsar folded his robe round
+him and &lsquo;consented to death&rsquo; at its base. Those who cannot
+feel this had better not come to Rome. Cardinal Spada
+was Secretary of State when this statue was found, and Julius
+III. (Giocchi del Monti, 1550) made him a present of it.</p>
+
+<p>The Temple of Bacchus is one of the most remarkable objects
+in Rome; it is not in the least altered, merely turned
+into a Christian church, and some saints, &amp;c., painted on the
+walls. The mosaic ceiling and the pavement are just the same
+as when it was devoted to the worship of the jolly god. The
+mosaics are beautiful, and perfect models of that sort of
+ceiling. The pavement is covered with names and other
+scribblings cut out upon it, all ancient Roman. Not a
+column has been removed or mutilated. The fact is, Rome
+possesses several complete specimens of places of heathen
+worship; this temple, the Pantheon, and San Stefano Rotondo
+are perfect in the inside, the Pantheon within and without,
+Vesta and Fortuna Virilis perfect on the outside.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>
+In the Rospigliosi Palace is the famous Aurora of Guido.
+It is in excellent preservation, and three artists were copying
+it in oils. One copy was just finished, and admirably done,
+for which the painter asked forty louis. I begin to like
+frescoes better than oils; there is such a life and brilliancy
+about them. At the Quirinal, which was fitted up for the
+King of Rome and inhabited by the Emperor of Austria, we
+saw everything but the Pope&rsquo;s apartments. It is a delightful
+house, and commands a charming view of Rome. The
+Pope always goes there the last day of the Holy Week, and
+stays there all the summer. Nothing can be more melancholy
+than his life as described by the <i>custode</i>; he gets up
+very early, lives entirely alone and with the greatest simplicity.
+In short, it shows what a strange thing ambition
+is, which will sacrifice the substantial pleasures of life
+for the miserable shadow of grandeur. Coming home we
+stopped by accident at the Capuchins, and looked in to see
+Guido&rsquo;s St. Michael, with which I was disappointed till I
+looked at it from a distance. We then went to their catacombs,
+the most curious place I ever saw. There are a series
+of chapels in the cloisters, or rather compartments of one
+chapel, entirely fitted up with human bones arranged symmetrically
+and with all sorts of devices. They are laid out
+in niches, and each niche is occupied by the skeleton of a
+friar in the robes of his order; a label is attached to it with
+the name of the skeleton and the date of his death. Beneath
+are mounds of earth, each tenanted by a dead friar with
+similar labels. When a friar dies, the oldest buried friar,
+or rather his skeleton, is taken up and promoted to a niche,
+and the newly defunct takes possession of his grave; and
+so they go on in succession. I was so struck by this strange
+sight that, when I came home at night, I ventured on the
+following description of it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>THE CATACOMBS IN THE CAPUCHIN CONVENT.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In yonder chapel&rsquo;s melancholy shade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through which no wandering rays of daylight peep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In strange and awful cemetery laid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The ancient Fathers of the convent sleep.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">A CAPUCHIN CHARNEL-HOUSE</span>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No storied marble with monastic pride<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Records the actions of their tranquil life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or tells how, fighting for their faith, they died<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Unconquer&rsquo;d martyrs of religious strife.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They are not laid in decent shroud and pall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To wait, commingling with their kindred earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th&rsquo; Archangel&rsquo;s trumpet, whose dread blast shall call<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The whole creation to a second birth.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But midst the mouldering relics of the dead<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In shapes fantastic, which the brethren rear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Profaned by heretic&rsquo;s unhallowed tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The monkish skeletons erect appear.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The cowl is drawn each ghastly skull around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Each fleshless form&rsquo;s arrayed in sable vest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">About their hollow loins the cord is bound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Like living Fathers of the Order drest.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And as the monk around this scene of gloom<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The flick&rsquo;ring lustre of his taper throws,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He says, &lsquo;Such, stranger, is my destined tomb;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Here, and with these, shall be my last repose.&rsquo;</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At night I went with a party of English to see the
+Coliseum, but the moon was as English as the party, and
+gave a faint and feeble light. Still, with this dim moon it
+was inconceivably grand. The exquisite symmetry of the
+building appears better, and its vast dimensions are more
+developed by night. I long to see it with an Italian sky
+and full moon; but not with a parcel of chattering girls,
+who only &lsquo;flout the ruins grey.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>April 9th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>On Wednesday called on Bunsen, the Prussian
+Minister, who lives at the top of the Tarpeian Rock, in
+a house commanding one of the best views of Rome. He has
+devoted himself to the study of Roman history and antiquities,
+and has the whole subject at his fingers&rsquo; ends. He is
+really luminous, and his conversation equally amusing and
+instructive. He is about to publish a book about ancient and
+modern Rome, which, from what I hear, will be too minute
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>
+and prolix. I then went to look at the Tarpeian Rock, but
+the accumulation of earth has diminished its height&mdash;there
+is the Rock, but in a very obscure hole. It was probably
+twice as high as it is now. I think it is now about forty
+feet. Bunsen says that though the antiquaries pretend to
+point out the course of the ancient triumphal way, he does
+not think it can ever be ascertained. The only remains
+(only bits of foundations) of the temple of the Capitoline
+Jupiter, to which the conquerors ascended, are in the
+garden under his windows. He thinks the population of
+ancient Rome may be taken at two millions at its most
+flourishing period. It is curious that there are hardly any
+houses on the hills on which ancient Rome was built, and
+that there were none formerly where modern Rome stands&mdash;no
+private houses, only public buildings and temples.</p>
+
+<p>To the Mamertine Prisons, probably not a stone of which
+has been changed from the time that Jugurtha was starved
+in them. The tradition about St. Peter and the well of course
+is not to be believed; but it is very odd there should be a
+well there when there are so few in Rome. To the Sistine
+Chapel with M. de la Ferronays, and very much disappointed
+with the music, which was not so good as on Sunday; nor
+was the ceremony accompanying the Miserere at all imposing.
+Yesterday morning to the Sistine again; prodigious
+crowd, music moderate. As soon as it was over we set off
+to see the benediction; and, after fighting, jostling, and
+squeezing through an enormous crowd, we reached the
+<i>loggia</i> over one side of the colonnade. The Piazza of St.
+Peter&rsquo;s is so magnificent that the sight was of necessity
+fine, but not near so much so as I had fancied. The people
+below were not numerous or full of reverence. Till the
+Pope appears the bands play and the bells ring, when
+suddenly there is a profound silence; the feathers are seen
+waving in the balcony, and he is borne in on his throne; he
+rises, stretches out his hands, blesses the
+people&mdash;<span class="smcap">urbi et
+orbi</span>&mdash;and is borne out again. A couple of indulgences were
+tossed out, for which there is a scramble, and so it ends.
+Off we scampered, and, by dint of tremendous exertions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE HOLY WEEK AT ROME</span>
+reached the hall in which the feet of the pilgrims are washed.
+The Pope could not attend, so the Cardinal Deacon officiated.
+No ceremony can be less imposing, but none more clean.
+Thirteen men are ranged on a bench&mdash;the thirteenth represents
+the angel who once joined the party&mdash;dressed in new
+white caps, gowns, and shoes; each holds out his foot in
+succession; an attendant pours a few drops of water on it
+from a golden jug which another receives in a golden basin;
+the cardinal wipes it with a towel, kisses the foot, and then
+gives the towel, a nosegay, and a piece of money to the
+pilgrim&mdash;the whole thing takes up about five minutes&mdash;certain
+prayers are said, and it is over. Then off we
+scampered again through the long galleries of the Vatican
+to another hall where the pilgrims dine. The arrangements
+for the accommodation of the Ambassadors and strangers
+were so bad that all these passages were successive scenes
+of uproar, scrambling, screaming, confusion, and danger,
+and, considering that the ceremonies were all religious,
+really disgraceful. We got with infinite difficulty to another
+box, raised aloft in the hall, and saw a long table at
+which the thirteen pilgrims seated themselves; a cardinal
+in the corner read some prayers, which nobody listened to,
+and another handed the dishes to the pilgrims, who looked
+neither to the right nor the left, but applied themselves with
+becoming gravity to the enjoyment of a very substantial
+dinner. The whole hall was filled with people, all with
+their hats on, chattering and jostling, and more like a ring
+of blacklegs and blackguards at Tattersall&rsquo;s than respectable
+company at a religious ceremony in the palace of the Pope.
+There remained the cardinals&rsquo; dinner, but I had had more
+than enough, and came away hot, jaded, and disgusted with
+the whole affair.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I went to St. Peter&rsquo;s, when I was amply
+recompensed for the disappointment and bore of the morning.
+The church was crowded; there was a Miserere in the
+chapel, which was divine, far more beautiful than anything
+I have heard in the Sistine, and it was the more effective
+because at the close it really was night. The lamps
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>
+were extinguished at the shrine of the Apostle, but one
+altar&mdash;the altar of the Holy Sepulchre&mdash;was brilliantly illuminated.
+Presently the Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal
+Gregorio, with his train entered, went and paid his devotions
+at this shrine, and then seated himself on the chair of the
+Great Confessional, took a golden wand, and touched all
+those who knelt before him. Then came a procession of
+pilgrims bearing muffled crosses; penitents with faces
+covered, in white, with tapers and crosses; and one long
+procession of men headed by these muffled figures, and
+another of women accompanied by ladies, a lady walking
+between every two pilgrims. The cross in the procession of
+women was carried by the Princess Orsini, one of the
+greatest ladies in Rome. They attended them to the
+church (the Trinità delle Pellegrine) and washed their feet
+and fed them. A real washing of dirty feet. Both the
+men and the women seemed of the lowest class, but their
+appearance and dresses were very picturesque. These processions
+entered St. Peter&rsquo;s, walked all round the church,
+knelt at the altars, and retired in the same order, filing
+along the piazza till they were lost behind the arches of the
+colonnades. As the shades of night fell upon the vast expanse
+of this wonderful building it became really sublime;
+&lsquo;the dim religious light&rsquo; glimmering from a distant altar,
+or cast by the passing torches of the procession, the voices
+of the choir as they sang the Miserere swelling from the
+chapel, which was veiled in dusk, and with no light but that
+of the high taper half hid behind the altar, with the crowds
+of figures assembled round the chapel moving about in the
+obscurity of the aisles and columns, produced the most
+striking effect I ever beheld. It was curious, interesting,
+and inspiring&mdash;little of mummery and much of solemnity.
+The night here brings out fresh beauties, but of the most
+majestic character. There is a colour in an Italian twilight
+that I have never seen in England, so soft, and beautiful, and
+grey, and the moon rises &lsquo;not as in northern climes obscurely
+bright,&rsquo; but with far-spreading rays around her.
+The figures, costume, and attitudes that you see in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE GRAND PENITENTIARY</span>
+churches are wonderfully picturesque. I went afterwards to
+the Jesù, where there was a tiresome service (the Tre Ore),
+and heard a Jesuit preaching with much passion and emphasis,
+but could not understand a word he said. So then I
+called on Cheney and saw his mother&rsquo;s illustrations of Milton,
+which are admirable, full of genius.</p>
+
+<p><i>At night</i>.&mdash;To St. Peter&rsquo;s, where the Miserere was not so
+good as last night. It was reported that the Pope was
+coming to St. Peter&rsquo;s, and the Swiss Guards lined the nave,
+but he did not arrive. Formerly, when the Cross was illuminated,
+he used to come with all the cardinals to adore it.
+Now the cardinals (or rather some of them) came and adored
+the Cross and the relics belonging to the church, which
+were exhibited in succession from one of the balconies&mdash;a
+bit of the true Cross, Santa Veronica&rsquo;s bloody handkerchief,
+and others. There were, as the night before, several fraternities
+of penitents, some in black, others in white or
+brown, all disguised by long hoods, but there was to-night
+one of the most striking and remarkable exhibitions I ever
+beheld.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal Gregorio, again took
+his seat in the chair of the Great Confessional. All those
+who have been absolved after confession by their priest,
+and who present themselves before him, are touched with
+his golden wand, in token of confirmation of the absolution,
+and here again that quality which I have so often
+remarked as one of the peculiar characteristics of the Catholic
+religion is very striking. Men and women, beggars and
+princesses, present themselves indiscriminately; they all
+kneel in a row, and he touches them in succession. In the
+churches there seem to be no distinctions of rank; no one,
+however great or rich, is contaminated by the approximation
+of poverty and rags. But to return to the Confessional.
+There are some crimes of such enormity that absolution
+for them can only be granted by the Pope himself, who delegates
+his power to the Grand Penitentiary, and he receives
+such confessions in the chair in which he was seated to-day.
+They are, however, very rare; but this evening, after he had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span>
+finished touching the people, a man, dressed like a peasant
+in a loose brown frock, worsted stockings, and brogues,
+apparently of the lowest order, dark, ill-looking, and squalid,
+approached the Confessional to reveal some great crime.
+The confession was very long, so was the admonition of
+the Cardinal which followed it. The appearance of the
+Cardinal is particularly dignified and noble, and, as he bent
+down his head, joining it to that of this ruffian-like figure,
+listening with extreme patience and attention, and occasionally
+speaking to him with excessive earnestness, while the
+whole surrounding multitude stood silently gazing at the
+scene, all conscious that some great criminal was before
+them, but none knowing the nature of the crime, it was
+impossible not to be deeply interested and impressed with
+such a spectacle. Nothing could exceed the patience of
+the Cardinal and the intensity with which he seemed absorbed
+in the tale of the penitent. When it was over he
+wiped his face, as if he had been agitated by what he heard.
+It was impossible not to feel that be the balance for or against
+confession (which is a difficult question to decide, though I
+am inclined to think the balance is against) it is productive
+of some good effects, and, though susceptible of enormous
+abuses, is a powerful instrument of good when properly
+used. I have no doubt it is largely abused, but it is the
+most powerful weapon of the Romish Church, the one, I
+believe, by which it principally lives, moves, and has its being.
+That penitence must be real, and of a nature to be worked
+upon, which can induce a man to come forward in the face
+of multitudes and exhibit himself as the perpetrator of some
+atrocious though unknown crime.</p>
+
+<p>At night I went to the Trinità dei Pellegrini to see the
+pilgrims at supper. The washing of the feet was over; a
+cardinal performs it with the men, and ladies with the
+women, but it is no mere ceremony as at the Vatican; they
+really do wash and scrub the dirty feet perhaps of about a
+dozen of them each night. I saw the room in which they
+were just clearing away the apparatus and collecting piles
+of dirty towels. The pilgrims sit on benches; under their feet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PILGRIMS AT SUPPER</span>
+are a number of small wooden tubs, with cocks to turn the
+water into them, and there they are washed. Afterwards they
+go to supper, and then to bed. The men sup in a very long
+hall&mdash;most curious figures, and natives of half the world.
+The Cardinal
+Camerlengo<a name="FNA_08_17" id="FNA_08_17" href="#FN_08_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+says grace and cuts the meat.
+They are waited upon by gentlemen and priests, and have
+a very substantial meal. The women are treated in the same
+way.<a name="FNA_08_18" id="FNA_08_18" href="#FN_08_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+No men are admitted to their hall, but we contrived
+to get to the door and saw it all. The Princess Orsini and
+a number of Roman ladies were there (who had been washing
+feet) with aprons on, waiting upon them at supper. Their
+dormitories were spacious, clean, and sweet, though the beds
+were crowded together. The pilgrims are kept there from
+Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, when they are dismissed.
+Their numbers are generally about 250 or 300. The funds
+of the establishment are supplied by private subscriptions,
+legacies, and donations, the names of the benefactors, with
+the amount of their contributions, being recorded on boards
+hung up in the hall. There were a great many spectators,
+but the whole ceremony was ordered with regularity and
+decency, which is more than can be said for those of the
+Vatican. I walked to-night to St. Peter&rsquo;s, to look at it by
+moonlight. From every point of view it is magnificent; the
+stillness of the night is broken only by the waters of the fountains,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>
+which glitter in the moonbeams like sheets of molten
+silver. The obelisk, the façade, the cupola, and the columns
+all contribute to the grandeur and harmony of the scene: but
+everything at Rome should be seen at night. The Castle of
+St. Angelo, the Tiber, and the Bridge are all wonderfully
+fine in these bright nights.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_17" id="FN_08_17" href="#FNA_08_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+Minister of the Interior and Chamberlain; but Gonsalvi deprived the
+Camerlengo of his Ministerial functions, and joined them to the Secretaryship
+of State, and so it has since remained.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_18" id="FN_08_18" href="#FNA_08_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+I met Lady &mdash;&mdash;, a very tiresome woman, a day or two after, who had
+been to see this ceremony, and was most devoutly edified by the humility
+and charity of the ladies. She told me a very old woman put out her foot
+to her, thinking she was one of them, and begged her to be very careful, as
+she had got some sores produced by the itch; but as it formed no part of
+her Protestant duty, she turned her over to the Princess Orsini, who handled
+this horrid old leg with great tenderness; and afterwards, when the same
+Princess was handed into the other apartment to see the male pilgrims at
+supper, by an attendant in the livery which they all wore, this attendant
+turned out to be Prince Corsini. It sounds very fine, but after all I don&rsquo;t
+think there is much in it. It is ostentatious charity and humility, and
+though rather disgusting and disagreeable, it is the fashion, and those who
+do it are set up in a capital stock of piety and virtue. It <i>may be</i> both cause
+and effect of great moral excellence, but I think it questionable.</p></div>
+
+<h3>April 10th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>In the morning to St. John Lateran, where,
+as my <i>laquais de place</i> said, &lsquo;converted Jews, or Turks, or
+<i>Lutherans</i>&rsquo; were baptised; got too late for the baptism,
+which I believe is a farce regularly got up, but heard the
+High Mass. The churches were crowded all this week with
+pilgrims, whose appearance is always very picturesque.
+Went into the cloisters, and was shown by the monk or priest
+(whichever he was) some very remarkable articles that they
+possess&mdash;a bit of the column on which the cock stood when
+he crowed after Peter&rsquo;s three denials; a slab showing the
+exact height of Jesus Christ, as he could just stand under
+it,<a name="FNA_08_19" id="FNA_08_19" href="#FN_08_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+and two halves which had once been a whole column,
+but which was broken when the veil of the Temple was
+rent on the death of Christ. The column is adorned with
+sculpture, which they say is Jewish, and was brought to
+Rome with the Holy Stairs. Then to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme,
+where they were performing High Mass, with
+many assistants and a full choir, but without a congregation;
+there were not six people in the church. To Minerva Medica,
+a questionable and uninteresting ruin, and besides falling to
+pieces. To the Barberini Palace, where there is little besides
+the Cenci, which is worth going any distance to see. To the
+Doria, a magnificent palace, with an immense number of
+pictures, and some very fine ones, which I was hurried
+through. To the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, which is in the
+middle of the wall of Aurelian, and forms the back of a very
+pretty Protestant burial ground, the greatest number of
+those who have been buried there being of course English.
+It is on the side of a hill with high, turreted walls behind it.
+There are two rows of white marble tombs, whose diminutive
+proportions form a contrast with the enormous sepulchre of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PROTESTANT BURIAL GROUND</span>
+the Roman. Round some of the tombstones rose-trees and
+other shrubs have been planted, and all but one adorned with
+epitaphs and inscriptions in Latin, English, German, and
+Italian. That one is the tomb of the pretty Miss Bathurst
+who was drowned in the Tiber. Her mother was to have
+returned to Rome and supply the epitaph, but she has never
+come, and it has not even her name inscribed upon it. I
+copied the following, which are apparently intended for Latin
+verses, from one of the tombs&mdash;of Frederica Ursulina Arabella
+de Montmorency, by her father, Colonel Raymond Henry de
+Montmorency, whose feelings set quantity at defiance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Frederica quæ Claris fueram prælata puellis<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Illa ego hoc brevi condita sum tumulo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cui formam pulcherrimam, charites tribuere decoram<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Quam Deus cunctis artibus erudiit.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_08_19" id="FN_08_19" href="#FNA_08_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+He must have been just six feet high.</p></div>
+
+<p>Clambered up Monte Testaccio, from which the view is
+beautiful, and then went on to the ruins of San Paolo fuori
+le Mure. The church, which was the finest in Rome except
+St. Peter&rsquo;s, was entirely destroyed by fire; but although it is
+near three miles from the gates, and not the least wanted,
+and that there are hundreds of churches, half of which
+seldom or never have congregations to fill them, they are
+already rebuilding this at an enormous cost, and the priest
+told me, to my great disgust, that they had got all the
+materials ready, and in ten years they expected the work to
+be finished. There are plenty of fools found to contribute to
+the expense, the greatest part of which, however, is supplied
+by the Government. It is to be built just as it was before,
+but they cannot replace the enormous marble columns which
+were its principal ornament. To a church to hear the
+Armenian Mass. The priests arrived in splendid oriental
+dresses, but I did not stay it out. Walked to the Borghese
+Gardens, the fine weather being something of which no
+description can convey an idea, and in it the beauty of Rome
+and its gardens and environs are equally indescribable.
+Groups of pilgrims in their odd dresses, with staves, and
+great bundles on their heads, were lounging about, or lying
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>
+under the trees. At night to the Coliseum (but the moon
+never will shine properly), and back by the Forum and the
+Capitol. The columns in the Forum look beautiful, but St.
+Peter&rsquo;s gains at least as much as the ancient ruins by the
+light of the moon. The views from different hills, and sunset
+from the Pincian in such weather as this, and with spring
+bursting in every direction, are things never to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<h3>Sunday.</h3>
+
+<p>High Mass in St. Peter&rsquo;s, which was crowded.
+I walked about the church to see the groups and the
+extraordinary and picturesque figures moving through the
+vast space. They are to the last degree interesting: in one
+place hundreds prostrate before an altar&mdash;pilgrims, soldiers,
+beggars, ladies, gentlemen, old and young in every variety
+of attitude, costume, and occupation. The benediction was
+much finer than on Thursday, the day magnificent, the
+whole piazza filled with a countless multitude, all in their
+holiday dresses, and carriages in the back-ground to the
+very end. The troops forming a brilliant square in the
+middle, the immense population and variety of costume, the
+weather, and the glorious locality certainly made as fine a
+spectacle as can possibly be seen. The Pope is dressed in
+white, with the triple crown on his head; two great fans of
+feathers, exactly like those of the Great Mogul, are carried
+on each side of him. He sits aloft on his throne, and is
+slowly borne to the front of the balcony. The moment he
+appears there is a dead silence, and every head is bared.
+When he rises, the soldiers all fall on their knees, and some,
+but only a few, of the spectators. The distance is so great
+that he looks like a puppet, and you just see him move his
+hands and make some signs. When he gives the blessing&mdash;the
+sign of the cross&mdash;the cannon fires. He blesses the
+people twice, remains perhaps five minutes in the balcony,
+and is carried out as he came in.</p>
+
+<p>The numbers who come to the benediction are taken as
+a test of the popularity of the Pope, though I suppose the
+weather has a good deal to do with it. Leo XII. was very
+unpopular from his austerity, and particularly his shutting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ILLUMINATION OF ST. PETER&rsquo;S</span>
+up the wine shops. The first time he gave the benediction
+after that measure hardly anybody came to be blessed.</p>
+
+<p><i>At night</i>.&mdash;The illumination of St. Peter&rsquo;s is as fine as I
+was told it was, and that is saying everything. I saw it
+from the Pincian, from the windows of the French Academy
+and Horace Vernet&rsquo;s room. He is established in the Villa
+Medici; a very lively little fellow, and making a great deal
+of money as director of the Academy and by his paintings.
+His daughter is very pretty. Here I met Savary, the Duc
+de Rovigo, a tall, stout, vulgar-looking man. We were
+introduced and conversed on French politics. Afterwards
+drove down to the piazza and round it. The illumination is
+more effective at a distance, but I think it looks best from the
+entrance to the piazza and the Bridge of St. Angelo; the
+blaze of light, the crowd, and the fountains, covered with a
+red glare, made altogether the most splendid sight in the
+world. (One poor devil was killed, and there is almost
+always some accident.) Eight hundred men are employed
+in illuminating St. Peter&rsquo;s; the first pale and subdued light,
+which covers the whole church, is brought out by the darkness
+of night, the little lamps being lit in the day-time.
+The blazing lights which succeed are made by large pots of
+grease with wicks in them; there is one man to every two
+lamps. On a given signal, each man touches his two lamps
+as quick as possible, so that the whole building bursts into
+light at once by a process the effect of which is quite
+magical&mdash;literally, as the Rejected Addresses say, &rsquo;starts
+into light, and makes the lighter start.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>April 12th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>At night at Torlonia&rsquo;s to see the girandola,
+which is as fine as fireworks can be, but nothing will do after
+the illumination of St. Peter&rsquo;s. All the world was there at
+an assembly after the ceremony, at which I was introduced
+to Don Michele Gaetani, said to be the cleverest man in
+Rome, and I had a long conversation with Monsignore Spada,
+who is a young layman with ecclesiastical rank and costume,
+and a judge. A Monsignore holds ecclesiastical rank at
+Rome, as a Lady of the Bedchamber at St. Petersburg holds
+military rank, where she is a major-general; there is no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>
+other. He is free to marry, and I presume to do anything
+else, but he must preserve a certain orthodox gravity of dress
+and conduct; he is a curious nondescript, about an equal
+mixture of the cardinal and the dandy. This Monsignore is
+a very clever, agreeable man, and gave me some information
+about the administration of law in this country. There
+seems to be a good deal of laxity in it, for a man was condemned
+for stabbing another (with premeditation) a little
+while ago to six months&rsquo; imprisonment, or more perhaps;
+and having been George Hamilton&rsquo;s <i>laquais de place</i>, his
+family came to him and begged him to try and get him off.
+He applied to Spada, and got the punishment commuted to
+some trifling imprisonment, and when he got out he came,
+with all his family, to kiss Hamilton&rsquo;s hand.</p>
+
+<h3>April 13th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Breakfasted with Bunsen at the Capitol;
+Lovaine, Morier, Haddington, Hamilton, Kestner, Falck, G.
+Fitzclarence, Sir W. Gell, a little Italian servant, and Mr.
+Hall, Bunsen&rsquo;s brother-in-law. Haddington told the story
+of Canning&rsquo;s sending to Bagot a despatch in cipher, containing
+these lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is giving too little and asking too much;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With equal protection the French are content:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So we&rsquo;ll lay on Dutch bottoms just twenty per cent.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>Chorus of Officers.</i>&mdash;We&rsquo;ll lay, &amp;c.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6"><i>Chorus of Douaniers.</i>&mdash;Nous frapperons Falck avec Twenty per cent.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He received the despatch at dinner, and sent it to be deciphered.
+After some hours they brought him word they did
+not know what to make of it, for it seemed to be in verse,
+when he at once saw there was a joke.</p>
+
+<p>Went to see the excavations in the Via Triumphalis and
+the Temple of Concord, and heard Bunsen&rsquo;s theory of the
+Forum. Bunsen gives different names to the remains of the
+temples in the Forum from those which have been usually
+given, and by which they are known, and on very plausible
+grounds, drawn chiefly from accounts in different Roman
+authors and peculiarities in the buildings themselves. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">BUNSEN ON THE FORUM</span>
+Temple of Fortune he thinks was the Basilica of Augustus,
+and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans the Temple of Saturn;
+but all his reasons I need not put down if I could remember
+them, for are they not written in the voluminous work he is
+going to publish in four or six volumes octavo?</p>
+
+<p>Bunsen&rsquo;s history is rather curious. He was a poor
+German student destined for the Church; came to Rome,
+and got employed by Niebuhr, from whom he first got a
+taste for antiquities. The King of Prussia came to Rome
+and saw him; he was struck with his knowledge and the
+character he heard of him, and consulted him about a new
+Liturgy he wished to introduce into Prussia. Bunsen gave
+him so much satisfaction in that matter, as well as in some
+others which were entrusted to him, that on Niebuhr&rsquo;s
+return to Prussia he was appointed to succeed him, and has
+been at Rome ever since&mdash;thirteen years. Some say he is
+not a profound man, and that his speculations about the
+ruins are all wrong. He talks English, French, and Italian
+like his own language.</p>
+
+<p>The part of the triumphal road was discovered by accident
+in digging for a drain; and an attempt is being made to procure
+the permission of the Government to excavate all that
+can be found of it, and ascertain its exact course. It was in
+the Temple of Concord that Cicero assembled the Senate and
+pronounced one of his orations against Catiline. The
+building must have been large and magnificent, from the remains
+now visible, which are of the finest marble. The
+pavement is in a state of considerable preservation. Then
+we went to the old Tabularium, standing on the Intermontium,
+an undoubted work of the Republic. This was the
+place where the records of the Senate were kept. It is very
+perfect. Nibby, the great authority here, differs, however,
+about this place; the antiquaries are at daggers drawn
+upon the subject of the ruins, remains, and discoveries.
+They have all different systems, which they support with
+great vehemence and obstinacy, and perhaps ingenuity, but
+the ignorant and curious traveller is only perplexed with their
+noisy and discordant assertions. They will insist upon knowing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>
+everything, whereas there are many things here which
+are so doubtful, that they can only conjecture about them;
+but when once they have published a theory they will not
+hear of its being erroneous, and oppose any fresh discovery
+likely to throw discredit upon it. After his lecture in the
+Forum we went to San Nicolo in Cercera, an old church built
+on three old temples, or two and a prison, but not much to
+see. The prison of San Nicolo in Cercera is said to be the
+scene of the story of the Roman daughter, which it probably
+is not. Over the Bridge of Fabricius to the Basilica of Saint
+Bartholomew and Temple of Esculapius; small remains, but
+curious; and very pretty view of the Tiber and Temple of
+Vesta. To the Villa Lanti, a delicious villa belonging to
+Prince Borghese, who never goes there, and will neither let
+nor lend it. One of the finest views of Rome is from the
+terrace, and Julio Romano&rsquo;s frescoes adorn the ceilings.
+When Raphael was painting the Vatican, he and Julio
+Romano used to retire every night to the Villa Lanti, and
+the ceilings are covered with frescoes painted by both of
+them. Just below is a terrace, and on it a beautiful tree
+called Tasso&rsquo;s Oak, because under it he used to sit and compose
+when he lived in the Convent of San Onofrio, which is
+close by, and where he died. This convent is remarkably
+clean, airy, and spacious. In the library is a bust of Tasso,
+a mask taken from his face just after he died; in the chapel
+his tomb.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And Tasso is their glory&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hark to his strain and then survey his cell.<br /></span>
+<span class="i18"><span class="smcap">Byron.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+In the cloister are some frescoes of the universal Domenichino.
+I like the Convent of San Onofrio. To Santa Maria in
+Trastevere, a very fine church; splendid ceiling with a
+Domenichino in the middle. Immense granite columns of
+various orders taken from God knows what temples, and
+mosaic floor rich to a degree. Large pieces of porphyry and
+verd antique eternally trodden by the Trasteverine mob, and
+never even cleaned. It is a basilica, and at the end is an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SIGHTS OF ROME</span>
+ancient stone chair, which, was evidently the old justice-seat,
+though they of the Church do not know it.</p>
+
+<h3>April 14th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Set off early to make up an arrear of
+churches. First to Santa Maria sopra Minerva, and lit
+upon the funeral of a cardinal (Bertazzoli), which I was
+obliged to see instead of Michael Angelo&rsquo;s Christ. All the
+cardinals attended; the church hung with black and gold;
+guards, tapers, mob, &amp;c. Then to the SS. Apostoli,
+Araceli (built where the Citadel stood, and is a corruption
+of Arx, but with a legend); a curious church enough, with
+some fine frescoes of Pintoriccio, and the Chapel of the
+Virgin with hundreds of ex voto&rsquo;s hang round it, almost all
+wretched daubs of pictures, and principally representing
+accidents in gigs, carriages, or carts, broken heads or limbs.
+To Santa Anastasia, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa
+Sabina. Santa Maria in Cosmedin, or the Bocca della Verità,
+built in and on the ruins of an old temple (di Pudicizia), is
+one of the best worth seeing in Rome; the columns, if freed
+from the modern church, would present as perfect a front as
+the temples in the Forum. To Monte Aventino to see the
+view of Rome and the Chapel of the Order of Malta, where
+Cardinal Zurla as Grand Prior has a most agreeable residence.
+The garden contains immense orange-trees and a
+very large palm. To San Gregorio to see the famous rival
+frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, which are much impaired.
+I began by liking Guido&rsquo;s and ended by liking the
+other best. The view of the Palatine from this convent is
+magnificent. To San Gregorio and San Paolo, and saw the
+ruins, which must have belonged to the Coliseum, for the
+architecture is exactly similar, and they have every appearance
+of having been the Vivarium from their shape. To the
+Corsini Palace, containing one of the best collections of
+pictures, of which the finest are two portraits of cardinals by
+Raphael and Domenichino. The palace is very fine, and the
+villa joins it on the opposite hill of the Janiculum, but both
+are affected by the malaria. Then to the Vatican and saw
+all the frescoes and pictures; the collection of pictures is
+very small, but they are all masterpieces. To the gallery
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>
+below to see the mosaics and the process of copying the
+great pictures. The coloured bits are numbered, and though
+there are not above six or seven colours, the sub-divisions of
+various shades amount to 18,000. This art is in a great
+degree mechanical, but requires ingenuity, attention, and
+some knowledge of painting. On the large pictures, such as
+those which are in St. Peter&rsquo;s, several men are employed
+at the same time, but on the lesser only one. It is very
+tedious, requiring years to copy one of the largest size. All
+the pictures in St. Peter&rsquo;s are in mosaic, except one, and
+they are at work on one which is to replace this single oil-piece.
+The studio appeared in good order, but there were
+only two men at work, as the Government spends very little
+money upon it at present. From one of the open galleries
+we (Morier and I) saw a thunderstorm, with gusts of wind,
+flashes of lightning, and rain. It was amazingly grand from
+that place as it swept over the city and made us &lsquo;sharers
+in its fierce delight.&rsquo; Then to the Borghese Gardens, and
+back to one of those sunsets from the Pincian which will
+long be remembered among the smoke and fogs in which I
+am destined to live.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span>
+Lake of Albano &mdash; Velletri &mdash; Naples &mdash; Rapid Travelling in 1830 &mdash; A Trial at
+Naples &mdash; Deciphering Manuscripts &mdash; Ball at the Duchesse d&rsquo;Eboli&rsquo;s &mdash;
+Matteis&rsquo;s Plot and Trial &mdash; Pompeii &mdash; Taking the Veil &mdash; Pausilippo &mdash; Baiæ
+&mdash; La Cava &mdash; Salerno &mdash; Pæstum &mdash; Lazaroni &mdash; Museum of Naples &mdash; Grotto
+del Cane &mdash; The Camaldoli &mdash; Herculaneum &mdash; Vesuvius &mdash; Sorrento &mdash; Miracle
+of St. Januarius &mdash; Astroni &mdash; Farewell to Naples.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Velletri, April 15th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Left Rome at nine o&rsquo;clock this
+morning; at Albano procured an ancient rural cicerone, a
+boy, and two donkeys, and set out on the grand <i>giro</i> of the
+place. The road over the Campagna is agreeable, because
+the prospect roundabout is so fine, and the aqueducts
+stretching over the plain so grand. After climbing up to the
+Capuchin Convent, close to which are the remains of what is
+called Domitian&rsquo;s Theatre, we came to the lake, which is
+beautiful, but does not look large, and still less as if it had
+ever threatened Rome with destruction. There is a road
+called the Upper Gallery, shaded by magnificent ilexes,
+which leads to the Villa Barberini, a delicious garden, once
+Clodius&rsquo;s and afterwards part of Domitian&rsquo;s Villa, containing
+many remains of former magnificence. This villa was
+probably the scene of the council described by Juvenal
+(Fourth Satire).</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Misso proceres exire jubentur<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Concilio, quos Albanam Dux magnus in arcem<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Traxerat attonitos.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I could not make out that any excavations have ever
+been made here, though they would be certain of finding
+marbles. The road passes along the hill which overhangs
+the margin of the lake to Castel Gandolfo, and thence a path
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>
+leads to the bottom, where are the Emissarium, the Nyphæum
+(called the Baths of Diana), and a beautiful view of the lake,
+Monte Albano, and its towns. There is nothing more
+curious than the Emissarium, built with a solidity which
+has defied the effect of time, for it has never required reparations,
+and performs its office still as it did more than 2,000
+years ago (393 years before the Christian era). Nothing is
+so incomprehensible as the magnitude and grandeur of the
+works of the Republic before it had acquired power, territory,
+or population. The Romans built as if they had an instinctive
+prescience of future greatness, and not even the
+pressure of immediate danger could induce them to sacrifice
+solidity to haste. After wondering at their enterprise and
+industry we may go and admire their subsequent luxury in
+the Baths of Diana, as the place is called, but which is
+evidently a natural cave improved into a delicious retreat by
+some inhabitant of one of the villas above. We mounted
+the hill and went by another road (called the Lower Gallery,
+shaded by the finest ilexes, elms, and oaks, which &lsquo;high
+over-arch&rsquo;d embower,&rsquo; and where there is one ilex which
+twelve men can hardly embrace) to the Doria Villa, once
+Pompey&rsquo;s and likewise Domitian&rsquo;s, who included both Clodius&rsquo;s
+and Pompey&rsquo;s in his own. There are no remains here,
+but some arabesques in a sort of grotto, which I suspect are
+modern. All their villas command views of the Campagna,
+the sea, Rome, and the mountains. It is no wonder Hannibal
+was deeply mortified when he looked down on Rome
+from these hills (the hills at least close by called the Prati
+d&rsquo;Annibale) at having twice just missed taking it. Poetry
+and history contribute alike to the interest of this beautiful
+scenery. We met an Englishman, a single bird who had
+lost his covey, and had procured a guide who could not
+understand what he said. He wanted to go to Albano, and
+the man was taking him to the Emissarium. We put him
+right, but his fury in mixed Italian, French, and English
+was exceedingly comical. It was unlucky that we met him
+at the top instead of the bottom of the hill.</p>
+
+<p>The road to Aricia, where Horace got such a bad dinner&mdash;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ALBANO&mdash;NAPLES</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Egressum magnâ me excepit Aricia Româ<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hospitio modico&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+is beautiful, and close to Gensano we went to look at the
+Lake of Nemi, which is very pretty, but not so grand as
+Albano. The peasantry are a fine race in these parts, and
+we met many men driving carts or riding asses who would
+not disgrace the most romantic group of banditti. The
+people were all working in the open air, and seemed very
+gay. There were few beggars, and not much rags and
+wretchedness.</p>
+
+<p>Started from Velletri at six in the morning; went very
+quick over the Pontine Marshes (which form an avenue of
+about twenty miles, quite straight, shaded with trees, and
+with vegetation of remarkable luxuriance on each side) to
+Terracina (Anxur), where we breakfasted in a room looking
+upon the sea. The place is extremely pretty. Thence to
+Mola di Gaeta, which is very beautiful, but where we did
+not stop; and, after a very tiresome journey, got to Naples
+at two o&rsquo;clock in the morning. Vesuvius was so obliging as
+to emit some flames as we passed by, just to show us his
+whereabouts. They were, however, his first and his last while
+I was at Naples.</p>
+
+<h3>Naples, April 18th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I am disappointed with Naples. I
+looked for more life and gaiety, a more delicious air, beautiful
+town, and picturesque lazaroni, more of Punch, more smoke
+and flame from Vesuvius. It strikes me as less beautiful
+than Genoa, but these are only first impressions. The Bay
+and the Villa Reale, a garden along the sea, full of sweets
+and sea breezes and shade, are certainly delightful. All the
+people seem anxious to cheat as much as they can, from the
+master of the inn to the driver of the hackney-coach. At
+present I don&rsquo;t feel disposed to stay here, and when I
+have seen Pæstum, Pompeii, and the environs I shall be
+glad to get back to Rome. Sir Henry Lushington said
+at dinner yesterday he had seen at Naples a &lsquo;Courier&rsquo;
+newspaper of that day week, produced by Rothschild and
+brought by one of his couriers. I came very fast, but was
+236 hours on the road, including 20 hours&rsquo; stoppage. This
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>
+is 168 hours, which appears incredible, but &lsquo;gold imp&rsquo;d by
+Jews can compass hardest things.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>April 19th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I retract all I said about disappointment,
+for I have since seen Naples, and it is the most beautiful
+and the gayest town in the world. Yesterday morning with
+Morier I walked up to the Castle of St. Elmo and the
+Certosa; went over the chapel, which is full of costly marbles,
+and fine pictures both in oil and fresco, particularly one by
+Spagnolet as fine as any at Rome or anywhere. Tasted the
+<i>custode&rsquo;s</i> lachryma Christi, which, if it be as good of the sort
+as he pretends, is middling stuff, but not bad with water. Saw
+all the views, which are magnificent. Walked down to the
+Villa Reale, which was crowded with people, and the Chiaja
+with carriages. Dined with Hill&mdash;half English and half
+foreigners&mdash;and went to the Opera; a very indifferent opera
+of Rossini, ill sung, called the &lsquo;Siege of Corinth.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This morning at half-past eight we went to the Court
+of Justice to hear an extraordinary trial which excites great
+interest here. The proceedings of the day happened to be
+very uninteresting, not that it made much difference, for I
+could not understand a word anybody said, but I had an
+opportunity of seeing the manner in which they conduct
+trials in this country, and the behaviour of the judges, the
+counsel, and the prisoners. Nothing can be less analogous
+than the proceedings here to those which prevail in our
+courts; and although it is possible that ours might be better,
+it is not possible that theirs could be worse.</p>
+
+<p>I soon left the Court, and walked up the Strada di Toledo&mdash;the
+finest and liveliest street in the world, I believe&mdash;crowded
+with people. An Italian proverb says, &lsquo;Quando Dio onnipotente
+è tristo, prende una finestra nella Toledo.&rsquo; Then to
+the Museum, of which everything was shut but the library
+and the papyri. The former contains 180,000 volumes, but
+is deficient in modern (particularly foreign) books. They
+showed us the process of deciphering the papyri, which is
+very ingenious. The manuscript (which is like a piece of
+charcoal) is suspended by light strings in a sort of frame;
+gum and goldbeater&rsquo;s skin are applied to it as it is unrolled,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MARQUIS DI GALLO&rsquo;S VILLA</span>
+and, by extreme delicacy of touch, they contrive to unravel
+without destroying a great deal of it, but probably they have
+been discouraged by the small reward which has attended
+their exertions; for there are several black-looking rolls
+which have never yet been touched, and very few men at
+work. The gentlemen who explained to us the process said
+that Sir Humphrey Davy had attended them constantly, and
+had taken great pains to contrive some better chemical process
+for the purpose, but without success.</p>
+
+<h3>April 20th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>A delightful drive (made by Murat) to the
+Marquis di Gallo&rsquo;s villa on the Capo di Monte, which far surpasses
+all the villas I saw at Rome. The entrance is about half
+a mile from the house, through a wood, one part of which is
+a vineyard; the vines hanging in festoons from cherry trees,
+and corn growing underneath. The house is not large, but
+convenient; a wide terrace runs along the whole front of it
+with a white marble balustrade; below this is a second terrace
+covered with rose-trees; below that a third, planted
+with vines, and oranges, and myrtles. From the upper
+terrace the view is beautiful. Naples lies beneath, and the
+Bay stretches beyond with the opposite mountains, and all
+the towns and villages from Portici to Sorrento. On the
+right the Castle of St. Elmo and the Certosa, and Vesuvius
+on the left. There is a large wood on one side, cut into shady
+walks and laid out with grottoes, and on the other a vineyard,
+through which there is also a walk under a treillage of
+vines for nearly half a mile. The ground extremely diversified,
+and presenting in every part of it views of the surrounding
+country&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Umbrageous grots and caves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of cool recess, o&rsquo;er which the mantling vine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Luxuriant.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+It is always let, and, till he went away, was occupied by
+Stackelberg, the Russian Ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening went to a ball at the Duchesse d&rsquo;Eboli&rsquo;s;
+very few people, and hardly any English, and those not the
+best&mdash;only four, I think: Sir Henry Lushington, the Consul;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>
+a Mr. Grieve, of whom I know nothing but that his father was
+a physician at St. Petersburg, and that he killed his brother
+at Eton by putting a cracker into his pocket on the 5th of November,
+which set fire to other crackers and burnt him to
+death; Mr. Auldjo, the man who made a very perilous ascent
+of Mont Blanc, of which he published a narrative; Mr. Arbuthnot,
+who levanted from Doncaster two years ago&mdash;but most of
+the Italian women were there, and I was surprised at their
+beauty. Acton, who introduced me to some of them, assured
+me that they were models of conduct, which did not precisely
+tally with my preconceived notions of Neapolitan society.
+They danced, but with no music but a pianoforte. This is one
+of the few houses here which is habitually open, for they have
+not the means of doing much in the way of society and gaiety;
+they are poor, and the Government (the worst in the world)
+interferes. The Duchesse d&rsquo;Eboli is poor, but she was a
+beauty, and has had adventures of various sorts.</p>
+
+<h3>April 21st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined with Keppel Craven yesterday; Acton,
+Morier, Duchesse d&rsquo;Eboli, and some other people.</p>
+
+<p>The day was so disagreeable yesterday I could not go
+out&mdash;not cold, but a hurricane and clouds of dust. The principal
+topic of conversation at dinner was the trial, which
+goes on every day, has already lasted a month, and is likely
+to last two or three more. The Code Napoléon is in force
+here, so that there may probably be something like a certain
+and equal administration of justice between man and man;
+but this is a Government prosecution, and therefore exempted
+from ordinary rules. The history of this trial exemplifies
+the state of both the law and the Government of this country.
+The accused are five in number; the principal of them,
+Matteis, was an <i>intendente</i>, or governor, of a province; 2nd,
+the advocate-general of the province; 3rd, Matteis&rsquo;s secretary;
+and 4th and 5th, two spies. These men united in a
+conspiracy to destroy various persons who were obnoxious
+to them in the province, some of them actuated by political
+motives, and others in order to get possession of the property
+of their victims. The bugbear of the Court is Carbonarism,
+and Matteis pretended that there was a Carbonari plot on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MATTEIS&rsquo;S TRIAL</span>
+foot, in which several persons were implicated. He employed
+the spies to seduce the victims into some imprudence
+of language or conduct, and then to inform against them;
+in this way he apprehended various individuals, some of
+whom were tortured, some imprisoned or sent to the galleys,
+and some put to death. These transactions took place eight
+or nine years ago, and such was the despotism of this man
+and the terror he inspired, that no resistance was made to
+his proceedings, or any appeal against them ever sent to
+Naples. At last one of his own secretaries made some disclosures
+to Government, and the case appeared so atrocious
+that it was thought necessary to institute an immediate enquiry.
+The <i>intendente</i> was ordered to Naples, and commissioners
+were sent to obtain evidence in the province and
+sift the matter to the bottom. After much delay they made
+a report confirming the first accusations and designating
+these five men as the criminals. As soon as the matter was
+thus taken up, the public indignation burst forth, and a host
+of witnesses who had been deterred by fear from opening their
+lips came forward to depose against Matteis and his associates.
+They were arrested in the year 1825 and thrown into
+prison, but owing to the difficulties and delay which they contrived
+by their influence to interpose, and to the anomalous
+character of the prosecution, five years elapsed before the proceedings
+began. At length a royal order constituted a Court
+of Justice, composed of all the judges of the Court of Cassation
+(about twenty), the highest tribunal in the kingdom, and
+they have just been enjoined not to separate till the final adjudication
+of the case. Although the offences with which the
+criminals are charged are very different in degree, they are all
+arraigned together; a host of witnesses are examined, each
+of whom tells a story or makes a speech, and the evidence is
+accordingly very confused, now affecting one and now another
+of them. They have counsel and the right of addressing
+the Court themselves, which the <i>intendente</i> avails himself of
+with such insolence that they are obliged to begin the proceedings
+of each day by reading an order to the prisoners
+to behave themselves decently to the Court. Their counsel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>
+are assigned by the Court, and it is not one of the least extraordinary
+parts of this case that the advocate of Matteis
+is his personal enemy, and a man whom he displaced from an
+office he once held in the province. They say, however,
+that he defends him very fairly and zealously. The day I
+was there the proceedings were uninteresting, but yesterday
+they were very important. An officer was examined
+who had been imprisoned and ill-treated in prison, and who
+deposed to various acts of cruelty. They on their part
+hardly deny the facts, but attempt to justify them by
+proving that the sufferers really were Carbonari, that other
+governors had done the same thing, and that they were
+doing a service to the Government by these pretended plots
+and consequent executions. Though their guilt is clear, it
+is by no means so clear that they will be condemned, or at
+least all of them. The public indignation is so great that
+they must sacrifice some of them, and the spies, it is said,
+will certainly be hanged. Matteis has interest in the Court,
+but, as a majority of votes will decide his fate, it is most
+likely he will be condemned.</p>
+
+<h3>April 22nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday to Pompeii, far better worth
+seeing than anything else in Italy. Who can look at
+other ruins after this? At Rome there are certain places
+consecrated by recollections, but the imagination must be
+stirred up to enjoy them; here you are actually in a Roman
+town. Shave off the upper storey of any town, take out
+windows, doors, and furniture, and it will be as Pompeii now
+is: it is marvellous. About one-fifth part of the town has
+been excavated, and the last house found is the largest. It is
+said 1,000 men would clear it in a year, and there are thirty
+at work. The road is a bed of dust, and infested with blind
+beggars, each led by a boy. There are habitations almost
+uninterruptedly along the road between Naples and Pompeii,
+built apparently for no other reason than because they are
+exposed to eruptions of the mountain, for any other part
+of the Bay would be just as agreeable, and safe from that
+danger.</p>
+
+<p>This morning we went to an Ursuline convent to see two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TAKING THE VEIL</span>
+girls take the veil. The ceremony was neither imposing, nor
+interesting, nor affecting, nor such as I expected. I believe
+all this would have been the case had it been the black veil,
+but it was the white unfortunately. I thought they would be
+dressed splendidly, have their hair cut off in the church, be
+divested (in the convent) of their finery, and reappear to
+take leave of their relations in the habit of the order. Not
+at all. I went with A. Hill and Legge, who had got tickets
+from the brother of one of the <i>sposine</i>; we were admitted
+to the grating, an apartment about ten feet long by five wide,
+with a very thick double grating, behind which some of the
+nuns appeared and chattered. A turning box supplied
+coffee and cakes to the company. I went to the door of the
+parlour (which was open), but they would not admit me.
+There the ladies were received, and the nuns and novices
+were laughing and talking and doing the honours. Their
+dress was not ugly&mdash;black, white, and a yellow veil. The
+chapel was adorned with gold brocade, and blue and silver
+hangings, flowers, tapers; a good orchestra, and two or
+three tolerable voices. It was as full as it could hold, and
+soldiers were distributed about to keep order; even by the
+altar four stood with fixed bayonets, who when the Host was
+raised presented arms&mdash;a military salute to the Real Presence!
+The brother of one of the girls did the honours of the
+chapel, placing the ladies and bustling about for chairs, which
+all the time the ceremony was going on were handed over
+heads and bonnets, to the great danger of the latter. It was
+impossible not to be struck with this man&rsquo;s gaiety and <i>sang-froid</i>
+on the occasion, but he is used to it, for this was the
+fourth sister he has buried here. When the chapel was well
+crammed the <i>sposine</i> appeared, each with two <i>marraines</i>.
+A table and six chairs were placed opposite the altar; on the
+table were two trays, each containing a Prayer Book, a pocket-handkerchief,
+and a white veil. The girls (who were very
+young, and one of them rather pretty) were dressed in long
+black robes like dressing-gowns, their hair curled, hanging
+down their backs and slightly powdered. On the top of their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>
+heads were little crowns of blue, studded with silver or diamonds.
+The ladies attending them (one of whom was Princess
+Fondi and another Princess Bressano) were very smart, and
+all the people in the chapel were dressed as for a ball. There
+was a priest at the table to tell the girls what to do. High
+Mass was performed, then a long sermon was delivered by a
+priest who spoke very fluently, but with a strange twang and
+in a very odd style, continually apostrophising the two girls
+by name, comparing them to olives and other fruit, to <i>candelabri</i>,
+and desiring them to keep themselves pure that &lsquo;they
+might go as virgins into the chamber of their beloved.&rsquo; When
+the Sacrament was administered the ladies took the crowns
+off the girls, who were like automata all the time, threw the
+white veils over them, and led them to the altar, where the
+Sacrament was administered to them; then they were led
+back to their seats, the veils taken off and the crowns replaced.
+After a short interval they were again led to the
+altar, where, on their knees, their profession was read to
+them; in this they are made to renounce the world and their
+parents; but at this part, which is at the end, a murmuring
+noise is made by the four ladies who kneel with them at the
+altar, that the words may not be heard, being thought too
+heart-rending to the parents; then they are led out and taken
+into the convent, and the ceremony ends. The girls did not
+seem the least affected, but very serious;  the rest of the
+party appeared to consider it as a <i>fête</i>, and smirked and gossiped;
+only the father of one of them, an old man, looked
+as if he felt it. The brother told me his sister was eighteen;
+that she would be a nun, and that they had done all they
+could to dissuade her. It is a rigid order, but there is a still
+more rigid rule within the convent. Those nuns who embrace
+it are for ever cut off from any sort of communication with the
+world, and can never again see or correspond with their own
+family. They cannot enter into this last seclusion without
+the consent of their parents, which another of this man&rsquo;s
+four sisters is now soliciting.</p>
+
+<p>We afterwards drove through the Grotto of Pausilippo,
+that infernal grotto which one must pass through to get
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">BAIÆ</span>
+out of Naples on one side; it is a source of danger, and the
+ancient account of it is not the least exaggerated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Nihil isto carcere longius, nihil illis faucibus obscurius, quo
+nobis præstant non ut per tenebras videamus sed ut ipsas.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>There are a few glimmering lamps always obscured by
+dust, and it is never hardly light enough to avoid danger
+except at night; in the middle it is pitch dark.</p>
+
+<p>Then round the Strada Nuova, Murat&rsquo;s delightful
+creation, and walked in the Villa Reale, where I found
+Acton, who had been all the morning at the trial, which
+was very interesting. A woman was examined, who deposed
+that her husband was thrown into prison and ill-treated
+by Matteis because he would not give some false evidence
+that he required of him; that she went to Matteis and entreated
+him to release him, and that he told her he would
+if she would bring her daughter to him, which she refused,
+and he was put to death. On this evidence being given, the
+examining judge dropped the paper, and a murmur of horror
+ran through the audience. The accused attacked the witness
+and charged her with perjury, and said he was ill in bed at
+the time alluded to. The woman retorted, &lsquo;Canaglia, tu sai
+ch&rsquo; egli è vero,&rsquo; and there was a debate between the counsel
+on either side, and witnesses were called who proved that he
+was in good health at the time. They think the evidence of
+to-day and the apparent disposition of the judges must hang
+him.</p>
+
+<h3>Salerno, April 24th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Here Morier and I are going to pass
+the night on our way to Pæstum, and as he is gone to bed
+(at half-past eight) I must write. Yesterday morning
+Morier, St. John, Lady Isabella, and I went to Pozzuoli,
+embarked in a wretched boat to make the <i>giro</i> of Baiæ.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ante bonam Venerem gelidæ per litora Baiæ<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Illa natare lacu cum lampade jussit amorem,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dura natat, algentes cecidit scintilla per undas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hinc vapor ussit aquas, quicumque natavit, amavit.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Venus bade Cupid on fair Baiæ&rsquo;s side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plunge with his torch into the glassy tide;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">As the boy swam the sparks of mischief flew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And fell in showers upon the liquid blue;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hence all who venture on that shore to lave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Emerge love-stricken from the treacherous wave.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I was disappointed with the country, which is bare and
+uninteresting; but the line of coast, with the various bays
+and promontories and the circumjacent islands, is extremely
+agreeable, and the Bay of Baiæ, with the Temple of Venus,
+delightful. The Temple of Mercury is also worth seeing.
+The Cave of the Sybil, Lake Avernus, and Temple of Apollo
+are not worth seeing, but as they are celebrated by Virgil
+they must be visited, though the embellishments of Virgil&rsquo;s
+imagination and the lapse of time have made disappointment
+inevitable. Nature indeed no longer presents the same
+aspect; for there is a mountain more (Monte Nuovo) and a
+wood less about the lake than in Virgil&rsquo;s time. We found
+two ridiculous parties there, one English, the other French,
+the latter the most numerous and chattering, and mounted on
+asses, so as to make a long cavalcade. There was a fat old
+gentleman just coming puffing out of the cave, and calling
+with delight to his ladies, &lsquo;Ah, mesdames, êtes-vous
+noires?&rsquo; as they certainly were, for all one gets in the cave is
+a blackened face from the torches. There was another
+gaunt figure of the party in a fur cap, who was playing the
+flute&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His reedy pipe with music fills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To charm the God who loves the hills<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And rich Arcadian scenery.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We landed from our boat in various places, but declined
+going down the Cento Camerelle to have a second face-blackening.
+All the ruins, said to be of Cæsar&rsquo;s and Marius&rsquo;s
+Villas, Agrippina&rsquo;s Tomb, Caligula&rsquo;s Bridge, &amp;c., may be
+anything; they are nothing but shapeless fragments, only
+on a rock I saw a bit of marble or stucco in what they call
+Cæsar&rsquo;s Villa. The Stygian Lake presented no horrors, nor
+the Elysian Fields any delights; the former is a great round
+piece of water, and the latter are very common-looking
+vineyards. When well wooded, which in the time of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">EXCAVATIONS AT POMPEII</span>
+Romans it was, this coast must have been a most delicious
+and luxurious retreat, so sequestered and sheltered, such a
+calm sea, and soft breezes.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Mira quies pelagi; ponunt hic lassa furorem<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Æquora, et insani spirant clementius Austri.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We went up to look at the old harbour of Misenum,
+where, instead of a Roman fleet, were a few fishing-boats,
+and walked back through fields in which spring was bursting
+forth through endless varieties of cultivation&mdash;figs, mulberries,
+and cherry trees, with festoons of vines hanging from
+tree to tree, and corn, peas, and beans springing up underneath.</p>
+
+<p>Our boatmen, as we rowed back, were very proud of their
+English, and kept on saying &lsquo;Pull away,&rsquo; &lsquo;Now boys,&rsquo; and
+other phrases they have picked up from our sailors. This
+morning we set off to come here [to Salerno] with Vetturino
+horses; the dust intolerable; stopped at Pompeii, and walked
+half round the walls and to the Amphitheatre. All the
+ground (now covered with vineyards) belongs to the King
+(for Murat bought it); the profusion and brilliancy of the
+wild flowers make it quite a garden&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice art<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In beds and curious knots, but nature boon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pours forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>If Murat had continued on the throne two or three years
+longer, the whole town would have been excavated. He, and
+still more the Queen, took great interest in it, and they both
+went there frequently. She used to see the houses excavated,
+and one day they found the skeleton of a woman with gold
+bracelets and earrings, which were brought to her, and she
+put them on herself directly. In their time 800 men and
+50 cars were at work; now there are 40 men and 6 cars.
+The expense of 800 men and 50 cars would be about 13,000&#8467;.
+a year, but these men will spend nothing. A car costs a
+scudo, and a man four carlins, a day. (A scudo is ten carlins,
+a carlin fourpence.) The Royal Family seldom or never come
+here; the Duke of Calabria has been once. The Amphitheatre,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>
+though not to be compared in size or beauty with the Coliseum,
+is much more perfect. The road here is beautiful,
+particularly about La Cava. I walked up to the Convent of
+the Trinità; it stands on the brink of a deep ravine in
+the middle of the hills, which are tossed into a hundred
+different shapes and covered with foliage&mdash;a magnificent
+situation. The convent is very large, and well kept; it
+contains fifty monks, who were most of them walking about
+the road. Here were all the raw materials requisite for a
+romance&mdash;a splendid setting sun, mountains, convent, flock
+of goats, evening bell, friars, and peasants. Arrived here,
+delighted with the outside and disgusted with the inside of
+the town; but the Bay of Salerno is beautiful, the place gay
+and populous, all staring at a fire-balloon which was just ascending,
+and soon after came down in the sea. The inns
+execrable. We got into one at last, in which there is a
+wide terrace looking over the sea, and there we ordered our
+dinner to be laid; but we were soon driven in, not by the
+cold, but by the flaring of our tallow candles.</p>
+
+<p>We were obliged to write our names down for the police,
+who are very busy and inquisitive. One man, whose name
+was just before mine, had added this poetical encomium on
+the inn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I mention by way of <i>guidanza</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For those who are going to Pæstum,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They&rsquo;ll find at this inn, the &lsquo;Speranza,&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A good place to eat and to rest &rsquo;em.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I could not concur with this poet, so I added to my name
+this contradiction:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">On the &lsquo;Hope&rsquo;s&rsquo; being such a good treat<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We must both put our positive vetos;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We not only got nothing to eat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But ourselves were ate up by mosquitos.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h3>Naples, April 25th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Started at four o&rsquo;clock in the morning
+from Salerno, and got to Pæstum at eight. Tormented to
+death by beggars and ciceroni (often both characters in one),
+for in  Italy everybody who shows a stranger about is a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PÆSTUM</span>
+cicerone, from Professor Nibby down to a Calabrian peasant.
+There is little beauty in the scenery of Pæstum, but the
+temples amply repay the trouble of the journey. I agree
+with Forsyth that they are the most impressive monuments
+I have ever seen. The famed roses of Pæstum have disappeared,
+but there are thousands of lizards &lsquo;nunc virides
+etiam occultant spineta lacertos.&rsquo; No excavations have ever
+been made here, but they talk of excavating. There were
+some fine Etruscan vases found in a tomb at Pæstum, which
+we did not see. The brute of a <i>custode</i> knew nothing of it,
+nor should I if I had not seen the model in the Museum
+afterwards. Thousands of Etruscan vases may be had for
+digging; they are found in all the tombs. The peasants
+have heaps of little carved images of terra cotta and coins,
+which they offer for sale. I believed they were fabricated,
+but a man I met there showed me two or three that he had
+turned up with his stick, so that they may be genuine.
+What treasures Naples possesses, and how unworthy she is
+of them!
+Pæstum<a name="FNA_09_01" id="FNA_09_01" href="#FN_09_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+long neglected, and Pompeii hardly
+touched! At Rome they are always digging and doing
+something, and though the Papal Government is neither
+active nor rich, I do believe they would not let this town
+(Pompeii, I mean) remain buried when a few thousand
+pounds would bring it all to light. There seem to be no
+habitations near Pæstum, but there is a church, which was
+well attended, for the peasants were on their knees all round
+it; and while we were breakfasting (in a manger with the
+horses out in the air) they came out, strange-looking figures,
+rude, uncouth, and sunburnt, and without any of the finery
+which they generally wear on a Sunday.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_01" id="FN_09_01" href="#FNA_09_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+The authorities of course can&rsquo;t agree when Pæstum was built, and by
+whom, or whether one of the temples (the largest) was a temple or a
+basilica. The perfect state of these temples, particularly that called of
+Neptune, is the more remarkable because there are scarcely any vestiges of
+other buildings. Morier thought them inferior to the temples at Athens,
+but so they may well be; the Athenian temples are built of white marble
+from the Pentelic quarries, and highly ornamented by Phidias.</p></div>
+
+<h3>Naples, April 26th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To the Museum; met the Dalbergs
+and Prince and Princess Aldobrandini,  a  good-looking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>
+daughter and two sons. They will have all Prince Borghese&rsquo;s
+estate. I only went into the Pompeii and Herculaneum
+part of the collections.</p>
+
+<p>The lazaroni are very amusing. This morning four of
+them stripped stark naked under my window, put off in a
+boat, and thirty yards from the shore fished for cockle fish,
+which they do by diving like ducks, throwing their feet up
+in the air as the ducks do their tails. The creatures are
+perfectly amphibious; they don&rsquo;t care who sees them, and
+their forms are perfect. Then there are little lazaroni who
+ape the big ones. Met a christening this morning, and then
+a funeral. The wet nurse, full dressed, was carried in a
+sedan chair down the middle of the street, and the child,
+dressed also, held out of the window in her arms, and so she
+was going to church. The funeral was a priest&rsquo;s&mdash;a long file
+of penitents in white, carrying torches, a bier covered with
+crimson and gold, and the priest dressed in robes and exposed
+upon it, a ghastly sight, with a chalice in his hand and a
+book at his feet, other priests following, the cross borne
+before him. When young girls are buried in this way, they
+are gaily dressed with chaplets of flowers, a flower in the
+mouth, and flowers at their feet.</p>
+
+<p>Rode to the race-course and round the hills; such views
+and such an evening! At seven o&rsquo;clock I could see the houses
+at Sorrento, nineteen miles off on the other side of the
+Bay. Dined with Acton; none but English. In the evening
+went to Toledo, the Spanish Ambassador&rsquo;s. The Duc de
+Dalberg talked of an association to excavate at Calabria and
+Apulia. The Government reserves four places&mdash;Pompeii,
+Pæstum, Stabiæ, Herculaneum&mdash;for its own use, and anybody
+may excavate elsewhere who will be at the trouble and
+expense.</p>
+
+<h3>April 29th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>On Tuesday again to the Museum and
+the King&rsquo;s Palace; rather fine, good house, very ridiculous
+pictures of the royal families of Naples and Spain. The
+Duchess of Floridia&rsquo;s apartment (old Ferdinand&rsquo;s wife) is delightful;
+the rooms are furnished with blue satin and white
+silk, opening  upon  a  terrace  covered with  orange-trees,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ANTIQUE PAINTING</span>
+flowers, and shaded walks, and looks over the Bay. A few
+fine pictures, but not many. There is a bath, built after one
+of those at Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p>From what I saw at the Museum, I see no reason to
+doubt that the ancients were as excellent in painting as in
+sculpture; there are some very exquisite paintings taken from
+Pompeii. Then we are not to believe that the best have
+been found, or that a provincial town contained the finest
+specimens of the art. Painted on walls, they appear deficient
+in light and shade, but the drawing and expression, and
+sometimes the colouring (allowing for spoiling), are very
+good. There are some Cupids playing at games, and driving
+chariots, very like the Julio Romanos in the Lanti Villa
+at Rome, which indeed were borrowed from the ancient frescoes
+discovered in the Baths of Titus. The bronzes taken
+out of Herculaneum and Pompeii are very interesting, because
+they display the whole domestic economy of the ancients,
+and their excellent taste in furniture, sacrificial
+instruments, &amp;c., but there is nothing particularly curious
+in the fact of their pots and pans being like our pots and
+pans, for if they were to boil and stew they could not well
+have performed those operations with a different kind of
+utensils. However, all the people marvel at them; they
+seem to think the Romans must have been beings of a different
+organisation, and that everything that is not dissimilar
+is strange. What is really curious is a surgical instrument
+which was lately found, exactly similar to one invented thirty
+years ago in France. The lava would not touch bronze; the
+iron was always encrusted and spoilt, but the bronze things
+all look like new.</p>
+
+<h3>May 2nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Went to the Lake of Agnano and the Grotto
+del Cane; very pretty lake, evidently the crater of a volcano;
+saw the dog perform; a sight neither interesting nor cruel;
+the dog did not mind it a bit, and the old woman must make
+a fortune, for she had eight carlins for it. The grotto is
+very hot and steaming; a torch goes out held near the ground,
+and when I put my face down the steam from the earth
+went up my nose like salts. Virgil&rsquo;s Tomb, which is very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>
+picturesque, and from whence the common view of Naples is
+taken; there has been plenty of discussion whether it really
+is Virgil&rsquo;s tomb or not. Forsyth seems to doubt it, with one
+of his off-hand flings at the authority for its being so, a sort
+of &lsquo;Who the Devil, I humbly beg to know, is Donatus?&rsquo; but
+there is tradition in its favour, the fact of Virgil having been
+buried here or hereabouts, and the honour being claimed by
+no other spot. When there is probability it is unwise to be
+so very sceptical: take away names, and what are the places
+themselves? Here not much, at Rome nothing.</p>
+
+<h3>Thursday.</h3>
+
+<p>Went a long and most beautiful ride up to
+the Camaldoli, from which the view extends over sea and
+land to an immense distance in every direction.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Thus was this place<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A happy rural seat of various views.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The convent was once very rich, but the French stripped
+all the convents of their property, which they have never
+since recovered. It is remarkably clean and spacious. Each
+monk has a house of his own containing two or three little
+rooms, and a little garden, and they only eat together on particular
+days. The old man who took us about said he had
+been there since he was eighteen, had been turned out by the
+French, but came back as soon as he could, and had never
+regretted becoming a monk. He showed me a bust of the
+founder of their order (I think San Romualdo), and when I
+asked him how many years ago it was founded, he said,
+&lsquo;Perhaps 2,000.&rsquo; I said when I became a monk I would go
+to that convent, when he asked very seriously if I was going
+to be a monk. I said, &lsquo;Not just yet.&rsquo; &lsquo;Very well,&rsquo; he said;
+&lsquo;you must pay 120 ducats, and you can come here.&rsquo; We
+went down a road cut for miles in the mountain, very narrow
+and steep, through shady lanes, groves, and vineyards (with
+magnificent views), through Pianura to Pozzuoli, entering
+by the old Roman road and Street of Tombs. The <i>columbaria</i>
+in the Street of Tombs are the best worth seeing <i>ejus
+generis</i> of any. Went to the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, of
+which there are very curious remains.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">RUINS ABOUT NAPLES</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Hard by the reverent ruins<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of a once glorious temple, reared to Jove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose very rubbish (like the pitied fall<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of virtue, most unfortunate) yet bears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A deathless majesty, though now quite rased,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hurl&rsquo;d down by wrath and lust of impious kings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So that where holy Flamens wont to sing<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet hymns to Heaven, there the daw and crow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ill-voiced raven, and still chattering pie<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Send out ungrateful sounds.<br /></span>
+<span class="i18"><span class="smcap">Marston.</span></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To the ruins of the Amphitheatre, from the top of which
+there is one of the finest views I ever saw of the Bay of
+Baiæ and the islands; and then to the Solfaterra. The ruins
+scattered about Naples (those at Pozzuoli, for instance) are
+far more extensive than most of those at Rome, but partly
+&lsquo;carent quia vate sacro,&rsquo; and partly because there are no well-known
+names attached to them, the ground is not so holy,
+and little is said or thought about them. If these temples
+were at Rome, what an uproar they would cause! The Solfaterra
+is remarkable as a sort of link between the quick and
+the dead volcanoes; it is considered extinct, but the earth
+is hot, the sulphur strong, and at a particular spot, when a
+hole is made, it hisses and throws up little stones and ashes,
+and exhibits a sort of volcano in miniature, but the surface
+of the crater is overgrown with vegetation. The road to
+Naples by the convent of the Jesuits and Chapel of St. Januarius
+is the most beautiful I ever saw, particularly towards
+sunset, when the colouring is so rich and varied. It lies
+over a crest commanding a prospect of the mountains on
+one side and the sea on the other.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Quid mille revolvam<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Culmina visendique vices.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h3>May 3rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>We sailed across the Bay to Resina, to see
+Herculaneum, the old and new excavations. At the new
+there are only seven or eight men at work; the old are hardly
+worth seeing. So much earth and cinders are mixed with
+the lava in the new part, that they might excavate largely if
+they would spend money enough; at present they have only
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>
+excavated one or two houses, but have found some bronzes
+and marbles. The houses are laid open, just like those at
+Pompeii.</p>
+
+<p>The next day Morier, Watson, and I set off to ascend
+Vesuvius; we rode on donkeys from Salvatore&rsquo;s house to
+the bottom of the last ascent, which was rather less formidable
+than I expected, though fatiguing enough. Another
+party went up at the same time: one man of that party,
+Watson, and I walked up alone; the others were all lugged
+up. They take the bridles off the donkeys and put them on
+the men; the luggee holds by this tackle and the guide goes
+before him. After infinite puffing and perspiring, and resting
+at every big stone, I reached the top in thirty-five minutes.
+It was very provoking to see the facility with which the
+creatures who attended us sprang up. There was one fellow
+with nothing on but a shirt and half a pair of breeches,
+who walked the whole way from Resina with a basket on his
+head full of wine, bread, and oranges, and while we were
+slipping, and clambering, and toiling with immense difficulty
+he bounded up, with his basket on his head, as straight as an
+arrow all the time, and bothering us to drink when we had
+not breath to answer. I took three or four oranges, some
+bread, and a bottle of wine of him at the top, and when I
+asked Salvatore what I should pay him, he said two carlins
+(eightpence English). I gave him three (a shilling), and
+he was transported. It was a magnificent evening, and the
+sunset from the top of Vesuvius (setting in the sea) a glorious
+sight&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i14">For the sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Declined, was hastening now with prone career<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the ocean&rsquo;s isles, and in th&rsquo; ascending scale<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of heaven the stars, that usher evening, rose.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+The view, too, all round is very grand; the towns round the
+Bay appear so clear, yet so minute. I had formed to myself a
+very different idea of the crater, of which the dimensions are
+very deceitful; it is so much larger than it appears. The bottom
+of the crater is flat, covered with masses of lava and sulphur,
+but anybody may walk all about it. At one end stands what
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ASCENT OF VESUVIUS</span>
+looks like a little black hillock, from which smoke was rising,
+as it was from various crevices in different parts; that little
+hillock is the crater from which all eruptions burst. The
+mountain was provokingly still, and only gave one low
+grumble and a very small emission of smoke and fire while
+we were there; it has never been more tranquil. The descent
+is very good fun, galloping down the cinders; you have
+only to take care not to tumble over the stones; slipping is
+impossible. The whole ascent of the mountain is interesting,
+particularly in that part which is like a great ocean of
+lava, and where the guides point out the courses of the different
+eruptions, all of which may be distinctly traced. We
+got to the Hermitage just as it was dark; there was still a
+red tint round the western horizon, and the islands were
+dimly shadowed out, while the course of the Bay was marked
+by a thousand dancing lights. Salvatore has especial care
+of the mountain under the orders of Government, to whom
+he is obliged to make a daily report of its state, and he is
+as fond of it as a nurse of a favourite child, or a trainer at
+Newmarket of his best race-horse, and delights in telling
+anecdotes of old eruptions and phenomena, and of different
+travellers who have ascended it.</p>
+
+<p>Two years ago an English merchant here laid a bet of
+200 napoleons that he would go from
+Resina<a name="FNA_09_02" id="FNA_09_02" href="#FN_09_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+to the top in
+an hour and a half. Salvatore went with him, and they did
+it in an hour and thirteen minutes. The Englishman rode
+relays of horses, but the guide went the whole way on foot,
+and the best part of the ascent had to drag up his companion
+He said it nearly killed him, and he did not recover from it for
+several weeks; he is 53 years old, but a very handsome man.
+He said, however, that the fatigue of this exploit was not so
+painful as what he went through in carrying the Duke of
+Buckingham to the top; he was carried up in a chair by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span>
+twelve men, and the weight was so enormous that his shoulder
+was afterwards swelled up nearly to his head. When the
+Duke got down he gave a great dinner (on the mountain),
+which he had brought with him to celebrate the exploit.
+Salvatore said that he continues to write to many scientific
+men in various parts of Europe when anything remarkable
+occurs in the mountain, and talked of Buckland, Playfair,
+and Davy. We got down to Resina about half-past nine, and
+at ten embarked again and sailed over to Castel-a-Mare, where
+we arrived at one o&rsquo;clock.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_02" id="FN_09_02" href="#FNA_09_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+From Salvatore&rsquo;s house at Resina to the top of the mountain is seven
+miles; from the Hermitage to the top, 3&#8531;. It is a mile and 200 feet from
+the bottom of the ascent (on foot) to the top, 800 feet from the point we
+first gain to the bottom of the crater; the inner crater (or black hill, as I
+call it) is 230 feet high and 180 feet in circumference. The miles are Neapolitan
+miles, about three-fourths of an English mile.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next morning Mr. Watson and I got a six-oared
+boat (with sails) and went to Sorrento. Castel-a-Mare and
+the whole coast are beautiful. Landed a mile from Sorrento,
+and walked by a path cut in the rock to the Cocomella, a
+villa with a magnificent prospect of the Bay exactly opposite
+Naples.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">Placido lunata recessu<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hinc atque hinc curvas perrumpunt æquora rupes.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dat natura locum, montique intervenit imum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Litus et in terras scopulis pendentibus exit.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then to the town to see the curiosities, which are the
+Piscine, Tasso&rsquo;s house, and some very romantic caverns in a
+wild dell under the bridge at Sorrento; all very well worth
+seeing, but Tasso&rsquo;s house was locked, so we could not get
+to the terrace. Just as we arrived at Sorrento we found
+they were performing a ceremony which takes place there
+every year on the 1st of May, and there only&mdash;the benediction
+of the flowers, the ushering in the may.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With songs and dance they celebrate the day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with due honours usher in the may.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was in the Archiepiscopal church, which was gaily
+adorned with hangings of various colours, gold and silver and
+flowers, full of people, all in their best attire. A priest in the
+pulpit opposite the Archbishop&rsquo;s throne called on the representatives
+of the different parishes (seven in number), who
+advanced in succession, each bearing a huge cross fifteen or
+twenty feet high, entirely made of flowers, and adorned with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO</span>
+garlands and devices, all likewise of the most brilliant flowers,
+and, as each came up, a little cannon was fired off. They
+were blessed in succession, and then deposited around the
+throne of the Archbishop, who, after this ceremony was
+concluded, went up to the altar and celebrated High Mass.
+They told me that this festival had taken place at Sorrento
+from the remotest time.</p>
+
+<p>After seeing the Piscine we went into a garden above,
+where there was a profusion of orange and lemon trees,
+loaded with ripe fruit; the oranges we pulled off the
+trees and ate; they were excellent, and as red as Morella
+cherries&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Whose fruit, burnished with golden rind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If true, here only, of delicious taste.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We could not stay long at Sorrento, and were four hours
+rowing across the Bay to Naples. Dined with Hill at the
+Villa Belvidere (a delicious villa on the Vomero), with a large,
+tiresome party, principally English.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday the miracle of the blood of San Gennaro was
+performed, and of course successfully; it will be repeated
+every morning for eight days. I went to-day to the Cathedral,
+where San Gennaro&rsquo;s silver bust was standing on one side of
+the altar, surrounded by lights, and the vessel containing
+the blood on the other. Round the altar were ranged silver
+heads of various saints, his particular friends, who had accompanied
+him there to do him honour, and who will be
+taken this evening with him in procession to his own
+chapel. Acton and I went together, and one of the people
+belonging to the church seeing us come in, and judging
+that we wanted to see the blood, summoned one of the
+canons, who was half asleep in a stall, who brought out
+the blood, which is contained in a glass vase mounted with
+silver. It liquefies in the morning, remains in that state all
+day, and congeals again at night. A great many people
+were waiting to kiss the vessel, which was handed to us
+first. We kissed it, and then it went round, each person
+kissing it and touching it with his head, as they do St.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span>
+Peter&rsquo;s foot at Rome. San Gennaro and his silver companions
+were brought in procession from one of the other
+churches, all the nobility and an immense crowd attending.
+I had fancied that the French had exposed and put
+an end to this juggle, but not at all. They found the people
+so attached to the superstition that they patronised it; they
+adorned the Chapel of St. Januarius with a magnificent
+altarpiece and other presents. The first time (after they
+came to Naples) that the miracle was to be performed the
+blood would not liquefy, which produced a great ferment
+among the people. It was a trick of the priests to throw
+odium on the French, and the French General Championnet
+thought it so serious that he sent word that if the blood did
+not liquefy forthwith the priests should go to the galleys.
+It liquefied immediately, and the people were satisfied.
+Acton told me that nobody believed it but the common
+people, but that they did not dare to leave it off. It is what
+is called a false position to be in, when they are obliged to
+go on pretending to perform a miracle in which no men of
+sense and education believe, and in which it is well known
+they don&rsquo;t any of them believe themselves. Miracles, if
+sometimes useful and profitable, are sometimes awkward
+incumbrances. Drove round the obscure parts of the town,
+and through dense masses of population, by the old palace
+of Queen Joan and the market place, which was the scene
+of Masaniello&rsquo;s sedition. He was killed in the great church
+(in 1646).</p>
+
+<h3>May 4th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To the Museum, and saw the mummies which
+have been unrolled; they are like thin, black, shrivelled
+corpses; hair and shape of face perfect, even the eyelids.
+The canvas fold in which they are wrapped quite fresh-looking;
+the best preserved is 3,055 years old. Amongst the
+bronzes there is a bust of Livia with a wig. Dined with
+Toledo, the Spanish Minister. The women put their knives
+into their mouths, and he is always kissing his wife&rsquo;s hand&mdash;an
+ugly little old woman. Toledo was Romana&rsquo;s aide-de-camp.</p>
+
+<h3>May 5th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To Cumæ, and dined at the Lake of Fusaro
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO</span>
+with the Talbots and Lushingtons; not a pretty lake, but the
+country near it pretty enough. A splendid sunset, with real
+purple. &lsquo;Lumine vestit purpureo.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<h3>May 7th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>In the morning to the Chapel of St. Januarius,
+to see the blood liquefy. The grand ceremony was last
+Saturday at the Cathedral, but the miracle is repeated every
+morning in the Chapel for eight days. I never saw such a
+scene, at once so ludicrous and so disgusting, but more of the
+latter. There was the saint, all bedizened with pearls, on the
+altar, the other silver ladies and gentlemen all round the
+chapel, with an abundance of tapers burning before them.
+Certain people were admitted within the rails of the altar;
+the crowd, consisting chiefly of women, and most of them
+old women, were without. There is no service, but the priests
+keep muttering and looking at the blood to see if it is melting.
+To-day it was unusually long, so these old Sibyls kept
+clamouring, &lsquo;Santa Trinità!&rsquo; &lsquo;Santa Vergine!&rsquo; &lsquo;Dio onnipotente!&rsquo;
+&lsquo;San Gennaro!&rsquo; in loud and discordant chorus; still the
+blood was
+obstinate,<a name="FNA_09_03" id="FNA_09_03" href="#FN_09_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+so the priest ordered them to go down
+on their knees and to say the Athanasian Creed, which is one
+of the specifics resorted to in such a case. He drawled it
+out with his eyes shut, and the women screamed the
+responses. This would not do, so they fell to abuse and
+entreaties with a vehemence and volubility, and a shrill
+clamour, which was at once a proof of their sincerity and
+their folly. Such noise, such gesticulations. One woman I
+never shall forget, with outstretched arm, distorted visage,
+and voice of piercing sharpness. In the meantime the
+priest handed about the phial to be kissed, and talked the
+matter over with the bystanders. &lsquo;È sempre duro?&rsquo; &lsquo;Sempre
+duro, adesso v&rsquo; è una piccola cosa.&rsquo; At last, after all the
+handling, praying, kissing, screaming, entreating, and abusing,
+the blood did
+melt,<a name="FNA_09_04" id="FNA_09_04" href="#FN_09_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+when the organ struck up, they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>
+all sang in chorus, and so it ended. It struck me as particularly
+disgusting, though after all it is not fair to abuse
+these poor people, who have all been brought up in the belief
+of the miracle, and who fancy that the prosperity of their
+city and all that it contains is somehow connected with its
+due performance. The priests could not discontinue it but
+by acknowledging the imposture, and by an imaginative
+people, who are the slaves of prejudice, and attached to it by
+force of inveterate habit, the acknowledgment would not be
+believed, and they would only incur odium by it; there it is,
+and (for some time at least) it must go on.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_03" id="FN_09_03" href="#FNA_09_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+I dined at Hill&rsquo;s; sat next to the Duchess de Dalberg, talked of the
+miracle, which she told me she firmly believed. I fancied none believed it
+but the lowest of the people, and was (very foolishly) astonished; for what
+ought ever to produce astonishment which has to do with credulity in
+matters of religion?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_09_04" id="FN_09_04" href="#FNA_09_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+Illarum lacrymæ meditataque murmura
+præstant,&mdash;<span class="smcap">Juvenal, 6.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Went up to Craven&rsquo;s villa (this is the villa at which the
+amour between the present Queen of Naples and Captain
+Hess was carried on), and sat there doing nothing in the
+middle of flowers, and sea breezes, and beautiful views. To
+comprehend all the luxury of the <i>bel far niente</i> one must
+come to Naples, where idleness loses half its evil by losing
+all its enervating qualities; there is something in the air so
+elastic that I have never been at any place where I have felt
+as if I could make exertions so easily as here, and yet it is a
+great pleasure to sit and look at the Bay, the mountains, the
+islands, and the town, and watch its amusing inhabitants.
+At least half an hour of every morning is spent at my
+window, while I am dressing, watching the lazaroni, who
+fish, work, swim, dress, cook, play, and quarrel under it. At
+this moment the scene is as follows:&mdash;Half a dozen boats with
+awnings and flags moored off the landing-place, a few fishing-boats
+with men mending their nets, three fellows swimming
+about them, two with red caps on perched upon the wall
+playing at cards, two or three more looking on, one on the
+ground being shaved by a barber with a basin (the exact
+counterpart of Mambrino&rsquo;s helmet), and two or three more
+waiting their turn for the same operation&mdash;always a certain
+number lounging about, others smoking or asleep.</p>
+
+<h3>May 8th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Rode with a large party to Astroni, where
+they dined, but I did not. There were the Lushingtons,
+Prince and Princess Dentici (he is at the head of the Douane),
+Madame and Mademoiselle Galiati (she is remarkably pretty),
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ASTRONI</span>
+Count (I believe) and Countess Rivalvia, her uncle, Lord A.
+Chichester, Count Gregorio, and a Mr. Stuart. The park,
+or whatever it is called&mdash;for it is the King&rsquo;s chase and full
+of wild boars&mdash;is one of the most beautiful and curious
+places about Naples. Milton&rsquo;s description of the approach
+to Eden applies exactly to Astroni; if ever he saw it it is
+likely that he meant to describe it&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">To the border comes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Eden, where delicious Paradise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As with a rural mound, the champaign head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With thicket overgrown, grotesque, and wild,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Access denied; and overhead up grew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Insuperable height of loftiest shade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shade above shade, a woody theatre<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of stateliest view.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is an immense crater of a volcano, the amphitheatre
+quite unbroken, and larger than that of Vesuvius, but covered
+with wood, and the bottom with very fine trees of various sorts
+and with fern&mdash;very wild and picturesque. There are several
+little hillocks, supposed to have been small craters; but although
+it is proved that this was a volcano from the lava under
+the soil and from its shape, there is no mention of it as an
+active volcano, and nobody can tell how many thousand years
+ago it was in operation. The King, with his usual good taste,
+is cutting down the finest trees, and has made a ride round
+the bottom, which he has planted with poplars in a double
+row, spoiling as much as he can all the beauty of the place.
+They dined in a shady arbour, made on purpose with
+branches of trees bound together, and on beds of fern, were
+very merry, pelting each other with oranges and cherries,
+and dealing about an abundance of manual jests.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening</i>.&mdash;I have taken my last ride and last look at
+Naples, and am surprised at the sorrow I feel at quitting it,
+as I fear, for ever. Rode again to Astroni with Morier, and
+walked through the wood and tried to scale one of the sides
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>
+of the mountain, but lost the path, and could only get half-way
+up; it is the most beautiful place about Naples. Came
+back by the Strada Nuova, and saw for the last time that
+delicious Bay with its coast and its islands, which are as
+deeply imprinted on my memory as if I had passed my life
+among them. To-night I have stood once more by the shore,
+and could almost have cried to think I should never see it
+again&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The smooth, surface of this summer sea&mdash;</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+nor breathe this delicious air, nor feast my eyes on the scene
+of gaiety, and brilliancy, and beauty around me. Nobody can
+form an idea of Naples without coming to it; every gale
+seems to bring health and cheerfulness with it, and appears
+&lsquo;able to drive all sadness but despair.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Naples, they tell me, does very well for a short time, but
+you will soon grow tired of it. To be sure, I have been here
+only three weeks, but I liked it better every day, and I am
+wretched at leaving it. What could I ever mean by thinking
+it was not gay, and less lively than Genoa? To-night, as I
+came home from riding, the shore was covered with lazaroni
+and throngs of people, dancing, singing, harping, fiddling&mdash;all
+so merry, and as if the open air and their own elastic
+spirits were happiness enough. I suppose I shall never come
+again, for when I have measured back the distance to my
+own foggy country, there I shall settle for ever, and Naples
+and her sunny shores and balmy winds will only be as a
+short and delightful dream, from which I have waked too
+soon.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>
+Mola di Gaeta &mdash; Capua &mdash; Lines on leaving Naples &mdash; Return to Rome &mdash; The
+Aqueducts &mdash; &lsquo;Domine, quo vadis?&rsquo; &mdash; St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; The Scala Santa &mdash;
+Reasons in favour of San Gennaro &mdash; Ascent of St. Peter&rsquo;s &mdash; Library of the
+Vatican &mdash; A racing <i>ex voto</i> &mdash; Illness of George IV. &mdash; Approaching <i>Coup
+d&rsquo;état</i> in France &mdash; The Villa Mills &mdash; The Malaria &mdash; Duc and Duchesse de
+Dalberg &mdash; The Emperor Nicholas on his Accession &mdash; Cardinal Albani &mdash; A
+<i>Columbarium</i> &mdash; Maii &mdash; Sir William Gell &mdash; Tivoli &mdash; Hadrian&rsquo;s Villa &mdash; The
+Adventures of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift &mdash; Audience of the Pope &mdash; Gibson&rsquo;s
+Studio &mdash; End of Miss Kelly&rsquo;s Marriage &mdash; A great Function &mdash; The Jesuits
+&mdash; Saint-making &mdash; San Lorenzo in Lucina &mdash; The Flagellants &mdash; Statues by
+Torchlight &mdash; Bunsen on the State of Rome &mdash; Fiascati &mdash; Relations of Protestant
+States with Rome &mdash; The French Ministry &mdash; M. de Villèle &mdash; The
+Coliseum &mdash; Excommunication of a Thief &mdash; The Passionists &mdash; The Corpus
+Domini &mdash; A Rash Marriage &mdash; Farewell to Rome &mdash; Falls of Terni &mdash; Statue
+at Pratolino &mdash; Bologna &mdash; Mezzofanti &mdash; Ferrara &mdash; Venice &mdash; Padua &mdash;
+Vicenza &mdash; Brescia &mdash; Verona &mdash; Milan &mdash; Lago Maggiore &mdash; The Simplon &mdash;
+Geneva &mdash; Paris.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>Mola di Gaeta, May 9th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I have dined here on an open
+terrace (looking over the garden and the delicious Bay), where
+I have been sitting writing the whole evening. The moon
+is just rising, and throwing a flood of silver over the sea&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Rising in cloudless majesty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Apparent queen, unveiled her peerless light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And o&rsquo;er the dark her silver mantle threw.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We left Naples at half-past seven in the morning, went to
+Caserta, and walked over the palace, in which nothing struck
+me but the dimensions, the staircase, and a few of the rooms.
+The theatre is very well contrived; it is at one end of the
+palace, and the back of it opens by large folding doors into
+the garden, so that they can have any depth of stage they
+please, and arrange any pageants or cavalcades. This
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span>
+could, however, only be at a theatre in a country house.
+Thence to Capua, and went over the Amphitheatre, which is
+very remarkable. It is said to be larger than the Coliseum,
+but the arena did not appear to me so vast. Here we are
+in the land of names again, and it is impossible for the imagination
+not to run over the grandeur, luxury, and fate of
+Capua, for on the very spot on which I was standing (for the
+chief places are ascertained) in all probability Hannibal often
+sat to see the
+games.<a name="FNA_10_01" id="FNA_10_01" href="#FN_10_01" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_01" id="FN_10_01" href="#FNA_10_01"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+No such thing. <i>His</i> Capua was nearly destroyed, and if it had an amphitheatre
+it would have been ruined. These ruins must have belonged to
+Capua the Second, which was restored by Augustus or Tiberius, and became
+as flourishing and populous as the first had been.&mdash;[C.C.G.]</p></div>
+
+<p>The Italian postilions, it must be owned, are a comical
+set. They sometimes go faster than ever I went in England,
+then at others they creep like snails, and stop at the least
+inclined plane to put on the <i>scarpa</i>. The occasions they
+generally select for going fast are when they have six horses
+harnessed to the carriage, and so extend about ten yards,
+on slippery pavement, through very narrow streets, extremely
+crowded with women and children; then they will flog their
+horses to full speed, and clatter along without fear or shame.
+Nothing happens; I have remarked that nothing ever does
+anywhere in Italy.</p>
+
+<p>I have walked over this garden [at Gaeta], which contains
+remains of one of Cicero&rsquo;s villas, but they are only arched
+rooms like vaults, and not worth seeing but for the name of
+Cicero, and the recollection that he was murdered almost on
+this spot. He had good taste in his villas, for this bay is as
+placid and delicious as that of Baiæ. There is an ancient
+bath, which probably belonged to the villa; it is in the sea,
+and still available, when cleaned out, which just now it is not.</p>
+
+<h3>Rome, May 10th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Left Mola at half-past seven and got
+here at ten minutes after seven. It was so kind as to rain
+last night and this morning, and lay the dust all the way.
+Stopped at Terracina, and went to see the ancient port,
+which is worth seeing. The road is pretty all the way, but
+the scenery in Italy wants verdure and foliage. The beauty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">LINES ON LEAVING NAPLES</span>
+of these landscapes consists in the bold outlines, lofty
+mountains, abundant vegetation, and bright atmosphere,
+and they are always better to look at from a little distance
+than very near. Aricia is pretty well wooded. I found a
+parcel of letters with the London news; but the post is
+enough to drive one mad, for I got one of the 23rd of April
+and another of the 19th of March on the same day.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>ON TAKING LEAVE OF NAPLES.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Written in a carriage between Naples and Mola di Gaeta.)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>&lsquo;Nascitur poeta.&rsquo;</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Though not a spark of true poetic fire<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beamed at my birth, or on my cradle fell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though rude my numbers, and untuned my lyre,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I will not leave thee with a mute farewell.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I cannot see recede thy sunny shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor ling&rsquo;ring look my last upon thy bay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And know that they will meet my gaze no more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yet tearless take my unreturning way.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&rsquo;Tis not that Love laments his broken toys,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor is it Friendship murmurs to depart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Touching the chords of recollected joys<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which ring with sad vibration on the heart.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor bound am I in Habit&rsquo;s unfelt chain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which o&rsquo;er the fancy steals with gradual pow&rsquo;r,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till local sympathy awakes in pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That slept unconscious till the parting hour.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But &rsquo;tis the charm, so great, yet undefin&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That Nature&rsquo;s self around fair Naples throws,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which now excites and elevates the mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And now invites it to no dull repose.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No exhalations damp the spirits choke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That feed on ether temp&rsquo;rate and serene;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No yellow fogs, or murky clouds of smoke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Obscure the lustre of this joyous scene.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The God of Gladness with prolific ray<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bids the rich soil its teeming womb expand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While healthful breezes, cooled with Ocean&rsquo;s spray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Scatter a dewy freshness o&rsquo;er the land.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No mountain billow&rsquo;s huge uplifted crest<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lashes the foaming beach with sullen roar;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The smooth sea sparkles in unbroken rest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or lightly rakes upon the pebbled shore.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Ocean&rsquo;s Monarch on these golden sands<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Seems the luxurious laws of Love to own,<a name="FNA_10_02" id="FNA_10_02" href="#FN_10_02" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yield his trident to Thalassia&rsquo;s hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To rule the waters from the Baian throne.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Here the green olive, and the purple vine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The lofty poplar and the elm espouse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or round the mulberry their tendrils twine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or creep in clusters through the ilex boughs.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A thousand flow&rsquo;rs, enamelling the fields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Declare the presence of returning spring;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A various harvest smiling Ceres yields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And all the groves with vocal music sing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Earth, air, and sea th&rsquo; enchantment of the clime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Revived that young elation of the breast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Hope, undaunted, saw the form of Time<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In Fancy&rsquo;s gay, deluding colours drest,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And though those visions are for ever fled<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which in the morning of existence rose,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the false and flatt&rsquo;ring hopes are dead<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That vainly promised a serener close.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I&rsquo;ll snatch the joys which spite of fate remain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To cheer life&rsquo;s darkness with a transient ray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And oft in vivid fancy roam again<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through these blest regions when I&rsquo;m far away.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_02" id="FN_10_02" href="#FNA_10_02"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+The Temple of Venus stands upon the shore of the Bay of Baiæ.</p></div>
+
+<h3>Rome, May 13th.&mdash;11th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Walked about visiting to
+announce my return, and found nobody at home. Hired a
+horse and rode with Lovaine till near eight o&rsquo;clock; rode by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">THE AQUEDUCTS</span>
+the Via Sacra two or three miles along the Street of Tombs&mdash;very
+interesting and curious&mdash;and then cut across to the ruin
+of an old villa, where an apartment floored with marble
+has lately been discovered, evidently a bath, and a very
+large one; on to Torlonia&rsquo;s <i>scavo</i> and under the arches of
+the Claudian aqueduct. Nothing at Rome delights and
+astonishes me more than the aqueducts, the way they stretch
+over the
+Campagna&mdash;<a name="FNA_10_03" id="FNA_10_03" href="#FN_10_03" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">As some earth-born giants spread<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their mighty arms along th&rsquo; indented mead.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_03" id="FN_10_03" href="#FNA_10_03"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+The Claudian aqueduct, which is the grandest, and whose enormous
+remains form the great ornament of the Campagna, was begun by Caligula,
+and finished by Claudius. The structure of the arches is exactly like those
+of the Coliseum. The first aqueduct was built by Appius Cæcus, the censor,
+the same who laid down the Via Appia, 310 B.C.</p></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+And when you approach them how admirable are their
+vastness and solidity&mdash;each arch in itself a fabric, and the
+whole so venerable and beautiful. After all my delight at
+Naples I infinitely prefer Rome; there is a tranquil magnificence
+and repose about Rome, and an indefinable pleasure
+in the atmosphere, the colouring, and the ruins, which are
+better felt than described. We lingered about the aqueducts
+till dark, but there is hardly any twilight here; the sun sets,
+and in half an hour it is night. Almost everybody is gone
+or going, but the heat can&rsquo;t have driven them away, for it is
+perfectly cool.</p>
+
+<p>As we set out on our ride we passed a little church called
+&lsquo;Domine, quo vadis?&rsquo; which was built on this occasion:&mdash;St.
+Peter was escaping from Rome (he was a great coward,
+that Princeps Apostolorum), and at this spot he met Christ,
+and said to him, &lsquo;Domine, quo vadis?&rsquo; &lsquo;Why,&rsquo; replied our
+Saviour, &lsquo;I am going to be crucified over again, for you are
+running away, and won&rsquo;t stay to do my business here;&rsquo; on
+which St. Peter returned to suffer in his own person, and the
+church was built in commemoration of the event. The
+Saint has no reason to be flattered at the character which is
+given of him by the pious editors of his Epistles. &lsquo;Confidence
+and zeal form a conspicuous part of his character, but he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span>
+was sometimes deficient in firmness and resolution. He had
+the faith to walk upon the water, but when the sea grew
+boisterous his faith deserted him and he became afraid.
+He was forward to acknowledge Jesus to be the Messiah,
+and declared himself ready to die in that profession, and yet
+soon after he thrice denied, and with oaths, that he knew
+anything of Jesus. The warmth of his temper led him to
+cut off the ear of the High Priest&rsquo;s servant, and by his
+timidity and dissimulation respecting the Gentile converts at
+Antioch he incurred the censure of the eager and resolute
+St. Paul.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>We returned through the Porta di San Giovanni, and by
+the Scala Santa. There are three flights of steps; those
+in the middle are covered with wood (that the marble
+may not be worn out), and these are the holy steps; the
+other two are for the pious to walk down. I had no idea
+anybody ever went up on their knees, though I was aware
+they were not allowed to go up on their feet, and with
+no small surprise saw several devout females in the performance
+of this ceremony. They walk up the vestibule, drop
+upon their knees, rise and walk over the landing-place,
+carefully tuck up their gowns, drop again, and then up they
+toil in the most absurd and ridiculous postures imaginable.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Weak in their limbs, but in devotion strong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On their bare hands and feet they crawl along.<br /></span>
+<span class="i16"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>, <i>Juv</i>. 6.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I suppose there is some spiritual advantage derivable
+from the action, but I don&rsquo;t know what. Why, however,
+I should be surprised I can&rsquo;t tell, after all I have seen here.
+Madame de Dalberg came to my recollection, and San
+Gennaro; she had owned to me that she believed in the
+miracle, and we had a long dispute about it, though I have
+since thought that I am wrong to regard her credulity with
+such pity and contempt. The case admits of an argument,
+though not that which she made use of. Many people are
+right in what they do, but without knowing why; some
+wrong, with very fair reasons. She, however, is wrong both
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MODERN MIRACLES</span>
+ways, but she had been brought up in principles of strong
+religious belief, and she belongs to a church which teaches
+that miracles have never ceased from the days of the
+Apostles till now. Those who believe that a miracle ever
+was performed cannot doubt that another <i>may</i> be performed
+now; the only question is as to the fact. <i>We</i> believe that
+miracles ceased with the Apostles, and we pronounce all
+that are alleged to have happened since to be fictitious.
+Believing as she does that miracles have continually occurred,
+it is more reasonable to believe in the reality of one she
+sees herself than in those which are reported by others.
+She sees this done; it is, then, a miracle or it is an imposture;
+but it is declared to be a miracle by a whole body of men,
+who must know whether it be so or not, and to whom she
+has been accustomed to look up with respect and confidence,
+and who have always been deemed worthy of belief. What
+is it, then, she believes? The evidence of her own senses,
+and the testimony of a number of men, and a succession of
+them, who are competent witnesses, and whose characters
+are for the most part unblemished, in her opinion certainly.
+The objection that it is improbable, and that no sufficient
+reason is assigned for its performance, is quite inadmissible,
+as all considerations of reason are in matters of revelation.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p style="text-indent: 0em;">
+And when the event only is revealed, it is not for men to dogmatise
+about the mode or means of its accomplishment, for God&rsquo;s ways are
+not as our ways, nor His thoughts as our thoughts, and His purposes
+may be wrought out in a manner that we wot
+not.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Keith</span>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There is nothing of which we are so continually reminded
+as that we must not pretend to judge of the reasonableness
+and fitness of the Divine dispensations, and there may therefore
+be good cause for the San Gennaro affair, though we
+cannot fathom it. Still, as the generality of people of
+education have given it up, one wonders at the orthodox
+few whose belief lingers on. There are other bloods that
+liquefy in various places besides San Gennaro&rsquo;s.</p>
+
+<h3>May 12th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Walked to Santa Agnese, in the Piazza Navona,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span>
+a pretty church, but hardly anybody in it; to Santa Maria
+sopra Minerva, empty likewise, but Michael Angelo&rsquo;s Christ
+was there&mdash;a grand performance, though defective about the
+legs, which are too thick; he has one golden foot for the
+devotees, who were wearing out the marble toe, and would
+soon have had it as smooth as that of Jupiter&rsquo;s in St. Peter&rsquo;s;
+<i>ci-devant</i> Jupiter, now St. Peter.</p>
+
+<p>I went again to the Pantheon, and walked round and round,
+and looked, and admired; even the ragged wretches who came
+in seemed struck with admiration. It is so fine to see the
+clouds rolling above through the roof; it passes my comprehension
+how this temple escaped the general wreck of Rome.
+Then to St. Peter&rsquo;s, and went up to the roof and to the ball,
+through the aperture of which I could just squeeze, though
+there is plenty of room when once in it. The ball holds
+above thirty people, stuffed close of course. Three other
+men were going up at the same time, who filled the narrow
+ascent with garlicky effluvia. It is impossible to have an
+idea of the size and grandeur of St. Peter&rsquo;s without going
+over the roof, and examining all the details, and looking
+down from the galleries. The ascent is very easy; there
+are slabs at the bottom taken from the holy gates, as they
+were successively opened and closed by the different Popes
+at the
+Jubilees.<a name="FNA_10_04" id="FNA_10_04" href="#FN_10_04" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+At the top were recorded the ascents of
+various kings and princes and princesses, who had clambered
+up; there was also an inscription in Latin and Italian,
+the very counterpart of that which is still seen on the wall
+in Titus&rsquo;s Baths, only instead of &lsquo;Jovem omnipotentem atque
+omnes Deos iratos habeat,&rsquo; &amp;c. &amp;c., it runs, &lsquo;Iratos habeat
+Deum omnipotentem et Apostolos Petrum et Paulum,&rsquo; though
+I don&rsquo;t see why Paul should care about it. Went afterwards
+and walked on the Pincian.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_04" id="FN_10_04" href="#FNA_10_04"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+The Jubilee was established by Boniface VIII. in 1300, and was
+originally a centenary commemoration, but reduced to fifty years, and afterwards
+to twenty-five, as it still continues. Hallam remarks that the Court
+of Rome at the next Jubilee will read with a sigh the description of that
+of 1300. &lsquo;The Pope received an incalculable sum of money, for two priests
+stood day and night at the altar of St. Peter, with rakes in their hands,
+raking up the heaps of money.&rsquo;&mdash;<span class="smcap">Muratori</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">A RACING VOW</span>
+This morning went with the Lovaines and Monsignore
+Spada to see the library of the Vatican, which was to have
+been shown us by Monsignore Maii, the librarian, but he
+was engaged elsewhere and did not come. These galleries
+are most beautiful, vast, and magnificent, and the painting
+of the old part interesting and curious, but that which was
+done by Pius VI. and Pius VII. has deformed the walls with
+such trash as I never beheld; they present various scenes of
+the misfortunes of these two Popes, and certain passages in
+their lives. The principal manuscripts we saw were a
+history of Federigo di Felto, Duke of Urbino, and nephew
+of Julius II., beautifully illuminated by Julio Clovio, a scholar
+of Giulio Romano. I never saw anything more exquisite
+than these paintings. Amongst the most curious of the
+literary treasures we saw are a manuscript of some of St.
+Augustine&rsquo;s works, written upon a palimpsest of Cicero&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;De Republicâ;&rsquo; this treatise was brought to light by Maii;
+the old Latin was as nearly erased as possible, but by the
+application of gall it has been brought out faintly, but
+enough to be made out, and completely read: Henry VIII.&rsquo;s
+love-letters to Anne Boleyn, in French and English: Henry&rsquo;s
+reply to Luther, the presentation copy to the Pope (Clement
+VII.), signed by him twice at the end, in English at the end
+of the book, in Latin at the dedication, which is also written
+by his own hand, only a line; the pictures representing St.
+Peter&rsquo;s in different stages of the work are very curious. In
+the print room there is a celestial globe painted by Julio
+Romano.</p>
+
+<p>Just before I went to the Vatican I read in &lsquo;Galignani&rsquo;
+the agreeable intelligence that my mare Lady Emily had beat
+Clotilde at Newmarket, which I attribute entirely to my <i>ex voto</i>
+of a silver horse-shoe, which I vowed, before I went to Naples,
+to the Virgin of the Pantheon in case I won the match; and,
+as I am resolved to be as good as my word, I have ordered the
+horse-shoe, which is to be sent on Monday, and as soon as it
+arrives it shall be suspended amongst all the arms, and legs,
+and broken gigs, and heads, and silver hearts, and locks of
+hair.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span>
+Everybody here is in great alarm about the King (George
+IV.), who I have no doubt is very ill. I am afraid he will
+die before I get home, and I should like to be in at the death
+and see all the proceedings of a new reign; but, now I am
+here, I must stay out my time, let what will happen. I shall
+probably never see Rome again, and &lsquo;according to the law
+of probability, so true in general, so false in particular,&rsquo;
+I have a good chance of seeing at least one more King
+leave us.</p>
+
+<h3>May 15th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I rode with Lord Haddington to the Villa
+Mellini last evening on a confounded high-going old hunter
+of Lord Lynedoch&rsquo;s, which he gave to William Russell.
+On my return found Henry de Ros just arrived, having been
+stopped at Aquapendente and Viterbo for want of a <i>lascia
+passare.</i></p>
+
+<p>This morning I have been dragging him about the town
+till he was half dead. The three last days have been the
+hottest to which Rome is subject&mdash;not much sun, no wind,
+but an air like an oven. The only cool place is St. Peter&rsquo;s,
+that is delicious. It is the coolest place in summer and the
+warmest in winter. We went to St. Peter&rsquo;s, Coliseum,
+gallery of the Vatican, Villa Albani, and Villa Borghese.
+The Villa Albani I had not seen before; it is a good specimen
+of a Roman villa, full of fine things (the finest of which
+is the Antinous), but very ill kept up. The Cardinal has not
+set his foot in it for a year and a half; there is one walk
+of ilexes perfectly shady, but all the rest is exposed to the
+sun. The post brought very bad accounts of the King, who
+is certainly dying. I have no notion that he will live till I
+get home, but they tell me there will be no changes. Gagarin
+told me last night that Lieven is to be governor to the
+Emperor of Russia&rsquo;s eldest son, that for the present he will
+retain the title of Ambassador, and that Matuscewitz will be
+Chargé d&rsquo;Affaires in London.</p>
+
+<h3>May 18th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Again dragging Henry de Ros about, who
+likes to see sights, but is not strong enough to undergo
+fatigue. Yesterday I called on M. de la Ferronays, and had
+a long  conversation about French politics; he is greatly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">APPROACHING COUP D&rsquo;ETAT IN FRANCE</span>
+alarmed at the state of affairs in France, and told me that he
+had said everything he could to the King to dissuade him from
+changing his Ministry and trying a <i>coup d&rsquo;état</i>, that the
+King has always been in his heart averse to a Constitution,
+and has now got it into his head that there is a settled design
+to subvert the royal authority, in which idea he is confirmed
+by those about him, &lsquo;son petit entourage.&rsquo; He anticipates
+nothing but disaster to the King and disorder in the country
+from these violent measures, and says that France was increasing
+in prosperity, averse to change, satisfied with its
+Government and Constitution, and only desirous of certain
+ameliorations in the internal administration of the country,
+and of preserving inviolate the institutions it had obtained.
+He thinks the success of the expedition to Algiers, if it should
+succeed, will have no effect in strengthening the hands of
+Polignac; says they committed a capital fault in the beginning
+by proroguing the Chambers upon their making that
+violent Address in answer to the Speech, that they should
+immediately have proceeded to propose the enactment of
+those laws of which the country stands in need, when if the
+Chamber had agreed to them the Ministry would have appeared
+to have a majority, and would thereby gain moral
+strength; and if they had been rejected, the King would
+have had a fine opportunity of appealing to the nation, and
+saying that as long as they had attacked him personally he
+had passed it by, but as they opposed all those ameliorations
+which the state of France required, his people might judge
+between him and them, and that this would at least have
+given him a chance of success and brought many moderate
+people to his side. He added that he had also said the same
+thing to Polignac, but without success, that he is totally
+ignorant of France and will listen to nobody. I told him
+that Henry de Ros had been at Lyons when the Dauphin
+came, and how ill he was received by the townspeople and
+the troops, at which he did not seem at all surprised, though
+sorry.</p>
+
+<p>Went to Santa Maria in Trastevere to-day, the Farnese
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span>
+Palace, the Farnesina and Spada, Portico d&rsquo;Ottavia and
+Mausoleo d&rsquo;Augusto; this last not worth seeing at all. The
+last time I was at the Spada I did not see the pictures, some
+of which are very good, particularly a Judith by Guido, and
+a Dido by Guercino, which is damaged, but beautiful. Then
+to Santa Maria Maggiore and St. John Lateran, and a ride
+over the Campagna to the Claudian aqueduct and Torlonia&rsquo;s
+<i>scavo</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>May 20th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I breakfasted with Mills at his villa on the
+Palatine; Madame de Menon, Henry Cheney, Fox, and the
+Portuguese Charge d&rsquo;Affaires; very agreeable: his villa
+charming; it formerly belonged to Julius II., and one room
+is painted in fresco by Raphael and his scholars, as they
+say.</p>
+
+<p>The Portuguese is Donna Maria&rsquo;s officer. The relations
+of the Holy See with Portugal are rather anomalous, but
+sensible. The Pope says he has nothing to do with politics,
+does not acknowledge Don Miguel, but as he is <i>de facto</i> ruler
+of Portugal, he must for the good of the Church (whose
+interests are not to be abandoned for any temporal considerations)
+transact business with him, and so he does. This
+Envoy is very sanguine as to the ultimate success of the
+Queen&rsquo;s cause.</p>
+
+<p>Went to the Orti Farnesiani and to Livia&rsquo;s Baths, where
+there is still some painting and gilding to be seen. Then to
+the Capitol; saw the pictures and statues (again), and called
+on Bunsen, who told me a colossal head of Commodus could
+not be Commodus (which stands in the court of the Capitol);
+he won&rsquo;t allow anything is anything. He is full of politics,
+and thinks the French will get rid of their domestic difficulties
+by colonising Africa, and does not see why they should
+not as well as the Romans; but he seems a better antiquary
+than politician.</p>
+
+<p>Some pictures in the Capitol are very fine&mdash;Domenichino&rsquo;s
+Sybil and Santa Barbara, Guercino&rsquo;s Santa Petronella
+(copied in mosaic in St. Peter&rsquo;s) and Cleopatra and Antony.
+There are several unfinished Guidos, some only just begun.
+They say he played, and when he lost and could not pay,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MALARIA</span>
+painted a picture; so these are the produce of bad nights,
+and their progress perhaps arrested by better.</p>
+
+<p>To the Borghese Villa. At present I think Chiswick
+better than any villa here, but they tell me when I get
+home and see Chiswick and remember these I shall think
+differently.</p>
+
+<h3>May 22nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Found it absolutely necessary to adopt
+Roman customs and dine early and go out after dinner; one
+must dine at four or at nine. Went to Raphael&rsquo;s house, which
+is painted by his scholars, and one room by himself; a very
+pretty villa, uninhabited, and belongs to an old man and an old
+woman, who will neither live in it nor let it. Though close
+to the Villa Borghese, which is occupied by the malaria,
+this villa is quite free from it. The malaria is inexplicable.
+If it was &lsquo;palpable to sight as to feeling,&rsquo; it would be like a
+fog which reaches so far and no farther. Here are ague and
+salubrity, cheek by jowl. To the Pamfili Doria, a bad house
+with a magnificent view all round Rome; fine garden in the
+regular clipped style, but very shady, and the stone pines the
+finest here; this garden is well kept. Malaria again; Rome is
+blockaded by malaria, and some day will surrender to it altogether;
+as it is, it is melancholy to see all these deserted
+villas and palaces, scarcely one of which is inhabited or
+decently kept. I don&rsquo;t know one palace or villa which is
+lived in as we should live in England; the Borghese Villa is
+the only one which is really well kept, but Prince Borghese
+has 70,000&#8467;. a year; he lives at Florence and never comes
+here, but keeps collecting and filling his villa. The other
+morning the ground here was in many parts covered by a
+thin red powder, which was known to come from an eruption,
+and everybody thought it was Vesuvius, and so travellers
+reported, but it turns out to be from Etna or Stromboli.
+Naples was covered with it, and the sun obscured, but it is
+much nearer. Rome must be 300 or 400 miles from Etna.</p>
+
+<h3>May 23rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Went to three churches&mdash;Nuova, San Giovanni
+del Fiorentini, San Agostino; in this latter is Raphael&rsquo;s
+fresco of the prophet Isaiah, in the style of M. Angelo, but
+it did not particularly strike me. There is a remarkable
+Madonna here, a great favourite; her shrine is quite illuminated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span>
+with lamps and candles, and adorned with offerings
+which cover the columns on each side of the church. Numerous
+devotees were kissing her gilt foot, and the Virgin
+and Child were decked with earrings, bracelets, and jewels
+and gold in every shape; the Child, which is of a tawny
+marble, looked like some favourite little &lsquo;nigger,&rsquo; so bedizened
+was he with finery. She is a much more popular
+Madonna than my friend of the Pantheon, to whom I went,
+as in honour bound, and hung up my horse-shoe by a purple
+riband (my racing colour) round one of the candlesticks on
+the altar, with this inscription&mdash;C.C.G., P.G.R.N. A.27,
+1830.<a name="FNA_10_05" id="FNA_10_05" href="#FN_10_05" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_05" id="FN_10_05" href="#FNA_10_05"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+[These letters appear to stand for the following votive inscription:
+&lsquo;Charles Cavendish Greville. <i>Pro gratias receptas nuper</i>. April 27, 1830.&rsquo;]</p></div>
+
+<p>Took H. de Ros to see the Cenci and the skeleton
+friars, not exactly birds of a feather; was obliged to squabble
+with the monk to get a sight of my old friends the skeletons,
+who at last let us in, but would not take any money, which
+I thought monks never refused, but my <i>laquais de place</i> said,
+&lsquo;Lo conosco bene, c&rsquo;è molto superbo.&rsquo; Rode along the Via
+Appia and to Maxentius&rsquo;s Circus.</p>
+
+<h3>May 24th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Called on Sir William Gell at his eggshell of
+a house and pretty garden, which he planted himself ten
+years ago, and calls it the Boschetto Gellio. He was very
+agreeable, with stories of Pompeii, old walls, and ruined cities,
+besides having a great deal to say on living objects and
+passing events.</p>
+
+<p>Dined with M. de la Ferronays&mdash;a great party&mdash;and was
+desired to hand out Madame la Comtesse de Maistre, wife
+to the Comte Xavier de Maistre, author of the &lsquo;Voyage
+autour de ma Chambre&rsquo; and &lsquo;Le Lépreux,&rsquo; to which works
+I gave a prodigious number of compliments. The Dalbergs
+and Aldobrandinis dined there, and some French whom I
+did not know. The Duc de Dalberg and his wife are a
+perpetual source of amusement to me, she with her devotion
+and believing everything, he with his air <i>moqueur</i> and believing
+nothing; she so merry, he so shrewd, and so they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">ACCESSION OF THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS</span>
+squabble about religion. &lsquo;Qui est cet homme?&rsquo; I said to
+him when a ludicrous-looking abbé, broader than he was
+long, came into the room. &lsquo;Que sais-je? quelque magot.&rsquo;
+&lsquo;Ah, je m&rsquo;en vais dire cela à la Duchesse.&rsquo; &lsquo;Ah, mon cher,
+n&rsquo;allez pas me brouiller avec ma famille.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>He had been talking to me about La Ferronays the day
+before, and said he was a sensible, right-headed man, &lsquo;mais
+diablement russe;&rsquo; and last night La Ferronays gave us an
+account of the revolt of the Guards on the Emperor Nicholas&rsquo;s
+accession, of which he had been a witness&mdash;of the Emperor&rsquo;s
+firmness and his subsequent conversations with him,
+all which was very interesting, and he recounted it with great
+energy. He said that the day after the affair of the Guards
+all the <i>Corps Diplomatique</i> had gone to him, that he had
+addressed them in an admirable discourse and with a firm
+and placid countenance. He told them that they had witnessed
+what had passed, and he had no doubt would give a
+faithful relation of it to their several Courts; that on dismissing
+them, he had taken him (La Ferronays) into his
+closet, when he burst into tears and said, &lsquo;You have just
+seen me act the part of Emperor; you must now witness the
+feelings of the man. I speak to you as to my best friend,
+from whom I conceal nothing.&rsquo; He went on to say that he
+was the most miserable of men, forced upon a throne which
+he had no desire to mount, having been no party to the abdication
+of his brother, and placed in the beginning of his
+reign in a position the most painful, irksome, and difficult;
+but that though he had never sought this elevation, now
+that he had taken it on himself he would maintain and defend
+it. When La Ferronays had done, &lsquo;L&rsquo;entendez-vous?&rsquo;
+said Dalberg. &lsquo;Comme il parle avec goût; cela lui est personnel.
+L&rsquo;Empereur ne lui a pas dit la moitié de tout cela.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>La Ferronays introduced me to Cardinal Albani, telling
+him I had brought him a letter from Madame Craufurd,
+which I did, and left it when I was here before. He thought
+I was just come, and asked for the letter, which I told his
+Eminence he had already received. He had, however, forgotten
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span>
+all about me, my letter, and old Craaf. We had a long conversation
+about the Catholic question, the Duke&rsquo;s duel with
+Lord Winchelsea (which he had evidently never heard of),
+the King&rsquo;s illness, &amp;c. He is like a very ancient red-legged
+macaw, but I suppose he is a dandy among the cardinals,
+for he wears two stars and two watches. I asked him to
+procure me an audience of the Pope, which he promised to
+do. Escaped at last from the furnace his room was, and
+went to air in the streets; came home early and went to bed.
+This morning got up at half-past six, and went to look
+out for some <i>columbaria</i> I had heard of out of the Porta
+Pia, and near Santa Agnese. The drones at Santa Agnese
+knew nothing about them, but I met La Ferronays riding as
+I was returning in despair, and he showed me the way to
+them. They have been discovered about six years, and are
+in a garden. The excavation may be fifteen feet by about
+eight or nine, more or less, and is full of broken urns and
+inscriptions, some of which are very good indeed. One is
+upon C. Cargilius Pedagogus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vixi quandiu potui, sine lite, sine rixâ,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sine contentione, sine ære alieno, amicis fidem<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bonam præstiti, peculio pauper, animo divitissimus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Benè valeat is qui hoc titulum perlegit meum.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">Another&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Lucius Virius Sancius æt. xxiii.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quod tu mî debebas facere, ego tibi facio, mater pia.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">The same idea as in Canning&rsquo;s verses on his son:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Whilst I, reversed our nature&rsquo;s kindlier doom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour forth a father&rsquo;s sorrows o&rsquo;er his tomb.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">And Evander on Pellas:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Contra ego vivendo vici mea fata superstes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Restarem ut genitor.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As I came back I looked into San Bernardo, Santa Maria
+della Vittoria, and Santa Susanna, and I stopped to look at the
+&lsquo;Moses striking the Rock,&rsquo; which is certainly very fine, though
+there is too much of Moses and not enough of rock or water.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TIVOLI</span>
+After breakfast to the Vatican library, where the Duc de
+Dalberg had engaged the Abbé Maii to meet him, and he
+showed us all the manuscripts, most of which I had already
+seen. He is very laborious as well as learned. Maii is said
+to undertake too much, and to leave a great deal half examined,
+and therefore unknown; but somebody (I forget
+who) is at daggers drawn with him, so it may be the accusation
+of a literary enemy. Went about with the Dalbergs to
+several places, to all of which I had been before. At every
+church the Duchess and her daughter dropped on their knees
+and sprinkled themselves with holy water, and prayed and
+curtsied, but nothing could get him down upon his marrow
+bones.</p>
+
+<h3>May 25th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Breakfasted with Gell in his Boschetto Gellio
+under a treillage of vines, and surrounded by fruits and
+flowers. He was very agreeable, and told us a great many
+anecdotes of the Queen and her trial. We are just setting
+off for Tivoli.</p>
+
+<h3>May 27th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Went to Tivoli. The journey hotter than
+flames over the Campagna. It is the most beastly town I
+ever saw, more like the Ghetto here than any other place,
+full of beggars and children. The inn very moderate, but
+Henry and I got a very good appartment, looking over the
+country, in a private house. We all dined together.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; is the merriest of saints, the jolliest of devotees, and
+very unlike the ghost in &lsquo;Don Juan,&rsquo; who says, &lsquo;Che si pasce
+di cibo celeste non si pasce di cibo mortale,&rsquo; for though rigorously
+obedient to the prescribed fasts of the Church, she
+devours flesh enough on other days to suffice for those
+on which it is forbidden; and on the meagre days she indemnifies
+herself by any quantity of fish, vegetables, and
+<i>sucreries</i> of all kinds. It is only like eating her first course
+on Thursday and her second on Friday.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner we sent for the most famous guide, with
+the magnificent name of Pietro Stupendo, called &lsquo;Stupendous&rsquo;
+from his frequent use of that adjective in pointing
+out the views. His real name is Barbarossa, which is nearly
+as fine. We went to see the sun set from the Villa d&rsquo;Este
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span>
+a very fine villa, with clipped trees, waterworks, and all the
+usual beauties of Italian villas. It belongs to the Duke of
+Modena, is uninhabited, and falling to decay for want of
+care and attention. Thence to the Temple of the Sybil or
+Vesta<a name="FNA_10_06" id="FNA_10_06" href="#FN_10_06" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+(for it goes by both names), which is very airy and
+graceful, and perched on the point of a rock, but its effect
+spoiled by being embedded in dirty, ugly houses. The fall
+below was made by Bernini, and is very pretty, but not
+grand, and it looks rather artificial. We saw it from what
+is called the Grotto of Neptune. At night I returned again,
+but nobody else would stir out. I went down to the fall, and
+had bundles of hay lit on the rock above, and some blue
+lights called <i>lumi di Bengala</i>, a sort of firework, put in the
+temple, and the effect was beautiful. The reflected light
+upon the cascade, and the light and shade upon the rocks,
+and the temple made visible through the darkness by the
+soft blue flame, without any of the background of buildings
+appearing, were very fine, and in the obscurity it seemed
+much more extensive and natural. I saw this first from the
+Grotto of Neptune, and then from the opposite height.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_06" id="FN_10_06" href="#FNA_10_06"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+I believe it to be the Sybil&rsquo;s Temple. There is a frightful square
+building close to it they call the Sybil&rsquo;s Temple, but I do not see by what
+authority. Nibby says it is Vesta, but everybody else says the
+Sybil.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Forsyth, Cramer</span>, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning we were to have started on the <i>giro</i>
+of Tivoli at six, but as women are never ready, and a good
+deal of eating and drinking was to be gone through before
+we got under weigh, we were not off till near eight. The consequence
+was that we got into the heat, and lost the colouring
+of the early morning, and those lights and shades on which
+great part of the beauty of this scenery depends. I was
+altogether disappointed; the hills are either quite bare or
+covered with olives, the most tiresome of trees; the falls are
+all artificial, and though the view at the foot of the largest
+(or as near as you can approach it) is beautiful, on the whole
+no part of the scenery answered my expectations. The water
+falls in eleven separate cascades (above and below), and sinking
+into the gulf appears to boil up again in clouds of spray, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">TIVOLI</span>
+the artificial channel above is distinctly visible. There is an
+ancient bridge over the Anio and part of a road up to Tivoli in
+wonderful preservation. Our party pleased their imaginations
+by thinking that Augustus and Mecænas had probably gone
+cheek by jowl over the road and bridge, but Stupendous told
+me it was built by Valerian, A.D. 253, though he had no
+notion who Valerian was, except that he was an Emperor.
+There are some curious remains of Mecænas&rsquo;s Villa, particularly
+the places (if they are really so) where the slaves
+were kept, which are just like cellars. I cannot remember
+seeing any apartments destined for slaves at Pompeii, but
+from all one sees or hears and reads of the Roman slaves,
+they must have been treated in a manner that it is inconceivable
+they should have endured, considering their
+numbers, and of what they were generally composed&mdash;barbarian
+prisoners or free citizens reduced to servitude. We
+ended the <i>giro</i> at the Villa d&rsquo;Este, and breakfasted on the
+terrace; the rest of the party then retired to sleep and play
+at cards at the inn, and I started with Stupendous to see
+the remains of an ancient city, and some specimens of Cyclopean
+walls, about four or five miles off. The first place
+is called Ventidius Bassa&rsquo;s, because that gentleman had a
+villa there, built on the ruins of a little Cyclopean town,
+where there are still some walls standing. From thence to
+Mitriano, which must have been a large town, the vestiges
+still covering several hills, and the remains of walls being
+very large; there is nothing left but a few broken fluted
+columns, and one flat marble stone perfect, with an inscription.
+This jaunt was hardly worth the trouble.</p>
+
+<p>When I came back from Mitriano, I went down to the
+Grotto of the Syrens, from whence the view of the cascade
+is much finer than from the other grotto, and really grand;
+but the path is very slippery from the clouds of spray constantly
+falling over it. I did not go quite to the grotto, for
+Stupendous told me he had nearly slipped down the rock and
+cracked his crown; so I declined running that risk, but saw
+just as well, for I went nearly to the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>At half-past four we went to Adrian&rsquo;s Villa, with which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span>
+I was as much delighted as I was disappointed with Tivoli.
+Nothing can be more picturesque than the ruins, and nothing
+gives such an idea of the grandeur of the ancient masters of
+the world. They are six miles in circumference, and the
+remains are considerable, though not very distinct, but it is
+very easy to perceive that they are the ruins of a villa, or a
+collection of ornamental and luxurious buildings, and not of
+a town, which from their size they might be. Almost all
+the ruins of antiquity that adorn Rome were found here,
+or in Caracalla&rsquo;s Baths, which latter were supplied from this
+stock&mdash;all the Albani collection, most of the Museo Borbonico
+at Naples, and half the Vatican. The Albani collection
+was made by a nephew of Clement XI., the Albani
+Pope. They say only one-fourth has been excavated. The
+ruins are overgrown with ivy and all sorts of creepers. The
+grounds are full of pines and cypresses of great size, and it
+is altogether one of the most interesting and beautiful spots
+I have seen in Italy. The Villa Adriani now belongs to
+Duke Braschi, nephew of Pius VI. He has not excavated,
+but the truth is that there is little temptation to individuals
+to do so. The Government have taken all the ruins under
+their protection, and no proprietor is allowed to destroy any
+part of them. So far so good, but if he digs and finds anything,
+he may not sell it; the Government reserves to itself
+a right of pre-emption, and should he be offered a large
+sum by any foreigner for any object he may find, he is not
+allowed to take it, although the Government may not choose
+to buy it at the same price. They will fix a fair, but not
+a fancy price, but the vendor is often obliged, when they do
+buy it, to wait many years for his money. Albani employed
+1,000 men to excavate.</p>
+
+<p>We came back in a deliciously cool evening. The Duchess
+wanted us to keep with her carriage (she had a pair and
+we had four horses), for fear she should be robbed&mdash;for she
+had heard that somebody had been robbed somewhere a
+little while ago&mdash;which we promised; but our postilions
+set off in a gallop, we fell asleep, and they were left to their
+fate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY&rsquo;S ADVENTURE</span>
+<i>At night</i>.&mdash;This morning as I was sitting at Torlonia&rsquo;s
+reading the newspapers, a woman came in, whom Luigi
+Chiaveri soon after begged to introduce to me. She was a
+Mrs. Kelly, of whose history I had already heard, and I told
+Chiaveri I would assist her if I could. She told me her case
+in detail. The short of it is this:&mdash;She and her daughter
+(who is very pretty) got acquainted at Florence with a family
+of Swifts. Young Swift seeing the girl was good-looking,
+and hearing she was rich, made up to her, gained her affections
+(as they call it), and proposed to marry her. She agreed,
+provided her mother did. They came to Rome. Swift followed,
+established himself at the same inn, and wrote to the
+mother to propose himself. The mother declined. He wrote
+a second letter&mdash;same reply. He then prevailed on the girl
+to promise not to give him up, but failed in persuading her
+to elope with him. She said she would marry him when she
+was of age. He pressed her to give him a written promise
+to this effect before witnesses. After some hesitation she
+agreed, and one evening (having been previously appointed
+by him) she met him in another room, where she found a
+priest and two men. She signed two papers without reading
+them, heard a short form muttered over, which she did not
+understand, and then was told to run downstairs again. A
+few days after she got uneasy as to what had happened,
+and confessed it all to her mother, who immediately conceived
+that this was a marriage ceremony into which she
+had been inveigled. She told her lover what she had
+done, who asked her what her mother had said. She told
+him that her mother fancied that it was a marriage, but
+that she had told her it was not, when he informed her
+it was, and this was the first intimation he gave her of the
+sort, and the first time he had given her to understand that
+he regarded her as his wife. She reproached him with his
+duplicity and the imposition he had practised on her, and
+told him she would have no more to say to him. This took
+place in St. Peter&rsquo;s one Friday at vespers. Soon after they
+went to Naples, where Swift followed, and wrote to her
+mother saying he had married her daughter, and asking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span>
+her forgiveness; that she might fancy the marriage was not
+valid, but she would find it was, having been celebrated by
+an abbé, witnessed by the nephew of a cardinal, and the
+certificate signed by a cardinal, with the knowledge of the
+Pope. She sent no answer, when he begged an interview,
+which she granted, and then he told her that he was a
+Catholic, and that her daughter had become so too, and had
+signed an act of abjuration of the Protestant religion. The
+mother and daughter, however, declined having anything to
+do with him, and the latter declared that she had never
+changed her religion at all. He then claimed her as his
+wife, and tried to prevail on Hill and Lushington (Sir Henry
+Lushington, Consul&mdash;the present Lord Berwick, Minister)
+to prevent their leaving Naples. They declined to interfere,
+and advised the mother to go home, and let the matter be
+settled between them in England. She took the hint and
+set off. He followed, and overtook them at Rome, and there,
+by representations to the civil and religious authorities that
+they were taking away his wife to prevent her being a
+Catholic, and make her relapse to the Protestant faith, he
+got them to interfere, and their passports were refused.
+Such is their story. They have nobody to advise, assist, or
+protect them.</p>
+
+<p>I went to La Ferronays, who was all good-nature, and
+said he would go with me to Cardinal Albani; but I went
+first to the hotel and saw the girl alone, who corroborated
+all her mother had said. I wrote down her evidence, and
+made her sign it, and then went with the Ambassador to
+the Cardinal in the Quirinal Palace. The door of his cabinet
+was locked, but after a sort of <i>abbé suisse</i> had knocked a
+little he came and opened it, and in we went. He did not
+recollect my name the last time I saw him, nor my person
+this. La Ferronays explained the business, with which he
+was already acquainted, partly through Kestner (the Hanoverian
+Minister) and partly through the Roman authorities,
+who had given him the case of the adventurer, for such he
+seems to be. The Cardinal seemed disposed to do nothing
+(Bunsen assures me he is a very sensible man, and right-headed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY&rsquo;S ADVENTURE</span>
+and well disposed), and said she was married. We
+said, not at all. Then he hummed and hawed, and stammered
+and slobbered, and talked of the &lsquo;case being in the
+hands of the Saint Office [the Inquisition!!] under the eyes
+of his Holiness. What could he do?&rsquo; We fired off a tirade
+against the infamy of the action, said that the English
+tribunals ought to decide upon the validity of the marriage,
+that all they wanted was to go home, that the man might
+follow and make his claim good if he could, and that the
+story (if they were detained here) would make a noise in
+England, and would be echoed back to France by the press
+of both countries, and that it was very desirable to avoid
+such a scandal. He seemed struck with this, and said it
+would be best to send them off to settle their disputes at
+home, but that they must have patience, that time was
+necessary and the case must be examined. We were obliged
+to be contented with this, and saying we were sure the case
+was in good hands (which I doubt, for he would leave it
+there if he dared), with many scrapes and compliments we
+took our leave. The girl has never dared to show her face,
+for fear of being carried off by the lover or shut up in a
+convent by the Grand Inquisitor, so I tranquillised their
+minds and sent them out an airing. In the evening I spoke
+to Monsignore Spada, who has promised to help to get up a
+case in Italian, if it should be wanted.</p>
+
+<p>Dined with M. de la Ferronays, and went to his villa
+(Mattei) afterwards. He has been perfect in this affair, full of
+prompt kindness; but what a Government! how imbecile,
+how superannuated!&mdash;a Minister of ninety almost, a sovereign
+of whom all that can be said is that he is a great
+canonist, and all that little bubbling and boiling of priestery
+and monkery, which is at once odious, mischievous, and contemptible,
+a sort of extinct volcano, all the stink of the sulphur
+without any of the splendour of the eruption. They want the
+French again sadly. English subjects detained by the Inquisition
+in 1830!! La Ferronays advised me to ask the Pope for
+a moment of audience, and to request him to see the girl
+himself, and interrogate her, and learn the truth, of the case.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span>
+I had just done writing the above when a note came
+from La Ferronays with the passports for the Kellys, which
+Albani had sent him, so I had only to thank the Cardinal
+instead of mentioning it to the Pope. I did not think
+he would have been so quick. How enchanted they will be
+to-morrow morning!</p>
+
+<h3>May 29th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>At ten Kestner called for Lovaine and me,
+and we went to the
+Pope.<a name="FNA_10_07" id="FNA_10_07" href="#FN_10_07" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+His Court is by no means despicable.
+A splendid suite of apartments at the Quirinal
+with a very decent attendance of Swiss Guards, Guardie
+Nobili, Chamberlains&mdash;generally ecclesiastics&mdash;dressed in
+purple, valets in red from top to toe, of Spanish cut, and in
+the midst of all a barefooted Capuchin. After waiting a
+few minutes, we were introduced to the presence of the
+Pope by the Chamberlain, who knelt as he showed us in.
+The Pope was alone at the end of a very long and handsome
+apartment, sitting under a canopy of state in an arm-chair,
+with a table before him covered with books and papers, a
+crucifix, and a snuff-box. He received us most graciously,
+half rising and extending his hand, which we all kissed.
+His dress was white silk, and very dirty, a white silk skullcap,
+red silk shoes with an embroidered cross, which the
+faithful kiss. He is a very nice, squinting old twaddle, and
+we liked him. He asked us if we spoke Italian, and when
+we modestly answered, a little, he began in the most
+desperately unintelligible French I ever heard; so that,
+though no doubt he said many excellent things, it was
+nearly impossible to comprehend any of them; but he talked
+with interest of our King&rsquo;s health, of the antiquities, and
+Vescovali, of Lucien Buonaparte and his extortion (for his
+curiosities), said when he was Cardinal he used to go often to
+Vescovali. He is, in fact, a connoisseur. Talked of quieting
+religious dissensions in England and the Catholic question;
+and when I said, &lsquo;Très-Saint Père, le Roi mon maître n&rsquo;a
+pas de meilleurs sujets que ses sujets catholiques,&rsquo; his eyes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MISS KELLY&rsquo;S ADVENTURE</span>
+whirled round in their sockets like teetotums, and he grinned
+from ear to ear. After about a quarter of an hour he bade
+us farewell: we kissed his hand and backed out again. We
+then went to the Cardinal, whom I thanked warmly for his
+prompt attention to my request in having given the passports
+to <i>my protégées</i>. It is the etiquette in the Court of
+the Quirinal for the servants to descend from behind the
+carriage, and the horses to go a foot pace.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_07" id="FN_10_07" href="#FNA_10_07"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+[The Pope was Pius VIII. (Francisco Xavierio Castiglioni), whose
+reign was a very short one, for he succeeded Leo XII. in March 1829, and
+was succeeded by Gregory XVI. in December, 1830.]</p></div>
+
+<p>After this audience I took the passport to the Kellys.
+The mother was in bed, but the girl came to me in a transport
+of gratitude and joy. They went off in the evening to
+Florence. La Ferronays advised me to send them off directly,
+for fear the priests should begin to stir in the matter and
+raise fresh obstacles.</p>
+
+<p>In the afternoon went to Gibson&rsquo;s, the sculptor. He is
+very simple and intelligent, and appears to be devoted to his
+art. There is a magnificent Venus, composed from various
+models, like Zeuxis&rsquo;s statue of Juno at Crotona.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Quando Zeusi l&rsquo;immagine far volse<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Che par dovea nel tempio di Giunone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E tante belle nude insieme accolse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">E per una farne in perfezione,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Da chi, una parte, e da chi, un&rsquo; altra tolse.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<h3>May 31st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday the advocate to whom I had
+advised Mrs. Kelly to go came to me, and said he could
+not understand what she said, and she had desired him to
+call on me. I told him the story, and he said he would
+look into it and see what was to be done. I had advised
+her before she went to consult an Italian lawyer as to the
+necessary steps to be taken here in order to prove the invalidity
+of the marriage in England. This man, whose name
+is Dottore Belli, was recommended to me by Monsignore
+Spada as a clever lawyer, and particularly good for the case,
+because brother of one of the judges (or other officer) in the
+Vicar-General&rsquo;s court. But I suppose he has less influence
+over the brother than the brother over him, for this morning
+he sent me a very civil but formal letter, saying &lsquo;the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span>
+parties were married, and had abjured after instruction received&rsquo;&mdash;evidently
+a letter dictated by the court or by his
+brother, or at all events by some ecclesiastical interest.
+They evidently want to make the marriage good to save
+their own credit, but there is a great mystery in the whole
+affair. Cardinal Weld told La Ferronays that they had
+not yet found the priest who had performed the ceremony.
+Bunsen at my request undertook to enquire into the affair,
+but up to the present moment (June 13th) he has only made
+the case more confused and
+inexplicable.<a name="FNA_10_08" id="FNA_10_08" href="#FN_10_08" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_08" id="FN_10_08" href="#FNA_10_08"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+The conclusion of this affair is not less curious than its commencement.
+The parties returned to this country. Swift sued Miss Kelly in the
+Ecclesiastical Court for the restitution of conjugal rights. After much delay
+the case was elaborately argued before Sir John Nicholl, who at very great
+length pronounced judgment against the validity of the marriage. Swift
+appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, when the sentence
+of the Court below was reversed, and the ceremony at Rome decided to
+be a good and binding marriage. The parties were thus irrevocably made
+man and wife, and after some time had elapsed their mutual friends and
+relations set on foot a negotiation for a reconciliation, and eventually Miss
+Kelly agreed to live with Mr. Swift, on condition that the marriage ceremony
+should be regularly performed, which was accordingly done: certain settlements
+were made, and they are now (for all I know to the contrary) living
+happily and harmoniously together. [The further proceedings in this cause
+are described in the second volume of this Journal, when they came before
+the Privy Council.]</p></div>
+
+<p>To-day there was a grand ceremony of the transportation
+of the standard of a new saint (that is, one made about fifty
+years ago) from St. Peter&rsquo;s to San Lorenzo in Lucina, his
+own church. This saint is San Francisco Carraccioli, a
+Neapolitan. All the peasantry came in, covered with
+religious gewgaws, and the streets were crowded. There
+was a balcony at the Cardinal&rsquo;s as for the Girandola, but the
+Duc de Dalberg and I went to the Piazza di San Pietro,
+and saw it there; it was curious. First came the guards;
+then the footmen of the cardinals in State liveries, four for
+each, carrying torches; the clergy of various orders with
+chandeliers, crucifixes, immense crosses, standards, and all
+with torches; a long file of Jesuits, whose appearance was
+remarkable, so humble and absorbed did they look; bands
+of music and soldiers, the whole reaching from the door of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SAINT-MAKING</span>
+St. Peter&rsquo;s to the other side of the Castle of St. Angelo.
+This procession made the <i>giro</i> of the city, for we fell in with
+it again in the Piazza della Colonna two hours afterwards.
+The Church of San Lorenzo and the adjoining houses were
+illuminated, and there was a picture, inscription, &amp;c., stuck
+up over the door. The Cardinal Galetti, who is the patron
+of this order, asked the General of the Jesuits to send some
+of his flock to swell the procession, which he was desirous of
+making as brilliant as possible. The General excused himself
+on the ground that the Jesuits were not in the habit of
+attending processions. The Cardinal complained to the Pope
+of the General&rsquo;s refusal. The next time the Pope saw him
+(he goes once a week to the Quirinal to make his report),
+after discussing all their matters of business and giving him
+the benediction, just as he was leaving the room, the Pope
+called after him, &lsquo;O reverend Father, I hope you will not
+send less than a hundred of your Jesuits to the procession
+to-morrow.&rsquo; The General was thunderstruck, but obliged to
+obey. This ecclesiastical anecdote makes a noise here. The
+present General is a Belgian, and a man of great ability.
+The Jesuits have a college here, and a seminary; a hundred
+in the one, and three hundred in the other.</p>
+
+<p>The process of saint-making is extremely curious. There
+are three grades of saintship: the first, for which I forget
+the name, requires irreproachable moral conduct; the second
+(beatification), two well-proved miracles; the third (sanctification),
+three. It costs an immense sum of money to effect
+the whole, in some cases as much as 100,000 piastres. The
+process begins by an application to the Pope, on the part of
+the relatives of the candidate, or on that of the confraternity,
+if they belong to a religious order. The Pope refers the
+question to a tribunal, and the claimants are obliged to
+appear with their proofs, which are severely scrutinised, and
+the miracles are only admitted upon the production of the
+most satisfactory evidence. Individuals continually subscribe
+for this purpose, particularly for members of religious
+orders, in order to increase the honour or glory of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span>
+society. These trials last many years, sometimes for centuries.
+There is a Princess of Sardinia, sister of the late
+King, who died lately, and they want to make a saint of her.
+The money (estimated at 100,000 piastres) is ready, but they
+cannot rout out a miracle by any means, so that they are at
+a dead stand-still before the second step. Nobody can be
+sanctified till two hundred years after their death, but they
+may arrive at the previous grades before that, and the proofs
+may be adduced and registered.</p>
+
+<h3>June 1st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday news came of the change in the
+French
+Ministry,<a name="FNA_10_09" id="FNA_10_09" href="#FN_10_09" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+of which La Ferronays knew nothing
+the night before, and from which Dalberg anticipates an
+increase of desperate measures on the part of the Court.
+Went in the morning to Gibson&rsquo;s; in the evening to the
+Orti Sallustiani, one of the many objects here not worth seeing,
+though they show two great holes in a wall, which they
+call the Campo Scelerato, and they say it is the place where the
+frail vestals were buried. Coming back we met the Pope taking
+a drive&mdash;two coaches-and-four, with guards and outriders.
+We got out of the carriage and took off our hats, and our
+<i>laquais de place</i> dropped on his knees. The Pope was in
+white, two people sitting opposite to him, and as he passed
+he scattered a blessing. All persons kneel when he appears&mdash;that
+is, all Catholics. The equipage was not brilliant. To
+the Corsini Villa, the gardens of which are some of the
+shadiest and most agreeable in Rome, but nobody inhabits
+the palace. The Corsinis live at Florence, and when they
+come here they lodge elsewhere, for the malaria, they say,
+occupies their domain. Thus it is that between poverty and
+malaria Rome is deserted by its great men. But the population
+ought to be increasing, for almost every woman one
+meets is with child. Gell denies the malaria, says he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA</span>
+should not mind living where they say it is  dangerous to
+live; but can this be matter of opinion?</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_09" id="FN_10_09" href="#FNA_10_09"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+[Charles X. had signed the decree for the dissolution of the existing
+Chamber of Deputies on the 16th of May: on the 19th of May another
+ordinance appointed M. de Chantelauze to the Ministry of Justice, M. de
+Peyronnet to the Interior, M. de Montbel to the Finances, and M.
+Capelle to the Department of Public Works. These appointments, more
+especially that of M. de Peyronnet, were deemed in the highest degree
+hostile to the Liberal party.]</p></div>
+
+<p>In the evening looked into the Church and Piazza of San
+Lorenzo in Lucina. The church is hung with drapery,
+adorned with statues, and illuminated by innumerable wax
+candles. The piazza is illuminated too, and drapery hung
+out from the windows. There were crowds of people, lines of
+chairs, and boys bawling to the people to come and sit upon
+them; others selling lemonade, others the life and exploits
+of the saint on penny papers; a band of military music on a
+scaffolding, and guards patrolling about. Between the intervals
+of the band the bells, in discordant chorus, regaled
+&lsquo;the ears of the groundlings.&rsquo; This strange, discordant
+scene, the foundation of which is religious, but which has but
+little of the appearance of religion in it, lasts eight successive
+days, and costs a vast sum of money&mdash;they say 9,000 scudi&mdash;the
+greatest part of which is furnished by the Government.
+It probably answers some end, for it is difficult to conceive
+that any Government, even this, should spend money, of
+which they have so little to spare, on these fooleries while
+poverty overspreads the land. This ceremony has not taken
+place before for a hundred years. The sight is certainly very
+gay. Close by, in the Palazzo Mani, is a theatre of marionettes,
+who play a comedy of Goldoni. The Duke Fiani lets part of
+his palace for this purpose. What an exhibition of wretchedness!
+He reserves a box which his servants let to anybody,
+whether on his account or their own I don&rsquo;t know.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening</i>.&mdash;Went before dinner to the Villa Madama, a
+ruined villa belonging to the royal house of Naples, with
+fine paintings still on the walls and ceilings, the vestiges of
+former luxury, and a capital view of Rome, the Tiber, the
+Milvian Bridge, and the mountains. After dinner to the
+San Gregorio to see the frescoes, the &lsquo;Martyrdom of St.
+Andrew,&rsquo; the rival frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, and
+afterwards drove about till dark, when we went to a most
+extraordinary performance&mdash;that of the Flagellants. I had
+heard of it, and had long been curious to assist at it. The
+church was dimly lit by a few candles on the altar, the congregation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span>
+not numerous. There was a service, the people
+making the responses, after which a priest, or one of the
+attendants of the church, went round with a bundle of whips
+of knotted cord, and gave one to each person who chose to
+take it. I took mine, but my companion laughed so at seeing
+me gravely accept the whip, that he was obliged to hide his
+face in his hands, and was passed over. In a few minutes
+the candles were extinguished, and we were left in total
+darkness. Then an invisible preacher began exhorting his
+hearers to whip themselves severely, and as he went on his
+vehemence and passion increased. Presently a loud smacking
+was heard all round  the church, which continued a few
+minutes; then the preacher urged us to fresh exertions, and
+crack went the whips again louder and faster than before
+as he exhorted. The faithful flogged till a bell rang; the
+whips stopped, in a few minutes the candles were lit again,
+and the priest came round and collected his cords. I had
+squeezed mine in my hands, so that he did not see it, and I
+brought it away with me. As soon as the candles were extinguished
+the doors were locked, so that nobody could go
+out or come in till the discipline was over. I was rather
+nervous when we were locked up in total darkness, but nobody
+whipped me, and I certainly did not whip myself. A more
+extraordinary thing (for sight it can&rsquo;t be called) I never witnessed.
+I don&rsquo;t think the people stripped, nor, if they did,
+that the cords could have hurt them much. From thence to
+St. Peter&rsquo;s, where we found the <i>quarant&rsquo; ore</i> and the high
+altar illuminated with heaps of candles. Only a few lights
+scattered at a great distance through the rest of the church,
+very few people there; but the dim light, the deep shades,
+the vast space, and the profound stillness were sublime.
+Certainly nothing in the world can approach St. Peter&rsquo;s, and
+it always presents something new to admire.</p>
+
+<p>From St. Peter&rsquo;s to the Vatican, to see the statues by
+torchlight. The effect is wonderful, and totally unlike that
+which is produced by day. The finest statues unquestionably
+gain the most, and it is easy, after seeing this, to understand
+why most of the best are found in the baths; a better
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">BUNSEN&rsquo;S ACCOUNT OF ROME</span>
+notion, too, may be formed of their magnificence. It would
+seem as if some statues had been formed expressly to be thus
+exhibited. There is a mutilated statue they call a Niobe
+(God knows why), with drapery blown back by the wind and
+appearing quite transparent. This effect cannot be produced
+by daylight.</p>
+
+<h3>June 2nd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Called on Bunsen, who has not yet got an
+answer from the agent he sent to the office of the Grand
+Vicar. I had a long conversation with him about the expediency
+of appointing an English Minister or agent of some
+sort at Rome, which he thinks very desirable and very feasible,
+upon the same plan on which the diplomatic relations
+of Prussia with Rome are conducted, and which he says go
+on very smoothly, and without embarrassment or inconvenience.
+There is good faith on both sides. The Catholic
+bishops do not attempt to deceive the Government, and he
+thinks that the Court of Rome does not attempt to hold any
+clandestine intercourse with the Prussian States. He says
+Albani is a sensible man; that the cardinals are bigoted and
+prejudiced, hostile to England, and most of them forgetful
+of all the See of Rome owes to our country; but they are
+still aware that, in the hour of danger, it is to England and
+the Protestant countries they must look for protection, as
+they found it when Austria wanted to strip them of the
+March of Ancona. He thinks there is much superstition
+among the lower classes, little religion among any, great immorality
+in all; the same desire of intriguing and extending
+its influence which the Romish Church has always had, but
+with very diminished means and resources. The Inquisition
+is still active in repressing heresy among Roman subjects, but
+not venturing to meddle with the opinions of foreigners. Its
+principles and its forms are the same as in former times. He
+says we have an inefficient Consul at Ancona, who was put in
+by Canning on account of his Liverpool connections. It would
+be very desirable to establish a regular Protestant church in
+Rome, with an able and permanent minister; but there is
+only an occasional church, with anybody who will serve in it,
+and who is paid by the congregation; but such a man is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span>
+totally unable to cope with the Catholic preachers, and consequently
+many converts are made to the Catholic religion.
+A Consul-General at Rome might answer the purpose of an
+agent, and, without being an accredited Minister, perform
+all the functions of one. This was the pith of what he said,
+besides a great deal about the Catholic religion itself, its inferiority
+to the Reformed, its incompatibility with free institutions,
+and a good deal more, not much to the purpose.
+Bunsen is a man of very considerable information, learned,
+very obliging, and communicative, sensible, moderate, but
+rather prejudiced. At this moment he is full of the French
+expedition [to Algiers], and their colonising projects, of
+which he is thoroughly persuaded and not a little afraid.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Dalberg told me that at the Congress of
+Vienna he was deputed to speak to Consalvi about ceding
+the March of Ancona to the Austrians. He answered, &lsquo;My
+dear Duke, the Congress can treat us as it pleases. If we are
+pressed, we must retreat to the walls; further we cannot go,
+and we are there already.&rsquo; The Cardinal afterwards spoke
+to the Emperor, and the next day Metternich said he had
+orders from the Emperor to declare that he would take nothing
+from the Pontifical States without the free concurrence
+of the Pope; so there ended that question.</p>
+
+<p><i>At night</i>.&mdash;Just returned from Frascati with Henry de
+Ros&mdash;a very agreeable expedition. We went to the inn, a
+most execrable hotel, but dined very well on a repast we had
+the foresight to take with us. Before dinner went to the
+Villa Conti, which has a delicious garden, with fine trees
+and ample shade, and one of the prettiest falls of water I
+have seen. The house we did not enter, but it appeared
+small. To the Villa Marconi, without any garden, but a
+capital house, and the only one which looks well kept and
+inhabited. The Marconi house in the Conti garden would
+be perfect. After dinner to Tusculum, a beautiful walk
+under shade, with magnificent views over the Campagna on
+one side and Monte Cavo, Rocca di Papa, and the Prati
+d&rsquo;Annibale on the other. The remains at Tusculum are next
+to nothing, part of a theatre, of an aqueduct, and of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FRASCATI</span>
+walls. I believe the town was destroyed by Pope Celestine
+III. (1191), in order to extirpate a band of robbers which
+had long infested the country and made Tusculum their
+stronghold. All the country hereabout is beautiful, and
+the air excellent, so that a more perfect residence cannot
+be imagined. To the Villa Belvidere, belonging to Prince
+Aldobrandini, deserted and neglected, but very enjoyable,
+full of childish waterworks, but a good house, which is to be
+hired for 150&#8467;. a year, and might be made very comfortable.
+Here is Mount Parnassus, and the water turns an organ,
+and so makes Apollo and the Muses utter horrid sounds, and
+a Triton has a horn which he is made to blow, producing a
+very discordant noise. I fell in with Lady Sandwich, and
+went back to tea with her at a villa which belonged to the
+Cardinal York. There are the royal arms of England, a bust
+of the Cardinal, and a picture of his father or brother. We
+also went to the Rufinella, whence the view is extremely fine;
+this was Lucien Buonaparte&rsquo;s villa, and the scene of the capture
+of a painter and a steward by the banditti, who carried
+them off from the door of the villa and took them into the
+Abruzzi, which may be descried from the terrace. The cicerone
+who went with us (a tiresome and chattering fellow)
+told us that he had attended Queen Caroline, that they had
+come to him for evidence against her, and he had declared he
+knew nothing; but he said he could have deposed to some
+things unfavourable to her, having seen her and Bergami
+together and witnessed their familiarity.</p>
+
+<h3>June 4th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday rode round the walls. In the
+evening to the Vatican, and afterwards to Bunsen&rsquo;s. He gave
+me his memorandum to read, which is contained in a letter
+to Wilmot Horton of the 28th of December, 1828, upon the
+settlement of the Catholic question, and his view of the mode
+in which it might be done. He approves of Wilmot&rsquo;s plan,
+not knowing at that time that the Duke had resolved to
+grant unqualified emancipation. In this paper he describes
+the existing arrangements between the other Protestant
+Powers and the Court of Rome, and states in what manner
+he thinks we might pursue a similar course. It is well done,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span>
+and his ideas appear to me very clear and sound. It is pretty
+evident that we should meet with no difficulties here, and
+that they would practically agree to everything we should require,
+provided we did not insist upon their doing so in specific
+terms. Our difficulties would arise from the extreme parties
+at home&mdash;the ultra-Catholics and the ultra-Protestants&mdash;but
+a steady hand might steer betwixt them both. Bunsen
+describes what has been done in Prussia, Hanover, Netherlands,
+and the minor German States; the Prussian arrangements
+appear to be the wisest. When the King of Prussia
+began to negotiate, he did not allow his Ministers to enter
+upon any discussion of principles, nor to ask for any express
+sanction of the <i>status quo</i>. On the other hand he did not
+prescribe to the Church of Rome the canonical form in which
+an express or tacit acknowledgment of the claims and rights
+of the Crown was to be made as to the secularisation of Church
+property. The Netherlands went on a different plan, and
+framed a constitution of the Roman Catholic Church in their
+dominions, called a Pragmatic Sanction, which they wanted
+the Pope to acknowledge. The Hanoverian Government
+also wished to conclude a formal treaty, and oblige the Pope
+to sanction certain civil regulations concerning Church government.
+He observes that the Court of Rome will appear
+ignorant of, and thus tacitly acknowledge, many things which
+it never will nor can expressly sanction and approve.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout Germany, both Catholic and Protestant, all
+correspondence between the clergy and the Pope goes
+through the Government by the law of the country&mdash;all
+matters public and private&mdash;the Pope&rsquo;s bulls and briefs are
+returned in the same way; and whenever any of these
+contain expressions which run against the national laws,
+the <i>placet regium</i> is only given with clauses reserving the
+rights of the Crown, and annulling what is irreconcilable
+with the civil law. The Court of Rome is quite aware of
+this practice, and the legations of Bavaria and Austria, as
+well as those of Prussia and Hanover, present the respective
+petitions of their clergy through their Roman agents.
+Bunsen says nothing can be practically more established,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PROTESTANT STATES AND ROME</span>
+but that no consideration would induce the Pope formally to
+sanction the practice in a treaty.</p>
+
+<p>In the arrangements respecting the appointment of
+bishops and dignitaries, Prussia proposed the establishment
+of chapters, with the same right of election which had existed
+before the French Revolution. The smaller States of
+Germany followed a similar plan. Hanover proposed and
+obtained a veto. The chapter presents a list; the Government
+strikes out any name, but must leave two, out of which the
+chapter may elect, but in case of irregularity or inconvenience
+the chapter may make a second list. The Netherlands have
+the same system of limited veto and second list, and the
+confidential brief in
+addition.<a name="FNA_10_10" id="FNA_10_10" href="#FN_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+The chapters have the right
+of election, the Pope of confirmation, by canonical institution
+as the necessary condition of the bishop&rsquo;s consecration;
+but besides a confidential brief was agreed on desiring the
+chapter not to elect as bishop a person &lsquo;minus gratam
+serenissimo regi;&rsquo; this ensures respect to the royal recommendation.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_10" id="FN_10_10" href="#FNA_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+[These facts, originally suggested by Bunsen at Rome to Mr. Greville
+were afterwards used by him as the basis of his argument for the establishment
+of diplomatic relations with the Court of Rome in his book on the
+&lsquo;Policy of England to Ireland,&rsquo; published in 1845.]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 5th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning called on M. de la Ferronays,
+but only saw him for a minute, for the Austrian Ambassador
+arrived, and I was obliged to go. He is in great alarm
+as well as sorrow at the appointment of M. de
+Peyronnet<a name="FNA_10_11" id="FNA_10_11" href="#FN_10_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+and
+the aspect of affairs in France. He told me that he had so
+little idea of this appointment that he would have guessed
+anybody rather than that man, who was so odious that he
+had been rejected for three successive places, for the representation
+of which he had stood when he was Minister; that
+Villèle, with all his influence, could not get him elected; and
+that in the Chamber of Peers he had been so intemperate
+that he had been repeatedly called to order, a thing which
+hardly ever occurred; that the Government had evidently
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span>
+thrown away the scabbard by naming him on the eve of a
+general election, and thus offering a sort of insult to the
+whole nation; that it rendered his own position here very
+disagreeable, although his was an ecclesiastical and not a
+political mission, and that he in fact considered it only as an
+honourable retreat; yet he had written to Polignac the
+moment the news reached him, saying that if he considered
+him as in the least degree implicated politically with
+his Government he should immediately resign, and that if
+he found by his answer that he looked upon him as in the
+remotest degree connected with their measures he should
+instantly retire. I saw Dalberg afterwards, who appears to
+me deeply alarmed. He looks with anxiety to the Duke of
+Wellington as the only man whose authority or interference
+can arrest the French Ministry in the career which must
+plunge France into a civil war, if not create a general war
+in Europe. He believes that Metternich and the Austrians
+are backing up Charles X., and that, in case of any troubles,
+they will, in virtue of the Treaty of Chaumont, pour troops
+into France. His hope, then, is that the Duke will interpose
+and prevent this Austrian interference.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_11" id="FN_10_11" href="#FNA_10_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+[M. de Peyronnet was the Garde des Sceaux in the Polignac Cabinet:
+he was considered one of the most reactionary members of that ill-fated
+Administration.]</p></div>
+
+<p>When La Ferronays told Polignac his opinion of the
+course he was beginning, the other only said, &lsquo;Mon cher,
+tu ne connais pas le pays.&rsquo; The King told Dalberg himself
+that he would rather labour for his bread than be King of
+England; that it was not being a king. In his presence,
+too, he asked General &mdash;&mdash;, the Governor of Paris, what was
+the disposition of the troops, and he answered, &lsquo;Excellent,
+sir; I have been in all the <i>casernes</i>, and they desire nothing
+so much as to fight for your Majesty;&rsquo; and such words as
+these the King swallows and acts upon. Their confidence,
+audacity, and presumption are certainly admirable, disdaining
+any art and management, and apparently anxious to
+bring about a crisis with the least possible delay.</p>
+
+<h3>June 7th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Drove about yesterday taking leave of people
+and places, the former of which I probably shall, and the
+latter shall not, see again. I have seen almost everything,
+but leave Rome with great regret, principally because I am
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">POLIGNAC AND VILLÈLE</span>
+afraid I shall never come again. If I was sure of returning
+I should not mind it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Three o&rsquo;clock</i>.&mdash;Have determined to stay till after the
+Corpus Domini. Called on the Cardinal, who received me <i>à
+bras ouverts</i>, was full of civilities, and reconducted me to the
+outward room; talked of the Catholics and of the anxiety
+of his Government to see relations established with ours.
+I was obliged to go and take leave of him, for Bruti brought
+me a message full of politeness and a letter to convey to the
+Nuncio at Paris. Then to La Ferronays, who says, as does
+Dalberg, that he is persuaded it will end by the recall of
+Villèle to the Ministry, a compromise that all parties will
+be glad to make&mdash;that he has had the prudence to decline
+being a party to Polignac&rsquo;s Administration, and when he is
+called to form one he will have nothing to say to
+Polignac.<a name="FNA_10_12" id="FNA_10_12" href="#FN_10_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+It certainly will be curious if Villèle, after being driven from
+the Government with universal execration, and almost proscribed,
+should in two years be recalled by the general voice
+as the only man who can save France from anarchy and civil
+war. La Ferronays says that Villèle is not a great Minister,
+but a clever man, with great ingenuity and the art of management.
+He wishes to be thought like Pitt, who was also
+obliged to quit the Ministry, and afterwards resumed it;
+and he considers Polignac as his Addington, not that the
+resemblance holds good in any of the particulars, either of
+the men, or the times, or the circumstances.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_12" id="FN_10_12" href="#FNA_10_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+[M. de Villèle had come to Paris from his country seat in April, and a
+secret attempt had been made to bring him back to power. Prince Polignac
+offered him a seat in the Cabinet, but showed no disposition to make way
+for him. The King feared Villèle and preferred Polignac. Yet if M. de
+Villèle had then returned to power, he would probably have saved the
+monarchy and changed the course of events in Europe. (See Duvergier
+de Hauranne, &lsquo;Histoire du Gouvernement parlementaire en France,&rsquo; tome x.
+p. 468; for a narration of these transactions.)]</p></div>
+
+<h3>June 8th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Last night to the La Ferronays&rsquo;, when the
+Princess Aldobrandini was so delighted with the anecdote of
+my horse-shoe that she is gone off to the Pantheon to look
+at it. It was a full moon and a clear night, so I went to
+the Coliseum, and passed an hour there. I never saw it so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span>
+well; the moon rode above without a cloud, but with a
+brilliant planet close to her; there was not a breath of air,
+not a human being near but the soldiers at the gates below,
+and the monk above with me; not a sound was heard but
+those occasional noises of the night, the bark of a dog, the
+chimes from churches and convents, the chirp of a bird,
+which only served to make silence audible. Though I have
+seen the Coliseum a dozen times before, I never was so
+delighted with its beauty and grandeur as to-night. No
+description in poetry or painting can do it justice; it is a
+&lsquo;wreck of ruinous perfection,&rsquo; whose charm must be felt,
+and on such a night as this. The measures which the
+Government have taken to save the Coliseum from destruction
+will certainly accomplish that end, but its picturesque
+appearance will be greatly damaged. There is no part of
+the ruin which is not already supported by some modern
+brickwork, and they are building a wall which will nearly
+surround it. If they had been more selfish they would
+have left it to moulder away, and posterity to grumble over
+their stinginess or indifference. I am always tossed backwards
+and forwards between admiration of the Coliseum and
+St. Peter&rsquo;s, and admire most that which I see last. They
+are certainly &lsquo;magis pares quam similes,&rsquo; but worth everything
+else in Italy put together, except Pæstum.</p>
+
+<p>To-day the spiritual arms of the Church are to be fulminated
+against a sinner in a case which is rather curious.
+There are two brothers who live at a place called Genezzano,
+in two adjoining houses, which formerly formed but one,
+belonging to the Colonna family, of whom the progenitors
+of these men bought it. A short time ago a man came to
+the brothers, and told them that in a particular spot on the
+premises there was a treasure concealed, the particulars of
+which he had learned from a memorandum in the papers of
+the Colonna family, to which he had got access, and he
+proposed to discover the same to them, if they would give
+him a part of it. They agreed, when he told them that
+under a little column built against a wall they would find a
+flat brick, covering a hole, in which was an earthen pot
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">EXCOMMUNICATION OF A THIEF</span>
+containing 2,000 ducats in gold. The column was there, so
+at night the brothers set to work to take it down, and beneath
+it they found the flat stone as described. When one
+of them (an apothecary) said to the other that, after all,
+it was probably an invention, that they should be laughed
+at for their pains, and he thought they had better give up
+the search, the other (who must be a great flat) said, &lsquo;Very
+well,&rsquo; and they retired to bed. In the morning the apothecary
+told the other that in the night he could not help thinking
+of this business, and that his curiosity had induced him to
+get up and dig on, and that he had actually found the pot,
+but nothing in it. The other, flat as he was, could not
+stand this, and, on examining the pot, he found marks which,
+on further investigation, turned out to be indications of coin
+having been in it. The thief stuck to his story, so the
+dupe complained, and, as the presumption is considered to
+be strongly against him, they are going to try what excommunication
+will do. It is remarkable that they asked this
+man if he would swear upon the Host that he had not found
+any money, and this he refused to do, though he continued
+to deny it and to decline restitution. He was accounted a
+very religious man, and these were religious scruples, which,
+however, were not incompatible with robbery and fraud.
+His refusal to swear was taken as a moral evidence of guilt,
+and he was to be excommunicated to-day.</p>
+
+<h3>June 9th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Saw Torlonia&rsquo;s house; very fine, and the only
+one in Rome which is comfortably furnished, and looks as
+if it was inhabited. A great many good pictures, and
+Canova&rsquo;s Hercules and Lycus, which I do not admire. In
+the evening to the Convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, which
+is remarkably clean and well kept. There are forty-five
+friars (Passionisti), whose vows were not irrevocable, and,
+though the cases do not often occur, they can lay aside the
+habit if they please. They live on charity. In their garden
+is a beautiful palm, one of three which grow in Rome. They
+have several apartments for strangers who may like to retire
+to the convent for a few days, which are very decently
+furnished, clean, and not uncomfortable. They were at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span>
+supper when I got there, so I went to look at them. They
+eat in silence at two long tables like those in our college
+halls, and instead of conversation they were entertained by
+some passages of the life of St. Ignatius, which a friar was
+reading from a pulpit. Their supper seemed by no means
+despicable, for I met a smoking <i>frittura</i> which looked and
+smelt very good, and the table was covered with bread, fruit,
+vegetables, and wine. But they fast absolutely three times
+a week, and whip themselves (<i>la disciplina</i>) three others.
+They teach theology and <i>la dogmatica</i>, and there is a
+library containing (they told me) books of all sorts, though
+their binding (for I only saw them through a trellis) looked
+desperately theological. At night to a very fine <i>feu d&rsquo;artifice</i>
+in the Piazza San Lorenzo, which ended the festivities in
+honour of San Francisco Caraccioli, whose name appeared
+emblazoned amidst rockets and squibs and crackers, and the
+uproarious delight of the mob. Afterwards to the Pantheon
+to see it by moonlight, but the moon was not exactly over
+the roof, so it failed, but the effect of the partial light and
+the stars above was fine with the torches below half hid behind
+the columns.</p>
+
+<h3>June 10th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I thought I had seen everything here worth
+seeing, yet, though I have been several times to the Capitol,
+I have somehow missed seeing the Palazzo dei Conservatori,
+containing the famous wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus,
+in bronze, said to have been struck by lightning (of which
+it bears all the marks) the day Julius Cæsar was killed; the
+boy picking the thorn from his foot; the statue of the first
+Brutus; the geese of the Capitol (which are more like ducks);
+and the Fasti Consulares. It just occurred to me in time,
+and I went there yesterday morning. After dinner to the
+Villa Ludovisi with the Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis, which
+must owe its celebrity principally to the difficulty of getting
+access to it. I was extremely disappointed; Guercino&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;Aurora&rsquo; is not to be compared to Guido&rsquo;s; his &lsquo;Day&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;Night&rsquo; are very fine, and the &lsquo;Fame&rsquo; magnificent, but the
+ladies bustled through so rapidly that it was not possible to
+examine anything. The gardens are large, but all straight
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">PROCESSION OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI</span>
+walks and clipped hedges. The gallery of statues contains
+three or four fine things, but they are huddled together and
+their effect spoilt.</p>
+
+<h3>June 11th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Whilst the carriage is getting ready I may as
+well scribble the last day at Rome. And this morning went at
+eight to the Palazzo Accoramboni, to see the procession of
+the Corpus Domini, and was disappointed. This Palazzo
+Accoramboni, in which we were accommodated, belonged to
+a very rich old man, who was married to a young and pretty
+wife. He died and left her all his fortune, but, suspecting
+that she was attached to a young man who used to frequent
+the house, he made the bequest conditional upon her not
+marrying again, and if she did the whole property was to
+go to some religious order. She was fool enough (and the
+man too) to marry, but clandestinely. She had two children,
+and this brought the marriage to light. They therefore lost
+the property, amounting to 10,000&#8467;. or 12,000&#8467;. a year; but
+the Pope, in his vast generosity, allows her out of it 300
+piastres (about 65&#8467;.) a year, and gives a portion of 1,000
+piastres (200&#8467;.) to each of the little girls. It is supposed
+that she consulted some priest, who urged her to marry
+secretly, and then revealed the fact to the order interested.
+Otherwise it is difficult to account for their folly.</p>
+
+<p>The magnificence of ceremonies and processions here depends
+upon the locality, and the awnings and flowers round
+the piazza spoilt it all. It was long and rather tiresome&mdash;all
+the monks and religious orders in Rome, the cardinals
+and the Pope, plenty of wax-lights, banners, and crosses, the
+crosses of Constantine and Charlemagne. The former is
+not genuine; that of Charlemagne is really the one he gave
+to the See. The Pope looks as if he was huddled into a
+short bed, and his throne, or whatever it is called, is ill
+managed. He is supposed to be in the act of adoration of
+the Host, which is raised before him, but as he cannot kneel
+for such a length of time, he sits covered with drapery, and
+with a pair of false legs stuck out behind to give his figure
+the appearance of kneeling. Before him are borne the triple
+crown and other Pontifical ornaments. The Guardia Nobile,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span>
+commanded by Prince Barberini, looked very handsome, and
+all the troops <i>en très-belle tenue</i>. All the Ambassadors
+and foreigners were in this palace, and from it we flocked
+to St. Peter&rsquo;s, which is always a curious sight on these occasions
+from the multitudes in it and the variety of their appearance
+and occupation&mdash;cardinals, princes, princesses,
+mixed up with footmen, pilgrims, and peasants. Here, Mass
+going on at an altar, and crowds kneeling round it; there,
+the Host deposited amidst a peal of music at another; in
+several corners, cardinals dressing or undressing, for they all
+take off the costume they wore in the procession and resume
+their scarlet robes in the church; men hurrying about with
+feathers, banners, and other paraphernalia of the day, the
+peasantry in their holiday attire, and crowds of curious
+idlers staring about. All this is wonderfully amusing, and
+is a scene which presents itself in continual variety. Went
+afterwards and took leave of all my friends&mdash;La Ferronays,
+Dalbergs, Bunsens, Lovaines, &amp;c.&mdash;and at seven, to my great
+sorrow, left Rome. But as I do all that superstition dictates,
+I drank in the morning a glass of water at the Fountain of
+Trevi, for they say that nobody ever drinks of the Fountain
+of Trevi without returning to Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The road about Narni and Augustus&rsquo;s Bridge is beautifully
+picturesque. I set off directly to the cascade, with which I
+was as much delighted as I was disappointed with that of
+Tivoli. It is difficult to conceive anything more magnificent
+than the whole of this scenery.</p>
+
+<h3>Florence, June 10th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>The horses were announced, and I
+was obliged to break off my account of Terni and resume it
+here, where I arrived after a tedious journey of forty hours,
+from Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Most people are dragged up the mountain by <i>bovi</i>, see the
+upper part of the fall, and walk down. But as the <i>bovi</i> were
+not at hand, I reversed the usual order, walked to the bottom,
+and then toiled to the top. The walk, which is lovely, lies
+through the grounds of a count, who has a house close to
+the Nera (the Nera (Nar) is the river into which the Velino
+runs, and in which there is very good trout fishing), where
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FALLS OF TERNI</span>
+the Queen of England once lived for a month. At the different
+points of view are little cabins (which would be very
+picturesque if they were less rudely constructed) for the accommodation
+of artists and other travellers. This gentleman
+has got a house which he reserves for the use of
+artists, of which there are always several on the spot during
+the summer. They pay nothing for the accommodation, but
+each is obliged to leave a drawing when he goes away; and
+by this means he has got an interesting collection, of the
+scenery of Terni. Nothing can be more accurate, as well as
+beautiful, than Byron&rsquo;s description of the cascade, and it is
+wonderful in his magnificent poetry, how he has kept his
+imagination within the bounds of truth, and neither added
+a circumstance nor lavished an epithet to which it is not
+entitled.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Horribly beautiful! but on the verge<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From side to side, beneath the glittering morn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An Iris sits amidst the infernal surge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like Hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its steady dyes, while all around is torn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By the distracted waters, bears serene<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Resembling, &rsquo;mid the torture of the scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Love watching Madness with unalterable mien.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The rainbows are very various, seen from different points:
+from the middle, where the river rushes from the vortex of
+the great fall to plunge into another, the stream appears to
+be painted with a broad layer of divers colours, never broken
+or mixed till they are tossed up in the cloud of spray, and
+mingled with it in a thousand variegated sparkles. Above,
+an iris bestrides the moist green hill which rises by the side
+of the fall; and, as the spray is whirled up in greater or
+less abundance, it perpetually and rapidly changes its
+colours, now disappearing altogether, and now beaming with
+the utmost vividness. The man told me that at night the
+moon forms a white rainbow on the hill. There is a delicious
+but dangerous coolness all about the cascade. All
+the scenery about is as beautiful as possible. Just above
+the great fall is the Velinus tearing along in the same
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>
+channel, which was first made for him by the Roman Consul
+2,200 years ago&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice&mdash;</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">
+and there, the guide told me, some years ago a man threw
+in a young and beautiful wife of whom he was jealous. He
+took her to see the cascade, and when he got to this part
+(which is at the end of a narrow path overhung with brushwood)
+he got rid of the boys who always follow visitors, and
+after some delay returned alone, and said the woman had
+fallen in. One scream had been heard, but there was nobody
+to witness the truth. The mangled body was found in
+the stream below. Jealousy is probably common here. As
+I was walking a man passed me, going in great haste to the
+mountain, but I paid no attention to him. When I got back
+I heard that he was escaping from justice (into the Abruzzi,
+which are in the Neapolitan dominions), having stabbed his
+brother-in-law a few moments before out of jealousy of his
+wife. The wounded man was still alive, but badly hurt.
+The murderer was <i>un bravo mechanico</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The mountain and the river have undergone many revolutions.
+The rock through which the present path is cut
+has been formed entirely by petrified deposits, and there are
+marks in various parts of former cascades, from which the
+water has been turned away. Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini)
+turned the water into its present course. At the bottom the
+old outlet of the Romans is dry, but is marked with that
+solidity which defies time, like all their works of this kind.
+Great part of the road from Terni is beautiful, and the
+Papal towns and villages appear to be in much better condition
+than on the other road. Some of them perched on
+the mountains are remarkably picturesque.</p>
+
+<h3>Bologna, June 14th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>I went yesterday morning to Pratolino
+to see the statue of the genius of the Apennines, by
+John of Bologna, six miles from Florence. Pratolino was
+the favourite residence of the famous Bianca Capello. The
+house has been pulled down. It is in a very pretty English
+garden belonging to the Grand Duke, and, I think, amazingly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">MEZZOFANTI</span>
+grand, but disgraced by presiding over a duck pond. They
+told me that if he stood up (and he looks as if he could if
+he would) he would be thirty <i>braccia</i> in height. I went
+into his head, and surveyed him on all sides. He ought to
+be placed over some torrent, or on the side of a mountain;
+but as he is, from a little distance (whence the ducks and
+their pond are not visible) he is sublime. Myriads of
+fire-flies sparkled in every bush; they are beautiful in a
+night journey, flitting about like meteors and glittering
+like shooting stars.</p>
+
+<p>Dined with Lady Normanby at Sesto, set off at half-past
+eight, and arrived here at nine this morning. The first thing
+I did was to present my letter to Madame de Marescalchi
+from her sister, the Duchesse de Dalberg, who received me
+graciously and asked me to dinner; the next to call on
+Mezzofanti at the public library, whom I found at his desk
+in the great room, surrounded by a great many people reading.
+He received me very civilly, and almost immediately
+took me into another room, where I had a long conversation
+with him. He seems to be between fifty and sixty years of
+age, short, pale, and thin, and not at all remarkable in
+countenance or manner. He spoke English with extraordinary
+fluency and correctness, and with a very slight accent.
+I endeavoured to detect some inaccuracy of expression, but
+could not, though perhaps his phraseology was occasionally
+more stiff than that of an Englishman would be. He gave
+me an account of his beginning to study languages, which
+he did not do till he was of a mature age. The first he
+mastered were the Greek and Hebrew, the latter on account
+of divinity, and afterwards he began the modern languages,
+acquiring the idioms of each as he became acquainted with
+the parent tongue. He said that he had no particular disposition
+that way when a child, and I was surprised when
+he said that the knowledge of several languages was of no
+assistance to him in mastering others; on the contrary,
+that when he set to work at a fresh language he tried to
+put out of his head all others. I asked him of all modern
+languages which he preferred, and which he considered the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span>
+richest in literature. He said, &lsquo;Without doubt the Italian.&rsquo;
+He then discussed the genius of the English language, and
+the merits of our poets and historians, read, and made me
+read, a passage of an English book, and then examined the
+etymology and pronunciation of several words. He has never
+been out of Italy, or further in it than Leghorn, talks of
+going to Rome, but says it is so difficult to leave his library.
+He is very pleasing, simple, and communicative, and it is
+extraordinary, with his wonderful knowledge, that he should
+never have written and published any work upon languages.
+He asked me to return if I stayed at Bologna. The library
+has a tolerable suite of apartments, and the books, amounting
+to about 80,000 volumes, are in excellent order. One
+thousand crowns a year are allowed for the purchase of
+new books.</p>
+
+<p>The Bolognese jargon is unintelligible. A man came
+and asked him some questions while I was there in a
+language that was quite strange to me, and when I asked
+Mezzofanti what it was, he said Bolognese, and that, though
+not harmonious, it was forcible and expressive. Afterwards
+to the gallery, which contains the finest pictures in
+Italy, though only a few: the Guidos and Domenichinos are
+splendid. I think Domenichino the finest painter that ever
+existed.</p>
+
+<h3>June 15th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Dined yesterday with Madame de Marescalchi,
+who lives in a great palace, looking dirty and uncomfortable,
+except one or two rooms which they occupy. There is a
+gallery of pictures, all of which are for sale. Seven or eight
+Italians came to dinner, whose names I never discovered.
+After dinner she took me to the Certosa, to see the Campo
+Santo, which is a remarkably pretty spot, and the dead appear
+to be more agreeably lodged at Bologna than the living. I
+had much rather die here than live here. It is very unlike
+the Campo Santo at Pisa, entirely modern, and looks exceedingly
+cheerful. Guido&rsquo;s skull is kept here.</p>
+
+<p>Went again to the gallery, and the Zambeccari Palace,
+where there are a few good pictures, but not many. All the
+pictures in all the palaces are for sale.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">FERRARA</span>
+<i>In the ferry, crossing the Po</i> (i.e. written in the ferry).&mdash;Called
+on Madame de Marescalchi to take leave. Set off
+at half-past one, and in clouds of dust arrived at Ferrara.
+It is curious to see this town, so large, deserted, and melancholy.
+A pestilence might have swept over it, for there
+seems no life in it, and hardly a soul is to be seen in the
+streets. It is eight and a half miles round, and contains
+24,000 inhabitants, of which 3,000 are Jews, and their quarter
+is the only part of the town which seems alive. They are, as
+usual, crammed into a corner, five streets being allotted to
+them, at each end of which is a gate that is closed at nine
+o&rsquo;clock, when the Jews are shut in for the night. The
+houses are filthy, stinking, and out of repair. The Corso
+is like a street in an English town, broad, long, the houses
+low, and with a <i>trottoir</i> on both sides. The Castle, surrounded
+by a moat, stands in the middle of the town, a
+gloomy place. In it lives the Cardinal Legate. I went to
+see the dungeon in which Tasso was confined; and the
+library, where they show Ariosto&rsquo;s chair and inkstand, a
+medal found upon his body when his tomb was opened, two
+books of his manuscript poetry; also the manuscript of the
+&lsquo;Gerusalemme,&rsquo; with the alterations which Tasso made in it
+while in prison, and the original manuscript of Guarini&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;Pastor Fido.&rsquo; The <i>custode</i> told me that in the morning the
+library was full of readers, which I did not believe. There
+are some illuminated Missals, said to be the finest in Italy.
+Though the idea of gaiety seems inconsistent with Ferrara,
+they have an opera, corso, and the same round of festivals
+and merriment as other Italian towns, but I never saw so
+dismal a place.</p>
+
+<h3>Venice, June 16th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>We crossed the Po, and afterwards
+the Adige, in boats. The country is flat, and reminded me
+of the Netherlands. I was asleep all night, but awoke in
+time to see some of the villas on the banks of the Brenta.
+Of Padua I was unconscious. Embarked in a gondola at
+Fusina, and arrived at this remarkable city under the bad
+auspices of a dark, gloomy, and very cold day. It is Venice,
+but living Venice no more. In my progress to the inn I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span>
+saw nothing but signs of ruin and blasted grandeur, palaces
+half decayed, and the windows boarded up. The approach
+to the city is certainly as curious as possible, so totally unlike
+everything else, and on entering the Great Canal, and
+finding</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The death-like silence and the dread repose</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">of a place which was once the gayest and most brilliant in the
+world, a little pang shoots across the imagination, recollecting
+its strange and romantic history and its poetical associations.</p>
+
+<p><i>Two o&rsquo;clock</i>.&mdash;I am just driven in by a regular rainy day,
+and have the prospect of shivering through the rest of it in
+a room with marble floor and hardly any furniture. However,
+it is the only bad day there has been since the beginning
+of my expedition. The most striking thing in Venice (at
+least in such weather as this) is the unbroken silence. The
+gondolas glide along without noise or motion, and, except
+other gondolas, one may traverse the city without perceiving
+a sign of life. I went first to the Church of Santa
+Maria dei Frati, which is fine, old, and adorned with painting
+and sculpture. At Santa Maria dei Frati Titian was buried.
+Canova intended a monument for him, but after his death his
+design was executed and put up in this church, but for him,
+and not for Titian, the reverse of  &lsquo;sic vos non vobis.&rsquo; Here
+are tombs of several Doges, of Francis Foscari, with a pompous
+inscription. The body of Carmagnola lies here in a wooden
+coffin; his head is under the stone on which it was cut off
+in the Piazza di San Marco. He was beheaded by one of
+those pieces of iniquity and treachery which the Venetian
+Government never scrupled to use when it suited them.
+Then to the Scuola di San Rocco, containing a splendid
+apartment and staircase, all richly gilded, painted by Tintoret,
+and with bronze doors. To the Church of Santa Maria della
+Salute, containing a very rich altar-piece of precious stones,
+which is locked up, and produced on great occasions; and in
+the sacristy three fine pictures by Titian. To the Church
+of St. Mark and the Doge&rsquo;s Palace&mdash;all very interesting,
+antique, and splendid. But the Austrians have modernised
+some of the rooms, and consequently spoilt them. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">VENICE</span>
+have also blocked up the Bridge of Sighs, and the reason (they
+told me) is that all the foreigners who come here are so curious
+to walk over it, which seems an odd one for shutting it up.
+The halls of audience and of the different councils are magnificently
+gilded, and contain some very fine pictures.</p>
+
+<p>The Hall of the Council of Ten (the most powerful and
+the most abominable tribunal that ever existed) has been
+partly modernised. In the Chamber of the Inquisitors of
+State is still the hole in the wall which was called the &lsquo;Lion&rsquo;s
+Mouth,&rsquo; through which written communications were made;
+and the box into which they fell, which the Inquisitors alone
+could open. There were &lsquo;Bocche di Lioni&rsquo; in several places
+at the head of the Giant&rsquo;s Staircase, and in others. The
+mouths are gone, but the holes remain. Though the
+interior of the Ponte di Sospiri is no longer visible, the
+prisons are horrible places, twenty-four in number, besides
+three others under water which the French had closed up.
+They are about fourteen feet long, seven wide, and seven
+high, with one hole to admit air, a wooden bed, which was
+covered with straw, and a shelf. In one of the prisons are
+several inscriptions, scrawled on the wall and ceiling.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Di chi mi fido, mi guardi Iddio,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Di chi non mi fido, mi guardo io.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Un parlar pocho, un negar pronto,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Un pensar in fine può dar la vita<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A noi altri meschini.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Non fida d&rsquo;alcuno, pensi e tacci<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Se fuggir vuoi di spioni, insidie e lacci.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Il pentirti, il pentirti, nulla giova<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ma ben del valor tuo far vera prova.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There are two places in which criminals, or prisoners,
+were secretly executed; they were strangled, and without
+seeing their executioner, for a cord was passed through an
+opening, which he twisted till the victim was dead. This
+was the mode pursued with the prisoners of the Inquisitors;
+those of the Council were often placed in a cell to which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span>
+there was a thickly grated window, through which the
+executioner did his office, and if they resisted he stabbed
+them in the throat. The wall is still covered with the blood
+of those who have thus suffered. From the time of their erection,
+800 years ago, to the destruction of the Republic nobody
+was ever allowed to see these prisons, till the French came and
+threw them open, when the people set fire to them and
+burnt all the woodwork; the stone was too solid to be
+destroyed. One or two escaped, and they remain as
+memorials of the horrors that were perpetrated in them.</p>
+
+<h3>June 17th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>This morning was fine again, and everything
+looks gayer than yesterday. From the Rialto to the Piazza
+di San Marco there is plenty of life and movement, and it
+is exactly like Cranbourne Alley and the other alleys out of
+Leicester Square. While Venice was prosperous St. Mark&rsquo;s
+must have been very brilliant, but everything is decayed.
+All round the piazza are coffee houses, which used to be open
+and crowded all night, and some of them are still open, but
+never crowded. They used to be illuminated with lamps all
+round, but most of these are gone. One sees a few Turks
+smoking and drinking their coffee here, but they are all
+obliged to dine and sleep in one house, which is on the
+Grand Canal, and called the Casa dei Turchi. I went this
+morning to the Chiesa Scalzi, San Georgio Meggiore, Redentore,
+SS. Giovanni e Paolo, and the Gesuiti. The
+latter is the most beautiful church I ever saw, the whole of
+it adorned with white marble inlaid with verd antique in a
+regular pattern. SS. Giovanni e Paolo has no marble or
+gilding, but is full of monuments of Doges and generals.
+To the Manfrini Palace for the pictures. The finest picture
+in the palace is Titian&rsquo;s &lsquo;Deposition from the Cross,&rsquo; for which
+the Marchese Manfrini refused 10,000 ducats. A Guido
+(Lucretia) and some others. Tintoret was no doubt a great
+genius, but his large pictures I cannot admire, and Bassano&rsquo;s
+still less. Titian&rsquo;s portrait of Ariosto is the most interesting
+in the collection. To the Arsenal, which is three miles in
+circumference, and a prodigious establishment. In the time
+of the Republic there were nearly 6,000 men employed in it,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">VENICE</span>
+in that of the French 4,000, now 800. The old armoury
+is very curious, full of ancient weapons, the armour of
+Henry IV. of France, and of several Doges, Turkish spoils,
+and instruments of torture. The Austrians have made the
+French much regretted here. It is since the last peace that
+the population of Venice has diminished a fourth, and
+the palaces of the nobles have been abandoned. There is
+no commerce; the Government spend no money, and do
+nothing to enliven or benefit the town (there has not yet
+been time to see the effect of making it a free port). The
+French employed the people, and spent money and embellished
+the place. They covered over a wide canal and
+turned it into a fine street, and adjoining it they formed a
+large public garden, which is a delightful addition to the
+town. Till the French came the bridges were dangerous;
+there was no balustrade on either side, and people often fell
+into the water. They built side walls to all of them, which
+was the most useful gift they could bestow upon the Venetians.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I asked for the newspapers which came
+by the post yesterday, and found that they had not yet
+returned from the police, and would not be till to-morrow.
+Before anybody is allowed to read their newspapers they
+must undergo examination, and if they contain anything
+which the censor deems objectionable they detain them altogether.
+After dinner I went to the public gardens, and
+into a theatre which is in them; there is no roof to it, and
+the acting is all by daylight, and in the open air. I only
+arrived at the end, just in time to see the deliverance of
+a Christian heroine and a very truculent-looking Turk
+crammed down a trap-door, but I could not understand the
+dialogue. Nothing certainly can be more extraordinary or
+more beautiful than Venice with her adjacent islands, and
+nothing more luxurious than throwing oneself into a gondola
+and smoothly gliding about the whole day, without noise,
+motion, or dust. At night I went to a dirty, ill-lit theatre,
+to see the &lsquo;Barbiere di Seviglia,&rsquo; which was very ill performed.
+There was a ballet, but I did not stay for it.</p>
+
+<h3>June 18th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>To the Church of St. Mark, and examined
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span>
+it. It is not large, but very curious, so loaded with ornament
+within and without, and so unlike any other church.
+The pavement, instead of being flat, is made to undulate
+like the waves of the sea. All the sides are marble, all the
+top mosaic, all the pavement coloured marble in exquisite
+patterns. There is not a single tomb in it, but it wants no
+ornament that the wealth and skill of ages could supply.
+Climbed up the tower to see Venice and the islands; a
+man is posted here day and night to strike the hours and
+quarters on a great bell, to ring the alarm in case of fire in
+any part of the city. It is a very curious panorama, and
+the only spot from which this strange place can be completely
+seen. In the Grimani Palace there are some Titians
+(not very good) of Grimani Doges, and others of the family;
+the famous statue of Agrippa, which Cardinal Grimani
+brought from Home, and a ceiling by Salviati of Neptune
+and Minerva contending to give a name to Athens. In the
+Pisani Palace, a fine picture of P. Veronese, &lsquo;Darius&rsquo;s Family
+at the Feet of Alexander.&rsquo;<a name="FNA_10_13" id="FNA_10_13" href="#FN_10_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+The Barbarigo Palace has never
+been modernised, has kept all its original form and decorations.
+It is full of Titians, all very dirty and spoiling. The
+finest is the &lsquo;Magdalen,&rsquo; which is famous. The Royal
+Academy, called the Scuola della Carità, contains a magnificent
+collection of the Venetian school.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_13" id="FN_10_13" href="#FNA_10_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+[This fine work is now in the National Gallery, London.]</p></div>
+
+<p>In I forget which church is the &lsquo;Martyrdom of St. Peter&rsquo;
+by Titian, so like in composition the same subject by
+Domenichino at Bologna that the one is certainly an imitation
+of the other (Titian died in 1576; Domenichino was
+born in 1581). There is the same sort of landscape, same
+number of figures, and in the same respective attitudes
+and actions, and even the same dress to each. In the hall
+of the Academy are preserved Canova&rsquo;s right hand in an
+urn, and underneath it his chisel, with these words inscribed:
+&lsquo;Quod amoris monumentum idem gloriæ instrumentum
+fuit.&rsquo; There is also a collection of drawings and
+sketches by various masters; some by M. Angelo and some
+by Raphael.</p>
+
+<h3>Vicenza, June 19th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">VINCENZA AND PADUA</span>
+This morning went again to St.
+Mark&rsquo;s to examine the library and the palace, which I could
+hardly see the other day, it was such, gloomy weather.
+The library is open to everybody, but with a long list of
+rules, among which silence is particularly enjoined. The
+<i>custos librorum</i> is a thorough Venetian; talked with fond
+regret of the splendour of the Republic, and is very angry
+with Daru for his history. The Hall of the Great Council,
+containing the portraits of the Doges (and Marino Faliero&rsquo;s
+black curtain), is splendid, and adorned with paintings of
+Paul Veronese, Bassano, Tintoret, and Palma Giovane. At
+twelve o&rsquo;clock I got into the gondola and left Venice without
+the least regret or desire to return there. The banks of the
+Brenta would be very gay if the villas were inhabited, but
+most of them are shut up, like the palaces at Venice. There
+is one magnificent building, formerly a Pisani palace, which
+belongs to the Viceroy, the Archduke Rainer.</p>
+
+<p>Padua is a large and rather gloomy town. They say it is
+beginning to flourish, having been ruined by the French, and
+that, since their downfall, the population has increased immensely.
+The University contains 1,400 scholars. It contained
+52,500 in the time of the French, and in the great
+days of Padua 18,000. I went to look at the outside of
+the building, which is not large, but handsome. The old
+palace of the Carraras is half ruined, and what remains is
+tenanted by the commandant of the place. The old Sala
+di Giustizia, which, is very ancient, is now a lumber room,
+and they were painting scenes in it. Still it is undamaged,
+and they call it the finest room in Europe, and perhaps it is.
+It is 300 feet long, 100 wide, and 100 high. At one end of
+it is the monument and bust of Livy, the latter of which
+they pretend to have found here; they also talk of his
+house and the marbles, &amp;c., that have been dug up in it,
+which they may believe who can. The Cathedral has nothing
+to boast of, except that Petrarch was one of its canons, and
+in it is his bust, put up by a brother canon. I had not time
+to go to the churches.</p>
+
+<p>The whole road from Fusina to this place is as flat as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span>
+the paper on which I am writing. I really don&rsquo;t believe
+there is a molehill, but it is extremely gay from the variety
+of habitations and the prodigious cultivation of all sorts.
+Vicenza is one of the most agreeable towns I ever saw, and
+I would rather live in it than in any place I have seen since
+Rome. It is spacious and clean, full of Palladio&rsquo;s architecture;
+besides the Palazzo della Ragione, a very fine
+building, there are twenty-two palaces built by him in
+various parts of the town. They show the house in which
+he lived. From the Church of Santa Maria del Monte, a
+mile from the town, there is a magnificent view, and the
+town itself, under the mountains of the Tyrol, and the end
+of a vast cultivated plain, looks very inviting and gay. There
+is a Campo di Marte, a public walk and drive, and from it a
+covered walk (colonnade) half a mile long up to the church
+on the hill. One of the most remarkable things here is the
+Olympic Theatre, which was begun by Palladio and finished
+by his son. It is a small Grecian theatre, exactly as he
+supposes those ancient theatres to have been, with the same
+proscenium, scenes, decorations, and seats for the audience.
+There appeared to me to be some material variations from
+the theatre at Pompeii. In the latter the seats go down to
+the level of the orchestra, which they do not here, and at
+Pompeii there is no depth behind the proscenium, whereas
+here there is very considerable. It is, however, a beautiful
+model. The air and the water are good, and there is shooting,
+so that I really think it would be possible to live here.
+They talk with horror of the French, and of the two seem to
+prefer the Austrians, but peace is better than war, <i>cæteris
+paribus</i>.</p>
+
+<h3>Brescia, June 21st, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>This is a particularly nice town,
+airy, spacious, and clean, and in my life I never saw so
+many good-looking women. There is a drive and walk on
+the ramparts, where I found all the beauty and fashion of
+Brescia, a string of carriages not quite so numerous as in
+Hyde Park, but a very decent display. The women are excessively
+dressed, and almost all wear black lace veils, thrown
+over the back of the head, which are very becoming. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">BRESCIA AND MILAN</span>
+walks on the ramparts are shaded by double rows of trees,
+and command a very pretty view of the mountains and
+country round. This inn is execrable. I stopped at Verona
+to see the Amphitheatre, which is only perfect in the inside,
+and has been kept so by repeated repairs. It is hardly worth
+seeing after the Flavian and the Pompeiian. There is a wooden
+theatre in it, where they act, and the spectators occupy the
+ancient seats. The tombs of the Scaligeri are admirable,
+the most beautiful and graceful Gothic; their castle (now
+the Castle Vecchio) a gloomy old building in a moat, but
+with a very curious bridge over the Po. The Church of St.
+Zeno is remarkable from its Gothic antiquity and the profusion
+of ornament about it of a strange sort. Here is the
+tomb of Pepin, erected by Charlemagne, but empty; for the
+French, in one of their invasions, carried the body to France.
+In the Cathedral is a fine picture of the &lsquo;Assumption of the
+Virgin&rsquo; by Titian. I saw many Veronese beauties in their
+balconies, but none quite like Juliet. Her tomb (or, as they
+would say at Rome, &lsquo;sepolcro detto di Giulietta&rsquo;) I did not
+see, for it was too far off. I was in a hurry to be off, and
+there was nobody to detain me with a tender &lsquo;Wilt thou be
+gone? It is not yet near&rsquo; <i>night</i>. The road, which is excellent,
+runs in sight of the Alps all the way, and the Lago di Garda
+is excessively pretty.</p>
+
+<h3>Milan, June 23rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Milan is a very fine town, without
+much to see in it. The Duomo, Amphitheatre, Arch of the
+Simplon, Brera (pictures). There are a few fine pictures
+in the Brera; among others Guido&rsquo;s famous &lsquo;St. Peter and
+St. Paul,&rsquo; Guercino&rsquo;s &lsquo;Hagar and Abraham;&rsquo; a row of old
+columns which were broken and lying about till the French
+set them upon their legs; Leonardo da Vinci&rsquo;s fresco, which
+is entirely spoilt. The view from the top of the Duomo is
+superb, over the boundless plain of Lombardy with the range
+of the Alps, and the Apennines in the distance. I like the
+Duomo, but I know my taste is execrable in architecture. I
+don&rsquo;t, however, like the mixture of Italian with the Gothic&mdash;balustrades
+over the door, for instance&mdash;but I admire
+its tracery and laborious magnificence. Buonaparte went
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span>
+on with it (for it was never finished), and this Government
+are completing it by degrees; there will be 7,000 statues
+on different parts of the outside, and there are already 4,500.
+St. Charles Borromeo&rsquo;s tomb is very splendid, and for five
+francs they offered to uncover the glass case in which his
+much esteemed carcase reposes, and show me the venerable
+mummy, but I could not afford it. The entrance to Milan
+from Venice, and the Corso, are as handsome as can be. The
+Opera is very bad, but the Scala is not open, and none of the
+good singers are here.</p>
+
+<h3>Varese, June 26th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Left Milan at six o&rsquo;clock on the 24th,
+and got to Como after dark. Embarked in the steam boat
+at eight yesterday morning, went as far as Cadenebbia, where
+I got out, saw the Villa Sommariva, then crossed over and
+went round the point of Bellagio to see the opening of the
+Lake of Lecco, turned back to the Villa Melzi, saw the house
+and gardens, and then went back to dine at Cadenebbia,
+and waited for the steam boat, which returned at four, and
+got back to Como at half-past six. Nothing can surpass
+the beauty of all this scenery, or the luxury of the villas,
+particularly Melzi, which is the best house, and contains
+abundance of shade, flowers, statues, and shrubberies. The
+owners live very little there, and principally in winter, when,
+they say, it is seldom cold in this sheltered spot. The late
+Count Melzi was Governor of Milan under Napoleon, and
+used to feast the Viceroy here. He once gave him a <i>fête</i>,
+and had all the mountain tops illuminated, of which the effect
+must have been superb.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening. Top of the Simplon</i>.&mdash;Set off at five from Varese,
+travelled very slowly through a very pretty road to Navero,
+where I crossed the Lago Maggiore in a boat, and landed at
+the Isola Bella, which is very fine in its way, though rather
+flattered in its pictures. The house is large and handsome,
+and there is a curious suite of apartments fitted up with
+pebbles, spars, and marble, a suite of habitable grottoes.
+The garden and terraces are good specimens of formal
+grandeur, and as the Count Borromeo&rsquo;s son is a botanist,
+they are full of flowers and shrubs of all sorts and climates.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">RETURN TO ENGLAND</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Whatever fruits in different climes are found,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That proudly rise or humbly court the ground;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whatever sweets salute the northern sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With vernal flowers, that blossom, but to die;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These, here disporting, own the kindred soil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor ask luxuriance from the planter&rsquo;s toil.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p style="text-indent: 0em">
+The expense of keeping this place up is immense, but the
+owner is very rich. He lives there during August and
+September, and has fifteen other country houses. All the
+island belongs to him, and is occupied by the palace and
+gardens, except some fishermen&rsquo;s huts, which are held by a
+sort of feudal tenure. They live there as his vassals, fishing
+for him, rowing him about the lake, and their children and
+wives alone are employed in the gardens. It was built about
+150 years ago by a younger son (a nephew of San Carlo), who
+was richer than his elder brother. He was his own architect,
+and planned both house and garden, but never completed
+his designs. The cost was enormous, but if he had lived
+and finished it all, he would have spent four millions more.
+There is a laurel in the garden, the largest in Europe, two
+trees growing from one stem, one nine and the other ten feet
+round and eighty high; under this tree Buonaparte dined,
+as he came into Italy, before the battle of Marengo, and with
+a knife he cut the word &lsquo;Battaglia&rsquo; on the bark, which has
+since been stripped off, or has grown out&mdash;so the gardeners
+said at least. Breakfasted at Baveno, which is the best inn
+I have seen in Italy. The road from Baveno is exceedingly
+beautiful, but on the whole I am rather disappointed with
+the Simplon, though it is very wild and grand; but I am no
+longer struck with the same admiration at the sight of
+mountains that I was when I entered Savoy and saw them
+for the first time. I walked the last thirteen miles of the
+ascent to this place, and found one of the best dinners I ever
+tasted, or one which my hunger made appear such.</p>
+
+<h3>Geneva, June 29th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Got here last night, and found
+twenty letters at least. I only think of getting home as
+fast as I can. Left the Simplon in torrents of rain, which
+lasted the whole day. The descent is uncommonly grand,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span>
+wild, savage, and picturesque, the Swiss side the finest. All
+along the valley of the Rhone fine scenery; and yesterday,
+in the most delightful weather I ever saw, the drive from
+Martigny, along the lake and under the mountains, is
+as beautiful as possible. The approach to Geneva is
+gay, but Mont Blanc looks only very white, and not very
+tall, which is owing to the level from which he is seen.
+They tell me it has never ceased raining here, while on the
+other side of the Alps hardly a drop has fallen. Only three
+rainy days while I was in Italy&mdash;one at Venice, one at Rome,
+and a couple of halves elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><i>Evening</i>.&mdash;Passed the whole day driving about Geneva, in
+Bautt&rsquo;s shop, and at the Panorama of Switzerland. Dined
+with Newton, drove round the environs by Sécheron; a
+great appearance of wealth and comfort, much cultivation,
+no beggars, and none of the houses tumbling down and
+deserted. Altogether I like the appearance of the place,
+though in a great hurry to get away from it. We had a
+storm of thunder and lightning in the evening, which was
+neither violent nor long, but I had the pleasure of
+hearing</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Jura answer from her misty shroud<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Back to the joyous Alps, that call on her aloud.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mont Blanc was hid in clouds all day, but the mountains
+owe me some grudge. Mont Blanc won&rsquo;t show his snows,
+nor would Vesuvius his fires. It was dark when I crossed
+the Cenis, and raining when I descended the Simplon.</p>
+
+<h3>Paris, July 3rd, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Got here last night, after a fierce
+journey of sixty-three hours from Geneva, only stopping
+two hours for breakfast; but by never touching anything
+but bread and coffee I was neither heated nor tired. The
+Jura Mountains, which they say are so tedious, were the
+pleasantest part of the way, for the road is beautiful all
+through them, not like the Alps, but like a hilly, wooded
+park. It rained torrents when I set out, but soon cleared
+up, and when I got to the top of the first mountain, I saw a
+mass of clouds rise like a curtain and unveil the whole landscape
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span>
+<span class="pagehead">DEATH OF GEORGE IV.</span>
+of Geneva, lake, mountains, and country&mdash;very fine
+sight. We heard of the King&rsquo;s death in the middle of the
+night.</p>
+
+<h3>Calais, July 6th, 1830</h3>
+
+<p>Voilà qui est fini. Got here last night,
+and found the Government packet only goes out five days a
+week, and not to-day. I am very sorry my journey is all over,
+but glad to find myself in England again&mdash;that is, when I
+get there. I saw Lord Stuart at Paris, just breaking up his
+establishment and sending his wife off to the Pyrenees.
+Heard all the news of London and Paris, such as it was.
+Not a soul left in Paris, which was like a dead city. I only
+heard that, notwithstanding the way the elections are going
+against the Government, Polignac is in high spirits. The
+King of France was very civil about the death of our
+King,<a name="FNA_10_14" id="FNA_10_14" href="#FN_10_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+and, without waiting, as is usual, for the announcement of
+the event by the English Ambassador, he ordered the Court
+into mourning upon the telegraphic account reaching
+Paris.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="FN_10_14" id="FN_10_14" href="#FNA_10_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+[George IV. died at Windsor on the 26th of June, 1830.]</p></div>
+
+<p>Here is the end of my brief but most agreeable expedition,
+probably the only one I shall ever make. However
+this may be, I have gained thus much at least&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A consciousness remains that it has left,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deposited upon the silent shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of memory, images, and precious thoughts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That shall not die, and cannot be destroyed.</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="NOTE" id="NOTE"></a>NOTE.</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>MR. GREVILLE&rsquo;S CONNEXION WITH THE TURF.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Frequent references</span> will be remarked in these volumes to the connexion
+of their author with the Turf, which was his favourite
+amusement, and to his position as an influential member of the
+Jockey Club. It may, therefore, be worth while to record in this
+place the principal incidents in his racing career; and we are tempted,
+in spite of the strange and incorrect phraseology of the writer, to
+borrow the following notice of them from the pages of &lsquo;Bailey&rsquo;s
+Magazine,&rsquo; published soon after Mr. Greville&rsquo;s death:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Though the Warwick family have long been identified with the
+sports of the field, it is fair to assume that Mr. Greville&rsquo;s love for
+the turf came from his mother&rsquo;s side, as the Portlands, especially
+the late Duke, have always been amongst the strongest supporters
+of the national sport, and raced, as became their position in society.
+That Mr. Greville took to racing early may be imagined when we
+state he saw his first Derby in 1809, when the Duke of Grafton&rsquo;s Pope
+won it, beating five others. At that period he was barely fifteen years
+of age, and the impression the sight of the race made upon him at the
+time was very great, and it was rekindled more strongly when, in 1816,
+travelling with his father and mother to Ickworth, the seat of the
+Marquis of Bristol, he stopped at Newmarket and saw Invalid and
+Deceiver run a match on the heath; and subsequently he saw a
+great sweepstakes come off between Spaniard, Britannia, and Pope,
+which the latter won. Four years elapse, and, as a proof that the
+lad we have described had kept pace with the times, we find him
+selected to manage the racing establishment of the late Duke of
+York, on the death of Mr. Warwick Lake. The first step taken by
+Mr. Greville on being installed in office was to weed the useless ones
+and the ragged lot; and with the aid of Butler (father of the late
+Frank and the present William Butler) he managed so well that in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span>
+his second year he won the Derby for him with Moses. As the
+Duke&rsquo;s affairs at that time were in anything but a flourishing condition,
+Mr. Greville did not persuade him to back his horse for much
+money; still his Royal Highness won a fair stake, and was not a
+little pleased at the result. He likewise carried off the Claret with
+him the following year. With Banker, who was a very useful horse
+at all distances, he won for him many good races; and, by a reference
+to the &ldquo;Calendars&rdquo; of the day, it will be seen the Duke won in his
+turn, if he did not carry all before him. To reproduce the names of
+his horses now would not be worth while, as from the effluxion of
+time the interest in them has ceased. The first animal in the shape
+of a race-horse that Mr. Greville ever possessed was a filly by Sir
+Harry Dimsdale, which he trained in the Duke&rsquo;s stable with a few
+others of no great standing.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Circumstances with which the world are familiar rendering the
+retirement of the Duke of York requisite, his stud came to the
+hammer, and Mr. Greville came to the assistance of his uncle, the
+Duke of Portland, who trained with Prince. With the Duke Mr.
+Greville remained some little time, and afterwards became confederate
+with Lord Chesterfield, who was at that time coming out, and
+was in great force with his Zinganee, Priam, Carew, Glaucus, and
+other crack horses. During this time he had few horses of any great
+account of his own, although his confederate had nothing to complain
+of in the shape of luck. At the termination of this confederacy
+Mr. Greville entered upon another with his cousin, Lord George
+Bentinck, who, from his father&rsquo;s hostility to his racing, was unable
+to run horses in his own name. The extent of this stud was so
+great that we are unable to deal with it at the same time with the
+horses of the subject of our memoir, who can scarcely be said to
+have come across a really smashing good mare until he met with
+Preserve, with whom, in 1834, he won the Clearwell and Criterion,
+and in the following year the One Thousand Guineas, besides
+running second for the Oaks to Queen of Trumps. A difference of
+opinion as to the propriety of starting Preserve for the Goodwood
+Stakes led to their separation, and for a time they were on very bad
+terms, but by the aid of mutual friends a reconciliation was effected.
+From what Preserve did for him, Mr. Greville was induced to dip
+more freely into the blood, or, as old John Day would have said,
+to take to the family, and accordingly he bought Mango, her own
+brother, of Mr. Thornhill, who bred him. Mango only ran once as
+a two-year-old, when, being a big, raw colt, he was not quick
+enough on his legs for the speedy Garcia filly of Col. Peel and
+John Day&rsquo;s Chapeau d&rsquo;Espagne, and was easily beaten. In the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span>
+spring Mango made so much improvement that Mr. Greville
+backed him for the Derby for a good stake; and had he been able
+to have continued his preparation at Newmarket, and been vanned
+to Epsom, as is the custom in the present day, there is little
+doubt he would have won; but having to walk all the way from
+Newmarket, he could not afford to lose the days that were thus
+consumed, and although he ran forward he did not get a place.
+That this view of the case is not a sanguine one is proved by his
+beating Chapeau d&rsquo;Espagne, the second for the Oaks, for the Ascot
+Derby, and within an hour afterwards bowling over Velure, the
+third in that race, for William the Fourth&rsquo;s Plate. On the Cup
+Day he likewise beat the Derby favourite, Rat-Trap, over the Old
+Mile. At Stockbridge, in a sweepstakes of 100 sovs. each, with
+thirteen subscribers, he frightened all the field away with the exception
+of Wisdom, whom he beat cleverly, and then he remained
+at Dilly&rsquo;s, at Littleton, to be prepared for the St. Leger. Having
+stood his work well, John Day brought over The Drummer and
+Chapeau d&rsquo;Espagne from Stockbridge to try him on Winchester
+race-course. Both Mr. Greville and Lord George Bentinck had
+reason to be satisfied with what Mango did in his gallop on that
+morning, and the latter backed him very heavily for the race&mdash;much
+more so, indeed, than his owner. Mr. Greville was anxious
+to have put up John Day, but the Duke of Cleveland having
+claimed him for Henriade, he was obliged to substitute his son Sam,
+a very rising lad, with nerves of iron and the coolest of heads.
+The race was a memorable one, inasmuch as William Scott, who
+was on Epirus, the first favourite, fell into the ditch soon after
+starting, and Prince Warden running over him and striking him
+with his hind leg, he sustained a severe fracture of the collar-bone.
+Henriade also came down about a distance from home from a dog
+crossing the course. John Day, however, soon righted him, but
+the <i>contretemps</i> spoilt his chance. At the stand there were but
+three in the struggle&mdash;The Doctor, Abraham Newland, and Mango.
+The two former seemed to be making a match of it, and it looked
+impossible for Mango to get up; but a slight opening presenting
+itself, which was not visible to the spectators, Sam Day, with a
+degree of resolution which justifies the attributes we have before
+ascribed to him, sent his horse through with such a terrific rush
+that his breeches were nearly torn off his boots, and won by a neck.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;After the race Lord George, who was a very heavy winner,
+gave Honest John 500&#8467;. for his trial with the Drummer;
+the like sum to Sam Day for having ridden him better than
+he was ridden in the Derby, and an equivalent proportion to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span>
+Montgomery Dilly for preparing him better than Prince for the
+same race. Mango was afterwards sent to Newmarket for the St.
+Leger, and &ldquo;Craven,&rdquo; who then edited the &ldquo;Sporting Magazine,&rdquo;
+having asserted that Mr. Greville had caused it to be reported that
+Mango was lame to get him back in the markets for that race, he
+called on him to apologise for the statement, which proving, by
+the volunteered testimony of Lord George Bentinck, Colonel Anson,
+and Admiral Rous, to be wholly without foundation, the writer in
+question made Mr. Greville the fullest <i>amende honorable</i>. Mango
+only won once again as a four-year-old, when he carried off a sweepstakes
+of 300 sovereigns at Newmarket, beating Chapeau d&rsquo;Espagne
+and Adrian. Having thus established himself with Dilly, owing to
+Mr. Payne, with whom he had become confederate, training at
+Littleton, Mr. Greville made no change until Dilly gave up, when he
+continued his confidence to his brother William Dilly, who succeeded
+him on his retirement from Lord Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It was some few years before Mr. Greville had another good horse,
+at least one that is worth dwelling upon, and Alarm must be considered
+the legitimate successor to Mango. This colt Mr. Greville purchased
+of his breeder, Captain George Delmé, and tried him good
+enough to win the Derby in 1845 in a canter, even in the face of such
+animals as Idas and The Libel. But just prior to starting an accident
+occurred by which all Mr. Greville&rsquo;s hopes were destroyed; for The
+Libel flying at Alarm very savagely, he jumped the chains, threw Nat
+who lay for a time insensible on the ground, and ran away. He was,
+however, soon caught and remounted, and although much cut about
+ran forward enough to justify the idea that but for his accident he
+must have won, as no other animal could have got through the
+Cambridgeshire with 7st. 10lb. on him so easily as he did in a field
+of such quality as he met. In the following year Alarm made some
+amends for his Epsom failure, by winning the Ascot Cup, as well as
+the Orange Cup at Goodwood, the latter after a terrific race with
+Jericho. He also, at Newmarket in the autumn, won three great
+matches in succession, viz. with Oakley, the Bishop of Romford&rsquo;s
+cob, and Sorella. Going through the &ldquo;Calendar,&rdquo; Cariboo is the
+next most noteworthy animal we come across, for it will be recollected
+he ran second to Canezou for the Goodwood Cup, having been lent
+to make running for her. But it is almost needless to add that, had
+Mr. Greville known him to be as good as he was, he would have
+been started on his own account, in which case the cup in all
+probability would have gone to Bruton Street instead of to Knowsley.
+Continuing our track through the &ldquo;Calendar,&rdquo; we light on
+a better year for Mr. Greville, in 1852, when he had really two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span>
+good animals in Adine and Frantic. With the former, at York, he
+had perhaps the best week he ever had in his life, having won both
+the Yorkshire Oaks and Ebor Handicap with her, besides beating
+Daniel O&rsquo;Rourke with Frantic, who two months before had carried
+off the Union Cup for him at Manchester. The following year
+Adine did a good thing for him by winning the Goodwood Stakes,
+and two years afterwards he again won that race with Quince.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Between Adine and Quince&rsquo;s years came Mr. Greville&rsquo;s last good
+horse, Muscovite, whom he thought impossible to lose the Metropolitan,
+and backed him accordingly. He was much put out,
+however, by old John Day telling him he had no chance with his
+mare Virago. At first Mr. Greville was incredulous at what John
+told him, and made him acquainted with the form of Muscovite.
+This made not the slightest impression on the old man, who merely
+went on repeating Mr. Greville must back Virago for 500&#8467;., and
+the value of the advice was proved by the mare beating the
+horse very easily. Muscovite&rsquo;s career for a time was a very unfortunate
+one, for when in Dockeray&rsquo;s stable he was so &ldquo;shinned&rdquo; that
+his chance for the Goodwood Stakes was completely out, and his
+trainer, who could not discover the offender, and who was terribly
+annoyed at the circumstance, begged he might be transferred to
+William Dilly&rsquo;s, at Littleton. While there he was betted against for
+the Cæsarewitch in the same determined manner as he had been for
+his other races, and when he arrived at Newmarket, and stood in
+Nat&rsquo;s stables, which were perfectly impregnable, there was no
+cessation in the opposition to him, although his trainer told everybody
+that unless he was shot on the Heath, which he could not
+prevent, he would walk in. This he did, and the crash he produced
+is still fresh in the public recollection; but it is creditable to the
+bookmaker who laid the most money against him to state that out of
+23,000&#8467;. which he lost, he paid 16,000&#8467;. down on the spot, an act
+which procured him time for the remainder.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Since Muscovite, who is now at the stud at Newmarket, Mr.
+Greville has had no animal that has done a really good thing for him,
+though Anfield made another determined attempt at the Goodwood
+Stakes this year; and having, at Lord Ribblesdale&rsquo;s sale of General
+Peel&rsquo;s horses, purchased Orlando, and added him to his establishment
+at Hampton Court, he has turned his attention perhaps more to
+breeding than racing. For some time his returns were very large, but
+of late, from the age of Orlando, and from getting some of his stock
+so small, they have diminished in amount, although the old horse
+looks as fresh as a four-year-old, and preserves all that fine symmetry
+for which he was remarkable both in and out of training. Latterly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span>
+Mr. Greville, from being the confederate of Mr. Payne, has trained
+with Alec Taylor at Fyfield; but with Godding he has generally two
+or three at Newmarket.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;In turning to Mr. Greville in his private capacity we hardly
+know how to treat him, for his is a nature that shrinks from having
+his good deeds brought before the glare of the public eye. No man,
+ever so high or low, we believe, ever sought his advice and assistance
+in vain; and to no one individual, probably, have so many and such
+various difficulties been submitted. Neither can we remember a new
+trial or even an appeal demanded by those who had sought his
+counsel. Beloved by his friends, and feared by his opponents, Mr.
+Greville will ever be considered one of the most remarkable men
+that have lent lustre to the English turf.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<hr  />
+
+<h2><a name="END_OF_THE_FIRST_VOLUME" id="END_OF_THE_FIRST_VOLUME"></a>END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<table style="width:75%;" border="1" summary="">
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Q">Q</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_X">X</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_A" id="IX_A"></a>
+Abercromby, Right Hon. James,
+  proposed as Speaker, ii. 333;
+  Master of the Mint, iii. 95;
+  proposed as Speaker, 201;
+  the Speakership, 204;
+  elected Speaker, 213</li>
+
+<li>Aberdeen, Earl of,
+  Duchy of Lancaster, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  motion about Belgium, ii. 238</li>
+
+<li>Achmet Pacha,
+  concludes a treaty with Russia, iii. 69</li>
+
+<li>Adair, Right Hon. Sir Robert,
+  sworn in Privy Councillor, i. <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Addington, Henry Unwin,
+  recalled from Madrid, iii. 14</li>
+
+<li>Address, proposed amendment to the, iii. 217</li>
+
+<li>Adelaide, Queen, ii. 7;
+  at the Ancient Concert, 133;
+  mobbed in the City, 141;
+  audience of, about the crown, 179;
+  coronation of, 190;
+  Lord Howe, 338;
+  yacht, iii. 99;
+  return of, 125;
+  illness of, 125;
+  supposed to be with child, 198, 199, 201</li>
+
+<li>Adrian&rsquo;s Villa, i. <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>Agar Ellis, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Dover">Dover, Lord</a></li>
+
+<li>Alava, General, and the Duke of Cumberland, iii. 275</li>
+
+<li>Albani, Cardinal,
+  influence of, i. <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;
+  conversation with, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
+  interview with, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+
+<li>Albano, i. <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+<li>Alexander, Emperor of Russia,
+  death of, i. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+  coronation of, described by Talleyrand, ii. 185</li>
+
+<li>Allen, Dr., Bishop of Ely, iii. 363</li>
+
+<li>Allen, John, iii. 135;
+  unbelief of, 324</li>
+
+<li>Althorp, Viscount,
+  <a name="IX_Althorp" id="IX_Althorp"></a>
+  proposed as Chairman of the Finance Committee, i. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;
+  Chancellor of the Exchequer, ii. 66,
+  introduces the budget, 114;
+  leader of the House of Commons, 116, 200;
+  letter to Attwood, 205, 206;
+  hurries on the Irish Church Bill, 364;
+  as Chancellor of the Exchequer, iii. 2;
+  arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms, 56;
+  financial statement, 60;
+  defects as leader, 62;
+  summons a meeting of the supporters of Government, 92;
+  resigns, 101;
+  popularity of, 105;
+  Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Melbourne, 113;
+  succeeds his father as Earl Spencer, 140</li>
+
+<li>Alvanley, Lord,
+  duel with Morgan O&rsquo;Connell, ii. 257;
+  on Irish affairs, 348</li>
+
+<li>America,
+  dispute with France, iii. 322</li>
+
+<li>Anglesey, Marquis of,
+  recalled, i. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
+  entry into Dublin, ii. 99;
+  disputes with O&rsquo;Connell, 106</li>
+
+<li>Antwerp,
+  threatened bombardment of, by the Dutch, ii. 321;
+  French army marches to, 329</li>
+
+<li>Arbuthnot, Right Hon. Charles,
+  nickname &lsquo;Gosh,&rsquo; i. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  conversation with, on the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s Administration, ii. 51;
+  conversation with, at Oatlands, 170</li>
+
+<li>Arbuthnot, Mrs.,
+  death of, iii. 116</li>
+
+<li>Arkwright, Sir Richard,
+  fortunes of iii. 50</li>
+
+<li>Arkwright, Mrs., visit to, iii. 49</li>
+
+<li>Arms Bill, the, ii. l96</li>
+
+<li>Arnold, Dr., proposed for a bishopric, iii. 325</li>
+
+<li>Artevelde, Philip van, iii. 114;
+  discussed at Holland House, 128</li>
+
+<li>Ascot Races,
+  1831, ii. 147;
+  1833, 375</li>
+
+<li>Attwood,
+  chairman of the Birmingham Union, ii. 205, 208;
+  proclamation against, 215</li>
+
+<li>Auckland, Lord,
+  Board of Trade, ii. 66;
+  First Lord of the Admiralty, iii. 88, 113;
+  on the state of affairs, 238;
+  First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s second Administration, 256</li>
+
+<li>Augustus, Prince, of Prussia, ii. 319</li>
+
+<li>Austin, Mr. John, his work on Jurisprudence, iii. 138</li>
+
+<li>Austin, Mr. Charles, ii. 306</li>
+
+<li>Aylmer, Lord,
+  recalled from Canada, iii. 394;
+  the King&rsquo;s address to him, 395</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_B" id="IX_B"></a>
+Bachelor,
+  valet to the Duke of York and to King George IV.,
+    i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+  conversation with, ii. 30</li>
+
+<li>Bagot, Lord, conduct to Lord Harrowby, ii. 253</li>
+
+<li>Baiæ, Bay of, i. <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li>Baring, House of, ii. 53</li>
+
+<li>Baring, Right Hon. Alexander,
+  offered the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, ii. 299;
+  proposes a compromise with the ex-Ministers, 300</li>
+
+<li>Baring, Francis,
+  Chairman of the West India Committee, iii. 279</li>
+
+<li>Barnes, Mr., editor of the &lsquo;Times,&rsquo; ii. 97, 214;
+  negotiations with, for supporting the Government, iii. 155, 156, 157
+  dines with Lord Lyndhurst, 167, 169
+  alarm of, at the prevailing spirit, 188</li>
+
+<li>Barri, Madame du, ii. 219</li>
+
+<li>Barry, Dr.,
+  sent to Sunderland, ii. 216;
+  report on cholera, 217</li>
+
+<li>Bath, Chapter of the Order of the, i. <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li>Bathurst, Earl,
+  Lord President, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  death of, iii. 115;
+  character of, 115</li>
+
+<li>Bathurst, Countess, conversation with, ii. 62</li>
+
+<li>Bathurst, Hon. William,
+  appointed Clerk of the Council, ii. 61, 86;
+  delay in appointment of, 74;
+  sworn in Clerk of the Council, 94</li>
+
+<li>Bathurst, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Seymour,
+  death of, iii. 79</li>
+
+<li>Baudrand, General, ii. 33;
+  reception of, 38</li>
+
+<li>Bazaar, in Hanover Square, ii. 383</li>
+
+<li>Beauclerc, Lord Aurelius,
+  dances a country dance with the King, ii. 341</li>
+
+<li>Belgian question, the, settlement of, ii. 314</li>
+
+<li>Belgium,
+  revolution in, ii. 41;
+  affairs of, 44;
+  unsettled state of, 69;
+  deputation from, 160;
+  fortresses of, 169;
+  invaded by the Dutch, 175;
+  French army refuses to leave, 181;
+  end of hostilities with the Dutch, 184;
+  Conference, 1832, 321</li>
+
+<li>Belmore, Earl of, Governor of Jamaica, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li>Belvoir Castle, iii. 46</li>
+
+<li>Benson, Canon, sermon at the Temple Church, ii. 113</li>
+
+<li>Bentinck, Right Hon. Lord William,
+  desires to be appointed Governor-General of India, i. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  address to the electors of Glasgow, iii. 339, 343;
+  qualities of, 339;
+  inscription on monument in honour of, 340</li>
+
+<li>Bentinck, Lord Henry, quarrel with Sir Roger Gresley, ii. 148</li>
+
+<li>Bergara, Convention of, iii. 259</li>
+
+<li>Berri, Duchesse de, in La Vendée, ii. 322</li>
+
+<li>Berry, Miss, iii. 58</li>
+
+<li>Berryer, M., iii. 379;
+  appearance of, 380</li>
+
+<li>Best, Right Hon. William Draper, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Wynford">Lord Wynford</a></li>
+
+<li>Bethnal Green, distress in, ii. 261</li>
+
+<li>Bexley, Lord,
+  Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Biekersteth, Henry, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Langdale">Lord Langdale</a></li>
+
+<li>Blacas, M. de,
+  favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305</li>
+
+<li>Black Book, the, ii. 79</li>
+
+<li>Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin,
+  dismissal of, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Blount, Rev. Mr.,
+  sermon, iii. 12</li>
+
+<li>Body-snatchers, ii. 227</li>
+
+<li>Bologna, i. <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li>Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon,
+  in the 100 days, i. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
+  campaigns of, described by Marshal Marmont, ii. 35</li>
+
+<li>Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon,
+  Strasburg attempt, iii. 381</li>
+
+<li>Bonaparte, Joseph,
+  at dinner at Lady Cork&rsquo;s, iii. 18</li>
+
+<li>Bonaparte, Lucien,
+  introduced to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 11;
+  at dinner at Lady Cork&rsquo;s, 18</li>
+
+<li>Boodle&rsquo;s, dinner at, ii. 124</li>
+
+<li>Bosanquet, Right Hon. Sir John Bernard,
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 30;
+  Judge of the King&rsquo;s Bench, 71</li>
+
+<li>Boswell, &lsquo;Life of Johnson,&rsquo; anecdotes lost, ii. 105</li>
+
+<li>Boulogne, iii. 388</li>
+
+<li>Bourbon, Duke de, death of, ii. 50</li>
+
+<li>Bourmont, Marshal de, marches on Lisbon, iii. 25</li>
+
+<li>Bourne, Right Hon. Sturges,
+  Secretary of State for the Home Department, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Bowring, Dr.,
+  sent to Paris, ii. 219;
+  satire of Moore on, 219;
+  career of, 220</li>
+
+<li>Bradshaw, Mrs., acting of, at Bridgewater House, ii. 353</li>
+
+<li>Brescia, i. <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Bretby,
+  visit to, iii. 327;
+  Chesterfield Papers, 327</li>
+
+<li>Bridgewater House, dramatic performances at, iii. 352, 355</li>
+
+<li>Bridgewater Election, iii. 398</li>
+
+<li>Brighton,
+  the Court at, 1832, ii. 334;
+  races, 1835, iii. 284</li>
+
+<li>Bristol, riots at, ii. 208</li>
+
+<li>Broglie, Duke de. conduct of, iii. 386</li>
+
+<li>Brooks&rsquo;s Club, iii. 320</li>
+
+<li>Brougham, Lord,
+  attack upon, in &lsquo;Quarterly Review,&rsquo; i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  speech on the Queen&rsquo;s trial, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+  letter to the Queen, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
+  qualities of, ii. 18, 33;
+  appointed Lord High Chancellor, 65;
+  discontent of, 65;
+  social qualities of, 69;
+  anecdote of, 106;
+  quarrel with Sugden, 106;
+  correspondence with Southey on rewards to literary men, 112;
+  speech on Chancery Reform, 118;
+  domestic kindness of, 120;
+  origin of representation of Yorkshire, 125;
+  as Lord Chancellor, 128;
+  at the Horse Guards, 129;
+  as a judge, 145;
+  at dinner at Hanbury&rsquo;s brewery, 148;
+  at the British Museum, 149;
+  claims the old Great Seal, 188;
+  intention of sitting at the Privy Council, 223;
+  speech on the Russian Loan, 244;
+  quarrel with Sugden, 312;
+  anecdote of, 314;
+  Bill for creating a new Court of Appeal, 342;
+  Bill objected to, 344;
+  Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Bill, 365;
+  sits on the case of Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, 370;
+  as Chancellor, iii. 22;
+  anecdotes of Queen Caroline, 36;
+  and Sir William Home, 67;
+  meets Sir Thomas Denman in Bedfordshire, 71;
+  judicial changes, 71;
+  defence of himself, 72;
+  apology for, 76;
+  speech on Lord Wynford&rsquo;s Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83;
+  on the Pluralities Bill, 86;
+  on the Irish Church, 94;
+  and the &lsquo;Times,&rsquo; 96;
+  Lord Chancellor in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s Administration, 113;
+  and Lord Westmeath, 119;
+  conduct in the Westmeath case, 119, 124;
+  versatility of, 121;
+  lines applied to, 121;
+  Greek epigrams, 121;
+  ambition of, 122;
+  in Scotland, 133;
+  communicates to the &lsquo;Times&rsquo; the fall of Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s first
+      Administration, 145;
+  resigns the Great Seal, 156;
+  takes leave of the Bar, 156;
+  asks for the Chief Baronship, 157;
+  anecdote, 232;
+  conduct of, in the case of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 260, 267;
+  on the London University Charter, 261;
+  judgment in the case of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 274;
+  on the Corporation Bill, 286;
+  violence in the House of Lords, 303;
+  illness of, 329;
+  and Macaulay, 337, 338;
+  at Queen Victoria&rsquo;s first Council, 408</li>
+
+<li>Brummel, &lsquo;Beau,&rsquo; i. <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Brussels, disturbances at, ii. 40</li>
+
+<li>Buccleuch, Duke of,
+  subscription to election expenses, iii. 182</li>
+
+<li>Budget, the, 1831, ii. 113</li>
+
+<li>Buller, James, death of, ii. 59</li>
+
+<li>Bülow, Baron von, on English affairs, iii. 211</li>
+
+<li>Bulwer, Sir Edward Lytton, iii. 348</li>
+
+<li>Bunsen, Baron, i. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;
+  career of, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;
+  on Roman affairs, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li>
+
+<li>Burdett, Sir Francis,
+  returned for Westminster, 1837, iii. 398</li>
+
+<li>Burghersh, Lord,
+  at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;
+  amateur opera, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Burghersh, Lady,
+  intercedes for a prisoner at the Old Bailey, ii. 85</li>
+
+<li>Burghley, party at, iii. 53</li>
+
+<li>Burke, Right Hon. Edmund,
+  writings of, iii. 209;
+  compared with Mackintosh, 314</li>
+
+<li>Burke, Sir G., conversation with, on O&rsquo;Connell, ii. 111</li>
+
+<li>Buxton, Fowell, dinner at the brewery, ii. 148</li>
+
+<li>Byng, Right Hon. George, Lord of the Treasury, iii. 95</li>
+
+<li>Byron, Lord,
+  Moore&rsquo;s Life of, i. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_C" id="IX_C"></a>
+Cambridge, H.R.H. the Duchess of,
+  reception of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li>Cambridge, University of,
+  petition for the admission of Dissenters to the, iii. 72, 75</li>
+
+<li>Campbell, Sir John, Solicitor-General, ii. 333;
+  Attorney-General, iii. 141</li>
+
+<li>Canada, affairs in, iii. 350</li>
+
+<li>Canning, Right Hon. Sir  Stratford,
+  Ambassador at St. Petersburg, ii. 352, 357;
+  anecdote of, iii. 39;
+  offered the Governor-Generalship of Canada, 234</li>
+
+<li>Canning, Right Hon. George. Foreign Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
+  correspondence with the King on taking office, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
+  forms an Administration (1827), <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
+  anecdotes of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
+  industrious habits of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
+  memoirs of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;
+  despatch in verse, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;
+  sagacity of, ii. 42;
+  conversation with the King, 102;
+  correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, 103;
+  coldness to the Duke of Wellington, 103;
+  anecdote of, 125;
+  negotiation with the Whigs, 170;
+  influence over Lord Liverpool, 172;
+  in favour with the King, 172;
+  on Reform, iii. 135;
+  and King George IV., 137</li>
+
+<li>Canning, Lady,
+  visit to, ii. 101;
+  authorship of pamphlet, iii. 40</li>
+
+<li>Canning, Mr. Charles,
+  offered a Lordship of the Treasury, iii. 202</li>
+
+<li>Cannizzaro, Duchess of, iii. 11;
+  crowns the Duke of Wellington, 406</li>
+
+<li>Canterbury, Archbishop of,
+  indecision of the, ii. 250, 262, 263;
+  importance of support of the, 252, 253</li>
+
+<li>Canterbury, Viscount,
+  declines to go to Canada, iii. 234</li>
+
+<li>Capo di Monte, i. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Capua, i. <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Cardinals, the, i. <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+<li>Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; iii. 88</li>
+
+<li>Carlists, the,
+  in Spain, iii. 66</li>
+
+<li>Carlos, Don,
+  in London, iii. 98</li>
+
+<li>Carlow election, iii. 348</li>
+
+<li>Carnarvon, Earl of,
+  refuses to move the address in the House of Lords, iii. 202</li>
+
+<li>Caroline, Queen,
+  return of, i. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
+  trial of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
+  anecdote of, iii. 37</li>
+
+<li>Carvalho, Minister of Finance to Dom Pedro, iii. 93</li>
+
+<li>Catacombs, the, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Rome">Rome</a></li>
+
+<li>Catholic emancipation, i. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Catholic Relief Bill,
+  excitement concerning the, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+  debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords</a> and <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons</a></li>
+
+<li>Cato Street Conspiracy, the, i. <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Cayla, Madame du, i. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  dinner at the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
+  Béranger&rsquo;s verses on, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
+  favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 306</li>
+
+<li>Cenis, the Mont, i. <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>Champollion, Jean François,
+  death of, ii. 307</li>
+
+<li>Chapeau de Paille, the,
+  purchase of, ii. 125</li>
+
+<li>Chapel, near Holland House, unable to be consecrated, iii. 200</li>
+
+<li>Charles I., King,
+  head of, discovered at Windsor, ii. 168;
+  executioner of, iii. 132</li>
+
+<li>Charles X., King, of France,
+  arrival of in England, ii. 31;
+  at Lulworth Castle, 33;
+  off Cowes, 34</li>
+
+<li>Charlotte, Queen,
+  illness of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li>Charlotte, H.R.H. the Princess,
+  anecdotes of, ii. 319</li>
+
+<li>Chartres, H.R.H. the Duc de,
+  arrival of, i. <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Chatham, Earl of,
+  death of, iii. 316</li>
+
+<li>Chatsworth,
+  hospitality at, i. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
+  charade at, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
+  party at, ii. 51</li>
+
+<li>Chesterfield Papers, the, iii. 327</li>
+
+<li>Chobert, the &lsquo;Fire King,&rsquo; i. <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Cholera, the,
+  in Russia, ii. 57;
+  account of, 150;
+  preventive measures against, 154, 216;
+  effect on trade of, 156;
+  spread of, 161;
+  alarm about, 169;
+  at Berlin, 192;
+  at Sunderland, 208, 210;
+  at Marseilles, 221;
+  on the decline, 224;
+  near Edinburgh, 240;
+  in London, 258, 259;
+  in Bethnal Green, 261;
+  account of, 278;
+  diminution of, 285;
+  in Paris, 287;
+  alarm in London, 309, 311</li>
+
+<li>Christina, Queen, of Spain, iii. 66, 72;
+  reported flight of, 360;
+  courage of, 365</li>
+
+<li>Christmas trees,
+  introduced by Princess Lieven at Panshanger, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+
+<li>Church Bill, the,
+  Committee on, iii. 199</li>
+
+<li>Church Reform, iii. 206</li>
+
+<li>City, the,
+  address to the King, ii. 126;
+  illumination in, 140;
+  election, 1835, iii. 184, 186, 187;
+  anxiety in the money-market, 373, 376</li>
+
+<li>Civil List, the,
+  excess of  expenditure on, i. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
+  for debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Clanricarde, Marquis of,
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78</li>
+
+<li>Clarence, H.R.H. the Duke of,
+  Lord High Admiral, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  removal of, from the office of Lord High Admiral, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>,
+       <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_William">William IV.</a></li>
+
+<li>Cobbett, William,
+  trial of, ii. 158;
+  returned for Oldham, 335;
+  takes his seat, 351;
+  and Sir Robert Peel, 373</li>
+
+<li>Cochrane, Lord,
+  at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
+  villa near Florence, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Codrington, Sir E.,
+  interview with the Duke of Wellington, i. <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li>Coercion Bill, the, introduced, ii. 359</li>
+
+<li>Colchester Election, iii. 112</li>
+
+<li>Commons, House of;
+  <a name="IX_Commons" id="IX_Commons"></a>
+  Alien Bill, i. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
+  Dr. Halloran&rsquo;s petition, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
+  debate on grant to the Duke of York, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
+  debates on Queen Caroline, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
+  Small Notes Bill, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+  debates on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>,
+      <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
+  division on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
+  Catholic Relief Bill read a third time, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;
+  Regency and Civil List, ii. 45;
+  debate on the Evesham election, 25;
+  debate on the Civil List, 110;
+  announcement of the Reform Bill, 110;
+  Pension List, 111;
+  debate on Ireland, 112;
+  Budget of 1831, 113;
+  proposed reductions, 118;
+  introduction of the first Reform Bill, 121;
+  debates on the Reform Bill, 123, 125;
+  debate on the Timber duties, 130;
+  debate on the Reform Bill, 131;
+  division on the Reform Bill, 132;
+  Government defeated, 135;
+  scene in the House, 135;
+  second reading of the Reform Bill, 156;
+  Wine duties, 160;
+  Reform Bill, Schedule A, 170;
+  second Reform Bill, 227;
+  debate on, and second reading of the second Reform Bill carried, 228;
+  Reform Bill supported by the Irish Members, 239;
+  division on the Russian Loan, 240;
+  division on the sugar duties, 267;
+  Reform Bill passed, 270;
+  debates, 296;
+  violent scene in debate on petition of the City of London, 299;
+  Irish Tithe question, 308;
+  debate on, 309;
+  debate on the Address, 353;
+  Irish Church Reform, 354;
+  aspect of the reformed House, 360;
+  debate on Slave Emancipation, 371;
+  vote of confidence in the Ministers, 376;
+  division on the Irish Church Bill, 381;
+  vote against sinecures, iii. 13;
+  division on Apprenticeship Clause of West India Bill, 16;
+  disorganised state of the House, 17;
+  Pension List, 60;
+  business of the House, 61;
+  debate on the Corn Laws, 68;
+  debate on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75;
+  debate on Repeal of the Union, 80;
+  Pension List, 80;
+  debate on Portugal, 82;
+  Poor Law Bill, 83;
+  debate on Irish Tithe Bill, 98, 99;
+  gallery for reporters, 205;
+  debate on the Speakership, 214;
+  debate on the Address, 221;
+  debate and division on amendment to the Address, 223;
+  Malt Tax, 224;
+  debate on appointment of Lord Londonderry, 225;
+  Dissenters&rsquo; Marriage Bill, 230;
+  Government beaten on Chatham election, 234;
+  state of parties in the House, 234;
+  debate and division on Irish Church question, 240;
+  uproar in the House, 243;
+  Government defeated on Irish Tithe Bill, 246;
+  debate on Irish Church Bill, 281;
+  position of the House, 288, 291;
+  conflict with the House of Lords, 225;
+  debate and division on the amendment to the Address, 334;
+  effect of division, 336;
+  Opposition defeated, 347;
+  division, 359;
+  Irish Corporation Bill, 388;
+  insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389;
+  debates on Irish Tithe Bill, 391;
+  abandonment of the appropriation clauses, 393</li>
+
+<li>Como, i. <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li>Conroy, Sir John, ii. 190; iii. 3</li>
+
+<li>Conservative Club,
+  dinner at, ii. 327;
+  speeches, 327</li>
+
+<li>Constantine, the Grand Duke,
+  accident to, i. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;
+  death of, ii. 164</li>
+
+<li>Convention signed between France, England, and Holland, ii. 375</li>
+
+<li>Conyngham, Marquis of, Postmaster-General, iii. 88, 113</li>
+
+<li>Conyngham, Marchioness of, i. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
+  wears a Crown jewel, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
+  Court intrigues, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+<li>Conyngham, Lord Francis, i. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Coprogli, History of the Grand Vizier, iii. 115</li>
+
+<li>Cornelius, painter, ii. 149</li>
+
+<li>Coronation, the, of William IV.
+  decided on, ii. 156;
+  preparations for, 157, 163, 165;
+  estimates for, 181;
+  disputes over the arrangements for, 187</li>
+
+<li>Cottenham, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Cottenham" id="IX_Cottenham"></a>
+  Lord High Chancellor, iii. 328</li>
+
+<li>Cotton, Sir Willoughby,
+  suppresses the insurrection in Jamaica, ii. 262;
+  on affairs in Jamaica, 380</li>
+
+<li>Council, Clerk of the,
+  Mr. Greville sworn in, i. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
+  after the accession of William IV., ii. 12;
+  Lord Grey&rsquo;s Administration sworn in, 71;
+  for the proclamation against rioters, 73;
+  recorder&rsquo;s report in, 85;
+  clerks of the, 87;
+  scene at Council for a new Great Seal, 188</li>
+
+<li>Council, Privy:
+  suttee case before the, ii. 307;
+  embargo on Dutch ships, 343;
+  meeting of the, on the London University petition, iii. 80;
+  counter petition of Oxford and Cambridge, 80</li>
+
+<li>Council, Cabinet:
+  the first of Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s Administration, iii. 120;
+  the first of Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s Administration, 174</li>
+
+<li>Covent Garden Theatrical Fund Dinner, i. <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Coventry, glove trade, ii. 224</li>
+
+<li>Cowley, Abraham,
+  lines from &lsquo;Ode to Solitude,&rsquo; ii. 272</li>
+
+<li>Cowper, Earl, at Panshanger, ii. 229</li>
+
+<li>Cowper, Countess, at Panshanger, ii. 229</li>
+
+<li>Cowper, William, Life of, by Southey, iii. 134</li>
+
+<li>Cradock, Colonel, sent to Charles X., ii. 37</li>
+
+<li>Crampton, Sir Philip, Irish story, i. <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+<li>Craven, Earl of, disperses a mob, ii. 77;
+  on the proposed new Peers, 232</li>
+
+<li>Craven, General the Hon. Berkeley, suicide of, iii. 350</li>
+
+<li>Crawford, William, member for the City of London, iii. 188</li>
+
+<li>Creevey, Mr., i. <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Croker, Right Hon. John Wilson, edition of &lsquo;Boswell&rsquo;s Life of Johnson,&rsquo; ii. 105;
+  reviews lost, 106</li>
+
+<li>Cumberland, H.S.H. the Duke of,
+  opposition to Catholic Relief Bill, i. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
+  intrigues at Court, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  insults Lady Lyndhurst, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>,
+         <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+  quarrel with Lord Lyndhurst, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;
+  disputes concerning the office of &lsquo;Gold Stick,&rsquo; ii. 5, 21</li>
+
+<li>Cumberland, H.P..H. the Duchess of, i. <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li>Cuvier, Baron, death of, ii. 307</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_D" id="IX_D"></a>
+Dalberg, Duke de, letter on European affairs, ii. 44</li>
+
+<li>Dawson, Right Hon. George Robert,
+  speech on Catholic Emancipation, i. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 71</li>
+
+<li>De Gazes, Duke, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305;
+  Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 306</li>
+
+<li>Dedel, M., Dutch Minister at the Court of St. James, iii, 32</li>
+
+<li>Denbigh, Earl of, Chamberlain to Queen Adelaide, ii. 342;
+  sworn in Privy Councillor, 352</li>
+
+<li>Denman, Lord, correspondence with the King, i. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 329;
+  Lord Chief Justice, 330;
+  qualities of, 331;
+  meeting of, with Lord Brougham, in Bedfordshire, iii. 71;
+  raised to the Peerage, 74</li>
+
+<li>Derby Dilly, the, iii. 236, 237, 253</li>
+
+<li>De Ros, Lord, in Rome, i. <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>De Ros, Colonel, the Hon. Arthur John Hill,
+  death of, i. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Dickenson, Captain, trial of, by court-martial, i. <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+<li>Diebitsch, Marshal, death of, from cholera, ii. 154</li>
+
+<li>Dino, Duc de, arrest of the, i. <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li>Dino, Duchesse de, ii. 57;
+   on the state of France, 195</li>
+
+<li>Discontent throughout the country, ii. 108</li>
+
+<li>Disraeli, Benjamin, projects for sitting in Parliament, iii. 170</li>
+
+<li>Dissenters&rsquo; Marriage Bill, iii. 207, 230.
+  For debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Dorsetshire election, 1831, ii. 203, 207;
+  crime in, iii. 77</li>
+
+<li>Dover, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Dover" id="IX_Dover"></a>
+  resigns the Woods and Forests, ii. 109;
+  created a Peer, 150;
+  death of, iii. 4;
+  character of, 4;
+  Life of Frederick II., 6;
+  book on the Man in the Iron Mask, 6</li>
+
+<li>Down, deanery of, iii. 70</li>
+
+<li>Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, case of, ii. 224;
+  lunacy case, 369;
+  decision on, 375;
+  final meeting on, 377</li>
+
+<li>Drummond, Henry, mission to the Archbishop of York, iii. 333</li>
+
+<li>Dublin Police Bill, iii. 333</li>
+
+<li>Dudley, Earl of, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+  i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  dinner to Marshal Marmont, ii. 38;
+  eccentricity of, 271, 272</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Duke of Milan,&rsquo; quotation from the, i. <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Dulcken, Madam, performs before the Judicial Committee, iii. 325</li>
+
+<li>Duncannon, Viscount, iii. 104;
+  called to the House of Lords, and Secretary of State, 109;
+  sworn in, 112;
+  Home Secretary, 113;
+  on O&rsquo;Connell, 117;
+  at a fire in Edward Street, 117;
+  on the state of affairs, 196;
+  Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord Melbourne, 256</li>
+
+<li>Duncombe, Hon. Thomas Slingsby, maiden speech of,
+     i. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;
+  petition from Barnet, ii. 255;
+  guilty of libel, iii. 9;
+  at Hillingdon, 123</li>
+
+<li>Durham, Earl of, quarrel with Lady Jersey, ii. 119;
+  influence over Lord Grey, 222;
+  attack on Lord Grey at a Cabinet dinner, 226;
+  rudeness of, 269;
+  return from Russia, 333;
+  violence of, 333;
+  created an earl, 365</li>
+
+<li>Dwarris, Sir Fortunatus, dinner at the house of, ii. 359</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_E" id="IX_E"></a>
+East, Sir E. Hyde, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li>
+
+<li>Eboli, Duchesse d&rsquo;, ball at Naples, i. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Ebrington, Viscount, moves a vote of
+  confidence in the Government, ii. 202, 204</li>
+
+<li>Ebury, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78</li>
+
+<li>Egremont, Earl of, at Petworth, ii. 336;
+  wealth of, 337;
+  hospitality to the poor, iii. 84</li>
+
+<li>Eldon, Earl of, audience of King George IV., i. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
+  speech at Apsley House, ii. 198;
+  career of, 378;
+  tribute to, iii. 42</li>
+
+<li>Election, General, in 1830, ii. 20, 29;
+  in 1831, 139, 141, 142, 145;
+  in 1832, 335;
+  in 1835, iii. 184, 189, 191, 193;
+  results of, 195;
+  in the counties, 198;
+  result, 201</li>
+
+<li>Eliot, Lord, return of, from Spain, iii. 259;
+  conversation with Louis Philippe, 259</li>
+
+<li>Ellenborough, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  letter to Sir John Malcolm, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
+  on West India affairs, ii. 350;
+  on Egypt, 351;
+  speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, iii. 73</li>
+
+<li>Ellesmere, Earl of,
+  <a name="IX_Ellesmere" id="IX_Ellesmere"></a>
+  Irish Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Ellice, Right Hon. Edward, iii. 104;
+  and the Colchester election, 112;
+  Secretary for War, 113;
+  in Paris, 379</li>
+
+<li>Elliot, Frederic, letter from Canada, iii. 325</li>
+
+<li>Epsom races, 1831, ii. 143;
+  in 1833, 373</li>
+
+<li>Erskine, Right Hon. Thomas, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 223;
+  Chief Judge in Bankruptcy, 223</li>
+
+<li>Escars, Duchesse d&rsquo;, at a party given by the Duke of Wellington,
+   i. <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Este, Sir Augustus d&rsquo;, behaviour of, ii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Esterhazy, Prince Paul, conversation with, ii. 40;
+  on Belgian affairs, 189;
+  on the state of England, iii. 32;
+  on affairs in Europe, 370;
+  conversation with, 373</li>
+
+<li>Europe, state of, ii. 126;
+  in 1831, 187;
+  in 1836, iii. 370</li>
+
+<li>Evans, General de Lacy, iii. 265;
+  reported death of, 359</li>
+
+<li>Evans, the incendiary, arrest of, ii. 70</li>
+
+<li>Exeter, Bishop of,
+  <a name="IX_Exeter" id="IX_Exeter"></a>
+  correspondence with Lord Melbourne, ii. 97;
+  interview with Lord Grey, 205;
+  talents of, 287;
+  ambition of, 289</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_F" id="IX_F"></a>
+Falck, Baron, ii. 15, 41</li>
+
+<li>Ferdinand, Emperor, of Austria, iii. 374</li>
+
+<li>Fergusson, Right Hon. Cutlar, Judge Advocate, iii. 95</li>
+
+<li>Ferrara, i. <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li>
+
+<li>Fieschi conspiracy, iii. 286</li>
+
+<li>Fingall, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li>
+
+<li>Finsbury election, 1834, Radical returned, iii. 100</li>
+
+<li>Fitzclarence, Colonel George, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Munster">Munster, Earl of</a></li>
+
+<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Frederick, resigns appointment at the Tower, ii. 362</li>
+
+<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Adolphus, picture of, ii. 179</li>
+
+<li>Fitzclarence, Lord Augustus, at Ascot, ii. 147;
+  picture of, 176</li>
+
+<li>Fitzclarence, Lady Augusta, marriage of, iii. 363</li>
+
+<li>Fitzgerald, Right Hon. Vesey, i. <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Fitzherbert, Sirs., death of, iii. 396;
+  documents of, 396</li>
+
+<li>Flahault, Madame de, anecdotes of Princess Charlotte, ii. 319;
+  <i>salon</i> of, in Paris, iii. 381</li>
+
+<li>Fleury, Cardinal, ii. 347</li>
+
+<li>Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;
+  sights of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
+  society at, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;
+  sculpture, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
+  pictures, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
+  Grand Duke, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Foley, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84;
+  Lord-Lieutenant of Worcestershire, 84;
+  at St. James&rsquo;s, 297</li>
+
+<li>Fonblanque, Albany, iii. 348</li>
+
+<li>Forester, Right Hon. Colonel Cecil,
+  resigns his appointment as Groom of the Bedchamber, ii. 118</li>
+
+<li>Forfar election, 1835, iii. 197</li>
+
+<li>Fox, Mrs. Lane, accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend, ii. 133;
+  receives the Cabinet Ministers, iii. 140</li>
+
+<li>Fox, Right Hon. Charles James, described by Talleyrand, ii. 344</li>
+
+<li>Fox, W.J., Unitarian minister, sermon, iii. 43</li>
+
+<li>France, state of affairs in, i. <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
+  appearance of the country, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;
+  impending crisis in 1830, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
+  events in 1830, ii. 17;
+  revolution, 19;
+  Duke of Orleans ascends the throne, 26;
+  political prospects, 26;
+  reconstruction of the Constitution, 28;
+  army ordered to Belgium, 178;
+  army in Belgium, 181;
+  seizure of Portuguese ships, 182, 184;
+  republican tendencies of, 187;
+  state of the country, 1831, 195;
+  weakness of the Government of Louis Philippe, 322;
+  dispute with America, iii. 322;
+  state of the country, 382</li>
+
+<li>Francis, Sir Philip, handwriting of, i. <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 185</li>
+
+<li>Franz Joseph, Archduke, iii. 374</li>
+
+<li>Frascati, convent at, i. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+  dinner at, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
+  visit to, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_G" id="IX_G"></a>
+Gallatin, Albert, i. <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li>Gambier, Lord, proxy of, ii. 286</li>
+
+<li>Garrick, David, anecdotes of ii. 316</li>
+
+<li>Gell, Sir William, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_372">372</a>,
+           <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Geneva, i. <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Genoa, i. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
+  palaces, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
+  churches, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;
+  tomb of Andrew Doria, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>George III., death of, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  will, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
+  jewels and property, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+  dislike of the Duke of Richmond, iii. 129</li>
+
+<li>George IV.,
+  illness of, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  at the Pavilion, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+  interview with, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
+  health and habits of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+  violent dislike to the Catholic Relief Bill,
+             <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
+  personal habits of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
+  interview with the Lord Chancellor,
+     the Duke of Wellington, and Sir Robert Peel, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
+  health of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;
+  racing interests of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
+  anecdotes concerning, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
+  eyesight affected, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
+  courage of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
+  conduct in reference to Mr. Denman, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;
+  illness of, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;
+  funeral of, ii. 4;
+  sale of wardrobe, 23;
+  details of last illness, 30;
+  anecdotes concerning, 189</li>
+
+<li>Gérard, Marshal, reported resignation of, ii. 45;
+  ordered to Belgium, 178</li>
+
+<li>Gibson, John, R.A., at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li>Gladstone, William Ewart, West India Committee, iii. 280</li>
+
+<li>Glenelg, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Glenelg" id="IX_Glenelg"></a>
+  President of the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  Board of Control, ii. 66, iii. 113;
+  Colonial Secretary in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s second Administration, 256;
+  and the King, 276</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Glenfinlas&rsquo; performed at Bridgewater House, iii. 353, 355</li>
+
+<li>Glengall, Earl of, comedy by the, i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Glengall, Countess of, ii. 85</li>
+
+<li>Gloucester, H.R.H. the Duke of, ii. 8</li>
+
+<li>Goderich, Viscount,
+  <a name="IX_Goderich" id="IX_Goderich"></a>
+  Small Notes Bill, i. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+  Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs and War, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  sent for by the King, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+  scene at Windsor, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  Administration of, formed, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  resignation of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
+  returns to office, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
+  Ministry dissolved, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;
+  Colonial Secretary, ii. 66;
+  Lord Privy Seal, 365;
+  created an earl, 367;
+  invested with the Order of the Garter, 367</li>
+
+<li>Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, death of, ii. 307</li>
+
+<li>Goodwood, ii. 182;
+  in 1833, iii. 20</li>
+
+<li>Gorhambury, party at, ii. 188</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Goriot, Le Père,&rsquo; iii. 378</li>
+
+<li>Goulburn, Right Hon. Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+   i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Graham, Right Hon. Sir James, First Lord of the Admiralty, ii. 66;
+  elevation of, 90;
+  remarks on, 91;
+  resignation of, iii. 88;
+  declines to join the Peel Administration, 176;
+  conservative spirit of, 249;
+  on the crisis of 1835, 249;
+  joins the Opposition, 272</li>
+
+<li>Grange, The, attacked by a mob, ii. 68</li>
+
+<li>Grant, Right Hon. Charles, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Glenelg">Glenelg, Lord</a></li>
+
+<li>Granville, Earl, Ambassador in Paris, iii. 385</li>
+
+<li>Granville, Countess, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  quarrel with M. Thiers, iii. 380</li>
+
+<li>Greece, policy of the English Government towards, i. <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li>Greenwich, dinner at, iii. 1</li>
+
+<li>Grenville, Thomas, conduct during the riots of 1780, iii. 129</li>
+
+<li>Gresley, Sir Roger, quarrel with Lord H. Bentinck, ii. 148</li>
+
+<li>Greville, Charles, sen., death of, ii. 318</li>
+
+<li>Greville, Mrs., &lsquo;Ode to Indifference,&rsquo; ii. 319</li>
+
+<li>Greville, Algernon, private secretary to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 163</li>
+
+<li>Grey, Earl, hostility to the Government, i. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
+  forms an Administration, 1830, ii. 64, 66;
+  First Lord of the Treasury, 66;
+  at dinner at Lord Sefton&rsquo;s, 69;
+  nepotism of, 78;
+  character of, 88;
+  relations with Lord Lyndhurst, 88;
+  lays the Reform Bill before the King, 109;
+  weakness of Government in the House of Commons, 116;
+  remarks on Administration of, 137;
+  invested with the Order of the Garter, 146;
+  at dinner at Hanbury&rsquo;s Brewery, 149;
+  attacked on his foreign policy, 178;
+  on Belgian affairs, 178;
+  attacked by Lord Durham, 226;
+  proposed new Peers, 230;
+  altered conduct of, 232;
+  reluctance to make new Peers, 247;
+  conversation with, 248;
+  interview with Lord Harrowby and Lord Wharncliffe, 259;
+  minute of compromise with Lord Harrowby and Lord Wharncliffe, 260;
+  speech on Ancona, 269;
+  speech at the close of the Reform debate, 288;
+  continued efforts for a compromise, 291;
+  Government defeated in committee, 293;
+  resignation of Administration of, 294;
+  resumes office with his colleagues, 300;
+  remarks on the members of the Administration of, 322;
+  embarrassment of Government, 369;
+  instance of readiness of, iii. 10;
+  on Portuguese affairs, 21;
+  compared with the Duke of Wellington, 73;
+  changes in the Administration of, 88, 90, 91;
+  situation of, in the crisis of 1834, 91;
+  letter to Lord Ebrington, 92;
+  weakness of the Government, 97;
+  resignation of, 101;
+  refuses the Privy Seal, 112;
+  desires to retire, 124;
+  dinner to, at Edinburgh, 135;
+  events subsequent to retirement of, 145;
+  intrigue, 145;
+  conservative spirit of, 249;
+  audience of the King, 251;
+  dissatisfaction of, 352</li>
+
+<li>Grey, Sir Charles, Governor of Jamaica, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 271</li>
+
+<li>Grote, George, returned for the City of London, iii. 188</li>
+
+<li>Guixot, Monsieur, reported resignation of, ii. 45;
+  eminence of, iii. 379</li>
+
+<li>Gully, Mr., account of, ii. 335;
+  returned for Pontefract, 336</li>
+
+<li>Gunpowder Plot, papers relating to, i. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_H" id="IX_H"></a>
+Haddington, Earl of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 181</li>
+
+<li>Halford, Sir Henry, report on the cholera, ii. 137</li>
+
+<li>Hampden, Dr. Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, iii. 341, 342</li>
+
+<li>Hanbury&rsquo;s Brewery, dinner at, ii. 148</li>
+
+<li>Happiness, reflections on, iii. 293</li>
+
+<li>Hardinge, Right Hon. Sir Henry,
+  on the prospects of the Tory Government, iii. 167;
+  on the King and Lord Melbourne, 168</li>
+
+<li>Harrowby, Earl of, Lord President, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  speech on Reform, ii. 206;
+  interview with Lord Grey, 224;
+  circular to the Peers, 242, 248;
+  interview with Lord Grey, 259;
+  discussions on letter of, 262;
+  letter shown to Lord Grey, 264;
+  the &lsquo;Times&rsquo; on the letter of, 264, 265;
+  patriotic conduct of, 275;
+  declines to vote on Schedule A, 281;
+  character of, iii. 52;
+  subscription to election expenses, 182</li>
+
+<li>Harrowby, Countess of, iii. 52</li>
+
+<li>Hartwell, visit to, ii. 345</li>
+
+<li>Harvey, Whittle, committee, iii. 112;
+  speech of, at Southwark, 188</li>
+
+<li>Harwich election, 1835, iii. 186</li>
+
+<li>Health, formation of a board of, ii. 154</li>
+
+<li>Henry II., King, and Thomas à Becket, iii. 130</li>
+
+<li>Henry VIII., King, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168</li>
+
+<li>Herbert, Sydney, Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Herculaneum, i. <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Hernani,&rsquo; ii. 154</li>
+
+<li>Herries, Right Hon. John Charles, scene at Council, i. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
+  discussions on appointment of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;
+  ill-will of, towards his colleagues, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
+  Master of the Mint, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Hertford, Marchioness of, funeral of, iii. 79</li>
+
+<li>Hess, Captain, ii. 319, 320</li>
+
+<li>Heurteloup, Baron, before the Judicial Committee, iii. 332</li>
+
+<li>Heythrop, riot at, ii. 77</li>
+
+<li>Hill, Mr., Irish members&rsquo; squabble, iii. 55</li>
+
+<li>Hobhouse, Right Hon. Sir John Cam, speech on the Reform Bill, ii. 123;
+  Secretary of War, 243;
+  resigns Irish Secretaryship and seat for Westminster, ii. 368;
+  on the state of affairs, iii. 195;
+  Board of Control, in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s second Administration, 256</li>
+
+<li>Holland, the King of, invades Belgium, ii. 175;
+  state of, 200;
+  conduct of the King of, 314;
+  the King refuses to give up Antwerp, 321, 329;
+  obstinacy of the King, 324;
+  bankrupt condition of, iii. 32</li>
+
+<li>Holland, Lord, at Panshanger, ii. 47;
+  Duchy of Lancaster, iii. 113;
+  anecdotes related by, 131;
+  on Reform, 135;
+  on Mr. Canning, <i>ib.</i>;
+  anecdotes, 335;
+  on Mr. Fox, <i>ib.</i>;
+  contempt for the Tory party, 336</li>
+
+<li>Holland, Lady, fancies of, ii. 331;
+  and Spencer Perceval, iii. 331</li>
+
+<li>Holland House, dinner at, ii. 245;
+  conversation at, 316;
+  Allen and Macaulay, 317;
+  sketch of, 331;
+  conversation at, iii. 127, 129;
+  literary criticisms, 130;
+  Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s conversation, 131;
+  dinner at, 132;
+  news of the fall of Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s Administration, 147;
+  party spirit at, 192</li>
+
+<li>Holmes boroughs, ii. 140</li>
+
+<li>Hook, Theodore, improvisation of, iii. 119, 197;
+  singing of, 197</li>
+
+<li>Home, Sir William, Attorney-General, ii. 333;
+  and Lord Brougham, iii. 67</li>
+
+<li>Hortense, Queen, at Frascati, i. <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li>Horton, Wilmot, lectures at the Mechanics&rsquo; Institute, ii. 97</li>
+
+<li>Howe, Earl, dismissal of, ii. 203;
+  Queen&rsquo;s Chamberlain, 319;
+  and Queen Adelaide, 331;
+  correspondence about the Chamberlainship, 339</li>
+
+<li>Howick, Viscount, Under-secretary, ii. 78;
+  in office, iii. 254;
+  civility of the King to, 255;
+  Secretary of War, 256;
+  acrimony of, 312;
+  interview with Spencer Perceval, 330;
+  on the position of parties, 360</li>
+
+<li>Hudson, Sir James, page of honour, ii. 339</li>
+
+<li>Hume, John Deacon,
+  Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; ii. 49</li>
+
+<li>Hume, Joseph, extreme Radical views of, ii. 361;
+  speech on the Orangemen, iii. 344;
+  deputation to Lord Melbourne, 357</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Hunchback, The,&rsquo; ii. 285</li>
+
+<li>Hunt, Henry, speech of, ii. 112;
+  speech of, against the Reform Bill, 134</li>
+
+<li>Huskisson, Right Hon. William,
+  President of the Board of Trade, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  dispute in the Cabinet, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;
+  joins the new Government, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
+  Colonial Secretary, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  resignation of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
+  Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s opinion of, ii. 46;
+  death of, 47;
+  character of, 49;
+  funeral of, 51</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_I" id="IX_I"></a>
+Incendiarism in the country, ii. 84</li>
+
+<li>Ireland, trials in, i. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
+  dissatisfaction in, ii. 76;
+  unpopularity of Government changes in, 89;
+  state of, 112, 114;
+  education in, 267, 271;
+  tithes, 309;
+  Church difficulties in, 323</li>
+
+<li>Irish Church, abuses in, iii. 9;
+  the Irish Church Bill dangerous to the Government, 86;
+  differences in the Cabinet, 89;
+  difficulties of the Irish Church question, 240, 253;
+  opinions of Lord Melbourne on the, 269.
+  For debates on the Irish Church Bill,
+     <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords, House of</a>, and
+     <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Irish Tithe Bill, thrown out, iii. 117;
+  divisions on the, 246;
+  conduct of the Government, 298;
+  difficulties of, 353, 354;
+  abandonment of the Appropriation Clause, 355</li>
+
+<li>Irving, Edward, service in chapel, iii. 40;
+  the unknown tongues, 41;
+  sermon of, <i>ib.</i>;
+  interview with Lord Melbourne, 129</li>
+
+<li>Irving, Washington, i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Istria, Duchesse d&rsquo;, beauty of, iii. 381</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_J" id="IX_J"></a>
+Jacquemont&rsquo;s Letters, iii. 115</li>
+
+<li>Jamaica, insurrection in, ii. 262;
+  Mr. Greville, Secretary of the Island of, 349;
+  petition to the King, 352;
+  affairs of, <i>ib.</i>;
+  anecdote of a slave, 359;
+  opinion of Sir Willoughby Cotton, 380;
+  office of Secretary to the Island of, threatened, iii. 266, 268, 275;
+  secured, 279</li>
+
+<li>Jebb, Judge, charge of, at O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s trial, ii. 109</li>
+
+<li>Jeffrey, Lord, and Professor Leslie, iii. 44</li>
+
+<li>Jersey, Countess of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
+  party at the house of, ii. 64;
+  quarrel with Lord Durham, 119;
+  correspondence with Lord Brougham, 126</li>
+
+<li>Jockey Club,
+  dinner given by the King to the, 1828, i. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
+  in 1829, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;John Bull,&rsquo; the, newspaper, ii. 97</li>
+
+<li>Johnson, Dr., anecdotes of, ii. 316</li>
+
+<li>Johnstone, Right Hon. Sir Alexander, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 27, 30;
+  at the Judicial Committee, 125</li>
+
+<li>Jones Loyd, Mr., iii. 188</li>
+
+<li>Jones, &lsquo;Radical,&rsquo; interview with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 200</li>
+
+<li>Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Bill for the establishment of the, iii. 21;
+  meeting to make regulations for the, 35;
+  first sitting of the, 38;
+  working of the, 205</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_K" id="IX_K"></a>
+Kelly, Mrs., adventures of her daughter, i. <a href="#Page_379">379</a>,
+       <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
+  case before the Privy Council, iii. 259, 261, 266, 267;
+  judgment, 274</li>
+
+<li>Kemble, Charles, and his family, iii. 260</li>
+
+<li>Kemble, Miss Fanny, i. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, ii. 129;
+  tragedy by, 270;
+  in the &lsquo;Hunchback,&rsquo; 285</li>
+
+<li>Kempt, Right Hon. Sir James, Master-General of the Ordnance,
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84</li>
+
+<li>Kent, H.R.H. the Duchess of, disputes
+  in the Royal Family, ii. 190;
+  and the Duke of Wellington, <i>ib.</i>;
+  the Regency Bill, 191;
+  salutes to, iii. 3;
+  at Burghley, 315;
+  quarrels with the King, 366;
+  scene at Windsor, 367;
+  answer to the address of the City of London, 399;
+  squabble with the King, 400</li>
+
+<li>Kenyon, Lord, speech at Apsley House, ii. 198</li>
+
+<li>Kinnaird, Lord, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li>
+
+<li>Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, anecdote of, iii. 130</li>
+
+<li>Knatchbull, Right Hon. Sir Edward, joins the Peel Government, iii. 176, 177;
+  attack on, 226</li>
+
+<li>Knighton, Sir William, i. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
+  influence with the King, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
+  behaviour of, during the King&rsquo;s illness, ii. 174</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_L" id="IX_L"></a>
+Lafayette, Marquis de, resignation of, ii. 99</li>
+
+<li>La Ferronays, M. de, French Ambassador at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;
+  on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
+  on French politics, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
+  civility of, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;
+  on French affairs, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>La Granja, revolution of, iii. 364, 365</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Lalla Rookh,&rsquo; at Bridgewater House, iii. 353</li>
+
+<li>Lamb, Sir Frederick, ii. 94;
+  reported letter to the King of France from the Duke of Wellington, 94</li>
+
+<li>Lambeth Palace, restoration of, ii. 34</li>
+
+<li>Lancashire election, 1835, iii. 198</li>
+
+<li>Langdale, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Langdale" id="IX_Langdale"></a>
+  reply to Lord Brougham, iii. 81;
+  declines the Solicitor-Generalship, 141;
+  peerage, 328;
+  Master of the Rolls, 328</li>
+
+<li>Lansdowne, Marquis of,
+  Secretary of State for the Home Department, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  Lord President, ii. 66;
+  dinner to name the sheriffs, 109;
+  on the Reform Bill, 131;
+  and Lord Brougham, 347;
+  Lord President in both of the Administrations of Lord Melbourne, iii. 113, 256</li>
+
+<li>La Roncière, case of, iii. 202</li>
+
+<li>Laval, M. de, at Apsley House, ii. 15</li>
+
+<li>Law, History of English, iii. 114</li>
+
+<li>Lawrence, Sir Thomas, early genius of, i. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
+  funeral of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
+  engagement of, to the Misses Siddons, iii. 50</li>
+
+<li>Leach, Right Hon. Sir John, disappointed of the Woolsack, ii. 68;
+  in the case of Drax <i>v</i>. Grosvenor, 378</li>
+
+<li>Leigh, Colonel George, ii. 189</li>
+
+<li>Leinster, Duke of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li>
+
+<li>Leitrim, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150</li>
+
+<li>Le Marchant, Denis, at Stoke, iii. 21</li>
+
+<li>Lemon, Robert, F.S.A., Deputy Keeper of the State Papers, iii. 44</li>
+
+<li>Lennard, John Barrett, Chief Clerk of the Privy Council Office, ii. 370</li>
+
+<li>Leopold, King, i. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
+  desires to ascend the throne of Greece, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;
+  anxiety to ascend the throne of Belgium, ii. 153;
+  accepts the throne of Belgium, 158;
+  starts for Belgium, 167;
+  proposes to the Princess Louise of France, 168;
+  in Belgium, 177;
+  want of confidence in, 177;
+  cold reception of, at Windsor, iii. 370</li>
+
+<li>Leuchtenberg, Duke of, at Havre, iii. 33;
+  marriage of, 33;
+  letter to Lord Palmerston, 34;
+  arrival of, 195</li>
+
+<li>Leveson, Lord Francis, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Ellesmere">Ellesmere, Earl of</a></li>
+
+<li>Levee, iii. 213</li>
+
+<li>Lewis, Matthew Gregory, (&lsquo;Monk&rsquo; Lewis),
+  journals and voyages to the West Indies, ii. 382;
+  anecdote of, iii. 2;
+  agreement with Mr. Murray for the Journal, 8</li>
+
+<li>Lichfield, Earl of, at Runton, iii. 51</li>
+
+<li>Lichfield Cathedral, iii. 327</li>
+
+<li>Lieven, Prince, recalled, iii. 87</li>
+
+<li>Lieven, Princess, character of, i. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
+  attacks Lord Grey, ii. 261;
+  on the Belgian question, 266;
+  conversation with, 322;
+  renews her friendship with the Duke of Wellington, 325;
+  grievances of, 351;
+  interference of, 358;
+  diplomatic difficulties, 357;
+  reception of, at St. Petersburg, iii. 23;
+  position, of, in Paris, 379</li>
+
+<li>Littleton, Right Hon. Edward, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
+  proposed by Lord Althorp as Speaker, ii. 333;
+  Secretary for Ireland, 372;
+  and O&rsquo;Connell, iii. 99;
+  instrumental in breaking up the Government, 102;
+  political career of, 103;
+  letter to Lord Wellesley, 103, 110;
+  in communication with O&rsquo;Connell, 103, 110;
+  Irish Secretary, 113</li>
+
+<li>Liverpool, Earl of, and the King, i. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
+  paralytic seizure, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;
+  transactions before the close of Administration of, ii. 173</li>
+
+<li>Liverpool, opening of the railroad, ii. 43, 47;
+  bribery at election, 79</li>
+
+<li>Lobau, Marshal, Commandant-Général, ii. 99</li>
+
+<li>Lodge, the Royal, entertainments at, i. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>London, speech of Bishop of, iii. 391;
+  University Charter, iii. 80, 81, 237;
+  meeting of Committee of Council on, 260, 262</li>
+
+<li>Londonderry, Marquis of, death of, i. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;
+  funeral of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Londonderry, Marquis of, motion on Belgium, ii. 180;
+  attacks Lord Plunket, 266;
+  debate on appointment of, to St. Petersburg, iii. 225;
+  opinion of the Duke of Wellington, 227;
+  speech of, 228;
+  resignation of, 229</li>
+
+<li>Long, St. John, trial of, ii. 85</li>
+
+<li>Lords, House of, debate of Royal Dukes, i. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  <a name="IX_Lords" id="IX_Lords"></a>
+  debate on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+  division on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+  debate on affairs in Portugal, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
+  debate on the Methuen Treaty, ii. 118;
+  speech of Lord Brougham, 118;
+  violent scene in the, 136;
+  debate on Lord Londonderry&rsquo;s motion, 180;
+  prospects of the Reform Bill, 193;
+  First Reform Bill thrown out, 202;
+  attack on the Bishops, 205;
+  new Peers, 230;
+  measures for carrying the second reading of the Second Reform Bill, 235, 237;
+  division on the Belgian question, 240;
+  Reform Bill, 271;
+  Irish education, 271;
+  debates on second reading of the Reform Bill, 272, 286;
+  list of proposed new Peers, 283;
+  Reform Bill carried, 287;
+  in Committee on the Reform Bill, 291;
+  debate on conduct of the Tory party, 303;
+  Russo-Dutch Loan, 315;
+  Government beaten on Portuguese question, 376;
+  powerlessness of, 377;
+  Local Courts Bill, 382, 384;
+  debate on Local Courts Bill, iii. 7;
+  Government defeated, 7;
+  Irish Church Bill, 8;
+  Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83;
+  debate on the Irish Church Bill, 94;
+  Poor Law Bill, 114;
+  debate on Irish Tithe Bill, 117;
+  conduct of the House, 239;
+  debate on Corporation Bill, 286, 290;
+  position of the House, 288, 291;
+  Irish Tithe Bill thrown up, 295;
+  conflict with the House of Commons, 295;
+  state of the House, 307;
+  debate on Corporation Bill, 308, 351;
+  hostility to the House of Commons, 359;
+  conduct of the House, 360, 361</li>
+
+<li>Louis XVIII., King, memoirs of, ii. 305;
+  favourites of, 305;
+  at Hartwell, 345</li>
+
+<li>Louis Philippe, King, accession of, ii. 26;
+  conduct of, 27;
+  tranquillises Paris, 99;
+  speech of, 169;
+  averse to French attack on Antwerp, 334;
+  behaviour of, to the Queen of Portugal, iii. 33;
+  power of, in the Chamber, 142;
+  courage of, 286;
+  conduct towards Spain, 321, 360, 364;
+  at the Tuileries, 382;
+  dislike to the Duke de Broglie, 386</li>
+
+<li>Louise, H.R.H. Princess, daughter of King Louis Philippe, ii. 168</li>
+
+<li>Louis, Baron, reported resignation of, ii. 45</li>
+
+<li>Luckner, General, ii. 219</li>
+
+<li>Lushington, Dr., speech of, in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, ii. 383</li>
+
+<li>Lushington, Sir Henry, and &lsquo;Monk&rsquo; Lewis, iii. 2</li>
+
+<li>Luttrell, Henry, character of, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  &lsquo;Advice to Julia,&rsquo; <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li>Lyndhurst, Lord,
+  Lord High Chancellor, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  quarrel with the Duke of Cumberland, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+  dissatisfaction at Lord Brougham&rsquo;s being raised to the Woolsack, ii. 68;
+  reported appointment to be Lord Chief Baron, 89;
+  opinion of the Government, 93;
+  Lord Chief Baron, 106;
+  political position of, 107;
+  anecdote of a trial, 107;
+  retort to the Duke of Richmond, 139;
+  on the Government, 143;
+  on Sir Robert Peel, 144;
+  on Lord Brougham, 144;
+  sent for by the King, 294;
+  efforts to form a Tory Government, 326;
+  judgment in Small <i>v</i>. Attwood, 330;
+  account of the efforts of the Tory party to form a Government, 340;
+  forgets the message of the King to Lord Grey, iii. 49;
+  account of transactions between the King and Lord Melbourne, 150;
+  policy of, 151;
+  on Lord Brougham, 153;
+  Lord High Chancellor, 156;
+  on the Administration of Sir Robert Peel, 189;
+  conduct on the Corporation Bill, 288, 292;
+  on the prospects of the session, 332;
+  on the business of the House of Lords, 333;
+  speech in vindication of conduct, 362;
+  in Paris, 378;
+  insult offered to, in House of Commons, 389;
+  capacity of, 390;
+  violent speech of, 401</li>
+
+<li>Lyndhurst, Lady,
+  insulted by the Duke of Cumberland, i. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
+  conversation with, ii. 93</li>
+
+<li>Lynn Regis, election, iii. 170, 171, 175, 181</li>
+
+<li>Lyons, riots at, ii. 219</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_M" id="IX_M"></a>
+Macao, verses on, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>Macaulay, Thomas Babington,
+  speeches on the Reform Bill, ii. 123, 199;
+  eloquence of, 204;
+  at Holland House, 245;
+  appearance of, 246;
+  character of, 317;
+  on the Coercion Bill, 363;
+  conversation of, iii. 35;
+  memory of, 337;
+  eloquence of, compared to Lord Brougham, 338;
+  inscription on monument erected in honour of Lord William Bentinck, 339</li>
+
+<li>Macaulay, Zachary, iii. 337</li>
+
+<li>Mackintosh, Right Hon. Sir James,
+  speech of, on the criminal laws, i. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+  conversation of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
+  death of, ii. 307;
+  &lsquo;History of England,&rsquo; iii. 139;
+  remarks on life of, 293, 314;
+  compared with Burke, 314;
+  life of, 316;
+  abilities of, 316;
+  religious belief of, 324</li>
+
+<li>Maggiore, Lago, i. <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li>
+
+<li>Maidstone, state of the borough, iii. 184</li>
+
+<li>Maii, Monsignore, i. <a href="#Page_367">367</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Malibran, Maria Felicita, in the &lsquo;Sonnambula,&rsquo; iii. 12</li>
+
+<li>Mallet, conspiracy of, ii. 186</li>
+
+<li>Malt Tax, the, Government defeated on, ii. 368</li>
+
+<li>Manners Sutton, Sir Charles, G.C.B.,
+  proposed as Premier, ii. 326;
+  conduct of, 341;
+  reappointed Speaker, 343;
+  Knight of the Bath, iii. 30;
+  the Speakership, 204,
+  <i>see</i> Canterbury, Lord</li>
+
+<li>Mansfield, Lord,
+  speech against the Government, ii. 136;
+  audience of the King, 138;
+  meeting of Peers, 152</li>
+
+<li>Mansion House, the, dinner at, iii. 178</li>
+
+<li>Marengo, battle-field of, i. <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Maria, Donna, Queen of Portugal,
+  at a child&rsquo;s ball, i. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+  proposals of marriage for, iii. 33;
+  at Windsor, 33;
+  picture of, 195</li>
+
+<li>Marie Amélie, Queen, iii. 383</li>
+
+<li>Marmont, Marshal,
+  at Lady Glengall&rsquo;s, ii. 34;
+  conversation with, <i>ib.</i>;
+  revolution of 1830, 37;
+  at Woolwich, 38;
+  dinner at Lord Dudley&rsquo;s, 38</li>
+
+<li>Matteis, trial of, i. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li>Matuscewitz,
+  Russian Ambassador Extraordinary, i. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
+  on affairs in Europe, ii. 176;
+  conduct of, 324;
+  conversation with, iii. 314</li>
+
+<li>Maule, Mr. Justice, at dinner at the Athenæum. ii. 101</li>
+
+<li>Meeting of moderate men, origin of the &lsquo;Derby Dilly,&rsquo; iii. 219</li>
+
+<li>Meiningen, château of,
+  model of the, iii. 122;
+  the Queen revisits the, 125</li>
+
+<li>Melbourne, Viscount, Home Secretary, ii. 66;
+  efficiency of, in office, 90;
+  negotiations with, 104;
+  dissatisfaction of, 245;
+  on the proposed new Peers, 254;
+  on the Reform Bill, 277;
+  on the members of Lord Grey&rsquo;s Administration, 322;
+  sent for by the King, iii. 102;
+  forms an Administration, 108;
+  letter to the Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, and Mr. Stanley, 109;
+  Administration of, 113;
+  anecdote of, 126;
+  information of, 130;
+  literary conversation of, 131;
+  on Benthamites, 138;
+  theological reading of, 138;
+  fall of Government of, 143;
+  dismissal of, 144;
+  details of fall of Government, 147;
+  account of dismissal, 150, 168;
+  with the King, 163, 168;
+  with his colleagues, 164; 165, 166;
+  dispute with Lord Duncannon, 166;
+  speeches at Derby, 170;
+  weakness of, <i>ib.</i>;
+  second Administration formed, 253;
+  composition of, 256;
+  theological reading of, 324;
+  appointment of Dr. Hampden, 342;
+  action against, brought by the Hon. Mr. Norton, 349;
+  result of the trial, 351;
+  difficulties of the Government, 355</li>
+
+<li>Melville, Viscount, President of the India Board,
+  i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Mendizabal,
+  ability of, iii. 321;
+  dismissal of, 350</li>
+
+<li>Messiah, the oratorio of the, performed in Westminster Abbey, iii. 98</li>
+
+<li>Methuen, Paul, M.P.,
+  on supporting the Government, iii. 65;
+  retort of O&rsquo;Connell to, 65</li>
+
+<li>Metternich, Princess, anecdote of, iii. 187</li>
+
+<li>Mexico, failure of the Spanish expedition against,
+   i. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Meynell, Mr., retires from the Lord Chamberlain&rsquo;s department, ii. 133</li>
+
+<li>Mezzofanti, i. <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li>
+
+<li>Middlesex election, 1835, iii. 197</li>
+
+<li>Middleton, party at, i. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>Miguel, Dom. ii. 312, 315, 321;
+  attacks Oporto, 324;
+  fleet captured by Captain Napier, iii. 9;
+  anecdote of, 26;
+  blunders of, 93</li>
+
+<li>Milan, i. <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Mill, John Stuart, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59</li>
+
+<li>Milton, Viscount, at a meeting at Lord Althorp&rsquo;s, ii. 161</li>
+
+<li>Mirabeau, Count de, Talleyrand&rsquo;s account of, ii. 384</li>
+
+<li>Miraflores, Count de, Spanish Ambassador in London, iii. 98;
+  doubtful compliment to Madame de Lieven, 99</li>
+
+<li>Mola di Gaeta, i. <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
+  Cicero&rsquo;s villa, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+<li>Molé. M., Prime Minister of France, iii. 379;
+  abilities of, 380</li>
+
+<li>Montalivet, case of the French refugee, iii. 386</li>
+
+<li>Monti, Vincenzo, anecdote of, ii. 186</li>
+
+<li>Moore, Thomas, i. <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
+  conversation of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
+  anecdotes, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
+  Irish patriotism of, ii. 98;
+  opinions on Reform, 140;
+  copy of &lsquo;Lord Edward Fitzgerald,&rsquo; 169;
+  satire on Dr. Bowring, 219;
+  compared with Rogers, iii. 324;
+  quarrel with O&rsquo;Connell, 346</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Morning Herald,&rsquo; the, moderate Tory organ, ii. 269</li>
+
+<li>Mornington, Countess of, death of, ii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Morpeth, Viscount, Irish Secretary, iii. 256;
+  speech on Irish Tithe Bill, 256</li>
+
+<li>Mosley, Sir Oswald, meeting of moderate men, iii. 220</li>
+
+<li>Mulgrave, Earl of, in Jamaica, ii. 352;
+  refuses the office of Postmaster-General, iii. 90;
+  Lord Privy Seal, 113;
+  capability of, 255</li>
+
+<li>Municipal Corporation Bill, iii. 263, 284, 290;
+  policy of Tory Peers on the, 283;
+  prospects of the, 295;
+  effects of the, 309, 313;
+  the Bill carried, 310</li>
+
+<li>Munster, Earl of, employed by the King, ii. 10;
+  <a name="IX_Munster" id="IX_Munster"></a>
+  raised to the Peerage, 143;
+  Lieutenant of the Tower, 168;
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, 352</li>
+
+<li>Murat, Achille, ii. 115</li>
+
+<li>Murray, Dr., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, i. <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Murray, Sir George, Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, ii. 11</li>
+
+<li>Murray, Lady Augusta, marriage of, ii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Musard&rsquo;s ball, iii. 384</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_N" id="IX_N"></a>
+Namik Pacha, Turkish Ambassador, ii. 339</li>
+
+<li>Napier, Sir William, on the state of the country, ii. 108;
+  &lsquo;History of the Peninsular War,&rsquo; iii. 271</li>
+
+<li>Napier, Captain Charles, captures Dom Miguel&rsquo;s fleet, iii. 9;
+  cause of capture of a French squadron, 11;
+  anecdote of, 34</li>
+
+<li>Naples, i. <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;
+  sight-seeing at, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;
+  Court of Justice, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;
+  manuscripts, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;
+  ceremony of taking the veil, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
+  sights of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+  miracle of the blood of San Gennaro, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
+  excursions to Astroni, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
+  lines on leaving, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+<li>Navarino, battle of, i. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>,
+  <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Nemours, H.R.H. Duc de, accompanies King Louis Philippe, ii. 99;
+  nomination to the throne of Belgium declined, 111;
+  in the House of Commons, iii. 306;
+  at Doncaster, 315</li>
+
+<li>Newmarket, political negotiations at, ii. 290</li>
+
+<li>Nicholas, Emperor, accession of, i. <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
+  reception of strangers, iii. 24;
+  on the change of Government in England, 211;
+  speech at Warsaw, 319;
+  dislike to King Louis Philippe, 387;
+  qualities of, 371</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Norma,&rsquo; the opera of, iii. 2</li>
+
+<li>North, Lord, Letters of George III. to, iii. 129;
+  anecdote of, 132</li>
+
+<li>Northamptonshire election, iii. 326</li>
+
+<li>Northumberland, Duke of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland,
+  i. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Northumberland, Duchess of,
+  resigns her office of governess to the Princess Victoria, iii. 400</li>
+
+<li>Norton, Hon. Mr., action brought against Lord Melbourne, iii. 349;
+  result of the trial, 351</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_O" id="IX_O"></a>
+Oaks, The. ii. 374;
+  party at, 374</li>
+
+<li>Oatlands, the residence of the Duke of York, i. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
+  weekly parties at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li>O&rsquo;Connell, Daniel, character of, i. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
+  at dinner, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;
+  attempts to take his seat, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
+  elected for Clare, 1829, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
+  insult to, ii. 76;
+  in Ireland, 96;
+  opposition to Lord Anglesey, 98;
+  abilities of, 100;
+  violence of, 106;
+  arrest of, 107;
+  trial of, 109;
+  position of, 111;
+  pleads guilty, 114;
+  opposition to Lord Duncannon in Kilkenny, 115;
+  explanation of, 123;
+  dread of cholera, 309;
+  member for Ireland, 351;
+  violent speech at the Trades&rsquo; Union, 362, 363;
+  attack on Baron Smith, iii. 59;
+  retort to Mr. Methuen, 65;
+  and the Coercion Bill, 103, 110;
+  in correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 110;
+  union with the Whig party, 219;
+  power of, 255;
+  affair with Lord Alvanley, 256;
+  in Scotland, 316;
+  proposed expulsion from Brooks&rsquo;s club, 320;
+  quarrel with Moore, 346;
+  Carlow election, 348</li>
+
+<li>O&rsquo;Connell, Morgan, duel with Lord Alvanley, iii. 256</li>
+
+<li>Old Bailey, trials at, i. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; ii. 85</li>
+
+<li>Opera House, the English, burnt, i. <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li>Orange, Prince of, dinner to the, ii. 57;
+  returns to Holland, 133</li>
+
+<li>Orange, Princess of, robbery of jewels of, i. <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Orange Lodge, association of, iii. 343</li>
+
+<li>Orangemen, meeting of, ii. 123</li>
+
+<li>Orleans, H.R.H. Duke of, arrival of, i. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
+  sent to Lyons, ii. 219;
+  in England, 373;
+  project of marriage at Vienna, iii. 372;
+  question of marriage of, 387</li>
+
+<li>Orloff, Count, arrival of, ii. 278;
+  delay in ratification of the Belgian Treaty, 285</li>
+
+<li>Osterley, party at, ii. 187</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_P" id="IX_P"></a>
+Padua, i. <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li>
+
+<li>Pæstum, i. <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Palmella, Duke of, arrival of in London, ii. 315</li>
+
+<li>Palmerston, Viscount,
+  speech on the Portuguese question, i. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
+  Foreign Secretary, ii. 66;
+  suggests a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211;
+  on proposed new Peers, 254;
+  on prospects of the Reform Bill, 256;
+  business habits of, iii. 20, 21;
+  unpopularity of, 56;
+  speech on the Turkish question, 71;
+  Foreign Secretary in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s Administration, 113;
+  unpopularity with the <i>corps diplomatique</i>, 136;
+  loses his election in Hampshire, 197;
+  as a man of business, 210;
+  Foreign Secretary, 256;
+  abilities of, 360</li>
+
+<li>Panic, the, 1825, i. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
+  on the Stock Exchange, 1830, ii. 43</li>
+
+<li>Panshanger, parties at, ii. 46, 47, 229</li>
+
+<li>Paris, society at, in 1830, i. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
+  in July, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;
+  Marshal Marmont&rsquo;s account of events at, in 1830, ii. 36;
+  alarm felt in, 99;
+  change of Ministry, 133;
+  in 1837, iii. 377;
+  society at, 378, 385;
+  sight-seeing, 381, 383</li>
+
+<li>Park, Judge, anecdotes of, ii. 92; iii. 372</li>
+
+<li>Parke, Right Hon. Sir James, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii. 21;
+  Baron of the Exchequer, 71;
+  in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, 268</li>
+
+<li>Parliament, meeting of, 1830, ii. 53;
+  meeting of, 1831, ii. 110;
+  dissolution of 1831, 137;
+  opening of, 153;
+  in 1831, 223;
+  dissolution of, 1832, 334;
+  opening of, 1833, 351;
+  prorogation of, 1833, iii. 27;
+  opening of, 1834, 55;
+  dissolution of, 183;
+  temporary buildings for Houses of, 205;
+  opening of, 219;
+  in 1836, 334;
+  prorogation of, 1836, 361</li>
+
+<li>Parnell, Sir Henry, turned out of office, ii. 243</li>
+
+<li>Parsons, anecdotes of, ii. 108</li>
+
+<li>Paskiewitch, Marshal, in quarantine, ii. 162</li>
+
+<li>Pattison, James, returned to Parliament for the City of London, iii. 188</li>
+
+<li>Pavilion, The, dinner at, i. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
+  completion of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Pease, Mr., and O&rsquo;Dwyer, iii. 59</li>
+
+<li>Pedro, Dom, expedition of, ii. 312, 315;
+  proposal to combine with Spain, iii. 72;
+  in possession of Portugal, 93</li>
+
+<li>Peel, Right Hon. Sir Robert, Home Secretary, i. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  speeches on Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;
+  Oxford University election, 1829, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
+  defeated, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
+  political prospects of, ii. 95, 96;
+  power in the House of Commons, 116;
+  speech on the Reform Bill, 123;
+  inactivity of, on the Reform Bill, 130, 134;
+  complaints of policy of, 141;
+  conduct of, 160;
+  reserve of, 161, 174;
+  excellence in debate, 200;
+  answer to Lord Harrowby, 248, 249;
+  policy of, 264;
+  speech on Irish Tithes, 269;
+  invited to form a Government, 294;
+  refuses to take office, 296;
+  defence of conduct, 304;
+  conduct during the Tory efforts to form a Government, 327, 328;
+  conduct compared with that of the Duke of Wellington, 328;
+  character of, 354;
+  on political unions, iii. 12;
+  in society, 35;
+  position of, in the House of Commons, 64;
+  collection of pictures, 70;
+  great dinner given by, 72;
+  speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75;
+  policy of the Administration of, 161;
+  friendship with the Duke of Wellington renewed, 167;
+  arrival of, from the Continent, 174;
+  formation of Administration, 177;
+  manifesto to the country, 178;
+  prospects of the Ministry, 179;
+  qualities of, 189;
+  Toryism of Administration of, 194;
+  false position of, 208;
+  prospects of Government, 214, 235, 236;
+  talents of, 224;
+  conduct to his adherents, 230, 244;
+  courage of, 283;
+  impending resignation of, 242;
+  Government defeated, 246;
+  resignation of Administration of, 1835, 246, 248;
+  speech on Corporation Reform, 263;
+  on Irish Church Bill, 281;
+  relations with Lord John Russell, 282;
+  seclusion of, 297;
+  speech on Corporation Reform, 304;
+  consideration for Lord Stanley, 335;
+  conduct with regard to the Corporation Bill, 340;
+  position of, 358;
+  on the beginning of the new reign, 402</li>
+
+<li>Peel, Sir Robert, sen., account of, ii. 125</li>
+
+<li>Peel, Right Hon. Jonathan, iii. 243</li>
+
+<li>Pemberton, Thomas, ii. 314;
+  in the appeal of Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly, iii. 267, 271</li>
+
+<li>Pembroke, Earl of, i. <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Pension List, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Pepys, Right Hon. Sir Christopher, Master of the Rolls, iii. 328.
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Cottenham">Cottenham, Lord</a></li>
+
+<li>Perceval, Spencer, discourse of, iii, 41;
+  the Unknown Tongue, 41;
+  on the condition of the Church, 123;
+  apostolic mission to the members of the Government, 331;
+  at Holland House, 331;
+  apostolic mission of, 333</li>
+
+<li>Périer, Casimir, momentary resignation of, ii. 175;
+  attacked by cholera, 288;
+  death of, 307</li>
+
+<li>Persian Ambassador, the, quarrel of, with the Regent,
+  i. <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li>Perth election, 1835, iii. 197</li>
+
+<li>Petworth House and pictures, ii. 336;
+  fête at, iii. 84</li>
+
+<li>Peyronnet, Comte de, i. <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Phillpotts, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Exeter">Exeter, Bishop of</a></li>
+
+<li>Pisa, i. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Pitt, Right Hon. William, described by Talleyrand, ii. 345;
+  anecdotes of, iii. 131</li>
+
+<li>Plunket, Lord, Lord Chancellor in Ireland, ii. 90;
+  anecdote of, 107;
+  at Stoke, iii. 21;
+  Deanery of Down, 70</li>
+
+<li>Poland, contest in, ii. 157</li>
+
+<li>Polignac, Prince Jules de,
+  head of the Administration in France; i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
+  Administration of, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;
+  behaviour of, ii. 29;
+  letter to M. de Molé, 33;
+  exasperation against, 38, 39</li>
+
+<li>Pompeii, i. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
+  excavations at, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Ponsonby, Viscount, Minister at Naples, ii. 155;
+  letters of, 172;
+  conduct of, as Ambassador at Constantinople, iii. 405</li>
+
+<li>Pope, the, audience of Pius VIII., i. <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;
+  Irish appointments of the, iii. 269.
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Rome">Rome</a></li>
+
+<li>Portfolio, the, iii. 327</li>
+
+<li>Portland, Duke of, Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li>Portugal, ships seized by the French, ii. 182, 184;
+  affairs in, iii. 25, 79;
+  bankrupt state of, 93</li>
+
+<li>Powell, Mr., ii. 52</li>
+
+<li>Pozzo di Borgo, Count, ii. 347;
+  views of, on the state of Europe, iii. 182;
+  Russian Ambassador in London, 201, 203</li>
+
+<li>Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, first speech of, ii. 115;
+  First Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Pratolino, i. <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li>Prayer, form of, on account of the disturbed state of the kingdom, ii. 99</li>
+
+<li>Proclamation against rioters, ii. 73</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_Q" id="IX_Q"></a>
+&lsquo;Quakers&rsquo;, the, address to King William IV, ii. 17</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Quarterly Review, The,&rsquo; attacks Lord Harrowby, ii. 269, 270;
+  pamphlet in answer to article, 270</li>
+
+<li>Quintus Curtius, iii. 130</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_R" id="IX_R"></a>
+Racing, remarks on, ii. 373;
+  anecdote, 374</li>
+
+<li>Redesdale, Lord, letter of, ii. 269</li>
+
+<li>Reform, plan of, ii. 105;
+  remarks on, 207;
+  negotiations concerning, 215, 217, 218</li>
+
+<li>Reform Bill, the, laid before the King, ii. 109;
+  excitement concerning, 124;
+  carried by one vote, 132;
+  alterations in, 134;
+  Government defeated, 135;
+  remarks on, 180;
+  attitude of the press, 193;
+  prospects of, 199;
+  negotiations for a compromise, 211;
+  altered tone of the press, 225;
+  meeting of Peers in Downing Street, 225;
+  measures for carrying the second reading in the House of Lords, 235, 237, 239, 241;
+  continued efforts to compromise, 268;
+  finally passed in the House of Commons, 270;
+  continued discussions on, 274;
+  difficulty with Schedule A, 280;
+  carried in the House of Lords, 287;
+  in committee, 292;
+  passes through committee, 304;
+  results of, iii. 27, 191.
+  For debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Lords">Lords, House of</a>, and
+    <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Reichstadt, Duke of, and Marshal Marmont, iii. 374</li>
+
+<li>Reis-Effendi, the, i. <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Renfrewshire election, iii. 388</li>
+
+<li>Rice, Right Hon. Thomas Spring,
+  Colonial Secretary, iii. 88, 113;
+  difficulties with, 253;
+  Chancellor of the Exchequer, 256;
+  incapacity of, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 376</li>
+
+<li>Richmond, Duke of, and King George III. at a naval review, iii. 129</li>
+
+<li>Richmond, Duke of,
+  summary of character of, i. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
+  Postmaster-General, ii. 66;
+  refuses the appointment of Master of the Horse, 67;
+  difficulties with his labourers, 68;
+  at Goodwood, ii. 182;
+  on Reform, 211;
+  character of, iii. 15;
+  resignation of, 88</li>
+
+<li>Riots,
+  in London, 1830, ii. 55;
+  among the farm labourers, 68;
+  proclamation against, 73;
+  in the country, 77</li>
+
+<li>Ripon, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 66;
+  resignation of, iii. 88.
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Goderich">Goderich, Viscount</a></li>
+
+<li>Robarts, Mr., dinner given by, iii. 184</li>
+
+<li>Robinson, Right Hon. Frederick John,
+  Chancellor of the Exchequer, i. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Goderich">Goderich, Viscount</a></li>
+
+<li>Rochester election, 183.3, iii. 193</li>
+
+<li>Roden, Earl of, declines the office of Lord Steward, iii. 179, 181</li>
+
+<li>Rogers, Samuel,
+  breakfast given by, ii. 150;
+  compared with Moore, iii. 324</li>
+
+<li>Rolle, Lord, remark to Lord Brougham, iii. 107</li>
+
+<li>Rome, i. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;
+  <a name="IX_Rome" id="IX_Rome"></a>
+  St. Peter&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;
+  sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;
+  the Sistine Chapel, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;
+  the cardinals, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;
+  a cardinal lying in state, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;
+  Pompey&rsquo;s statue, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;
+  Temple of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;
+  the Catacombs, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;
+  the Pope&rsquo;s blessing, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;
+  Holy Week observances, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
+  the Grand Penitentiary, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;
+  washing of pilgrims&rsquo; feet, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;
+  supper to pilgrims, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;
+  Protestant burial-ground, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;
+  St. Peter&rsquo;s illuminated, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;
+  excavations, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;
+  sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
+  aqueducts, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;
+  the Scala Santa, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
+  St. Peter&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;
+  Library of the Vatican, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
+  votive offering of a horse-shoe, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;
+  Columbaria, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;
+  saints, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
+  the Flagellants, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;
+  relations with Protestant countries, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;
+  the Coliseum, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;
+  story of a thief, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;
+  convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;
+  sight-seeing, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li>
+
+<li>Rosslyn, Earl of,
+  Lord Privy Seal, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+  Lord President of the Council, iii. 177;
+  dinner for selecting the Sheriffs, 201</li>
+
+<li>Roussin, Admiral, at Constantinople ii. 367</li>
+
+<li>Rovigo, the Duke de, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Rundell, Mr., fortune of, will of, i. <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Runton Abbey,
+  shooting at, iii. 51;
+  murder in the neighbourhood, 51</li>
+
+<li>Russell, Right Hon. Lord John,
+  introduces the Reform Bill, ii. 121;
+  seat in the Cabinet, 150;
+  brings in his Bill, 155;
+  letter to Attwood, 205, 206;
+  willing to compromise, 223;
+  brings on the second Reform Bill, 227;
+  Paymaster, of the Forces, iii. 113;
+  objected to by the King as leader of the House of Commons, 160;
+  speech at Totness, 171;
+  on the Speakership, 205;
+  on Church Reform, 206;
+  first speech as leader of the House of Commons, 214;
+  letter of, on the Speakership, 218;
+  as leader of the House of Commons, 221;
+  marriage of, 252;
+  Home Secretary in Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s second Administration, 256;
+  introduction of Corporation Reform, 263;
+  relations with Sir Robert Peel, 282;
+  course to be pursued on the Corporation Bill, 303, 310;
+  speech on the Orangemen, 344;
+  moderation of, 352;
+  meeting at the Foreign Office, 357, 358;
+  intention of the Government to proceed with their Bills, 397;
+  speech in answer to Roebuck, 401</li>
+
+<li>Russia, state of, 1829, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
+  intrigues of, ii. 351;
+  diplomatic relations with, 352;
+  combines with Turkey against Egypt, 366;
+  fleet sent to Constantinople, <i>ib.</i>;
+  establishes her power in the East, 371;
+  quarrel with, iii. 44;
+  policy towards Turkey, 48;
+  treaty with Turkey, 69;
+  relations with Turkey, 183</li>
+
+<li>Russo-Dutch Loan,
+  question of the, ii. 240, 241;
+  origin of the, 244;
+  debate on the, in the House of Lords, 315</li>
+
+<li>Rutland, Duke of,
+  anti-Reform petition, ii. 263;
+  birthday party, iii. 46</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_S" id="IX_S"></a>
+Sadler,  Mr.,  maiden speech of,
+  in opposition  to  the  Catholic Relief Bill, i. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Saint-Aulaire, M. de,
+  French Ambassador at Vienna, ii. 187;
+  anecdote of, 187</li>
+
+<li>Saint-Aulaire, Madame de, iii. 187</li>
+
+<li>Saint-Germain, Count de, account of, ii. 186;
+  the &lsquo;Wandering Jew,&rsquo; 186</li>
+
+<li>Salerno, i. <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Salisbury, Marquis of, petition to the King, ii. 231</li>
+
+<li>Saltash, borough of, division on, ii. 170</li>
+
+<li>San Carlos, Duke and Duchess of, i. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Sandon, Viscount, moves the Address in the House of Commons, iii. 202;
+  on Sir Robert Peel, 340</li>
+
+<li>Sandys, Lord, iii. 359</li>
+
+<li>Sartorius, Admiral, petition, iii. 366</li>
+
+<li>Scarlett, Sir James, Attorney-General, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Scott, Sir Walter, death of, ii. 307</li>
+
+<li>Seaford, Lord, i. <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Sebastiani, Count,
+  French Ambassador to the Court of St. James&rsquo;s, iii. 180</li>
+
+<li>Sefton, Earl of, dinner to Lord Grey and Lord Brougham, ii. 69;
+  on Lord Brougham, 148;
+  created a Peer of the United Kingdom, 150;
+  qualities of, 183</li>
+
+<li>Segrave, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, iii. 322</li>
+
+<li>Senior, Nassau, at Holland House, iii. 138</li>
+
+<li>Session of 1833, review of the, iii. 28</li>
+
+<li>Sestri, i. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>Seton, Sir Henry, arrival of, from Belgium, ii. 178</li>
+
+<li>Seymour, Lord, withdraws his support from the Government, ii. 124</li>
+
+<li>Seymour, George, Master of the Robes, ii. 50</li>
+
+<li>Seymour, Horace, retires from the Lord Chamberlain&rsquo;s Department, ii. 133</li>
+
+<li>Seymour, Jane, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168</li>
+
+<li>Shadwell, Right Hon. Sir Lancelot, on legal business, iii. 76</li>
+
+<li>Shee, Sir Martin, elected President of the Royal Academy,
+    i. <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>Sheil, Right Hon. Richard, dispute with Lord Althorp, iii. 55;
+  arrest of, by the Serjeant-at-Arms, 56;
+  committee, 57, 58;
+  insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389</li>
+
+<li>Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 336</li>
+
+<li>Siege of Saragossa, the, iii. 40</li>
+
+<li>Siena, i. <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+<li>Simplon, the, i. <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li>
+
+<li>Slavery, abolition of, ii. 347;
+  for debates on, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>Smith, Baron, ii. 105;
+  O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s attack upon, iii. 59, 61, 63</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Sydney, and the siege of Saragossa, iii. 39;
+  and Professor Leslie, 44;
+  sermon of, in St. Paul&rsquo;s Cathedral, 166;
+  on Sir James Mackintosh, 317;
+  dispute of, with the Bishop of London, 395;
+  letter to Archdeacon Singleton, 395</li>
+
+<li>Smithson, Sir Hugh, ii. 337, 338</li>
+
+<li>Somaglia, Cardinal, i. <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Somerville, Mrs., iii. 58</li>
+
+<li>Sorrento, i. <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
+  Benediction of the Flowers, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Soult, Marshal, sent to Lyons, ii. 219;
+  Prime Minister of France, 324</li>
+
+<li>Southey, Robert, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59;
+  letter to Lord Brougham on rewards to literary men, 111</li>
+
+<li>Spain, the Duke of Wellington on affairs in, iii. 47;
+  state of, 55;
+  affairs in, 66, 72;
+  proposal to combine with Dom Pedro, 72;
+  affairs in, 183;
+  deplorable state of, 359</li>
+
+<li>Spanish  Legion, formation of the, iii. 265</li>
+
+<li>Speaker, the, indecision of, ii. 299;
+  disputes on the Speakership, 333; iii. 204</li>
+
+<li>Spencer, Earl, death of, iii. 140</li>
+
+<li>Spencer, Earl, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Althorp">Althorp, Viscount</a></li>
+
+<li>Sprotborough, party at, for the races, ii. 50</li>
+
+<li>Staël, Madame de,
+  &lsquo;Considérations sur la Révolution française,&rsquo; i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  anecdote of, ii. 186</li>
+
+<li>Stafford House, concert at, iii. 278</li>
+
+<li>Stanley, Right Hon. Edward, Irish Secretary, ii. 66;
+  speech on the Reform Bill, 123;
+  seat in the Cabinet, 150;
+  speech in answer to Croker, 228;
+  Secretary for the Colonial Department, 365;
+  at The Oaks, 374;
+  indecision of, iii. 17;
+  racing interests of, 35;
+  resignation of, 88;
+  in opposition, 93;
+  &lsquo;Thimblerig&rsquo; speech, 100;
+  conciliatory letter to Lord Grey, 107;
+  disposition of, 165, 167;
+  declines to join Sir R. Peel, 175, 176;
+  speech at Glasgow, 180;
+  formation of the Stanley party, 220;
+  position of Mr. Stanley, 222;
+  policy of, 228;
+  meeting of party at the &lsquo;King&rsquo;s Head,&rsquo; 237;
+  speech on Irish Church question, 240;
+  character of, 250;
+  letter to Sir Thomas Hesketh, 265;
+  joins the Opposition, 272;
+  conduct of, 336</li>
+
+<li>Stanley, Right Hon. Edward John, Under-Secretary of State, iii. 112</li>
+
+<li>State Paper Office, i. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; iii. 44</li>
+
+<li>Stephen, James, opinions on emancipation, ii. 359</li>
+
+<li>Stephenson, George, on steam-engines, iii. 54</li>
+
+<li>Stewart, Lady Dudley, party given by, ii. 115;
+  accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend, 133</li>
+
+<li>Stoke, party at, i. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; ii. 185</li>
+
+<li>Strangford, Viscount, sent to the Brazils, i. <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Strasburg prisoners, acquittal of, iii. 381</li>
+
+<li>Strawberry Hill, party at, i. <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+<li>Strutt, Edward, ii. 59</li>
+
+<li>Stuart de Rothesay, Lord, Ambassador in France,
+    i. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Sugden, Right Hon. Sir Edward, quarrel of, with Lord Brougham, ii. 312;
+  origin of animosity towards Lord Brougham, iii. 22;
+  Irish Chancellor, 178;
+  resignation of, 231;
+  retains his appointment, 234</li>
+
+<li>Sugden, Lady, not received at Court, iii. 231</li>
+
+<li>Sunderland, state of, ii. 216</li>
+
+<li>Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, marriage of, ii. 194</li>
+
+<li>Sutherland, Duke of, death of the, iii. 19;
+  wealth, of the, 19</li>
+
+<li>Suttee case, before the Privy Council, ii. 307</li>
+
+<li>Swift <i>v</i>. Kelly,
+  before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, iii. 259, 266, 267, 271;
+  judgment, 274</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_T" id="IX_T"></a>
+Tallyrand, Charles Maurice de,
+  letter to the Emperor of Russia, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  Ambassador to the Court of St. James, ii. 44;
+  conversation of, 185;
+  anecdotes, 185;
+  <i>mot</i> of, 195;
+  dinner with, 222;
+  on Fox and Pitt, 344;
+  detained in the Thames, 346;
+  on Portuguese affairs, iii. 25;
+  on relations between France and England, 314;
+  opinion of, of Lord Palmerston, 360;
+  dissatisfaction at his position in London, 386</li>
+
+<li>Tasso, i. <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
+  bust of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Tavistock, Marquis of, on the prospects of the Liberal party, iii. 43</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Sir Herbert, conversation with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 251;
+  correspondence with, about the Chancellorship, 339</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Henry, breakfast at the house of, ii. 58;
+  breakfast to Wordsworth, Mill, Elliot, Charles Villiers, 120;
+  on the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 348;
+  &lsquo;Philip van Artevelde,&rsquo; iii. 114</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Brook, mission to Rome, ii. 153</li>
+
+<li>Teddesley, party at, i. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Tenterden, Lord, death of, ii. 329;
+  character of, 331;
+  classical knowledge of, 331</li>
+
+<li>Terceira, Portuguese expedition to, i. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Terni, Falls of, i. <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li>
+
+<li>Thiers, Adolphe, dinner to, iii. 31;
+  account of, 31;
+  at the head of the French Government, 66;
+  on interference in Spain, 66;
+  foreign policy of, 364;
+  social qualities of, 370;
+  quarrel with Lady Granville, 380;
+  courts the favour of Austria, 387</li>
+
+<li>Thompson, Alderman, difficulties with his constituents, ii. 166</li>
+
+<li>Thomson, Right Hon. Charles Poulett,
+  originates a commercial treaty with France, ii. 219;
+  Board of Trade, iii. 113, 256;
+  self-complacency of, 330</li>
+
+<li>Thorwaldsen, Albert, at Florence, i. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Tierney, Right Hon. George, i. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
+  Master of the Mint, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Times,&rsquo; the, on Lord Harrowby&rsquo;s letter, ii. 264, 265;
+  attacks Lord Grey, 267;
+  Lord Chancellor&rsquo;s speech, 313;
+  influence of the, 362;
+  and Lord Brougham, iii. 133;
+  disposition of, to support a Tory Government, 149, 152;
+  terms of support to the Duke of Wellington, 155;
+  power of the, 156, 157;
+  negotiations with Lord Lyndhurst, 171;
+  letter signed &lsquo;Onslow,&rsquo; 199</li>
+
+<li>Titchfield, Marquis of, death of, i. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
+  character of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Tivoli, i. <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Tixall, party at, i. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
+  Macao, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li>Torrington, Viscount, and the King, iii. 285</li>
+
+<li>Tory party, state of the, ii. 162;
+  meeting at Bridgewater House, iii. 237;
+  state of the, 306;
+  indifference of members of the, 389</li>
+
+<li>Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, iii. 45;
+  between Russia and Turkey, 1834, 69;
+  the Quadruple, for the pacification of the Peninsula, signed 1834, 94</li>
+
+<li>Tree, Ellen, at the City Theatre, ii. 181</li>
+
+<li>Tuileries, the, reception at, iii. 382;
+  ball at, 383;
+  small ball at, 385</li>
+
+<li>Turf, the, reflections on, iii. 139</li>
+
+<li>Turin, i. <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li>Turkey, threatened by Russia, i. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
+  critical state of, ii. 351;
+  relations with Russia, iii. 183</li>
+
+<li>Tusculum, i. <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Twiss, Horace, supper party given by, iii. 260</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_U" id="IX_U"></a>
+Union, speech of O&rsquo;Connell on the repeal of the, iii. 80</li>
+
+<li>Unions, proclamation against the, ii. 215;
+  procession of trades, iii. 79</li>
+
+<li>Urquhart, Mr., Secretary to the Embassy at Constantinople, iii. 405</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_V" id="IX_V"></a>
+Van de Weyer, Sylvain, Belgian Minister to the Court of St. James, ii. 180</li>
+
+<li>Vaudreuil, M. de,
+  French <i>chargé d&rsquo;affaires</i> in London, on French affairs, ii. 24</li>
+
+<li>Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir Charles, special mission to Constantinople, iii. 405</li>
+
+<li>Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir John, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155</li>
+
+<li>Venice, i. <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;
+  sights of, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_410">410</a></li>
+
+<li>Vernet, Horace, at Rome, i. <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Verona, Congress of, i. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
+  visit to, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li>
+
+<li>Verulam, Earl of, petition to the King, ii. 231</li>
+
+<li>Vesuvius, ascent of, i. <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Vicenza, i. <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li>
+
+<li>Victoria, H.R.H. the Princess,
+  at a child&rsquo;s ball, i. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
+  first appearance of, at a drawing-room, ii. 119;
+  at Burghley iii. 315;
+  health of, proposed by the King, 364;
+  at Windsor, 367;
+  letter from the King, 400;
+  seclusion of, 403;
+  first Council of, 406;
+  proclaimed <span class="smcap">Queen</span>, 408;
+  impression produced on all, 409</li>
+
+<li>Villiers, Hon. Hyde, appointed to the Board of Control, ii. 145</li>
+
+<li>Villiers, Hon. George, at the Grove, ii. 105;
+  conversation with the Duke of Wellington, 105;
+  mission to Paris for a commercial treaty, 219;
+  Minister at Madrid, iii. 14, 20, 21;
+  on prospects in Spain, 69, 79;
+  letters of, from Madrid, 321, 360, 365</li>
+
+<li>Villiers, Hon. Charles Pelham, ii. 59</li>
+
+<li>Virginia Water, ii. 25;
+  visit to, 30</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_W" id="IX_W"></a>
+Walewski, Count Alexander, arrival of, in London, ii. 104</li>
+
+<li>Walpole, Horace, letters to Sir Horace Mann, iii. 2</li>
+
+<li>&lsquo;Wandering Jew, The,&rsquo; ii. 186</li>
+
+<li>Warsaw, affair at, ii. 95;
+  taken by the Russians, 192</li>
+
+<li>Warwickshire Election, iii. 353, 354</li>
+
+<li>Wellesley, Marquis of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 31;
+  correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 103, 110;
+  resigns the White Wand, 258</li>
+
+<li>Wellesley, Long, Esq., committed for contempt of court, ii. 166</li>
+
+<li>Wellington, Duke of,
+  account of the battle of Waterloo, i. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
+  in Paris with Blücher, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
+  dispute with the King, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;
+  on affairs of France and Spain, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+  opinion of Bonaparte, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;
+  mission to Russia, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
+  visit to the Royal Lodge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
+  opinion of Mr. Canning, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;
+  forms a Government, 1828, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
+  resolves to carry the Catholic Relief Bill, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
+  correspondence with Dr. Curtis, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
+  ascendency of, in the Cabinet, and over the King, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
+  hardness of character of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
+  duel with Lord Winchelsea, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+  conversation with, on King George IV. and the Duke of Cumberland,
+     <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
+  prosecution of the press, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;
+  business habits of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
+  conversation with on the French Revolution, ii. 21;
+  qualities of, 41;
+  confidence in, 45;
+  declaration against Reform, 53;
+  Administration of, defeated, 61;
+  resignation of, 62;
+  suppresses disturbance in Hampshire, 75;
+  political character of, 81;
+  reported letter of advice to the King of France, 94;
+  correspondence with Mr. Canning, 103;
+  conduct towards the Government, 159;
+  objections to Mr. Canning, 170;
+  dinner at Apsley House, 188;
+  anti-Reform dinner at Apsley House, 197;
+  remarks upon, 204;
+  memorial to the King, 211;
+  correspondence with Lord Wharncliffe, 221;
+  obstinacy of, 234;
+  letter to Lord Wharncliffe, 248;
+  unbecoming letter laid before the King, 252;
+  reply to Lord Wharncliffe, 253;
+  speech on Irish Education, 272;
+  sent for by the King, 294;
+  efforts of, to form an Administration, 299;
+  inability of, to form an Administration, 300;
+  statement of his case, 302;
+  conduct of the Tory party, 302;
+  ill-feeling towards Peel, 325;
+  view of affairs, 1833, 363;
+  government of French provinces, 363;
+  respect evinced towards, 372;
+  defence of policy, 379;
+  Speech on the Coronation Oath, iii. 9, 10;
+  policy on the Irish Church Bill, 10;
+  on Portuguese affairs, 11, 26;
+  and the Bonaparte family, 26;
+  subsequent account of attempt to form a Government, 48;
+  compared with Lord Grey, 73;
+  speech on the admission of Dissenters to the University, 73;
+  presents the Oxford petition, 79;
+  and the Whigs, 82;
+  installed as Chancellor of the University of Oxford, 95;
+  First Lord of the Treasury, and Secretary of State for the Home Office, 149;
+  arrangement for a provisional Government, 149;
+  at the public offices, 1834, 154;
+  account of crisis of 1834, 162;
+  inconsistencies of, 172;
+  on the division on the Speakership, 216;
+  on Lord Londonderry&rsquo;s appointment, 227;
+  anecdote of Lord Brougham, 232;
+  on Spain, 270;
+  on the Walcheren expedition, 271;
+  policy of, on the Corporation Bill, 283;
+  letter to the Duke of Cumberland, 320;
+  speech in answer to Lord Lyndhurst, 362;
+  meeting of Tory Peers, 397;
+  crowned by the Duchess of Cannizzaro, 406;
+  quarrel with the Duke of Clarence, 406</li>
+
+<li>Western, Lord, evidence of, iii. 112</li>
+
+<li>West India Body, consternation of the, ii. 350;
+  deputation of the, 350</li>
+
+<li>West India Bill, prospects of the, iii. 13.
+  For debates on the, <i>see</i> <a href="#IX_Commons">Commons, House of</a></li>
+
+<li>West Indies, Lord Chandos&rsquo;s motion on the state of the, ii. 116;
+  project of emancipation, 347;
+  alarm in the, 352;
+  difficulties attending emancipation, 360;
+  committee on affairs of the, iii. 266;
+  decision on the office of Secretary of the Island of Jamaica, 279</li>
+
+<li>Westmeath, Marchioness of, pension, i. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Westmeath <i>v</i>. Westmeath, appeal before the Judicial Committee,
+  iii. 119, 124;
+  decision in, 140</li>
+
+<li>Westminster election, 1818, contest, i. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
+  in 1819, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
+  in 1833, ii. 370;
+  in 1837, iii. 398</li>
+
+<li>Wetherell, Sir Charles, account of, i. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
+  speech on the Reform Bill, ii. 123;
+  supports Sir E. Sugden&rsquo;s motion, 314</li>
+
+<li>Wharncliffe, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Wharncliffe" id="IX_Wharncliffe"></a>
+  interview with Radical Jones, ii. 200;
+  overtures for a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211;
+  character of, 213;
+  draws up a declaration for signature in the City, 214;
+  disappointment of, 218;
+  final interview of, with Lord Grey, 220;
+  correspondence of, with the Duke of Wellington, 221;
+  interview of, with the King on the proposed new Peers, 231, 233;
+  memorandum laid before the King, 252;
+  as chief of a party, 289;
+  in communication with Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Ellenborough, 290;
+  defends his policy, 292;
+  paper on the Tory party, 343;
+  on the prospects of the country, iii. 54;
+  joins the Peel Government, 175;
+  on the prospects of the session, 341</li>
+
+<li>Whately, Richard, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 280</li>
+
+<li>Whig party, state of the, iii. 159;
+  tactics of the, 216;
+  union with O&rsquo;Connell, 219;
+  symptoms of disunion in the, 221;
+  meeting at Lichfield House, 224;
+  prospects of the, 235</li>
+
+<li>Wicklow, Earl of, attack on the Government, iii. 110</li>
+
+<li>Wilberforce, William, speech of, i. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
+  negotiation with Mr. Canning, ii. 125</li>
+
+<li>William IV., King, accession of, ii. 1;
+  <a name="IX_William" id="IX_William"></a>
+  dislike of, to the Duke of Cumberland, 5;
+  behaviour of, 6, 9;
+  at the House of Lords, 11;
+  personal anecdotes of, 11, 12, 13, 14;
+  dinner at Apsley House, 14;
+  at Windsor, 25;
+  pays the racing debts of the Duke of York, 50;
+  speech on the change of Government, 72;
+  levee, 74;
+  health of, 106, 108;
+  mobbed on returning from the theatre, 117;
+  in mourning for his son-in-law, 133;
+  in the House of Lords, 136;
+  dissolves Parliament, 136;
+  conduct to his Ministers, 138;
+  at Ascot, 147;
+  opens Parliament, 153;
+  at Windsor, 179;
+  and the Bishops, 185;
+  divides the old Great Seal, 188;
+  crowned at Westminster, 190;
+  levee, 192;
+  toasts at dinner at St James&rsquo;s, 193;
+  interview with Lord Wharncliffe on creation of new Peers, 233;
+  health of, 282;
+  reluctance of, to make Peers, 283;
+  adverse sentiments towards the Whigs, 298;
+  dinner to the Jockey Club, 301;
+  levity of, 302;
+  letter to the Peers, 303;
+  character of, 307;
+  struck by a stone, 307;
+  country dance, 341;
+  anecdotes of, 342;
+  state of mind of, 364;
+  letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 382, 383;
+  letter-writing, iii. 2;
+  animosity to the French, 33;
+  irritability of, 81;
+  conduct of, 84;
+  personal feelings towards the members of Lord
+    Melbourne&rsquo;s Administration, 137;
+  dismissal of Lord Melbourne, 144;
+  speech to the Tory Lords, 148;
+  provisional appointments, 148;
+  account of difference with Lord Melbourne, 150;
+  resolution of, to support the Tory Government, 161;
+  address to the new Ministers, 175;
+  on the state of Persia, 184;
+  whims of, 203;
+  Island of St. Bartholomew, 203;
+  indignation of, at the affair of Lord Londonderry, 231;
+  distress of, 245;
+  and the Ministers, 251;
+  personal habits of, 264;
+  speech to Sir Charles Grey, 272;
+  audience to Lord Durham, 272;
+  hostility towards Lord Glenelg and the Ministers, 276;
+  conduct to the Speaker, 279;
+  scene with Lord Torrington, 285;
+  speech to the Bishops, 303;
+  speech on the Militia, 311;
+  and the Duchess of Kent, 313;
+  speech at dinner to the Jockey Club, 351;
+  Toryism of, 358;
+  joke, 361;
+  speech to the Bishop of Ely, 363;
+  proposes the health of the Princess Victoria, 364;
+  aversion to his Ministers, 364, 366;
+  speech to Lord Minto, <i>ib.</i>;
+  rudeness to the Duchess of Kent, 366;
+  scene at birthday party, 367;
+  reception of King Leopold, 370;
+  speech, 1837, 385;
+  address to Lord Aylmer, 394;
+  illness of, 399, 400;
+  letter to the Princess Victoria, 399;
+  dangerous illness of, 401;
+  prayers offered up for, 403;
+  death of, 406;
+  kindness of heart of, 410</li>
+
+<li>Williams, Sir John, Justice of the Common Pleas, iii. 71</li>
+
+<li>Winchelsea, Earl of,
+  duel of, with the Duke of Wellington, i. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
+  incident of the handkerchief, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Winchester Cathedral, iii. 283</li>
+
+<li>Windham, Right Hon. William, diary of, i. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
+  conversation with Doctor Johnson, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Windsor Castle, dinner in St. George&rsquo;s Hall, ii. 34, 42;
+  dinner during the Ascot week, 147</li>
+
+<li>Windsor election, mobs at the, iii. 130</li>
+
+<li>Woburn, party at, i. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
+  riot at, ii. 77</li>
+
+<li>Wood, Charles, on the Reform Bill, ii. 280</li>
+
+<li>Wood, Matthew, returned to Parliament for the City of London, iii. 188</li>
+
+<li>Worcester, Marchioness of, death of the, i. <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Worcester Cathedral, iii. 327;
+  monument of Bishop Hough, 327</li>
+
+<li>Wordsworth, William, characteristics of, ii. 120</li>
+
+<li>Wortley, Right Hon. John, Secretary to the Board of Control,
+  i. <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.
+  <i>See</i> <a href="#IX_Wharncliffe">Wharncliffe</a></li>
+
+<li>Wrottesley, Sir John, motion of, for a call of the House, iii. 8, 13</li>
+
+<li>Wynford, Lord,
+  <a name="IX_Wynford" id="IX_Wynford"></a>
+  raised to the Peerage, i. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
+  Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Wynn, Right Hon. Charles,
+  President of the Board of Control, i. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
+  resignation of, ii. 124</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_X" id="IX_X"></a>
+<a name="IX_Y" id="IX_Y"></a>
+York, H.R.H. the Duke of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+  management of racing establishment, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
+  dislike to the Duke of Wellington, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+  duel with the Duke of Richmond, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
+  anecdotes of King George IV., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;
+  illness of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
+  funeral of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;
+  letter to Lord Liverpool on the Catholic question, ii. 104</li>
+
+<li>York, H.R.H. the Duchess of, character of, i. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
+  portrait of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
+  illness of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
+  death of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Young, Thomas, private secretary to Lord Melbourne, iii. 126</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a name="IX_Z" id="IX_Z"></a>
+Zea Bermudez, iii. 21;
+  dismissal of, 55</li>
+
+<li>Zumalacarreguy, ii. 270</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS ***
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Greville Memoirs
+       A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William
+       IV, Volume 1 (of 3)
+
+Author: Charles C. F. Greville
+
+Editor: Henry Reeve
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25700]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Eve M. Behr and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+    In this work, all spellings and punctuation were
+    reproduced from the original work except in the very few
+    cases where an obvious typo occurred. These typos are
+    corrected without comment.
+
+    In the original work, monetary pounds were expressed as
+    an italicized "l." after the number. For the text
+    version, I am using the more conventional L100 form for
+    clarity.
+
+    In the original volumes in this set, each even-numbered
+    page had a header consisting of the page number, the
+    volume title, and the chapter number. The odd-numbered
+    page header consisted of the year of the diary entry, a
+    subject phrase, and the page number. In this set of
+    e-books, the year is included as part of the date (which
+    in the original volume were in the form reproduced here,
+    minus the year). The subject phrase has been converted to
+    sidenotes, usually positioned where it seemed most
+    logical but occasionally simply between two paragraphs of
+    the even-odd pair.
+
+    In the original book set, consisting of three volumes,
+    the master index was in Volume 3. In this set of e-books,
+    the index has been duplicated into each of the other
+    volumes.  To make the index easier to use in this work,
+    the page number has been added to each Diary date.
+
+                *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       The Greville Memoirs
+
+                     A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS
+                                of
+                         KING GEORGE IV.
+                               and
+                         KING WILLIAM IV.
+
+
+                           By the Late
+                   CHARLES C. F. GREVILLE, Esq.
+             Clerk of the Council to Those Sovereigns
+
+                            Edited by
+                           HENRY REEVE
+                  Registrar of the Privy Council
+
+
+                         IN THREE VOLUMES
+                             VOL. I.
+
+                          Second Edition
+
+                              LONDON
+                     LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+                               1874
+
+
+
+
+                             PREFACE
+                          BY THE EDITOR
+
+
+The Author of these Journals requested me, in January 1865, a few
+days before his death, to take charge of them with a view to
+publication at some future time. He left that time to my
+discretion, merely remarking that Memoirs of this kind ought not,
+in his opinion, to be locked up until they had lost their
+principal interest by the death of all those who had taken any
+part in the events they describe. He placed several of the
+earlier volumes at once in my hands, and he intimated to his
+surviving brother and executor, Mr. Henry Greville, his desire
+that the remainder should be given me for this purpose. The
+injunction was at once complied with after Mr. Charles Greville's
+death, and this interesting deposit has now remained for nearly
+ten years in my possession. In my opinion this period of time is
+long enough to remove every reasonable objection to the
+publication of a contemporary record of events already separated
+from us by a much longer interval, for the transactions related
+in these volumes commence in 1818 and end in 1837. I therefore
+commit to the press that portion of these Memoirs which embraces
+the Reigns of King George IV. and King William IV., ending with
+the Accession of her present Majesty.
+
+In accepting the trust and deposit which Mr. Greville thought fit
+to place in my hands, I felt, and still feel, that I undertook a
+task and a duty of considerable responsibility; but from the time
+and the manner in which it was offered me I could not decline it.
+I had lived for more than five-and-twenty years in the daily
+intercourse of official life and private friendship with Mr.
+Greville. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, to whom he had previously
+intended to leave these Journals, died before him. After that
+event, deeply to be regretted on so many accounts, Mr. Greville
+did me the honour to select me for the performance of this duty,
+which was unexpected by myself; and my strong attachment and
+gratitude to him for numberless acts of kindness and marks of
+confidence bound me by every consideration to obey and execute
+the wishes of my late friend.
+
+In the discharge of this trust I have been guided by no other
+motive than the desire to present these Memorials to the world in
+a manner which their Author would not have disapproved, and in
+strict conformity with his own wishes and injunctions. He
+himself, it should be said, had frequently revised them with
+great care. He had studiously omitted and erased passages
+relating to private persons or affairs, which could only serve to
+gratify the love of idle gossip and scandal. The Journals contain
+absolutely nothing relating to his own family, and but little
+relating to his private life. In a passage (not now published) of
+his own writings, the Author remarks:--
+
+    'A journal to be good, true, and interesting, should be
+    written without the slightest reference to publication,
+    but without any fear of it: it should be the transcript
+    of a mind that can bear transcribing. I always
+    contemplate the possibility that hereafter my journal
+    will be read, and I regard with alarm and dislike the
+    notion of its containing matters about myself which
+    nobody will care to know' (January 2nd, 1838).
+
+These notes were designed chiefly to preserve a record of the
+less known causes and details of public events which came under
+the Author's observation, and they are interspersed with the
+conversations of many of the eminent men with whom he associated.
+But it must be borne in mind that they are essentially what they
+profess to be--a _contemporary_ record of facts and opinions, not
+altered or made up to square with subsequent experience. Hence
+some facts may be inaccurately stated, because they are given in
+the shape they assumed at the time they were recorded, and some
+opinions and judgments on men and things are at variance (as he
+himself acknowledges and points out) with those at which the
+writer afterwards arrived on the same persons and subjects. Our
+impressions of what is passing around us vary so rapidly and so
+continually, that a contemporary record of opinion, honestly
+preserved, differs very widely from the final and mature judgment
+of history: yet the judgment of history must be based upon
+contemporary evidence. It was remarked by an acute observer to
+Mr. Greville himself, that the _nuances_ in political society are
+so delicate and numerous, the details so nice and varying, that
+unless caught at the moment they escape, and it is impossible to
+collect them again. That is the charm and the merit of genuine
+contemporary records.
+
+The two leading qualities in the mind of Mr. Greville were the
+love of truth and the love of justice. His natural curiosity,
+which led him to track out and analyse the causes of events with
+great eagerness, was stimulated by the desire to arrive at their
+real origin, and to award to everyone, with judicial impartiality,
+what appeared to him to be a just share of responsibility.
+Without the passions or the motives of a party politician, he
+ardently sympathised with the cause of Liberal progress and
+Conservative improvement, or, as he himself expresses it, with
+Conservative principles on a Liberal basis. He was equally
+opposed to the prejudices of the old Tory aristocracy, amongst
+whom he had been brought up, and to the impetuous desire of
+change which achieved in his time so many vast and various
+triumphs. His own position, partly from the nature of the
+permanent office he held in the Privy Council, and partly from
+his personal intimacies with men of very opposite opinions, was a
+neutral one; but he used that neutral position with consummate
+judgment and address to remove obstacles, to allay irritations,
+to compose differences, and to promote, as far as lay in his
+power, the public welfare. Contented with his own social
+position, he was alike free from ambition and from vanity. No man
+was more entirely disinterested in his judgments on public
+affairs, for he had long made up his mind that he had nothing to
+gain or to lose by them, and in the opinions he formed, and on
+occasion energetically maintained, he cared for nothing but their
+justice and their truth. I trust that I do not deceive myself in
+the belief that the impressions of such a man, faithfully
+rendered at the time, on the events happening around him, will be
+thought to possess a permanent value and interest. But I am aware
+that opinions governed by no party standard will appear to a
+certain extent to be fluctuating and even inconsistent. I have
+not thought it consistent with my duty as the Editor of these
+papers to suppress or modify any of the statements or opinions of
+their Author on public men or public events; nor do I hold myself
+in any way responsible for the tenor of them. Some of these
+judgments of the writer may be thought harsh and severe, and some
+of them were subsequently mitigated by himself. But those who
+enter public life submit their conduct and their lives to the
+judgment of their contemporaries and of posterity, and this is
+especially true of those who fill the most exalted stations in
+society. Every act, almost every thought, which is brought home
+to them leaves its mark, and those who come after them cannot
+complain that this mark is as indelible as their fame. The only
+omissions I have thought it right to make are a few passages and
+expressions relating to persons and occurrences in private life,
+in which I have sought to publish nothing which could give pain
+or annoyance to persons still alive.
+
+It will be observed that these Journals begin in the year 1818,
+when Mr. Greville was barely twenty-four years of age, and indeed
+I possess some notes of an earlier period, which it was not
+thought desirable to include in this publication. At that age Mr.
+Greville had but a short experience of life, without the
+opportunities of information which he subsequently enjoyed;
+consequently the first two or three chapters of the first volume
+are of secondary interest, and the political value of the work
+begins with the retirement of Lord Liverpool. But it is by his
+own express desire that these chapters are retained to complete
+the series, and the particulars relating to the Duke of York and
+to the Queen's trial are not without interest. As the Author
+advanced in life his narrative increases in value both in
+substance and in style, and the most important portion of it is
+that which must at present be reserved for future publication.
+
+Of the Author of these Journals it may suffice to say that
+Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville was the eldest of the three sons
+of Charles Greville (who was grandson of the fifth Lord Warwick),
+by Lady Charlotte Cavendish Bentinck, eldest daughter of William
+Henry, third Duke of Portland, K.G., who filled many great
+offices of State. He was born on the 2nd of April, 1794. Much of
+his childhood was spent at his grandfather's house at Bulstrode.
+He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford; but he left
+the University early, having been appointed private secretary to
+Earl Bathurst before he was twenty.
+
+The influence of the Duke of Portland obtained for him early in
+life the sinecure appointment of the Secretaryship of Jamaica,
+the duties of that office being performed by deputy, and likewise
+the reversion of the Clerkship of the Council. He entered in 1821
+upon the duties of Clerk of the Council in Ordinary, which he
+discharged for nearly forty years. During the last twenty years
+of his life Mr. Greville occupied a suite of rooms in the house
+of Earl Granville in Bruton Street, and there, on the 18th of
+January, 1865, he expired. I was with him on the previous evening
+until he retired to rest; from that sleep he never woke.
+
+No additions whatever have been made to the text of these
+Journals. The passages occasionally interposed in a parenthesis,
+at a later date, to correct or comment upon a previous statement,
+are all by the hand of the Author. So likewise are the notes
+distinguished by no mark. For the notes included in brackets []
+the Editor is responsible.
+
+                                                      Henry Reeve.
+                                                 October 1st, 1874
+
+
+
+
+                   Contents of the First Volume
+
+
+                            CHAPTER I.
+
+Queen Charlotte--Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge--
+  Westminster Election--Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and
+  Sir Murray Maxwell--London Election--Oatlands--The Duke of
+  York--Duchess of York--Ampthill--Tixall--Mr. Luttrell--Lady
+  Granville--Teddesley--Macao--Burleigh--Middleton--Lady Jersey--
+  The New Parliament--Tierney and Pitt--Princess Lieven--Madame
+  de Stael on the French Revolution--Westminster Election--
+  Hobhouse Defeated--Scarlett's Maiden Speech--Influence of
+  Party--Play--The Persian Ambassador at Court--Prince Leopold--
+  Woburn--Anecdote of the Allies--Death of George III.--Illness
+  of George IV.--Queen Caroline--Fleury de Chabaulon--The Cato
+  Street Conspiracy--George IV. at Ascot--Marchioness of
+  Conyngham--Queen Caroline in London--Message to Parliament--
+  Debates--Insubordination in the Guards--Wilberforce's Motion--
+  Proceedings against the Queen--'Les Liaisons dangereuses'--The
+  Queen's Trial--The Duke of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo
+  and the Occupation of Paris.
+                                                           Page 1
+
+
+                           CHAPTER II.
+
+Popularity of George IV.--The Duke of York's Racing
+  Establishment--Clerk of the Council--Lord Liverpool and Mr.
+  Sumner--Lady Conyngham--Death of Lady Worcester--Her
+  Character--Ball at Devonshire House--The Duke of York's
+  Aversion to the Duke of Wellington--The Pavilion at Brighton--
+  Lord Francis Conyngham--The King and the Duke of Wellington--
+  Death of the Marquis of Londonderry--His Policy--Sir B.
+  Bloomfield sent to Stockholm--Mr. Canning's Foreign Secretary--
+  Queen Caroline and Brougham--Canning and George IV.--Lord
+  William Bentinck aspires to go to India--His Disappointment--
+  The Duke of York's Duel with Colonel Lennox--George III.'s
+  Will--George IV. appropriates the late King's Personal
+  Property--The Duke of Wellington on the Congress of Verona and
+  on the Politics of Europe--Intervention in Spain--Ferdinand
+  VII.--M. de Villele--The Duke's Opinion of Napoleon--Sir
+  William Knighton--The Duke of York's Anecdotes of George IV.--
+  Death of the Marquis of Titchfield--His Character
+                                                          Page 43
+
+
+                           CHAPTER III.
+
+The Panic of 1825--Death of the Emperor Alexander--The Duke of
+  Wellington's Embassy to St. Petersburg--Robinson Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer--Small Notes Bill--Death of Arthur de Ros--George
+  III. and Lord Bute--Illness and Death of the Duke of York--His
+  Funeral--Lord Liverpool struck with Paralysis--Rundell's
+  Fortune and Will--Copley and Phillpotts--The Cottage--Formation
+  of Mr. Canning's Administration--Secession of the Tories--The
+  Whigs join him--Dinner at the Royal Lodge--Difficulties of
+  Canning's Government--Duke of Wellington visits the King--
+  Canning's Death--Anecdotes of Mr. Canning--Recognition of South
+  American States--His Industry--The Duke of Wellington on
+  Canning--Lord Goderich's Administration formed--The Difficulty
+  about Herries--Position of the Whigs--The King's Letter to
+  Herries--Peel and George IV.--Interview of Lord Lansdowne with
+  the King--Weakness of the Government--First Resignation of Lord
+  Goderich--Lord Harrowby declines the Premiership--Lord Goderich
+  returns--Brougham and Rogers--Conversation and Character of
+  Brougham--Lord Goderich's Ministry dissolved--Cause of its
+  Dissolution--Hostility of Herries--Position of Huskisson and
+  his Friends--Herries and Huskisson both join the New Cabinet
+                                                         Page  77
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Duke of Wellington's Administration--Huskisson's Speech--
+  Irritation of Mr. Canning's Friends--Tom Duncombe's Maiden
+  Speech--Mr. Huskisson resigns and the Canningites quit the
+  Government--Princess Lieven hostile to the Duke--The Catholic
+  Question--Jockey Club Dinner at St. James's--Lord Lyndhurst--
+  Sir Robert Adair--Fox and Burke--Fox and Pitt--The Lord High
+  Admiral dismissed by the King--Dawson's Speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation--The King's Health--His Pages--State of Ireland--
+  Marquis of Anglesey--O'Connell--His Influence in Ireland--Lord
+  Belmore Governor of Jamaica--The Duke's Letter to Dr. Curtis--
+  Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland--Causes of this Event--
+  Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question--His Aversion
+  to Sir William Knighton--Character of George IV.--Denman's Silk
+  Gown--Pension to Lady Westmeath--Duke of Wellington on Russia--
+  The Reis-Effendi--Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland--Privy
+  Council Register--State Paper Office--The Gunpowder Plot--
+  Catholic Emancipation--Navarino
+                                                         Page 124
+
+
+                            CHAPTER V.
+
+The Catholic Relief Bill--Inconsistency of the Tories--The
+  Catholic Association--Dinner at Charles Grant's--The Terceira
+  Expedition--Tory Discontent--Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford
+  University--A Blunder in Chancery--The Oxford Election--
+  Influence of the Duke of Wellington--Debate of Royal Dukes--
+  Peel beaten--Sir Edward Codrington--Violence of the King--
+  Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill--The Duke of Cumberland--
+  Furious State of Parties--Matuscewitz--Peel's Speech on
+  Catholic Emancipation--Exclusion of O'Connell from his Seat for
+  Clare--Pitt's View of Catholic Emancipation--'Musae
+  Cateatonenses'--'Thorough'--Mr. Lowther not turned out--Duke of
+  Newcastle's Audience of George IV.--The King's Personal
+  Habits--The Debate--Mr. Sadler--Hardness of the Duke of
+  Wellington--His Duel with Lord Winchelsea--The Bishops and the
+  Bill--Sir Charles Wetherell--The King on the Duel--Lord
+  Winchelsea's Pocket-handkerchief--Debate on the Catholic Bill--
+  The Duke of Richmond--Effects of Dawson's Speech on the King--
+  The Bill in Jeopardy--Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey--Lord
+  Falmouth and Lord Grey--O'Connell at Dinner--The Duke breaks
+  with Lord Eldon--Hibner the Murderess--Theatrical Fund--The
+  Levee--The Duke's Carriage stopped--The King's Health--Lady
+  Conyngham--O'Connell's Seat--Child's Ball at Court--Princess
+  Victoria--Legal Appointments--Lord Palmerston on Foreign
+  Affairs--The King and Lord Sefton--The King's Speech on the
+  Prorogation--Madame Du Cayla--George IV.'s Inaccuracy--
+  Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on the King and the Duke
+  of Cumberland
+                                                         Page 166
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VI.
+
+The Recorder's Report--Manners of George IV--Intrigues of the
+  Duke of Cumberland--Insults Lady Lyndhurst--Deacon Hume at the
+  Board of Trade--Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the
+  Lord Chancellor--A Bad Season--Prostration of Turkey--France
+  under Polignac--State of Ireland--Mr. Windham's Diary--George
+  IV.'s Eyesight--Junius--A Man without Money--Court-martial on
+  Captain Dickenson--The Duke and the 'Morning Journal'--Physical
+  Courage of the King--A Charade at Chatsworth--Huskisson and the
+  Duke--Irish Trials--Tom Moore--Scott--Byron--Fanny Kemble--Sir
+  James Mackintosh--His Conversation--Black Irishmen--Moore's
+  Irish Story--Moore's Singing--George IV. and Mr. Denman--
+  Strawberry Hill--Moore at Trinity College--Indian Vengeance at
+  Niagara--Count Woronzow--Lord Glengall's Play--The Recorder's
+  Report
+                                                         Page 221
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VII.
+
+Chapter of the Bath--The Duc de Dino arrested--A Ball to the
+  Divan--English Policy in Greece--Sir Thomas Lawrence--
+  Gallatin--Court of King's Bench--Accident to the Grand Duke
+  Constantine--Osterley--Young Sidney Herbert--Duke of Wellington
+  in Office--Stapleton's 'Life of Canning'--Death of Sir Thomas
+  Lawrence--Leopold and the Throne of Greece--Canning's Answers
+  to Lord Grey--Distressed State of the Country--Canning's
+  Greatness and his Failings--Death of Tierney--Sir Martin Shee
+  President--The Duke of Wellington's Views and Conduct--The
+  coming Session--Moore's 'Life of Byron'--Character of Byron--
+  Opening of Parliament--The Fire King--The Duke of Wellington's
+  Speaking--The English Opera House burnt down--Lord Thurlow on
+  Kenyon and Buller--Old Rothschild--Lansdowne House--Earl
+  Stanhope--John Murray--Departure for Italy
+                                                         Page 254
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Calais--Beau Brummell--Paris--The Polignac Ministry--Polignac and
+  Charles X.--The Duke of Orleans--State of Parties--Talleyrand--
+  Lyons--First Impressions of Mountain Scenery--Mont Cenis--
+  Turin--Marengo--Genoa--Road to Florence--Pisa--Florence--Lord
+  and Lady Burghersh--Thorwaldsen--Lord Cochrane--Rome--St.
+  Peter's--Frascati--Grotto Ferrata--Queen Hortense and Louis
+  Napoleon--Coliseum--Death of Lady Northampton--The Moses--
+  Gardens--Palm Sunday--Sistine Chapel--The Cardinals--Popes--
+  Cardinal Albani--The Farnese Palace--A Dead Cardinal--Pasquin--
+  Statue of Pompey--Galleries and Catacombs--Bunsen--The Papal
+  Benediction--Ceremonies of the Holy Week--The Grand
+  Penitentiary--A Confession--Protestant Cemetery--Illumination
+  of St. Peter's--Torlonia--Bunsen on the Forum
+                                                         Page 282
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IX.
+
+Lake of Albano--Velletri--Naples--Rapid Travelling in 1830--A
+  Trial at Naples--Deciphering Manuscripts--Ball at the Duchesse
+  d'Eboli's--Matteis's Plot and Trial--Pompeii--Taking the Veil--
+  Pausilippo--Baiae--La Cava--Salerno--Paestum--Lazaroni--Museum
+  of Naples--Grotto del Cane--The Camaldoli--Herculaneum--
+  Vesuvius--Sorrento--Miracle of St. Januarius--Astroni--Farewell
+  to Naples
+                                                         Page 331
+
+
+                            CHAPTER X.
+
+Moladi Gaeta--Capua--Lines on leaving Naples--Return to Rome--The
+  Aqueducts--'Domine, quo vadis?'--St. Peter's--The Scala Santa--
+  Reasons in Favour of San Gennaro--Ascent of St. Peter's--
+  Library of the Vatican--A racing _ex voto_--Illness of George
+  IV.--Approaching _Coup d'Etat_ in France--The Villa Mills--The
+  Malaria--Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg--The Emperor Nicholas on
+  his Accession--Cardinal Albani--A _Columbarium_--Maii--Sir
+  William Gell--Tivoli--Hadrian's Villa--The Adventures of Miss
+  Kelly and Mr. Swift--Audience of the Pope--Gibson's Studio--End
+  of Miss Kelly's Marriage--A Great Function--The Jesuits--
+  Saint-making--San Lorenzo in Lucina--The Flagellants--Statues
+  by Torchlight--Bunsen on the State of Rome--Frascati--Relations
+  of Protestant States with Rome--The French Ministry--M. de
+  Villele--The Coliseum--Excommunication of a Thief--The
+  Passionists--The Corpus Domini--A Rash Marriage--Farewell to
+  Rome--Falls of Terni--Statue at Pratolino--Bologna--
+  Mezzofanti--Ferrara--Venice--Padua--Vicenza--Brescia--Verona--
+  Milan--Lago Maggiore--The Simplon--Geneva--Paris
+                                                         Page 350
+
+
+                              NOTE.
+
+Mr. Greville's Connexion with the Turf.
+
+
+
+
+                            A JOURNAL
+                              of the
+                 REIGN OF KING GEORGE THE FOURTH
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER I.
+
+Queen Charlotte--Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge--
+  Westminster Election--Contest between Sir Francis Burdett and
+  Sir Murray Maxwell--London Election--Oatlands--The Duke of
+  York--Duchess of York--Ampthill--Tixall--Mr. Luttrell--Lady
+  Granville--Teddesley--Macao--Burleigh--Middleton--Lady Jersey--
+  The New Parliament--Tierney and Pitt--Princess Lieven--Madame
+  de Stael on the French Revolution--Westminster Election--
+  Hobhouse Defeated--Scarlett's Maiden Speech--Influence of
+  Party--Play--The Persian Ambassador at Court--Prince Leopold--
+  Woburn--Anecdote of the Allies--Death of George III.--Illness
+  of George IV.--Queen Caroline--Fleury de Chabaulon--The Cato
+  Street Conspiracy--George IV. at Ascot--Marchioness of
+  Conyngham--Queen Caroline in London--Message to Parliament--
+  Debates--Insubordination in the Guards--Wilberforce's Motion--
+  Proceedings against the Queen--'Les Liaisons dangereuses'--The
+  Queen's Trial--The Duke of Wellington on the Battle of Waterloo
+  and the Occupation of Paris.
+
+
+                              1818.
+
+
+I began to keep a Journal some time ago, and, after continuing it
+irregularly, dropped it entirely. I have since felt tempted to
+resume it, because, having frequent opportunities of mixing in
+the society of celebrated men, some particulars about them might
+be interesting hereafter.
+
+
+[Page Head: LAST YEARS OF THE REGENCY.]
+
+June 7th, 1818 {p.001}
+
+The dissolution of Parliament is deferred on account of the
+mistakes which have been made in passing the Alien Bill. On
+Friday night the exultation of the Opposition was very great at
+what they deemed a victory over the Ministers. It is said that
+there will be 100 contests, and that Government will lose twenty
+or thirty members. The Queen was so ill on Friday evening that
+they expected she would die. She had a severe spasm.[1]
+
+      [1] [Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., died on the
+          17th of November of this year, 1818.]
+
+The Duchess of Cambridge[2] has been received in a most
+flattering manner here, and it is said that the Duchess of
+Cumberland is severely mortified at the contrast between her
+reception and that of her sister-in-law. On the Sunday after her
+arrival the Duke took her to walk in the Park, when she was so
+terrified by the pressure of the mob about her that she nearly
+fainted away.
+
+      [2] [Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, seventh
+          son of George III., married on the 7th of May, 1818,
+          Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Princess of Hesse, youngest
+          daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. Ernest, Duke
+          of Cumberland, the King's fourth son, married on the
+          29th of August, 1815, at Strelitz, the Princess
+          Frederica, third daughter of the Duke of
+          Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This lady had been twice married
+          before, first to Prince Frederic Louis Charles of
+          Prussia, and secondly to the Prince of Salms-Braunfels.
+          As the Duchess of Cumberland had been divorced from her
+          last husband, the Queen received her with great
+          coldness; and the position in which she was placed
+          contrasted strongly with that of the Duchess of
+          Cambridge on her marriage.]
+
+The Regent drives in the Park every day in a tilbury, with his
+groom sitting by his side; grave men are shocked at this
+undignified practice.
+
+
+June 21st, 1818 {p.002}
+
+I dined at Holland House last Thursday. The party consisted of
+Lord Lansdowne, Mr. Frere, and Mrs. Tierney and her son. After
+dinner Mr. Frere repeated to us a great deal of that part of
+'Whistlecraft' which is not yet published.[3] I laughed whenever
+I could, but as I have never read the first part, and did not
+understand the second, I was not so much amused as the rest of
+the company.
+
+      [3] [The whole poem of 'Whistlecraft' has since been
+          republished in the collected works of the Right Hon.
+          Hookham Frere.]
+
+On Friday I went to the Stud-house, where a great party was
+assembled to see the stock and buy them. After visiting the
+paddocks, Bloomfield[4] gave a magnificent dinner to the company
+in a tent near the house; it was the finest feast I ever saw, but
+the badness of the weather spoilt the entertainment.
+
+      [4] [Sir Benjamin Bloomfield filled the offices of Marshal
+          and Chief Equerry to the Regent, and in 1817 he became
+          Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall and Keeper of
+          the Privy Purse to the Prince. The Stud-house of
+          Hampton Court had been given him as a residence. He was
+          raised to the peerage in 1825.]
+
+The Queen's illness was occasioned by information which she
+received of the Duchesses of Cumberland and Cambridge having met
+and embraced. This meeting took place as if by accident, but
+really by appointment, in Kew Gardens; and the Duke of Cambridge
+himself informed the Queen of it. She was in such a rage that the
+spasm was brought on, and she was very near dying.
+
+
+[Page Head: A GENERAL ELECTION.]
+
+June 24th, 1818 {p.003}
+
+The elections are carried on with great violence, and every day
+we hear of fresh contests being in agitation. The disgraceful
+scenes which have taken place in Westminster excite universal
+shame and indignation. The mob seem to have shaken off the
+feelings and the usual character of Englishmen, and in the brutal
+attacks which they have made on Captain Maxwell have displayed
+the savage ferocity which marked the mobs of Paris in the worst
+times. He has been so much hurt that his life is now in danger.
+Sir F. Burdett told me this morning that as soon as he was at the
+head of the poll he thought he should appear upon the hustings
+and thank the people for having raised him thus high. It is
+supposed that Burdett has laid out L10,000. on this election,
+though his friends do not acknowledge that he has spent anything.
+It is clear that the open houses, cockades, and bands of music we
+have seen these three days were not procured for nothing.
+
+Lord Castlereagh went to the hustings, and voted for Sir Murray
+Maxwell; he was hooted, pelted, and got off with some difficulty.
+His Lordship's judgment was not very conspicuous on this
+occasion; both Sir Murray's friends and enemies are of opinion
+that Lord Castlereagh's vote did him a great deal of harm and
+turned many men against him. The severest contests will be in
+Wiltshire, Herefordshire, Devonshire, and Lincolnshire. The
+elections are going against Government generally; in London
+particularly, as the Ministers lose one seat in the Borough and
+two in the City. This last election is the most unexpected of
+all. Curtis has been member for twenty-eight years, and has been
+used to come in very high on the poll. On this occasion the
+contest between him and Alderman Thorpe was severe, but Curtis
+would have carried it had not Wood and Waithman coalesced with
+Thorpe the last day, and thrown their spare votes over to him;
+this determined the election in his favour.[5]
+
+      [5] [Sir William Curtis was the Ministerial candidate in
+          the City of London; he was thrown out, and Messrs.
+          Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and Thorpe were returned.]
+
+
+June 30th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+There was an affray yesterday afternoon in Covent Garden. Sir
+Murray Maxwell's people paraded about a large boat drawn by six
+horses. Burdett's mob attacked and demolished the boat, and this
+action having raised their spirits, the contest continued. The
+consequence was that a large party of Horse Guards were marched
+into Covent Garden, and paraded there during the rest of the
+night. The people expressed their discontent by cries of 'This is
+what they call freedom of election!' 'Burdett for ever!' &c.[6]
+
+      [6] [The Westminster election terminated as follows:--Sir
+          Samuel Romilly, 5,339; Sir Francis Burdett, 5,238; Sir
+          Murray Maxwell, 4,808; Henry Hunt, 84.]
+
+
+August 4th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+I went to Oatlands[7] on Saturday. There was a very large party--
+Mr. and Mrs. Burrell, Lord Alvanley, Berkeley Craven, Cooke,
+Arthur Upton, Armstrong, Foley, Lord Lauderdale, Lake, Page, Lord
+Yarmouth. We played at whist till four in the morning. On Sunday
+we amused ourselves with eating fruit in the garden, and shooting
+at a mark with pistols, and playing with the monkeys. I bathed in
+the cold bath in the grotto, which is as clear as crystal and as
+cold as ice. Oatlands is the worst managed establishment in
+England; there are a great many servants, and nobody waits on
+you; a vast number of horses, and none to ride or drive.
+
+      [7] [Oatlands Park, Weybridge, at that time the residence
+          of the Duke of York.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.]
+
+August 15th, 1818 {p.004}
+
+The parties at Oatlands take place every Saturday, and the guests
+go away on Monday morning. These parties begin as soon as the
+Duchess leaves London, and last till the October meetings. During
+the Egham races there is a large party which remains there from
+the Saturday before the races till the Monday se'nnight
+following; this is called the Duchess's party, and she invites
+the guests. The Duke is only there himself from Saturday to
+Monday. There are almost always the same people, sometimes more,
+sometimes less. We dine at eight, and sit at table till eleven.
+In about a quarter of an hour after we leave the dining-room the
+Duke sits down to play at whist, and never stirs from the table
+as long as anybody will play with him. When anybody gives any
+hint of being tired he will leave off, but if he sees no signs of
+weariness in others he will never stop himself. He is equally
+well amused whether the play is high or low, but the stake he
+prefers is fives and ponies.[8] The Duchess generally plays also
+at half-crown whist. The Duke always gets up very early, whatever
+time he may go to bed. On Sunday morning he goes to church,
+returns to a breakfast of tea and cold meat, and afterwards rides
+or walks till the evening. On Monday morning he always sets off
+to London at nine o'clock. He sleeps equally well in a bed or in
+a carriage. The Duchess seldom goes to bed, or, if she does, only
+for an hour or two; she sleeps dressed upon a couch, sometimes in
+one room, sometimes in another. She frequently walks out very
+late at night, or rather early in the morning, and she always
+sleeps with open windows. She dresses and breakfasts at three
+o'clock, afterwards walks out with all her dogs, and seldom
+appears before dinner-time. At night, when she cannot sleep, she
+has women to read to her. The Duchess of York[9] is clever and
+well-informed; she likes society and dislikes all form and
+ceremony, but in the midst of the most familiar intercourse she
+always preserves a certain dignity of manner. Those who are in
+the habit of going to Oatlands are perfectly at their ease with
+her, and talk with as much freedom as they would to any other
+woman, but always with great respect. Her mind is not perhaps the
+most delicate; she shows no dislike to coarseness of sentiment or
+language, and I have seen her very much amused with jokes,
+stories, and allusions which would shock a very nice person. But
+her own conversation is never polluted with anything the least
+indelicate or unbecoming. She is very sensible to little
+attentions, and is annoyed if anybody appears to keep aloof from
+her or to shun conversing with her. Her dogs are her greatest
+interest and amusement, and she has at least forty of various
+kinds. She is delighted when anybody gives her a dog, or a
+monkey, or a parrot, of all of which she has a vast number; it is
+impossible to offend her or annoy her more than by ill-using any
+of her dogs, and if she were to see anybody beat or kick any one
+of them she would never forgive it. She has always lived on good
+terms with the Royal Family, but is intimate with none of them,
+and goes as little as possible to Court. The Regent dislikes her,
+and she him. With the Princess Charlotte she was latterly very
+intimate, spent a great deal of time at Claremont, and felt her
+death very severely. The Duchess has no taste for splendour or
+magnificence, and likes to live the life of a private individual
+as much as possible.
+
+      [8] [Five-pound points and twenty-five pounds on the
+          rubber.]
+
+      [9] [The Duchess of York was born Princess Royal of
+          Prussia; she married the Duke of York in 1791, and died
+          on the 6th of August, 1820.]
+
+[Page Head: DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK.]
+
+The Duke of York is not clever, but he has a justness of
+understanding, which enables him to avoid the errors into which
+most of his brothers have fallen, and which have made them so
+contemptible and unpopular. Although his talents are not
+rated high, and in public life he has never been honourably
+distinguished, the Duke of York is loved and respected. He is the
+only one of the Princes who has the feelings of an English
+gentleman; his amiable disposition and excellent temper have
+conciliated for him the esteem and regard of men of all parties,
+and he has endeared himself to his friends by the warmth and
+steadiness of his attachments, and from the implicit confidence
+they all have in his truth, straightforwardness, and sincerity.
+He delights in the society of men of the world and in a life of
+gaiety and pleasure. He is very easily amused, and particularly
+with jokes full of coarseness and indelicacy; the men with whom
+he lives most are _tres-polissons_, and _la polissonnerie_ is the
+_ton_ of his society. But his aides-de-camp and friends, while
+they do not scruple to say everything before and to him, always
+treat him with attention and respect. The Duke and the Duchess
+live upon the best terms; their manner to one another is cordial,
+and while full of mutual respect and attention, they follow
+separately their own occupations and amusements without
+interfering with one another. Their friends are common to both,
+and those who are most attached to the Duke are equally so to the
+Duchess. One of her few foibles is an extreme tenaciousness of
+her authority at Oatlands; one way in which this is shown is in
+the stable, where, although there are always eight or ten
+carriage-horses which seldom do any work, it is impossible ever
+to procure a horse to ride or drive, because the Duchess
+appropriates them all to herself. The other day one of the
+aides-de-camp (Cooke) wanted to drive Burrell (who was there) to
+Hampton Court; he spoke of this at breakfast, and the Duke
+hearing it, desired he would take the curricle and two Spanish
+horses which had been given to him. The Duchess, however, chose
+to call these horses hers and to consider them as her own. The
+curricle came to the door, and just as they were going to mount
+it a servant came from the Duchess (who had heard of it) and told
+the coachman that her Royal Highness knew nothing of it, had not
+ordered it, and that the curricle must go home, which it
+accordingly did.
+
+
+September 3rd, 1818 {p.007}
+
+I went to Oatlands for the Egham races. The party lasted more
+than a week; there was a great number of people, and it was very
+agreeable. Erskine was extremely mad; he read me some of his
+verses, and we had a dispute upon religious subjects one morning,
+which he finished by declaring his entire disbelief in the Mosaic
+history. We played at whist every night that the Duke was there,
+and I always won. The Duchess was unwell most of the time. We
+showed her a _galanterie_ which pleased her very much. She
+produced a picture of herself one evening, which she said she was
+going to send to the Duchess of Orleans; we all cried out, said
+it was bad, and asked her why she did not let Lawrence paint her
+picture, and send a miniature copied from that. She declared she
+could not afford it; we then said, if she would sit, we would pay
+for the picture, which she consented to do, when all the men
+present signed a paper, desiring that a picture should be painted
+and a print taken from it of her Royal Highness. Lawrence is to
+be invited to Oatlands at Christmas to paint the picture. The men
+who subscribe are Culling Smith, Alvanley, B. Craven, Worcester,
+Armstrong, A. Upton, Rogers, Luttrell, and myself, who were
+present. The Duchess desired that Greenwood and Taylor might be
+added. From Oatlands I went to Cirencester, where I stayed a week
+and then returned to Oatlands, expecting to find the Queen dead
+and the house empty, but I found the party still there.
+
+
+Ampthill,[10] September 9th, 1818 {p.008}
+
+I rode down here to-day, Alvanley and Montrond came in a chaise
+and four, and were only three hours and three-quarters coming
+from town. Luttrell and Rogers are here. The dinner very bad,
+because the cook is out of humour. The evening passed off
+heavily.
+
+     [10] [Ampthill Park, at that time the seat of Lord and Lady
+          Holland, who had inherited it from the Earl of Upper
+          Ossory. On the death of Lady Holland Ampthill was
+          purchased by the Duke of Bedford, and has since been
+          inhabited by Lord and Lady Wensleydale.]
+
+
+Ampthill, September 11th, 1818 {p.008}
+
+The Duke and Duchess of San Carlos came yesterday with their two
+daughters, one of whom is fourteen and the other twelve or
+thirteen years old. The eldest is betrothed to the Count
+Altimira, a boy of seventeen years old, son of one of the richest
+Spanish grandees. He has L70,000 a year. The Duke of Medina-Coeli
+before the French invasion had L215,000 a year.
+
+Lord Holland was talking to Mr. Fox the day after the debate on
+the war (after the Peace of Amiens) about public speakers, and
+mentioned Sheridan's speech on the Begums. Fox said, 'You may
+rest assured that that speech was the finest that ever was made
+in Parliament.' Lord Holland said, 'It is very well of you to say
+so, but I think your speech last night was a pretty good one.'
+Fox said, 'And that was a devilish fine speech too.'
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF MR. LUTTRELL.]
+
+Teddesley, November 30th, 1818 {p.009}
+
+I went to Tixall[11] on Tuesday, the 10th of November. There were
+Luttrell, Nugent, Montagu, Granville Somerset (who went away the
+next day), and afterwards Granville Vernon, Wilmot, and Mr.
+Donald. I never remember so agreeable a party--'le bon gout, les
+ris, l'aimable liberte.' Everybody was pleased because each did
+what he pleased, and the tone of the society was gay, simple, and
+clever.
+
+     [11] [Tixall, the seat of Sir Clifford Constable in
+          Staffordshire, was let at this time to Lord and Lady
+          Granville.]
+
+It is hardly possible to live with a more agreeable man than
+Luttrell. He is difficult to please, but when pleased and in good
+spirits, full of vivacity. He has a lively imagination, a great
+deal of instruction, and a very retentive memory, a memory
+particularly happy for social purposes, for he recollects a
+thousand anecdotes, fine allusions, odd expressions, or happy
+remarks, applicable to the generality of topics which fall under
+discussion. He is extremely sensitive, easily disconcerted, and
+resents want of tact in others, because he is so liable to suffer
+from any breach of it. A sceptic in religion, and by no means
+austere in morals, he views with indulgence all faults except
+those which are committed against society, but he looks upon a
+bore with unconcealed aversion. He is attached to a few persons
+whose talents he respects and whose society he covets, but
+towards the world in general he is rather misanthropical, and
+prides himself upon being free from the prejudices which he
+ridicules and despises more or less in everybody else. Detesting
+the importance and the superiority which are assumed by those who
+have only riches or rank to boast of, he delights in London,
+where such men find their proper level, and where genius and
+ability always maintain an ascendancy over pomp, vanity, and the
+adventitious circumstances of birth or position. Born in
+mystery,[12] he has always shrouded himself in a secresy which
+none of his acquaintance have ever endeavoured to penetrate. He
+has connections, but they are unknown or only guessed at. He has
+occupations, amusements, and interests unconnected with the
+society in which he publicly moves. Of these he never speaks, and
+no one ever ventures to ask him any questions. Ostensibly he has
+no friend. Standing thus alone in the world, he derives but
+little of his happiness from others; and he seems to delight in
+the independence of his feelings as well as of his situation. He
+is very witty and says excellent things, brilliant in general
+society and pleasant in _tete-a-tete._ Many men infinitely less
+clever _converse_ more agreeably than he does, because he is too
+epigrammatic, and has accustomed himself so much to make
+brilliant observations that he cannot easily descend to quiet,
+unlaboured talk. This only applies to him when in general
+society; when alone with another person he talks as agreeably as
+possible.
+
+     [12] [Mr. Luttrell was believed to be a natural son of Lord
+          Carhampton. He had sat in the last Irish Parliament
+          before the Union, and died about 1855 at a very
+          advanced age.]
+
+Nugent is clever, and in many respects a more amiable companion
+than Luttrell, though very inferior to him in ability. He is
+well-informed, gentlemanlike, sensible, with good manners, good
+taste, and has a talent for music; he is always in good humour,
+and discriminating without being difficult.
+
+Lady Granville[13] has a great deal of genial humour, strong
+feelings, enthusiasm, delicacy, refinement, good taste, _naivete_
+which just misses being affectation, and a _bonhomie_ which
+extends to all around her.
+
+     [13] [Henrietta Elizabeth, daughter of William, fifth Duke
+          of Devonshire, married in 1809 to Lord Granville
+          Leveson Gower, created Viscount Granville in 1815, and
+          Earl Granville in 1833, during his embassy at the Court
+          of France.]
+
+Nothing could exceed the agreeableness of the life we led at
+Tixall. We breakfasted about twelve or later, dined at seven,
+played at whist and macao the whole evening, and went to bed at
+different hours between two and four. 'Nous faisions la bonne
+chere, ce qui ajoute beaucoup a l'agrement de la societe. Je ne
+dis pas ceci par rapport a mes propres gouts; mais parce que je
+l'ai observe, et que les philosophes n'y sont pas plus indifferents
+que les bons vivants.'
+
+[Page Head: PARTY AT TIXALL.]
+
+When the party at Tixall was over we all removed to Teddesley.
+Littleton[14] is good-natured, liberal, hospitable, and anxious
+to oblige, but he wants tact, and his table is more copious than
+refined. The house is ugly and in an ugly situation; the rooms
+are small, but not ill furnished. The dinners were not good, and
+Luttrell and Nugent were both very angry at the badness of the
+fare. We had a brilliant _chasse_. Luttrell left Teddesley on
+Monday, the Granvilles on Sunday, and Nugent and I on Tuesday; we
+travelled together to Oxford. He is very agreeable, full of
+information, and has a great facility in expressing himself. We
+parted at Oxford. I went to Redrice, and came to town on Sunday.
+
+     [14] [Edward Littleton, Esq., at that time M.P. for the
+          county of Stafford; raised to the Privy Council in
+          1833, when he became Chief Secretary for Ireland, and
+          to the peerage under the title of Baron Hatherton in
+          1835.]
+
+Tixall was the most agreeable party I ever was at. We were all
+pleased and satisfied; we played at whist, and afterwards at
+macao. Littleton was the greatest winner and Lord Granville the
+loser. I wrote a description of the macao in verse:--
+
+                             _MACAO_
+
+         The solemn chime from out the ancient tower[15]
+         Invites to Macao at th' accustomed hour.
+         The welcome summons heard, around the board
+         Each takes his seat and counts his iv'ry hoard.
+         'Tis strange to see how in the early rounds
+         The cautious punters risk their single pounds,
+         Till, fired with generous rage, they double stake
+         And offer more than prudent dealers take.
+         My Lady[16] through her glass with keen delight
+         Observes the brisk beginnings of the fight;
+         To some propitious, but to me unkind,
+         With candour owns the bias of her mind,
+         And asks of Fortune the severe decree
+         T' enrich the happy Skew,[17] to ruin me.
+         The fickle Goddess heard one-half the prayer,
+         The rest was melted into empty air;
+         For while she smiled complacent on the Skew,[18]
+         On me she shed some trifling favours too.
+         Sure Granville's luck exceeds all other men's
+         Led through a sad variety of tens;[19]
+         The rest have sometimes eights and nines, but he
+         Is always followed by 'the jolly three;'[20]
+         But the great Skew some guardian sylph protects,
+         His judgment governs, and his hand directs
+         When to refrain, when boldly to put in
+         And catch with happy nine the wayward pin.[21]
+
+The next morning Luttrell came down with, a whole paper full of
+epigrams (I had been winning at macao, and had turned up five
+nines in my deal):--
+
+       Why should we wonder if in Greville's verses
+       Each thought so brilliant and each line so terse is?
+       For surely he in poetry must shine
+       Who is, we know, so favoured by the nine.[22]
+
+                        _THE JOLLY TENS._
+
+          Quoth Greville, 'The commandments are divine;
+            But as they're ten, I lay them on the shelf:
+          O could they change their number and be nine,
+            I'd keep them all, and keep them to myself!'
+
+Thus we trifled life away.
+
+         [15] A clock tower.
+         [16] Lady Granville.
+         [17] E. Montagu.
+         [18] We gave him this nickname.
+         [19] Tens, ruinous at macao.
+         [20] Tens.
+         [21] The middle pin, a large gain.
+         [22] _Nines_ are the grand desiderata at macao.
+
+
+                              1819.
+
+
+[Page Head: LADY JERSEY.]
+
+January 17th, 1819 {p.012}
+
+I went to Burleigh on the 23rd of December; there was no one
+there but Irby. The house disappointed me very much, but it is a
+very fine showplace. I went away on the 27th to Middleton; there
+were the Culling Smiths, Worcesters, Sir James Mackintosh,
+Ossulstons, Nugent, &c.; it was very agreeable, and the house
+extremely comfortable. Lady Jersey[23] is an extraordinary woman,
+and has many good qualities; surrounded as she is by flatterers
+and admirers, she is neither proud nor conceited. She is full of
+vivacity, spirit, and good nature, but the wide range of her
+sympathies and affections proves that she has more general
+benevolence than particular sensibility in her character. She
+performs all the ordinary duties of life with great correctness,
+because her heart is naturally good; and she is, perhaps, from
+her temperament exposed to fewer temptations than the generality
+of her sex. She is deficient in passion and in softness (which
+constitute the greatest charm in women), so that she excites more
+of admiration than of interest; in conversation she is lively and
+pleasant, without being very remarkable, for she has neither wit,
+nor imagination, nor humour; her understanding is active rather
+than strong, and her judgment is too often warped by prejudice to
+be sound. She has a retentive memory and a restless mind,
+together with a sort of intellectual arrangement, with which she
+appears rather to have been gifted by nature than to have derived
+it from the cultivation of her reasoning faculties.
+
+     [23] [Sarah Sophia, eldest daughter of John, tenth Earl of
+          Westmoreland, and heiress of Robert Child, Esq., of
+          Osterley Park, her maternal grandfather.]
+
+I went from Middleton to Oatlands. The Duke was not there. We had
+the Smiths, Worcesters, Alvanley, Stanhope, Rogers, Luttrell,
+George Dawson, Lord Lauderdale, &c. Lord Erskine was ill, and
+Lord Lauderdale was taking care of him. The house was very
+uncomfortable, and the room I was in small, noisy, and inconvenient.
+
+I came to London on Friday last. Parliament having met on the
+Thursday, it is very full, and is filling more and more every
+day. The Opposition expect to divide 180 on the Bank question;
+they talk of re-establishing the dinners which they used to have
+in Fox's time.
+
+Rogers is in a nervous state about his poem, and trembles at the
+reviewers.[24]
+
+     [24] [Rogers' poem entitled 'Human Life' was on the eve of
+          publication. The reviewers treated it more tenderly
+          than it deserved, as appears below.]
+
+
+January 28th, 1819 {p.013}
+
+I went to Gorhambury on the 24th to shoot. The Duke of York was
+there. We should have had a brilliant _chasse_, but it rained. We
+went out at three and killed 105 pheasants.
+
+There has been some skirmishing in the House of Commons,
+particularly the night before last, on Dr. Halloran's petition,
+when the Opposition (Bennet _duce_) got completely beaten. Many
+of the new members have spoken, but Mr. Lawson, a _soi-disant_
+wit, and Sir R. Wilson have failed lamentably. It is odd enough
+that Wilson made a reply to an attack which Cobbett had inserted
+in one of his papers upon him. Cobbett said that he would make a
+silly speech in Parliament and destroy himself, and it is just
+what he did. The Opposition were very angry with Sir J. Coffin,
+who, with the candour of a novice, had made himself informed of
+the facts of the petition, and finding they were against his
+friends, said so in the House.
+
+Arbuthnot told me some particulars about Tierney. He began by
+being a friend of Mr. Pitt, and in one of his speeches on the
+Southwark or Colchester election he praised him in opposition to
+Mr. Fox. This latter never liked him, and the Regent assured
+Arbuthnot he had letters of Tierney in his possession thanking
+him for having endeavoured to remove Mr. Fox's antipathy to him.
+When Addington came in, Pitt advised him to get Tierney, as
+nobody would be so useful to him. He did accordingly, and so
+Tierney became a member of the Administration.[25] When Pitt came
+again into office a negotiation was opened with him through the
+medium of Charles Long. He was offered the Chief Secretaryship in
+Ireland, which he wished to have, but he made it a condition that
+he should not be in Parliament. To this Mr. Pitt would not agree,
+as he said that he must commit himself with them entirely or not
+join them at all; he refused, not choosing to commit himself, and
+the negotiations broke off.
+
+     [25] [Right Hon. George Tierney, Treasurer of the Navy and
+          P.C. in 1803. President of the Board of Control in
+          October, 1806, Member of the Mint in 1827.]
+
+
+January 31st, 1819 {p.014}
+
+I dined with Lady Bathurst yesterday. We talked of the
+approaching contests in Parliament, and she said that she felt
+more apprehensive now than ever she had done for the safety of
+the Government, that it was impossible for Ministers to stay in
+if they were defeated, as they had occasionally been in the last
+Parliament, and that if they were defeated she should attribute
+it all to Vansittart, who is a millstone about their necks. I
+asked why they did not get rid of him, and she said that it was
+from good-nature; they had scruples about telling him he was
+inefficient and must resign. She said that Canning's conduct had
+been so good towards them, they were very anxious to put him in
+some more considerable office.
+
+
+[Page Head: PRINCESS LIEVEN.]
+
+February 3rd, 1819 {p.015}
+
+I went with Bouverie to Newmarket on Monday to look at the
+horses. On Wednesday I came to town and went on to Oatlands.
+Madame de Lieven was there. This woman is excessively clever, and
+when she chooses brilliantly agreeable. She is beyond all people
+fastidious. She is equally conscious of her own superiority and
+the inferiority of other people, and the contempt she has for the
+understandings of the generality of her acquaintance has made her
+indifferent to please and incapable of taking any delight in
+general society. Her manners are very dignified and graceful, and
+she is extremely accomplished. She sometimes endeavours to assume
+popular and gracious manners, but she does this languidly and
+awkwardly, because it is done with an effort. She carries _ennui_
+to such a pitch that even in the society of her most intimate
+friends she frequently owns that she is bored to death. She
+writes memoirs, or rather a journal, of all that falls under her
+observation. She is so clever, has so much imagination and
+penetration, that they must be very entertaining. She writes as
+well as talks with extraordinary ease and gracefulness, and both
+her letters and her conversation are full of point; yet she is
+not liked, and has made hardly any friends. Her manners are
+stately and reserved, and so little _bonhomie_ penetrates through
+her dignity that few feel sufficiently attracted to induce them
+to try and thaw the ice in which she always seems bound.[26]
+
+     [26] [A very imperfect character of Princess Lieven, with
+          whom Mr. Greville was at this time but slightly
+          acquainted. But in after years he became one of her
+          most intimate and confidential friends, and she
+          frequently reappears in the course of these memoirs.]
+
+
+February 5th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+I have finished Madame de Stael's 'Considerations sur la
+Revolution Francaise.' It is the best of her works, extremely
+eloquent, containing the soundest political opinions conveyed in
+a bold and eloquent style. It is perhaps too philosophical
+and not sufficiently relieved by anecdotes and historical
+illustrations. Her defence of her father is written with much
+enthusiasm and great plausibility, but the judgment of the world
+concerning Necker is formed, and it is too late to alter it. The
+effect of her eloquence is rather weakened by the recollection of
+her conduct to him, for she lived with him as little as possible,
+because she could not bear the _ennui_ of Coppet.[27]
+
+     [27] [In the latter years of Madame de Stael's life Coppet
+          became one of the most brilliant social resorts in
+          Europe, for she attracted there the Schlegels, B.
+          Constant, Bonstetten, Sismondi, Byron, and a host of
+          other celebrities. Towards her father Madame de Stael
+          expressed the most passionate regard.]
+
+
+February 9th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+The Opposition are in a state of the highest exultation on
+account of the division in the House of Commons last night on
+Brougham's being added to the Bank Committee. The numbers were
+173 to 135. They triumph particularly in this strong minority
+because the attack upon Brougham in the 'Quarterly Review' was
+deemed so successful by the Ministerial party that they thought
+he would not be able to lift up his head again. The review is
+extremely well done, as all allow. It is supposed to be written
+by Dr. Ireland [it was by Dr. Monk[28]], and that Canning
+supplied the jokes, but Arbuthnot assured me he had no hand in
+it.
+
+     [28] [Dr. Monk, not Dr. Ireland, was the author of the
+          article. Monk became Bishop of Gloucester in 1830. This
+          passage relates to the celebrated article on the Report
+          of Mr. Brougham's Committee on the Education of the
+          People which appeared in the 'Quarterly Review' of
+          December 1818. The article was a violent one, but it is
+          amusing to see the effects attributed to it at the
+          time. Some controversy has since taken place as to the
+          share Canning had in it. I have myself seen the letters
+          from Gifford (editor of the 'Review') to Dr. Monk, in
+          which he speaks of the additions which have been made
+          to the article; and there is the strongest internal
+          evidence that these _purpurei panni_ were added by
+          Canning. The subject is discussed in the 'Edinburgh
+          Review' for July 1858.]
+
+
+February 10th, 1819 {p.016}
+
+Wilberforce made a speech last night which reminded one of the
+better days of the House of Commons. He presented a petition from
+the Quakers against the Criminal Code, and introduced a
+compliment to Romilly. Castlereagh was in a minority in the
+Committee concerning the equerries of the Windsor establishment;
+he wished to keep two more than Tierney proposed; the latter had
+eight to six in the Committee.[29]
+
+     [29] [In consequence of the death of Queen Charlotte in the
+          preceding month of November, the Government visited the
+          Windsor establishment. The Duke of York was appointed
+          _custos personae_ of the King, and received in that
+          capacity L10,000 a year, which had previously been
+          allowed to the Queen. A debate took place on this
+          subject on the 25th of February, which is referred to
+          by Mr. Greville under that date.]
+
+
+February 14th, 1819 {p.017}
+
+George Lamb has been proposed in opposition to Hobhouse.[30] The
+latter drew this opposition upon himself by his speech, and still
+more by the reports of his Committee, in which they abused the
+Whigs in unmeasured terms. Lambton went to Hobhouse and asked him
+if he would disavow the abuse of Lord Grey, which his Committee
+had inserted in the document they printed; he refused, on which
+the opposition was determined upon and begun. McDonald proposed
+Lamb, but they would not hear him; Evans seconded him. G. Jones
+made a very good speech in proposing Cartwright. Burdett and
+Kinnaird both spoke with moderation in proposing Hobhouse. It is
+generally supposed that Lamb will win.
+
+     [30] [The death of Sir Samuel Romilly in November 1818
+          caused a vacancy in the representation of Westminster,
+          and another election took place upon the meeting of
+          Parliament. The numbers were: Hon. George Lamb, 4,465;
+          John Cam Hobhouse, 3,861; Major Cartwright, 38.]
+
+Rogers' poem is disliked; the cry is all against it; some of the
+lines are pretty, but it is not perspicuous enough, and is
+deficient in novelty and force.
+
+
+[Page Head: WESTMINSTER ELECTION.]
+
+February 18th, 1819 {p.017}
+
+Yesterday Lamb was only seven behind Hobhouse on the poll;
+everybody thinks he is sure to win, even if Burdett should come
+forward with money. The day before there was great uproar and
+much abuse on the hustings. Burdett made a shameful speech full
+of blasphemy and Jacobinism, but he seems to have lost his
+popularity in a great measure even with the blackguards of
+Westminster. Hobhouse yesterday was long and dull; he did not
+speak like a clever man, and if the people would have heard Lamb,
+and he has any dexterity in reply, he must have crushed him--it
+was so answerable a speech.
+
+I went to the Berrys[31] in the evening, where the blues and the
+wits were assembled; as Sidney Smith said, 'the conversation
+raged,' but there was nothing remarkably entertaining.
+
+     [31] [Miss Berry's well-known _salon_, No. 8 Curzon Street,
+          which was for more than a half a century the resort of
+          the best company in London.]
+
+
+[Page Head: PARTY SPIRIT.]
+
+February 25th, 1819 {p.018}
+
+The debate on the L10,000 to the Duke of York on Monday produced
+four very good speeches--Peel and the Solicitor-General on one
+part, and Tierney and Scarlett[32] on the other. This latter
+spoke for the first time, and in reply to the two former. The
+Opposition came to Brookes' full of admiration of his speech,
+which is said to be the best _first speech_ that ever was made in
+the House of Commons. I, who hear all parties and care for none,
+have been amused with the different accounts of the debate; one
+man says Peel's speech was the best of the night and the finest
+that has been made in the House for a length of time; another
+prefers the Solicitor-General's; then on the other side it is
+said that Tierney was excellent, Mr. Scarlett beyond all praise.
+The friends of Government allow great merit to the two latter
+speakers, but declare that Peel was unanswerable, besides having
+been beautifully eloquent, and that Scarlett's speech was a
+fallacy from beginning to end. Again I am told Peel was not good;
+his was a speech for effect, evidently prepared, showy, but not
+argumentative; Scarlett triumphantly refuted all his reasoning.
+Thus it is that a fair judgment is never formed upon any
+question; the spirit of party influences every man's opinions. It
+is not extraordinary that each individual of a party connected by
+general similarity of opinion should adhere to the great body,
+even in cases where he may not happen to agree with them, and
+excellent reasons may be adduced for his sacrificing his own view
+for the great object of unanimity; but it is very improbable that
+on a particular question, unconnected with any general system,
+where arguments are adduced from opposite sides, and submitted to
+the enlightened judgment of an assembly, the same arguments which
+are looked upon as satisfactory and unanswerable by one set of
+men should be deemed without exception utterly fallacious by
+another. If any proof were requisite of the mighty influence of
+party spirit, it would be found in a still stronger light in the
+State trials in the House of Lords. I have in my mind the trial
+of Lord Melville; when each Peer had to deliver his judicial
+opinion upon the evidence adduced in a matter so solemn, and in
+the discharge of a duty so sacred, it might be imagined that all
+party feelings would be laid aside, and that a mature judgment
+and an enlightened conscience would alone have regulated the
+conduct of every individual. Yet either by an extraordinary
+accident or by the influence of party spirit we beheld all the
+Peers on the Ministerial side of the House declaring Lord
+Melville innocent, and all those of the Opposition pronouncing
+him guilty.
+
+     [32] [Sir James Scarlett, afterwards Lord Abinger and Lord
+          Chief Baron. It is remarkable that his first speech in
+          the House of Commons was delivered on the Whig side of
+          the House. He afterwards became a decided Tory.]
+
+
+March 5th, 1819 {p.019}
+
+George Lamb was to have been chaired on the day he was elected,
+but the mob was outrageous and would not suffer it. They broke
+into his committee room, and he and McDonald were forced to creep
+out of a two pair of stairs window into the churchyard. His
+partisans, who assembled on horseback, were attacked and pelted,
+and forced to retreat after receiving many hard knocks. In the
+evening the mob paraded the town, and broke the windows of Lord
+Castlereagh's and Lord Sefton's houses.
+
+The other night Sir James Mackintosh[33] made a splendid speech
+on the Criminal Laws; it was temperate and eloquent, and excited
+universal admiration. The Ministerial party spoke as highly of it
+as the Opposition themselves. Last night Canning moved the thanks
+to Lord Hastings, and they say it was the finest speech he ever
+made, in the best taste, the clearest narrative, and the most
+beautiful language.
+
+     [33] [Sir James Mackintosh's motion for the appointment of a
+          Committee on Capital Punishments was carried against
+          the Government on the 2nd of March by 148 to 128.]
+
+
+June 12th, 1819 {p.020}
+
+I have been at Oatlands for the Ascot party. On the course I did
+nothing. Ever since the Derby ill fortune has pursued me, and I
+cannot win anywhere. Play is a detestable occupation; it absorbs
+all our thoughts and renders us unfit for everything else in
+life. It is hurtful to the mind and destroys the better feelings;
+it incapacitates us for study and application of every sort; it
+makes us thoughtful and nervous; and our cheerfulness depends
+upon the uncertain event of our nightly occupation. How anyone
+can play who is not in want of money I cannot comprehend; surely
+his mind must be strangely framed who requires the stimulus of
+gambling to heighten his pleasures. Some indeed may have become
+attached to gaming from habit, and may not wish to throw off the
+habit from the difficulty of finding fresh employment for the
+mind at an advanced period of life. Some may be unfitted by
+nature or taste for society, and for such gaming may have a
+powerful attraction. The mind is excited; at the gaming-table all
+men are equal; no superiority of birth, accomplishments, or
+ability avail here; great noblemen, merchants, orators, jockies,
+statesmen, and idlers are thrown together in levelling confusion;
+the only pre-eminence is that of success, the only superiority
+that of temper. But why does a man play who is blessed with
+fortune, endowed with understanding, and adorned with accomplishments
+which might ensure his success in any pursuit which taste or
+fancy might incite him to follow? It is contrary to reason, but
+we see such instances every day. The passion of play is not
+artificial; it must have existed in certain minds from the
+beginning; at least some must have been so constituted that they
+yield at once to the attraction, and enter with avidity into a
+pursuit in which other men can never take the least interest.
+
+
+June 14th, 1819 {p.020}
+
+The other night in the House of Commons on the Foreign Enlistment
+Bill Sir James Mackintosh made a brilliant speech; all parties
+agree in commending it. Canning answered him, but not successfully.
+The Duke of Wellington told me on Friday that there was a good
+debate in the House of Lords the night before on the Catholic
+question, but he thought his side had the worst of it; he
+acknowledged that Lord Grey's speech had done much to shake his
+opinion, and that he had not conceived that his propositions
+would have been framed in so unobjectionable a manner.[34]
+
+     [34] [On the 10th of June Earl Grey submitted to the House
+          of Lords a Bill to relieve Roman Catholics from taking
+          the declaratory oaths against Transubstantiation and
+          the Invocation of Saints. On this occasion, for the
+          first time, Lord Grenville supported the Catholic
+          claims. But the Bill was thrown out by 141 to 92.]
+
+
+[Page Head: PERSIAN AMBASSADOR AND THE REGENT.]
+
+June 25th, 1819 {p.021}
+
+The Persian Ambassador has had a quarrel with the Court. He
+wanted to have precedence over all other Ambassadors, and because
+this was not allowed he was affronted and would not go to Court.
+This mark of disrespect was resented, and it was signified to him
+that his presence would be dispensed with at Carlton House, and
+that the Ministers could no longer receive him at their houses.
+On Sunday last the Regent went to Lady Salisbury's, where he met
+the Persian, who, finding he had given offence, had made a sort
+of apology, and said that illness had prevented him from going to
+Court. The Regent came up to him and said, 'Well, my good friend,
+how are you? I hope you are better?' He said, 'Oh, sir, I am very
+well, but I am very sorry I offended your Royal Highness by not
+going to Court. Now, sir, my Sovereign he tell me to go first,
+and your Congress, about which I know nothing, say I must go
+last; now this very bad for me (pointing to his head) when I go
+back to Persia.' The Regent said, 'Well, my good friend, never
+mind it now; it does not signify.' He answered, 'Oh yes, sir; but
+your Royal Highness still angry with me, and you have not asked
+me to your party to-morrow night.' The Regent laughed and said,
+'I was only going to have a few children to dance, but if you
+like to come I shall be very happy to see you.' Accordingly he
+went to Carlton House, and they are very good friends again.
+
+
+August 11th, 1819 {p.021}
+
+The Vice-Chancellor was going to Italy, but his journey is
+stopped, as he says, because the Prince Regent has desired him to
+stay in England in consequence of the approaching return of the
+Princess of Wales.
+
+
+August 30th, 1819 {p.022}
+
+I am just returned from Oatlands; we had an immense party, the
+most numerous ever known there. The Duchess wished it to have
+been prolonged, but there were no funds. The distress they are in
+is inconceivable. When the Duchess came down there was no water
+in the house. She asked the reason, and was informed that the
+water came by pipes from St. George's Hill, which were stopped up
+with sand; and as the workmen were never paid, they would not
+clear them out. She ordered the pipes to be cleared and the bills
+brought to her, which was done. On Thursday there was a great
+distress, as the steward had no money to pay the tradespeople,
+and the Duke was prevailed on with great difficulty to produce a
+small sum for the purpose. The house is nearly in ruins.
+
+
+December 24th, 1819 {p.022}
+
+The Duke of Kent gave the name of Alexandrina to his daughter[35]
+in compliment to the Emperor of Russia. She was to have had the
+name of Georgiana, but the Duke insisted upon Alexandrina being
+her first name. The Regent sent for Lieven and made him a great
+many compliments (_en le persiflant_) on the Emperor's being
+godfather, but informed him that the name of Georgiana could be
+second to no other in this country, and therefore she could not
+bear it at all.
+
+     [35] [The Princess, afterwards Queen, Victoria, born 24th of
+          May, 1819.]
+
+The frost is intense. The town is empty. I returned from Whersted
+last Wednesday se'nnight, and went to Oatlands on Thursday; there
+was nearly the same party. Prince Leopold came and dined there on
+Saturday. He is very dull and heavy in his manner, and seems
+overcome with the weight of his dignity. This Prince will not
+succeed here; everybody is civil to him from the interest he
+excited at the time of the Princess's death--an interest which
+has not yet subsided. There seems to be no harm in him, but
+everybody contrasts his manners with those of the Duke of York,
+and the comparison is not to his advantage. The Duchess likes the
+society of men of wit and letters; more, I think, from the
+variety of having them around her than from any pleasure she
+takes in their conversation. Lord Alvanley is the man in whom she
+takes the greatest delight.
+
+
+                              1820.
+
+
+London, January 20th, 1820 {p.023}
+
+I went last Sunday se'nnight to Woburn. The Duke of York, Duke of
+Wellington, Lievens, Jerseys, Worcesters, Tavistocks, Mr.
+Russell, Lady Sandwich, Alvanley, C. Smith, Huntleys, Frederick
+Ponsonby, Lauderdale, and others were there. The house, place,
+establishment, and manner of living are magnificent. The _chasse_
+was brilliant; in five days we killed 835 pheasants, 645 hares,
+59 rabbits, 10 partridges, and 5 woodcocks. The Duchess was very
+civil and the party very gay. I won at whist, and liked it very
+much.
+
+
+January 22nd, 1820 {p.023}
+
+Just before the advance of the allied army on Paris a council of
+war was held, when it was unanimously resolved to retreat. The
+Emperor of Russia entered the room, and said he had reasons for
+advancing, and ordered the advance; the generals remonstrated,
+but the Emperor was determined. Woronzoff told Sydenham that that
+day a courier arrived at his outposts with a letter for the
+Emperor in the handwriting of Talleyrand. This was told me by
+Frederick Ponsonby.
+
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+February 4th, 1820 {p.023}
+
+I returned to Woburn on Sunday. We shot the whole week and killed
+an immense quantity of game; the last two days we killed 245 and
+296 pheasants, 822 and 431 head. On Sunday last arrived the news
+of the King's death.[36] The new King has been desperately ill.
+He had a bad cold at Brighton, for which he lost eighty ounces of
+blood; yet he afterwards had a severe oppression, amounting
+almost to suffocation, on his chest. Halford was gone to Windsor,
+and left orders with Knighton not to bleed him again till his
+return. Knighton was afraid to bleed him. Bloomfield sent for
+Tierney,[37] who took upon himself to take fifty ounces from him.
+This gave him relief; he continued, however, dangerously ill, and
+on Wednesday he lost twenty ounces more. Yesterday afternoon he
+was materially better for the first time. Tierney certainly saved
+his life, for he must have died if he had not been blooded.
+Brougham sent a courier to the Queen immediately after the late
+King's death, and gave notice at Carlton House that he had
+applied for a passport for a courier to her Majesty the Queen.
+
+     [36] [King George III. died on the 20th of January, 1820.]
+
+     [37] [Sir Matthew Tierney, one of His Majesty's physicians.]
+
+The King has given to Lady Bloomfield the Rangership of Hampton
+Court Park. He wished to give it to both of them with the
+survivorship, but Lord Liverpool submitted to him that the
+House of Commons had pronounced so strongly their dislike to
+reversionary grants that it would be unadvisable, and it was
+accordingly given to Lady B. only.
+
+
+February 14th, 1820 {p.024}
+
+The Cabinet sat till past two o'clock this morning. The King
+refused several times to order the Queen to be prayed for in the
+alteration which was made in the Liturgy. The Ministers wished
+him to suffer it to be done, but he peremptorily refused, and
+said nothing should induce him to consent, whoever might ask him.
+Lord Harrowby told me this last night.
+
+[Page Head: NAPOLEON IN THE HUNDRED DAYS.]
+
+I think Fleury's book[38] almost the most interesting memoir I
+ever read; it is excessively well written, and his partiality to
+Bonaparte has not blinded him to the errors he committed. This
+book was wanted to bring under the same view the immediate causes
+of his return to France and the situation in which he found
+himself when seated on the throne. This was essentially different
+from that in which he had been before his abdication; so much so
+that I do not believe, if he had concluded a peace with the
+Allies, he could have remained upon the throne. Not only his
+civil power was reduced within very narrow limits, but his
+military authority was no longer the same; men seemed to have
+lost that reverential submissiveness which caused all his orders
+to be so blindly and implicitly obeyed. During the height of his
+power none of his generals would have dared to neglect or oppose
+his orders as Ney did at the battles of the 16th of June. It is
+impossible now to determine what might have been the political
+result in France of the success of Bonaparte's arms had he gained
+the battle of Waterloo. He would probably have made peace with
+the Allies. Had he returned to Paris triumphant, he might have
+dissolved the Chambers and re-established the old Imperial
+Government. In such a measure he must have depended upon his army
+for success. But a spirit of liberty had sprung up in France
+during his absence, which seemed to be the more vigorous from
+having been so long repressed. The nation, and even the army,
+appear to have imbibed the principles of freedom; and if upon
+this occasion Bonaparte was placed on the throne by the force of
+opinion, he could not have restored the ancient despotism without
+exciting universal dissatisfaction. Men seem formerly to have
+been awed by a conviction of his infallibility, and did not
+suffer themselves to reason upon the principles of action of a
+man who dazzled their imaginations by the magnificence of his
+exploits and the grandeur of his system.
+
+     [38] [M. Fleury de Chabaulon was a young _auditeur_ at the
+          Conseil d'Etat who had joined Napoleon at Elba, and
+          afterwards returned with him to France, when he was
+          attached to the Imperial Cabinet during the Hundred
+          Days. His memoir of that period is here referred to.]
+
+
+February 20th, 1820 {p.025}
+
+The Ministers had resigned last week because the King would not
+hear reason on the subject of the Princess. It is said that he
+treated Lord Liverpool very coarsely, and ordered him out of the
+room. The King, they say, asked him 'if he knew to whom he was
+speaking.' He replied, 'Sir, I know that I am speaking to my
+Sovereign, and I believe I am addressing him as it becomes a
+loyal subject to do.' To the Chancellor he said, 'My Lord, I know
+your conscience always interferes except where your interest is
+concerned.' The King afterwards sent for Lord Liverpool, who
+refused at first to go; but afterwards, on the message being
+reiterated, he went, and the King said, 'We have both been too
+hasty.' This is probably all false, but it is very true that they
+offered to resign.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CATO STREET CONSPIRACY.]
+
+February 24th, 1820 {p.026}
+
+The plot[39] which has been detected had for its object the
+destruction of the Cabinet Ministers, and the chief actor in the
+conspiracy was Arthur Thistlewood. I was at Lady Harrowby's last
+night, and about half-past one o'clock Lord Harrowby came in and
+told us the following particulars:--A plot has been in agitation
+for some time past, of the existence of which, the names and
+numbers of the men concerned, and of all particulars concerning
+their plans, Government has been perfectly well informed. The
+conspirators had intended to execute their design about last
+Christmas at a Cabinet dinner at Lord Westmoreland's, but for
+some reason they were unable to do so and deferred it. At length
+Government received information that they were to assemble to the
+number of from twenty to thirty at a house in Cato Street,
+Edgware Road, and that they had resolved to execute their purpose
+last night, when the Cabinet would be at dinner at Lord
+Harrowby's. Dinner was ordered as usual. Men had been observed
+watching the house, both in front and rear, during the whole
+afternoon. It was believed that nine o'clock was the hour fixed
+upon for the assault to be made. The Ministers who were expected
+at dinner remained at Fife House, and at eight o'clock Mr. Birnie
+with twelve constables was despatched to Cato Street to apprehend
+the conspirators. Thirty-five foot guards were ordered to support
+the police force. The constables arrived upon the spot a few
+moments before the soldiers, and suspecting that the conspirators
+had received intimation of the discovery of their plot, and were
+in consequence preparing to escape, they did not wait for the
+soldiers, but went immediately to the house. A man armed with a
+musket was standing sentry, whom they secured. They then ascended
+a narrow staircase which led to the room in which the gang were
+assembled, and burst the door open. The first man who entered was
+shot in the head, but was only wounded; he who followed was
+stabbed by Thistlewood and killed. The conspirators then with
+their swords put out the lights and attempted to escape. By this
+time the soldiers had arrived. Nine men were taken prisoners;
+Thistlewood and the rest escaped.
+
+     [39] [The Cato Street Conspiracy.]
+
+
+March 1st, 1820 {p.027}
+
+Thistlewood was taken the morning after the affair in Cato
+Street. It was the intention of these men to have fired a rocket
+from Lord Harrowby's house as soon as they had completed their
+work of destruction; this was to have been the signal for the
+rising of their friends. An oil shop was to have been set on fire
+to increase the confusion and collect a mob; then the Bank was to
+have been attacked and the gates of Newgate thrown open. The
+heads of the Ministers were to have been cut off and put in a
+sack which was prepared for that purpose. These are great
+projects, but it does not appear they were ever in force
+sufficient to put them in execution, and the mob (even if the mob
+had espoused their cause, which seems doubtful), though very
+dangerous in creating confusion and making havoc, are quite
+inefficient for a regular operation.
+
+
+June 4th, 1820 {p.027}
+
+I went to Oatlands on Tuesday. The Duchess continues very ill;
+she is not expected to recover. The King was at Ascot every day;
+he generally rode on the course, and the ladies came in
+carriages. One day they all rode. He was always cheered by the
+mob as he went away. One day only a man in the crowd called out,
+'Where's the Queen?' The Duke of Dorset was at the Cottage, and
+says it was exceedingly agreeable. They kept very early hours.
+The King always breakfasted with them, and Lady Conyngham looked
+remarkably well in the morning, her complexion being so fine. On
+Friday she said she was bored with the races and should not go;
+he accordingly would not go either, and sent word to say he
+should not be there. They stay there till to-morrow. In the
+meantime the Queen is coming to England, and Brougham is gone to
+meet her. Nobody knows what advice he intends to give her, but
+everybody believes that it is his intention she should come. It
+was supposed that Lady Conyngham's family (her son and brother)
+had set their faces against her connection with the King; but
+Lord Mount Charles was at the Cottage, and Denison was at the
+levee and very well received.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S RETURN.]
+
+June 7th, 1820 {p.028}
+
+The Queen arrived in London yesterday at seven o'clock. I rode as
+far as Greenwich to meet her. The road was thronged with an
+immense multitude the whole way from Westminster Bridge to
+Greenwich. Carriages, carts, and horsemen followed, preceded, and
+surrounded her coach the whole way. She was everywhere received
+with the greatest enthusiasm. Women waved pocket handkerchiefs,
+and men shouted wherever she passed. She travelled in an open
+landau, Alderman Wood sitting by her side and Lady Ann Hamilton
+and another woman opposite. Everybody was disgusted at the
+vulgarity of Wood in sitting in the place of honour, while the
+Duke of Hamilton's sister was sitting backwards in the carriage.
+The Queen looked exactly as she did before she left England, and
+seemed neither dispirited nor dismayed. As she passed by White's
+she bowed and smiled to the men who were in the window. The crowd
+was not great in the streets through which she passed. Probably
+people had ceased to expect her, as it was so much later than the
+hour designated for her arrival. It is impossible to conceive the
+sensation created by this event. Nobody either blames or approves
+of her sudden return, but all ask, 'What will be done next? How
+is it to end?' In the House of Commons there was little said; but
+the few words which fell from Creevy, Bennett, or Denman seem to
+threaten most stormy debates whenever the subject is discussed.
+The King in the meantime is in excellent spirits, and the
+Ministers affect the greatest unconcern and talk of the time it
+will take to pass the Bills to 'settle her business.' 'Her
+business,' as they call it, will in all probability raise such a
+tempest as they will find it beyond their powers to appease; and
+for all his Majesty's unconcern the day of her arrival in England
+may be such an anniversary to him as he will have no cause to
+celebrate with much rejoicing.[40]
+
+     [40] [On the day that the Queen landed at Dover a royal
+          message was sent down to Parliament, by which the King
+          commended to the Lords an enquiry into the conduct of
+          the Queen. In the House of Commons there was some
+          vehement speaking; and on the following day, before
+          Lord Castlereagh moved the address in answer to the
+          message, Mr. Brougham read to the House a message from
+          the Queen, declaring that her return to England was
+          occasioned by the necessity her enemies had laid upon
+          her of defending her character.]
+
+
+June 9th, 1820 {p.029}
+
+Brougham's speech on Wednesday is said by his friends to have
+been one of the best that was ever made, and I think all agree
+that it was good and effective. The House of Commons is evidently
+anxious to get rid of the question if possible, for the moment
+Wilberforce expressed a wish to adjourn the county members rose
+one after another and so strongly concurred in that wish that
+Castlereagh was obliged to consent. The mob have been breaking
+windows in all parts of the town and pelting those who would not
+take off their hats as they passed Wood's door. Last night Lord
+Exmouth's house was assaulted and his windows broken, when he
+rushed out armed with sword and pistol and drove away the mob.
+Frederick Ponsonby saw him. Great sums of money have been won and
+lost on the Queen's return, for there was much betting at the
+clubs. The alderman showed a specimen of his taste as he came
+into London; when the Queen's coach passed Carlton House he stood
+up and gave three cheers.
+
+It is odd enough Lady Hertford's windows have been broken to
+pieces and the frames driven in, while no assault has been made
+on Lady Conyngham's. Somebody asked Lady Hertford 'if she had
+been aware of the King's admiration for Lady Conyngham,' and
+'whether he had ever talked to her about Lady C.' She replied
+that 'intimately as she had known the King, and openly as he had
+always talked to her upon every subject, he had never ventured to
+speak to her upon that of his mistresses.'
+
+
+June 16th, 1820 {p.029}
+
+The speech which Canning made on the occasion of the King's
+message has been violently attacked by all parties, and is said
+to have given as great dissatisfaction to the Queen as to the
+King. It is not easy to discover what the Queen could have
+objected to in the speech, for it was highly favourable and
+flattering to her. It was generally supposed last Sunday that he
+would resign in the course of the week, and bets were laid that
+he would not be in office next Sunday. On Wednesday he had an
+audience of the King at the levee, which lasted fifty-two minutes
+by Yarmouth's watch; nobody knows what passed between them. Lord
+Fitzwilliam and Lord Sefton have refused to act as negotiators
+for the Queen.
+
+There was some indiscipline manifested in a battalion of the 3rd
+Guards the day before yesterday; they were dissatisfied at the
+severity of their duty and at some allowances that had been taken
+from them, and on coming off guard they refused to give up their
+ball cartridges. They were ordered off to Plymouth, and marched
+at four yesterday morning. Many people went from the ball at
+Devonshire House to see them march away. Plymouth was afterwards
+changed for Portsmouth in consequence of their good behaviour on
+the route. Worcester[41] met many of them drunk at Brentford,
+crying out, 'God save Queen Caroline!' There was some disturbance
+last night in consequence of the mob assembling round the King's
+mews, where the rest of the battalion that had marched to
+Portsmouth still remained.
+
+     [41] [The Marquis of Worcester, afterwards seventh Duke of
+          Beaufort]
+
+
+[Page Head: SECRET COMMITTEE ON THE QUEEN.]
+
+June 23rd, 1820 {p.030}
+
+I never remember to have seen the public curiosity so excited as
+on Wilberforce's motion last night.[42] Nearly 520 members voted
+in the House, and some went away; as many people as could gain
+admission attended to hear the debate. The speaking on the
+Opposition side was excellent, but as everybody differs in
+opinion with regard to the comparative merit of the speakers, it
+is impossible for one who was not present to form a correct
+judgment on the subject. The best speeches were Brougham's,
+Denman's, Burdett's, and Canning's. Denman's speech was admirable
+and, all agree, most judicious and effective for his client.
+Burdett's was extremely clever, particularly the first part of
+it. In the meantime it is doubtful whether anything is gained by
+the resolution carried last night. Public opinion seems very
+equally divided as to the probability of the Queen agreeing to
+the expressed or implied wish of the House of Commons, and even
+if she refuses to consent to the omission of her name in the
+Liturgy it seems doubtful whether the green bag will ever be
+opened, so strong is the repugnance of the House of Commons to
+enter upon such an investigation. It is this feeling in the House
+which emboldens the Queen to hold out with the firmness and
+constancy she has hitherto displayed. The House of Lords cuts a
+most ridiculous figure, having precipitately agreed to go into
+the Committee. They have since been obliged to put off the
+investigation by repeated adjournments, in order to see what
+steps the House of Commons will take. Lord Grey made an indignant
+speech, last night on this very subject; they say Lord Liverpool
+spoke remarkably well in reply.
+
+     [42] [Mr. Wilberforce moved an address to the Queen to stop
+          the investigation, by entreating her Majesty, under the
+          assurance of the protection of her honour by the
+          Commons, to yield the point of the insertion of her
+          name in the Liturgy. This proposal the Queen
+          courteously declined.]
+
+
+June 25th, 1820 {p.031}
+
+The Queen's refusal to comply with the desire of the House of
+Commons keeps conjecture afloat and divides opinions as to the
+opening of the bag. The Opposition call her answer a very good
+one; those of the other party I have seen think it too long, and
+not neatly and clearly worded. Brougham declined advising her as
+to her answer; he told her she must be guided by her own
+feelings, and was herself the only person capable of judging what
+she had best do. The discussion of the Queen's business is now
+become an intolerable nuisance in society; no other subject is
+ever talked of. It is an incessant matter of argument and dispute
+what will be done and what ought to be done. All people express
+themselves tired of the subject, yet none talk or think of any
+other. It is a great evil when a single subject of interest takes
+possession of society; conversation, loses all its lightness and
+variety, and every drawing-room is converted into an arena of
+political disputation. People even go to talk about it from habit
+long after the interest it excited has ceased.
+
+
+June 27th, 1820 {p.031}
+
+The mob was very abusive to the member who carried up the
+resolution to the Queen, and called Wilberforce 'Dr. Cantwell.'
+The Queen demanded to be heard by counsel at the bar of the House
+of Lords. Contrary to order and contrary to expectation, the
+counsel were admitted, when Brougham made a very powerful speech.
+Denman began exceedingly well; Lord Holland said his first three
+or four sentences were the best thing he ever heard; _si sic
+omnia_, he would have made the finest speech possible; but on the
+whole he was inferior to Brougham. If the House had refused to
+hear her counsel, it is said that she would have gone down to-day
+to the House of Lords and have demanded to be heard in person. As
+usual Brougham's speech is said by many of his political
+adversaries to have been weak in argument. Many, however, do him
+the justice to acknowledge that it was a very powerful appeal for
+his client.
+
+
+June 28th, 1820 {p.032}
+
+The debate last night in the House of Lords was excellent. Lord
+Grey made a powerful speech, very much against the Queen, a
+speech for office. The manager announced at Drury Lane that the
+Queen would go to the play to-night. Brougham knew nothing of
+this; she never told him. Mrs. Brougham told me so last night,
+and that he was quite worn out with the business.[43]
+
+     [43] [The report of the Secret Committee of the Lords was
+          made on the 4th of July. It declared that the evidence
+          against the Queen was such as to demand a solemn
+          enquiry. The trial, or rather investigation, began on
+          the 17th of August. The defence was opened on the 3rd
+          of October, and the Bill was abandoned on the 6th of
+          November.]
+
+
+July 6th, 1820 {p.032}
+
+Since the report of the Secret Committee public opinion is
+entirely changed as to the result of the proceedings against the
+Queen. Everybody thinks the charges will be proved and that the
+King will be divorced. It is impossible to discover what effect
+the report may have in the country; it is certain hitherto that
+all ranks of men have been decidedly favourable to the Queen, and
+disbelieve the charges against her. The military in London have
+shown alarming symptoms of dissatisfaction, so much so that it
+seems doubtful how far the Guards can be counted upon in case of
+any disturbance arising out of this subject. Luttrell says that
+'the extinguisher is taking fire.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL]
+
+July 8th, 1820 {p.033}
+
+I was in the House of Lords the night before last to hear
+Brougham and Denman speak at the bar. Brougham's speech was
+uncommonly clever, very insolent, and parts of it very eloquent.
+A very amusing episode was furnished by the Bishop of Exeter, who
+moved that the counsel should withdraw, and then asked the House
+whether they were not out of order. Lord Holland cut him up in
+the most beautiful style, and excited universal laughter. Nobody
+came to the assistance of the Bishop, and the counsel were called
+in again and resumed. Brougham's speech is reported in the
+'Morning Chronicle' of yesterday word for word.
+
+
+July 14th, 1820 {p.033}
+
+I have been at Newmarket, where I had the first fortunate turn
+this year. The conversation about the Queen begins to subside;
+everybody seems to agree that it is a great injustice not to
+allow her lists of the witnesses; the excuse that it is not usual
+is bad, for the proceedings are anomalous altogether, and it is
+absurd to attempt to adhere to precedent; here there are no
+precedents and no analogies to guide to a decision. London is
+drawing to a close, but in August it will be very full, as all
+the Peers must be here. They say the trial will last six months.
+
+Luttrell's poem[44] has succeeded. The approbation it receives is
+general but qualified; in fact, it was difficult to make such a
+sketch of life and manners sufficiently piquant without the
+infusion of a little satire, and his fear of giving offence has
+induced him to be so good-natured that he is occasionally rather
+insipid. 'Il y a des tracasseries de societe.' I cannot record
+them, though perhaps years hence, when I may look over what I now
+write, I might be amused with stories of long-forgotten
+jealousies and various interests extinguished by the lapse of
+time, or perhaps silenced in the grave; still it would be
+melancholy to retrace the days of my youth and to bring before my
+imagination the blooming faces and the gaiety and brilliancy of
+those who once shone the meteors of society, but who would then
+be so changed in form and mind, and with myself rapidly
+descending to our last home.
+
+     [44] [Mr. Luttrell's 'Advice to Julia,' published in 1820.]
+
+Read 'Les Liaisons dangereuses.' Much has been said about the
+dangerous tendency of certain books, and probably this would be
+considered as one pregnant with mischief. I consider this a mere
+jargon, and although I would never recommend this book (because
+it is so grossly indecent) I should never apprehend the smallest
+danger to the most inexperienced mind or the warmest passions
+from its immoral tendency. The principle upon which books of this
+description are considered pernicious is the notion that they
+represent vice in such glowing and attractive colours as to make
+us lose sight of its deformity and fill our imagination with the
+idea of its pleasures. No one who has any feeling or a spark of
+generosity or humanity in his breast can read this book without
+being moved with compassion for Madame de Tourval and with horror
+and disgust towards Valmont and Madame de Merteuil. It raised in
+my mind a detestation of such cold-blooded, inhuman profligacy,
+and I felt that I would rather every pleasure that can flow from
+the intercourse of women were debarred me than run such a course.
+The moral effect upon my mind was stronger than any which ever
+resulted from the most didactic work, and if anyone wants to
+excite remorse in the most vicious mind I would recommend him to
+make use of 'Les Liaisons dangereuses' for the purpose.
+
+The Duchess of York died on Sunday morning of water on her chest.
+She was insensible the last two days. She is deeply regretted by
+her husband, her friends, and her servants. Probably no person in
+such a situation was ever more really liked. She has left L12,000
+to her servants and some children whom she had caused to be
+educated. She had arranged all her affairs with the greatest
+exactitude, and left nothing undone.
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL.]
+
+The Queen's letter was brought to the King whilst he was at
+dinner (at the Cottage). He said, 'Tell the Queen's messenger
+that the King can receive no communication from her except
+through the hands of his Ministers.' Esterhazy was present, and
+said he did this with extraordinary dignity.
+
+
+Newmarket, October 2nd, 1820 {p.035}
+
+I left town in the middle of August with George Fox. We went down
+with extraordinary rapidity. I never was happier than to escape
+from London and to find myself in Yorkshire. It was a new world,
+and the change was most refreshing. The refinement of London was
+not there, but there was a good humour, gaiety, and hospitality
+which amused and delighted me.
+
+
+London, October 8th, 1820 {p.035}
+
+I came to town with Payne on Friday, having won a little at
+Newmarket. He told me a good story by the way. A certain bishop
+in the House of Lords rose to speak, and announced that he should
+divide what he had to say into twelve parts, when the Duke of
+Wharton interrupted him, and begged he might be indulged for a
+few minutes, as he had a story to tell which he could only
+introduce at that moment. A drunken fellow was passing by St.
+Paul's at night, and heard the clock slowly chiming twelve. He
+counted the strokes, and when it had finished looked towards the
+clock and said, 'Damn you! why couldn't you give us all that at
+once?' There was an end of the bishop's story.
+
+The town is still in an uproar about the trial, and nobody has
+any doubt that it will finish by the Bill being thrown out and
+the Ministers turned out. Brougham's speech was the most
+magnificent display of argument and oratory that has been heard
+for years, and they say that the impression it made upon the
+House was immense; even his most violent opponents (including
+Lord Lonsdale) were struck with admiration and astonishment.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE QUEEN'S TRIAL.]
+
+October 15th, 1820 {p.035}
+
+Since I came to town I have been to the trial every day. I have
+occupied a place close to Brougham, which, besides the advantage
+it affords of enabling me to hear extremely well everything that
+passes, gives me the pleasure of talking to him and the other
+counsel, and puts me behind the scenes so far that I cannot help
+hearing all their conversation, their remarks, and learning what
+witnesses they are going to examine, and many other things which
+are interesting and amusing. Since I have been in the world I
+never remember any question which so exclusively occupied
+everybody's attention, and so completely absorbed men's thoughts
+and engrossed conversation. In the same degree is the violence
+displayed. It is taken up as a party question entirely, and the
+consequence is that everybody is gone mad about it. Very few
+people admit of any medium between pronouncing the Queen quite
+innocent and judging her guilty and passing the Bill. Until the
+evidence of Lieut. Hownam it was generally thought that proofs of
+her guilt were wanting, but since his admission that Bergami
+slept under the tent with her all unprejudiced men seem to think
+the adultery sufficiently proved. The strenuous opposers of the
+Bill, however, by no means allow this, and make a mighty
+difference between sleeping dressed under a tent and being shut
+up at night in a room together, which the supporters of the Bill
+contend would have been quite or nearly the same thing. The Duke
+of Portland, who is perfectly impartial, and who has always been
+violently against the Bill, was so satisfied by Hownam's evidence
+that he told me that after that admission by him he thought all
+further proceedings useless, and that it was ridiculous to listen
+to any more evidence, as the fact was proved; that he should
+attend no longer to any evidence upon the subject. This view of
+the case will not, however, induce him to vote for the Bill,
+because he thinks that upon grounds of expediency it ought not to
+pass. The Ministers were elated in an extraordinary manner by
+this evidence of Hownam's. The Duke of Wellington told Madame de
+Lieven that he was very tired; 'mais les grands succes fatiguent
+autant que les grands revers.' They look upon the progress of
+this trial in the light of a campaign, and upon each day's
+proceedings as a sort of battle, and by the impression made by
+the evidence they consider that they have gained a victory or
+sustained a defeat. Their anxiety that this Bill should pass is
+quite inconceivable, for it cannot be their interest that it
+should be carried; and as for the King, they have no feeling
+whatever for him. The Duke of Portland told me that he conversed
+with the Duke of Wellington upon the subject, and urged as one of
+the reasons why this Bill should not pass the House of Lords the
+disgrace that it would entail upon the King by the recrimination
+that would ensue in the House of Commons. His answer was 'that
+the King was degraded as low as he could be already.' The
+vehemence with which they pursue this object produces a
+corresponding violence in their language and sentiments. Lady
+Harrowby, who is usually very indifferent upon political
+subjects, has taken this up with unusual eagerness. In an
+argument which I had with her the day before yesterday, she said
+that if the House of Lords was to suffer itself to be influenced
+by the opinions and wishes of the people, it would be the most
+mean and pusillanimous conduct, and that after all what did it
+signify what the people thought or what they expressed if the
+army was to be depended upon? I answered that I never had
+expected that the day would come when I should be told that we
+were to disregard the feelings and wishes of the people of this
+country, and to look to our army for support. In proportion
+as the Ministers were elated by what came out in Hownam's
+cross-examination so were they depressed by the unlucky affair of
+Rastelli,[45] which has given such an important advantage to
+their adversaries. Mr. Powell's explanation was extremely
+unsatisfactory, and in his examination yesterday they elicited
+from him what is tantamount to a contradiction of what he had
+said the day before. It is not possible to doubt what is the real
+state of the case. Rastelli is an active, useful agent, and they
+had occasion for his services; consequently they sent him off,
+and trusted that he would be back here before he could possibly
+be called for, if ever he should be called for again. It was a
+rash speculation, which failed. The last two days have been more
+amusing and interesting than the preceding ones. The debates in
+the House, a good deal of violence, and some personalities have
+given spirit to the proceedings, which were getting very dull.
+Lord Holland made a violent speech, and Lord Carnarvon a clever
+one, which was violent enough too, on Rastelli's affair. Lord
+Holland made one or two little speeches which were very comical.
+Lord Lauderdale made a violent speech the other day, and paid
+himself in it a great many compliments. It must be acknowledged
+that the zeal of many of the Peers is very embarrassing,
+displayed as it is not in the elucidation of the truth, but in
+furtherance of that cause of which they desire the success. There
+is no one more violent than Lord Lauderdale,[46] and neither the
+Attorney-General nor the Solicitor-General can act with greater
+zeal than he does in support of the Bill. Lord Liverpool is a
+model of fairness, impartiality, and candour. The Chancellor is
+equally impartial, and as he decides personally all disputes on
+legal points which are referred to the House, his fairness has
+been conspicuous in having generally decided in favour of the
+Queen's counsel. Yesterday morning some discussion arose about a
+question which Brougham put to Powell. He asked him who was his
+principal, as he was an agent. The question was objected to, and
+he began to defend it in an uncommonly clever speech, but was
+stopped before he had spoken long. He introduced a very ingenious
+quotation which was suggested to him by Spencer Perceval, who was
+standing near him. Talking of the airy, unsubstantial being who
+was the principal, and one of the parties in this cause, he said
+he wished to meet
+
+                                        This shape--
+         If shape it could be called--that shape had none,
+         Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb;
+         Or substance might be called that shadow seemed,
+         For each seemed either . . .
+                             What seemed its head
+         The likeness of a kingly crown had on.
+                                 _Paradise Lost_, ii. 666.
+
+     [45] [Rastelli was a witness for the Bill--not a very
+          important one. After his examination was over he was
+          allowed to leave the country. Brougham found this out,
+          and instantly demanded that he should be recalled for
+          further cross-examination, well knowing this could not
+          at the moment be done. This answered his purpose, and
+          he then turned with incredible vehemence on the other
+          side, and accused them of spiriting away the witness.]
+
+     [46] [In the course of the trial, in order to show that the
+          Queen had associated in Italy with ladies of good
+          character, it was stated that a Countess T----
+          frequented her society at Florence. On
+          cross-examination it came out that the Countess spoke a
+          provincial dialect, anything but the purest Tuscan,
+          whence it was implied that she was a vulgar person, and
+          Lord Lauderdale especially pointed out this inference,
+          speaking himself in very broad Scotch. Upon which
+          Lord ----, a member of the Opposition, said to the
+          witness, 'Have the goodness to state whether Countess
+          T---- spoke Italian with as broad an accent as the
+          noble Earl who has just sat down speaks with in his
+          native tongue.' The late Sir Henry Holland was present
+          when this occurred, and used to relate the anecdote.]
+
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S ACCOUNT OF WATERLOO.]
+
+Whersted, December 10th, 1820 {p.039}
+
+I left Woburn on Thursday night last, and got here on Friday
+morning. The Lievens, Worcesters, Duke of Wellington, Neumann,
+and Montagu were here. The Duke went away yesterday. We acted
+charades, which were very well done. Yesterday we went to shoot
+at Sir Philip Brookes'. As we went in the carriage, the Duke
+talked a great deal about the battle of Waterloo and different
+things relating to that campaign. He said that he had 50,000 men
+at Waterloo. He began the campaign with 85,000 men, lost 5,000 on
+the 16th, and had a corps of 20,000 at Hal under Prince
+Frederick. He said that it was remarkable that nobody who had
+ever spoken of these operations had ever made mention of that
+corps,[47] and Bonaparte was certainly ignorant of it. In this
+corps were the best of the Dutch troops; it had been placed there
+because the Duke expected the attack to be made on that side. He
+said that the French army was the best army that was ever seen,
+and that in the previous operations Bonaparte's march upon
+Belgium was the finest thing that ever was done--so rapid and so
+well combined. His object was to beat the armies in detail, and
+this object succeeded in so far as that he attacked them
+separately; but from the extraordinary celerity with which the
+allied armies were got together he was not able to realise the
+advantages he had promised himself. The Duke says that they
+certainly were not prepared for this attack,[48] as the French
+had previously broken up the roads by which their army advanced;
+but as it was in summer this did not render them impassable. He
+says that Bonaparte beat the Prussians in a most extraordinary
+way, as the battle[49] was gained in less than four hours; but
+that it would probably have been more complete if he had brought
+a greater number of troops into action, and not detached so large
+a body against the British corps. There were 40,000 men opposed
+to the Duke on the 16th, but he says that the attack was not so
+powerful as it ought to have been with such a force. The French
+had made a long march the day before the battle, and had driven
+in the Prussian posts in the evening. I asked him if he thought
+Bonaparte had committed any fault. He said he thought he had
+committed a fault in attacking him in the position of Waterloo;
+that his object ought to have been to remove him as far as
+possible from the Prussian army, and that he ought consequently
+to have moved upon Hal, and to have attempted to penetrate by the
+same road by which the Duke had himself advanced. He had always
+calculated upon Bonaparte's doing this, and for this purpose he
+had posted 20,000 men under Prince Frederick at Hal. He said that
+the position at Waterloo was uncommonly strong, but that the
+strength of it consisted alone in the two farms of Hougoumont and
+La Haye Sainte, both of which were admirably situated and adapted
+for defence. In Hougoumont there were never more than from 300 to
+500 men, who were reinforced as it was necessary; and although
+the French repeatedly attacked this point, and sometimes with not
+less than 20,000 men, they never could even approach it. Had they
+obtained possession of it, they could not have maintained it, as
+it was open on one side to the whole fire of the English lines,
+whilst it was sheltered on the side towards the French. The Duke
+said the farm of La Haye Sainte was still better than that of
+Hougoumont, and that it never would have been taken if the
+officer who was commanding there had not neglected to make an
+aperture through which ammunition could be conveyed to his
+garrison.
+
+     [47] [The Duke of Wellington has frequently been criticised
+          for leaving so important a body of troops at Hal, so
+          far upon his right that they were of no use in the
+          battle. He always defended this disposition, and
+          maintained that the greater probability was that
+          Napoleon would attack his extreme right and advance by
+          Hal. On this occasion (in 1820) he himself drew
+          attention to it, as is explained in the text.]
+
+     [48] [This passage is obscure, as the pronoun _they_ can
+          hardly refer to the allied armies: but it stands so in
+          the MS.]
+
+     [49] [The battle of Ligny, 16th of June, 1815.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AND BLUCHER IN PARIS.]
+
+When we arrived at Sir Philip Brookes' it rained, and we were
+obliged to sit in the house, when the Duke talked a great deal
+about Paris and different things. He told us that Blucher was
+determined to destroy the Bridge of Jena. The Duke spoke to
+Muffling, the Governor of Paris, and desired him to persuade
+Blucher to abandon this design. However, Blucher was quite
+determined. He said the French had destroyed the pillar at
+Rosbach and other things, and that they merited this retaliation.
+He also said that the English had burnt Washington, and he did
+not see why he was not to destroy this bridge. Muffling, however,
+concerted with the Duke that English sentinels should be placed
+on the bridge, and if any Prussian soldiers should approach to
+injure it, these sentinels were not to retire. This they
+conceived would gain time, as they thought that previous to
+making any attempt on the bridge Blucher would apply to the Duke
+to withdraw the English sentinels. This was of no avail. The
+Prussians arrived, mined the arches, and attempted to blow up the
+bridge, sentinels and all. Their design, however, was frustrated,
+and the bridge received no injury. At length Muffling came to the
+Duke, and said that he was come to propose to him a compromise,
+which was that the bridge should be spared and the column in the
+Place Vendome should be destroyed instead. 'I saw,' said the
+Duke, 'that I had got out of the frying-pan into the fire.
+Fortunately at this moment the King of Prussia arrived, and he
+ordered that no injury should be done to either.' On another
+occasion Blucher announced his intention of levying a contribution
+of 100 millions on the city of Paris. To this the Duke objected,
+and said that the raising such enormous contributions could only
+be done by common consent, and must be a matter of general
+arrangement. Blucher said, 'Oh! I do not mean to be the only
+party who is to levy anything; you may levy as much for
+yourselves, and, depend upon it, if you do it will all be paid;
+there will be no difficulty whatever.' The Duke says that the two
+invasions cost the French 100 millions sterling. The Allies had
+1,200,000 men clothed at their expense; the allowance for this
+was 60 francs a man. The army of occupation was entirely
+maintained; there were the contributions, the claims amounting to
+ten millions sterling. Besides this there were towns and villages
+destroyed and country laid waste.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER II.
+
+Popularity of George IV.--The Duke of York's Racing
+  Establishment--Clerk of the Council--Lord Liverpool and Mr.
+  Sumner--Lady Conyngham--Death of Lady Worcester--Her
+  Character--Ball at Devonshire House--The Duke of York's
+  Aversion to the Duke of Wellington--The Pavilion at Brighton--
+  Lord Francis Conyngham--The King and the Duke of Wellington--
+  Death of the Marquis of Londonderry--His Policy--Sir B.
+  Bloomfield sent to Stockholm--Mr. Canning's Foreign Secretary--
+  Queen Caroline and Brougham--Canning and George IV.--Lord
+  William Bentinck aspires to go to India--His Disappointment--
+  The Duke of York's Duel with Colonel Lennox--George III.'s
+  Will--George IV. appropriates the late King's Personal
+  Property--The Duke of Wellington on the Congress of Verona and
+  on the Politics of Europe--Intervention in Spain--Ferdinand
+  VII.--M. de Villele--The Duke's opinion of Napoleon--Sir
+  William Knighton--The Duke of York's Anecdotes of George IV.--
+  Death of the Marquis of Titchfield--His character.
+
+
+                              1821.
+
+
+London, February 7th, 1821 {p.043}
+
+The King went to the play last night (Drury Lane) for the first
+time, the Dukes of York and Clarence and a great suite with him.
+He was received with immense acclamations, the whole pit standing
+up, hurrahing and waving their hats. The boxes were very empty at
+first, for the mob occupied the avenues to the theatre, and those
+who had engaged boxes could not get to them. The crowd on the
+outside was very great. Lord Hertford dropped one of the candles
+as he was lighting the King in, and made a great confusion in the
+box. The King sat in Lady Bessborough's box, which was fitted up
+for him. He goes to Covent Garden to-night. A few people called
+'The Queen,' but very few. A man in the gallery called out,
+'Where's your wife, Georgy?'
+
+
+February 11th, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I came to town from Euston the end of last month. The debates
+were expected to be very stormy and the minorities very large,
+not that anybody expected Ministers to go out. It has all ended
+as such anticipations usually do, in everything going off very
+quietly and the Government obtaining large majorities. Their
+Parliamentary successes and the King's reception have greatly
+elated them, and they think (and with reason probably) that they
+are likely to enjoy their places for the term of their natural
+lives, not that they care about the King's popularity except in
+as much as it may add strength to their Administration. They do
+not conceal their contempt or dislike of him, and it is one of
+the phenomena of the present times that the King should have
+Ministers whom he abuses and hates, and who entertain corresponding
+sentiments of aversion to him; yet they defend all his errors and
+follies, and he affords them constant countenance and protection.
+However, the King was delighted by his reception at the theatres,
+and told Lady Bessborough, as he came downstairs, he never was
+more gratified.
+
+
+February 23rd, 1821 {p.044}
+
+Yesterday the Duke of York proposed to me to take the management
+of his horses, which I accepted. Nothing could be more kind than
+the manner in which he proposed it.[1]
+
+      [1] [Mr. Greville continued to manage the racing
+          establishment of the Duke of York from this time till
+          the death of his Royal Highness.]
+
+
+March 5th, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I have experienced a great proof of the vanity of human wishes.
+In the course of three weeks I have attained the three things
+which I have most desired in the world for years past, and upon
+the whole I do not feel that my happiness is at all increased;
+perhaps if it were not for one cause it might be, but until that
+ceases to exist it is in vain that I acquire every other
+advantage or possess the means of amusement.[2]
+
+      [2] [One of these things was Mr. Greville's appointment as
+          Clerk of the Council; the second was his connection
+          with the Duke of York in his racing establishment; I am
+          ignorant of the third.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CLERKSHIP OF THE COUNCIL.]
+
+March 22nd, 1821 {p.044}
+
+I was sworn in the day before yesterday, and kissed hands at a
+Council at Carlton House yesterday morning as Clerk of the
+Council.
+
+
+March 25th, 1821 {p.045}
+
+Lord Fife has been dismissed from his place of Lord of the
+Bedchamber for voting against the Malt Tax, and Lord Lovaine has
+been appointed instead.
+
+
+April 19th, 1821 {p.045}
+
+The night before last Hobhouse made his furious attack upon
+Canning. Last night everybody expected that Canning would speak,
+and was extremely anxious to hear what notice he would take of
+Hobhouse. The army estimates came on first in the evening, and
+almost all the members went away, intending to return to the
+Reform debate, but when Reform came on there were only 100
+members in the House. 'Le combat finit faute de combattans,' and
+when everybody came crowding down at nine o'clock the House had
+been up half an hour, having divided 53 to 41.[3]
+
+      [3] [On the 17th of April Mr. Lambton (afterwards Earl of
+          Durham) moved for a Committee of the whole House to
+          consider the state of the representation of the people
+          in Parliament. It was owing to the misapprehension
+          described in the text that the division was so small.]
+
+
+May 2nd, 1821 {p.045}
+
+When the Canonry of Windsor became vacant Lady Conyngham asked
+the King to give it to Mr. Sumner,[4] who had been Mount
+Charles's tutor. The King agreed: the man was sent for, and
+kissed hands at Brighton. A letter was written to Lord Liverpool
+to announce the appointment. In the meantime Lord Liverpool had
+sent a list of persons, one of whom he should recommend to
+succeed to the vacancy, and the letters crossed. As soon as Lord
+Liverpool received the letter from Brighton he got into his
+carriage and went down to the King, to state that unless he was
+allowed to have the distribution of this patronage without any
+interference, he could not carry on the Government, and would
+resign his office if Sumner was appointed. The man was only a
+curate, and had never held a living at all. The King 'chanta
+palinodie,' and a sort of compromise was made, by which Lady
+Conyngham's friend was withdrawn, and the King begged it might be
+given to Dr. Clarke, to which appointment Lord Liverpool
+consented, although he did not approve of him; he did not,
+however, wish to appear too difficult.
+
+      [4] [Afterwards Bishop of Winchester. This was the
+          beginning of the fortune of that amiable prelate, of
+          whom it must be said that if he owed his early
+          advancement to a questionable influence, no man has
+          filled the episcopal office with more unaffected piety,
+          dignity, and goodness. The difference between George
+          IV. and Lord Liverpool on this occasion was a very
+          serious one. The Duke of Wellington referred to it in a
+          confidential letter to Lord Liverpool, written on the
+          26th of October, 1821, in the following terms:--'As I
+          told you at Windsor, the King has never forgiven your
+          opposition to his wishes in the case of Mr. Sumner.
+          This feeling has influenced every action of his life in
+          relation to his Government from that moment; and I
+          believe to more than one of us he avowed that his
+          objection to Mr. Canning was that his accession to the
+          Government was peculiarly desirable to you. Nothing can
+          be more unjust or more unfair than this feeling; and as
+          there is not one of your colleagues who did not highly
+          approve of what you did respecting Mr. Sumner, so there
+          is not one of them who would not suffer with you all
+          the consequences of that act.' ('Correspondence of the
+          Duke of Wellington,' Second Series, vol. i. p. 195;
+          published in 1867.)]
+
+Lady Conyngham lives in one of the houses in Marlborough Row. All
+the members of her family are continually there, and are supplied
+with horses, carriages, &c., from the King's stables. She rides
+out with her daughter, but never with the King, who always rides
+with one of his gentlemen. They never appear in public together.
+She dines there every day. Before the King comes into the room
+she and Lady Elizabeth join him in another room, and he always
+walks in with one on each arm. She comports herself entirely as
+mistress of the house, but never suffers her daughter to leave
+her. She has received magnificent presents, and Lady Elizabeth
+the same; particularly the mother has strings of pearls of
+enormous value. Madame de Lieven said she had seen the pearls of
+the Grand Duchesses and the Prussian Princesses, but had never
+seen any nearly so fine as Lady Conyngham's. The other night Lady
+Bath was coming to the Pavilion. After dinner Lady Conyngham
+called to Sir William Keppel and said, 'Sir William, do desire
+them to light up the saloon' (this saloon is lit by hundreds of
+candles). When the King came in she said to him, 'Sir, I told
+them to light up the saloon, as Lady Bath is coming this
+evening.' The King seized her arm and said with the greatest
+tenderness, 'Thank you, thank you, my dear; you always do what is
+right; you cannot please me so much as by doing everything you
+please, everything to show that you are mistress here.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE DEATH OF LADY WORCESTER.]
+
+May 12th, 1821 {p.047}
+
+I have suffered the severest pain I ever had in my life by the
+death of Lady Worcester.[5] I loved her like a sister, and I have
+lost one of the few persons in the world who cared for me, and
+whose affection and friendship serve to make life valuable to me.
+She has been cut off in the prime of her life and in the bloom of
+her beauty, and so suddenly too. Seven days ago she was at a ball
+at Court, and she is now no more. She died like a heroine, full
+of cheerfulness and courage to the last. She has been snatched
+from life at a time when she was becoming every day more fit to
+live, for her mind, her temper, and her understanding were
+gradually and rapidly improving; she had faults, but her mind was
+not vicious, and her defects may be ascribed to her education and
+to the actual state of the society in which she lived. Her
+virtues were inherent in her character; every day developed them
+more and more, and they were such as to make the happiness of all
+who lived with her and to captivate the affection of all who
+really knew her. I have never lost anyone I loved before, and
+though I know the grief I now feel will soon subside (for so the
+laws of nature have ordained), long, long will it be before I
+forget her, or before my mind loses the lively impression of her
+virtues and of our mutual friendship.
+
+      [5] [Georgiana Frederica, Marchioness of Worcester,
+          daughter of the Hon. Charles Fitzroy, married to Henry,
+          afterwards seventh Duke of Beaufort, in 1814, died 11th
+          of May, 1821. This lamented lady left two daughters,
+          afterwards Lady Augusta Neumann and Lady Georgiana
+          Codrington.]
+
+This is one of those melancholy events in life to which the mind
+cannot for a long time reconcile or accustom itself. I saw her so
+short a time ago 'glittering like the morning star, full of life
+and splendour and joy;' the accents of her voice still so vibrate
+in my ear that I cannot believe I shall never see her again. What
+a subject for contemplation and for moralising! What reflections
+crowd into the mind!
+
+Dr. Hume told me once he had witnessed many death-beds, but he
+had never seen anything like the fortitude and resignation
+displayed by her. She died in his arms, and without pain. As life
+ebbed away her countenance changed, and when at length she ceased
+to breathe, a beautiful and tranquil smile settled upon her face.
+
+          Call round her tomb each, object of desire,
+          Each, purer frame informed by purer fire;
+          Let her be all that cheers or softens life,
+          The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife:
+          Bid her be all that makes mankind adore,
+          Then view this marble, and be vain no more.
+
+
+June 24th, 1821 {p.048}
+
+The King dined at Devonshire House last Thursday se'nnight. Lady
+Conyngham had on her head a sapphire which belonged to the
+Stuarts, and was given by Cardinal York to the King. He gave it
+to the Princess Charlotte, and when she died he desired to have
+it back, Leopold being informed it was a crown jewel. This crown
+jewel sparkled in the headdress of the Marchioness at the ball. I
+ascertained the Duke of York's sentiments upon this subject the
+other day. He was not particularly anxious to discuss it, but he
+said enough to show that he has no good opinion of her. The other
+day, as we were going to the races from Oatlands, he gave me the
+history of the Duke of Wellington's life. His prejudice against
+him is excessively strong, and I think if ever he becomes King
+the other will not be Commander-in-Chief. He does not deny his
+military talents, but he thinks that he is false and ungrateful,
+that he never gave sufficient credit to his officers, and that he
+was unwilling to put forward men of talent who might be in a
+situation to claim some share of credit, the whole of which he
+was desirous of engrossing himself. He says that at Waterloo he
+got into a scrape and avowed himself to be surprised, and he
+attributes in great measure the success of that day to Lord
+Anglesea, who, he says, was hardly mentioned, and that in the
+coldest terms, in the Duke's despatch.[6]
+
+      [6] [The unjust and unfavourable opinion expressed of the
+          Duke of Wellington by the Duke of York dated from the
+          appointment of Sir Arthur Wellesley to a high command,
+          and afterwards to the chief command of the army in
+          Portugal. The Duke of York had at one moment
+          entertained hopes of commanding that army, but when he
+          was made to understand that this was impossible he
+          erroneously attributed this disappointment to the
+          intrigues of those who were preferred before him. This
+          matter is explained with further particulars _sub_ 24th
+          of December, 1822.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE PAVILION.]
+
+December 18th, 1821 {p.049}
+
+I have not written anything for months. 'Quante cose mi sono
+accadute!' My progress was as follows, not very interesting:--To
+Newmarket, Whersted, Riddlesworth, Sprotborough, Euston, Elveden,
+Welbeck, Caversham, Nun Appleton, Welbeck, Burghley, and London.
+Nothing worth mentioning occurred at any of these places.
+Sprotborough was agreeable enough. The Grevilles, Montagu,
+Wilmot, and the Wortleys were there. I came to town, went to
+Brighton yesterday se'nnight for a Council. I was lodged in the
+Pavilion and dined with the King. The gaudy splendour of the
+place amused me for a little and then bored me. The dinner was
+cold and the evening dull beyond all dulness. They say the King
+is anxious that form and ceremony should be banished, and if so
+it only proves how impossible it is that form and ceremony should
+not always inhabit a palace. The rooms are not furnished for
+society, and, in fact, society cannot flourish without ease; and
+who can feel at ease who is under the eternal constraint which
+etiquette and respect impose? The King was in good looks and good
+spirits, and after dinner cut his jokes with all the coarse
+merriment which is his characteristic. Lord Wellesley did not
+seem to like it, but of course he bowed and smiled like the rest.
+I saw nothing very particular in the King's manner to Lady
+Conyngham. He sat by her on the couch almost the whole evening,
+playing at patience, and he took her in to dinner; but Madame de
+Lieven and Lady Cowper were there, and he seemed equally civil to
+all of them. I was curious to see the Pavilion and the life they
+lead there, and I now only hope I may never go there again, for
+the novelty is past, and I should be exposed to the whole weight
+of the bore of it without the stimulus of curiosity.
+
+
+December 19th, 1821 {p.049}
+
+I dined with Lord Gwydir yesterday, and sat next to Prince
+Lieven. He told me that Bloomfield is no longer in favour, that
+he has been supplanted by Lord Francis Conyngham,[7] who now
+performs almost all the functions which formerly appertained to
+Bloomfield. He is quite aware of his decline, and submits himself
+to it in a manly way. He is no longer so necessary to the King as
+he was, for a short time ago he could not bear that Bloomfield
+should be absent, and _now_ his absence is unfelt. Francis goes
+to the King every morning, usually breakfasts with him, and
+receives all his orders. He was invited to go to Panshanger for
+two days, and was very anxious to go, but he could not obtain
+leave from the King to absent himself. Bloomfield does not put
+himself forward; 'meme il se retire,' he said, and it is
+understood that he has made up his mind to resign his situation
+and leave the Court. The King is still perfectly civil and
+good-humoured to him, but has withdrawn his confidence from him,
+and Bloomfield is no longer his first servant.
+
+      [7] [Lord Francis Conyngham, second son of the first
+          Marquis of Conyngham (who was raised to the British
+          peerage in June 1821), afterwards himself Marquis of
+          Conyngham.]
+
+I asked Lieven whether Francis Conyngham, in performing the other
+duties which had been hitherto allotted to Bloomfield, also
+exercised the functions of Private Secretary, because this
+involved a much more serious question. He said that he did not
+know; all he knew was that whilst he was at Brighton Bloomfield
+was absent for five days, and that during that time the other had
+ostensibly occupied the place which Bloomfield used to hold about
+the King's person. The commencement of this revolution in the
+King's sentiments is to be dated from the journey to Hanover. Now
+Bloomfield sits amongst the guests at dinner at the Pavilion; the
+honours are done by the father on one side and the son on the
+other.
+
+
+                              1822.
+
+
+July 16th, 1822 {p.050}
+
+Since I wrote last I have been continually in town. I have won on
+the Derby, my sister is married,[8] and I have done nothing worth
+recording. How habit and practice change our feelings, our
+opinions; and what an influence they have upon our thoughts and
+actions! Objects which I used to contemplate at an immeasurable
+distance, and to attain which I thought would be the summit of
+felicity, I have found worth very little in comparison to the
+value my imagination used to set upon them.... London is nearly
+over, has been tolerably agreeable; but I have been very often
+bored to death by the necessity of paying some attention to keep
+up an interest.
+
+      [8] [Miss Greville married Lord Francis Leveson Gower,
+          afterwards Earl of Ellesmere, in 1822.]
+
+
+July 30th, 1822 {p.051}
+
+Madame de Lieven is ill with the King, and is miserable in
+consequence. Lady Cowper is her _confidante_, and the Duke of
+Wellington; but this latter pretends to know nothing of it, and
+asked me the other day what it was, I am sure in order to
+discover what people say. When the Duke was at Brighton in the
+winter, he and the King had a dispute about the army. It began
+(it was at dinner) by the King's saying that the Russians or the
+Prussians (I forget which) were the best infantry in the world.
+The Duke said, 'Except your Majesty's.' The King then said the
+English cavalry were the best, which the Duke denied; then that
+an inferior number of French regiments would always beat a
+superior number of English, and, in short, that they were not
+half so effective. The King was very angry; the dispute waxed
+warm, and ended by his Majesty rising from table and saying,
+'Well, it is not for me to dispute on such a subject with your
+Grace.' The King does not like the Duke, nor does the Duke of
+York. This I know from himself.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY.]
+
+August 13th, 1822 {p.051}
+
+I went to Cirencester on Friday and came back yesterday. At
+Hounslow I heard of the death of Lord Londonderry.[9] When I got
+to town I met several people who had all assumed an air of
+melancholy, a _visage de circonstance_, which provoked me
+inexpressibly, because it was certain that they did not care;
+indeed, if they felt at all, it was probably rather satisfaction
+at an event happening than sorrow for the death of the person. It
+seems Lord Londonderry had been unwell for some time, but not
+seriously, and a few days before this catastrophe he became much
+worse, and was very much dejected. He told Lord Granville some
+time ago that he was worn out with fatigue, and he told Count
+Munster the other day that he was very ill indeed. The Duke of
+Wellington saw him on Friday, and was so struck by the appearance
+of illness about him that he sent Bankhead to him. He was cupped
+on Saturday in London, got better, and went to Foot's Cray. On
+Sunday he was worse, and the state of dejection in which he
+appeared induced his attendants to take certain precautions,
+which unfortunately, however, proved fruitless. They removed his
+pistols and his razors, but he got hold of a penknife which was
+in the room next his, and on Sunday night or early on Monday
+morning he cut his throat with it. There is not a Minister in
+town but Lord Liverpool, Vansittart, and the Chancellor. Lord
+Bathurst is at Cirencester, the Duke of Wellington in Holland,
+Lord Sidmouth in Yorkshire, Peel and Lord Melville in Scotland
+with the King. No event ever gave rise to more speculation with
+the few people there are left to speculate, and the general
+opinion seems to be that Canning will not go to India,[10] but
+will be appointed in his room. It certainly opens a door to his
+ambition as well as to that of Peel, who, unless Canning comes
+into office, must of necessity lead the House of Commons. Another
+speculation is that Lord Liverpool will take this opportunity of
+resigning, and that the King will form a Whig Ministry. I do not
+believe Lord Liverpool wishes to resign, and my opinion is that
+Canning will come into office.
+
+      [9] [Lord Castlereagh, far better known by that name,
+          succeeded as second Marquis of Londonderry on the 11th
+          of April, 1821--only sixteen months before his death.]
+
+     [10] [Mr. Canning had just accepted the office of
+          Governor-General of India, and was about to go out to
+          that country.]
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD LONDONDERRY.]
+
+I had hardly any acquaintance with Lord Londonderry, and
+therefore am not in the slightest degree affected by his death.
+As a Minister he is a great loss to his party, and still greater
+to his friends and dependents, to whom he was the best of
+patrons; to the country I think he is none. Nobody can deny that
+his talents were great, and perhaps he owed his influence and
+authority as much to his character as to his abilities. His
+appearance was dignified and imposing; he was affable in his
+manners and agreeable in society. The great feature of his
+character was a cool and determined courage, which gave an
+appearance of resolution and confidence to all his actions, and
+inspired his friends with admiration and excessive devotion to
+him, and caused him to be respected by his most violent
+opponents. As a speaker he was prolix, monotonous, and never
+eloquent, except, perhaps, for a few minutes when provoked into a
+passion by something which had fallen out in debate. But,
+notwithstanding these defects, and still more the ridicule which
+his extraordinary phraseology had drawn upon him, he was always
+heard with attention. He never spoke ill; his speeches were
+continually replete with good sense and strong argument, and
+though they seldom offered much to admire, they generally
+contained a great deal to be answered. I believe he was
+considered one of the best managers of the House of Commons who
+ever sat in it, and he was eminently possessed of the good taste,
+good humour, and agreeable manners which are more requisite to
+make a good leader than eloquence, however brilliant. With these
+qualities, it may be asked why he was not a better Minister, and
+who can answer that question? or who can aver that he did not
+pursue the policy which he conscientiously believed to be most
+advantageous to his country? Nay, more, who can say but from
+surmise and upon speculation that it was not the best? I believe
+that he was seduced by his vanity, that his head was turned by
+emperors, kings, and congresses, and that he was resolved that
+the country which he represented should play as conspicuous a
+part as any other in the political dramas which were acted on the
+Continent. The result of his policy is this, that we are mixed up
+in the affairs of the Continent in a manner we have never been
+before, which entails upon us endless negotiations and enormous
+expenses. We have associated ourselves with the members of the
+Holy Alliance, and countenanced the acts of ambition and
+despotism in such a manner as to have drawn upon us the
+detestation of the nations of the Continent; and our conduct
+towards them at the close of the war has brought a stain upon our
+character for bad faith and desertion which no time will wipe
+away, and the recollection of which will never be effaced from
+their minds.
+
+
+August 19th, 1822 {p.019}
+
+I went to Brighton on Saturday to see the Duke [of York];
+returned to-day. The Pavilion is finished. The King has had a
+subterranean passage made from the house to the stables, which is
+said to have cost L3,000 or L5,000; I forget which. There is also
+a bath in his apartment, with pipes to conduct water from the
+sea; these pipes cost L600. The King has not taken a sea bath for
+sixteen years.
+
+The Marquis of Londonderry is to be buried to-morrow in
+Westminster Abbey. It is thought injudicious to have anything
+like an ostentatious funeral, considering the circumstances under
+which he died, but it is the particular wish of his widow. She
+seems to consider the respect which is paid to his remains as a
+sort of testimony to his character, and nothing will pacify her
+feelings or satisfy her affection but seeing him interred with
+all imaginable honours. It seems that he gave several indications
+of a perturbed mind a short time previous to his death. For some
+time past he had been dejected, and his mind was haunted with
+various apprehensions, particularly with a notion that he was in
+great personal danger. On the day (the 3rd of August) he gave a
+great dinner at Cray to his political friends, some of them
+finding the wine very good, wished to compliment him upon it, and
+Arbuthnot called out, 'Lord Londonderry!' He instantly jumped up
+with great vivacity, and stood as if in expectation of something
+serious that was to follow. When he was told that it was about
+the wine they wished to speak to him, he sat down; but his manner
+was so extraordinary that Huskisson remarked it to Wilmot as they
+came home. In the last interview which the Duke of Wellington had
+with him he said he never heard him converse upon affairs with
+more clearness and strength of mind than that day. In the middle
+of the conversation, however, he said, 'To prove to you what
+danger I am in, my own servants think so, and that I ought to go
+off directly, that I have no time to lose, and they keep my
+horses saddled that I may get away quickly; they think that I
+should not have time to go away in a carriage.' Then ringing the
+bell violently, he said to the servant, 'Tell me, sir, instantly
+who ordered my horses here; who sent them up to town?' The man
+answered that the horses were at Cray, and had never been in
+town. The Duke desired the man to go, and in consequence of this
+strange behaviour wrote the letter to Bankhead which has been
+since published.
+
+
+August 20th, 1822 {p.055}
+
+Knighton went with the King to Scotland, and slept in one of his
+Majesty's own cabins, that next to him. He is supposed to have
+been appointed Privy Purse. Bloomfield has got the mission to
+Stockholm. When Bloomfield was dismissed a disposition was shown
+to treat him in a very unceremonious manner; but he would not
+stand this, and displayed a spirit which he was probably enabled
+to assume in consequence of what he knows. When they found he was
+not to be bullied they treated with him, and gave him every
+honour and emolument he could desire.
+
+
+[Page Head: CANNING RETURNS TO OFFICE.]
+
+September 22nd, 1822 {p.055}
+
+I saw Lady Bathurst on the 13th. Canning had not then sent his
+answer, and greatly surprised were the Ministers at the delay.
+Lord Liverpool's proposal to him was simple and unclogged with
+conditions--the Foreign Office and the lead in the House of
+Commons. The King's repugnance to his coming into office was
+extreme, and it required all the efforts of his Ministers to
+surmount it. The Duke of Wellington and Peel have all the credit
+of having persuaded the King to consent, but Lord Bathurst's
+arguments influenced him as much as those of any person, and he
+told Lady Conyngham that he was more satisfied by what Lord
+Bathurst had said to him on the subject than by any of the
+Ministers. I know that amongst the Canning party Lord Bathurst is
+supposed to have joined with the Chancellor in opposing his
+appointment. The danger in which the Duke of Wellington was
+sensibly affected the King, because at this moment the Duke is in
+high favour with him; and when he heard he was so ill he sent
+Knighton to him to comfort him with a promise that he would
+reconsider the proposal of receiving Canning, and the next day he
+signified his consent. I saw a note from Lady Conyngham to Lady
+Bathurst, in which she gave an account of the uneasiness and
+agitation in which the King had been in consequence of the Duke's
+illness, saying how much she had suffered in consequence, and how
+great had been _their_ relief, when Knighton brought word that he
+was better. The 'dear King,' she said, was more composed. She
+added that she (Lady B.) would hear that evening what would give
+her pleasure, and this was that the King had agreed to take
+Canning. In a conversation also Lady C. said that she did hope,
+now the King had yielded his own inclination to the wishes and
+advice of his Ministers, that they would behave to him better
+than they had done. Canning was sworn in on Monday. His friends
+say that he was very well received. The King told Madame de
+Lieven that having consented to receive him, he had behaved to
+him, as _he always did_, in the most gentlemanlike manner he
+could, and that on delivering to him the seals, he said to him
+that he had been advised by his Ministers that his abilities and
+eloquence rendered him the only fit man to succeed to the vacancy
+which Lord Londonderry's death had made, and that, in appointing
+him to the situation, he had only to desire that he would follow
+the steps of his predecessor. This Madame de Lieven told to Lady
+Jersey, and she to me. It seems that the King was so struck with
+Lord Londonderry's manner (for he said to the King nearly what he
+said to the Duke of Wellington), and so persuaded that some fatal
+catastrophe would take place, that when Peel came to inform him
+of what had happened, he said to him before he spoke, 'I know you
+are come to tell me that Londonderry is dead.' Peel had just left
+him, and upon receiving the despatches immediately returned; and
+when Lady Conyngham was told by Lord Mount Charles that there was
+a report that he was dead, she said, 'Good God! then he has
+destroyed himself.' She knew what had passed with the King, and
+was the only person to whom he had told it.
+
+
+September 23rd, 1822 {p.057}
+
+George Bentinck, who thinks there never existed such a man as
+Canning, and who probably has heard from him some circumstances
+connected with his resignation at the time of the Queen's trial,
+told ---- that it was in consequence of a dispute between the
+King and his Ministers concerning the payment of the expenses of
+the Milan Commission. The Ministers wished the King to pay
+the expenses himself, and he wished them to be defrayed by
+Government. Lord Londonderry promised the King (without the
+concurrence of the other Ministers) that the expenses should be
+paid by Government, but with money ostensibly appropriated to
+other purposes. This Canning could not endure, and resigned. Such
+is his story, which probably is partly true and partly false.
+
+
+[Page Head: QUEEN CAROLINE'S RETURN.]
+
+November 5th, 1822 {p.057}
+
+I have been to Newmarket, Euston, Riddlesworth, Rendlesham,
+Whersted, besides going to town several times and to Brighton.
+Since I left London for the Doncaster races I have travelled near
+1,200 miles. At Riddlesworth the Duke of York told me a great
+deal about the Queen and Brougham, but he was so unintelligible
+that part I could not make out and part I do not remember. What I
+can recollect amounts to this, that the Emperor of Austria was
+the first person who informed the King of the Queen's conduct in
+Italy, that after the enquiry was set on foot a negotiation was
+entered into with the Queen, the basis of which was that she
+should abdicate the title of Queen, and that to this she had
+consented. He said that Brougham had acted a double part, for
+that he had acquiesced in the propriety of her acceding to those
+terms, and had promised that he would go over to her and confirm
+her in her resolution to agree to them; that he had not only not
+gone, but that whilst he was making these promises to Government
+he had written to the Queen desiring her to come over. The Duke
+told me that a man (whose name he did not mention) came to him
+and said, 'So the Queen comes over?' He said, 'No, she does not.'
+The man said, 'I know she does, for Brougham has written to
+her to come; I saw the letter.' If Lord Liverpool and Lord
+Londonderry had thought proper to publish what had been done on
+the part of Brougham, he would have been covered with infamy; but
+they would not do it, and he thinks they were wrong. The rest I
+cannot remember.[11]
+
+     [11] [This is an erroneous and imperfect account of this
+          important transaction, the particulars of which are
+          related by Lord Brougham in his 'Memoirs,' cap. xvi.
+          vol. ii. p. 352, and still more fully by Mr. Yonge in
+          his 'Life of Lord Liverpool,' vol. iii. p. 52. Mr.
+          Brougham had sent his brother James to the Queen at
+          Geneva to dissuade her from setting out for England,
+          but, as he himself observes, 'I was quite convinced
+          that if she once set out she never would stop short.'
+          He met her himself at St. Omer, being the bearer of a
+          memorandum dated the 15th of April, 1820, which
+          contained the terms proposed by the King's Government.
+          He went to St. Omer in company with Lord Hutchinson,
+          but Mr. Brougham, and not Lord Hutchinson, was the
+          bearer of these propositions. Lord Hutchinson had no
+          copy of the document. The extraordinary part of Mr.
+          Brougham's conduct was that he never at all submitted
+          or made known to the Queen the memorandum of the 15th
+          of April; and she knew nothing of it till she had
+          reached London, when all negotiation was broken off.
+          This fact Lord Brougham does not explain in his
+          'Memoirs;' but Lord Hutchinson declared in his report
+          to Lord Liverpool that in truth Brougham 'did not
+          appear to possess the smallest degree of power, weight,
+          or authority over the mind of the Queen' when at St.
+          Omer.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CANNING AND GEORGE IV.]
+
+Welbeck, November 16th, 1822 {p.058}
+
+I have had a great deal of conversation with Titchfield,[12]
+particularly about Canning, and he told me this curious fact about
+his coming into office:--When the King had consented to receive
+him he wrote a letter nearly in these words to Lord Liverpool:
+'The King thinks that the brightest jewel in the crown is to
+extend his forgiveness [I am not sure that this was the word[13]]
+to a subject who has offended him, and he therefore informs Lord
+L. that he consents to Mr. Canning forming a part of the Cabinet.'
+This letter was communicated by Lord Liverpool to Canning, and
+upon reading it he was indignant, as were his wife and his
+daughter. The consequence was that he wrote a most violent and
+indignant reply, addressed to the same person to whom the other
+letter had been addressed, and which was intended in like manner
+to be shown to the King, as the King's letter was to him. Upon
+hearing what had passed, however, down came Lord Granville and
+Mr. Ellis in a great hurry, and used every argument to dissuade him
+from sending the letter, urging that he had entirely misunderstood
+the purport of the letter which had offended him; that it was
+intended as an invitation to reconciliation, and contained nothing
+which could have been meant as offensive; that the country would
+be so dissatisfied (which ardently desired and expected that he
+should come into office) if he rejected this overture that he
+would not be justified in refusing his services to the public, who
+so anxiously wished for them. These arguments, vehemently urged
+and put in every possible shape, prevailed, and the angry reply
+was put in the fire, and another written full of gratitude, duty,
+and acquiescence.
+
+     [12] [The Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of the fourth
+          Duke of Portland, Mr. Greville's first cousin, died in
+          the twenty-eighth year of his age.]
+
+     [13] [The exact words in the King's letter to Lord Liverpool
+          are 'extend his grace and favour to a subject who may
+          have incurred his displeasure.' This letter, Lord
+          Liverpool's letter transmitting it to Mr. Canning, and
+          Mr. Canning's answer to Lord Liverpool are now all
+          published in Mr. Yonge's 'Life and Administration of
+          Lord Liverpool,' vol. iii. p. 200.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK.]
+
+London, November 24th, 1822 {p.059}
+
+The morning I left Welbeck I had a long conversation with
+Titchfield upon various matters connected with politics and his
+family, particularly relating to Lord William's correspondence
+with Lord Liverpool about the Government of India. He showed me
+this correspondence, in which, as I anticipated, Lord William had
+the worst of it. Lord Liverpool's answer was unanswerable. He
+showed me also a very long letter which he had received from Lord
+William, together with the copies of the correspondence, which
+was written the evening before he went abroad. In this letter
+(which I only read once, and which was so long that I cannot
+recollect it) he gave a detailed account of his sentiments upon
+the Indian matter, with the reasons for his having acted as he
+did, also his feelings with regard to the manner in which Canning
+had behaved upon the occasion and a conversation which he had
+with Mrs. Canning.[14] This latter I think exceedingly curious,
+because it serves to show what the object and the pretensions of
+Canning are in taking office, and exhibit that ambition the whole
+extent of which he dares not show. It seems that the Directors
+were anxious that Lord William should be appointed Governor-General,
+and this he knew through friends of his in the Court. Government,
+however, having signified their dissent to his nomination, Lord
+Amherst was nominated by the Court and accepted. Lord William's
+displeasure with Canning arises from an idea that Canning was
+backward in supporting his interests in this matter, and that he
+kept aloof from Lord William, and acquiesced in his rejection
+without ever communicating with him on the subject. Had Canning
+stated to him the difficulties under which he laboured, from his
+anxiety to serve him on the one hand and his obligation of
+coinciding with his colleagues on the other, Lord William would
+not have hesitated to _desire_ him to abandon his interests
+rather than involve himself in any embarrassment on his account.
+He wrote to Lord Liverpool to complain that the Court of
+Directors being inclined to nominate him, Lord L. had interposed
+his influence to prevent that nomination; that he did not ask
+Lord L. to consent to his appointment, but he did ask him not to
+interpose his influence to prevent his nomination, because that
+nomination was essential to his character, as proving that the
+Court of Directors were satisfied of the injustice with which he
+had been treated in the affair of the Vellore mutiny. Lord
+Liverpool's answer was short and civil, assuring him that he had
+neither directly nor indirectly exerted any influence at all,
+maintaining his right to give his opinion to the Directors in
+case it had been asked, and stating that Lord Amherst had been
+proposed by the Court and accepted by Government.[15] Whilst
+this matter was still pending, and before Lord Amherst's
+appointment had been made known, Lord William went to Gloucester
+Lodge. He saw Mrs. Canning, and being anxious to acquire
+information concerning the Indian appointment, he told her that
+she had an opportunity of obliging him by telling him anything
+she knew concerning it. She answered very quickly and in a very
+bad humour, 'Oh, it is all settled; Lord Amherst is appointed.'
+She then put into his hand a letter which Canning had received
+that morning from the Duke of Portland, declining his offer of
+the Private Secretaryship for John and George, alleging as a
+reason the hostile politics of Lord William and Titchfield. Mrs.
+Canning said that she had no idea that they would not have
+supported Canning, that she was aware they differed on some
+matters of minor importance, but that she had imagined their
+general opinions to be similar; that she had conceived Lord
+William's opposition to have been directed against Lord
+Londonderry, and that it would have ceased with his death; that
+'the present must be considered as a new Administration, and that
+Canning must be virtually Minister of the country.' Lord William
+replied that he could not view it in that light, that he thought
+it likely the introduction of Canning into the Cabinet might
+effect a beneficial influence on the measures of Government, and
+more particularly that a system of foreign policy might be
+adopted more congenial to his sentiments upon that subject; that
+it would give him the greatest pleasure to see such a change of
+measures as would enable him to give his support to a Government
+of which Canning was so conspicuous a member, but that he could
+not think that to be a new Administration which was composed
+(with the sole exception of Canning) of precisely the same
+persons of which it consisted before he joined them.
+
+     [14] [Mrs. Canning was the younger sister of Henrietta, wife
+          of the fourth Duke of Portland, both of them being the
+          daughters and coheiresses of Major-General John Scott
+          of Balcomie. Lord William Bentinck, the Duke's brother,
+          was therefore a near connection, and Lord George
+          Bentinck and Lord John Bentinck, the Duke's sons, were
+          by their mother's side Mrs. Canning's nephews. Lady
+          Charlotte Greville, Mr. Charles Greville's mother, was
+          of course connected with Mrs. Canning in the same
+          degree as her brother Lord William Bentinck.]
+
+     [15] [Lord Liverpool's letter to the King on this
+          appointment has been published by Mr. Yonge in his Life
+          of that statesman. He stated strongly to George IV. his
+          opinion that although Lord William Bentinck was
+          supported by a powerful party in the Court of
+          Directors, he thought it would be 'humiliating to the
+          Government and productive of the very worst effects to
+          appoint to such a station a man who had taken so strong
+          a part in Parliamentary Opposition.' George IV. replied
+          that he thought it 'highly unadvisable that Lord
+          William Bentinck should be the successor of the Marquis
+          of Hastings.' (Yonge's 'Life of Lord Liverpool,' vol.
+          iii. p. 204.) Lord William Bentinck had previously been
+          Governor of Madras at the time of the mutiny at
+          Vellore.]
+
+George,[16] after having refused the Private Secretaryship, was
+talked over by Canning and accepted it. He tried to gain over
+John, but he refused to share it.
+
+     [16] [Lord George Bentinck, third son of the fourth Duke of
+          Portland; born 1802, died 1848; afterwards
+          distinguished as the leader of the Protectionist
+          party.]
+
+Canning wished that Manners Sutton should be appointed
+Governor-General, in order that Wynn might be made Speaker, and
+room made for Huskisson in the Cabinet; but Wynn would not have
+given up his situation, and it is very much suspected that if he
+had, the strength of Government would have been insufficient to
+procure his election as Speaker, so unpopular is he in the House.
+
+
+December 24th, 1822 {p.062}
+
+The other day I went to Bushy with the Duke [of York], and as we
+passed over Wimbledon Common he showed me the spot where he
+fought his duel with the Duke of Richmond. He then told me the
+whole story and all the circumstances which led to it, most of
+which are in print. That which I had never heard before was that
+at a masquerade three masks insulted the Prince of Wales, when
+the Duke interfered, desired the one who was most prominent to
+address himself to him, and added that he suspected him to be an
+officer in his regiment (meaning Colonel Lennox), and if he was
+he was a coward and a disgrace to his profession; if he was not
+the person he took him for, he desired him to unmask, and he
+would beg his pardon. The three masks were supposed to be Colonel
+Lennox, the Duke of Gordon, and Lady Charlotte. This did not lead
+to any immediate consequences, but perhaps indirectly contributed
+to what followed. The Duke never found out whether the masks were
+the people he suspected.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF YORK'S DISLIKE TO WELLINGTON.]
+
+The last time I was with him he told me a variety of particulars
+about the Duke of Wellington's conduct at the siege of Seringapatam,
+of Lord Harris's reluctance to entrust the command of a storming
+party to him, of his not arriving at the place of rendezvous the
+first night, of Lord Harris's anger and the difficulty with
+which he was brought to consent to his being employed the second
+night, when he distinguished himself so signally. Amongst various
+other matters, of which it was impossible to bring away a perfect
+recollection, from his confused manner of narrating, and
+particularly his inaccuracy as to dates, he told me (with many
+recommendations to secrecy) that which immediately explained to
+me the dislike which he certainly bears to the Duke and (which I
+did not know before) to Lord Londonderry. He said that after the
+retreat of our army under Sir J. Moore from Spain (he was not
+quite certain himself as to the exact period, though a reference
+to the history of that period will probably elucidate the matter)
+Lord L. sent for him, and communicated to him that it was the
+intention of Government to send out an expedition to Portugal,
+and to confer the command of it upon him. He replied that if
+called upon he should consider it his duty to serve, but he
+should never solicit any command. Nothing more passed at that
+time, but the newspapers by some means immediately got hold of
+this project and violently attacked the Government for thinking
+of sending him out. He does not appear to have known what
+intermediate deliberation led to a change in the determination of
+the Ministers in regard to himself. He says that Lord Chatham,
+who was much attached to him, and was then a Cabinet Minister,
+came to him one day, and told him he was betrayed, and that he
+was sacrificed to make way for Sir A. Wellesley; that soon after
+this Lord L. sent for him, and said that he was extremely sorry
+that public opinion was so strongly against his appointment to
+the command of the army that it was impossible for Government to
+confer it upon him. Soon after this the expedition was formed,
+and Sir A. Wellesley was appointed to the command. This was the
+Duke's own version of the transaction.
+
+
+                              1823.
+
+
+[Page Head: GEORGE THE THIRD'S WILL.]
+
+Some particulars concerning the late King's will were told me by
+the Duke of York as we were going to Oatlands to shoot on
+Wednesday, the 8th of January, 1823. The King was empowered by
+Act of Parliament to make a will about the year 1766. In 1770 he
+made a will, by which he left all he had to the Queen for her
+life, Buckingham House to the Duke of Clarence, some property to
+the Duke of Kent, and to the Duke of York his second best George
+and some other trifling remembrance. He considered the Duke of
+York provided for by the Bishopric of Osnaburgh. Of this will
+three copies were made; one was deposited in the German
+_chancellerie_ in England, one in Hanover, and the other it was
+believed the King kept himself. He afterwards resolved to cancel
+this will, and two of the copies of it were destroyed, the third
+still existing (I could not make out by what means--if he told me
+I have forgotten--or which copy it was that survived). In 1810
+the King made another will, but for various reasons he always put
+off signing it, once or twice because he wished to make
+alterations in it; at length he appointed a day to sign it, but
+when the Chancellor brought it one of the witnesses was absent,
+and the signature was again postponed. Other days were afterwards
+fixed for this purpose, but before the signature was affixed the
+King was taken ill, and consequently the will never was signed.
+After the death of the King the only good will, therefore, was
+his original will of 1770, which was produced and read in the
+presence of the King, the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Lord
+Liverpool, the Duke of York, Adair, the King's solicitor (Spyer
+his name), and one or two others whom he mentioned. Buckingham
+House, which had been left to the Duke of Clarence, had been
+twice sold; the Queen and the Duke of Kent were dead; the
+only legatee, therefore, was the Duke of York. Now arose a
+difficulty--whether the property of the late King demised to the
+King or to the Crown. The Chancellor said that the only person
+who had anything to say to the will was the Duke of York; but
+the Duke and the King differed with regard to the right of
+inheritance, and the Duke, wishing to avoid any dispute or
+discussion on the subject, begged to wash his hands of the whole
+matter. The King conceives that the whole of the late King's
+property devolves upon him personally, and not upon the Crown,
+and he has consequently appropriated to himself the whole of the
+money and jewels. The money did not amount to more than L120,000.
+So touchy is he about pecuniary matters that his Ministers have
+never dared to remonstrate with him, nor to tell him that he has
+no right so to act. The consequence is that he has spent the
+money, and has taken to himself the jewels as his own private
+property. The Duke thinks that he has no right thus to appropriate
+their father's property, but that it belongs to the Crown. The
+King has acted in a like manner with regard to the Queen's
+[Charlotte's] jewels. She possessed a great quantity, some of
+which had been given her by the late King on her marriage, and
+the rest she had received in presents at different times. Those
+which the late King had given her she conceived to belong to the
+Crown, and left them back to the present King; the rest she left
+to her daughters. The King has also appropriated the Queen's
+[Caroline's] jewels to himself, and conceives that they are his
+undoubted private property. The Duke thinks that the Ministers
+ought to have taken the opportunity of the coronation, when a new
+crown was to be provided, to state to him the truth with regard
+to the jewels, and to suggest that they should be converted to
+that purpose. This, however, they dared not do, and so the matter
+remains. The King had even a design of selling the library
+collected by the late King, but this he was obliged to abandon,
+for the Ministers and the Royal Family must have interfered to
+oppose so scandalous a transaction. It was therefore presented to
+the British Museum.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CONGRESS OF VERONA.]
+
+January 25th, 1823 {p.065}
+
+I came from Gorhambury with the Duke of Wellington last
+Wednesday, and he was very communicative. He gave me a detailed
+history of the late Congress, and told me many other things which
+I should be glad to recollect.
+
+After the two treaties of Paris and Vienna the Allied Powers
+agreed to meet in Congress from time to time to arrange together
+any matters of general interest which might arise, and to settle
+and discuss any differences which might occur between any two
+Powers, a rule being laid down that the affairs of no Power
+should be discussed without that Power being invited to the
+deliberation. The affairs of Naples were the first that attracted
+their attention. Austria complained that the ramifications of the
+secret political societies which had sprung up at Naples tended
+to disturb and revolutionise the Italian possessions, and
+demanded the consent of the Allied Powers that she should abate
+the nuisance. The cause was deemed sufficient to justify her
+interference, and the events followed which are known. The
+Congress at Verona was assembled for the purpose of taking into
+consideration the affairs of Italy, and for discussing the
+propriety of relieving Naples from the burden of that military
+force which had been maintained there for the purpose of
+extinguishing the revolutionary spirit. At this Congress France
+came forward and complained that the revolution which had taken
+place in Spain menaced her internal tranquillity, and demanded
+the advice of Congress as to the measures she should adopt. In
+this it will be observed that the rule of every Power being
+called upon to attend a deliberation in which its affairs were to
+be discussed was dispensed with. Austria, Russia, and Prussia
+immediately replied that if she considered the Spanish revolution
+to be dangerous to her repose, she would be justified in stifling
+that revolution by force of arms, and offered to co-operate with
+her in the attempt. England refused to give any answer to the
+demands of France, and demanded in return what was her case
+against Spain. To this no answer was given. The part then taken
+by the Duke was to deprecate hostilities, both publicly as
+Plenipotentiary of England and privately in the various
+conversations which he had with the Emperor of Russia, who seems
+to have been the strongest advocate for making war with Spain.
+The imprudence of the Spaniards has afforded some colour to the
+right assumed by their enemies of interfering with their affairs,
+for they have upon several occasions attempted to foment the
+troubles which either existed or threatened to appear both in
+Naples and Piedmont; and the Emperor of Russia told the Duke that
+he had detected the Spanish Minister at St. Petersburg in an
+attempt to corrupt his soldiers at the time of the mutiny of the
+Guards, and that he had consequently sent him out of the country.
+The Duke replied that if the Emperor of Russia had reasonable
+grounds of complaint against Spain, he would be fully justified
+in declaring war against her, and that he would advise him to do
+so if he could march 150,000 men into Spain; but in suffering
+three years to elapse without making any complaint he had
+virtually renounced his right to complain, and that it was unfair
+to rake up a forgotten grievance against Spain at a time when she
+was menaced by another Power upon other grounds. The Duke
+said that the Emperor of Russia once talked to him of the
+practicability of marching an army into Spain, and seemed to
+think he might do so. The Duke said that the French Government
+would never allow it, when he said he could send them by sea. The
+Duke told him it would take 2,000 ships. One of the arguments of
+the Emperor of Russia was this: that constituted as their
+Governments were (military Governments) it was impossible for
+them to tolerate consistently with their own security any
+revolution which originated in military insubordination.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON ON FRENCH INTERVENTION.]
+
+After the Congress the Duke returned to Paris, and found that not
+only Monsieur de Villele was averse to war, but that the King,
+Monsieur, and the Duke and Duchess of Angouleme were equally
+disinclined to commence hostilities. His endeavours have been
+incessantly directed to confirm their pacific dispositions, and
+to induce the Spanish Government to display moderation in their
+language and conduct. I asked him if such were the sentiments of
+the ruling powers in France upon what the question now turned,
+and why all idea of war was not abandoned, since both parties
+were pacifically inclined. He said[17] that France had been led
+into a dilemma by a series of erroneous measures, that hers was a
+false position, that having made the demands she had done to the
+Allied Powers, having held such lofty language, and having made
+such a show of military preparation, her difficulty was how to
+retract and retrace her steps with honour and credit to herself;
+that she was a nation whose character depended in great measure
+upon her military renown, and that it would reflect disgrace upon
+her to have made such mighty preparations and assumed so
+peremptory a tone without performing any action commensurate with
+the expectations she had raised. He said that appearances
+certainly became more warlike, but that he still hoped peace
+would be maintained; that if war ensued it would be entered into
+contrary to the interests and inclinations of all the parties
+concerned, and that it would have been brought about by a
+succession of circumstances over which they had no control; that
+it was impossible for two armies to remain for a length of time
+so near each other without mutual incursions being made, insults
+and injuries exchanged, which must inevitably end in a state of
+warfare and hostility; that the recall of the French Minister
+from Madrid would contribute to this result, for both in the
+Cortes and the Andalusian Junta expressions would be uttered
+offensive to the French Government, and misrepresentations would
+be made which would have the effect of exasperating the parties
+and of widening the breach; and that there being no agent of
+France at Madrid to furnish explanations and destroy the
+effect of the misrepresentations, there would be a constant
+correspondence between Madrid and Paris, in which vent would be
+given to all the angry feelings that ever existed.[18] The Duke
+advised that no answer should be given to the notes of the three
+Powers, nor to that of the French Minister. Had the Spanish
+Government declined to take notice of the notes, they would have
+imposed upon them the difficulty of taking the next steps.
+However, he admitted that the answer to the French note was very
+moderate. There is no statesman in Spain. There are some eloquent
+men in the Cortes, particularly Torreno and Arguelles. Torreno is
+the ablest man, but he has injured his character by peculation.
+The state of Spain is such that the most violent and turbulent
+possess the greatest share of influence. Portugal is in a state
+of greater intellectual improvement, and amongst the Portuguese
+there are some men of ability--Palmella, and another whose name I
+have forgotten. But Spain is not only deficient in men of
+education and talent to direct her councils, but she has no army,
+and not one officer of capacity. Not one was formed by the late
+war, for such were their vanity and ignorance that they would
+learn nothing from the English.
+
+     [17] All this reasoning appears to me exceedingly false, and
+          I do not understand a Government being compelled to
+          adopt measures adverse to her inclinations and
+          injurious to her interests by circumstances which she
+          could not control. A wise and vigorous statesman would
+          break through such a web as that in which the French
+          politics are entangled, and I cannot comprehend how the
+          honour of a nation is to be supported by an obstinate
+          adherence to measures which she had been led
+          incautiously to adopt, and which were afterwards found
+          to militate with her true interests. If the councils of
+          France were directed by a Minister of a vigorous and
+          independent character--if such a Minister were to come
+          forward and state frankly to Spain, and announce to all
+          Europe, that he would not invade the liberty and the
+          rights of Spain, and instantly put a stop to all
+          hostile preparations, finding arguments for an act of
+          magnanimity, moderation, and justice, which are never
+          wanting when some deed of lawless ambition and violent
+          aggression is to be perpetrated, would not such a man
+          acquire a more solid reputation than he who sacrifices
+          to some punctilio the interests of his own country and
+          the happiness and repose of millions, how great soever
+          might be the success with which his efforts should be
+          crowned?--[C.C.G.]
+
+     [18] These notes were addressed by the respective Courts to
+          their own Ministers at Madrid. The Spanish Minister for
+          Foreign Affairs need not have taken any notice of them
+          whatever according to the forms of diplomatic
+          communication.--[C.C.G.]
+
+Upon one occasion only the Spaniards gained a victory, the day on
+which St. Sebastian was stormed. Soult attacked a Spanish corps
+commanded by General Freyre. When the Duke was informed of the
+attack he hastened to the scene of action and placed two British
+divisions in reserve, to support the Spaniards, but did not allow
+them to come into action. He found the Spaniards running away as
+fast as they could. He asked them where they were going. They
+said they were taking off the wounded. He immediately sent and
+ordered the gates of Irun, to which they were flying, to be shut
+against them, and sent to Freyre to desire he would rally his
+men. This was done, and they sustained the attack of the French;
+but General Freyre sent to the Duke to beg he would let his
+divisions support him, as he could not maintain himself much
+longer. The Duke said to Freyre's aide-de-camp, 'If I let a
+single man fire, the English will swear they gained the victory,
+and he had much better do it all himself; besides, look through
+my glass, and you will see the French are retreating.' This was
+the case, for a violent storm of rain had occurred, and the
+French, who had crossed a river, finding that it began to swell,
+and that their bridges were in danger of being carried away, had
+begun to retreat. The Spaniards maintained their position, but
+the Duke said he believed they owed it to the storm more than to
+their own resolution.
+
+The Duke wrote to Alava some time ago (three years, I think) and
+desired him to advise the King from him, now that he had accepted
+the Constitution, to throw himself upon his Ministers. He has not
+written to Alava, nor Alava to him, for three years, because he
+knows that all letters are opened and read. He says the King of
+Spain is not clever, but cunning; his manners are good. He is in
+correspondence with the Allied Sovereigns, and is playing false.
+He has the means of corresponding, because, although his
+household is composed of men friendly to the revolution, there is
+no restraint upon his person, and he sees whomsoever he pleases.
+In case of war the French would obtain complete success. He
+conceives their object would be to obtain possession of the
+person of the King, to overthrow the Constitution, establish the
+King upon the throne with a Constitution perhaps similar to the
+French Charte, and to establish an army of occupation to maintain
+such an order of things till he should be able to form an army of
+his own.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S RECOLLECTIONS.]
+
+The Duke saw the King of France twice while he was in Paris. He
+was much broken, but talked of living twelve or fourteen years.
+The second time he was in better health and spirits than the
+first time. Madame du Cayla sent to the Duke to ask him to call
+upon her; he went twice and she was not at home. At his levee the
+King said, 'Il y a une personne qui regrette beaucoup de n'avoir
+pas eu le plaisir de vous voir.' The courtiers told him the King
+meant Madame du C. He went the same evening and saw her. She is a
+fine woman, about forty, and agreeable. She sees the King every
+Wednesday; he writes notes and verses to her, and he has given
+her a great deal of money. He has built a house for her, and
+given her a _terre_ near St. Denis which is valued at 1,500,000
+francs. The King likes M. de Villele[19] exceedingly. He has
+occasionally talked to the Duke of Bonaparte. One day, when they
+were standing together at the window which looks upon the garden
+of the Tuileries, he said, 'One day Bonaparte was standing here
+with ----, and he said, pointing to the Chamber of Deputies,
+"Vous voyez ce batiment la: si je les demuselais, je serais
+detrone." I said, "The King has given them freedom of debate, and
+I think I go on very well with it."'
+
+     [19] Villele was a lieutenant in the navy, and afterwards
+          went to the Isle of France, where he was a member of
+          the council (or whatever the legislation was called).
+          At the revolution he returned to France and lived with
+          his family near Toulouse, became a member of the
+          departmental body, and subsequently Mayor of Toulouse;
+          he was afterwards elected a Member of the Chamber, when
+          he distinguished himself by his talents for debate, and
+          became one of the chiefs of the Ultra party. He was a
+          member of the Duc de Richelieu's Government, which he
+          soon quitted, and was one of the principal instruments
+          in overturning it. He anticipates a long
+          administration.--[C.C.G.]
+
+The Duke said he had been struck down by a musket shot whilst
+reconnoitring the enemy as they were retreating in the Pyrenees.
+The people round him thought he was killed, but he got up
+directly. Alava was wounded a few minutes before him, and Major
+Brooke nearly at the same time. He is of opinion that Massena was
+the best French general to whom he was ever opposed.
+
+He said that Bonaparte had not the patience requisite for
+defensive operations. His last campaign (before the capture of
+Paris) was very brilliant, probably the ablest of all his
+performances. The Duke is of opinion that if he had possessed
+greater patience he would have succeeded in compelling the Allies
+to retreat; but they had adopted so judicious a system of defence
+that he was foiled in the impetuous attacks he made upon them,
+and after a partial failure which he met with, when he attacked
+Blucher at Laon and Craon, he got tired of pursuing a course
+which afforded no great results, and leaving a strong body under
+Marmont to watch Blucher, he threw himself into the rear of the
+Grand Army. The march upon Paris entirely disconcerted him and
+finished the war. The Allies could not have maintained themselves
+much longer, and had he continued to keep his force concentrated,
+and to carry it as occasion required against one or other of the
+two armies, the Duke thinks he must eventually have forced them
+to retreat, and that their retreat would have been a difficult
+operation. The British army could not have reached the scene of
+operations for two months. The Allies did not dare attack
+Napoleon; if he had himself come up he should certainly have
+attacked him, for his army was the best that ever existed.
+
+The Duke added that he traced back the present politics of France
+to their chagrin at the dissolution of the Family Compact. At the
+general pacification the Duke, on the part of the English
+Government, insisted upon that treaty not being renewed, and made
+a journey to Madrid for the purpose of determining the Spanish
+Government. Talleyrand and the King of France made great efforts
+to induce the Duke to desist from his opposition to the renewal
+of the treaty, and both were exceedingly mortified at being
+unable to shake the determination of our Government on this
+point.
+
+The Duke of Wellington told me that Knighton[20] managed the
+King's affairs very well, that he was getting him out of debt
+very quickly, and that the Ministers were well satisfied with
+him. When he was appointed to the situation he now holds, he
+called at Apsley House to announce it to the Duke, and expressed
+his hopes that the appointment would not displease him. The Duke
+said that he could have no objection, but he would give him a
+piece of advice he trusted he would take in good part: this was,
+that he would confine himself to the discharge of the functions
+belonging to his own situation, and that he would not in any way
+interfere with the Government; that as long as he should so
+conduct himself he would go on very well, but that if ever he
+should meddle with the concerns of the Ministers he would give
+them such offence that they would not suffer him to remain in a
+situation which he should thus abuse. Knighton thanked him very
+much for his advice, and promised to conform himself to it. It
+seems that he told this to the King, for the next time the Duke
+saw him the King said he had heard the advice which he had given
+to 'a person,' and that he might depend upon that person's
+following it entirely.
+
+     [20] [Sir William Knighton, who was originally the King's
+          physician, had been appointed Keeper of the King's
+          Privy Seal and Receiver of the Duchies of Lancaster and
+          Cornwall; but in fact he acted as the King's Private
+          Secretary, and it was to the duties of that delicate
+          office that the Duke's advice applied.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF YORK'S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+November 29th, 1823 {p.073}
+
+In the various conversations which I have with the Duke of York
+he continually tells me a variety of facts more or less curious,
+sometimes relating to politics, but more frequently concerning
+the affairs of the Royal Family, that I have neglected to note
+down at the time, and I generally forget them afterwards. I must
+acknowledge, however, that they do not interest me so much as
+they would many other people. I have not much taste for Court
+gossip. Another reason, too, is the difficulty of making a clear
+narrative out of his confused communications. The principal
+anecdotes he has told me have been, as well as I recollect,
+relative to the Duchess of Gloucester's marriage, to the Duke of
+Cumberland's marriage and all the dissensions to which that event
+gave rise in the Royal Family, the differences between the King
+and Prince Leopold, and other trifling matters which I have
+forgotten. In all of these histories the King acted a part, in
+which his bad temper, bad judgment, falseness, and duplicity were
+equally conspicuous. I think it is not possible for any man to
+have a worse opinion of another than the Duke has of the King.
+From various instances of eccentricities I am persuaded that the
+King is subject to occasional impressions which produce effects
+like insanity; that if they continue to increase he will end by
+being decidedly mad. The last thing which I have heard was at
+Euston the other day. I went into the Duke's room, and found him
+writing; he got up and told me that he was thrown into a great
+dilemma by the conduct of the King, who had behaved extremely ill
+to him. The matter which I could collect was this:--Upon the
+disturbances breaking out in the West Indies it became necessary
+to send off some troops as quickly as possible. In order to make
+the necessary arrangements without delay, the Duke made various
+dispositions, a part of which consisted in the removal of the
+regiment on guard at Windsor and the substitution of another in
+its place. Orders were expedited to carry this arrangement into
+effect, and at the same time he communicated to the King what he
+had done and desired his sanction to the arrangement. The Duke's
+orders were already in operation, when he received a letter from
+the King to say that he liked the regiment which was at Windsor,
+and that it should not move; and in consequence of this fancy the
+whole business was at a standstill. Thus he thought proper to
+trifle with the interests of the country to gratify his own
+childish caprice. He gave, too, great offence to the Duke, in
+hindering his dispositions from being carried into effect, at the
+same time.
+
+The Duke told me another thing which he thought was indirectly
+connected with the first. It seems one of the people about the
+Court had ordered some furniture to be removed from Cumberland
+Lodge to Windsor (something for the Chapel). Stephenson, as head
+of the Board of Works, on being informed this was done, wrote to
+the man to know by what orders he had done it. The man showed the
+letter to the King, who was exceedingly incensed, and wrote to
+Lord Liverpool to say that Stephenson's letter was insulting to
+him, and desired he might be turned out. After some correspondence
+on the subject Lord Liverpool persuaded the King to reinstate him;
+but he was obliged to make all sorts of apologies and excuses for
+having done what it was his duty to do. Stephenson is a friend
+and servant of the Duke's, and in his ill-humour he tried to
+revenge himself upon the Duke as well as on Stephenson, and he
+thwarted the Duke in his military arrangements. What made his
+conduct the less excusable was that it was important that these
+things should be done quickly, and as the Duke was out of town a
+correspondence became necessary, by which great delay would be
+caused.
+
+
+                              1824.
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD TITCHFIELD.]
+
+March 6th, 1824 {p.075}
+
+Poor Titchfield[21] died last night at eight o'clock, having
+lingered for some days in a state which gave to his family
+alternate hopes and fears. He was better till yesterday
+afternoon, when he was removed into another room; soon after this
+he grew weaker, and at eight o'clock he expired. He is a great
+loss to his family, of which he was by much the cleverest member,
+and he was well calculated to fill the situation in which fortune
+had placed him. His talents were certainly of a superior
+description, but their efficacy was counteracted by the
+eccentricity of his habits, the indolence of his mind, and his
+vacillating and uncertain disposition. He was, however,
+occasionally capable of intense application, and competent to
+make himself master of any subject he thought fit to grapple
+with; his mind was reflecting, combining, and argumentative, but
+he had no imagination, and to passion, 'the sanguine credulity of
+youth, and the fervent glow of enthusiasm' he was an entire
+stranger. He never had any taste for society, and attached
+himself early to politics. He started in life with an enthusiastic
+admiration for Mr. Canning, but after two or three years, being
+thrown into the society of many of his political opponents, he
+began to entertain opinions very different from those of Mr.
+Canning. He never, however, enlisted under any political banner,
+and his great object seemed to be to prove to the world that he
+belonged to no party. After Mr. Canning came into office he took
+the earliest opportunity of informing his constituents that he
+was unfettered by any political connection with him. Titchfield
+was never at a public school, but was educated at home. Such an
+education--the most injudicious which can be given to a young man
+destined to fill a great situation--was not without its effect
+upon his mind. The superior indulgences and the early habits of
+authority and power in which he was brought up, without receiving
+correction from any of those levelling circumstances which are
+incidental to public schools, threw a shade of selfishness and
+reserve over his character, which time, the commerce of the
+world, and a naturally kind disposition had latterly done much to
+correct. The subject to which he had principally devoted his
+attention was political economy, and in the discussions in the
+House of Commons upon currency he had particularly distinguished
+himself. Whatever he attempted he had done so well that great
+expectations were entertained of his future success, and the
+indications he had given of talent will ensure to his memory a
+lasting reputation. He has died at a moment the most fortunate,
+perhaps, for his fame as a public man; but his loss to his family
+is very great, and by them will be long felt and deeply lamented.
+
+     [21] [William Henry, Marquis of Titchfield, eldest son of
+          the fourth Duke of Portland.]
+
+[An interval of two years occurs in the Journal, during which Mr.
+Greville wrote nothing.]
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER III.
+
+The Panic of 1825--Death of Emperor Alexander--The Duke of
+  Wellington's Embassy to St. Petersburg--Robinson Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer--Small Notes Bill--Death of Arthur de Ros--
+  George III. and Lord Bute--Illness and Death of the Duke of
+  York--His Funeral--Lord Liverpool struck with Paralysis--
+  Rundell's Fortune and Will--Copley and Philpots--The Cottage--
+  Formation of Mr. Canning's Administration--Secession of the
+  Tories--The Whigs join him--Dinner at the Royal Lodge--
+  Difficulties of Canning's Government--Duke of Wellington visits
+  the King--Canning's Death--Anecdotes of Mr. Canning--
+  Recognition of South American States--His Industry--The Duke of
+  Wellington on Canning--Lord Goderich's Administration formed--
+  The Difficulty about Herries--Position of the Whigs--The King's
+  letter to Herries--Peel and George IV.--Interview of Lord
+  Lansdowne with the King--Weakness of the Government--First
+  Resignation of Lord Goderich--Lord Harrowby declines the
+  Premiership--Lord Goderich returns--Brougham and Rogers--
+  Conversation and Character of Brougham--Lord Goderich's
+  Ministry dissolved--Cause of its Dissolution--Hostility of
+  Herries--Position of Huskisson and his Friends--Herries and
+  Huskisson both join the New Cabinet.
+
+
+                              1826.
+
+
+[Page Head: FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES.]
+
+February 12th, 1826 {p.077}
+
+The last three months have been remarkable for the panic in the
+money market, which lasted for a week or ten days--that is, was
+at its height for that time. The causes of it had been brewing
+for some months before, and he must be a sanguine and sagacious
+politician who shall predict the termination of its effects.
+There is now no panic, but the greatest alarm, and every prospect
+of great distress, and long continuation of it. The state of the
+City, and the terror of all the bankers and merchants, as well as
+of all owners of property, is not to be conceived but by those
+who witnessed it. This critical period drew forth many examples
+of great and confiding liberality, as well as some of a very
+opposite character. Men of great wealth and parsimonious habits
+came and placed their whole fortunes at the disposal of their
+bankers in order to support their credit. For many days the evil
+continued to augment so rapidly, and the demands upon the Bank
+were so great and increasing; that a Bank restriction was
+expected by everyone. So determined, however, were Ministers
+against this measure, that rather than yield to it they suffered
+the Bank to run the greatest risk of stopping; for on the evening
+of the day on which the alarm was at its worst there were only
+8,000 sovereigns left in the till.[1] The next day gold was
+poured in, and from that time things got better.
+
+      [1] [Mr. Baring (Lord Ashburton) stated in his pamphlet on
+          this crisis, 'The gold of the Bank was drained to
+          within a very few thousand pounds, for although the
+          public returns showed a result rather less scandalous,
+          a certain Saturday night closed with nothing worth
+          mentioning. It was then that the Bank applied to Lord
+          Liverpool for an Order in Council to suspend cash
+          payment. A conference took place between Lord
+          Liverpool, Mr. Huskisson, the governor of the Bank, and
+          Mr. Baring. The suspension of cash payments was happily
+          averted, chiefly as it was said by the accidental
+          discovery of a box of one-pound Bank of England notes,
+          to the amount of a million and a half, which had never
+          been issued, and which the public were content to
+          receive.' Mr. Tooke, however, states in his 'History of
+          Prices' (Continuation, vol. iv. p. 342) that the lowest
+          amount of the banking treasure was on the 24th of
+          December, 1825: Coin, L426,000; bullion, L601,000: in
+          all, L1,027,000. The passage in the text refers of
+          course to the banking department only.]
+
+In the midst of all this the Emperor Alexander died, and after a
+short period of doubt concerning his successor it was found that
+Nicholas was to mount the throne. The first act of the Russian
+Government was to communicate to ours their resolution no longer
+to delay a recognition of the independence of Greece, and their
+determination to support that measure if necessary by force of
+arms. They invited us to co-operate in this object, but intimated
+that if we were not disposed to join them they should undertake
+it alone. The Duke of Wellington is gone to Russia, ostensibly to
+compliment the new Emperor, but really to concert measures with
+the Russian Ministry for carrying this measure into effect; and
+it is remarkable that the Duke, upon taking leave of his friends
+and family to set out on this journey, was deeply affected, as if
+he had some presentiment that he should never return. Alava told
+me that he had frequently taken leave of him, when both expected
+that they should never meet again, yet neither upon that occasion
+nor upon any other in the course of the seventeen years that he
+has known him did he ever see him so moved. Lady Burghersh said
+that when he took leave of her the tears ran down his cheeks; he
+was also deeply affected when he parted from his mother.
+
+In the discussion which took place on Friday night in the House
+of Commons, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer[2] opened his
+financial plan, he is deemed to have made a very bad speech, and
+Huskisson a very good one. Robinson is probably unequal to the
+present difficult conjuncture; a fair and candid man, and an
+excellent Minister in days of calm and sunshine, but not endowed
+with either capacity or experience for these stormy times,
+besides being disqualified for vigorous measures by the
+remissness and timidity of his character. However, though it is
+the peculiar province of the Finance Minister to find a remedy
+for these disorders, he may well be excused for not doing that
+which the united wisdom of the country seems unequal to
+accomplish. All men agree as to the existence of the evil, and
+all differ as to the causes of it and the measures which will
+effect its removal; not one man seems to see his way clearly
+through the difficulty; however, 'time and the hour runs through
+the roughest day,' and probably the country will what is called
+right itself, and then great credit will be given to somebody or
+other who deserves none.
+
+      [2] [Right Hon. Frederick John Robinson, Chancellor of the
+          Exchequer from January 1823 to April 1827; afterwards
+          Viscount Goderich and Earl of Ripon.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. ROBINSON'S SMALL NOTES BILL.]
+
+February 20th, 1826 {p.079}
+
+The Small Notes Bill,[3] as it is called, lowered the funds and
+increased the alarm among the monied men. Numerous were the
+complaints of the inefficacy of the measure for present relief,
+numerous the predictions of the ultimate impossibility of
+carrying it into effect. In the City, however, on Thursday
+afternoon things began to improve; there was more confidence and
+cheerfulness. On Friday evening the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+comes down to the House and surprises everyone by abandoning one
+part of his plan, and authorising the Bank to issue one pound
+notes till October. The immediate cause of this alteration was a
+communication which Hudson Gurney made to the Chancellor, that if
+he persisted in his Bill he should send up L500,000 which he had
+in Bank of England notes and change them for sovereigns, and that
+all country bankers would follow his example. From this he found
+that it would be impossible to persist in his original plan. The
+great evil now is a want of circulating medium, and as the
+immediate effect of the measure would be another run upon the
+Bank, and that probably all the gold drawn from it would
+disappear--for men now are anxious to hoard gold--this evil would
+be increased tenfold. The whole country is in distress from the
+absence of circulating medium for the common purposes of life; no
+country banker will issue notes, for they are instantly returned
+upon his hands and exchanged for gold. The circulation of country
+notes being generally confined within a very limited extent, the
+holders of them can easily present them for payment. The
+circulation of a quantity of Bank of England paper will relieve
+the immediate distress arising from this necessity, and the
+difficulty of exchanging them for gold will ensure the continuance
+of their circulation. When men find that they must take notes,
+and that gold is not to be had without so much pain and trouble,
+they will be contented to take the notes to which they have been
+accustomed, and will think the paper of their own bankers as
+good as that of the Bank of England, besides the advantage of
+being less exposed to the losses arising from forgery. This is
+the argument of the opponents of Robinson's Bill. It is generally
+thought that the Ministers have disgraced themselves by their
+precipitation and by the crudeness of their measures. Hitherto
+they have done nothing towards removing the present distress, or
+satisfying the minds of men, but the contrary. Robinson is
+obviously unequal to the present crisis. His mind is not
+sufficiently enlarged, nor does he seem to have any distinct
+ideas upon the subject; he is fighting in the dark.
+
+      [3] [On the 10th of February the Chancellor of the
+          Exchequer moved in Committee 'That all promissory notes
+          payable on demand issued by licensed Bankers in England
+          or by the Bank of England for less than L5 shall not be
+          issued or circulated beyond the 5th of April next.' Mr.
+          Huskisson made an able speech in support of the
+          proposal, showing that the inflation produced by the
+          small note paper currency had greatly contributed to
+          cause and aggravate the panic ('Huskisson's Speeches,'
+          vol. ii. p. 444). Mr. Baring, afterwards Lord
+          Ashburton, opposed the restriction of small notes, but
+          with small success. The period allowed for the
+          contraction of their circulation was, however, extended
+          to the 10th of October.]
+
+Everybody knows that Huskisson is the real author of the finance
+measure of Government, and there can be no greater anomaly than
+that of a Chancellor of the Exchequer who is obliged to propose
+and defend measures of which another Minister is the real though
+not the apparent author. The funds rose nearly two per cent, upon
+this alteration in the Bill before the House, on account of the
+prospect of an abundance of money. Still it is thought that
+nothing will be sufficient to relieve the present distress but an
+issue of Exchequer bills. So great and absorbing is the interest
+which the present discussions excite that all men are become
+political economists and financiers, and everybody is obliged to
+have an opinion.
+
+
+February 24th, 1826 {p.081}
+
+I have been since yesterday the spectator of a melancholy scene
+and engaged in a sad office. Arthur de Ros,[4] who was taken ill
+a fortnight ago, became worse on Monday night. After this time he
+was scarcely ever sensible, and yesterday, at a quarter-past two,
+he expired. After they had given up all hopes they were induced
+again to suffer them to revive from the disappearance of the most
+unfavourable symptoms; but this was only the weakness which
+preceded dissolution, and a few moments after his brother Henry
+had told me that he did not despair he came and said that all was
+over, and a little while after Rose announced that he had ceased
+to breathe. He died tranquilly, and did not suffer at all. I
+never saw such a distress. His father, mother, sisters, William,
+and his wife went immediately to Boyle Farm. Henry would have
+followed them, but I persuaded him to go home. He went first to
+Mrs. ----, to whom Arthur had been attached for ten years, and
+after a painful interview with her he came to his own house; he
+has since been too ill to move. I have never seen grief so
+strong and concentrated as his; it has exhausted his body and
+overwhelmed his mind, and though I knew him to have been much
+attached to his brother, I did not believe him capable of
+feelings so acute as those which he has evinced. William is
+much more calm and resigned, a strange, unaccountable thing
+considering the characters of the two men--the one so indifferent,
+and with feelings so apparently deadened to the affections of
+this world, and the other with a sensibility so morbid, and such
+acute susceptibility and strong feelings, that the least thing
+affects him more deeply than very serious concerns do other men.
+
+      [4] [Colonel the Hon. Arthur John Hill de Ros, born 1793,
+          died February 1826. He was aide-de-camp to his Royal
+          Highness the Duke of York.]
+
+Arthur was an excellent creature, and will be regretted by the
+Duke and deeply lamented by all who knew him intimately. His
+talents were not brilliant, but he had good sound sense, and was
+besides modest, diligent, honest, and trustworthy in a high
+degree. There breathed not a more honourable man, and as his
+ambition did not extend beyond the sphere in which fortune had
+placed him and he was contented with his destiny, but for this
+illness his career might have been long and prosperous. I went
+last night to sleep at the house, that it might not appear to
+have been entirely abandoned to the care of servants. The only
+wish he expressed was that Francis Russell should succeed him,
+which I have no doubt he will do.
+
+
+February 25th, 1826 {p.082}
+
+Received a letter from the Duke of York (to whom I had written to
+announce poor Arthur's death) expressive of the greatest regret
+for his loss.
+
+
+March 2nd, 1826 {p.082}
+
+I am just come from poor Arthur's funeral. There were present
+William de Ros, the two Hills, Craufurd, Torrens, Taylor, Francis
+Russell, Campbell, and B. Paget. The Duke appointed Francis his
+aide-de-camp directly.
+
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+July 2nd, 1826 {p.083}
+
+Four months since I have written anything. The Duke of York has
+been dangerously ill, and it is still doubtful whether he will
+recover. I was with him at Frogmore before Ascot; we went with
+the King to see Windsor Castle. His Majesty has since been very
+much annoyed about the Duke, cried a great deal when he heard how
+bad he was, and has been twice to see him.
+
+The elections have been particularly violent and the contests
+very numerous. A batch of Peers has been made; everybody cries
+out against Charles Ellis's peerage[5] (Lord Seaford); he has no
+property, and is of no family, and his son is already a Peer. The
+King, when these other Peers were created, asked Canning to name
+somebody. He said he had nobody about whom he was interested but
+Charles Ellis, and the King consenting to his elevation, it was
+all arranged without his knowledge. However, it is thought very
+ridiculous, and that he would have done much better to have
+declined it. Clanricarde, too, being made a Marquis and an
+English Peer is thought an indirect exertion of Canning's
+influence.
+
+      [5] [Charles Rose Ellis, created Baron Seaford in 1826.
+          Lord Seaford was the father of Charles Augustus Ellis,
+          who succeeded to the title of Lord Howard de Walden
+          through his mother, Elizabeth Catherine Caroline
+          Hervey, granddaughter of the fourth Earl of Bristol,
+          who was the last Baron Howard de Walden, as heir
+          general of Thomas, first Baron. The son of Lord Seaford
+          had married a daughter of the fifth Duke of Portland,
+          and was consequently a connection of Mr. Canning.]
+
+
+London, December 14th, 1826 {p.083}
+
+The Duke of York very ill; has been at the point of death several
+times from his legs mortifying. Canning's speech the night before
+last was most brilliant; much more cheered by the Opposition than
+by his own friends. He is thought to have been imprudent, and he
+gave offence to his colleagues by the concluding sentence of his
+reply, when he said, '_I_ called into existence the new world to
+redress the balance of the old.' The _I_ was not relished.
+Brougham's compliment to Canning was magnificent, and he was
+loudly cheered by Peel; altogether it was a fine display.
+
+Yesterday the Duke [of York] told me that the late King [George
+III.] was walking with him one day at Kew, and his Majesty said,
+'The world tells many lies, and here is one instance. I am said
+to have held frequent communication with Lord Bute, and the last
+time I ever saw or spoke to him was in that pavilion in the year
+1764.' The King went over to breakfast with his mother, the
+Princess Dowager, and she took him aside and said, 'There is
+somebody here who wishes very much to speak to you.' 'Who is it?'
+'Lord Bute.' 'Good God, mamma! how could you bring him here? It
+is impossible for me to hold any communication with Lord Bute in
+this manner.' However, he did see him, when Lord Bute made a
+violent attack upon him for having abandoned and neglected him.
+The King replied that he could not, in justice to his Ministers,
+hold any communication with him unknown to them, when Lord Bute
+said that he would never see the King again. The King became
+angry in his turn, and said, 'Then, my Lord, be it so, and
+remember from henceforth we never meet again.' And from that day
+he never beheld Lord Bute or had any communication with him.
+
+
+                              1827.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+Friday night, January 5th, 1827, half-past one {p.084}
+
+I am just come from taking my last look at the poor Duke.[6] He
+expired at twenty minutes after nine. Since eleven o'clock last
+night the physicians never left his room. He never moved, and
+they repeatedly thought that life was extinct, but it was not
+till that hour that they found it was all over. The Duke of
+Sussex and Stephenson were in the next room; Taylor, Torrens and
+Dighton, Armstrong and I were upstairs. Armstrong and I had been
+there about half an hour when they came and whispered something
+to Dighton and called out Taylor. Dighton told Torrens and they
+went out; immediately after Taylor came up, and told us it was
+all over and begged we would go downstairs. We went directly into
+the room. The Duke was sitting exactly as at the moment he died,
+in his great arm-chair, dressed in his grey dressing-gown, his
+head inclined against the side of the chair, his hands lying
+before him, and looking as if he were in a deep and quiet sleep.
+Not a vestige of pain was perceptible on his countenance, which,
+except being thinner, was exactly such as I have seen it a
+hundred times during his life. In fact, he had not suffered at
+all, and had expired with all the ease and tranquillity which the
+serenity of his countenance betokened. Nothing about or around
+him had the semblance of death; it was all like quiet repose, and
+it was not without a melancholy satisfaction we saw such evident
+signs of the tranquillity of his last moments.
+
+      [6] [His Royal Highness the Duke of York, second son of
+          King George III., died on the 5th of January, 1827.]
+
+In about a quarter of an hour Taylor and Halford set off to
+Windsor to inform the King; the Duke of Sussex went to the
+Princess Sophia; letters were written to all the Cabinet
+Ministers, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London,
+and the Speaker of the House of Commons. Orders were given that
+the great bell of St. Paul's should toll. The servants were then
+admitted to see the Duke as he lay. Worley[7] was very much
+affected at the sight, and one woman, the wife of Kendal, cried
+bitterly, and I saw her stoop down and kiss his hand. The room
+was then cleared and surrendered to the Lord Chamberlain's
+people. Thus did I take my last leave of the poor Duke. I have
+been the minister and associate of his pleasures and amusements
+for some years, I have lived in his intimacy and experienced his
+kindness, and am glad that I was present at this last sad
+occasion to pay my poor tribute of respect and attachment to his
+remains.
+
+      [7] [Worley was the Duke's stud-groom.]
+
+[Page Head: ILLNESS OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+After the October meetings of 1825 the Duke came to town, not in
+good health. At the end of November the Duchess of Rutland died,
+which was a great blow to him, and probably made him worse. A
+short time after her funeral he went to Belvoir, when the Duke of
+Rutland took him down into the vault, where he stayed an hour and
+returned excessively chilled. From that moment he grew worse till
+the time of the Ascot races. We went to Frogmore two days before
+the party began, and for those two days he led a quiet life. When
+the party was assembled he lived as he had been used to do, going
+to the races, sitting at table, and playing for hours at whist.
+He slept wretchedly and seldom went to bed, but passed the
+greater part of the night walking about the room or dozing in his
+chair. I used to go into his room, which was next to mine, the
+moment I was out of bed, and generally found him in his dressing
+gown, looking harassed and ill. He showed me his legs, which were
+always swelled. Still he went on till the last day of the party,
+and when we got to town he was so ill that M'Gregor, who came to
+him that night, thought him in danger. From that moment the
+illness was established which has ended in his death. They began
+by putting him through several courses of mercury, and they sent
+him to the Greenwoods' villa at Brompton. Here he continued to
+receive everybody who called on him, and went out in his carriage
+every day. They always said that he was getting better. In August
+he went to Brighton, and soon after his arrival his legs
+mortified. It was then that Taylor went down to him and told him
+that he was in great and immediate danger. He received the
+information with perfect composure. The gangrene, however, was
+stopped, and he came to town to the Duke of Rutland's house. The
+dropsy continued to make rapid progress, and some time in
+September he was tapped; twenty-two pints of water were drawn.
+from him. This operation was kept secret, for the Duke did not
+like that his situation should be known. He recovered from the
+operation and regained his strength; no more water formed in his
+body, but there was still water in his system, and a constant
+discharge from his legs, which occasioned him great pain and made
+wounds which were always open and extending. These wounds again
+produced gangrene, but they always contrived to stop its
+progress, and put the legs in a healing condition. As often,
+however, as the legs began to heal the water began to rise, and
+the medicines that were given to expel the water drove it again
+to the legs, through which it made its way, making fresh sores
+and entailing fresh mortification. In this way he went on, the
+strength of his constitution still supporting him, till towards
+the end of December, when the constitution could resist no
+longer; his appetite totally failed, and with loss of appetite
+came entire prostration of strength, and in short a complete
+break-up. From that moment it was obvious that his recovery was
+impossible, but he continued to struggle till the 5th of January,
+although he had tasted no solid food whatever for above a
+fortnight. At all the different periods at which his state was
+critical it was always made known to him, and he received the
+intimation with invariable firmness and composure. He said that
+he enjoyed life but was not afraid to die. But though perfectly
+acquainted with his own danger he never could bear that other
+people should be informed of it, and so far from acknowledging
+it, he always told his friends that he was better, and his
+language was invariably that of a man who did not doubt of his
+recovery. He was particularly anxious that nobody should know he
+had been tapped, and it was not till many weeks after that
+operation that he talked of it one day to me. Up to the last
+moment that I saw him (the day week before he died) he told me he
+was better, and he desired me to tell Montrond, who had called
+upon him, that he would see him as soon as he was well enough. He
+held the same language to everybody until the day previous to his
+death, when he sent for Taylor and Stephenson into his room. He
+could then hardly speak, but he took hold of Stephenson's hand,
+and looking at Taylor, said, 'I am now dying.' He tried to
+articulate something else, but he was unintelligible. About a
+fortnight before his death, soon after his appetite began to
+fail, Taylor had to announce to him his danger. He received the
+intelligence with the same coolness he had before shown, but it
+was not without difficulty that he admitted the conviction. A few
+days after he received the Sacrament, which was administered by
+the Bishop of London, in the presence of Sir H. Halford, Taylor,
+and the Princess Sophia. He was then very weak, but calm and
+collected during the ceremony. When it was over he shook hands
+with the men and kissed the Princess. The King saw him the next
+day, but he was in a lethargic state nearly the whole time that
+he was there. For many days before his death the physicians
+thought that every day must close the scene, but such was the
+natural strength of his constitution that he evinced a tenacity
+of life and maintained a struggle which astonished them all, and
+of which they unanimously declared that their practice had never
+furnished them with a similar instance. It seems that three years
+ago, when he was very unwell, M'Gregor told him that unless he
+was more prudent he would certainly be afflicted with dropsy. He
+had been subject to spasms, and in consequence of them was averse
+to lie down in bed, and to this pernicious habit and that of
+sitting for many hours together at table, or at cards, they
+attribute the origin, of the complaint which has terminated so
+fatally. Had he been a more docile patient, from the amazing
+vigour of his constitution he might have looked forward to a very
+long life. His sufferings in the course of his illness have been
+very great, and almost without cessation. Nothing could exceed
+the patience and courage with which he endured them; his serenity
+and good humour were never disturbed, and he never uttered a
+word or complaint, except occasionally at the length of his
+confinement. He not only saw all the visitors who chose to call
+upon him, even those with whom he was not in habits of intimacy,
+but he transacted the whole of his public business every day, and
+every paper was laid before him and every detail gone through as
+if he had been in perfect health. This he continued to within a
+few days of his death, till his strength was so entirely
+exhausted that he lay in a state of almost complete insensibility.
+It is remarkable that from the beginning to the end of his
+illness I never saw him that he did not tell me that he was a
+great deal better, and he never wrote to me without assuring me
+that he was going on as well as possible.
+
+
+[Page Head: FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF YORK.]
+
+February 12th, 1827
+
+The Duke of York was no sooner dead than the public press began
+to attack him, and while those private virtues were not denied
+him for which he had always been conspicuous, they enlarged in a
+strain of severe invective against his careless and expensive
+habits, his addiction to gambling; and above all they raked up
+the old story of Mrs. Clark and the investigation of 1809, and
+published many of his letters and all the disgusting details of
+that unfortunate affair, and that in a manner calculated to throw
+discredit on his character. The newspapers, however, soon found
+they had made a mistake, that this course was not congenial to
+public feeling, and from that moment their columns have been
+filled with panegyrics upon his public services and his private
+virtues. The King ordered that the funeral should be public and
+magnificent; all the details of the ceremonial were arranged by
+himself. He showed great feeling about his brother and exceeding
+kindness in providing for his servants, whom the Duke was himself
+unable to provide for. He gave L6,000 to pay immediate expenses
+and took many of the old servants into his own service. There
+appeared a few days after the Duke's death an infamous forgery,
+purporting to be a letter or declaration written by him a short
+time before his death (principally upon the subject of the
+Catholic question), which, however, was disavowed by Taylor, but
+not till after many thousand copies had been sold. I dare say
+many people believe still that he was the author of this
+pamphlet. All his effects either have been or will be sold by
+auction. The funeral took place a fortnight after his death.
+Nothing could be managed worse than it was, and except the
+appearance of the soldiers in the chapel, which was extremely
+fine, the spectacle was by no means imposing; the cold was
+intense, and it is only marvellous that more persons did not
+suffer from it. As it is the Bishop of Lincoln has died of the
+effects of it; Canning has been dangerously ill, and is still
+very unwell; and the Dukes of Wellington and Montrose were both
+very seriously unwell for some days after. The King was very
+angry when he heard how miserably the ceremony had been
+performed. I have been this evening to hear Peel move the address
+of condolence to the King, which Canning would have done if he
+had been here; and it is a pity he was not, for Peel did it very
+ill: it was poor and jejune, and undistinguished by eloquence or
+the appearance of deep feeling. I was greatly disappointed, for I
+expected to hear a worthier tribute to his merits. Canning was
+very anxious to have been here to have performed this duty
+himself. The letters which he wrote to the Royal Family abroad
+announcing the event of his death were admirable and gave great
+satisfaction to the King.
+
+
+February 21st, 1827 {p.090}
+
+Three days ago Lord Liverpool was seized with an apoplectic or
+paralytic attack. The moment it was known every sort of
+speculation was afloat as to the probable changes this event
+would make in the Ministry. It was remarked how little anybody
+appeared to care about the _man_; whether this indifference
+reflects most upon the world or upon him, I do not pretend to
+say. A report was generally circulated that the Duke of
+Cumberland was dead, which was believed, but turns out to be
+untrue.
+
+Old Rundell (of the house of Rundell and Bridge, the great
+silversmiths and jewellers) died last week, and appointed Robarts
+one of his executors. Robarts called on me this morning, and told
+me he had been yesterday to Doctors' Commons to prove the will.
+Rundell was eighty years old, and died worth between L1,400,000
+and L1,500,000, the greater part of which is vested in the funds.
+He has left the bulk of his property to his great-nephew, a man
+of the name of Neal, who is residuary legatee and will inherit
+L900,000--this Mr. Neal had taken care of him for the last
+fourteen years--to a woman who had lived with him many years, and
+in whose house he died, and to two natural sons by her he only
+left L5,000 apiece. The old man began the world without a guinea,
+became in the course of time partner in that house during its
+most flourishing period, and by steady gains and continual
+parsimony amassed this enormous wealth. He never spent anything
+and lived wretchedly. During the panic he came to Robarts, who
+was his banker, and offered to place at his disposal any sum he
+might require. When the executors went to prove the will, they
+were told at Doctors' Commons that it was the largest sum that
+ever had been registered there.
+
+
+March 13th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+Since the debate on the Catholic question there has been a great
+expectation that Canning would resign. Many of his friends think
+he made an imprudent speech that night, and if he had not lashed
+the Master of the Rolls so severely that he would have got more
+votes.[8] The truth is he was mightily nettled by Dr. Philpots'
+pamphlet and at Copley making a speech taken entirely from it.
+The Master protested that he had no idea of offending Canning,
+and until he got up had no notion that Canning had taken offence
+at his speech. The question was lost by accident; several
+pro-Catholics were suddenly taken ill or arrived too late for the
+division, and the election petitions went all against them.
+
+      [8] [Sir John Copley was then Master of the Rolls, but this
+          occurrence did not prevent Canning from making him Lord
+          Chancellor on the 2nd of May following, when he was
+          raised to the peerage with the title of Baron
+          Lyndhurst.]
+
+
+[Page Head: INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE IV.]
+
+March 16th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+On Wednesday at the Council at St. James's the King desired I
+would go down to Windsor, that he might speak to me. I went down
+on Thursday to the Cottage, and, after waiting two hours and a
+half, was ushered into his bedroom. I found him sitting at a
+round table near his bed, in a _douillette_, and in pretty good
+health and spirits. He talked about his horses and told some old
+stories, lamented the death of the Duke of York, which he said
+was a loss to him such as no one could conceive, and that he felt
+it every instant. He kept me about an hour, was very civil, and
+then dismissed me.
+
+Canning made an apology to the Master of the Rolls for his
+severity in the debate on the Catholic question.
+
+
+March 25th, 1827 {p.091}
+
+When the King heard of Lord Liverpool's illness he was in great
+agitation. He sent for Peel in the night, and told him he must
+see the Duke of Wellington. Peel endeavoured to dissuade him, but
+in vain. The Duke was sent for, but he refused to go. He sent the
+King word that he had nothing to say to him, and that it would
+not be fair to his colleagues that he should see the King at such
+a moment. Consequently he saw none of his Ministers till he saw
+Canning, who was taken to the Pavilion in a chair one day. There
+have been a variety of reports about Lord Liverpool's successor
+and a new Administration, as always happens on such occasions.
+
+The King is in very good health and excellent spirits. He had a
+large party at the Lodge last week, and Canning, the Granvilles,
+Carlisles, Lievens, are going there next week. Mount Charles told
+me yesterday that next week he thinks something must be decided,
+and he told me what I did not know, that the King's opinions on
+the Catholic question are just the same as those of the Duke of
+York, and equally strong. This is the great difficulty which
+Canning has to get over with him. He does not much like Canning,
+though C. does everything he can to gratify and please him. Mount
+Charles told me that his mother (Lady Conyngham) has strong
+opinions in favour of the Catholics, but that she never talks to
+the King on the subject, nor indeed upon politics at all.
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+April 13th, 1827 {p.092}
+
+The King came to town a week ago. From the moment of his arrival
+every hour produced a fresh report about the Administration;
+every day the new appointment was expected to be declared, and
+the Ministers Peel, Lord Bathurst, Duke of Wellington, and
+Canning were successively designated as the persons chosen to
+form a Government. He had no sooner arrived than he saw his
+Ministers _seriatim_, but nothing could induce him to come to any
+determination. He wavered and doubted, and to his confidants,
+with whom he could bluster and talk big, he expressed in no
+measured terms his detestation of Liberal principles, and
+especially of Catholic Emancipation. He begged his Ministers to
+stand by him, and day after day elapsed and nothing was settled.
+In the meantime London was alive with reports; and the _on dit_
+of the day, repeated with every variety of circumstance and with
+the usual positiveness of entire ignorance, would fill a volume.
+Time crept on, and Parliament was to adjourn on the 13th (this
+day). On the 9th Canning went to the King, and, after a long
+audience, he came away without anything being settled. On the
+10th he went again, and told his Majesty that longer delay was
+impossible, and that he must come to some determination. On the
+evening of the 10th we received a note from Lord Bathurst, saying
+that the King had desired Canning to form an Administration on
+the principles of that of which Lord Liverpool had been at the
+head. This was not generally known that evening. Last night it
+was said that the Duke of Wellington would not remain in the new
+Cabinet, and we heard that Peel had resigned. To-day everything
+will probably be known. Canning and his friends say that the King
+has behaved admirably in this business, and they affect to
+consider his appointment unconditional and unfettered; but this
+is by no means the view which the others take of it. The King,
+however, has acted in such a way that all his Ministers (except
+those whose interest it now is to laud him to the skies) are
+disgusted with his doubting, wavering, uncertain conduct, so weak
+in action and so intemperate in language. It is now supposed
+that he has been influenced by Knighton in coming to this
+determination, in which he certainly has acted in a manner quite
+at variance with his professions and the whole tenor of his
+language. It must be owned, if this is so, that although Canning
+has gained his point--has got the power into his hands and is
+nominally Prime Minister--no man ever took office under more
+humiliating circumstances or was placed in a more difficult and
+uncertain situation; indeed, a greater anomaly cannot be
+imagined. Canning, disliked by the King, opposed by the
+aristocracy and the nation, and unsupported by the Parliament, is
+appointed Prime Minister. The King, irresolute and uncertain, is
+induced to nominate a man whose principles and opinions he fears
+and dislikes by the advice and influence of his physician. The
+measure which is of paramount importance Canning cannot carry as
+he desires and believes to be necessary; he must form a Cabinet
+full of disunion, and he is doubtful what support he can expect
+from the old adherents of Government, by whom he is abhorred.
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+The writ was moved for Canning yesterday by Wynne, 'he having
+accepted the office of First Commissioner of the Treasury.' This
+morning the Chancellor, Peel, Lord Westmoreland, and the Duke of
+Wellington resigned. Lord Bathurst immediately wrote to Canning,
+saying that, finding they had resigned, he could not avoid
+sending in his resignation also; that it was unnecessary to enter
+into explanations, which could only tend to widen the breach such
+a separation must make. Afterwards Lord Melville resigned,
+although well with Canning and a friend to the Catholics; he said
+he could not desert the men with whom he had acted for so many
+years. The Whigs seem greatly elated at the breaking up of this
+Administration. The Tories evidently think Canning is in a
+scrape, that he will not be able to form a Government, and that
+the power will return into their hands. How Canning and his
+friends feel is not yet known, nor what the King feels at being
+deserted by half his Cabinet. The opinion prevalent with the
+Opposition is that Canning has been deserted by his colleagues,
+who induced him to accept the Government by promising their
+support and adherence, and that when he had taken the final step
+they left him to make the arrangements and fill up their places
+as he could. This, however, is not the case. I saw George
+Dawson[9] this evening, and he assured me that Canning had
+received ample notice from all these Ministers that they would
+not hold office under him, and that if he was appointed Prime
+Minister they should resign. Peel told him this three weeks ago:
+'that he could not, with a due regard to his own character,
+continue in office under a man whose opinions are so diametrically
+opposite to his own upon the most important question; that he had
+no views of personal ambition, but that as the administration of
+Ireland was his peculiar province it was impossible they should
+not come into constant collision upon that subject.' They had no
+objection to act with Canning, always considering him as one of
+the most influential members of the Cabinet, but they could not
+hold offices _under_ him. He said that he could not imagine how
+Canning with his knowledge could take such a step, and it is
+evident that he has no idea of his being able to carry on the
+Government at all.
+
+      [9] The Right Hon. George Robert Dawson was Secretary of
+          the Treasury from 1828 to 1830, and was made a Privy
+          Councillor on resigning that office. He married in 1816
+          Mary, the eldest daughter of the first Sir Robert Peel,
+          and was consequently the brother-in-law of Mr. Peel,
+          the Minister.
+
+
+April 30th, 1827 {p.095}
+
+From the period of Canning's acceptance of office up to Thursday
+night there have been continual negotiations between Canning and
+the Whigs, and it is not possible to imagine greater curiosity
+and more intense anxiety than have been exhibited during the
+interval. The violence and confusion of parties have been
+extreme--the new Ministers furious with their old colleagues, the
+ex-Ministers equally indignant with those they left behind them.
+
+
+May 12th, 1827 {p.095}
+
+It is necessary to go back to the first formation of the
+Government.[10] As soon as Canning had got the King's commission
+he began to negotiate, and the Whigs readily enough entered into
+negotiation. The friends of Ministers resigned one after another,
+and for some time it seemed very doubtful whether Canning would
+be able to form a Government at all. His first measure was,
+however, very judicious--that of appointing the Duke of Clarence
+Lord High Admiral--nothing served so much to disconcert his
+opponents. The negotiations went on (through the Duke of
+Devonshire) up to the end of the Easter recess, when Lord
+Lansdowne came to town, and after much delay it was announced
+that the Whigs would support the new Government, but that none of
+them would take office immediately. The places were all filled
+up, but the appointments were understood to be only provisional,
+and the Duke of Portland, Lord Dudley, and Sturges Bourne were
+considered to hold their offices until Lord Lansdowne, Lord
+Carlisle, and Tierney should join the Cabinet. With this
+arrangement Parliament met, and the rage which had been
+accumulating in the minds of the seceders soon burst forth in a
+furious attack on this provisional arrangement. The Whigs have
+nearly in a body joined Government, with the exception of Lord
+Grey in the House of Lords, who in a speech full of eloquence
+attacked Canning's political life and character and announced his
+intention of remaining neuter. In the meantime it was understood
+that there was a reason for Lord Lansdowne not joining Government
+immediately, which was not to be made public till that event took
+place, and this secret was only imparted to a very few people; it
+was even concealed from Brougham and the leaders of the party.
+The secret, however, turns out to be this: Lord Lansdowne
+insisted upon modelling the Irish Government as he pleased--that
+is, in putting a Lord-Lieutenant, a Chancellor, and a Secretary
+there favourable to the Catholic claims, to which the King would
+not consent. Canning entreated Lord Lansdowne to have patience,
+to allow time to elapse, during which the King's scruples might
+be removed, and promised that every endeavour should be made to
+reconcile the King to the arrangement Lord Lansdowne desired.
+After much discussion it was resolved that Lord Lansdowne should
+support Government, but that he should not take office until this
+point was settled; and so the matter has remained.
+
+     [10] [The Cabinet formed by Mr. Canning was thus
+          constituted:--
+            Mr. Canning, First Lord of the Treasury and
+               Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+            Lord Lyndhurst, Lord High Chancellor.
+            Earl of Harrowby, Lord President of the Council.
+            Duke of Portland, Lord Privy Seal, and afterwards the
+               Earl of Carlisle.
+            Lord Dudley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+            Lord Goderich, Secretary of State for Colonial
+               Affairs and War.
+            Mr. Sturges Bourne, Secretary of State for the Home
+               Department (this office was shortly afterwards
+               transferred to the Marquis of Lansdowne)
+            Mr. Huskisson, President of the Board of Trade.
+            Mr. Wynn, President of the Board of Control.
+            Lord Bexley, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+            Mr. Tierney, Master of the Mint.
+            The Duke of Clarence was named Lord High Admiral.
+            The Office of Commander-in-Chief remained vacant
+               during the Administration of Mr. Canning. This
+               Administration lasted ninety-eight days, until the
+               death of Mr. Canning.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. CANNING'S ADMINISTRATION.]
+
+June 3rd, 1827 {p.096}
+
+Soon after writing this Lord Lansdowne came into the Cabinet,
+together with Tierney and Lord Carlisle, M'Donald and Abercromby
+also taking places. They found so many objections to the
+unsettled state of the Cabinet, and the provisional arrangements
+had brought so much odium and ridicule upon the Government, that
+it was thought necessary to settle this matter without loss of
+time, but Lord Lansdowne would not consent to take the Home
+Office except upon the conditions on which he had before
+insisted. He therefore came into the Cabinet without a place. But
+it is quite evident that the present state of affairs is far from
+satisfactory; the Government is not established on a firm or
+secure basis, and the members of it are not altogether satisfied
+with each other or themselves. Lord Lansdowne particularly does
+not feel comfortable where he is, and does not think that he has
+been well treated by his own friends. It seems that when first
+overtures were made to him by Canning he called a meeting of his
+friends at Lansdowne House, at which he declared his own
+sentiments and the conditions on which he would join the
+Government. The persons there assembled unanimously agreed with
+him, but a few days after a meeting was called at Brooks's which
+was more numerously attended, and there certain resolutions were
+agreed upon which were not in conformity with the opinions
+expressed in Lansdowne House, and these resolutions were
+communicated to Canning as the sentiments of the great body of
+the Whigs, but without the same being imparted to Lord Lansdowne,
+who was then at Bowood (this fact I had last night from
+Duncannon[11] and Hobhouse[12]). Matters, however, went on
+quietly enough till the other night, when the Government was beat
+in the House of Lords upon the clause in the Corn Bill, and this
+defeat it is obvious has enraged and embarrassed them to the
+greatest degree.[13] Duncannon, who is entirely in the confidence
+of the moderate Whig party, says that it is impossible the thing
+can go on in this way; three Lords in the King's household
+(Errol, Macclesfield, and Delawarr) voted against the Bill, and
+if they are not dismissed it will be such a proof of the
+feebleness of Government as will disgust all the Whigs and make
+their support very lukewarm.[14] Burdett, who was more active and
+zealous than anybody in bringing about the Coalition, is very
+much disgusted already, and there appears altogether such a want
+of confidence and unanimity among them as must lead to the
+dissolution of the Government unless Canning can by some vigorous
+measures establish his credit and convince the world of his
+strength. In Ireland the Chancellor[15] has refused to put the
+Great Seal to the appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General. It
+is supposed that he will take this occasion to resign, and it
+will then be seen what part the King will take in the nomination
+of his successor. The King sees numbers of people, talks
+incessantly, and does nothing. Canning was with him yesterday
+evening, and the result of his audience will be very interesting,
+because it will appear whether he has insisted upon, and the King
+consented to, the dismissal of the refractory Lords, as well as
+what he will do about the Irish Chancellor. Government are
+indignant with the Duke of Wellington and the other ex-Ministers
+for opposing the Corn Bill, which they had been themselves (when
+in office) instrumental in framing, as well as for the use which
+the Duke made of Huskisson's letter.
+
+     [11] [John William, Viscount Duncannon, afterwards fourth
+          Earl of Bessborough.]
+
+     [12] [Mr. John Cam Hobhouse, M.P. for Westminster,
+          afterwards Sir John C. Hobhouse, Bart., raised to the
+          peerage in 1851 by the title of Baron Broughton de
+          Giffard.]
+
+     [13] [It was with reference to this defeat that Canning said
+          soon afterwards in the House of Commons that 'the Duke
+          of Wellington had been made the instrument of others
+          for their own particular views,' and he pledged himself
+          to bring in another Corn Bill in the following session.
+          But these were almost the last words uttered by Canning
+          in Parliament.]
+
+     [14] [Lord Delawarr resigned of his own accord, Lord Errol
+          was obliged to resign, and Lord Macclesfield came over
+          and voted with Government on the second reading of the
+          Corn Bill.]
+
+     [15] [Lord Manners was still Lord Chancellor of Ireland, as
+          he had been since 1807. Mr. Doherty was made
+          Solicitor-General for Ireland on the 18th of June.]
+
+
+[Page Head: THE ROYAL LODGE.]
+
+June 17th, 1827 {p.098}
+
+I was at the Royal Lodge for one night last Wednesday; about
+thirty people sat down to dinner, and the company was changed
+nearly every day. It is a delightful place to live in, but the
+rooms are too low and too small for very large parties. Nothing
+can exceed the luxury of the internal arrangements; the King was
+very well and in excellent spirits, but very weak in his knees
+and could not walk without difficulty. The evening passed off
+tolerably, owing to the Tyrolese, whom Esterhazy brought down to
+amuse the King, and he was so pleased with them that he made them
+sing and dance before him the whole evening; the women kissed his
+face and the men his hand, and he talked to them in German.
+Though this evening went off well enough, it is clear that
+nothing would be more insupportable than to live at this Court;
+the dulness must be excessive, and the people who compose his
+habitual society are the most insipid and uninteresting that can
+be found. As for Lady Conyngham, she looks bored to death, and
+she never speaks, never appears to have one word to say to the
+King, who, however, talks himself without ceasing. Canning came
+the day I went away, and was very well received by his Majesty;
+he looked dreadfully ill. The only thing which interested me was
+the account I heard from Francis Conyngham about Knighton. He is
+seldom there, and when he comes scarcely stays above a night or
+two. But he governs everything about the house, and cannot endure
+anybody who is likely to dispute his empire. The King certainly
+does not like him, is always happier when he is away, and never
+presses him to stay or to return. When he is there he has
+constant access to the King at all times and whenever he pleases.
+He is on bad terms with Mount Charles, he bullies Lord Conyngham,
+and he is barely civil to Lady C.; he knows that Mount Charles is
+independent of him, and that the King likes him and admits him
+continually and familiarly to his presence, and of this it seems
+that he is jealous. I was more struck with one word which dropped
+from him than with all he told me of Sir W. Knighton. While the
+Tyrolese were dancing and singing, and there was a sort of gay
+uproar going on, with which the King was greatly delighted, he
+said, 'I would give ten guineas to see Knighton walk into the
+room now,' as if it were some master who was absent, and who
+should suddenly return and find his family and servants
+merrymaking in his absence; it indicates a strange sort of power
+possessed by him.
+
+[Page Head: HOSTILITY OF LORD GREY.]
+
+The King was very civil to the Duke of Dorset, and repeatedly
+told him that what had passed would make no difference in their
+private friendship. In the meantime the Corn Bill has been thrown
+out, and I think political animosities are full as strong as
+ever, though they have taken rather a sulky than a violent tone.
+I had a long conversation with Duncannon yesterday, who is fully
+possessed of the sentiments of all the Whigs, and by what he says
+it is clear that they are extremely dissatisfied; they want
+Canning to display his power by some signal act of authority, and
+to show that he is really supported cordially by the King. The
+opposite party are persuaded that the King is secretly inclined
+to them and averse to his present Government, and this opinion
+obtains more or less with the public in consequence of the
+impunity with which Canning has been braved by the Chancellor in
+Ireland. The appointment of Doherty as Solicitor-General has
+never yet passed the Great Seal, and Lord Manners refuses to
+sanction it; he has likewise refused to put Sir Patrick Bellew (a
+Catholic) in the Commission of the Peace, though he is a
+respectable man and he has been strongly pressed to do it even by
+Protestants. This refusal so disgusted Duncannon that he was very
+near withdrawing his name from the Commission, and if he had his
+example would have been followed by many others, but Lord Spencer
+dissuaded him from doing so. Lord Grey is in such a state of
+irritation that he will hardly speak to any of his old friends,
+and he declares that he will never set his foot in Brooks's
+again. All this is the more extraordinary, and the vivacity of
+his temper the more unaccountable, because he has constantly
+declined taking an active part in politics when invited to do so
+for a long time past; and whenever Duncannon has asked his advice
+or consulted his opinions or wishes, he has invariably referred
+him to Lord Lansdowne as the person whom his friends were to look
+upon as their leader, asserting that he had withdrawn himself
+from public life and would have no more concern with politics.
+More than this, when first overtures were made by Canning to the
+Whigs, it was the unanimous opinion of all those who have since
+joined the Government that Lord Lansdowne and his friends could
+not join an Administration of which Peel was to be a member (for
+at that time the resignation of Peel was not contemplated as a
+probable event), and this opinion was warmly combated by Lord
+Grey, who contended that there was no reason why they should not
+coalesce with Canning and Peel. What induced him to alter his
+opinion so decidedly and to become so bitter an enemy to the
+present arrangements does not appear, unless it is to be
+attributed to a feeling of pique and resentment at not having
+been more consulted, or that overtures were not made to himself.
+The pretext he took for declaring himself was the appointment of
+Copley to be Chancellor, when he said that it was impossible to
+support a Government which had made such an appointment.
+
+
+July 5th, 1827 {p.101}
+
+The session is over, and has been short but violent enough. There
+is apparently a majority against the Ministry in the House of
+Lords, though they seem safe in the House of Commons. All depends
+upon Canning's prudence and firmness during the recess. As to the
+King, he seems desirous of living a quiet life and disposing of
+all patronage; public measures and public men are equally
+indifferent to him. The Duke of Wellington, who knows him well,
+says he does not care a farthing about the Catholic question, but
+he does not like to depart from the example of his father and the
+Duke of York, to which they owed so much of their popularity. His
+conduct is entirely influenced by selfish considerations, and he
+neither knows nor cares what measures the exigencies of the
+country demand. The present state of parties is so extraordinary
+that it cannot last, and it remains to be seen whether Lord Grey
+and the other Whigs will reunite themselves to the main body and
+support Canning's Government, or whether they will join with the
+Tories in their efforts to overturn it. Lord Grey's temper,
+irritated by the attacks which have been made on him, seems
+likely to urge him to the latter alternative.
+
+
+July 25th, 1827 {p.102}
+
+Canning is gone to Chiswick, where he has had the lumbago, and
+could not go to the Council last week. He is very unwell, and in
+a very precarious state, I think. I was at the Council last
+Monday week; it was held for the appointment of Lords Lansdowne
+and Carlisle, Lord Lansdowne having consented to take the Home
+Office, and Lord Carlisle the Privy Seal; the only Cabinet
+Ministers present were the four who changed places. It was the
+first time the King had given Lord Lansdowne an audience, but I
+believe he was very civil to him. The King gave him an account of
+the Duke of Buckingham's visit to him (from Dropmore), the result
+of which was that he sent his proxy to Lord Goderich, but not
+with a good grace.
+
+The Duke of Wellington has been to the Lodge, and great is the
+speculation thereupon.[16] It is fiercely debated whether he went
+by invitation or not, and how long he stayed. He was only with
+the King twenty minutes, for so Prince Leopold, who was there,
+told Lambton, who told me. I don't know if he was invited or no.
+The King has taken from Prince Leopold the plate that was given,
+or, as they now say, lent to him, on his marriage. The Chamberlain
+sent to Sir E. Gardiner for it in the Prince's absence, and he
+refused to give it up without his Royal Highness's orders, but
+the Prince, as soon as he heard of it, ordered it to be sent to
+the Chamberlain.
+
+     [16] [The causes and consequences of this visit, which was
+          by invitation from the King, are related in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 63 _et seq_.]
+
+The Irish Chancellor has given way about Doherty's appointment,
+and put the Great Seal to it before his own resignation. He did
+it with a good grace, Lord Lansdowne told me.
+
+We went all over the Castle the other day; his Majesty will not
+let anybody see it now. I don't think enough is effected for the
+enormous sums expended, though it is a fine and will be a good
+house; still, how far (as a palace) from Versailles, St. Cloud,
+and the other palaces in France! The external terrace has spoilt
+the old one, and is altogether a frightful excrescence, and
+should never have been made.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF CANNING.]
+
+August 9th, 1827 {p.103}
+
+Canning died yesterday morning at four o'clock. His danger was
+only announced on Sunday night, though it had existed from the
+preceding Wednesday. When he saw the King on Monday his Majesty
+told him he looked very ill, and he replied that 'he did not know
+what was the matter with him, but that he was ill all over.'
+Nothing could exceed the consternation caused by the announcement
+of his danger and the despair of his colleagues. From the first
+there was no hope. He was aware of his danger, and said, 'It is
+hard upon the King to have to fight the battle over again.' The
+Cabinet met on Monday, and great unanimity prevailed among them.
+They all agreed to stand by each other in the event of his death.
+As soon as it happened Lord Lansdowne went down to Windsor and
+saw the King. His Majesty spoke with great affection of Canning,
+and said something of the difficulties in which he was again
+involved. Lord L. replied that he had come down, as it was his
+official duty to do, to announce to him the event; that nothing
+could be further from his wish or intention than to elicit from
+him any opinion as to the future, and he begged his Majesty would
+not say one word upon that subject. The King said that the first
+thing he should do would be to show every mark of respect to the
+memory and attachment to the person of Canning, and that he
+should therefore send for those of his Ministers who had been the
+most closely connected with him in public and private life. He
+sent immediately for Lord Goderich and Sturges Bourne, who went
+down to him when Lord Lansdowne returned.
+
+Yesterday I saw some letters from Mr. Arbuthnot[17] (Gosh) giving
+an account of the break-up of the old Government, and of the
+reasons by which they had been influenced in resigning. They were
+three in number, very violent and indignant, defending the Duke
+and attacking Canning, but they contained little more than has
+since appeared and been made public. The only fact that appeared
+to me of consequence was this: that Peel, though he had resigned
+on different grounds, was indignant at the way in which the Duke
+had been treated, and was resolved never to take office till full
+reparation had been made to him; that Lord Bathurst had begged
+Gosh (Mr. Arbuthnot) not to mention this, as it might do harm.
+The next letter was a long tirade with a great deal of wrath and
+indignation, such as might be expected. He says that they knew
+Canning was negotiating with the Whigs while he was pretending
+that he wished the old Government to go on; and that in the
+course of the negotiation with his old colleagues he offered
+Peel, if he would stay with him, to recall the pro-Catholic
+Lord-Lieutenant and send a Protestant. Peel wanted the Duke to
+give up the army and take the Treasury, which he would not hear
+of. He was miserable at the idea, and opposed it so strongly that
+they could not press it upon him. However, the Peers--meaning all
+the Lords who had made such a stir--applied to the Duke to put
+himself at the head of the Government, but he hardly sent an
+answer to their application--he would not hear of it.
+
+     [17] [Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential
+          friend of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he lived.
+          He was known in society by the nickname of 'Gosh,' by
+          which he is frequently described in these Journals.]
+
+[Page Head: ANECDOTES OF CANNING.]
+
+I may here introduce some anecdotes of Canning told me by Lord
+George Bentinck, his private secretary:--
+
+Some time after they had been in office (after Lord Londonderry's
+death) they found in a drawer, which apparently had been
+forgotten or overlooked, some papers, which were despatches and
+copies of correspondence between Lord Castlereagh and Lord
+Stewart. These despatches were very curious, and more particularly
+so after his attack last year on Canning for misappropriating the
+secret service money, for they gave an account of his own
+employment of the secret service money in getting Italian
+witnesses for the Queen's trial. There was likewise an account of
+the discovery Stewart had made of the treachery of an office
+messenger, who had for a long time carried all his despatches to
+Metternich before he took them to England, and Lord Stewart says,
+'I tremble when I think of the risk which my despatches have
+incurred of coming before the House of Commons, as there were
+letters of Lord Londonderry's written expressly "to throw dust in
+the eyes of the Parliament."' These were his own expressions, and
+he said, 'You will understand this and know what to say to
+Metternich.' In fact, while Lord Castlereagh was obliged to
+pretend to disapprove of the Continental system of the Holy
+Alliance he secretly gave Metternich every assurance of his
+private concurrence, and it was not till long after Mr. Canning's
+accession that Metternich could be persuaded of his sincerity in
+opposing their views, always fancying that he was obliged to act
+a part as his predecessor had done to keep the House of Commons
+quiet.
+
+From the moment Mr. Canning came into the Cabinet he laboured to
+accomplish the recognition of the South American Republics, but
+all the Cabinet were against him except Lord Liverpool, and the
+King would not hear of it. The King was supported in his
+opposition by the Duke of Wellington and by Lieven and Esterhazy,
+whom he used to have with him; and to them he inveighed against
+Canning for pressing this measure. The Duke of Wellington and
+those Ambassadors persuaded his Majesty that if he consented it
+would produce a quarrel between him and his allies, and involve
+him in inextricable difficulties. Canning, who knew all this,
+wrote to Mrs. Canning in terms of great bitterness, and said if
+the King did not take care he would not let him see these
+Ambassadors except in his presence, and added, 'I can tell his
+Majesty that his father would never have acted in such a manner.'
+At length after a long contest, in the course of which Peel came
+round to him, he resolved to carry the measure or resign. After a
+battle in the Cabinet which lasted three hours, and from which he
+came heated, exhausted, and indignant, he prepared a memorial to
+the King, and Lord Liverpool another, in which they tendered
+their resignations, alleging at length their reasons, and this
+they submitted to the Cabinet the following day. When their
+colleagues found they were in earnest they unanimously surrendered,
+and agreed upon a declaration to the King that they would all
+resign unless the measure was adopted. This communication was
+made to his Majesty by the Duke of Wellington, who told him that
+he found Canning was in earnest, and that the Government could
+not go on without him, and he must give way. The King accordingly
+gave way, but with a very ill grace.[18] When he saw Canning he
+received him very ill, and in a letter to him signifying his
+assent to the measure he said that it must be his business to
+have it carried into effect in the best way it would admit of.
+Canning took fire at the ungracious tone of the letter, and wrote
+for answer that he feared he was not honoured with that
+confidence which it was necessary that the King should have in
+his Ministers, and that his Majesty had better dismiss him at
+once. The King sent no answer, but a gracious message, assuring
+him he had mistaken his letter, and desiring he would come to the
+Cottage, when he received him very well. From that time he grew
+in favour, for when the King found that none of the evils
+predicted of this measure had come to pass, and how it raised the
+reputation of his Minister, he liked it very well, and Canning
+dexterously gave him all the praise of it, so that he soon
+fancied it had originated with himself, and became equally
+satisfied with himself and with Canning.
+
+     [18] [The memorial of Mr. Canning on this subject, the
+          counter-opinions of the Duke of Wellington, and the
+          King's minute upon them have been published in the
+          second volume of the New Series of the 'Duke of
+          Wellington's Correspondence,' pp. 354, 364, and 402.]
+
+Canning concealed nothing from Mrs. Canning, nor from Charles
+Ellis. When absent from Mrs. C. he wrote everything to her in the
+greatest detail. Canning's industry was such that he never left a
+moment unemployed, and such was the clearness of his head that he
+could address himself almost at the same time to several
+different subjects with perfect precision and without the least
+embarrassment. He wrote very fast, but not fast enough for his
+mind, composing much quicker than he could commit his ideas to
+paper. He could not bear to dictate, because nobody could write
+fast enough for him; but on one occasion, when he had the gout in
+his hand and could not write, he stood by the fire and dictated
+at the same time a despatch on Greek affairs to George Bentinck
+and one on South American politics to Howard de Walden, each
+writing as fast as he could, while he turned from one to the
+other without hesitation or embarrassment.
+
+
+August 10th, 1827 {p.107}
+
+The Cabinet sat yesterday morning and again at night. It is
+generally believed that Lord Goderich will succeed Canning at the
+Treasury, and Lord Lansdowne has no objection to serve under him.
+The Tories were full of hope and joy at first, but in proportion
+as they were elated at first so were they dejected yesterday,
+when they found that the King sent for Lord Goderich and not for
+the Duke of Wellington. He never seems to have thought of the
+Duke at all. It will all be out to-day or to-morrow. The Tories
+may now give the King up. They have taken leave of office, except
+Peel, who will come in some day or other.
+
+[They remained out of office five months. What a prophecy!--
+_January 28th, 1828_.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S OPINION OF CANNING.]
+
+The Duke of Wellington talked of Canning the other day a great
+deal at my mother's. He said his talents were astonishing, his
+compositions admirable, that he possessed the art of saying
+exactly what was necessary and passing over those topics on which
+it was not advisable to touch, his fertility and resources
+inexhaustible. He thought him the finest speaker he had ever
+heard; though he prided himself extremely upon his compositions,
+he would patiently endure any criticisms upon such papers as he
+submitted for the consideration of the Cabinet, and would allow
+them to be altered in any way that was suggested; he (the Duke)
+particularly had often 'cut and hacked' his papers, and Canning
+never made the least objection, but was always ready to adopt the
+suggestions of his colleagues. It was not so, however, in
+conversation and discussion. Any difference of opinion or dissent
+from his views threw him into ungovernable rage, and on such
+occasions he flew out with a violence which, the Duke said, had
+often compelled him to be silent that he might not be involved in
+bitter personal altercation. He said that Canning was usually
+very silent in the Cabinet, seldom spoke at all, but when he did
+he maintained his opinions with extraordinary tenacity. He said
+that he was one of the idlest of men. This I do not believe, for
+I have always heard that he saw everything and did everything
+himself. Not a despatch was received that he did not read, nor
+one written that he did not dictate or correct.
+
+
+[Page Head: COUNCIL AT WINDSOR.]
+
+August 20th, 1827 {p.108}
+
+There was a Council at Windsor Castle on Friday last, which was a
+very curious scene. What I saw puzzled me very much till matters
+have since been explained to me.
+
+On Tuesday morning Drummond, Lord Goderich's private secretary,
+came to me at my office and told me the Council would be held on
+Friday, and that Herries was to be appointed Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and was going down that day with Lord Goderich to
+Windsor. Accordingly when I arrived at the Castle I found Herries
+in the room, and I asked him if he was to take an oath as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, because there was none in the
+oath-book for Chancellor, but one for the Treasurer of the
+Exchequer, and whether he was to take that. He said he did not
+know, upon which I asked Wynn if he knew. He did not; when we all
+agreed to wait till Lord Bexley came,[19] and enquire of him what
+he had done. When Lord Bexley arrived we asked him, and he said
+that Herries would only be sworn then as a Privy Councillor, and
+must take the oath of Chancellor of Exchequer in the Court of
+Exchequer. Shortly after we walked round the Castle, and some
+conversation occurring about the elevation of the Round Tower,
+which Wyattville was anxious to accomplish, Herries said to him,
+'But it is my business now to ask you what you will do it for,
+how much it will cost. Will you do it for L10,000?' Wyattville
+said, 'You must give me L15,000,' so that I could have no doubt
+that Herries was Chancellor of the Exchequer. In the meantime all
+the Ministers arrived, the whole Cabinet being present except the
+Chancellor and Lord Anglesey, who arrived afterwards. As soon as
+Lord Goderich and Lord Lansdowne were come they retired into the
+next room and had a long conference. Shortly afterwards the King
+came, when Lord Goderich went into his room. He stayed some time,
+when the Duke of Portland went in, then Herries. When Lord
+Goderich came out he had another conference with Lord Lansdowne,
+at the end of which he went again to the King. He came out, and
+at the end of three-quarters of an hour went a third time, and
+after him Herries a second time, and with him Lord Bexley.
+Another very animated conversation took place between Lord
+Lansdowne and Lord Goderich, when the latter went to the King a
+fourth time, and after him Lord Lansdowne, Goderich whispering
+something to him as he went in. Previous to this I remarked a
+conference between Lord Lansdowne, Goderich, and Carlisle, after
+which Carlisle took Tierney into the next room, evidently
+communicating what had passed. Something was clearly going on,
+but I could not make out what. I fancied that Lord Lansdowne
+insisted upon Lord Holland's being in the Cabinet. Yesterday,
+however, I discovered that it was all about Herries and his
+appointment. The appointment was the King's, with whom Herries
+had ingratiated himself by transacting some of his pecuniary
+business, and getting odds and ends for him out of _droits_, &c.
+The King then named him, and Goderich made no objection. Herries
+came to Windsor, not doubting but that he was to receive the
+seals, which in fact Goderich brought down with him on purpose.
+Lord Lansdowne, however, declared that he would not consent to
+the appointment, and hence arose all the conferences and
+audiences for which I could not account at the time. The Whigs
+dislike Herries' politics, and still more do they object to the
+King taking upon himself to nominate the members of the
+Government without consulting his Ministers. They are determined
+to resist this nomination, and the consequence of Lord Lansdowne's
+remonstrance was the suspension at least of the appointment. Such
+is the state of affairs, and not a very agreeable state
+certainly.
+
+     [19] [Lord Bexley as Mr. Vansittart had been Chancellor of
+          the Exchequer, from 1812 to 1823.]
+
+The Whigs are satisfied of the candour, fairness, and plain
+dealing of Goderich, but dissatisfied with his facility and want
+of firmness. The King is grasping at power and patronage, and
+wants to take advantage of the weakness of the Government and
+their apparent dependence upon him to exercise all the authority
+which ought to belong to the Ministers. The Whigs are not easy in
+their places. They feel that they are not treated with the
+consideration to which they are entitled. But they have got too
+far to recede, and they evidently are alarmed lest, if they
+exasperate the King, he should accept their resignation and form
+a Government by a junta of the old Tories with the rest of his
+Administration, by which their exclusion would be made certain
+and perpetual. I find that the Duke of Portland was likewise
+named by the King himself. They do not object to the Duke, on the
+contrary, but they object greatly to his being so appointed. All
+this I have from Tierney, who added, if the Duke had been
+proposed to the King by Lord Goderich, not a member of the
+Cabinet would have objected, but they don't like his being named
+by the King. At the end of the Council, on Friday, Lord Anglesey
+arrived, having travelled day and night, and brought with him the
+Duke of Wellington's acceptance of the command of the army.
+Altogether it was a day of unusual interest, and unlike the
+dulness of ordinary Councils.
+
+
+[Page Head: MR. HERRIES' APPOINTMENT.]
+
+September 1st, 1827 {p.110}
+
+Since the Council on the 17th the affair of Herries has still
+been going on. It appears that when Goderich went into the King
+(at the Council) to announce to him the objection that had been
+raised, his Majesty was very angry, angry at having been so
+committed and at being obliged to give up a nomination he liked.
+Herries naturally felt himself very ill treated and nettled by
+the attacks upon him in the newspapers. He has ever since
+insisted upon being admitted to the Cabinet as the only thing
+which could afford due reparation to his honour, and prove that
+he had not been rejected for the reasons which had been assigned.
+This the Ministers opposed, and it was at length determined that
+this matter should rest till Huskisson's return. Huskisson agreed
+with his colleagues about Herries, went to the King, and spoke to
+him openly and firmly on the subject. The King consented that
+another arrangement should be made; the one proposed was, that
+Sturges Bourne should be Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Herries
+take the Woods and Forests without a seat in the Cabinet.
+Herries, who had constantly refused to accede to any arrangement
+by which he was to be excluded from the Cabinet, said he would
+consider of it; but in the meantime Sturges took fright, and
+refused to take the Exchequer. In vain Huskisson offered to take
+all the trouble on himself, and they all tried to persuade
+Sturges. He would not do it, and so this arrangement fell to the
+ground. They went again to the King yesterday to report progress
+and state to him what had occurred. When they came back
+(Goderich, Huskisson, Sturges, Herries, and the Chancellor)
+Goderich wrote a long letter to Lord Lansdowne, and he is to go
+to the King again this evening.
+
+I had a long conversation with Tierney yesterday, and I find that
+the Whig Ministers are sick to death of their situation and
+anxious to resign. They think they are not treated with the
+consideration which is due to them whether as individuals or as
+the representatives of a great party who are supporting the
+Government. Then they think Goderich has behaved so ill in this
+affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so
+much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect
+him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been
+marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for
+the situation he occupies. He has acted equally ill to the King,
+to his colleagues, and to Herries himself. The history of the
+transaction is this:--While Goderich was Chancellor of the
+Exchequer Herries was the man upon whose assistance he relied to
+carry on the business of his office, and who in fact did it all
+for him. As soon as he was at the head of the Treasury he
+felt that Herries would be equally necessary to him, and he
+accordingly pressed him to take the office of Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, which Herries declined. After repeated solicitations,
+Herries told him that he had no objection to belong to his
+Government, and that he would take the office of Vice-President
+of the Board of Trade, and do all his Treasury business for him
+(this is the account of Herries' friends, which seems to me
+somewhat doubtful), though he did not wish to be in the Cabinet.
+At last, however, Goderich prevailed on Herries to let him
+propose him to the King, which was done. The appointment was
+particularly agreeable to the King, who wrote a letter with his
+own hand to Herries, desiring him to take the place. When
+Goderich returned to town, with this letter in his pocket, he
+went (before he delivered it) to the Cabinet, and then mentioning
+Herries, without saying what had passed, he found that the
+Cabinet would not approve of the appointment, on which he went to
+Herries, and said that he found that it would not do, and begged
+him to allow his appointment to be cancelled. Herries told him
+that he had never desired it, and was quite ready to give it up.
+As soon as Herries had agreed to give it up Goderich pulls out of
+his pocket the King's letter, and says, 'By-the-by, here is a
+letter which I ought to have given you before.' When Herries had
+read this letter he said, 'This puts me quite in another
+situation, and though I am still ready to give up being
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, I must have my conduct explained to
+the King, and you must take me down to Windsor to-morrow for that
+purpose.' This Goderich refused to do, when Herries said he
+should go down by himself. He did so, and then passed all which I
+have described above in the account of the Council on the 19th. I
+ought to have mentioned, as not the least curious circumstance of
+the Council, that in the middle of it the King sent for Sir
+William Knighton, who was closeted with him for an hour. I see
+this account is not altogether the same as the preceding, a proof
+of the inaccuracy of anecdotes and historical facts whenever they
+differ. This is the true one.
+
+Henry de Ros told me that he saw George Dawson, Peel's
+brother-in-law, at Brighton, who told him that he believed there
+was nobody the King was more exasperated against than Peel, and
+for this reason:--When the late Government (Canning's) was
+forming, Peel went to the King, and in reply to his desire that
+he should form a part of it told him he could not continue in any
+Government the head of which was a supporter of Catholic
+Emancipation. The King proposed to him to remain, with a secret
+pledge and promise from him that the question should not be
+carried. This of course Peel refused, and the King, who construed
+his rejection of the disgraceful proposal as conveying a doubt of
+his word, dismissed him with much resentment.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD LANSDOWNE AND THE KING.]
+
+September 15th, 1827
+
+Taking up the account from where I left off, Goderich went to the
+King, and it was settled Herries was to be Chancellor of the
+Exchequer. He returned and wrote to Lord Lansdowne entreating him
+to acquiesce. Lord Lansdowne went to the King, and the result of
+his interview was that he retained office together with his
+friends. He wrote a letter to one of them, which he intended
+might be communicated to others, giving an account of his conduct
+and motives. I saw this letter. He said the King received him
+very well and spared no entreaties to him to keep office. The
+King said that he was most anxious the present Government should
+continue on every account, but more particularly on account of
+what was now passing on the Continent; that Lord Lansdowne's
+holding office was indispensable for this object, and he asked
+him in his own name and for the sake of the country not to
+resign; that what had occurred had arisen out of a series of
+blunders which, 'let me say,' he added, 'were neither yours nor
+mine.' Lord Lansdowne said it was put to him in such a way that
+he could not do otherwise; that he had insisted with Goderich
+that Stanley and Mackintosh[20] should be employed. This was the
+pith of his letter. I have been with Huskisson for a week in the
+country; he is in good health and excellent spirits. Capo
+d'Istria was there, going to Greece. Huskisson told me he wanted
+money. He owned to me that he considered Greece as a great
+humbug. I discovered from what he said that they only interfered
+that they might keep the Russians quiet and prevent a war between
+Russia and Turkey. The Sultan had announced his intention of
+sending any Minister to the Seven Towers who should communicate
+the treaty to him.[21] Everything is now quiet for the moment,
+and will probably continue so till the meeting of Parliament.
+
+     [20] [Mr Stanley, afterwards Earl of Derby, had taken office
+          under Mr. Canning, and was Under-Secretary of State for
+          the Colonies from April 1827 till January 1828. Lord
+          Lansdowne must have recommended him for a higher
+          office.]
+
+     [21] [The Treaty of London for the Settlement of the Affairs
+          of Greece was signed by England, France, and Russia on
+          the 7th of July, 1827. It was of course received with
+          indignation by the Porte, and led three months
+          afterwards to the battle of Navarino, which was fought
+          on the 20th of October.]
+
+
+December 13th, 1827 {p.114}
+
+Three months have passed since the above was written. I went to
+Doncaster and Chatsworth, then to Newmarket, and returned to town
+the middle of last month. The battle of Navarino has been fought,
+and after three weeks' expectation we know very little about the
+matter. The strong part of the Cabinet, with Huskisson at the
+head, are for letting things take their course, and for suffering
+Russia to go to war with Turkey, and leaving it to her to enforce
+the articles of the Treaty of London. The plan is that Russia
+should occupy Moldavia and Wallachia; that the terms should then
+be offered to the Sultan, and that on his yielding the Greek
+independence these provinces should be evacuated by the Russians;
+this is what they propose that our mediation shall effect. In the
+meantime the Ministers are uneasy about the approaching meeting
+of Parliament. They anticipate a violent opposition in the House
+of Lords; they are by no means sure of a majority in that House,
+and there is not one among them who has spirit and character
+enough to face it. Lord Dudley is terrified to the greatest
+degree at the notion of being attacked by Lord Grey. Then, though
+they are not disunited, they derive no strength from mutual
+co-operation and support, and the tone which the King has assumed,
+and the peremptory manner in which he has claimed the disposal of
+every sort of patronage, is both a proof of the weakness of
+Government, a source of discord among themselves, and the cause
+of distrust mixed with contempt on the part of many of their
+friends. The King and the Duke of Clarence made the promotions
+and dispensed the honours after the battle of Navarino without
+consulting the Ministers. The King gave Sumner the Bishopric of
+Winchester in the same way,[22] and there is a very general
+opinion that the Cabinet is weak, that they do not act together
+with cordiality, that they have neither energy nor authority, and
+are not likely to keep their places. It has been currently
+reported that they would willingly have censured Codrington, and
+have thrown the responsibility of the battle from their own
+shoulders upon his, if they had dared, but that they were
+prevented by the precipitate approbation expressed by the King.
+These things are greatly exaggerated, but are not without
+foundation.
+
+     [22] [_Vide supra_, p. 45, when Lord Liverpool caused the
+          nomination of Mr. Sumner to a canonry of Windsor to be
+          cancelled, because he had not been consulted. The King
+          took the earliest opportunity of appointing him to the
+          See of Llandaff, whence he was soon afterwards
+          translated to that of Winchester. He died in 1874.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD GODERICH'S RESIGNATION.]
+
+December 15th, 1827
+
+The Ministry is at an end. Goderich resigned either by letter to
+the King yesterday or at the Council on Thursday. They have been
+going on ill together for some time. Goderich has no energy, and
+his colleagues are disgusted at his inefficiency, and at the
+assumption by the King of all power in disposing of patronage.
+Huskisson is away, and wishes to be out. They are embarrassed
+with the Greek question, and have to meet Parliament with an
+immense deficiency in the revenue. This state of things and
+mutual irritation and dissatisfaction have at length produced
+Goderich's resignation. Yesterday the Chancellor, Dudley, and
+Huskisson were backwards and forwards to the King all day, and
+when he went to Windsor at half-past five they were still in the
+Palace, and he left them there in consultation. He is gone, but
+Knighton remains behind to negotiate and communicate. In the
+meantime I find that the King is quite mad upon the Catholic
+question, and that his real desire is to get rid of the Whigs,
+take back the Duke of Wellington, and make an anti-Catholic
+Government. This seems to be quite impossible in the present
+state of affairs, but a few days will probably produce some
+decisive change.
+
+
+                              1828.
+
+
+January 2nd, 1828 {p.116}
+
+As soon as Lord Goderich had resigned they sent to Lord Harrowby
+and offered him the Premiership. He came to town directly, and
+went to the King, but refused the place. His refusal was
+immediately known, and of course there were a variety of
+conjectures and opinions afloat as to the man who would be
+chosen. A few days, however, put an end to these, for it was
+announced, to the astonishment of everybody, that Goderich had
+returned to town, and that he would not resign. Here ended this
+matter, which made a great noise for a few days; but the effects
+of what passed are yet to be seen when Parliament meets. The
+injury which Goderich's conduct has done to the Government is
+incalculable, for it has brought them into such low estimation
+that it is the general opinion they will not be able to retain
+their places, and there are a great variety of persons in both
+Houses of Parliament who are disposed to withdraw from them the
+support which they did give to Canning's Government, and which
+they were previously inclined to give to this. As matters now
+stand they do not themselves know upon whom they can count, nor
+who are their friends and who their foes. They are, however, to
+have Lord Holland in the Cabinet, to help them on in the House of
+Lords, but it is very doubtful whether his appointment will not
+lead to the resignation of some of the Tory members of the
+Government and the secession of some of its Tory supporters.
+Nothing can exceed the alarm which they feel at the prospect of
+the approaching contest in Parliament, and thus, full of fears
+and weakness, neither inspiring nor feeling confidence, there
+seems a bad chance of their getting through the session.
+
+I have heard no more of the King and of his intentions, except
+that he said he did not see why he was to be the only gentleman
+in his dominions who was not to eat his Christmas dinner in
+quiet, and he was determined he would. Don Miguel has been with
+him at the Cottage these two days. He has been received with
+great magnificence; they say he behaves well enough, but is very
+shy. He went out stag-hunting in red coat and full hunting
+costume, and rode over the fences like anybody else.
+
+M'Gregor told me the other day that not one of the physicians and
+surgeons who attended the Duke of York through his long and
+painful illness had ever received the smallest remuneration,
+although their names and services had been laid before the King.
+He told me in addition that during sixteen years that he attended
+the Duke and his whole family he never received one guinea by way
+of fee or any payment whatever.
+
+[Page Head: MR. BROUGHAM AT PANSHANGER.]
+
+About three weeks ago I passed a few days at Panshanger, where I
+met Brougham; he came from Saturday till Monday morning, and from
+the hour of his arrival to that of his departure he never ceased
+talking. The party was agreeable enough--Luttrell, Rogers, &c.--
+but it was comical to see how the latter was provoked at
+Brougham's engrossing all the talk, though he could not help
+listening with pleasure. Brougham is certainly one of the most
+remarkable men I ever met; to say nothing of what he is in the
+world, his almost childish gaiety and animal spirits, his humour
+mixed with sarcasm, but not ill-natured, his wonderful information,
+and the facility with which he handles every subject, from the
+most grave and severe to the most trifling, displaying a mind
+full of varied and extensive information and a memory which has
+suffered nothing to escape it, I never saw any man whose
+conversation impressed me with such an idea of his superiority
+over all others. As Rogers said the morning of his departure,
+'this morning Solon, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Archimedes, Sir Isaac
+Newton, Lord Chesterfield, and a great many more went away in one
+post chaise.' He told us a great many details relating to the
+Queen's trial, and amongst other things (which I do not believe)
+his conviction that the Queen had never had any intrigue with
+Bergami. He told us the whole story of his finding out the
+departure of Rastelli, which happened from a friend of his
+accidentally seeing Rastelli in the street, recognising him, and
+telling Brougham.[23] Brougham told none of his colleagues, and
+at first did not believe the story, but by putting artful
+questions, and watching their effect, he found it was so, and
+then out he came with it. There was a grand discussion whether
+they should not throw up their briefs and stop there, and he was
+all for it, but was overruled and gave way. The person who was
+most anxious they should go on was Lord Grey, for he had got a
+notion that they could not any of them speak to evidence, and he
+wanted to make such a speech, which he fancied he could do very
+well. Brougham said that as leading counsel for the Queen he
+always reserved to himself the power of acting as he thought fit,
+whatever the opinions of his colleagues might be, though they
+always consulted together and gave their sentiments upon every
+debated point _seriatim_. He and Denman invariably thought alike.
+The Queen never could bear him, and was seldom civil to him. When
+she had to answer the address of the House of Commons she
+appealed to her counsel for their advice, which they declined to
+give, and she was furious, for she wanted to make them advise her
+to accept the propositions of the House, which would have been
+very unpopular, and then throw the odium of doing so on them.[24]
+He spoke very highly of Alderman Wood, who behaved very well,
+never annoyed or interfered with them, and seems to have been
+altogether a _brave homme_.
+
+     [23] [For the use made by Mr. Brougham of the accidental
+          departure of Rastelli during the Queen's trial _vide
+          supra_, p. 37, October 15, 1820.]
+
+     [24] [This was the address moved by Mr. Wilberforce on the
+          22nd of June, 1820 (_vide supra_, p. 30, June 23rd,
+          1820). Lord Brougham states in his 'Memoirs' that the
+          Queen resolved to reject the advice of Parliament
+          without consulting her lawyers. In one of Lord
+          Brougham's letters written at the time he calls Wood
+          'the ass and alderman called _Thistle_-wood,' and
+          attributed to him the intrigue which brought the Queen
+          to England.]
+
+If it had been possible to recollect all that Brougham said on
+this and a hundred other subjects, it would be well worth writing
+down, but such talk is much too evanescent, and I remember no
+more.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF MR. BROUGHAM.]
+
+After all Brougham is only a living and very remarkable instance
+of the inefficacy of the most splendid talents, unless they are
+accompanied with other qualities, which scarcely admit of
+definition, but which must serve the same purpose that ballast
+does for a ship. Brougham has prospered to a certain degree; he
+has a great reputation and he makes a considerable income at the
+bar; but as an advocate he is left behind by men of far inferior
+capacity, whose names are hardly known beyond the precincts of
+their courts or the boundaries of their circuits. As a statesman
+he is not considered eligible for the highest offices, and
+however he may be admired or feared as an orator or debater, he
+neither commands respect by his character nor inspires confidence
+by his genius, and in this contrast between his pretensions and
+his situation more humble abilities may find room for consolation
+and cease to contemplate with envy his immense superiority. To
+suppose that his ambition can be satisfied in the possession of
+natural and acquired powers far greater than the majority of
+mankind would be contrary to all experience. Such men consider
+their acquirements as means for the attainment of greater ends,
+and the disappointments which they frequently meet with in the
+pursuit of their objects of ambition more than counteract all the
+feelings of pride and satisfaction which conscious superiority is
+calculated to inspire. The life of a politician is probably one
+of deep mortification, for the race is not always to the swift
+nor the battle to the strong, and few things can be more galling
+than to see men far inferior to ourselves enabled by fortune and
+circumstances to attain what we toil after in vain, and to learn
+from our own experience how many things there are in this life of
+greater practical utility than splendid abilities and unwearied
+industry.
+
+
+London, January 19th, 1828 {p.120}
+
+The Ministry is at last settled, and now for its history. Early
+in last week Goderich went down to the King and told him there
+was such a quarrel in the Cabinet between Huskisson and Herries
+about the Finance Committee that both could not remain, and that
+Huskisson would resign if he had not his own way. The King was
+furious at this new disturbance, and said he could not understand
+it; if Huskisson resigned, the Government was at an end. 'Go,' he
+ended, 'and send the Chancellor to me.' The Chancellor [Lord
+Lyndhurst] went, and was desired to bring the Duke of Wellington.
+The Government was dissolved and the King desired the Duke to
+form a new one. All this was immediately known, and first it was
+asked, 'What is the quarrel between Huskisson and Herries which
+broke up the old Cabinet?' The friends of each put about a story,
+one of which appeared in the 'Times,' the other in the 'Morning
+Chronicle.' The question was Lord Althorp's appointment as
+chairman of the Finance Committee. Huskisson's story is this:--In
+November Tierney went to Goderich and proposed Althorp as a good
+man to be in the chair of that Committee. Goderich assented, and
+said, 'But you had better speak to Huskisson about it, as it is a
+House of Commons matter.' He did so, and Huskisson approved of
+it. A few days after Tierney called on Huskisson and found
+Herries with him, when they discussed the matter generally, as
+well as the particular appointment of Althorp, and Herries made
+no objection, and, as they thought, agreed with them; but shortly
+after Herries went to Goderich, complained that this matter had
+been settled without his knowledge and concurrence, that it was a
+slight put upon him, and said he would not agree to Althorp's
+nomination, nor stay in office if it were persisted in.
+
+[Page Head: HOSTILITY OF HERRIES.]
+
+This is one story, told me by Sefton, who had it (I am sure) from
+Brougham, and _verbatim_ the same by Robarts, who had it (he told
+me himself) from Tierney. Herries' story only differs in this: it
+omits the interview between the three Ministers, and declares the
+matter was never mentioned to him at all till they had decided on
+it, when it was shown him as a plan which was not to be
+discussed, but which he was at once to assent to. It appears
+difficult to know which to believe, and at first my impression
+was that they had probably not treated Herries with as much
+consideration as he was entitled to as Finance Minister, and that
+he had been prone to take offence and touchy from old recollections,
+which were probably not effaced. But a circumstance I heard
+afterwards convinced me that Herries has been all along full of
+ill-will towards his colleagues, and not a little desirous of
+breaking up the Ministry. When he found, too, with what
+difficulties they would have to contend in Parliament and the
+weakness of Goderich, he probably thought they would never be
+able to go on, and was not sorry to find an opportunity of
+accelerating their dissolution. The circumstance is this:--In the
+old business of his appointment to the Chancellorship of the
+Exchequer, when he thought he was _not_ to be appointed, he wrote
+to Arbuthnot telling him how ill he had been treated, and
+promising to send him all the correspondence on the subject.
+Subsequently he _was_ appointed, when he wrote again to A.,
+saying that as it was settled and he was appointed, he did not
+think it would be right to send him the correspondence, which he
+was sure he would understand; that there he was, and he should do
+his best to act cordially with his new colleagues; but he
+finished, 'I shall hail the day which brings all of you back
+again.' Such an expression to a man who was the bitterest enemy
+of the Government of which he was a member did not evince much
+cordiality towards his colleagues.
+
+[Page Head: MR. HUSKISSON'S POSITION.]
+
+The first thing to be done by the Duke was to negotiate with
+Huskisson. He sent forthwith for his own friends, Peel, Lord
+Bathurst, and Melville, and for many days the great question was
+whether Huskisson would join or not, the Whigs of course most
+anxious he should refuse, the new Government ready to make great
+concessions to tempt him to join them. He has acceded, however,
+but much to the disgust of many of his friends, some of whom
+think he has behaved shabbily in abandoning the Whigs, who
+supported him, and who had supported Canning at his utmost need.
+Some think he was pledged never to act with the men who they
+consider to have behaved so ill to Canning, and some think he has
+compromised his dignity and independence by not insisting on
+higher terms, particularly the lead in the House of Commons. At
+present the exact terms of his bargain are not known, and without
+being acquainted with all that has passed _de part et d'autre_ it
+is impossible to form a judgment as to the wisdom or the fairness
+of his conduct. Those who think he would have acted a wiser part
+and have made himself of greater importance by heading a third
+party in the House of Commons and keeping aloof, judge too
+hastily. He would have been followed by all those who call
+themselves Canning's personal friends, and probably by a
+considerable body of neutrals, who would not have been disposed
+to support a Tory Government, and still less to join a Whig
+Opposition. But however weak the Ministry (without Huskisson)
+might have appeared at first sight in the House of Commons, it
+would very possibly have proved stronger than was imagined.
+Strength and weakness are relative terms, and it remained to be
+seen what sort of power would have been brought against it, and
+to what attacks the Government would have exposed itself. The old
+Tory Ministry, which was voted out for incapacity by the House of
+Commons, was the strongest and longest that we have seen for many
+years, though opposed by all the talent and power of an
+Opposition more formidable than this can be. To be sure it must
+always be remembered that they floated through their difficulties
+on the tide of the Duke of Wellington's victories. Of all the
+party who would have ranged themselves under Huskisson, only
+Canning's friends, a select few, would have considered themselves
+bound to him, and the rest, if they found the Government strong
+and likely to last, would probably have dropped off and gradually
+joined it. In that case Huskisson would never have been able to
+treat as an independent power, and though they might have been
+glad to take him into the Administration, he could not have made
+his own terms. I do not think he ever could have looked to
+overturning the Tory Government and coming in with the whole body
+of the Whigs, for he has no natural partiality (any more than
+Canning had) for that party, and he is fully aware how odious
+they are to the King and how unpopular in the country, which is
+always more inclined to the Tories than to them. If the Tories
+have agreed to those measures (except the Catholic question, for
+that is to remain on its old footing) which he deems necessary,
+and of which he is the author--that is, of Free Trade, &c.--he
+would probably rather act with them than with the Whigs; and in
+joining Government he is liable to no reproach but that of having
+shaken off his Whig colleagues too easily. But it remains to be
+proved whether they could have gone on, and at all events Lords
+Lansdowne and Carlisle might have remained in office if they
+pleased, though certainly it was not probable that they would do
+so. The part of the transaction which will appear extraordinary
+is, that the Government having been broken up by a quarrel
+between Huskisson and Herries, the opposite party come in and
+both these Ministers remain with them. In private life the
+transaction would look very like a fraud, and be open to great
+suspicion. It would appear as if they had got up a sham quarrel
+in order to get out their colleagues and stay in themselves with
+the Tories. This, however, I believe not to have been the case,
+at least as far as Huskisson is concerned, though perhaps Herries
+may not be altogether so clear.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IV.
+
+The Duke of Wellington's Administration--Huskisson's Speech--
+  Irritation of Mr. Canning's Friends--Tom Duncombe's Maiden
+  Speech--Mr. Huskisson resigns and the Canningites quit the
+  Government--Princess Lieven Hostile to the Duke--The Catholic
+  Question--Jockey Club Dinner at St. James's--Lord Lyndhurst--
+  Sir Robert Adair--Fox and Burke--Fox and Pitt--The Lord High
+  Admiral dismissed by the King--Dawson's Speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation--The King's Health--His Pages--State of Ireland--
+  Marquis of Anglesey--O'Connell--His Influence in Ireland--Lord
+  Belmore Governor of Jamaica--The Duke's Letter to Dr. Curtis--
+  Recall of Lord Anglesey from Ireland--Causes of this Event--
+  Excitement of the King on the Catholic Question--His Aversion
+  to Sir William Knighton--Character of George IV.--Denman's Silk
+  Gown--Pension to Lady Westmeath--Duke of Wellington on Russia--
+  The Reis-Effendi--Duke of Northumberland goes to Ireland--Privy
+  Council Register--State Paper Office--The Gunpowder Plot--
+  Catholic Emancipation--Navarino.
+
+
+[Page Head: IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.]
+
+January 28th, 1828 {p.124}
+
+Until the Duke of Wellington's commission as First Lord of the
+Treasury appeared many people doubted that he would take the
+office.[1] The Ordnance was offered to Lord Rosslyn, who refused
+it, and then given to Lord Beresford, but without a seat in the
+Cabinet (as Lord Bathurst told me) by his own particular desire.
+Some days have now elapsed, and time has been afforded for the
+expression of popular feeling and opinion on the late changes.
+Lady Canning and many of Canning's friends are very much
+dissatisfied with Huskisson, and think he deserted his principles
+and outraged the memory of Canning. Lady C. particularly is much
+hurt at what has passed. She has not seen Huskisson, but he is
+aware of her sentiments, though he says she has so high an
+opinion of him that she is sure he is acting for what he believes
+to be the best. The majority of Canning's friends have adhered to
+the Government. The great body of the Whigs who belonged to or
+supported the late Government are indignant and violent,
+particularly with Huskisson, who they think has betrayed them. An
+interview has taken place between Huskisson and Lord Lansdowne,
+in which the former explained his conduct, and (as far as I can
+learn) the latter said but little, neither condemning nor
+approving. But the great body of the party are resolved to oppose
+the new Government in every way, though without attempting to
+form a party, which they do not think feasible in their present
+condition. They intend a desultory and harassing warfare,
+particularly attacking Huskisson upon Liberal measures, to which
+he stands pledged, but which they think he will now be prevented
+by his colleagues from carrying into effect. The seceding Whigs
+are triumphant, because they assert that what has happened is a
+full justification of their conduct. They forget, however, that
+all this is mainly attributable to them and to Canning's death,
+which occurred in the interim. On the other hand the old Tories
+are not altogether satisfied, and, though rejoiced at the
+restoration of the party, cannot bear to see Huskisson and his
+friends members of the Government from abhorrence of Canning and
+all Liberal principles. However, the principal men have sent in
+their adhesions in very civil letters to the Duke.
+
+      [1] [The Duke of Wellington's Administration was at first
+          constituted as follows:--
+            Duke of Wellington, First Lord of the Treasury.
+            Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor.
+            Earl Bathurst, Lord President of the Council.
+            Earl of Ellenborough, Lord Privy Seal.
+            Mr. Peel, Home Secretary.
+            Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary.
+            Mr. Huskisson, Colonial Secretary.
+            Earl of Aberdeen, Duchy of Lancaster.
+            Mr. Goulburn, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+            Mr. Charles Grant, President of the Board of Trade.
+            Mr. Herries, Master of the Mint.
+            Viscount Melville, President of the India Board.
+            Lord Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, Mr. Grant, and Lord
+               Palmerston (Secretary at War, not in the Cabinet)
+               were the four Canningite members who resigned in
+               May following. They were replaced by Lord
+               Aberdeen, Sir George Murray, Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald,
+               and Sir Henry Hardinge respectively.]
+
+All the Ministers (old and new) were at Windsor the other day;
+but it was contrived that they should not meet, the _ins_ being
+in one room and Lansdowne and Carlisle in another, and it was
+afterwards discovered that in a third room by himself was
+Goderich. This Lord Sefton told me, and he had it from Lord
+Lansdowne, who had it from the King and confirmed by Lord
+Conyngham. His Majesty was remarkably civil to Lords Lansdowne
+and Carlisle. The King had a scene with the Duke of Devonshire,
+whom he could not persuade to stay in his place, though he tried
+hard. Scarlett has resigned the Attorney-Generalship, but not
+very willingly. He wrote to Milton and asked his advice. Milton
+advised him to resign, and so he did. One thing that has angered
+the Tories is the Duke's not having consulted Lord Eldon, nor
+offered him any place; and it seems he is extremely mortified,
+for though he did not want the seals again, he would have been
+very glad to take office as President of the Council.
+
+
+[Page Head: IRRITATION OF THE WHIGS.]
+
+February 25th, 1828 {p.126}
+
+There is one advantage in writing at intervals of some time
+instead of keeping a regular diary; I can take a more bird's-eye
+view of events, and avoid falling into many errors, which it
+would be afterwards necessary to correct. I went to Newmarket and
+stayed there three weeks for my health. While I was there
+Huskisson made his speech at Liverpool.[2] The Tories were
+furious, and in the House of Lords the Duke of Wellington
+contradicted it, or rather said he did not believe it was
+faithfully reported, for all that he was reported to have said
+about _the guarantee_ was untrue. I returned to town in time for
+the House of Commons, and found the greatest excitement,
+curiosity, and violence generally prevailing. As to Huskisson, he
+had offended the Tories, the Whigs, and Lady Canning, and
+everybody condemned him. Parties were split to pieces, there was
+no Opposition, and no man could tell what were the politics of
+his neighbour, scarcely what his own. Lady Canning was in a state
+of great rage and resentment, and had inspired George Bentinck
+with the same sentiments. Clanricarde had been sent down by her
+to the House of Lords furnished with extracts of Canning's
+letters to throw in the teeth of his old friends and his old
+enemies, and she threatened fresh disclosures and fresh documents
+which were to confound all whom she deemed worthy of her
+indignation. A very angry colloquy took place at a dinner at
+Warrender's between Lord Seaford and George Bentinck, in which
+the latter violently attacked Mr. Canning's friends for joining
+the present Government, and quoted Huskisson's declaration that
+he would never act with the men who had abandoned him. Lord
+Seaford grew angry, and asked George what he knew of that
+declaration and what his authority was for quoting it. To which
+George replied that he had it from himself--from Lord Seaford at
+Paris. This confounded the noble Lord, and altogether there was a
+pretty violent altercation, which greatly annoyed both him and
+Howard, who was present, and was regretted by all their common
+friends. Two days after this came on the debate in the House of
+Commons and the explanations of Huskisson and Herries. Their
+speeches were both satisfactory enough till Tierney spoke, who
+entirely knocked over their cases, or at least that of Herries,
+for against Huskisson he proved nothing, except that he might
+perhaps have been more communicative, though I think this
+reproach applies more to Lord Goderich than to him. The
+impression left with regard to Herries was as unfavourable as
+possible.
+
+      [2] [The speech made by Mr. Huskisson on his re-election at
+          Liverpool on the 5th of February, 1828, is printed in
+          vol. iii. of his 'Collected Speeches,' p. 673. It
+          contains a full account of these transactions. The
+          passage which gave so much offence to the Tories was
+          that 'if the Government was such as satisfied the view
+          I took of the interests of the country, and provided
+          such arrangements were made in its construction _as
+          afforded a guarantee_ that the principle I approved
+          should not be departed from, I was not precluded from
+          joining it;' and again, 'The presence in office of such
+          men as Lord Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, and Mr.
+          Lamb is the most satisfactory of all guarantees that
+          the general principles of our foreign and commercial
+          system would remain unchanged, and that Ireland would
+          be governed with the strictest impartiality in respect
+          to the Catholic question.'
+            These declarations of Mr. Huskisson had a material
+          effect on the occurrences which not long afterwards
+          took place.]
+
+[Page Head: TOM DUNCOMBE'S MAIDEN SPEECH.]
+
+The great event of the night was Duncombe's[3] speech, which was
+delivered with perfect self-possession and composure, but in so
+ridiculous a manner that everybody laughed at him, although they
+were amused with his impudence and at the style and objects of
+his attack. However, the next day it was discovered that he
+had performed a great exploit; he was loudly applauded and
+congratulated on all sides, and made into the hero of the day.
+His fame was infinitely increased on a subsequent night, when
+Herries again came before the House and when Tommy fired another
+shot at him. The newspapers were full of his praises. The Whigs
+called at his door and eagerly sought his acquaintance. Those who
+love fun and personality cheered him on with loud applause, and
+he now fancies himself the greatest man going, and is ready to
+get up and abuse anybody on the Treasury bench. To me, who knew
+all the secret strings that moved this puppet, nothing can be
+more amusing.
+
+      [3] [Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, nephew of the first Lord
+          Feversham distinguished for his Radical opinions, M.P.
+          for Finsbury after the Reform Bill. He sat at this time
+          for Hertford; and the incident related in the text
+          appears to have been his _debut_ in political life.]
+
+The history of Tom Duncombe and his speech is instructive as well
+as amusing, for it is a curious proof of the facility with which
+the world may be deceived, and of the prodigious effect which may
+be produced by the smallest means, if they are aided by some
+fortuitous circumstances and happily applied. Tommy came to Henry
+de Ros and told him that his constituents at Hertford were very
+anxious he should make a speech, but that he did not know what to
+say, and begged Henry to supply him with the necessary materials.
+He advised him to strike out something new, and having received
+his assurance that he should be able to recollect anything that
+he learned by heart, and that he was not afraid of his courage
+failing, Henry composed for him the speech which Duncombe
+delivered. But knowing the slender capacity of his man, he was
+not satisfied with placing the speech in his hands, but adopted
+every precaution which his ingenuity suggested to avert the
+danger of his breaking down. He made him learn the speech by
+heart, and then made him think it over again and put it into
+language of his own, justly fearing that if he should forget any
+of the more polished periods of the original it would appear
+sadly botched by his own interpolations. He then instructed him
+largely as to how and when he was to bring it in, supplying him
+with various commonplace phrases to be used as connecting links,
+and by the help of which he might be enabled to fasten upon some
+of the preceding speeches. I saw Henry de Ros the day before the
+debate, when he told me what he was doing, and asked me to
+suggest anything that occurred upon the subject, and at the same
+time repeated to me the speech with which he had armed his hero.
+I hinted my apprehensions that he would fail in the delivery, but
+though he was not without some alarm, he expressed (as it
+afterwards appeared a well-grounded) confidence in Duncombe's
+extraordinary nerve and intrepidity.
+
+His speech on the second night was got up precisely in the same
+manner, and although it appeared to arise out of the debate and
+of those which preceded it, the matter had been all crammed into
+him by his invisible Mentor. The amusement to him and to me
+(especially at the honours that have been thickly poured upon him
+and the noise which he has made in the world) is indescribably
+pungent.
+
+Thus Duncombe and his speech have made what is called a great
+sensation, and he has the reputation (no matter whether justly or
+not) of having thrown the enemy's camp into greater confusion by
+the boldness of his language than anybody has ever done, because
+nobody has ever before dared to mention those whom he dragged
+forward. To the ignorant majority of the world he appears a man
+of great promise, of boldness, quickness, and decision, and the
+uproar that is made about him cannot fail to impress others as
+well as himself with a high notion of his consequence.
+
+Knighton is gone abroad, I have very little doubt, in consequence
+of what passed, and as nobody enquires very minutely into the
+real causes of things where they get apparent ones with ease, it
+is said and believed at once that Duncombe is the man who has
+driven him out, and that he has given the first blow to that
+secret influence which has only been obscurely hinted at before
+and never openly attacked. These are great and important matters,
+far exceeding any consequences which the authors of the speech
+anticipated from its delivery at the time. And what are the
+agents who have produced such an effect? A man of ruined fortune
+and doubtful character, whose life has been spent on the
+race-course, at the gaming-table, and in the green-room, of
+limited capacity, exceedingly ignorant, and without any stock
+but his impudence to trade on, only speaking to serve an
+electioneering purpose, and crammed by another man with every
+thought and every word that he uttered.
+
+
+[Page Head: DISPUTES IN THE CABINET.]
+
+June 12th, 1828 {p.130}
+
+We have now got a Tory Government, and all that remained of
+Canning's party are gone.[4] The case of the Duke of Wellington
+and Huskisson is before the world, but nobody judges fairly.
+Motives are attributed to both parties which had no existence,
+and the truth is hardly ever told at first, though it generally
+oozes out by degrees. After the explanations in February the
+Government went on to all appearance very well, but there lurked
+under this semblance of harmony some seeds of jealousy and
+distrust, not I believe so much in the mind of the Duke as in
+those of his Tory colleagues, and the Canningites on their side
+certainly felt no cordiality even towards the Duke himself. They
+said that he never could nor would understand anything; that he
+said a thing one day and forgot it the next, and instead of that
+clearness of intellect for which he had credit, nothing could be
+more puzzled and confused than he was; that nothing could absolve
+him from the suspicion of duplicity and insincerity but the
+conviction that his ambiguous conduct on various occasions arose
+from a confusion of ideas. On the other hand, Lord Bathurst told
+my father that he thought they (Huskisson and his friends) were
+too much disposed to act together as a party in the Cabinet; and
+it is clear that the Duke thought so too, and that this feeling
+and the resentment it engendered in his mind are the real reasons
+of his conduct on the late occasion.
+
+      [4] [Bills had been brought into Parliament for the
+          disfranchisement of the boroughs of Penryn and East
+          Retford, and the transfer of those seats to Manchester
+          and Birmingham. On the East Retford case, which came
+          before the House of Commons on the 19th of May, Mr.
+          Huskisson felt bound in honour to support the measure,
+          and voted against his colleagues. On his return home
+          after the debate he wrote a hasty letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, in which he said that he 'owed it to the
+          Duke and to Mr. Peel to lose no time in affording them
+          an opportunity of placing his office in other hands.'
+          The Duke regarding this as a formal act of resignation,
+          laid it before the King and filled up the appointment.
+          The correspondence is published in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 449. The resignation of Lord Palmerston, Charles
+          Grant, and Lord Dudley followed. The details of this
+          transaction are sufficiently alluded to in the text.]
+
+There had been a dispute in the Cabinet about the Corn Bill,
+which occasioned the discussion of it to be put off for a few
+days at the time, and upon that occasion Grant resigned his
+office. The matter was made up and he stayed. But when upon
+the East Retford affair Huskisson resigned, and in such an
+extraordinary manner, the Duke felt that there was a disposition
+to embarrass him by these perpetual tenders of resignation, which
+he believed they thought he would not venture to accept. Upon
+receiving Huskisson's letter he went to Lord Bathurst and
+consulted him, and Lord Bathurst advised him to take him at his
+word. Everybody looks for some cause which does not appear for
+important events, and people with difficulty admit of very simple
+solutions and very trifling causes, though such are not
+unfrequently the real ones. I believe that Huskisson had no
+intention of embarrassing the Duke and none of resigning; but for
+a cool and sensible man his conduct is most extraordinary, for he
+acted with the precipitation of a schoolboy and showed a complete
+want of all those qualities of prudence and calm deliberation for
+which he has the greatest credit. But though this breach might
+have been avoided, from the sentiments which have been expressed
+by both parties, it is evident other differences would have
+arisen which must have dissolved the Government before long.
+After putting aside the violent opinions on both sides, the
+conclusion is that Huskisson acted very hastily and imprudently,
+and that his letter (say what he will) was a complete resignation,
+and that the Duke had a right so to consider it; that in the
+Duke's conduct there appeared a want of courtesy and an anxiety
+to get rid of him which it would have been more fair to avow and
+defend than to deny; that on both sides there was a mixture of
+obstinacy and angry feeling, and a disposition to treat the
+question rather as a personal matter than one in which the public
+interests were deeply concerned. But the charge which is made on
+one side that Huskisson wanted to embarrass the Duke's Government
+and enhance his own importance, and that on the other of the
+Duke's insincerity, are both unfounded.
+
+Some circumstances, however, contributed to place the Duke's
+conduct in an unfavourable point of view. These were the
+extravagant and unconcealed joy of the High Tories and of his
+immediate friends, and his attending at the same time the Pitt
+dinner and sitting there while Lord Eldon gave his famous 'one
+cheer more' for Protestant ascendency. That he treated Huskisson
+with some degree of harshness there is no doubt, but he was
+angry, and not without reason; the former brought it all upon
+himself. During the debate upon East Retford, when Huskisson was
+called upon by Sandon to redeem his pledge, he told Peel that he
+could not help himself, and must vote against him; but he begged
+him to put off the question till the following week, that it
+might be considered again. This Peel refused; had he acceded, all
+this would not have taken place.
+
+When the King saw Huskisson he was extremely gracious to him,
+expressed the utmost regret at losing him, and said that he had
+wished not to see him at first, that he might avoid receiving his
+resignation, and in hopes that the matter would have been
+arranged.[5] However, the other party say that the King is very
+glad to have got rid of him and his party.
+
+      [5] [Huskisson solicited an audience, which his Majesty
+          refused for some days to grant: he would not see him
+          until he had written again to the Duke of Wellington.]
+
+In the middle of all this Madame de Lieven is supposed to have
+acted with great impertinence if not imprudence, and to have made
+use of the access she has to the King to say all sorts of things
+against the Duke and the present Government. Her dislike to the
+Duke has been increasing ever since that cessation of intimacy
+which was caused by Canning's accession to power, when she
+treated him very uncivilly in order to pay court to Canning.
+Esterhazy told me last night that although her position here was
+now greatly changed, and that it was far from being so agreeable
+as it was, he could not accuse her of imprudence in having taken
+the part she had done, because he thought that it had answered
+very well, and that the objects of her Court had been in great
+measure accomplished through her means.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.]
+
+June 18th, 1828
+
+The Duke of Wellington's speech on the Catholic question is
+considered by many to have been so moderate as to indicate a
+disposition on his part to concede emancipation, and bets have
+been laid that Catholics will sit in Parliament next year. Many
+men are resolved to see it in this light who are anxious to join
+his Government, and whose scruples with regard to that question
+are removed by such an interpretation of his speech. I do not
+believe he means to do anything until he is compelled to it,
+which if he remains in office he will be; for the success of the
+Catholic question depends neither on Whigs nor Tories, the former
+of whom have not the power and the latter not the inclination to
+carry it. The march of time and the state of Ireland will effect
+it in spite of everything, and its slow but continual advance can
+neither be retarded by its enemies nor accelerated by its
+friends. In the meantime men affect to consider his expressions
+as of importance enough to influence their conduct in taking or
+refusing office. Frankland Lewis,[6] who refused the Irish
+Secretaryship, said that after that speech he regretted his
+refusal and would be glad to take it, and now he wants to join
+the Government again. Certainly at this moment the Tories are
+triumphant, and so far from the Duke's Government having any
+difficulty in standing, there does not appear to be a disposition
+in any quarter to oppose it. Not only in Parliament there is no
+Opposition, but the press is veering round and treating him with
+great civility. The Government seem well disposed to follow up
+the Liberal policy, to which they have been suspected of being
+adverse, and have already declared that they do not intend to
+deviate either in their foreign or domestic policy from the
+principles on which the Government was understood to act previous
+to the separation. Arbuthnot told my father yesterday that they
+all regret now having resigned in 1827, and Huskisson owned to A.
+that he had acted with unfortunate precipitancy.
+
+      [6] [Right Hon. T. Frankland Lewis, a member of the
+          Grenville and Canning section of the Tory party; made a
+          baronet by Sir Robert Peel; the father of the Right
+          Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis.]
+
+
+June 29th, 1828 {p.134}
+
+I dined yesterday with the King at St. James's--his Jockey Club
+dinner. There were about thirty people, several not being invited
+whom he did not fancy. The Duke of Leeds told me a much greater
+list had been made out, but he had scratched several out of it.
+We assembled in the Throne Room, and found him already there,
+looking very well and walking about. He soon, however, sat down,
+and desired everybody else to do so. Nobody spoke, and he laughed
+and said, 'This is more like a Quaker than a Jockey Club
+meeting.' We soon went to dinner, which was in the Great Supper
+Room and very magnificent. He sat in the middle, with the Dukes
+of Richmond and Grafton on each side of him. I sat opposite to
+him, and he was particularly gracious to me, talking to me across
+the table and recommending all the good things; he made me (after
+eating a quantity of turtle) eat a dish of crawfish soup, till I
+thought I should have burst. After dinner the Duke of Leeds, who
+sat at the head of the table, gave 'The King.' We all stood up,
+when his Majesty thanked us, and said he hoped this would be the
+first of annual meetings of the sort to take place, there or
+elsewhere under his roof. He then ordered paper, pens, &c., and
+they began making matches and stakes; the most perfect ease was
+established, just as much as if we had been dining with the Duke
+of York, and he seemed delighted. He made one or two little
+speeches, one recommending that a stop should be put to the
+exportation of horses. He twice gave 'The Turf,' and at the end
+the Duke of Richmond asked his leave to give a toast, and again
+gave 'The King.' He thanked all the gentlemen, and said that
+there was no man who had the interests of the turf more at heart
+than himself, that he was delighted at having this party, and
+that the oftener they met the better, and he only wanted to have
+it pointed out to him how he could promote the pleasure and
+amusement of the turf, and he was ready to do anything in his
+power. He got up at half-past twelve and wished us good night.
+Nothing could go off better, and Mount Charles told me he was
+sure he was delighted.
+
+[Page Head: LORD LYNDHURST AND THE GREAT SEAL.]
+
+I dined with the Chancellor [Lord Lyndhurst] three days ago; he
+talked to me a great deal about his acceptance of the Great Seal
+and of the speculation it was. He was Master of the Rolls with
+L7,000 a year for life when it was offered to him; he debated
+whether it was worth while to give this up to be Chancellor for
+perhaps only one year, with a peerage and the pension. He talked
+the matter over with his wife, and they agreed that if it only
+lasted one year (which he evidently thought probable) it was
+worth while, besides the contingency of a long Chancellorship. He
+asked me if the Government was popular and reckoned strong. I
+told him it was apparently popular and reckoned strong, because
+there was no Opposition and little chance of any. I said that
+however hazardous his speculation might have been, it had turned
+out well, for he had a good chance of being Chancellor as long as
+his predecessor had been, there being so few candidates for the
+office. He said this was true, and then he talked of his Court,
+and said it was impossible for one man to do the business of it.
+In talking of the speculation he had made, political opinions and
+political consistency seemed never to occur to him, and he
+considered the whole matter in a light so business-like and
+professional as to be quite amusing. He talked of the Duke, said
+he was a good man to do business with, quick and intelligent, and
+'how well he managed that little correspondence with Huskisson,'
+which was droll enough, for Huskisson dined there and was in the
+room.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIR ROBERT ADAIR'S ANECDOTES.]
+
+August 6th, 1828 {p.136}
+
+About three weeks ago I went to Windsor to a Council. The King
+had been very ill for a day or two, but was recovered. Rob
+Adair[7] was sworn in Privy Councillor, and he remained in the
+room and heard the speech, which he ought not to have done. The
+Duke attacked me afterwards (in joke) for letting him stay; but I
+told him it was no business of mine, and his neighbour ought to
+have told him to go. That neighbour, however, was Vesey
+Fitzgerald, who said it was the first time he had attended a
+Council, and he could not begin by turning another man out. I
+brought Adair back to town, and he told me a great many things
+about Burke, and Fox, and Fitzpatrick, and all the eminent men of
+that time with whom he lived when he was young. He said what I
+have often heard before, that Fitzpatrick was the most agreeable
+of them all, but Hare the most brilliant. Burke's conversation
+was delightful, so luminous and instructive. He was very
+passionate, and Adair said that the first time he ever saw him he
+unluckily asked him some question about the wild parts of
+Ireland, when Burke broke out, 'You are a fool and a blockhead;
+there are no wild parts in Ireland.' He was extremely terrified,
+but afterwards Burke was very civil to him, and he knew him very
+well.
+
+      [7] [Right Hon. Sir Robert Adair, the friend of Fox,
+          formerly ambassador at Constantinople and Vienna. It
+          was he whom Canning once called 'Bobadare-a-dool-fowla.']
+
+He told me a great deal about the quarrel between Fox and Burke.
+Fox never ceased to entertain a regard for Burke, and at no time
+would suffer him to be abused in his presence. There was an
+attempt made to bring about a reconciliation, and a meeting for
+that purpose took place of all the leading men at Burlington
+House. Burke was on the point of yielding when his son suddenly
+made his appearance unbidden, and on being told what was going on
+said, 'My father shall be no party to such a compromise,' took
+Burke aside and persuaded him to reject the overtures. That
+son Adair described as the most disagreeable, violent, and
+wrong-headed of men, but the idol of his father, who used to say
+that he united all his own talents and acquirements with those of
+Fox and everybody else. After the death of Richard Burke, Fox and
+Burke met behind the throne of the House of Lords one day, when
+Fox went up to Burke and put out both his hands to him. Burke was
+almost surprised into meeting this cordiality in the same spirit,
+but the momentary impulse passed away, and he doggedly dropped
+his hands and left the House.
+
+Adair told me that Lord Holland has written very copious memoirs
+of his own time, and particularly characters of all the eminent
+men who have died, in the delineation of which he excels. Soon
+after Pitt's resignation in 1801 there was an attempt made to
+effect a junction between Pitt and Fox, to which they were
+neither of them averse. The negotiation was, however, entrusted
+to subordinate agents, and Adair said that he had always
+regretted that they had not met, for if they had he thought the
+matter would have been arranged. As it was the design was
+thwarted by the King through the intervention (I think he said)
+of Lord Loughborough.
+
+There was another Council about a week ago. On these occasions
+the King always whispers to me something or other about his
+racehorses or something about myself, and I am at this moment in
+high favour. We had Howley and Bloomfield[8] at this Council,
+with the latter of whom I made acquaintance, to the great
+amusement of the Duke. He laughed at seeing me conversing with
+this bishop.
+
+      [8] [The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of
+          London.]
+
+I hear from Frederick Lamb that the Duke is greatly alarmed about
+Ireland. By-the-by he, Frederick,[9] is come back from Portugal,
+thinking that our Government have acted very ill and very
+foolishly, first encouraging and then abandoning these wretched
+Constitutionalists to their fate, and he is no particular friend
+to Liberalism.
+
+      [9] [Sir Frederick Lamb, afterwards created Lord Beauvale,
+          and who became Lord Melbourne on the death of his
+          brother William.]
+
+
+August 14th, 1828 {p.137}
+
+Just returned from Goodwood, where I went on the 11th, and heard
+on arriving that the Lord High Admiral had resigned, but no
+particulars. It is a very good thing at all events.
+
+
+August 16th, 1828 {p.138}
+
+The Lord High Admiral was turned out.[10] The Duke told him that
+he must go, but that he might resign as if of his own accord. The
+Duke is all-powerful. It is strongly reported that Peel will
+resign, that the Duke means to concede the Catholic question and
+to negotiate a _concordat_ with the Pope. Many people think Lord
+Grey will join the Government, and that he will be First Lord of
+the Admiralty. The Duke gave his brother Dr. Bloomfield's living
+without any solicitation. Esterhazy told me to-night that
+Palmella entertains from twenty to thirty of his countrymen at
+dinner every day, of whom there are several hundred in London, of
+the best families, totally destitute. All Palmella's property is
+sequestrated, but he receives the appointment of Portuguese
+Minister from the Brazilian Government.
+
+     [10] [The King's letter dismissing the Duke of Clarence from
+          the office of Lord High Admiral was dated the 11th of
+          August, 1828. It is published in the Duke of
+          Wellington's 'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv.
+          p. 595.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DAWSON'S SPEECH AT DERRY.]
+
+August 22nd, 1828 {p.138}
+
+Went to Stoke on the 19th and came back yesterday. There were the
+Dowager Lady Salisbury, Duchess of Newcastle, Worcester and Lady
+W. Russell, Giles, Billy Churchill. On the 18th Dawson's
+speech[11] at Derry reached us, and I never remember any
+occurrence which excited greater surprise. The general impression
+was that he made the speech, with the Duke's knowledge and
+concurrence, which I never believed. I thought from what he said
+to me just before he went to Ireland that he had changed his own
+opinion, and now many people say they knew this; but I was little
+prepared to hear of his making such a speech at such a place as
+Derry, and on such an occasion as a 'Prentice Boy' commemoration.
+The rage and fury of the Orangemen there and of the Orange press
+here are boundless, and the violence and scurrility of their
+abuse are the more absurd because Dawson only described in
+glowing colours, and certainly without reserve, the actual state
+of Ireland, but did not argue the question at all further than
+leaving on his hearers the inevitable inference that he thought
+the time for granting emancipation was come. The truth is that
+the conversion of one of the most violent anti-Catholics must
+strike everybody as a strong argument in favour of the measure,
+and they know not by how many and by whom his example may be
+followed. The Orangemen are moving heaven and earth to create
+disturbances, and their impotent fury shows how low their cause
+is sunk. The Catholics, on the contrary, are temperate and calm,
+from confidence in their strength and the progressive advance of
+their course. But although I think the Catholics are now in a
+position which renders their ultimate success certain, I am very
+far from participating in the sanguine expectations of those who
+think the Duke of Wellington is convinced that the question must
+be settled directly, and that he will carry it through in the
+ensuing session. In the first place I see clearly that the
+Government are extremely annoyed at Dawson's speech. I saw
+Goulburn to-day, and though he did not say much, what he did say
+was enough to satisfy me of this: 'he hoped that it had been
+incorrectly reported.' Dawson has written to the Duke,[12] and
+the letter was sent to him to-day. But what has put me in despair
+about it is a letter of the Duke's which Drummond read to me
+to-day addressed, I do not know to whom, but upon that subject.
+It began, 'My dear sir,' and after other matter proceeded nearly
+as follows:--'This subject has been more discussed and more
+pamphlets have been written upon it in the course of the last
+twenty-five years than any other that I can remember. No two
+people are agreed upon what ought to be done, and yet the
+Government is expected at once to settle the question.' This is
+the old argument, as if after thirty years' discussion in every
+shape it was not time to settle the question. As if those who
+undertake to govern the country were not the men who are bound to
+find the means of settling it and allaying the irritation it
+causes. And as if, instead of no two persons being agreed upon
+the subject, all the ablest and wisest men in the country were
+not cordially agreed that complete emancipation is the only
+remedy for the evils that exist, and that they are opposed by the
+most despicable faction which ever existed, animated by the most
+base and sordid motives. This letter was read to me as conveying
+the Duke's opinions, which his secretary thought were very sound
+and sensible, and which I think evinced a degree of anility quite
+pitiable, and proves how little there is to expect from any
+liberality and good sense on his part.
+
+     [11] [Mr. Peel's confidential letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, stating his reluctant conviction that it
+          was indispensably necessary for the Government to
+          change its policy on the Catholic question, was written
+          on the 11th of August, 1828. The letter is published in
+          Sir Robert Peel's 'Posthumous Memoirs,' vol. i, p. 189.
+          It is a remarkable circumstance that Mr. Dawson's
+          speech at Derry was made _just one week afterwards_;
+          but there is no evidence that he knew of the change in
+          his brother-in-law's opinion. See for further details
+          as to the effect of Dawson's speech _infra_.]
+
+     [12] [This letter is published in the Duke of Wellington's
+          'Correspondence,' New Series, vol. iv. p. 633. The Duke
+          said, 'Dawson's speech is too bad. Surely a man who
+          does such things ought to be put in a strait
+          waistcoat.' _Ibid._ p. 636.]
+
+[Page Head: DISMISSAL OF THE LORD HIGH ADMIRAL.]
+
+I do not yet know the whole truth of the Lord High Admiral's
+resignation, but it seems that it is not yet certain. Negotiations
+on the subject are still going on. I believe he quarrelled with
+his council, particularly Cockburn, and that Government took part
+with Cockburn. The Duke of Clarence wants to promote deserving
+officers, but they oppose it on account of the expense, and they
+find in everything great difficulty in keeping him in order. His
+resignation will be very unpopular in the navy, for his system of
+promotion was more liberal and impartial than that of his
+predecessor, whose administration was one perpetual job, and who
+made the patronage of the Admiralty instrumental to governing
+Scotland. Hitherto the appointments of Government have not been
+the most judicious--Lord Belmore to Jamaica, because he is a
+Lord, and a very dull one; Lord Strangford to the Brazils, though
+the Duke knows as well as anybody that he cannot be trusted, and
+was recalled by Canning because he said and did all sorts of
+things at Constantinople for which he had no authority, and they
+found that no reliance whatever was to be placed in him. Lord
+Stuart de Rothesay, too, is sent back to Paris, though personally
+obnoxious to the King and universally disliked.
+
+
+Stoke, August 25th, 1828 {p.141}
+
+Went to Windsor to-day for a Council and came on here after it.
+There were the Chancellor, Peel, Fitzgerald, Ellenborough, Sir G.
+Murray, the Archbishop, and Bishop of London, who came to do
+homage. The King gave the Chancellor a long audience, and another
+to Peel, probably to talk over Dawson's speech and Orange
+politics. After the Council the King called me and talked to me
+about racehorses, which he cares more about than the welfare of
+Ireland or the peace of Europe. We walked over the Castle, which
+is nearly finished, but too gaudy. The King told me he would go
+to Egham races to-morrow. I talked to Fitzgerald about Dawson's
+speech. He said he believed Dawson had never told the Duke or
+Peel what he meant to do, that he thought he was very bold and
+imprudent. However, he was glad of it, as it must assist the
+cause, and the moral effect in Ireland would be produced before
+the Duke's sentiments could be known. Lord Mount Charles told me
+the day before yesterday that the reason the Duke of Clarence had
+resigned was, that he had in many instances exceeded his powers,
+which had produced remonstrances from the Duke of Wellington,
+whereupon the Duke of Clarence tendered his resignation, and the
+Duke immediately carried it to the King without asking him to
+stay.[13] Afterwards there were some negotiations, when the Duke
+of Clarence refused to stay if Cockburn did. They would not,
+however, part with Cockburn, but subsequently the Duke shook
+hands with him and asked him to dine at Bushy on his birthday. He
+said that his successor was not appointed, but it will probably
+be Lord Melville. The King has not been well; he goes fishing and
+dining at Virginia Water, stays out late, and catches cold.
+
+     [13] [A letter from the Duke of Wellington to Sir Robert
+          Peel, dated the 13th of August, 1828, explains the
+          circumstances that led to the removal of the Duke of
+          Clarence from the office of Lord High Admiral. This
+          letter is published in the first volume of Sir Robert
+          Peel's 'Posthumous Memoirs on the Catholic Question and
+          the Repeal of the Corn Laws,' p. 269. The Duke of
+          Wellington says, 'He behaved very rudely to Cockburn. I
+          saw Cockburn and Croker, and both agreed in stating
+          that the machine could no longer work.' In a subsequent
+          letter the Duke added, 'I quite agree with you that it
+          is very unfortunate the Duke of Clarence has resigned.
+          I did everything in my power to avoid that result,
+          excepting give up Cockburn.' The whole correspondence
+          is published in the fourth volume of the Duke's
+          'Correspondence,' New Series.]
+
+
+August 29th, 1828 {p.142}
+
+Came from Stoke last night. There were the Lievens, Cowper, Lord
+Melbourne, Luttrell, Pierre d'Aremberg, Creevy, Russell,
+Montrond. The King went to Egham races Tuesday and Thursday, was
+very well received and pleased. He was very gracious to me.
+Madame de Lieven went over to the Lodge to see Lady Conyngham,
+who finding she had never seen Clifden, carried her off there,
+ordered luncheon and the pony carriage, took her all over the
+place, and then carried her back to Salthill, where the King's
+carriage met her and took her back to Virginia Water to dinner.
+Lieven told me they had never expected to find this Turkish
+expedition an easy business, and had always been prepared for
+great difficulties, &c., from which I conclude that they have met
+with some check. I met Bachelor, the poor Duke of York's old
+servant, and now the King's _valet de chambre_, and he told me
+some curious things about the interior of the Palace; but he is
+coming to call on me, and I will write down what he tells me
+then. There is a report that the Admiralty has been offered to
+Lord Melbourne. I asked him (at Stoke), and he said he had never
+heard of it.
+
+
+London, November 25th, 1828 {p.142}
+
+I have not written anything since I left town, because nothing
+occurred worth remembering. Yesterday I went to the Council at
+Windsor. Most of the Ministers were there, the Recorder, two
+foreign Ministers, and the Duke of Clarence. The King seemed to
+be very well. The Duke of Wellington did not arrive till late,
+and before he was come the King sent for Peel and gave him an
+audience of two hours at least. I thought there must be something
+in the wind, and was struck with Peel's taking the Duke into one
+of the window recesses and talking to him very earnestly as soon
+as he came out. I returned to town after the Council, and in the
+evening went to the play, and coming out I met Henry de Ros and
+Frederick Lamb. The former made me go with him in his carriage,
+when he told me what fully explained the cause of Peel's long
+audience--that the Duke has at last made up his mind to carry the
+Catholic question, and that Peel[14] and the rest of the violent
+anti-Catholics are going out; that the Duke's present idea is to
+apply to Huskisson, but that nothing will be done or said till
+the Ministers assemble in town and hold their cabinets.
+
+     [14] [It had not then transpired, nor was it known until
+          long afterwards, that the proposal to carry Catholic
+          Emancipation was made by Mr. Peel to the Duke of
+          Wellington on the 11th of August. Sir Robert Peel
+          states, however, in his 'Memoir,' p. 269, 'At the close
+          of the year 1828 little, if any, progress had been made
+          in removing the difficulties with which the Duke of
+          Wellington had to contend;' and, p. 274, 'The chief
+          difficulty was the King. At the commencement of the
+          month of January 1829 his Majesty had not yet signified
+          his consent that the whole subject of Ireland,
+          including the Catholic question, should be taken into
+          consideration by his confidential servants.']
+
+He told me also that the French Government have at last agreed to
+make common cause with us in preventing the Russians from
+prosecuting the war against Turkey.
+
+
+[Page Head: HEALTH AND HABITS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+December 16th, 1828 {p.143}
+
+A Council at Windsor yesterday; very few present, and no
+audiences but Aberdeen for three-quarters of an hour and the Duke
+for five minutes. I sent for Bachelor and had a long talk with
+him. He said the King was well, but weak, his constitution very
+strong, no malady about him, but irritation in the bladder which
+he could not get rid of. He thinks the hot rooms and want of air
+and exercise do him harm, and that he is getting every day more
+averse to exercise and more prone to retirement, which, besides
+that it weakens his constitution, is a proof that he is beginning
+to break. Bachelor thinks he is in no sort of danger; I think he
+will not live more than two years. He says that his attendants
+are quite worn out with being always about him, and living in
+such hot rooms (which obliges them to drink) and seldom getting
+air and exercise. B. is at present well, but he sits up every
+other night with the King and never leaves him. He is in high
+favour, and Sir William Knighton is now as civil and obliging to
+him as he used to be the reverse. The King instructs him in his
+duties in the kindest manner, likes to have him about him, and
+talks a great deal to him. But his Majesty keeps everybody at a
+great distance from him, and all about him are afraid of him,
+though he talks to his pages with more openness and familiarity
+than to anybody. He thinks Radford (who is dying) is not in such
+favour as he was, though he is always there; of O'Reilly the
+surgeon, who sees the King every day and carries him all the
+gossip he can pick up, Bachelor speaks with very little ceremony.
+The King told them the other day that 'O'R. was the damnedest
+liar in the world,' and it seems he is often in the habit of
+discussing people in this way to his _valets de chambre_. He
+reads a great deal, and every morning has his boxes brought to
+him and reads their contents. They are brought up by Knighton or
+Watson, both of whom have keys of all the boxes. He says there is
+not one person about him whom he likes--Mount Charles pretty
+well, Taylor better than anybody, Knighton constantly there and
+his influence unbounded; he thinks K. can do anything.
+
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF O'CONNELL.]
+
+December 20th, 1828 {p.144}
+
+Hyde Villiers called on me ten days ago to give me an account of
+his visit to Ireland. He seems to have been intimate with several
+of the leading men, particularly Shiel, whom all agree in
+describing as the cleverest man of his party. He also saw a good
+deal of the Lord-Lieutenant;[15] and was struck by his imprudence
+and unreserve. He spoke very positively of his determination not
+to be a party to any measures contrary to his opinions, and did
+not scruple to complain of the little information he received
+from the Government here concerning their intentions. He also
+appears to have been flattered by O'Connell into entire
+confidence in him, and told Villiers that he would trust him
+implicitly. O'Connell and Shiel detest each other, though Shiel
+does not oppose him. Lawless detests him too, and he does
+everything he can to thwart and provoke him, and opposes him in
+the Association[16] upon all occasions. Lately in the affair of
+the 'exclusive dealing' he met with such opposition in the
+Association that it required a great deal of time and management
+to get rid of that proposition, although in the end he carried
+the matter very triumphantly. But O'Connell, though opposed by a
+numerous party in the Association, is all-powerful in the
+country, and there is not one individual who has a chance of
+supplanting him in the affections of the great mass of the
+Catholics. For twenty-five years he has been continually
+labouring to obtain that authority and consideration which he
+possesses without a rival, and is now so great that they yield
+unlimited obedience to his individual will. As an orator he would
+probably fail in the English House of Commons; but to a mob,
+especially an Irish mob, he is perfect, exactly the style and
+manner which suits their tastes and comprehensions, and
+consequently his success with them is unbounded. He has a large
+landed property, is at the head of his profession, an admirable
+lawyer and manager of a cause, and never for a moment diverted by
+political or other considerations from the due discharge of his
+professional duties. He is besides a man of high moral character
+and great probity in private life, and has been for years in the
+habit of affording his professional assistance gratis to those of
+his own religion who cannot afford to pay for it. These are some
+of the grounds of his popularity, to which may be added his
+industry and devotion to the Roman Catholic cause; he rises at
+three every morning and goes to bed at eight. He possesses a very
+retentive memory, and is particularly strong in historical and
+constitutional knowledge. The great object of his ambition is to
+be at the head of his own profession, and his favourite project
+to reform the laws, a task for which he fancies himself eminently
+qualified. To accomplish any particular object he cares not to
+what charges of partial inconsistency he exposes himself,
+trusting to his own ingenuity to exonerate himself from them
+afterwards. Neither O'Connell nor Shiel are supposed to be men of
+courage, but Lawless is, and he is thought capable of the most
+desperate adventures. Shiel is of opinion that the Association
+might be suppressed by law; O'Connell thinks it could not, and
+that if it might legally it could not practically. O'Connell says
+he can keep the country quiet another year certainly, Doyle
+thinks not. Doyle is a very able man, a man of the world,
+dislikes O'Connell, but is obliged to act in concert with him.
+Doyle, conscious of his own talents, is deeply mortified that no
+field is open for their display, and he is one of those men who
+must be eminent in whatever cause they are engaged. Murray[17] is
+a clever man, but not so ambitious as Doyle; Francis Leveson
+is extremely cautious, cold in his manners, and therefore
+conciliates no general regard in Ireland, where they like an
+exactly opposite character. William Lamb was popular beyond all
+precedent, but Francis seems to have avoided giving offence to
+either party, which is perhaps as much as could have been
+expected from him, and in a country where the rival factions are
+so exasperated against each other to be able to preserve a
+character for impartiality is no small praise. I wrote to my
+brother Henry what I have mentioned under the head of November
+21st, and in return he told me that it was in contemplation to
+put down the Association, and that the law officers in Ireland
+had reported that it was practicable, and their opinion had come
+over here, but the decision of the Government had not arrived.
+
+     [15] [The Marquis of Anglesey was then Lord-Lieutenant of
+          Ireland.]
+
+     [16] [The Catholic Association. The 'exclusive dealing' was
+          a pledge required of members of the Association not to
+          deal with Orangemen.]
+
+     [17] [Dr. Murray, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Lord
+          Francis Leveson (afterwards Lord Francis Egerton and
+          Earl of Ellesmere), Mr. Greville's brother-in-law, was
+          then Irish Secretary. William Lamb, afterwards Lord
+          Melbourne, had preceded him in that office. Henry
+          Greville held a place at the Vice-Regal Court.]
+
+I very soon saw enough to satisfy me that the Duke is
+endeavouring to prevail on Peel to stay in office, and his
+repeated conferences with the Bishop of Oxford and other bishops
+are enough to prove that he is negotiating with the Church, but
+nothing transpires of his intentions. Not one word has been said
+to Huskisson or any of his friends. My belief is that in that
+long conference at Windsor the King tried to prevail on Peel not
+to go; since which discussions between Peel, the Duke, and the
+Bishop have been going on to see how the matter can be arranged
+so as to make Peel's acquiescence palatable to the Church and the
+Brunswickers, and perhaps to engage the Duke to modify his
+intended measures accordingly. This is conjecture. The Duke is
+gone to Wootton and to Middleton; he is always going about.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD BELMORE GOVERNOR OF JAMAICA.]
+
+December 21st, 1828 {p.147}
+
+A few days ago I saw Lord Belmore just as he was setting out for
+Jamaica. I went to talk to him about my plan.[18] He was very
+civil and said he would do all that depended upon him. He does
+not seem to be bright, but whatever his talents may be, he seems
+to be left to the free exercise of them, for he told me that he
+felt his situation to be one of some difficulty, never having
+received any instructions (except of course the formal instructions
+given to every governor in writing) as to his conduct from the
+Secretary of State, having had no conversation with any of the
+authorities about the state of the colony, nor any intimation of
+their views and intentions in respect to the principal matters of
+interest there. He said that as the Assembly of Jamaica is now
+sitting, he had proposed to postpone his departure till the end
+of their session, when the Bills they passed would come over
+here, and he might discuss them with the Government and learn
+their sentiments and wishes as to the course he should adopt; a
+very sensible proposition. But he received for answer that he had
+better go now, for that when these Bills came over here
+Parliament would be sitting, and Government would not have
+leisure to attend to the affairs of Jamaica. And this is the way
+our colonies are governed! Stephen,[19] to whom I told this,
+said he was not surprised, for that Sir George Murray did
+nothing--never wrote a despatch--had only once since he has been
+in office seen Taylor, who has got all the West Indies under his
+care.
+
+     [18] [Mr. Greville held the office of Secretary of the
+          Island of Jamaica. The duties of the office were
+          performed by a deputy paid by the Secretary out of the
+          fees received in the island. He never visited Jamaica,
+          and the office held on these conditions was a sinecure;
+          but he occasionally took part in the affairs of Jamaica
+          in this country. The 'plan' alluded to in this passage
+          is unknown to me. Somerset, second Earl of Belmore, had
+          just been appointed Governor of Jamaica at this time.]
+
+     [19] [James Stephen, Esq., then law adviser of the Colonial
+          Office, and afterwards Under-Secretary of State for the
+          Colonies. Mr. Henry Taylor, the accomplished author of
+          'Philip von Artevelde,' was at the head of the West
+          India department of the office. Sir George Murray was
+          Secretary of State.]
+
+I might as well have put in on the 25th of November what the King
+said to me, as it seems to have amused everybody. I was standing
+close to him at the Council, and he put down his head and
+whispered, 'Which are you for, Cadland or the mare?' (meaning the
+match between Cadland and Bess of Bedlam); so I put my head down
+too and said, 'The horse;' and then as we retired he said to the
+Duke, 'A little bit of Newmarket.'
+
+
+December 30th, 1828 {p.148}
+
+Hyde Villiers brought me on Thursday or Friday last a copy of the
+Duke's letter to Dr. Curtis,[20] which had been sent to him from
+Dublin under strict injunction of not showing it. The next day it
+appeared in all the newspapers, O'Connell having read it to the
+Association. It has made a great noise, and being as usual
+ambiguous, both parties affect to consider it to be in their
+favour. I fancy the Duke is very angry at its publication, at
+least judging from what his secretaries say.
+
+     [20] [The Duke of Wellington had corresponded with Dr.
+          Curtis, the titular Roman Catholic Primate of Ireland,
+          for many years. Indeed, as appears in the text, he had
+          known him long before at Salamanca, when this prelate
+          was at the Irish College there. Several excellent
+          letters by Dr. Curtis to the Duke are published in the
+          second volume of the Duke's 'Correspondence,' New
+          Series. The letter adverted to in the text was that in
+          which the Duke said (not very wisely) that 'if men
+          could bury the subject (of Catholic Emancipation) in
+          oblivion for a short time, it might be possible to
+          discover a satisfactory remedy.' Curtis put a copy of
+          the letter in O'Connell's hands, and he read it aloud
+          at the Catholic Association. Curtis sent a copy of the
+          letter and his own reply to the Lord-Lieutenant, who
+          answered him in another letter, in which he said that
+          'he did not before know the precise sentiments of the
+          Duke upon the present state of the Catholic question.'
+          This letter was also made public, and added fuel to the
+          flames.]
+
+The word _the_ in the first paragraph was substituted for _a_,
+and this alteration these blockheads pretend makes a great
+difference in the sense. It makes none, and is only worthy of
+remark because they probably echo what he has said. It is clear
+enough as to his _opinion_, but nothing more. Curtis was in Spain
+and imprisoned by the French at Salamanca. After the battle the
+Duke delivered him and had a good deal of communication with him.
+He returned to Ireland, and from that period has been in
+occasional correspondence with the Duke. Curtis had written him a
+long letter, desiring information about his intentions, and this
+was the answer. A few days ago Hyde Villiers called on the Duke
+and placed in his hands the resolutions which were agreed to by a
+committee of the general meeting to be held in Dublin next month.
+He took them, but said he must decline saying anything; as
+Minister of the Crown he could not say a word, as whatever he did
+must be done in conjunction with his colleagues and with the
+King; that there was a disposition to draw inferences from
+everything, as, for example, that a gentleman he had known in
+Spain had written to him on the subject, and his answer had been
+handed about, and all sorts of inferences drawn from it, which
+was very inconvenient, and proved how cautious he must be. No
+doubt it was the Curtis correspondence to which he alluded.
+
+
+                              1829.
+
+
+[Page Head: RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.]
+
+January 2nd, 1829 {p.149}
+
+Lord Anglesey was recalled last Sunday. The Duke of Wellington
+came to see my mother either Saturday or Sunday last, and told
+her he had been with the King three hours the day before, talking
+to him about Lord A., that his Majesty was furious with him,
+thought he took upon himself as if he were King of Ireland, and
+was indignant at all he said and all he did. The Duke talked a
+great deal about him, but did not say he was recalled, though his
+manner was such that he left an impression that he had something
+in his mind which he would not let out. He gave it to be
+understood, however, that he had been endeavouring to appease the
+King, and that Lord A.'s recall was insisted on by his Majesty
+against his (the Duke's) desire. I enquired warmly whether he had
+asserted or only implied this, because I don't believe one word
+of it. I was told that he had only implied it, but had left that
+impression. But the Duke complained of Lord A.'s conduct to
+himself; that he had at first written him insolent letters, and
+latterly had hardly ever written to him at all. My belief is that
+the Duke has for some time wished to get rid of Lord Anglesey,
+that these Cabinets have been upon this subject, and that his
+recall was settled there. As to the King's dictation and the
+Duke's submission, I don't believe a word of it. It has been
+clear to me for some time that the Irish Government could not
+remain in Lord Anglesey's hands. I am very sorry for it, for I
+think it will have a bad effect, and have little hope of its
+being followed by any measures likely to counteract the evil it
+immediately occasions.
+
+
+January 4th, 1829 {p.150}
+
+I have seen letters from Dublin stating that the immediate cause
+of the recall was a letter which Lord Anglesey had written to the
+Duke (but what that was I have not ascertained), and that his
+imprudence was so great it was impossible he could have gone on.
+Certainly the writing and then publishing this letter of Curtis'
+is an enormous act of indiscretion. The consternation in Dublin
+seems to have been great, and Henry says that if Lord A. does not
+decline all demonstrations of popular feeling towards him, he
+will leave Ireland as Lord Fitzwilliam did, attended by the whole
+population. Yesterday I asked Fitzgerald[21] if it was true that
+Lord A. was recalled. He put on a long face, and said 'he did not
+know; _recalled_ he certainly was not.' I saw he was not disposed
+to be communicative, so I said no more; he, however, began again
+of his own accord, and asked me whether I thought, in the event
+of Lord A.'s coming away, that Francis Leveson would remain. I
+told him under what conditions he had taken the place, viz. that
+he was only to stay while Lord A. did; that circumstances might
+make a difference, but that I knew nothing. He said he had done
+remarkably well, given great satisfaction, and shown great
+discretion in a difficult situation; that the rock Lord A. had
+split upon was his vanity.
+
+     [21] [Right Hon. Vesey Fitzgerald, then President of the
+          Board of Trade. He was raised to the peerage of the
+          United Kingdom in 1835, as Baron Fitzgerald and Vesci.]
+
+
+[Page Head: RECALL OF LORD ANGLESEY.]
+
+January 5th, 1829 {p.150}
+
+The exact history of what took place in Dublin is as follows:--
+Lord Anglesey first of all desired George Villiers would get his
+letter to Dr. Curtis inserted in the newspaper. He took it to
+Shiel, who agreed to write as good an article as he could to go
+with it, and then he went to Dr. Murray to inform him (as Dr.
+Curtis's friend) of the intended publication, as Curtis himself
+was absent, and his consent ought to have been previously
+obtained. He went afterwards to the Phoenix Park, and Lord
+Anglesey laid the whole case and correspondence before him. Some
+time ago the Duke wrote to Lord Anglesey proposing that O'Gorman
+Mahon and Steele should be removed from the Commission of the
+Peace on account of their conduct to the Sheriff of Clare. Lord
+Anglesey wrote word that the subject had engaged his attention,
+and he had laid the case before the law officers, who had
+reported to him that there were no grounds for any legal
+proceedings against them. 'How, therefore,' said the Lord-Lieutenant,
+'could I degrade men against whom my law officers advised me that
+no charge could be brought?' This was one offence; and another,
+that he had countenanced Lord Cloncurry, who, being a member
+of the Association, was unworthy to receive the King's representative
+and the Chancellor. Lord Anglesey warmly defended Lord Cloncurry
+as a magistrate and a man, and appealed to his known loyalty and
+respect for the King as a proof that he would never have done
+anything derogatory to his own situation. The Duke's letter
+he described to have been overbearing and insolent, Lord
+Anglesey's[22] temperate, but firm. Lord Anglesey declares that
+these were all the grounds of offence he had given. Five weeks
+elapsed, during which he heard nothing from the Duke, and at the
+end of that time he received his letter of recall, conceived
+nearly in these words:--'My dear Lord Anglesey,--I am aware of
+the impropriety of having allowed your letter to remain so long
+unanswered, but I wished to consult my colleagues, who were out
+of town. I have now done so, and they concur with me that with
+such a difference of opinion between the King's Minister and the
+Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland the government of that country could
+not be conducted by you with advantage to the public service. I
+have therefore taken the King's pleasure on the subject, and he
+commands me to inform you that you will be immediately relieved
+from your government. I will give you the earliest information of
+the arrangement which will be made in consequence. Believe me,
+&c.' This is nearly the letter.[23] From Lord Anglesey George
+Villiers went to Shiel, and with him to O'Connell, to whom Lord
+A. desired he would communicate the event. O'Connell was
+dreadfully dejected, so much so that Shiel and G. Villiers were
+glad to go home and dine with him in order to calm him. They at
+length succeeded in doing so, and made him engage to abstain from
+any discussion of the recall in the Association the next day (a
+promise which he did not keep). Shiel made a very fine speech in
+the Association. Nothing, they say, can exceed the general
+feeling on the subject, and Lord Anglesey appears to be acting
+with great dignity and reserve; he wishes to decline all popular
+honours, and he put off going to the play, which he was to have
+done.
+
+     [22] [The correspondence of Lord Anglesey with the Duke of
+          Wellington on these charges is now published in the
+          'Wellington Correspondence,' New Series, vol. v. p.
+          244.]
+
+     [23] [The letter itself is now published in the 'Wellington
+          Correspondence,' New Series, vol. v. p. 366. Mr.
+          Greville's version of it differs in no material point
+          from the original, though the language is slightly
+          altered.]
+
+
+January 7th, 1829 {p.152}
+
+The Duke wrote to Francis Leveson to say he must not be surprised
+to hear that a letter would reach Lord Anglesey by that day's
+post, conveying to him his recall; that the King was so furious
+with him that he said he would make any sacrifice rather than
+allow him to remain there five minutes longer. His Secretary had
+repeatedly remonstrated with the Lord-Lieutenant on his imprudent
+language in Ireland, and on the tone of his letters to the Duke,
+but that he always defended both on principle. The Duke said that
+his letters were most offensive towards him, yet he continued to
+declare that he should have been glad to keep Lord Anglesey on
+but for the King. The Lord-Lieutenant did not go to the play, but
+his family did, and were received with great applause, although
+the pit was full of Orangemen. Lord Melville has refused the
+Lord-Lieutenancy.
+
+
+January 11th, 1829 {p.153}
+
+When George Villiers sent me the accounts of what had passed in
+Ireland about Lord Anglesey's letter to Curtis I wrote him a long
+letter, in which I told him why I thought the letter and its
+publication were unjustifiable and indiscreet, and particularly
+cautioned him against connecting himself much with the agitator,
+on account of the harm it would do him here. He wrote me a long
+answer, defending Lord Anglesey and his measures, but I do not
+think he makes out a case for him, and if the Lord-Lieutenant
+makes in the House of Lords the defence which he proposes to make
+I think he will fail; but if he can keep Lord Plunket on his
+side, who is now said to be very eager about him, he will do.
+Plunket is under the influence of Blake, who keeps, as George
+Villiers says, 'Lord Plunket's mind in his breeches' pocket.'
+Lord Anglesey has behaved very well since the quarrel, declining
+all honours and expressions of public feeling.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE KING AND THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.]
+
+January 12th, 1829 {p.153}
+
+Lord Mount Charles came to me this morning and consulted me about
+resigning his seat at the Treasury. He hates it and is perplexed
+with all that has occurred between the Duke and Lord Anglesey. I
+advised him to resign, feeling as he does about it. He told me
+that he verily believed the King would go mad on the Catholic
+question, his violence was so great about it. He is very angry
+with him and his father for voting as they do, but they have
+agreed never to discuss the matter at all, and his mother never
+talks to the King about it. Whenever he does get on it there is
+no stopping him. Mount Charles attributes the King's obstinacy to
+his recollections of his father and the Duke of York and to the
+influence of the Duke of Cumberland. He says that 'his father
+would have laid his head on the block rather than yield, and that
+he is equally ready to lay his head there in the same cause.' He
+is furious with Lord Anglesey, but he will be very much afraid of
+him when he sees him. Mount Charles was in the room when Lord
+Anglesey took leave of the King on going to Ireland, and the King
+said, 'God bless you, Anglesey! I know you are a true Protestant.'
+Anglesey answered, 'Sir, I will not be considered either
+Protestant or Catholic; I go to Ireland determined to act
+impartially between them and without the least bias either one
+way or the other.' Lord Anglesey dined with Mount Charles the day
+before he went. The same morning he had been with the Duke and
+Peel to receive their last instructions, and he came to dinner in
+great delight with them, as they had told him they knew he would
+govern Ireland with justice and impartiality, and they would give
+him no instructions whatever. He showed me a letter from
+Mr. Harcourt Lees full of invectives against the Duke and
+lamentations at the recall, to show how the Protestants regretted
+him as well as the Catholics.
+
+He then talked to me about Knighton, whom the King abhors with a
+detestation that could hardly be described. He is afraid of him,
+and that is the reason he hates him so bitterly. When alone with
+him he is more civil, but when others are present (the family,
+for instance) he delights in saying the most mortifying and
+disagreeable things to him. He would give the world to get rid of
+him, and to have either Taylor or Mount Charles instead, to whom
+he has offered the place over and over again, but Mount Charles
+not only would not hear of it, but often took Knighton's part
+with the King. He says that his language about Knighton is
+sometimes of the most unmeasured violence--wishes he was dead,
+and one day when the door was open, so that the pages could hear,
+he said, 'I wish to God somebody would assassinate Knighton.' In
+this way he always speaks of him and uses him. Knighton is
+greatly annoyed at it, and is very seldom there. Still it appears
+there is some secret chain which binds them together, and which
+compels the King to submit to the presence of a man whom he
+detests, and induces Knighton to remain in spite of so much
+hatred and ill-usage. The King's indolence is so great that it is
+next to impossible to get him to do even the most ordinary
+business, and Knighton is still the only man who can prevail on
+him to sign papers, &c. His greatest delight is to make those who
+have business to transact with him, or to lay papers before him,
+wait in his anteroom while he is lounging with Mount Charles or
+anybody, talking of horses or any trivial matter; and when he is
+told, 'Sir, there is Watson waiting,' &c., he replies, 'Damn
+Watson; let him wait.' He does it on purpose, and likes it.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+This account corresponds with all I have before heard, and
+confirms the opinion I have long had that a more contemptible,
+cowardly, selfish, unfeeling dog does not exist than this King,
+on whom such flattery is constantly lavished. He has a sort of
+capricious good-nature, arising however out of no good principle
+or good feeling, but which is of use to him, as it cancels in a
+moment and at small cost a long score of misconduct. Princes have
+only to behave with common decency and prudence, and they are
+sure to be popular, for there is a great and general disposition
+to pay court to them. I do not know anybody who is proof against
+their seductions when they think fit to use them in the shape of
+civility and condescension. The great consolation in all this is
+the proof that, so far from deriving happiness from their
+grandeur, they are the most miserable of all mankind. The
+contrast between their apparent authority and the contradictions
+which they practically meet with must be peculiarly galling, more
+especially to men whose minds are seldom regulated, as other
+men's are, by the beneficial discipline of education and early
+collision with their equals. There have been good and wise kings,
+but not many of them. Take them one with another they are of an
+inferior character, and this I believe to be one of the worst of
+the kind. The littleness of his character prevents his displaying
+the dangerous faults that belong to great minds, but with vices
+and weaknesses of the lowest and most contemptible order it would
+be difficult to find a disposition more abundantly furnished.
+
+
+January 16th, 1829 {p.155}
+
+I went to Windsor to a Council yesterday. There were the Duke,
+the Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Master of
+the Mint, Lord President, Lord Aberdeen, Peel, Melville,
+Ellenborough. The King kept us waiting rather longer than usual.
+He looked very well, and was dressed in a blue great coat, all
+over gold frogs and embroidery. Lord Liverpool was there to give
+up the late Lord's Garter, and had an audience. He said to me
+afterwards that the King had asked him all sorts of questions
+about his family concerns, with which he seemed extraordinarily
+well acquainted, and to some of which he was puzzled to give an
+answer. The King is the greatest master of gossip in the world,
+and his curiosity about everybody's affairs is insatiable. I
+spoke to Peel about the Council books,[24] which are in the State
+Paper Office, and he promised they should be restored to the
+Council Office.
+
+     [24] [At the fire which took place at Whitehall in 1619
+          several volumes of the 'Council Register' were lost or
+          dispersed. Some of these missing volumes were in the
+          State Paper Office, and two are still in the British
+          Museum.]
+
+Just before I set off to Windsor I heard from Ireland, and this
+is an extract of the letter:--'Lord Anglesey received a letter
+from Peel this morning to the effect "that as he had written and
+published a letter such as no Lord-Lieutenant was justified in
+writing, it was his Majesty's pleasure that Lords Justices should
+be immediately appointed." Francis found him very smiling and
+glorious, but angry, and declaring that he would do just the same
+again if he had to choose his line of conduct.'
+
+_A propos_ of Denman's silk gown, Mount Charles told me the other
+day that Denman wrote a most humble apology to the King,
+notwithstanding which the Duke of Wellington had great trouble in
+mollifying him. At last he consented, but wrote himself on the
+document that in consideration of his humble apology his Majesty
+forgave him, as he thought it became the King to forgive a
+subject, but desired this note might be preserved in the
+Treasury, where Mount Charles says it now is.[25]
+
+     [25] [This curious correspondence has now been published in
+          the fifth volume of the Duke of Wellington's
+          'Despatches,' New Series, pp. 117 and 153. The cause of
+          the quarrel was a Greek quotation from Dion which
+          Denman had introduced into one of his speeches at the
+          Queen's trial. In the King's answer to the memorial
+          (which answer was drawn up by the Duke of Wellington)
+          the following passage occurs:--
+             'The King could not believe that the Greek quotation
+          referred to had occurred to the mind of the advocate in
+          the eagerness and heat of his argument, nor that it was
+          not intended, nor that it had not been sought for and
+          suggested for the purpose of applying to the person of
+          the Sovereign a gross insinuation.' Denman, however,
+          prayed his Majesty to believe that 'no such insinuation
+          was ever made by him, that the idea of it never entered
+          his mind,' &c.
+             The truth about this quotation is this:--During the
+          Queen's trial Dr. Parr, who was a warm supporter of the
+          Queen and an intimate friend of Denman, employed
+          himself in ransacking books for quotations which might
+          be used in the defence. Thus he lit in Bayle's
+          Dictionary, article 'Octavia,' upon the answer made by
+          Pythias, one of the slaves of Octavia, to Tigellinus,
+          when he was torturing the slaves of the Empress in
+          order to convict her of adultery. The same answer
+          occurs in substance in Tacitus' 'Annals,' book xiv.
+          cap. 60. This Parr sent to Denman, and Denman used it
+          in his speech. The fact is, therefore, that the
+          quotation had been 'sought for and suggested' for the
+          express purpose of saying something personally
+          offensive to the King. The King's resentment against
+          Denman did not end here as will be seen lower down,
+          where he refused to receive the Recorder's report
+          through the Common Serjeant.]
+
+
+January 21st, 1829 {p.156}
+
+The sealed orders with which the ships have sailed from Plymouth,
+were orders to prevent the Portuguese (who have been sent away)
+from landing at Terceira.
+
+Lady Westmeath was the woman meant in the article in the 'Times'
+from Ireland about the pension to which Lord Anglesey would not
+agree. The story is very true. There was L700 disposable on the
+Pension Fund, and the Duke of Wellington desired L400 might be
+given to Lady Westmeath, which Lord Anglesey and the Secretary
+both protested against, and were resolved to resign rather than
+agree to it. They wrote to the Duke such strong remonstrances
+that he appears to have desisted from the design, for they heard
+no more of it. It is therefore false that this had anything to do
+with the recall, though it is by no means improbable that it
+served to alienate the Duke from the Marquis and to make him
+desire the more to get rid of him. This happened as long ago as
+last August, I think.
+
+[Page Head: STATE OF RUSSIA.]
+
+Yesterday the Duke dined with us, in very good spirits, and
+agreeable as he always is, though not so communicative and free
+as he used to be. He had never told Francis Leveson about the
+Duke of Northumberland[26] till Sunday, when he wrote to announce
+the appointment. His Grace seems mightily pleased with it, and
+fancies that his figure and his fortune are more than enough to
+make him a very good Lord-Lieutenant. He says he was obliged to
+coax him a little to get him to accept it.
+
+     [26] [Hugh, third Duke of Northumberland, was declared
+          Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland on the recall of Lord
+          Anglesey.]
+
+[Page Head: THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER I.]
+
+He said that he was on the best terms with France, talked of
+Russia and her losses in the war, adding that the notion of her
+power was at an end. He believed that the Russians were
+numerically as strong as the Turks in the last campaign, and they
+were much more numerous than they said: first, _because_ they
+said they were not so; and secondly, that he had other reasons
+for believing it; he thought they had begun the campaign with
+160,000 men and had lost 120,000.[27] They were talking of St.
+Petersburg and its palaces. The Duke said that the fortunes of
+the great Russian nobles--the Tolstoys, &c.--were so diminished
+that they lived in corners of their great palaces; but this was
+owing to the division of property and the great military
+colonies, by which the Crown lands were absorbed, and the
+Emperors had no longer the means of enriching the nobles by
+enormous donations as formerly. When to these circumstances are
+added the amelioration of the condition of the serfs, and the
+spirit of general improvement, and the growth of Liberal ideas,
+generated by intercommunication with the rest of Europe, it is
+impossible to doubt that a revolution must overtake Russia within
+a short period, and probably the Emperor has undertaken this war
+in order to give vent to the restless humours which are beginning
+to work. I said so to Lord Bathurst, and he replied that 'he
+thought so too, but that the present Emperor was a man of great
+firmness,' as if any individual authority or character could stem
+the torrent of determined action impelled by universal revolution
+of feeling and opinion. He said the late Emperor was so well
+aware of this that he died of the vexation it had caused him,
+which was aggravated by the reflection that he was in great
+measure himself the cause of it. He was so bit by Liberal
+opinions, and so delighted with the effects he saw in other
+countries flowing from the diffusion of intelligence and freedom,
+that he wished to engraft these dangerous exotics upon the rude
+and unprepared soil of his own slavish community. When he went to
+Oxford he was so captivated with the venerable grandeur of that
+University that he declared he would build one when he got
+home, and it is equally true that he said he 'would have an
+Opposition.' These follies were engendered in the brain of a very
+intelligent man by the mixture of such crudities with an
+unbounded volition, and the whole fermented by a lively
+imagination and a sincere desire to confer great benefits on his
+country.
+
+     [27] [This seems an extraordinary statement, but it shows
+          how well informed the Duke was. In Major von Moltke's
+          narrative of the campaign of 1828 he estimates the
+          average force of the Russian army at 100,000. But from
+          May 1828 to February 1829 no less than 210,108 men
+          passed through the hospitals, or died in them. So that,
+          as Moltke remarks, in the course of those ten months
+          every man in his army was twice in hospital. Never did
+          an army suffer more severely from sickness.]
+
+
+January 25th, 1829 {p.159}
+
+Lord Anglesey's departure from Dublin was very fine, and his
+answer to the addresses good. I fancy George Villiers had some
+hand in penning them. The Duke when he dined with us the other
+day said that a Russian Extraordinary Ambassador was coming here
+to overhaul Lieven, a M. Matuscewitz. He is the principal writer
+in their Foreign Office, a clever man. Their despatches are more
+able than they used to be, but the Duke said that the Turkish
+offices are better conducted than any, and the Turkish Ministers
+extremely able. Lord Bathurst told me he had lately read the
+minutes of a conversation between the Reis-Effendi and the Allied
+Ministers after the battle of Navarino, when they were ignorant
+whether the Turk had received intelligence of the event, and that
+his superiority over them was exceedingly striking. This was the
+conference in which when they asked him 'supposing such an event
+had happened, what he should say to it,' he replied 'that in his
+country they never named a child till its sex was ascertained.'
+
+Everybody thinks the appointment of the Duke of Northumberland a
+very good one, and that the Duke is in great luck to get him. It
+is surprising that he should have consented to go, but he
+probably likes to do something and display his magnificence. He
+is a very good sort of man, with a very narrow understanding, an
+eternal talker, and prodigious bore. The Duchess is a more
+sensible woman, and amiable and good-humoured. He is supposed to
+be ruled in all things by her advice; he has no political
+opinions, and though he has hitherto voted against the Catholics,
+he is one of the people who pin their faith on the Duke, and who
+are made to vote in any way and upon anything as he may please to
+desire them.
+
+This pension of Lady Westmeath's makes a great noise, and it is
+generally believed that when Lord Anglesey refused to grant it
+the Duke got the King's sign manual for it, and the job was done.
+The truth is that Lord Anglesey had at first refused, or rather
+expressed his disapprobation, and asked the Duke if the King had
+commanded it, to which the Duke sent an angry answer that he
+might have been sure he should not have recommended it but by the
+King's commands. M---- told me the pension (L400) was granted
+four months ago, for he signed the warrant himself.
+
+Polignac is gone to Paris, but the Duke thinks not to be
+Minister. Polignac told him that he wished to return here, as he
+thought he could do more good here than there.
+
+[Page Head: THE STATE PAPER OFFICE.]
+
+Yesterday I went with Amyot to the State Paper Office to look
+after my Council books. I found one book belonging to my office
+and nearly thirty volumes of the 'Register of the Council of
+State,'[28] which I mean to ask for, but which I suppose they
+will refuse. Amyot suggests that as all the acts of the Council
+of State were illegal and of no authority they cannot be
+considered as belonging to the Council Office, and are merely
+historical records without an official character. I shall try,
+however, to get them. Mr. Lemon showed us a great many curious
+papers. When he first had the care of the State papers they were
+in the greatest confusion, and he has been diligently employed in
+reducing them to order. Every day has brought to light documents
+of importance and interest which as they are successively found
+are classed and arranged and rendered disposable for literary and
+historical purposes.
+
+     [28] [Of the time of the Commonwealth. The 'Privy Council
+          Register' extends from the last years of Henry VIII. to
+          the present time, not including the Commonwealth.]
+
+Lemon has found papers relating to the Powder Plot alone
+sufficient to make two quarto volumes, exceedingly curious; all
+Garnett's original papers, and I hope hereafter they will be
+published.[29] We saw the famous letter to Lord Mounteagle, of
+which Lemon said he had, he thought, discovered the author. It
+has been attributed to Mrs. Abington, Lord Mounteagle's sister,
+but he thinks it was written by Mrs. Vaux, who was a friend of
+hers, and mistress, probably, of Garnett; it is to her that many
+of Garnett's letters are addressed. It seems that Mrs. Vaux and
+Mrs. Abington were both present at the great meeting of the
+conspirators at Hendlip, and he thinks that the latter, desirous
+of saving her brother's life, prevailed on Mrs. Vaux to write the
+letter, for the handwriting exactly corresponds with some other
+writing of hers which he has seen. There is a remarkable paper
+written by King James with directions what questions should be
+put to Guy Faux, and ending with a recommendation that he should
+be tortured first gently, and then more severely as might be
+necessary. Then the depositions of Faux in the Tower, which had
+been taken down (contrary to his desire) in writing, and which he
+was compelled to sign upon the rack; his signature was written in
+faint and trembling characters, and his strength had evidently
+failed in the middle, for he had only written 'Guido.' There is a
+distinct admission in the Plot papers in Garnett's own hand that
+he came to a knowledge of the Plot otherwise than by the
+Sacrament of Confession, which oversets Lingard; a paragraph by
+which it is clear that the Pope knew of it; and a curious paper
+in which, having sworn that he had never written certain letters,
+which letters were produced when he was taxed with the false
+oath, Garnett boldly justifies himself, and says that they ought
+not to have questioned him on the subject, having the letters in
+their hands, and that he had a right to deny what he believed
+they could not prove--a very remarkable exposition of the tenets
+of his order and the doctrines of equivocation.
+
+     [29] [The substance of these papers has since been published
+          by the late David Jardine, Esq., in his excellent
+          'Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot.' (Murray, London,
+          1857.) Some of the particulars here referred to by Mr.
+          Greville are not strictly accurate, or at least have
+          not been confirmed by subsequent investigation. It is
+          not probable that the letter to Lord Mounteagle was
+          written by Mrs. Abington or by Mrs. Vaux, nor is it at
+          all certain that either of these ladies had any
+          knowledge of the Plot. Mr. Jardine ascribes the letter
+          to Tresham ('Narrative,' &c., p. 83). Garnett's
+          admissions are printed in Jardine's Appendix. His
+          knowledge of the Plot was derived from Greenway, a
+          priest to whom Catesby had revealed it in confession.
+          The Pope was probably not privy to the Plot. The
+          celebrated 'Treatise on Equivocation' was found in
+          Tresham's desk. The identical copy with Garnett's notes
+          is still in the Bodleian; it was reprinted in 1851.]
+
+When I came away from the State Paper Office I met George Dawson,
+and we had a long conversation about Irish affairs, from which I
+gathered what is to be done. The Catholic question is to be
+conceded, the elective franchise altered, and the Association
+suppressed. This latter is, I take it, to be a preliminary
+measure, and I suspect the Duke went to the King on Monday with
+the resolution of the Cabinet on the subject, and I think so the
+more because the Archbishop was sent for post-haste just before
+he went. Dawson talked to me a great deal about his speech at
+Derry, and said that so many of his friends were aware of the
+change in his opinions that he thought it more fair and manly to
+declare them at once in public than to use any dissimulation with
+his constituents and leave them to be guessed at, as if he dared
+not own them; that he had made a great sacrifice, for he had
+risked his seat, which was very secure before, and had quarrelled
+with Peel, with his family, and with all his old political
+friends and associates. We talked a great deal about Peel, and I
+see clearly that he has given way; probably they have compromised
+the business, and he agrees to the Emancipation part, in order to
+have the Association suppressed and the 40s. freeholders
+disfranchised. Lord Anglesey always said that his removal would
+facilitate the business, for the Duke wished to have all the
+credit of it to himself, and had no mind to divide it with him,
+whereas if Lord Anglesey had remained the chief credit would have
+fallen to his share.
+
+[Page Head: NAVARINO.]
+
+I met Sir Edward Codrington in the morning, and walked with him
+to Downing Street, where he was going to talk to the Duke about
+his Navarino business. He is mightily incensed, thinks he has
+been scandalously used both by Dudley and Aberdeen, is ready to
+tell his story and show his documents to anybody, and says he is
+resolved the whole matter shall come out, and in the House of
+Commons if he can produce it. God knows how his case will turn
+out, but I never saw a man so well satisfied with himself. He
+says that the action at Navarino was, as an achievement, nothing
+to the affair at Patras, when with one line-of-battle ship, one
+frigate, and a corvette he drove before him Ibrahim and four
+Turkish admirals and a numerous fleet.
+
+
+February 4th, 1829 {p.163}
+
+Went to Middleton last Friday; very few people. I returned by
+Oxford, and called on Dr. Bandinell, who took me to the Bodleian.
+I could not find any Council books, but I had not much time to
+devote to the search. Dr. Bandinell promised to inform me if he
+could find any books or manuscripts relating to my office. I was
+surprised to find in the Bodleian a vast number of books
+(manuscripts) which had belonged to Pepys. I came to town on
+Monday night, and found that the concession of Catholic
+Emancipation was generally known; the 'Times' had an article on
+Friday which clearly announced it. The rage and despair of the
+Orange papers is very amusing. I have not yet heard how the King
+took it all. Glad as I am that the measure is going to be
+carried, the conduct of all those who are to assist in it (the
+old anti-Catholics) seems to me despicable to the greatest
+degree; having opposed it against all reason and common sense for
+years past, now that the Duke of Wellington lifts up his finger
+they all obey, and without any excuse for their past or present
+conduct. The most agreeable event, if it turns out to be true, is
+the defection of Dr. Philpots, whose conduct and that of others
+of his profession will probably not be without its due effect in
+sapping the foundations of the Church. All the details that I
+have yet learnt confirm my opinion that the spirit in which the
+Duke and his colleagues approach this great measure is not that
+of calm and deliberate political reasoning, but a fearful sense
+of necessity and danger, to which they submit with extreme
+repugnance and with the most miserable feelings of pique and
+mortification at being compelled to adopt it. The Duke and Peel
+wrote to Francis Leveson, complaining of my brother's having
+met Shiel at dinner, and they were so enraged with George
+Villiers[30] that they seriously meditated turning him out of his
+office. Wretched and contemptible to the greatest degree! They
+are now exceedingly annoyed because it is discovered that Woulffe
+was once a member of the Association, and would willingly have
+him turned out of the place of Assistant-Barrister, which has
+just been given to him; but Francis is resolved to maintain him
+in it. They say the Duke sent a copy of the King's Speech to Lord
+Eldon.
+
+     [30] [Mr. George Villiers, then an Irish Commissioner of
+          Customs (afterwards Earl of Clarendon), had cultivated
+          the society of Shiel and invited him to dinner. Such an
+          attention from an English official to an Irish Catholic
+          was at that time an unheard-of innovation. Shiel told
+          his host that he had never dined in a Protestant house
+          before. The Duke of Wellington took great umbrage at
+          what he considered an unwarrantable breach of official
+          decorum.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 5th, 1829 {p.164}
+
+Went to Brookes' yesterday, and found all the Whigs very merry at
+the Catholic news. Most of them were just come to town and had
+heard nothing till they arrived. The old Tories dreadfully
+dejected, but obliged to own it was all true; intense curiosity
+to hear what Peel will say for himself. The general opinion seems
+to be that the Duke has managed the matter extremely well, which
+I am disposed to think too, but there is always a disposition to
+heap praise upon him whenever it is possible. Nobody yet knows
+who are converted and who are not; they talk of nine bishops; I
+think he will have them all, and I expect a very great majority
+in the House of Lords. Many people expect that Wilmot's plan will
+be adopted, restraining the Catholics from voting in matters
+concerning the Church, which I do not believe, for Wilmot is at a
+discount and his plan is absurd and impracticable. Lord Harrowby,
+however, is all for it. I hear many of the Liberals are
+exceedingly provoked, and not unnaturally, at the Duke's
+effecting this measure, at which they have been so long labouring
+in vain, and give as many spiteful flings at him as they can
+about the insincerity of his letter to Curtis. It matters very
+little now whether he was sincere or not. It evidently was part
+of his plan to keep it all secret till it was matured, and as
+Curtis chose to ask him questions he was quite right to throw
+dust in his eyes.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER V.
+
+The Catholic Relief Bill--Inconsistency of the Tories--The
+  Catholic Association--Dinner at Charles Grant's--The Terceira
+  Expedition--Tory Discontent--Peel resigns his Seat for Oxford
+  University--A Blunder in Chancery--The Oxford Election--
+  Influence of the Duke of Wellington--Debate of Royal Dukes--
+  Peel beaten--Sir Edward Codrington--Violence of the King--
+  Intrigues to defeat the Catholic Bill--The Duke of Cumberland--
+  Furious State of Parties--Matuscewitz--Peel's Speech on
+  Catholic Emancipation--Exclusion of O'Connell from his Seat for
+  Clare--Pitt's View of Catholic Emancipation--'Musae
+  Cateatonenses'--'Thorough'--Mr. Lowther not turned out--Duke of
+  Newcastle's Audience of George IV.--The King's Personal
+  Habits--The Debate--Mr. Sadler--Hardness of the Duke of
+  Wellington--His Duel with Lord Winchelsea--The Bishops and the
+  Bill--Sir Charles Wetherell--The King on the Duel--Lord
+  Winchelsea's Pocket-handkerchief--Debate on the Catholic Bill--
+  The Duke of Richmond--Effects of Dawson's Speech on the King--
+  The Bill in Jeopardy--Lady Jersey and Lord Anglesey--Lord
+  Falmouth and Lord Grey--O'Connell at Dinner--The Duke breaks
+  with Lord Eldon--Hibner the Murderess--Theatrical Fund--The
+  Levee--The Duke's Carriage stopped--The King's Health--Lady
+  Conyngham--O'Connell's Seat--Child's Ball at Court--Princess
+  Victoria--Legal Appointments--Lord Palmerston on Foreign
+  Affairs--The King and Lord Sefton--The King's Speech on the
+  Prorogation--Madame du Cayla--George IV.'s Inaccuracy--
+  Conversation of the Duke of Wellington on the King and the Duke
+  of Cumberland.
+
+
+[Page Head: PEEL'S SPEECH ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+February 6th, 1829 {p.166}
+
+Parliament met yesterday; a very full attendance and intense
+interest and curiosity. The King's Speech, which was long and
+better written than usual, was not quite satisfactory to the
+Catholics. I met Lord Harrowby coming from the House of Lords,
+and he said they did not like it at all; the previous suppression
+of the Association was what they disliked. However, all
+discontent was removed by Peel's speech, which was deemed (as to
+the intentions of Ministers) perfectly satisfactory even by those
+who were most prejudiced before against Government. I was in the
+House of Commons. Peel was very feeble, and his case for himself
+poor and ineffective; all he said was true enough, but it was
+only what had been said to him over and over again for years
+past, and he did not urge a single argument for acquiescing now
+which was not equally applicable to his situation two years ago.
+However, everybody was so glad to have the measure carried that
+they did not care to attack Peel or his speech, though if there
+had been a Brunswicker of any talent in the House he might have
+cut it up finely; two or three of them spoke, but wretchedly ill,
+and Lord Chandos was not at all violent, which I expected he
+would have been. Lord Eldon was violent but impotent, in the
+House of Lords, and Lord Bathurst made a sort of explanation
+which was very poor.
+
+On leaving the House of Commons I fell in with Burdett, Lord
+Sefton, and G. Bentinck, and they all owned that the business is
+very handsomely done; and Morpeth and many others whom I saw
+afterwards at the Club are quite satisfied. They would have
+preferred that the Catholic Relief Bill and the suppression of
+the Association should have gone together, but do not make any
+difficulties on this head, and acknowledge (which is the truth)
+that the Duke was probably obliged to do something to cajole the
+Tories, and give some colour to their conduct. I sat next to
+Fitzgerald in the House, who is not yet re-elected, and he told
+me that this was absolutely necessary. He was of course delighted
+and said, 'How right Lord Francis was to trust to the Duke,'
+which, however, is all nonsense. He had no reason to trust to him
+at all, and I really believe would not have continued in office
+as Irish Secretary unless he had adopted this measure. He owned
+as Peel was speaking that he was not doing it well; he was feeble
+and diffuse in the beginning, and too full of civilities and
+appeals to Bankes and his old associates. However, thank God, the
+event is accomplished, no matter how; probably it could not have
+been done without the concurrence of these Tories, who have, I
+think, certainly lost their character by their conduct; and there
+is this evil in the history of the measure, that a blow will have
+been given to the reputation of public men in general which will,
+I strongly suspect, have an important though not immediate effect
+upon the aristocratic influence in this country, and tend
+remotely to increase the democratic spirit which exists. In all
+these proceedings there has been so little of reason, principle,
+or consistency; so much of prejudice, subserviency, passion, and
+interest, that it is impossible not to feel a disgust to parties
+in general. The conduct of those idiots the Brunswickers is
+respectable in comparison with such men as the High Churchmen;
+and the Whigs and Catholic supporters, however they may have
+suffered before, in this matter stand clear and have only grounds
+for exultation. They accept the measure with great moderation,
+and are not disposed to mar the success of it by the introduction
+of any topics likely to create ill blood, nor to damp the ardour
+of new converts by throwing their former follies in their faces.
+
+Now, then, the Duke is all-powerful, and of course he will get
+all the honour of the day. Not that he does not deserve a great
+deal for having made up his mind to the thing; he has managed it
+with firmness, prudence, and dexterity; but to O'Connell and the
+Association, and those who have fought the battle on both sides
+of the water, the success of the measure is due. Indeed, Peel
+said as much, for it was the Clare election which convinced both
+him and the Duke that it must be done, and from that time the
+only question was whether he should be a party to it or not. If
+the Irish Catholics had not brought matters to this pass by
+agitation and association, things might have remained as they
+were for ever, and all these Tories would have voted on till the
+day of their death against them.
+
+Mahony, who is here, has written over to O'Connell, as have all
+the other Catholics, to implore him to use his whole influence to
+procure the dissolution of the Association, and it is said that
+O'Connell had an idea of resigning his seat for Clare to Vesey,
+on the ground that, having turned him out because he had joined a
+Government hostile to their claims, he owed him this reparation
+on finding it not to be the case. But I doubt whether this scheme
+is practicable; still, I think if O'Connell could do it it would
+be a good thing, and serve to reconcile the people here to him,
+and give a great lift to his character. I expect to hear that the
+Association has dissolved itself on receiving intelligence of the
+proceedings in the House of Commons. Lord Anglesey spoke very
+well, but nobody will care for his case now; besides, I doubt his
+making out a good one. The fact is that they laid a trap for him,
+and that he fell into it; that the Duke's letters became more
+insulting, and that a prudent man would have avoided the snare
+into which his high spirit and passion precipitated him.
+
+
+[Page Head: DINNER AT CHARLES GRANT'S]
+
+February 8th, 1829
+
+Peel spoke on Friday night better than he did on Thursday.
+Huskisson made a spiteful speech, and George Dawson one which I
+heard Huskisson say he thought one of the neatest speeches he had
+ever heard. I dined yesterday with all the Huskissonians at
+Grant's. There were there Lords Granville, Palmerston, and
+Melbourne, Huskisson, Warrender, and one or two more. Huskisson
+is in good humour and spirits, but rather bitter; he said that if
+Peel had asked the advice of a friend what he should do, the
+advice would have been for his own honour to resign. I said I did
+not think Peel would have got credit by resigning. He said, 'But
+don't you think he has quite lost it by staying in?' He owned,
+however, that the Duke could not have carried it without Peel,
+that his influence with the Church party is so great that his
+continuance was indispensable to the Duke.
+
+This affair of the Portuguese at Terceira[1] (which certainly,
+unless it can be explained, seems a gross outrage) they all fell
+upon very severely, and Lord Harrowby told me afterwards he could
+not understand it, and thought for the honour of the country it
+should be explained forthwith.
+
+      [1] [In December 1828 an expedition, consisting of 652
+          Portuguese refugees of the party of the Queen, sailed
+          from England for Terceira in four vessels, under the
+          command of Count Saldanha. Terceira held for the Queen,
+          and arms and ammunition had previously been sent them
+          from England. The British Government ordered Captain
+          Walpole, of the 'Ranger' to stop this expedition off
+          Terceira, which he did by firing a gun into Saldanha's
+          ship. The ground taken by the Duke of Wellington in
+          defence of this measure was his resolution to maintain
+          the neutrality of England between the two parties then
+          contending for the Crown of Portugal. But the
+          proceeding was vehemently attacked in Parliament and
+          elsewhere.]
+
+[Page Head: DISCONTENT OF THE TORIES.]
+
+We are now beginning to discover different people's feelings
+about this Catholic business, and it is clear that many of the
+great Tories are deeply offended that the Duke was not more
+communicative to them, principally, it seems, because they have
+continued to talk in an opposite sense and in their old strain up
+to the last moment, thereby committing themselves, and thus
+becoming ridiculous by the sudden turn they are obliged to make.
+This they cannot forgive, and many of them are extremely out of
+humour, although not disposed to oppose the Duke. The Duke of
+Rutland means to go to Belvoir, and not vote at all. The Duke of
+Beaufort does not like it, but will support the measure. Lowther
+has been to the King, and it is supposed he has resigned. They
+complain that the Duke has thrown them over, still nobody doubts
+that he will have great majorities in both Houses. It was
+asserted most positively at Brookes' yesterday that Peel's offer
+of resigning his seat at Oxford had been accepted. In Dublin the
+moderate people are furious with O'Connell for his abuse of
+everybody. There is no getting over the fact that he it is who
+has brought matters to this conclusion, and that but for him the
+Catholic question would never have been carried; but his
+violence, bad taste, and scurrility have made him 'lose the
+lustre of his former praise.'
+
+
+February 9th, 1829 {p.179}
+
+I called at Devonshire House in the morning, and there found
+Princess Lieven very eloquent and very angry about the Terceira
+business, which certainly requires explanation. She is very
+hostile to the Duke, which is natural, as he is anti-Russian, and
+they have never got over their old quarrel. Saldanha got up a
+_coup de theatre_ on board his ship. When Walpole fired on him a
+man was killed, and when the English officer came on board he had
+the corpse stretched out and covered by a cloak, which was
+suddenly withdrawn, and Saldanha said, 'Voila un fidele sujet de
+la Reine, qui a toujours ete loyal, assassine,' &c.
+
+Went from thence to Mrs. Arbuthnot, who declaimed against
+O'Connell and wants to have a provision in the Bill to prevent
+his sitting for Clare, which I trust is only her folly, and that
+there is no chance of such a thing. The Duke came in while I was
+there. He said he had no doubt he should do very well in the
+House of Lords, but up to that time he could only (that he knew
+of for certain) reduce the majority of last year to twenty. He
+did not count bishops, of whom he said he knew nothing, but the
+three Irish bishops would vote with him. There were many others
+he did not doubt would, but he could only count upon that number.
+He held some proxies, which he said he would not make use of,
+such as Lord Strangford's, as he could not hear from him in time,
+and would not use anybody's proxy for this question who had voted
+against it before. I told him how peevish the Duke of Rutland,
+and Beaufort, and others of the High Tories were, but he only
+laughed. In the evening Fitzgerald told me that the Convocation
+at Oxford had accepted Peel's resignation of his seat for the
+University, but left the time to him. It seems to me that this
+affair was mismanaged. In the first instance Peel wrote to the
+Dean of Christ Church, but he and Lloyd[2] agreed that he ought
+to write to the Vice-Chancellor, which he did. The Vice-Chancellor
+did not read his letter till after they had voted the address
+to Parliament by three to one, after which it was difficult for
+them to express anything but disapprobation of Peel's conduct;
+whereas if the Vice-Chancellor had read it first, probably the
+petition would not have been carried, or at any rate not by so
+large a majority. He had better have carried his Bill through
+and then resigned, when I have no doubt he would have been
+re-elected; very likely he may be as it is.
+
+      [2] [The Bishop of Oxford, one of Sir Robert Peel's most
+          intimate friends.]
+
+Tom Duncombe is going to make another appearance on the boards of
+St. Stephen's, on the Terceira business, and he is to give notice
+to-night. He has been with Palmella and Frederick Lamb, who are
+both to assist in getting up his case, and he expects to be
+supported by some of the Whigs and by the Huskissonians, which
+latter are evidently anxious to do anything they can to embarrass
+the Government. I know nothing of the case, which, _prima facie_,
+appears much against Government; but the moment is so ill-chosen,
+in the midst of this great pending affair, that I think they will
+make nothing of it. Palmella is a great fool for his pains, for
+in clamouring against the Duke he is only kicking against the
+pricks. As to Duncombe, he is egged on by Lambton and instructed
+by Henry de Ros, who cares nothing about the matter, and only
+does it for the fun of the thing. I have no idea but that
+Duncombe must cut a sorry figure when he steps out of the line of
+personal abuse and impertinence.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 11th, 1829 {p.172}
+
+Nothing is thought of or talked of but the Catholic question;
+what Peers and bishops will vote for it? who voted before against
+it? There is hardly any other feeling than that of satisfaction,
+except on the part of the ultra-Tories, who do not attempt to
+conceal their rage and vexation; the moderate Tories, who are
+mortified at not having been told of what was going on; and
+Huskisson's party, who would have been glad to have a share in
+the business, and who now see themselves in all probability
+excluded for ever. O'Connell arrived yesterday; it is supposed he
+will not take his seat, but he does not seem inclined to
+co-operate with Government in keeping things quiet. However, his
+real disposition is not yet known, and probably he has not made
+up his mind what to do, but waits for events. Notwithstanding the
+declaration of the bishops, I do not believe they will vote
+against Government. Peel spoke very well last night, and severely
+trimmed old Bankes, which gives me great pleasure, so much do I
+hate that old worn-out set. How this change of measures changes
+one's whole way of thinking; though I have nothing to do with
+politics, I cannot help being influenced to an extraordinary
+degree by what has passed, and can understand from my own
+feelings how those who are deeply engaged may be biassed by the
+prejudices and attachments of party without any imputation
+against their sincerity or judgment. When we see men pursuing a
+course of which we greatly disapprove, all their actions and
+motives are suspected by us, and _vice versa_. We lend a willing
+ear to imputations of vanity, interest, and other unworthy
+motives, and when we cannot explain or comprehend the particulars
+of men's conduct, we judge them unfavourably while we are opposed
+to their measures; but when they do what we wish, we see the same
+things very differently, and begin to hesitate about the justice
+of our censures and the suspicions which we previously entertained.
+It is pretty clear that the Duke will have a good majority in the
+House of Lords, and that many Peers and bishops will find excuses
+between this and then for voting with him or remaining neutral.
+
+A ridiculous thing happened the other day in the Vice-Chancellor's
+Court. Sugden had taken a brief on each side of a case without
+knowing it. Home, who opened on one side and was followed by
+another lawyer, was to be answered by Sugden; but he, having got
+hold of the wrong brief, spoke the same way as Home. The
+Vice-Chancellor said coolly, 'Mr. Sugden is with you?' 'Sir,'
+said Home, 'his argument is with us, but he is engaged on the
+other side.' Finding himself in a scrape, he said 'it was true he
+held a brief for the other party, but for no client would he ever
+argue against what he knew to be a clear rule of law.' However,
+the Court decided against them all.
+
+
+February 13th, 1829 {p.173}
+
+Still the Catholic question and the probable numbers in the House
+of Lords; nobody talks of anything else. Lord Winchelsea makes an
+ass of himself, and would like to be sent to the Tower, but
+nobody will mind anything such a blockhead says. Lord Holland
+talks of a majority of sixty in the Lords. I walked with
+Ebrington to O'Connell's door the other day; he went in. The next
+day I asked him what had passed. He said that he had pressed him
+strongly to dissolve the Association; O'Connell said he could not
+press it himself, but would write to Ireland that it was the
+unanimous opinion of all the friends of the cause here that it
+should be done. The fact is, he does not dare to acquiesce in all
+the measures of Government, though there is little doubt but that
+he desires to see an end to associations and agitations. Lady
+Jersey affects to be entirely in the Duke's confidence. She said
+to Lord Granville at Madame de Lieven's the other night that 'she
+made it a rule never to talk to the Duke about affairs in
+public,' and she said to me last night that she had known what
+was to be done about the Catholics all along. Certainly she
+contrives to make the Duke see a great deal of her, for he calls
+on her, and writes to her perpetually, but I doubt whether he
+tells her much of anything. Some of the household have made a
+struggle to be exempted from the general obligation on all
+members of Government to vote for the Bill, but the Duke will not
+stand it, and they must all vote or go out. The Privy Seal was
+offered to Lord Westmoreland, but he refused, and his answer was
+good--that if he had been in the Cabinet, he might possibly have
+seen the same grounds for changing his mind on the Catholic
+question that the other Ministers did; but not having had those
+opportunities, he retained his former opinions, and therefore
+could not accept office.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+February 22nd, 1829 {p.174}
+
+Went to Newmarket last Sunday and came back on Thursday. Still
+the Catholic question and nothing else. Everybody believed that
+the Duke of Cumberland would support Government till he made
+this last speech. He went to the King, who desired him to call
+on the Duke, and when he got to town he went uninvited to dine
+with him. There has been nothing of consequence in either House,
+except the dressing which Lord Plunket gave Lord Eldon, though
+that hard-bitten old dog shows capital fight. Peel has got a
+most active and intelligent committee at Oxford, and they
+consider his election safe. Inglis's committee, on the contrary,
+is composed of men not much better than old women, except Fynes
+Clinton, the chairman. Every day the majority promises to be
+greater in the House of Lords, but it is very ridiculous to see
+the faces many of these Tory Lords make at swallowing the
+bitter pill. Too great a noise is made about Peel and his
+sacrifices, but he must be supported and praised at this
+juncture. It is not for those who have been labouring in this
+cause, and want his assistance, to reject him or treat him
+uncivilly now that he tenders it. But as to the body of the High
+Tories, it is impossible not to regard their conduct with
+disgust and contempt, for now they feel only for themselves,
+and it is not apprehension of those dangers they have been
+constantly crying out about that affects them, but the necessity
+they are under of making such a sudden turn, and bitter
+mortification at having been kept in total ignorance, and,
+consequently, having been led to hold the same violent language
+up to the last moment. If Canning had lived, God knows what
+would have happened, for they never would have turned round for
+him as they are now about to do for the Duke. The circumstances
+of the case are just the same; since 1825 the same game has been
+going on in Ireland, and in the same manner, and the Clare
+election was only what had happened at Waterford before. All
+this has given a blow to the aristocracy, which men only laugh
+at now, but of which the effects will be felt some day or other.
+Who will have any dependence hereafter on the steadiness and
+consistency of public men, and what credit will be given to
+professions and declarations? I am glad to see them dragged
+through the mire, as far as the individuals are concerned, but I
+am sorry for the effect that such conduct is likely to produce.
+There was a capital paper of Cobbett's yesterday, in his best
+style. Many Liberals are uneasy about what are called the
+securities, and when the Duke tells Lord Colchester that if he
+will wait he will be satisfied with the Bill, it is enough to
+make them so; but my hopes predominate over my fears. Yesterday
+Vesey Fitzgerald said that 'we had not yet seen what some people
+might consider the objectionable parts of the measure, but that,
+though certain things might be necessary, the Government are
+impressed with the paramount necessity of not leaving the
+Catholic question behind them, and that the Duke was a man of
+too firm a mind not to go through with it;' and I think he said
+distinctly that Catholics and Protestants must be placed on an
+equal footing, or something to that effect. He went off into a
+panegyric on the Duke, and said that seeing him as he did for
+several hours every day, he had opportunities of finding out
+what an extraordinary man he was, and that it was remarkable
+what complete ascendency he had acquired over all who were about
+him. The English of this is (what everybody knew) that he
+dictates to his Cabinet. The fact is, he is a man of great
+energy, decision, and authority, and his character has been
+formed by the events of his life, and by the extraordinary
+circumstances which have raised him to a situation higher than
+any subject has attained in modern times. That his great
+influence is indispensable to carry this question, and therefore
+most useful at this time, cannot be doubted, for he can address
+the King in a style which no other Minister could adopt. He
+treats with him as with an equal, and the King stands completely
+in awe of him. It will be long before a correct and impartial
+estimate is formed of the Duke's character and abilities; his
+talents, however, must be of a very superior, though not of the
+most shining description. Whatever he may be, he is at this
+moment one of the most powerful Ministers this country has ever
+seen. The greatest Ministers have been obliged to bend to the
+King, or the aristocracy, or the Commons, but he commands them
+all. M---- told me that he had not seen the King, but that he
+heard he was as sulky as a bear, and that he was sure he would
+be very glad if anything happened to defeat this measure, though
+he is too much afraid of the Duke to do anything himself tending
+to thwart it.
+
+The Emperor of Russia is extremely disgusted at the language of
+the newspapers here, and desired his Minister to complain of it,
+and the Duke wrote the answer himself, in which he entered at
+great length into the character and utility of the press in this
+country, a dissertation affording a proof certainly of his
+quickness and industry, overwhelmed as he is with business. The
+Duke of Richmond offered to give up his Garter, but the Duke
+would not take it back.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE OF THE ROYAL DUKES.]
+
+February 26th, 1829 {p.177}
+
+The debate on Monday night in the House of Lords was very
+amusing. It was understood the Duke of Clarence was to speak, and
+there was a good deal of curiosity to hear him. Lord Bathurst was
+in a great fright lest he should be violent and foolish. He made
+a very tolerable speech, of course with a good deal of stuff in
+it, but such as it was it has exceedingly disconcerted the other
+party. The three royal Dukes Clarence, Cumberland, and Sussex got
+up one after another, and attacked each other (that is, Clarence
+and Sussex attacked Cumberland, and he them) very vehemently, and
+they used towards each other language that nobody else could have
+ventured to employ; so it was a very droll scene. The Duke of
+Clarence said the attacks on the Duke [of Wellington] had been
+_infamous_; the Duke of Cumberland took this to himself, but when
+he began to answer it could not recollect the expression, which
+the Duke of Clarence directly supplied. 'I said "infamous."' The
+Duke of Sussex said that the Duke of Clarence had not intended to
+apply the word to the Duke of Cumberland, but if he chose to take
+it to himself he might. Then the Duke of Clarence said that the
+Duke of Cumberland had lived so long abroad that he had forgotten
+there was such a thing as freedom of debate.
+
+
+February 27th, 1829 {p.177}
+
+They say Plunket made one of the best speeches he ever delivered
+last night, and Lord Anglesey spoke very well. There was hardly
+anybody in the House. Peel's election [Oxford University] is
+going on ill. The Convocation presents a most disgraceful scene
+of riot and uproar. I went to the Committee Room last night at
+twelve, and found nobody there but Dr. Russell, the head-master
+of the Charterhouse, who was waiting for Hobhouse and amusing
+himself by correcting his boys' exercises. He knew me, though he
+had not seen me for nearly twenty years, when I was at school. I
+shall be sorry if Peel does not come in, not that I care much for
+him, but because I cannot bear that his opponents should have a
+triumph.
+
+Lady Georgiana Bathurst told me she had had a great scene with
+the Duke of Cumberland. She told him not to be factious and to go
+back to Germany; he was very angry, and after much argument and
+many reproaches they made it up, embraced, and he shed a flood of
+tears.
+
+I met with these lines in 'The Duke of Milan' (Massinger), which
+are very applicable to the Duke in his dealings with his Cabinet
+and his old friends the Tories:--
+
+      You never heard the motives that induced him
+      To this strange course? No; these are cabinet councils,
+      And not to be communicated but
+      To such as are his own and sure. Alas!
+      We fill up empty places, and in public
+      Are taught to give our suffrages to that
+      Which was before determined.
+
+
+March 1st, 1829 {p.178}
+
+As the time draws near for the development of the plans of
+Government a good deal of uneasiness and doubt prevails, though
+the general disposition is to rely on the Duke of Wellington's
+firmness and decision and to hope for the best. Peel's defeat at
+Oxford,[3] though not likely to have any effect on the general
+measure, is unlucky, because it serves to animate the anti-Catholics;
+and had he succeeded, his success would have gone far to silence,
+as it must have greatly discouraged, them. Then the King gives
+the Ministers uneasiness, for the Duke of Cumberland has been
+tampering with him, and through the agency of Lord Farnborough
+great attempts have been made to induce him to throw obstacles in
+the way of the measures. He is very well inclined, and there is
+nothing false or base he would not do if he dared, but he is such
+a coward, and stands in such awe of the Duke, that I don't think
+anything serious is to be apprehended from him. There never was
+anything so mismanaged as the whole affair of Oxford. First the
+letter Peel wrote was very injudicious; it was a tender of
+resignation, which being received just after the vote of
+Convocation, they were obliged to accept it. Then he should
+never have stood unless he had been sure of success, and it
+appears now that his canvass never promised well from the
+beginning. He should have taken the Chiltern Hundreds, and
+immediately informed them that he had done so. Probably no
+opposition would have been made, but after having accepted his
+resignation they could not avoid putting up another man. It
+appears that an immense number of parsons came to vote of whose
+intentions both parties were ignorant, and they almost all voted
+for Inglis.
+
+      [3] [Upon the 4th of February Mr. Peel resigned his seat
+          for the University of Oxford, in consequence of the
+          change of his opinions on the Catholic question. A
+          contest ensued, Sir Robert Harry Inglis being the
+          candidate opposed to Peel. Inglis was returned by a
+          majority of 146. Mr. Peel sat for the borough of
+          Westbury during the ensuing debates.]
+
+[Page Head: SIR E. CODRINGTON AND THE DUKE.]
+
+Codrington was at Brookes' yesterday, telling everybody who would
+listen to him what had passed at an interview, that I have
+mentioned before, with the Duke of Wellington, and how ill the
+Duke had treated him. He said the Duke assured him that neither
+he nor any of his colleagues, nor the Government collectively,
+had any sort of hostility to him, but, on the contrary, regarded
+him as a very meritorious officer, &c. He then said, 'May I,
+then, ask why I was recalled?' The Duke said, 'Because you did
+not understand your instructions in the sense in which they were
+intended by us.' He replied that he had understood them in their
+plain obvious sense, and that everybody else who had seen them
+understood them in the same way--Adam, Ponsonby, Guilleminot,
+&c.--and then he asked the Duke to point out the passages in
+which they differed, to which he said, 'You must excuse me.' All
+this he was telling, and it may be very true, and that he is very
+ill-used; but if he means to bring his case before Parliament, he
+is unwise to chatter about it at Brookes', particularly to Lord
+Lynedoch, to whom he was addressing himself, who is not likely to
+take part with him against the Duke.
+
+
+March 2nd, 1829 {p.179}
+
+Saw M---- yesterday; he has been at Windsor for several days, and
+confirmed all that I had heard before about the King. The Duke of
+Cumberland has worked him into a state of frenzy, and he talks of
+nothing but the Catholic question in the most violent strain.
+M---- told me that his Majesty desired him to tell his household
+that he wished them to vote against the Bill, which M---- of
+course refused to do. I asked him if he had told the Duke of
+Wellington this; he said he had not, but that the day the
+Ministers came to Windsor for the Council (Thursday last, I
+think) he did speak to Peel, and told him the King's violence was
+quite alarming. Peel said he was afraid the King was greatly
+excited, or something to this effect, but seemed embarrassed and
+not very willing to talk about it. The result, however, was that
+the Duke went to him on Friday, and was with him six hours, and
+spoke to his Majesty so seriously and so firmly that he will now
+be quiet. Why the Duke does not insist upon his not seeing the
+Duke of Cumberland I cannot imagine. There never was such a man,
+or behaviour so atrocious as his--a mixture of narrow-mindedness,
+selfishness, truckling, blustering, and duplicity, with no object
+but self, his own ease, and the gratification of his own fancies
+and prejudices, without regard to the advice and opinion of the
+wisest and best informed men or to the interests and tranquillity
+of the country.
+
+
+March 3rd, 1829 {p.180}
+
+Called on H. de Ros yesterday morning, who told me that the Duke
+of Cumberland and his party are still active and very sanguine.
+Madame de Lieven is in all his confidence, who, out of hatred to
+the Duke, would do anything to contribute to his overthrow. The
+Duke of Cumberland tells her everything, and makes her a medium
+of communication with the Huskisson party, who, being animated by
+similar sentiments towards the Duke, the Tories think would
+gladly join them in making a party when the way is clear for
+them. The Chancellor went to Windsor on Sunday, and on to
+Strathfieldsaye at night, where he arrived at three in the
+morning. Yesterday the Duke came to town, but called at Windsor
+on his way. Dawson, however, told me that he believed the Duke in
+_his_ interview on Friday had settled everything with the King,
+and had received most positive assurances from him that no
+further difficulties should be made; but it is quite impossible
+to trust him.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 4th, 1829 {p.180}
+
+Nothing could exceed the consternation which prevailed yesterday
+about this Catholic business. The advocates of the Bill and
+friends of Government were in indescribable alarm, and not
+without good cause. All yesterday it was thought quite uncertain
+whether the Duke's resignation would not take place, and the
+Chancellor himself said that nothing was more likely than that
+they should all go out. On Sunday the King sent for the
+Chancellor; he went, and had an audience in which the King
+pretended that he had not been made aware of all the provisions
+of the Bill, that the securities did not satisfy him, and that he
+could not consent to it. The Chancellor could do nothing
+with him; so instead of returning to town he went on to
+Strathfieldsaye, where the Duke was gone to receive the Judges.
+There he arrived at three in the morning, had a conference of two
+hours with the Duke, and returned to town quite exhausted, to be
+in the House of Lords at ten in the morning. The Duke called at
+Windsor on his way to town on Monday, and had a conversation with
+the King, in which he told him it was now impossible for him to
+recede, and that if his Majesty made any more difficulties he
+must instantly resign. The King said he thought he would not
+desert him under any circumstances, and tried in vain to move
+him, which not being able to do, he said that he must take a day
+to consider his final determination, and would communicate it.
+This he did yesterday afternoon, and he consented to let the Bill
+go on. There was a Cabinet in the morning, and another in the
+evening, the latter about the details of the Bill, for Francis
+Leveson and Doherty were both present.
+
+I met Lord Grey at dinner, and in the evening at Brookes' had a
+great deal of conversation with Scarlett, Duncannon, and Spring
+Rice. They are all much alarmed, and think the case full of
+difficulties, not only from the violence and wavering of the
+King, but from the great objections which so many people have to
+the alteration of the elective franchise. Duncannon says nothing
+shall induce him to support it, and he would rather defeat the
+whole measure than consent to it; Spring Rice, on the contrary,
+is ready to swallow anything to get Emancipation. The object of
+the anti-Catholics is to take advantage of this disunion and of
+the various circumstances which throw difficulties in the way of
+Government, and they think, by availing themselves of them
+dexterously, they will be able to defeat the measure. They all
+seem to think that the Oxford election has been attended with
+most prejudicial effects to the cause. It has served for an
+argument to the Cumberland faction with the King, and has
+influenced his Majesty very much.
+
+Huskisson made a speech last night which must put an end to any
+hopes of assistance to the Opposition from him and his party,
+which it is probable they looked to before, and I dare say the
+Duke of Cumberland has held out such hopes to the King. The
+correspondence between the Duke of Wellington and the Duke of
+Cumberland was pretty violent, I believe, but the Duke of
+Cumberland misrepresents what passed both in it and at their
+interview. He declared to the Duke that he would not interfere in
+any manner, but refused to leave the country; to Madame de Lieven
+he said that the Duke had tried everything--entreaties, threats,
+and bribes--but that he had told him he would not go away, and
+would do all he could to defeat his measures, and that if he were
+to offer him L100,000 to go to Calais he would not take it. The
+degree of agitation, alternate hopes and fears, and excitement of
+every kind cannot be conceived unless seen and mixed in as I see
+and mix in it. Spring Rice said last night he thought those next
+four days to come would be the most important in the history of
+the country of any for ages past, and so they are. I was told
+last night that Knighton has been co-operating with the Duke of
+Cumberland, and done a great deal of mischief, and that he has
+reason to think that K. is intriguing deeply, with the design of
+expelling the Conyngham family from Windsor. This I do not
+believe, and it seems quite inconsistent with what I am also
+told--that the King's dislike of Knighton, and his desire of
+getting rid of him, is just the same, and that no day passes that
+he does not offer Mount Charles Knighton's place, and, what is
+more, that Knighton presses him to take it.
+
+
+March 5th, 1829 {p.182}
+
+Great alarm again yesterday because the Duke, the Chancellor, and
+Peel went down to Windsor again. Dined at Prince Lieven's. In the
+evening we learned that everything was settled--that as soon as
+the King found the Duke would really leave him unless he gave
+way, he yielded directly, and that if the Duke had told him so at
+first he would not have made all this bother. The Duke of
+Cumberland was there (at Lieven's), but did not stay long. I sat
+next to Matuscewitz (the Russian who is come over on a special
+mission to assist Lieven), and asked him if he did not think we
+were a most extraordinary people, and seeing all that goes on, as
+he must do, without any prejudices about persons or things, if it
+was not marvellous to behold the violence which prevailed in the
+Catholic discussion. He owned that it was inconceivable, and,
+notwithstanding all he had heard and read of our history for some
+years past, he had no idea that so much rage and animosity could
+have been manifested and that the anti-Popery spirit was still so
+vigorous. The day, however, is at last arrived, and to-night the
+measure will be introduced. But the Duke of Cumberland and his
+faction by no means abandon all hopes of being able to throw over
+the Bill in its progress, and they will leave no stone unturned
+to effect their purpose and to work on the King's mind while it
+is going on.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 6th, 1829
+
+Peel brought on the Catholic question last night in a speech of
+four hours, and said to be far the best he ever made. It is full
+of his never-failing fault, egotism, but certainly very able,
+plain, clear, and statesmanlike, and the peroration very
+eloquent. The University of Oxford should have been there in a
+body to hear the member they have rejected and him whom they have
+chosen in his place. The House was crammed to suffocation, and
+the lobby likewise. The cheering was loud and frequent, and often
+burst upon the impatient listener without. I went to Brookes' and
+found them all just come from the House, full of satisfaction at
+Peel's speech and the liberality of the measure, and in great
+admiration of Murray's. The general disposition seemed to be to
+support both the Bills, and they argued justly who said that
+those who would have supported the whole measure if it had been
+in one Bill ought not to take advantage of there being two to
+oppose the one they dislike. The part that is the most objectionable
+is making the measure so far prospective ('hereafter to be
+elected') as to exclude O'Connell from Clare, more particularly
+after the decision of the Committee in his favour. Six weeks ago
+Mrs. Arbuthnot told me that it was intended to exclude him, but I
+did not believe her. It seemed to me too improbable, and I never
+thought more about it. If they persist in this it is nothing
+short of madness, and I agree with Spring Rice, who said last
+night that instead of excluding him you should pay him to come
+into Parliament, and rather buy a seat for him than let him
+remain out. If they keep him out it can only be from wretched
+motives of personal spite, and to revenge themselves on him for
+having compelled them to take the course they have adopted. The
+imprudence of this exception is obvious, for when pacification is
+your object, and to heal old wounds your great desire, why begin
+by opening new ones and by exasperating the man who has the
+greatest power of doing mischief and creating disturbance and
+discontent in Ireland? It is desirable to reconcile the Irish to
+the measures of disfranchisement, and to allow as much time as
+possible to elapse before the new system comes into practical
+operation. By preventing O'Connell from taking his seat
+his wrongs are identified with those of the disfranchised
+freeholders. He will have every motive for exasperating the
+public mind and exciting universal dissatisfaction, and there
+will be another Clare election, and a theatre for the display of
+every angry passion which interest or revenge can possibly put in
+action. It is remarkable that attacks, I will not say upon the
+Church, but upon Churchmen, are now made in both Houses with much
+approbation. The Oxford parsons behaved so abominably at the
+election that they have laid themselves open to the severest
+strictures, and last night Lord Wharncliffe in one House and
+Murray in the other commented on the general conduct of Churchmen
+at this crisis with a severity which was by no means displeasing
+except to the bishops. I am convinced that very few years will
+elapse before the Church will really be in danger. People will
+grow tired of paying so dearly for so bad an article.
+
+
+[Page Head: DIVISION ON THE CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 8th, 1829 {p.185}
+
+Yesterday the list came out of those who had voted on the
+Catholic question, by which it appeared that several people had
+voted against the Government (particularly all the Lowthers) who
+were expected to vote with them, and of course this will be a
+test by which the Duke's strength and absoluteness may be tried,
+so much so that it is very generally thought that if he permits
+them to vote with impunity he will lose the question. It was said
+in the evening that Lowther and Birkett had resigned, but Lord
+Aberdeen, whom I met at dinner, said they had not at five o'clock
+yesterday evening. It is, I think, impossible for the Duke to
+excuse anybody who votes against him or stays away. Dined at Agar
+Ellis's and met Harrowbys, Stanleys, Aberdeen, &c. Lord Harrowby
+thought Peel's speech extremely able and judicious. He said that
+Lord Eldon had asserted that Mr. Pitt's opinions had been changed
+on this question, which was entirely false, for he had been much
+more intimate with Mr. Pitt than Lord Eldon ever was, and had
+repeatedly discussed the question with him, and had never found
+the slightest alteration in his sentiments. He had deprecated
+bringing it on because at that moment he was convinced that it
+would have driven the King mad and raised a prodigious ferment in
+England. He talked a great deal of Fox and Pitt, and said that
+the natural disposition of the former was to arbitrary power and
+that of the latter to be a reformer, so that circumstances drove
+each into the course the other was intended for by nature. Lord
+North's letter to Fox when he dismissed him in 1776 was, 'The
+King has ordered a new commission of the Treasury to be made out,
+in which I do not see your name.' How dear this cost him and what
+an influence that note may have had on the affairs of the country
+and on Fox's subsequent life! They afterwards talked of the
+'Cateatonenses' written by Canning, Frere, and G. Ellis. Lady
+Morley has a copy, which I am to see.[4]
+
+      [4] [The 'Musae Cateatonenses,' a burlesque narrative of a
+          supposed expedition of Mr. George Legge to Cateaton
+          Street in search of a Swiss chapel. Nothing can be more
+          droll. The only copy I have seen is still at Saltram.
+          This _jeu d'esprit_ (which fills a volume) was composed
+          by Canning and his friends one Easter recess they spent
+          at Ashbourne.]
+
+
+March 9th, 1829 {p.186}
+
+It was reported last night that there had been a compromise with
+Lowther, who is to retain his seat and to vote for the Bill in
+all its other stages. But he dined at Crockford's, and told
+somebody there that he had tendered his resignation and had
+received no answer. I do not understand this indecision; they
+must deprive those who will not support them thoroughly.
+'Thorough,' as Laud and Strafford used to say, must be their
+word.
+
+_Evening._--I asked Lord Bathurst to-day if Lowther, &c., were
+out, and he said nothing had been done about it, that there was
+plenty of time. Afterwards met Mrs. Arbuthnot in the Park, and
+turned back with her. She was all against their being turned out,
+from which I saw that they are to stay in. We met Gosh, and I
+walked with them to the House of Commons. We renewed the subject,
+and he said that he had been just as much as I could be for the
+adoption of strong measures, but that the great object was to
+carry the Bill, and if the Duke did not act with the greatest
+prudence and caution it would still be lost. He hinted that the
+difficulties with the King are still great, and that he is in a
+state of excitement which alarms them lest he should go mad. It
+is pretty clear that the Duke cannot venture to turn them out. In
+the meantime the Duke of Cumberland continues at work. Lord
+Bathurst told me that he went to Windsor on Saturday, that he had
+assured the King that great alarm prevailed in London, that the
+people were very violent, and that the Duke had been hissed by
+the mob in going to the House of Lords, all of which of course he
+believes. The Duke is very unwell. I think matters do not look at
+all well, and I am alarmed.
+
+
+[Page Head: CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL.]
+
+March 11th, 1829 {p.186}
+
+The Duke was much better yesterday, went to the House, and made a
+very good and stirring speech in answer to Lord Winchelsea, who
+disgusted all his own party by announcing himself an advocate for
+reform in Parliament. It is now clear that Lowther, &c., are not
+to quit their places unless something fresh occurs. The reason
+supposed is that the King supports them, and that the Duke does
+not venture to insist on their dismissal. The real reason is that
+he has got an idea that the Whigs want to make him quarrel with
+his old friends in order to render him more dependent upon them,
+and he is therefore anxious (as he thinks he can) to carry
+through the measure without quarrelling with anybody, so that he
+will retain the support of the Tories and show the Whigs that he
+can do without them, a notion which is unfounded, besides being
+both unwise and illiberal. He has already given some persons to
+understand that they _must_ support him on this question, and now
+he is going to grant a dispensation to others, nor is there any
+necessity for _quarrelling_ with anybody. Lowther himself
+evidently felt that he could not hold his office and oppose the
+measure, and consequently resigned. The Duke might accept his
+resignation with a very friendly explanation on the subject;
+eventually he would be certain to join Government again, for to
+what other party could he betake himself? These great Tory
+borough-mongering Lords have no taste for opposition. Arbuthnot
+told my father that this was his feeling, and when I told Mrs.
+Arbuthnot what a bad moral effect the Duke's lenity had, she
+said, 'Oh, you hear that from the Opposition.' Last night in his
+speech, when he said he had the cordial support of his Majesty,
+he turned round with energy to the Duke of Cumberland. Several
+Peers upon one pretext or another have withdrawn the support they
+had intended to give to the Duke's Bill. Fourteen Irish bishops
+are coming over in a body to petition the King against this Bill,
+and most foolish they. The English bishops may by possibility be
+sincere and disinterested in their opposition (not that I believe
+they are), but nobody will ever believe that the Irish think of
+anything but their scandalous revenues. The thing must go; the
+only question is when and how. The Kent petition to the King is
+to be presented, I believe, by Lords Winchelsea and Bexley; they
+would not entrust it to Peel. Lord W. wanted to march down to
+Windsor at the head of 25,000 men.
+
+
+March 14th, 1829 {p.188}
+
+Arbuthnot told the Duke what was said about not turning out the
+refractory members, and he replied, 'I have undertaken this
+business, and I am determined to go through with it. Nobody knows
+the difficulties I have in dealing with my royal master, and
+nobody knows him so well as I do. I will succeed, but I am as in
+a field of battle, and I must fight it out my own way.' This
+would be very well if there were not other motives mixed up with
+this--jealousy of the Whigs and a desire to keep clear of them,
+and quarrel with them again when this is over. Herries told Hyde
+Villiers that _their_ policy was conservative, that of the Whigs
+subversive, and that they never could act together. All false,
+for nobody's policy is subversive who has much to lose, and the
+Whigs comprise the great mass of property and a great body of the
+aristocracy of the country. Nobody seems to doubt that the Bill
+will pass. The day before yesterday the Duke of Newcastle went to
+Windsor and had an audience. Lord Bathurst told me that they had
+reason to believe his Grace had told the King his own sentiments
+on the Catholic question, but that the King had made no answer.
+But as nobody was present they could not depend on the truth of
+this (which they had from his Majesty himself, of course), and he
+begged me to find out what account the Duke gave of it.
+
+
+March 15th, 1829 {p.188}
+
+The Duke of Newcastle was with the King an hour and a half or two
+hours. After he had presented his petitions he pulled out a
+paper, which he read to the King. His Majesty made him no answer,
+and desired him if he had any other communications to make to him
+to send them through the Duke of Wellington. I dare say this is
+true, not because he says so, but because there has been no
+notice taken of the Duke's visit in any of the newspapers. They
+now talk of thirteen bishops, and probably more, voting with
+Government. I suppose the majority will be very large.
+
+
+[Page Head: PERSONAL HABITS OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+March 16th to 17th, 1829
+
+I received a message from the King, to tell me that he was sorry
+I had not dined with him the last time I was at Windsor, that he
+had intended to ask me, but finding that all the Ministers dined
+there except Ellenborough, he had let me go, that Ellenborough
+might not be the only man not invited, and 'he would be damned if
+Ellenborough ever should dine in his house.' I asked Lord
+Bathurst afterwards, to whom I told this, why he hated Ellenborough,
+and he said that something he had said during the Queen's trial
+had given the King mortal offence, and he never forgave it. The
+King complains that he is tired to death of all the people about
+him. He is less violent about the Catholic question, tired of
+that too, and does not wish to hear any more about it. He leads a
+most extraordinary life--never gets up till six in the afternoon.
+They come to him and open the window curtains at six or seven
+o'clock in the morning; he breakfasts in bed, does whatever
+business he can be brought to transact in bed too, he reads every
+newspaper quite through, dozes three or four hours, gets up in
+time for dinner, and goes to bed between ten and eleven. He
+sleeps very ill, and rings his bell forty times in the night; if
+he wants to know the hour, though a watch hangs close to him, he
+will have his _valet de chambre_ down rather than turn his head
+to look at it. The same thing if he wants a glass of water; he
+won't stretch out his hand to get it. His valets are nearly
+destroyed, and at last Lady Conyngham prevailed on him to agree
+to an arrangement by which they wait on him on alternate days.
+The service is still most severe, as on the days they are in
+waiting their labours are incessant, and they cannot take off
+their clothes at night, and hardly lie down. He is in good
+health, but irritable, and has been horribly annoyed by other
+matters besides the Catholic affair.
+
+
+March 18th, 1829 {p.189}
+
+I was at Windsor for the Council and the Recorder's report. We
+waited above two hours; of course his Majesty did not get up till
+we were all there. A small attendance in Council--the Duke,
+Bathurst, Aberdeen, Melville, and I think no other Cabinet
+Minister. I sent for Batchelor, the King's _valet de chambre_,
+and had a pretty long conversation with him; he talked as if the
+walls had ears, but was anxious to tell me everything. He
+confirmed all I had before heard of the King's life, and said he
+was nearly dead of it, that he was in high favour, and the King
+had given him apartments in the Lodge and some presents. His
+Majesty has been worried to death, and has not yet made up his
+mind to the Catholic Bill (this man knows, I'll be bound). But
+what he most dwelt on was Sir William Knighton. I said to him
+that the King was afraid of the Duke. He replied he thought not;
+he thought he was afraid of nobody but of Knighton, that he hated
+him, but that his influence and authority were without any limit,
+that he could do anything, and without him nothing could be done;
+that after him Lady Conyngham was all-powerful, but in entire
+subserviency to him; that she did not dare have anybody to dine
+there without previously ascertaining that Knighton would not
+disapprove of it; that he knew everything, and nobody dared say
+or do a thing of any sort without his permission. There was a
+sort of mysterious awe with which he spoke of Knighton, mixed
+with dislike, which was curious. He is to call on me when he
+comes to London, and will, I dare say, tell me more. Returned to
+town at night, and heard of Sadler's speech[5] and read it. It is
+certainly very clever, but better as reported than as it was
+delivered. He sent the report to the 'Morning Journal' himself,
+and added some things and omitted others, and thereby improved
+it. He is sixty-seven years old, and it is his maiden speech;
+certainly very remarkable and indicative of much talent. Lord
+Harrowby told me he heard it, and was greatly struck by it.
+
+      [5] [Mr. Sadler, who had never sat in Parliament before,
+          was returned by the Duke of Newcastle at this time for
+          the express purpose of opposing the Catholic Relief
+          Bill, which he did with considerable ability.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+March 19th, 1829 {p.190}
+
+Last night the debate ended, with a very excellent speech from
+Robert Grant,[6] and a speech from Lord Palmerston which
+astonished everybody. The Attorney-General was violent and
+brutal, and Peel's reply very good; he was bursting with passion,
+but restrained himself. I met Tierney, and told him that there
+was great disappointment that he had not answered Sadler. He said
+he could not speak for coughing, that Sadler's speech was clever,
+but over-rated, nothing like so good as they talked of. Robert
+Grant's was very good indeed, the best for matter; Palmerston's
+the most brilliant, 'an imitation of Canning, and not a bad one.'
+Though the Opposition gained eight in this division, they are
+disappointed and disheartened, and will make but little fight on
+the other stages (as it is thought). Nine bishops are to vote.
+The meeting at Lambeth took place the day before yesterday, but
+it came to nothing. They separated agreeing to meet again, and in
+the meantime that each should take his own line. Tierney talked
+of the Duke's management of this business with great admiration,
+as did Lord Durham last night in the same strain; but after all
+what was it but the resolution of secresy (which I think was a
+most wise and judicious one)? for he did nothing but keep the
+secret. However, the thing has been well imagined and well
+executed. Tierney thinks Peel will resign when it is all over,
+and at his father's death will be made a Peer. I should not
+wonder; he must be worn to death with the torrents of abuse and
+invective with which his old friends assail him on every
+occasion. I presume that if he could have anticipated their
+conduct he would not have been so civil to them in the beginning,
+and would have taken another turn altogether; it would have been
+better for him. Lady Worcester told me to-day what adds to many
+other proofs that the Duke is a very _hard_ man; he takes no
+notice of any of his family; he never sees his mother, has only
+visited her two or three times in the last few years; and has not
+now been to see Lady Anne, though she has been in such affliction
+for the death of her only son, and he passes her door every time
+he goes to Strathfieldsaye. He is well with Lady Maryborough,
+though they quarrelled after Lord M. was driven from the Cabinet;
+Lord Wellesley is seriously affronted with him at the little
+consideration the Duke shows for him, and for having shown him no
+confidence in all this business, especially as the Catholic
+question was the only political difference that existed between
+them. He is a very extraordinary man certainly, and with many
+contradictions in his character; in him, however, they are so
+much more apparent than in any other man, for he is always before
+the world--all his actions, his motives, and even his thoughts.
+
+      [6] [Robert Grant, Esq., M.P., brother of Mr. Charles
+          Grant. He was afterwards appointed Governor of Bombay.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DUEL OF THE DUKE AND LORD WINCHELSEA.]
+
+March 21st, 1829, at night {p.192}
+
+This morning the Duke fought a duel with Lord Winchelsea. Nothing
+could equal the astonishment caused by this event. Everybody of
+course sees the matter in a different light; all blame Lord W.,
+but they are divided as to whether the Duke ought to have fought
+or not. Lord W.'s letter appeared last Monday, and certainly from
+that time to this it never entered into anybody's head that the
+Duke ought to or would take it up, though the expressions in it
+were very impertinent. But Lord Winchelsea is such a maniac, and
+has so lost his head (besides the ludicrous incident of the
+handkerchief[7]), that everybody imagined the Duke would treat
+what he said with silent contempt. He thought otherwise, however,
+and without saying a word to any of his colleagues or to anybody
+but Hardinge, his second, he wrote and demanded an apology. After
+many letters and messages between the parties (Lord Falmouth
+being Lord Winchelsea's second) Lord Winchelsea declined making
+any apology, and they met. The letters on the Duke's part are
+very creditable, so free from arrogance or an assuming tone;
+those on Lord Winchelsea's not so, for one of them is a senseless
+repetition of the offence, in which he says that if the Duke will
+deny that his allegations are true he will apologise. They met at
+Wimbledon at eight o'clock. There were many people about, who saw
+what passed. They stood at a distance of fifteen paces. Before
+they began Hardinge went up to Lords Winchelsea and Falmouth, and
+said he must protest against the proceeding, and declare that
+their conduct in refusing an apology when Lord Winchelsea was so
+much in the wrong filled him with disgust. The Duke fired and
+missed, and then Winchelsea fired in the air. He immediately
+pulled out of his pocket the paper which has since appeared, but
+in which the word 'apology' was omitted. The Duke read it and
+said it would not do. Lord Falmouth said he was not come there to
+quibble about words, and that he was ready to make the apology in
+whatever terms would be satisfactory, and the word 'apology' was
+inserted on the ground. The Duke then touched his hat, said 'Good
+morning, my Lords,' mounted his horse, and rode off. Hume was
+there, without knowing on whose behalf till he got to the ground.
+Hardinge asked him to attend, and told him where he would find a
+chaise, into which he got. He found there pistols, which told him
+the errand he was on, but he had still no notion the Duke was
+concerned; when he saw him he was ready to drop. The Duke went to
+Mrs. Arbuthnot's as soon as he got back, and at eleven o'clock
+she wrote a note to Lord Bathurst, telling him of it, which he
+received at the Council board and put into my hands. So little
+idea had he of Lord Winchelsea's letter leading to anything
+serious that when on Wednesday, at the Council at Windsor, I
+asked him if he had read it, he said, laughing, 'Yes, and it is a
+very clever letter, much the wisest thing he ever did; _he has
+got back his money_. I wish I could find some such pretext to get
+back mine.' At twelve o'clock the Duke went to Windsor to tell
+the King what had happened. Winchelsea is abused for not having
+made an apology when it was first required; but I think, having
+committed the folly of writing so outrageous a letter, he did the
+only thing a man of honour could do in going out and receiving a
+shot and then making an apology, which he was all this time
+prepared to do, for he had it ready written in his pocket. I
+think the Duke ought not to have challenged him; it was very
+juvenile, and he stands in far too high a position, and his life
+is so much _publica cura_ that he should have treated him and his
+letter with the contempt they merited; it was a great error in
+judgment, but certainly a venial one, for it is impossible not to
+admire the high spirit which disdained to shelter itself behind
+the immunities of his great character and station, and the
+simplicity, and almost humility, which made him at once descend
+to the level of Lord Winchelsea, when he might, without
+subjecting himself to any imputation derogatory to his honour,
+have assumed a tone of lofty superiority and treated him as
+unworthy of his notice. Still it was beneath his dignity; it
+lowered him, and was more or less ridiculous. Lord Jersey met him
+coming from Windsor, and spoke to him. He said, 'I could not do
+otherwise, could I?'
+
+      [7] [The incident of the handkerchief is related below, p.
+          198 (March 29th, 1829).]
+
+I met the Bishop of Oxford in the Park this morning; he said nine
+bishops, and probably ten, would vote for the Bill. He said he
+was not at the meeting at Lambeth, but the Archbishop sent for
+him, and despatched him to the Duke with an account of their
+proceedings. The Archbishop summoned the bishops to consult upon
+the course they should pursue, and see if there was any chance of
+their acting with unanimity. Finding this was not possible, they
+resolved that each should take his own line; and a proposal to
+address the King, which was urged by one or two of the most
+violent (he did not name them), was overruled. The anti-Catholic
+papers and men lavish the most extravagant encomiums on
+Wetherell's speech, and call it 'the finest oration ever
+delivered in the House of Commons,' 'the best since the second
+Philippic.' He was drunk, they say. The Speaker said 'the only
+lucid interval he had was that between his waistcoat and his
+breeches.' When he speaks he unbuttons his braces, and in his
+vehement action his breeches fall down and his waistcoat runs up,
+so that there is a great interregnum. He is half mad, eccentric,
+ingenious, with great and varied information and a coarse, vulgar
+mind, delighting in ribaldry and abuse, besides being an
+enthusiast. The first time he distinguished himself was in
+Watson's trial, when he and Copley were his counsel, and both
+made very able speeches. He was then a trading lawyer and
+politician, till the Queen came over, when he made a very
+powerful speech in the House of Commons, full of research, in
+favour of inserting her name in the Liturgy. He was then engaged
+by Chancellor Eldon for the Court, soon after made Solicitor-General,
+much abused for ratting, became Attorney-General, and resigned
+when Canning became Minister. He was restored when the Duke was
+made Prime Minister, and now he will have to retire again.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE KING ON THE DUEL.]
+
+March 26th, 1829 {p.195}
+
+Everything is getting on very quietly in the House of Commons,
+and the Opposition are beginning to squabble among themselves,
+some wishing to create delay, and others not choosing to join in
+these tricks, when they know it is useless. The Duke came here
+the night before last, but I was not at home. He talked over the
+whole matter with his usual simplicity. The King, it seems, was
+highly pleased with the Winchelsea affair, and he said, 'I did
+not see the letter (which is probably a lie); if I had, I
+certainly should have thought it my duty to call your attention
+to it.' Somebody added that 'he would be wanting to fight a duel
+himself.' Sefton said, 'he will be sure to think he has fought
+one.' Hume gave the two Lords a lecture on the ground after the
+duel, and said he did not think there was a man in England who
+would have lifted his hand against the Duke. Very uncalled for,
+but the Duke's friends have less humility than he has, for Lord
+Winchelsea did not lift his hand against him. It is curious that
+the man who threw the bottle at Lord Wellesley in Dublin (and who
+is a Protestant fanatic) has been lurking constantly about the
+House of Lords, so much so that it was thought right to apprise
+Peel of it, and the police have been desired in consequence to
+keep a strict watch over him, and to take care that he does no
+mischief. The Duke after the duel sent Lord Melville to the Duke
+of Montrose with a message that his son-in-law had behaved very
+much like a gentleman. The women, particularly of course Lady
+Jersey, have been very ridiculous, affecting nervousness and fine
+feeling, though they never heard of the business till some hours
+after it was over. Mrs. Arbuthnot was not so foolish but made
+very light of it all, which was in better sense and better taste.
+
+M---- told me two days ago that, although he is more quiet, the
+King is not at all reconciled to the Catholic question. His
+Majesty was very much annoyed at his speech the other day, having
+always hoped that he was at heart too indifferent about it to
+take a decided line or express publicly a strong opinion. It is
+supposed that either Sugden or Alderson will be Solicitor-General.
+O'Connell has done himself great credit by his moderation in the
+Committee. Grattan wanted to move an amendment omitting the words
+by which O'Connell is excluded from taking his seat for Clare,
+when Rice and Duncannon begged him to withdraw it, and said they
+were charged with the expression of O'Connell's wish that his
+individual case should not be thought of, as he would not have it
+be any impediment to the success of the measure. This, of course,
+greatly annoys those who have inveighed against him, and who have
+always contended that he only wished for confusion, and would be
+very sorry to see the question settled.
+
+The other day Jack Lawless[8] called on Arbuthnot to ask him some
+question about the Deccan prize money, in which a brother of his
+has an interest. He entered upon politics, was very obsequious in
+his manner, extravagant in praise of the Duke, quite shocked that
+he should have fought a duel, and said, 'Sir, we are twelve of us
+here, and not one but what would fight for him any day in the
+week.' He said that some years ago, when he heard the Duke speak,
+he was distressed at his hesitation, but that now he spoke better
+than anyone; that in the Lords he heard Eldon, and Plunket, and
+Grey, and then up got the Duke and answered everybody, and spoke
+better than they all. Arbuthnot says he was bowing and scraping,
+and all humility and politeness, with none of the undergrowl of
+the Association.
+
+      [8] [A prominent member of the Catholic Association in
+          Dublin.]
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD ELDON'S INTERVIEW WITH THE KING.]
+
+March 26th, 1829, at night {p.196}
+
+Just met M----, who had returned that moment from Windsor, where
+he had left the King in such an ill humour that he would not stay
+and dine there. The Duke of Cumberland never goes there without
+unsettling his mind, and yesterday evening Lord Mansfield had
+been to the Castle and had an audience. Lord Eldon prevails on
+all these Peers to exercise their right and demand audiences.
+Lord Mansfield had no petition to present, and only went to
+remonstrate about the Catholic question and tell the King that
+all the Protestants looked to him to save them from the impending
+danger. The King declares he only listens to what they say, and
+replies that he must leave everything to his Ministers; but it is
+impossible for him to listen (and not talk himself) for an hour
+and a quarter together. He is very angry at the Bishop of
+Winchester's speech, and at the declaration in favour of the Bill
+by both of the brothers.[9] He accused M---- of having influenced
+the Bishop, which he denied, and told him that he would not have
+been biassed by anybody. The King still is in hopes that the Bill
+will not pass, and said that the Ministers had only a majority of
+five, and with that they would not carry it through. M----
+replied that they had above fifty, and after such a majority as
+there had been in the Commons it must pass. All this he received
+as sulkily as possible, and it is clear that if he dared, and if
+he could, he would still defeat the measure. His dislike to it is
+the opposition of a spoiled child, founded on considerations
+purely personal and selfish and without any reason whatever.
+
+      [9] [The two Sumners. Dr. John Bird Sumner (afterwards
+          Archbishop of Canterbury) had been raised to the see of
+          Chester in 1828. They owed their advancement to the
+          especial favour of George IV. The bishop adverted to in
+          the next sentence was the Bishop of Winchester.]
+
+
+March 29th, 1829, at night {p.197}
+
+Dined at Lady Sandwich's, and met Madame de Lieven, who is grown
+very gracious, craving for news, and probably very malignant.
+Lieven told me (which she did not) that Lord Eldon was with the
+King yesterday for four hours. She confirmed it after dinner, and
+said that Halford had told her, but added that he had done no
+harm.[10] Lieven also told me that Stratford Canning is coming
+home, and Robert Gordon going to Constantinople. He is a dull,
+heavy man, and not able, I should think, to cope with the Turkish
+Ministers, if they are (as the Duke says) the ablest diplomatists
+in Europe. I don't know why Stratford Canning is coming home,
+whether _nolens_ or _volens_.
+
+     [10] [This was the celebrated interview related in Lord
+          Eldon's 'Memoirs' vol. iii., when, however, the King
+          gave Lord E. a very erroneous account of the
+          transaction, subsequently corrected by Sir Robert Peel
+          in his 'Memoirs.']
+
+I have, I see, alluded to Lord Winchelsea's handkerchief
+story,[11] but have not mentioned the circumstances, which I may
+as well do. Lord Holland came home one night from the House of
+Lords, and as soon as he had occasion to blow his nose pulled his
+handkerchief out of his pocket; upon which my Lady exclaimed (she
+hates perfumes), 'Good God, Lord H., where did you get that
+handkerchief? Send it away directly.' He said he did not know,
+when it was inspected, and the letter _W_ found on it. Lord H.
+said, 'I was sitting near Lord Winchelsea, and it must be his,
+which I took up by mistake and have brought home.' Accordingly
+the next day he sent it to Lord Winchelsea with his compliments.
+Lord Winchelsea receiving the handkerchief and the message, and
+finding it marked _W_, fancied it was the Duke's, and that it was
+sent to him by way of affronting him; on which he went to the
+Duke of Newcastle and imparted to him the circumstances, and
+desired him to wait on Lord Holland for an explanation. This his
+Grace did, when the matter was cleared up and the handkerchief
+was found to be the property of Lord Wellesley. The next day Lord
+Winchelsea came up laughing to Lord Holland in the House of
+Lords, and said he had many apologies to make for what had
+passed, but that he really was in such a state of excitement he
+did not know what he said and did.[12]
+
+     [11] [_Supra_, p. 192 (March 21st, 1829).]
+
+     [12] [Lord Winchelsea was in the habit of flourishing a
+          white pocket handkerchief while he was speaking in the
+          House of Lords. This peculiarity; associated with his
+          sonorous tones, his excited action, and his extravagant
+          opinions, gave point to the incident.]
+
+
+[Page Head: DEBATE ON THE CATHOLIC BILL.]
+
+April 4th, 1829 {p.198}
+
+On the third reading of the Catholic Bill in the House of Commons
+Sadler failed, and Palmerston made a speech like one of
+Canning's. The Bill has been two nights in the House of Lords.
+They go on with it this morning, and will divide this evening.
+The Chancellor made a very fine speech last night, and the Bishop
+of Oxford spoke very well the night before, but the debate has
+been dull on the whole; the subject is exhausted. The House of
+Lords was very full, particularly of women; every fool in London
+thinks it necessary to be there. It is only since last year that
+the steps of the throne have been crowded with ladies; formerly
+one or two got in, who skulked behind the throne, or were hid in
+Tyrwhitt's box, but now they fill the whole space, and put
+themselves in front with their large bonnets, without either fear
+or shame.
+
+
+April 5th, 1829 {p.199}
+
+The question was put at a little before twelve last night, and
+carried by 105--217 to 112 (a greater majority than the most
+sanguine expected)--after a splendid speech from Lord Grey and a
+very good one from Lord Plunket. Old Eldon was completely beat,
+and could make no fight at all; his speech was wretched, they
+say, for I did not hear it. This tremendous defeat will probably
+put an end to anything like serious opposition; they will hardly
+rally again.
+
+I dined at Chesterfield House, but nobody came to dinner.
+Chesterfield and his party were all at the House of Lords. I
+found myself almost alone with Vesey Fitzgerald, with whom I had
+much talk after dinner. He said that it would be a long time
+before all the circumstances and all the difficulties relating to
+their proceedings were known, but when they were it would be seen
+how great had been the latter, how curious the former; that the
+day the Chancellor, the Duke, and Peel were with the King they
+actually were out (all of which I knew), and that he believes if
+the other party could have made a Government with a chance of
+standing, out they would have gone; but that it was put to them
+(this I did not know), and they acknowledged they could not. They
+held consultations on the subject, and the man they principally
+relied on was the Duke of Richmond; they meant he should be
+either First Lord of the Treasury or Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
+Lord Winchelsea said to Ellenborough, 'Why, he speaks better than
+the Duke of Wellington any day.' He happens to have his wits,
+such as they are, about him, and has been quick and neat in
+one or two little speeches, though he spoke too often, and
+particularly in his attack on the Bishop of Oxford the other
+night. Last year, on the Wool question, he did very well, but all
+the details were got up for him by George Bentinck,[13] who took
+the trouble. Besides, his fortune consists in great measure of
+wool, he lives in the country, is well versed in rural affairs
+and the business of the quarter sessions, has a certain calibre
+of understanding, is prejudiced, narrow-minded, illiterate, and
+ignorant, good-looking, good-humoured, and unaffected, tedious,
+prolix, unassuming, and a duke. There would not have been so much
+to say about him if they had not excited an idea in the minds of
+some people of making him Prime Minister and successor to the
+Duke of Wellington.
+
+     [13] [It deserves remark that Lord George Bentinck was thus
+          early employing his singular talents in mastering
+          details, although he took no conspicuous part in
+          politics until the proposal for the repeal of the Corn
+          Law in 1845.]
+
+[Page Head: THE BILL IN JEOPARDY.]
+
+Vesey told me that Dawson's speech at Derry very nearly
+overturned the whole design. The King heard of it the day of a
+Council at Windsor (which I well remember). The Chancellor was
+with him for a long time, but it was almost impossible to
+persuade the King that Dawson knew nothing of the intention of
+the Government, and that his speech was not made in concert with
+Peel and the Duke. This it was which caused them such excessive
+annoyance, because it raised difficulties which well-nigh
+prevented the accomplishment of the design. It must be owned that
+the King might well believe this, and although it is very certain
+that Dawson knew nothing, and that his making such a speech ought
+to have been a proof that he was in ignorance, it will always be
+believed that he was aware of the intended measure, and that his
+speech was made with the Duke's concurrence. It is curious enough
+that his opinion had been long changed, and that he had intended
+to pronounce his recantation when Brownlow did, but as Brownlow
+got the start of him he would not. For two years after this he
+persevered in the old course, and when Canning came in, and the
+Catholic question was the great field on which he was to be
+fought, Dawson reverted vigorously to his old opinions, and spoke
+vehemently against emancipation. Such is party!
+
+The circumstances that Vesey talked of are in fact pretty well
+known or guessed at, nor has there ever been any secret as to the
+main fact of the King's opposition and dislike to the measure. He
+told me that after Eldon's visit of four hours the Duke
+remonstrated, and told the King what great umbrage it gave his
+Ministers to see and hear of these long and numerous interviews
+with their opponents. The King declared that he said nothing and
+that nothing passed calculated to annoy them, which they none of
+them believed, but of course could make no reply to.
+
+
+April 8th, 1829 {p.200}
+
+I have mentioned above (March 4th[14]), p. 180, the Chancellor,
+the Duke, and Peel going to the King, and the alarm that
+prevailed here. That day the Catholic question was in great
+jeopardy. They went to tell the King that unless he would give
+them his real, efficient support, and not throw his indirect
+influence into the opposite scale, they would resign. He refused
+to give them that support; they placed their resignations in his
+hands and came away. The King then sent to Eldon, and asked him
+if he would undertake to form a Government. He deliberated (then
+it was that it was question of the Duke of Richmond being First
+Lord or Lord-Lieutenant), but eventually said he could not
+undertake it. On his refusal the King yielded, and the Bill went
+on; but if Eldon had accepted, the Duke and his colleagues would
+have been out, and God knows what would have happened. It was, of
+course, of all these matters that the King talked to Eldon in the
+long interview they had the other day. He is very sulky at the
+great majority in the House of Lords, as I knew he would be.
+
+     [14] [It was on the 3rd of March that this interview took
+          place, as related by Sir R. Peel himself in his
+          'Memoir' (vol. i. p. 343). The King asked his Ministers
+          to explain the details of the measure they proposed to
+          bring in. They informed his Majesty that it would be
+          necessary to modify in the case of the Roman Catholics
+          that part of the oath of supremacy which relates to the
+          ecclesiastical jurisdiction and supremacy of the Pope.
+          To this the King said he could not possibly consent.
+          Upon this Mr. Peel and his colleagues informed his
+          Majesty that they must resign. His Majesty accepted the
+          resignations, and the Ministers returned to London
+          (after an audience of five hours) under the full
+          persuasion that the Government was dissolved. In the
+          interval some attempt was made to form a Protestant
+          Cabinet; but on the evening of the following day, the
+          4th of March, the King wrote a letter to the Duke of
+          Wellington, informing him that his Majesty anticipated
+          so much difficulty in the attempt to form another
+          Administration that he could not dispense with his
+          Ministers' services, and that they were at liberty to
+          proceed with the measures of which notice had been
+          given in Parliament.]
+
+Lady Jersey is in a fury with Lord Anglesey, and goes about
+saying he insulted her in the House of Lords the other night. She
+was sitting on one of the steps of the throne, and the Duchess of
+Richmond on the step above. After Lord Anglesey had spoken he
+came to talk to the Duchess, who said, 'How well you did speak;'
+on which he said, 'Hush! you must take care what you say, for
+here is Lady Jersey, and she reports for the newspapers;' on
+which Lady Jersey said very angrily, 'Lady Jersey is here for her
+own amusement; what do you mean by reporting for newspapers?' to
+which he replied with a profound bow, 'I beg your Ladyship's
+pardon; I did not mean to offend you, and if I did I beg to make
+the most ample apology.' This is his version; hers, of course, is
+different. He says that he meant the whole thing as a joke. It
+was a very bad joke if it was one, and as he knows how she abuses
+him, one may suspect that there was something more than joking in
+it.
+
+The other night Lord Grey had called Lord Falmouth to order, and
+after the debate Falmouth came up to him with a menacing air and
+said, 'My Lord Grey, I wish to inform you that if upon any future
+occasion you transgress in the slightest degree the orders of the
+House, I shall most certainly call you to order.' Lord Grey, who
+expected from his air something more hostile, merely said, 'My
+Lord, your Lordship will do perfectly right, and whenever I am
+out of order I hope you will.' Last night old Eldon got a
+dressing again from the Chancellor.
+
+
+[Page Head: O'CONNELL AT DINNER.]
+
+April 9th, 1829 {p.202}
+
+Met O'Connell at dinner yesterday at William Ponsonby's. The only
+Irish (agitators) were he and O'Gorman Mahon; ----, he said, was
+too great a blackguard, and he would not invite him. O'Connell
+arrived from Ireland that day; there is nothing remarkable in his
+manner, appearance, or conversation, but he seems lively, well
+bred, and at his ease. I asked him after dinner 'whether
+Catholics had not taken the oath of supremacy till it was coupled
+with the declaration;' he said, 'in many instances in the reigns
+of Elizabeth, James, and Charles, because at that time it was
+considered to apply to the civil supremacy of the Pope only, and
+that the Government admitted of that interpretation of it, but
+that no Catholic could take it now, because that construction is
+never given to the oath.' Duncannon told me that O'Connell has no
+wish to be in Parliament, that he makes so much money by his
+profession that it is a great loss to him to attend Parliament at
+all. What they want is a compromise with Vesey Fitzgerald, by
+which he may be admitted to take his seat in this Parliament on
+an understanding that he will not oppose Vesey in the next; not
+that I see how that is to be done, except by an Act of Parliament
+(which would never pass) in his favour. Besides, the Duke detests
+him, and Vesey likewise. They cannot forgive him for all he has
+done and all he has made them do. O'Gorman, the secretary of the
+Catholic Association, appears a heavy, civil, vulgar man. I sat
+next to Stanley, who told me a story which amused me. Macintosh,
+in the course of the recent debates, went one day to the House of
+Commons at eleven in the morning to take a place. They were all
+taken on the benches below the gangway, and on asking the
+doorkeeper how they happened to be all taken so early, he said,
+'Oh, sir, there is no chance of getting a place, for Colonel
+Sibthorpe sleeps at a tavern close by, and comes here every
+morning by eight o'clock and takes places for all the saints.'
+
+
+April 13th, 1829 {p.203}
+
+On Friday last the Catholic Bill was read a third time, after a
+very dull debate. Lord Eldon attempted to rally, and made a long
+and wretched speech which lasted two hours. Nobody spoke well.
+The Duke in his reply dropped all the terms of courtesy and
+friendship he had hitherto used in speaking of old Eldon, and
+broke off with him entirely. He is disgusted at his opposition
+out of doors, and at his having been the constant adviser of the
+Duke of Cumberland and all the foolish Lords who have been
+pestering the King at Windsor; and he is acquainted with all his
+tricks and underhand proceedings, probably with more of them than
+we know of. He thanked the Opposition for their support--thanks
+which they well merit from him--but of course nobody is
+satisfied. He was before accused of ingratitude in never taking
+notice of their conduct, and even it is said that he gave them to
+understand he had no more need of their services, and wished to
+make them his bow. I don't believe he meant any such thing; he
+intended to thank them simply, though it is probably true that he
+does not wish to continue in alliance with them, and is anxious
+to see the Tories put themselves under his orders again. On
+Saturday he sent the commission down to Windsor for the King's
+signature, with other papers as a matter of course; he would not
+go himself, that there might be no fresh discussion between them.
+
+I went on Friday morning to the Old Bailey to hear the trials,
+particularly that of the women for the murder of the apprentices;
+the mother was found guilty, and will be hanged to-day--has been
+by this time.[15] The case exhibited a shocking scene of
+wretchedness and poverty, such as ought not to exist in any
+community, especially in one which pretends to be so flourishing
+and happy as this is. It is, I suppose, one case of many which
+may be found in this town, graduating through various stages of
+misery and vice. These wretched beings were described to be in
+the lowest state of moral and physical degradation, with scarcely
+rags to cover them, food barely sufficient to keep them alive,
+and working eighteen or nineteen hours a day, without being
+permitted any relaxation, or even the privilege of going to
+church on Sunday. I never heard more disgusting details than this
+trial elicited, or a case which calls more loudly for an
+investigation into the law and the system under which such
+proceedings are possible. Poverty, and vice, and misery must
+always be found in a community like ours, but such frightful
+contrasts between the excess of luxury and splendour and these
+scenes of starvation and brutality ought not to be possible; but
+I am afraid there is more vice, more misery and penury in this
+country than in any other, and at the same time greater wealth.
+The contrasts are too striking, and such an unnatural, artificial,
+and unjust state of things neither can nor ought to be permanent.
+I am convinced that before many years elapse these things will
+produce some great convulsion.
+
+     [15] [Two wretched women named Hibner were tried, and one of
+          them convicted for the murder of a parish apprentice
+          named Francis Colepitts by savage ill-treatment. The
+          elder prisoner was found guilty and executed on the
+          13th of April. No such concourse of people had
+          assembled to witness an execution since that of
+          Fauntleroy. The details of the crime were horrible, and
+          had excited great sympathy for the victim amongst all
+          classes.--_Ann. Regist. for 1829, Chronicle_, p. 71.]
+
+[Page Head: THEATRICAL FUND DINNER.]
+
+After the Old Bailey I went and dined at the Covent Garden
+Theatrical Fund dinner. The Duke of Clarence could not come, so
+they put Lord Blessington in the chair, who made an ass of
+himself. Among other toasts he was to give 'The memory of the
+Duke of York,' who was the founder of the institution. He
+prefaced this with a speech, but gave 'The health,' &c., on which
+Fawcett, who sat opposite, called out in an agony, 'The memory,
+my Lord!' He corrected himself, but in a minute after said again
+'The health.' 'The memory, my Lord!' again roared Fawcett. It was
+supremely ridiculous. Francis Leveson sat on his right,
+Codrington on his left, and Lawless the agitator just opposite;
+he is a pale, thin, common-looking little man, and has not at all
+the air of a patriot orator and agitator.
+
+
+May 14th, 1829 {p.205}
+
+I have been at Newmarket for three weeks, and have had no time to
+write, nor has anything particular occurred. The King came to
+town, and had a levee and drawing-room, the former of which was
+very numerously, the other shabbily attended. At the levee he was
+remarkably civil to all the Peers, particularly the Duke of
+Richmond, who had distinguished themselves in opposition to
+Government in the late debates, and he turned his back on the
+bishops who had voted for the Bill. O'Connell and Shiel were both
+at the levee; the former had been presented in Ireland, so had
+not to be presented again, but the King took no notice of him,
+and when he went by said to somebody near him, 'Damn the fellow!
+what does he come here for?'--dignified.
+
+There was an odd circumstance the day of the drawing-room. The
+Duke of Cumberland, as Gold Stick, gave orders at the Horse
+Guards that no carriages should be admitted into the Park, and
+Peel and the Duke of Wellington, when they presented themselves
+on their way to Court, were refused admission. The officer on
+guard came to the Duke's carriage and said that such were his
+orders, but that he was sure they were not meant to extend to his
+Grace, and if he would authorise him he would order the gates to
+be opened. The Duke said 'By no means,' and then desired his
+carriage to go round the other way. Many people thought that this
+was a piece of impertinence of the Duke of Cumberland's, but the
+Duke says that the whole thing was a mistake. Be this as it may,
+the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of Wellington do not speak,
+and whenever they meet, which often happens in society, the
+former moves off.
+
+Yesterday morning Batchelor called on me, and sat with me for an
+hour, telling me all sorts of details concerning the interior of
+Windsor and St. James's. The King is well in health, except that
+since last September he has been afflicted with a complaint in
+his bladder, which both annoys and alarms him very much. There is
+no appearance of stone or gravel, but violent irritation, which
+is only subdued by laudanum, and always returns when the effect
+of the opiate is gone off. The laudanum, too, disagrees much with
+his general health. He is attended by Sir Henry Holland, Brodie,
+and O'Reilly. Sir A. Cooper, who did attend him, is not now
+consulted, in consequence (Batchelor thinks) of some petty
+intrigue in some quarter. This O'Reilly, who has gradually
+insinuated himself into the King's confidence, and by constantly
+attending him at Windsor, and bringing him all the gossip and
+tittle-tattle of the neighbourhood (being on the alert to pick up
+and retail all he can for the King's amusement), has made himself
+necessary, and is not now to be shaken off, to the great
+annoyance of Knighton, who cannot bear him, as well as of all the
+other people about the King, who hate him for his meddling,
+mischievous character, The King's _valets de chambre_ sit up
+alternately, and as he sleeps very ill he rings his bell every
+half-hour. He talks of everybody and everything before his valets
+with great freedom, except of politics, on which he never utters
+a word in their presence, and he always sends them away when he
+sees anybody or speaks on business of any kind. Batchelor thinks
+that this new disorder is a symptom of approaching decay, and
+that the King thinks so himself.
+
+[Page Head: LADY CONYNGHAM.]
+
+In the meantime the influence of Knighton and that of Lady
+Conyngham continue as great as ever; nothing can be done but by
+their permission, and they understand one another and play into
+each other's hands. Knighton opposes every kind of expense,
+except that which is lavished on her. The wealth she has
+accumulated by savings and presents must be enormous. The King
+continues to heap all kinds of presents upon her, and she lives
+at his expense; they do not possess a servant; even Lord
+Conyngham's _valet de chambre_ is not properly their servant.
+They all have situations in the King's household, from which they
+receive their pay, while they continue in the service of the
+Conynghams. They dine every day while in London at St. James's,
+and when they give a dinner it is cooked at St. James's and
+brought up to Hamilton Place in hackney coaches and in machines
+made expressly for the purpose; there is merely a fire lit in
+their kitchen for such things as must be heated on the spot. At
+Windsor the King sees very little of her except of an evening; he
+lies in bed half the day or more, sometimes goes out, and
+sometimes goes to her room for an hour or so in the afternoon,
+and that is all he sees of her. A more despicable scene cannot be
+exhibited than that which the interior of our Court presents--
+every base, low, and unmanly propensity, with selfishness,
+avarice, and a life of petty intrigue and mystery.
+
+
+May 16th, 1829 {p.207}
+
+O'Connell attempted to take his seat last night, but the business
+was put off till Monday. His case is exceedingly well got up, but
+too long. There are many opinions as to his right; many people
+think he has established it (though he had failed to do so), that
+a Bill ought to be brought in to enable him to take the new
+oaths. It was supposed Government would take no part, but Peel's
+speech and the language of some of the Ministers are rather
+unfavourable to him. Lord Grey, when he read the case, thought
+his argument on the tenth clause of the Bill conclusive, but when
+he examined the Bill he thought differently, and that the context
+gives a different signification to the words on which O'Connell
+relies. Tierney thinks otherwise, and this they debated Bill in
+hand in Lady Jersey's room yesterday morning. O'Connell was in a
+great fright when he went up to the table. He got, through the
+necessary forms in the Steward's office by means of the
+Commissioners whom Duncannon provided, and who were, I believe,
+Burdett and Ebrington. He ought to be allowed to take his seat,
+but probably he will not; it is a very hard case.[16] The Duke of
+Orleans is come, and his son, the Duke of Chartres; the latter
+was at the opera to-night in Prince Leopold's box.
+
+     [16] [O'Connell was excluded from taking his seat as member
+          for Clare, for which he had been elected before the
+          passing of the Relief Act, because it was held that he
+          was bound to take the oath which was required by law at
+          the time of his election, and not the oath imposed on
+          Roman Catholics by the recent statutes. He presented
+          himself to be sworn at the table of the House of
+          Commons on the 15th of May, and there refused to take
+          the former oath, which was tendered to him by the
+          Clerk. The House divided 100 to 116 against his
+          admission without taking the oath of supremacy on the
+          18th; Mr. O'Connell having previously been heard at the
+          bar in person in support of his claim.]
+
+
+May 29th, 1829 {p.208}
+
+O'Connell is said to have made a very good speech at the bar of
+the House, and produced rather a favourable impression. He has
+done himself this good, that whereas it was pretty generally
+thought that he was likely to fail in the House of Commons as a
+speaker, he has now altered that impression. There is but one
+opinion as to the wretched feeling of excluding him, but the
+saddle is put upon the right horse, and though the Government are
+now obliged to enforce the provisions of their own Bill,
+everybody knows that the exclusion was the work of the King.
+O'Connell goes back to Clare (as he says) sure of his election;
+there will be a great uproar, but at present nobody expects any
+opposition, and all deprecate a contest.
+
+[Page Head: PRINCESS VICTORIA AT A CHILD'S BALL.]
+
+Yesterday the King gave a dinner to the Dukes of Orleans and
+Chartres, and in the evening there was a child's ball. It was
+pretty enough, and I saw for the first time the Queen of
+Portugal[17] and our little Victoria. The Queen was finely dressed,
+with a ribband and order over her shoulder, and she sat by the
+King. She is good-looking and has a sensible Austrian countenance.
+In dancing she fell down and hurt her face, was frightened and
+bruised, and went away. The King was very kind to her. Our little
+Princess is a short, plain-looking child, and not near so
+good-looking as the Portuguese. However, if nature has not done
+so much, fortune is likely to do a great deal more for her. The
+King looked very well, and stayed at the ball till two. There
+were very few people, and neither Arbuthnot nor Mrs. A. were
+asked. I suspect this is owing to what passed in the House about
+opening the Birdcage Walk. It puts the King in a fury to have
+any such thing mentioned, not having the slightest wish to
+accommodate the public, though very desirous of getting money out
+of their pockets.
+
+     [17] [Donna Maria II. da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, on the
+          abdication of her father, Don Pedro, succeeded to the
+          throne on the 2nd of May, 1826. She was born on the 4th
+          of April, 1819, and was consequently but a few weeks
+          older than the Princess Victoria.]
+
+The day before yesterday there was a review for the Duke of
+Orleans, and the Marquis of Anglesey, who was there at the head
+of his regiment, contrived to get a tumble, but was not hurt.
+Last night at the ball the King said to Lord Anglesey, 'Why,
+Paget, what's this I hear? they say you rolled off your horse at
+the review yesterday.' The Duke as he left the ground was
+immensely cheered, and the people thronged about his horse and
+would shake hands with him. When Lord Hill went to the King the
+day before to give him an account of the intended review and the
+dispositions that had been made, he said, 'Hill, if I can throw
+my leg over your Shropshire horse, don't be surprised if you see
+me amongst you.'
+
+The new law appointments have just been announced, and have
+created some surprise.[18]
+
+     [18] [The Attorney-General, Sir Charles Wetherell, had
+          resigned in consequence of his violent opposition to
+          the Catholic Relief Bill, and was succeeded by Sir
+          James Scarlett (afterwards Lord Abinger). The
+          Solicitor-General, Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, was
+          raised on the 9th of June to the Chief Justiceship of
+          the Common Pleas; and was succeeded in the
+          Solicitorship by Sir Edward Burtenshaw Sugden
+          (afterwards Lord St. Leonards). The vacancy in the
+          Common Pleas was caused by the resignation of Sir
+          William Draper Best, who was created Lord Wynford for
+          the purpose of assisting the Chancellor with the
+          judicial business of the House of Lords.]
+
+
+June 11th, 1829 {p.210}
+
+I have been at Epsom for a week; the Duke of Grafton, Lords
+Wilton, Jersey, and Worcester, Russell, Anson, Irby, and myself
+took Down Hall for the races and lived very well. Nothing
+particular has occurred. Lord and Lady Ellenborough are
+separated, and he is supposed to have behaved very handsomely to
+her. They say he does not now know the whole story of her
+intrigue with Felix Schwarzenberg; that hero is gone to the
+Russian army. All the new appointments were declared when I was
+out of town, and they excited some surprise and more disapprobation.
+They have made Best a Peer, who is poor and has a family, by
+which another poor peerage will be added to the list; and he
+is totally unfit for the situation he is to fill--that of
+Deputy-Speaker of the House of Lords, and to assist the
+Chancellor in deciding Scotch causes, of which he knows nothing
+whatever; and as the Chancellor knows nothing either, the Scotch
+law is likely to be strangely administered in that great court of
+appeal. They would have done better to have made Alexander[19] a
+Peer, who is very old, understands Equity Law, and has no
+children; but he knows very little of Common Law (which Best is
+well versed in), and so they keep him on the bench and put Best
+on the Woolsack. Lord Rosslyn is Privy Seal,[20] and Scarlett
+Attorney-General, which looks like a leaning towards the Whigs;
+but then Trench and Lord Edward Somerset are put into the
+Ordnance; George Bankes goes back to the India Board, and
+Government supports him in his contest at Cambridge against
+William Cavendish. This conduct is considered very unhandsome,
+and Tierney, who was well disposed towards the Government, told
+me yesterday that if the Duke did not take care he thought he
+would get swamped with such doings, that the way he went on was
+neither fish nor flesh, and he would offend more people than he
+would conciliate. At present there is no party, and if Government
+have no opponents they have no great body of supporters on whom
+they can depend; everything is in confusion--party, politics, and
+all.
+
+     [19] [Sir William Alexander, then Lord Chief Baron of the
+          Exchequer. The Court of Exchequer still retained its
+          Equity jurisdiction.]
+
+     [20] [Lord Rosslyn was considered to be a Whig, and Sir
+          James Scarlett was better known for the Liberal
+          opinions he once professed than for the Tory opinions
+          he afterwards assumed.]
+
+[Page Head: LORD PALMERSTON ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS.]
+
+The event of last week was Palmerston's speech on the Portuguese
+question, which was delivered at a late hour and in an empty
+House, but which they say was exceedingly able and eloquent. This
+is the second he has made this year of great merit. It was very
+violent against Government. He has been twenty years in office
+and never distinguished himself before, a proof how many
+accidental circumstances are requisite to bring out the talents
+which a man may possess. The office he held was one of dull and
+dry detail, and he never travelled out of it. He probably stood
+in awe of Canning and others, and was never in the Cabinet; but
+having lately held higher situations and having acquired more
+confidence, and the great men having been removed from the House
+of Commons by death or promotion, he has launched forth, and with
+astonishing success. Lord Granville told me he had always thought
+Palmerston was capable of more than he did, and had told Canning
+so, who did not believe it.
+
+Yesterday the King had his racing dinner, which was more
+numerously attended and just as magnificent as that he gave last
+year, but not half so gay and joyous. I believe he had some gouty
+feeling and was in pain, for, contrary to his usual custom, he
+hardly spoke, and the Duke of Richmond, who sat next to him, told
+me that the little he did say was more about politics than the
+turf, and he fancied that something had annoyed him. He looked
+well enough, and was very cheerful before dinner. When his health
+was drunk 'as Patron of the Jockey Club, and many thanks to him
+for condescending to accept that title,' he made a speech, in
+which he said that 'he was much gratified by our kindness, and he
+could assure us that in withdrawing himself as he had done from
+the Jockey Club he was not influenced by any unkindness to any
+member of it, or any indifference to the interests of the turf.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE COTTAGE.]
+
+June 24th, 1829 {p.212}
+
+Went to Stoke for the Ascot races. There was such a crowd to see
+the cup run for as never was seen before. The King was very
+anxious and disappointed. I bought the winner for Chesterfield[21]
+two hours before the race, he having previously asked the King's
+leave, which he gave with many gracious expressions. I have set
+about making a reconciliation between the King and Lord Sefton.
+Both are anxious to make it up, but each is afraid to make the
+first advances. However, Sefton must make them, and he will. The
+cause of their quarrel is very old, and signifies little enough
+now.... They have been at daggers drawn ever since, and Sefton
+has revenged himself by a thousand jokes at the King's expense,
+of which his Majesty is well aware. Their common pursuit, and a
+desire on the one side to partake of the good things of
+the Palace, and on the other side to be free from future
+pleasantries, has generated a mutual disposition to make it up,
+which is certainly sensible. The King has bought seven horses
+successively, for which he has given 11,300 guineas, principally
+to win the cup at Ascot, which he has never accomplished. He
+might have had Zinganee, but would not, because he fancied the
+Colonel would beat him; but when that appeared doubtful he was
+very sorry not to have bought him, and complained that the horse
+was not offered to him. He is now extravagantly fond of
+Chesterfield, who is pretty well bit by it. There is always a
+parcel of eldest sons and Lords in possession invited to the
+Cottage for the sake of Lady Maria Conyngham. The King likes to
+be treated with great deference but without fear, and that people
+should be easy with him, and gay, and listen well. There was a
+grand consultation at the Cottage between the King, Lieven,
+Esterhazy, and the Duke of Cumberland as to the way in which the
+ladies should be placed at dinner, the object being that Lady
+Conyngham should sit next to his Majesty, though according to
+etiquette the two Ambassadresses should sit one on each side of
+him. It was contrived by the Duke of Cumberland taking out one of
+them and sitting opposite, by which means the lovely Thais sat
+beside him and he was happy.
+
+     [21] [George Augustus, sixth Earl of Chesterfield, born in
+          1805, died in 1866. He married in 1830 Anne, daughter
+          of Lord Forester. In 1829 he was one of the most
+          brilliant of the young men of fashion of that day,
+          having succeeded to a large rental and large
+          accumulations in his minority.]
+
+
+June 26th, 1829 {p.213}
+
+I met Tierney and Lord Grey at dinner yesterday; the former
+wanted to know what passed about the King's Speech at the Council
+at Windsor the other day. I had heard nothing, not having been at
+the Council, but it is believed that the Ministers had put in the
+Speech a sentence expressive of satisfaction and sanguine hopes
+about Ireland, and that at the last moment the King would not
+agree to this; for after the Duke's audience, which lasted a good
+while, there was a Cabinet, and it is supposed they knocked
+under, for the paragraph about Ireland is cold enough. The Duke
+of Cumberland is thought to have had a hand in all this, and to
+have persuaded the King to be obstinate. We talked a great deal
+about the situation of the Government and the state of the House
+of Commons, and Tierney thinks that unless the Duke strengthens
+himself he will not be able to go on; that Rosslyn and Scarlett
+are of little use to him, and what he wants is the support of
+those who will bring followers in their train, such as Althorp,
+who has extensive connections, enjoys consideration, and would be
+of real use to him. There is a strong report that Althorp is to
+be Chancellor of the Exchequer, Goulburn Speaker, and Sutton[22]
+a Peer. At present the Government is anything but strong, but
+then there exists no party, nor is there any man of ability and
+authority enough to make one. The Duke must strengthen himself,
+and have recourse for the purpose either to the Whigs or to
+Huskisson and his friends. These latter he detests, and he knows
+they hate him and are his bitterest enemies. The Whigs he would
+not dislike so much, but the King is averse to have them, and the
+Duke is beset by his old suspicion that they want to break up the
+Tory party and make him dependent on themselves. At the same
+time, in taking in Lord Rosslyn and Scarlett, he has made some
+advances towards them, though Lord Grey is displeased at his not
+having shown him more deference and communicated to him his
+intentions about Rosslyn. Lord Rosslyn asked Lord Grey's advice
+as to accepting, and he advised him to take office, explaining at
+the same time that he should not pledge himself to support
+Government, though he was at present well disposed to do so, and
+should be still more disposed when Lord Rosslyn became a part of
+it. Tierney said it was very lamentable that there should be such
+a deficiency of talent in the rising generation, and remarkable
+how few clever young men there are now in the House of Commons.
+The King did not like Lord Rosslyn's appointment; he hates all
+the Whigs; indeed, he hates the best men of all parties, and
+likes none but such as will be subservient to himself. So little
+public spirit has he, and so much selfishness, that he would
+rather his Government was weak than strong, that they may be the
+more dependent upon him; though he only wishes to be powerful in
+order to exercise the most puerile caprices, gratify ridiculous
+resentments, indulge vulgar prejudices, and amass or squander
+money; not one great object connected with national glory or
+prosperity ever enters his brain. I am convinced he would turn
+out the Duke to-morrow if he could see any means of replacing
+him. I don't think I mentioned that when he talked of giving the
+child's ball Lady Maria Conyngham said, 'Oh, do, it will be so
+nice to see the _two little Queens_ dancing together' (the little
+Queen of Portugal and the Princess Victoria), at which he was
+beyond measure provoked.
+
+     [22] [Right Hon. Manners Sutton, Speaker of the House of
+          Commons. He retained that office till 1835, when he was
+          beaten on the great contest with Mr. Abercromby, and
+          raised to the peerage as Lord Canterbury.]
+
+
+[Page Head: MADAME DU CAYLA.]
+
+July 10th, 1829 {p.214}
+
+I dined with the Duke of Wellington yesterday; a very large party
+for Mesdames the Duchesse d'Escars and Madame du Cayla; the first
+is the widow of the Duc d'Escars, who was Premier Maitre d'Hotel
+of Louis XVIII., and who was said to have died of one of the
+King's good dinners, and the joke was, 'Hier sa Majeste a eu une
+indigestion, dont M. le Duc d'Escars est mort.' Madame du
+Cayla[23] is come over to prosecute some claim upon this
+Government, which the Duke has discovered to be unfounded, and he
+had the bluntness to tell her so as they were going to dinner.
+She must have been good-looking in her youth; her countenance is
+lively, her eyes are piercing, clear complexion, and very
+handsome hands and arms; but the best part about her seemed to be
+the magnificent pearls she wore, though these are not so fine as
+Lady Conyngham's. All king's mistresses seem to have a rage for
+pearls; I remember Madame Narischkin's were splendid. Madame du
+Cayla is said to be very rich and clever.
+
+     [23] [Madame du Cayla had been the _soi-disant_ mistress of
+          Louis XVIII., or rather the favourite of his declining
+          years. 'Il fallait une Esther,' to use her own
+          expression, 'a cet Assuerus.' She was the daughter of
+          M. Talon, brought up by Madam Campan, and an early
+          friend of Hortense Beauharnais. Her marriage to an
+          officer in the Prince de Conde's army was an unhappy
+          one; and she was left, deserted by her husband, in
+          straitened circumstances. After the assassination of
+          the Duc de Berry, M. de la Rochefoucauld, one of the
+          leaders of the ultra-Royalist party, contrived to throw
+          her in the way of Louis XVIII., in the hope of
+          counteracting the more Liberal influence which M. de
+          Cazes had acquired over the King. Madame du Cayla
+          became the hope and the mainstay of the altar and the
+          throne. The scheme succeeded. The King was touched by
+          her grace and beauty, and she became indispensable to
+          his happiness. His happiness was said to consist in
+          inhaling a pinch of snuff from her shoulders, which
+          were remarkably broad and fair. M. de Lamartine has
+          related the romance of her life in the thirty-eighth
+          book of his 'Histoire de la Restauration,' and Beranger
+          satirised her in the bitterest of his songs--that which
+          bears the name of 'Octavie':--
+
+               Sur les coussins ou la douleur l'enchaine
+                 Quel mal, dis-tu, vous fait ce roi des rois?
+               Vois-le d'un masque enjoliver sa haine
+                 Pour etouffer notre gloire et nos lois.
+
+               Vois ce coeur faux, que cherchent tes caresses,
+                 De tous les siens n'aimer que ses aieux;
+               Charger de fer les muses vengeresses,
+                 Et par ses moeurs nous reveler ses dieux.
+
+               Peins-nous ces feux, qu'en secret tu redoutes,
+                 _Quand sur ton sein il cuve son nectar,_
+               Ces feux dont s'indignaient les voutes
+                 Ou plane encor l'aigle du grand Cesar.
+
+          It is curious that in 1829 the last mistress of a King
+          of France should have visited London under the reign of
+          the last mistress of a King of England.]
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON'S ANECDOTES OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+After dinner the Duke talked to me for a long time about the King
+and the Duke of Cumberland, and his quarrel with the latter. He
+began about the King's making Lord Aberdeen stay at the Cottage
+the other day when he had engaged all the foreign Ambassadors to
+dine with him in London. Aberdeen represented this to him, but
+his Majesty said 'it did not matter, he should stay, and the
+Ambassadors should for once see that he was King of England.' 'He
+has no idea,' said the Duke, 'of what a King of England ought to
+do, or he would have known that he ought to have made Aberdeen go
+and receive them, instead of keeping him there.' He said the King
+was very clever and amusing, but that with a surprising memory he
+was very inaccurate, and constantly told stories the details of
+which all his auditors must know to be false. One day he was
+talking of the late King, and asserted that George III. had said
+to himself, 'Of all the men I have ever known you are the one on
+whom I have the greatest dependence, and you are the most perfect
+gentleman.' Another day he said 'that he recollected the old Lord
+Chesterfield, who once said to him, "Sir, you are the fourth
+Prince of Wales I have known, and I must give your Royal Highness
+one piece of advice: stick to your father; as long as you adhere
+to your father you will be a great and a happy man, but if you
+separate yourself from him you will be nothing and an unhappy
+one;" and, by God (added the King), I never forgot that advice,
+and acted upon it all my life.' 'We all,' said the Duke, 'looked
+at one another with astonishment.' He is extremely clever and
+particularly ingenious in turning the conversation from any
+subject he does not like to discuss.
+
+'I,' added the Duke of Wellington, 'remember calling upon him the
+day he received the news of the battle of Navarino. I was not a
+Minister, but Commander-in-Chief, and after having told me the
+news he asked me what I thought of it. I said that I knew nothing
+about it, was ignorant of the instructions that had been given to
+the admiral, and could not give any opinion; but "one thing is
+clear to me, that your Majesty's ships have suffered very much,
+and that you ought to reinforce your fleet directly, for whenever
+you have a maritime force yours ought to be superior to all
+others." This advice he did not like; I saw this, and he said,
+"Oh, the Emperor of Russia is a man of honour," and then he began
+talking, and went on to Venice, Toulon, St. Petersburg, all over
+the Continent, and from one place and one subject to another,
+till he brought me to Windsor Castle. I make it a rule never to
+interrupt him, and when in this way he tries to get rid of a
+subject in the way of business which he does not like, I let him
+talk himself out, and then quietly put before him the matter in
+question, so that he cannot escape from it. I remember when the
+Duke of Newcastle was going to Windsor with a mob at his heels to
+present a petition (during the late discussions) I went down to
+him and showed him the petition, and told him that they ought to
+be prevented from coming. He went off and talked upon every
+subject but that which I had come about, for an hour and a half.
+I let him go on till he was tired, and then I said, "But the
+petition, sir; here it is, and an answer must be sent. I had
+better write to the Duke of Newcastle and tell him your Majesty
+will receive it through the Secretary of State; and, if you
+please, I will write the letter before I leave the house." This I
+did, finished my business in five minutes, and went away with the
+letter in my pocket. I know him so well that I can deal with him
+easily, but anybody who does not know him, and who is afraid of
+him, would have the greatest difficulty in getting on with him.
+One extraordinary peculiarity about him is, that the only thing
+he fears is ridicule. He is afraid of nothing which is hazardous,
+perilous, or uncertain; on the contrary, he is all for braving
+difficulties; but he dreads ridicule, and this is the reason why
+the Duke of Cumberland, whose sarcasms he dreads, has such power
+over him, and Lord Anglesey likewise; both of them he hates in
+proportion as he fears them.' I said I was very much, surprised
+to hear this, as neither of these men were wits, or likely to
+make him ridiculous; that if he had been afraid of Sefton or
+Alvanley it could have been understood. 'But,' rejoined the Duke,
+'he never sees these men, and he does not mind anybody he does
+not see; but the Duke of Cumberland and Lord Anglesey he cannot
+avoid seeing, and the fear he has of what they may say to him, as
+well as of him, keeps him in awe of them. No man, however, knows
+the Duke of Cumberland better than he does; indeed, all I know of
+the Duke of Cumberland I know from him, and so I told him one
+day. I remember asking him why the Duke of Cumberland was so
+unpopular, and he said, "Because there never was a father well
+with his son, or husband with his wife, or lover with his
+mistress, or a friend with his friend, that he did not try to
+make mischief between them." And yet he suffers this man to have
+constant access to him, to say what he will to him, and often
+acts under his influence.' I said, 'You and the Duke of
+Cumberland speak now, don't you?' 'Yes, we speak. The King spoke
+to me about it, and wanted me to make him an apology. I told him
+it was quite impossible, "Why," said he, "you did not mean to
+offend the Duke of Cumberland, I am sure." "No, sir," said I; "I
+did not wish to offend him, but I did not say a word that I did
+not mean. When we meet the Royal Family in society, they are our
+superiors, and we owe them all respect, and I should readily
+apologise for anything I might have said offensive to the Duke;
+but in the House of Lords we are their peers, and for what I say
+there I am responsible to the House alone." "But," said the King,
+"he said you turned on him as if you meant to address yourself to
+him personally." "I did mean it, sir," said I, "and I did so
+because I knew that he had been here, that he had heard things
+from your Majesty which he had gone and misrepresented and
+misstated in other quarters, and knowing that, I meant to show
+him that I was aware of it. I am sorry that the Duke is offended,
+but I cannot help it, and I cannot make him an apology."'
+
+[Page Head: DUKES OF WELLINGTON AND CUMBERLAND.]
+
+The Duke went on, 'I was so afraid he would tell the Duke that I
+was sorry for what I had said, that I repeated to him when I went
+away, "Now, sir, remember that I will not apologise to the Duke,
+and I hope your Majesty will therefore not convey any such idea
+to his mind." However, he spoke to him, I suppose, for the next
+time I met the Duke he bowed to me. I immediately called on him,
+but he did not return my visit. On a subsequent occasion [I
+forget what he said it was] I called on him again, and he
+returned my visit the same day.'
+
+The Duke then talked of the letter which the Duke of Cumberland
+had just written (as Grand Master of the Orange Lodges) to
+Enniskillen, which he thought was published with the most
+mischievous intentions. However, he said, 'I know not what he is
+at, but while I am conscious of going on in a straightforward
+manner I am not afraid of him, or of anything he can do,' which I
+was surprised to hear, because it looked as if he was afraid of
+him. I asked him whether, with all the cleverness he thought
+belonged to the King, he evinced great acuteness in discussing
+matters of business, to which he replied, 'Oh, no, not at all,
+the worst judgment that can be.' This was not the first time I
+had heard the Duke's opinion of the King. I remember him saying
+something to the Duke of Portland about him during the Queen's
+trial indicative of his contempt for him.
+
+In the meantime the Duke of Cumberland, instead of returning to
+Berlin, has sent for the Duchess and his son, and means to take
+up his abode in this country, in hopes of prevailing upon the
+King to dismiss his Ministers and make a Government under his own
+auspices; but however weak the Government may be, he will not
+succeed, for the King has an habitual reliance upon the Duke [of
+Wellington] which overcomes the mortification and dislike he
+feels at being dependent upon him; and, besides, the materials do
+not exist out of which a Government could be formed that would
+have the support of the House of Commons. The great want which
+this Administration experiences is that of men of sufficient
+information and capacity to direct the complicated machinery of
+our trade and finances and adjust our colonial differences.
+Huskisson, Grant, and Palmerston were the ablest men, and the two
+first the best informed in the Government. Fitzgerald knows
+nothing of the business of his office, still less of the
+principles of trade; he is idle, but quick. Of Murray I know
+nothing; he is popular in his office, but he has neither the
+capacity nor the knowledge of Huskisson.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VI.
+
+The Recorder's report--Manners of George IV.--Intrigues of the
+  Duke of Cumberland--Insults Lady Lyndhurst--Deacon Hume at the
+  Board of Trade--Quarrel between the Duke of Cumberland and the
+  Lord Chancellor--A Bad Season--Prostration of Turkey--France
+  under Polignac--State of Ireland--Mr. Windham's Diary--
+  George IV.'s Eyesight--Junius--A Man without Money--Court-martial
+  on Captain Dickinson--The Duke and the 'Morning Journal'--
+  Physical Courage of the King--A Charade at Chatsworth--Huskisson
+  and the Duke--Irish Trials--Tom Moore--Scott--Byron--Fanny
+  Kemble--Sir James Mackintosh--His Conversation--Black Irishmen--
+  Moore's Irish Story--Moore's Singing--George IV. and Mr. Denman--
+  Strawberry Hill--Moore at Trinity College--Indian Vengeance at
+  Niagara--Count Woronzow--Lord Glengall's Play--The Recorder's
+  Report.
+
+
+July 21st, 1829 {p.221}
+
+There was a Council last Thursday, and the heaviest Recorder's
+report that was ever known, I believe; seven people left for
+execution. The King cannot bear this, and is always leaning to
+the side of mercy. Lord Tenterden, however, is for severity, and
+the Recorder still more so. It not unfrequently happens that a
+culprit escapes owing to the scruples of the King; sometimes he
+put the question of life or death to the vote, and it is decided
+by the voices of the majority. The King came to town at one, and
+gave audiences until half-past four. He received Madame du Cayla,
+whom he was very curious to see. She told me afterwards that she
+was astonished at his good looks, and seemed particularly to have
+been struck with his 'belles jambes et sa perruque bien
+arrangee;' and I asked her if she had ever seen him before, and
+she said no, 'mais que le feu Roi lui en avait souvent parle, et
+de ses belles manieres, qu'en verite elle les avait trouvees
+parfaites.' There was a reigning Margrave of Baden waiting for an
+audience in the room we assembled in. Nobody took much notice of
+him, and when the Duke spoke to him he bowed to the ground, bow
+after bow; when he went away nobody attended him or opened the
+door for him.
+
+
+July 24th, 1829 {p.222}
+
+The accounts from Ireland are very bad; nothing but massacres and
+tumults, and all got up by the Protestants, who desire nothing so
+much as to provoke the Catholics into acts of violence and
+outrage. They want a man of energy and determination who will
+cause the law to be respected and impartially administered. If
+Lord Anglesey was there, it is very probable these outrages would
+not have taken place, but no one cares for such a man of straw as
+the present Lord Lieutenant.
+
+[Page Head: INTRIGUES OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND.]
+
+The Duke of Cumberland is doing all he can to set the King
+against the Duke; he always calls him 'King Arthur,' which made
+the King very angry at first, and he desired he would not, but he
+calls him so still, and the King submits. He never lets any of
+the Royal Family see the King alone; the Duchess of Gloucester
+complains bitterly of his conduct, and the way in which he
+thrusts himself in when she is with his Majesty. The other day
+Count Munster came to the King, and the Duke of Cumberland was
+determined he should not have a private audience, and stayed in
+the room the whole time. He hates Lady Conyngham, and she him.
+They put about that he has been pressed to stay here by the King,
+which is not true; the King would much rather he went away. The
+Duke of Wellington told me that he one day asked the King when
+the Duke was going, and he said, 'I am sick to death of the
+subject. I have been told he was going fifty times, but when he
+goes, or whether he ever goes at all, I have not the least idea.'
+He is now very much provoked because the King will not talk
+politics with him. His Majesty wants to be quiet, and is tired of
+all the Duke's violence and his constant attacks.
+
+
+August 8th, 1829 {p.222}
+
+There is a story current about the Duke of Cumberland and Lady
+Lyndhurst which is more true than most stories of this kind. The
+Duke called upon her, and grossly insulted her; on which, after a
+scramble, she rang the bell. He was obliged to desist and to go
+away, but before he did he said, 'By God, madam, I will be the
+ruin of you and your husband, and will not rest till I have
+destroyed you both.'
+
+Vesey Fitzgerald has turned out the Chief Clerk in the Board of
+Trade, and put in Hume[1] as Assistant Secretary. He told me it
+was absolutely necessary, as nobody in the Office knew anything
+of its business, which is, I believe, very true, but as true of
+himself as of the rest. Hume is a very clever man, and probably
+knows more of the principles of trade and commerce than anybody,
+but so it is in every department of Government--great ignorance
+on the part of the chiefs, and a few obscure men of industry and
+ability who do the business and supply the knowledge requisite,
+_sic vos non vobis_ throughout.
+
+      [1] [Mr. Deacon Hume, a very able public servant. He
+          remained at the Board of Trade many years.]
+
+O'Connell was elected without opposition; he was more violent and
+more popular than ever. They treat him with every indignity, and
+then they complain of his violence; besides, he must speak to the
+Irish in the strain to which they have been used and which
+pleases them. Had he never been violent, he would not be the man
+he is, and Ireland would not have been emancipated.
+
+
+[Page Head: QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.]
+
+August 18th, 1829 {p.223}
+
+Last Saturday I came back from Goodwood, and called on Lady
+Jersey, whom I found very curious about a correspondence which
+she told me had taken place between the Duke of Cumberland and
+the Chancellor relative to a paragraph which had appeared in the
+'Age,' stating that his Royal Highness had been turned out of
+Lady Lyndhurst's house in consequence of having insulted her in
+it. She said she was very anxious to see the letter, for she
+heard that the Duke had much the best of it, and that the
+Chancellor's letter was evasive and Jesuitical. The next day I
+was informed of the details of this affair. I found that the Duke
+had called upon her and had been denied; that he had complained
+half in jest, and half in earnest, to the Chancellor of her not
+letting him in; that on a subsequent day he had called so early
+that no orders had been given to the porter, and he was let in;
+that his manner and his language had been equally brutal and
+offensive; that he afterwards went off upon politics, and abused
+the whole Administration, and particularly the Chancellor, and
+after staying two or three hours, insulting and offending her in
+every way, he took himself off. Soon after he met her somewhere
+in the evening, when he attacked her again. She treated him with
+all possible indignation, and would have nothing to say to him.
+
+Yesterday I met the Chancellor at the Castle at a Council. He
+took me aside, and said that he wished to tell me what had
+passed, and to show me the correspondence. He then began, and
+said that after the Duke's visit Lady L. had told the Chancellor
+of his abuse of him and the Government, but had suppressed the
+rest, thinking it was better not to tell him, as it would put him
+in a very embarrassing position, and contenting herself with
+saying she would never receive the Duke again upon the other
+grounds, which were quite sufficient; but that some time after
+reports reached her from various quarters (Lord Grey, Lord
+Durham, Lord Dudley, and several others) that the Duke went about
+talking of her in the most gross and impertinent manner. Upon
+hearing this, she thought it right to tell the Chancellor the
+other part of his conduct which she had hitherto concealed, and
+this she did in general terms, viz. that he had been very
+insolent and made an attack upon her. The Chancellor was
+exceedingly incensed, but he said after much consideration he
+thought it better to let the matter drop; a long time had elapsed
+since the offence was committed; all communication had ceased
+between all the parties; and he felt the ridicule and inconvenience
+of putting himself (holding the high office he did) in personal
+collision with a Royal Duke, besides the annoyance which it would
+be to Lady Lyndhurst to become publicly the subject of such a
+quarrel. There, then, he let the matter rest, but about a
+fortnight ago he received a letter from the Duke enclosing a
+newspaper to this effect, as well as I can recollect it, for I
+was obliged to read the letter in such a hurried way that I
+could not bring the exact contents away with me, though I am sure
+I do not err in stating their sense:--
+
+    'My Lord,--I think it necessary to enclose to your
+    Lordship a newspaper containing a paragraph which I have
+    marked, and which relates to a pretended transaction in
+    your Lordship's house. I think it necessary and proper to
+    contradict this statement, which I need not say is a
+    gross falsehood, and I wish, therefore, to have the
+    authority of Lady Lyndhurst for contradicting it.
+                   'I am, my Lord, yours sincerely,
+                                 'Ernest.'
+
+This was the sense of the letter, though it was not so worded; it
+was civil enough. The Chancellor answered:--'The Lord Chancellor
+with his duty begs to acknowledge the favour of your Royal
+Highness's letter. The Lord Chancellor had never seen the
+paragraph to which your Royal Highness alludes, and which he
+regards with the most perfect indifference, considering it as one
+of that series of calumnies to which Lady Lyndhurst has been for
+some time exposed from a portion of the press, and which she has
+at length learnt to regard with the contempt they deserve.' He
+said that he thought it better to let the matter drop, and he
+wrote this answer by way of waiving any discussion on the
+subject, and that the Duke might contradict the paragraph himself
+if he chose to do so. To this the Duke wrote again:--'My Lord,--I
+have received your Lordship's answer, which is not so explicit as
+I have a right to expect. I repeat again that the statement is
+false and scandalous, and I have a right to require Lady
+Lyndhurst's sanction to the contradiction which I think it
+necessary to give to it.' This letter was written in a more
+impertinent style than the other. On the receipt of it the
+Chancellor consulted the Duke of Wellington, and the Duke
+suggested the following answer, which the Chancellor sent:--'The
+Lord Chancellor has had the honour of receiving your Royal
+Highness's letter of ----. The Lord Chancellor does not conceive
+it necessary to annoy Lady Lyndhurst by troubling her upon the
+subject, and with what relates to your Royal Highness the Lord
+Chancellor has no concern whatever; but with regard to that part
+which states that your Royal Highness had been excluded from the
+Lord Chancellor's house, there could be no question that the
+respect and grateful attachment which both the Chancellor and
+Lady Lyndhurst felt to their Sovereign made it impossible that
+any brother of that Sovereign should ever be turned out of his
+house.' To this the Duke wrote another letter, in a very sneering
+and impertinent tone in the third person, and alluding to the
+_loose reports_ which had been current on the subject, and saying
+that 'the Chancellor might have his own reasons for not choosing
+to speak to Lady Lyndhurst on the subject;' to which the
+Chancellor replied that 'he knew nothing of any loose reports,
+but that if there were any, in whatever quarter they might have
+originated, which went to affect the conduct of Lady Lyndhurst in
+the matter in question, they were most false, foul, and
+calumnious.' So ended the correspondence; all these latter
+expressions were intended to apply to the Duke himself, who is
+the person who spread the _loose reports_ and told the lies about
+her. When she first denied him, she told Lord Bathurst of it, who
+assured her she had done quite right, and that she had better
+never let him in, for if she did he would surely invent some lies
+about her. Last Sunday week the Chancellor went down to Windsor,
+and laid the whole correspondence before the King, who received
+him very well, and approved of what he had done; but of course
+when he saw the Duke of Cumberland and heard his story, he
+concurred in all his abuse of the Chancellor. I think the
+Chancellor treated the matter in the best way the case admitted
+of. Had he taken it up, he must have resigned his office and
+called the Duke out, and what a mixture of folly and scandal this
+would have been, and how the woman would have suffered in it all!
+
+
+[Page Head: QUARREL OF CUMBERLAND AND LYNDHURST.]
+
+August 22nd, 1829 {p.226}
+
+The day before yesterday Sir Henry Cooke called on me, and told
+me that he came on the part of the Duke of Cumberland, who had
+heard that I had seen the correspondence, and that I had given an
+account of it which was unfavourable to him, that his Royal
+Highness wished me, therefore, to call on him and hear his
+statement of the facts. Cooke then entered into the history, and
+told me that it was he who had originally acquainted the Duke
+with the reports which were current about him, and had advised
+him to contradict them, but that he had not found any opportunity
+of taking it up till this paragraph appeared in the 'Age'
+newspaper; that the Duke had given him an account of what had
+passed, which was that Lady Lyndhurst had begged him to call upon
+her, then to dine with her, and upon every occasion had
+encouraged him. I heard all he had to say, but declined calling
+on the Duke. As I wished, however, that there should be no
+misrepresentation in what I said on the subject, I wrote a letter
+to Cooke, to be laid before the Duke, in which I gave an account
+of the circumstances under which I had been concerned in the
+business, stating that I had not expressed any opinion of the
+conduct of the parties, and that I did not wish to be in any way
+mixed up in it. After I had seen Cooke I went to the Chancellor
+and read my letter to him. I found he had not shown the King the
+two last letters that had passed; and as Cooke had told me that
+the Duke meant to go to Windsor the next day and lay the whole
+correspondence before the King, the Chancellor immediately sent
+off a messenger with the two letters which the King had not seen.
+The Chancellor has since circulated the correspondence among his
+friends, but with rather too undignified a desire to submit his
+conduct to the judgment of a parcel of people who only laugh at
+them both, and are amused with the gossip and malice of the
+thing.
+
+August 25th, 1829 {p.227}
+
+I came to town from Stoke yesterday morning, and found a
+palavering letter from Cooke, returning mine, saying that the
+Duke was quite satisfied, and saw that it would be useless to
+have an interview with me; that he had persuaded his Royal
+Highness to drop the whole affair; and ended with many protestations
+of respect for the Chancellor and the purity of his own motives
+in meddling with the matter. I sent his letter to the Chancellor,
+together with my own, that he might show them both to the Duke
+of Wellington.
+
+Melbourne, who is a pretty good judge of Irish affairs, thinks
+that Government will probably be under the necessity of adopting
+strong coercive measures there; but whether they are adopted, or
+a temporary policy of expedients persisted in, nobody is there
+fit to advise what is requisite. The Duke of Northumberland is an
+absolute nullity, a bore beyond all bores, and, in spite of his
+desire to spend money and be affable, very unpopular. The Duchess
+complains of it and can't imagine why, for they do all they can
+to be liked, but all in vain.
+
+
+August 28th, 1829 {p.228}
+
+At Stoke since Tuesday for the Egham races; Esterhazy, Alvanley,
+Montrond, Mornay, B. Craven, &c. The King came to the races one
+day (the day I was not there) in excellent health. The weather
+exceeds everything that ever was known--a constant succession of
+gales of wind and tempests of rain, and the sun never shining.
+The oats are not cut, and a second crop is growing up, that has
+been shaken out of the first. Everybody contemplates with dismay
+the approach of winter, which will probably bring with it the
+overthrow of the Corn Laws, for corn must be at such a price as
+to admit of an immense importation. So much for our domestic
+prospect here, to say nothing of Ireland.
+
+[Page Head: RUSSIA AND TURKEY.]
+
+In the meantime the Sultan with his firmness has brought the
+Russians to the gates of Constantinople, and not a soul doubts
+that they are already there, or that they will be directly; there
+is nothing to resist either Diebitsch or Paskiewitch. Esterhazy
+talks of it as certain, and so unaccountable does it seem that
+Austria should have been a passive spectator of the Russian
+victories, that a strong notion prevails that Metternich has made
+his bargain with them, and that in the impending partition
+Austria is to have her share. Still more extraordinary does it
+appear that the Duke, from whom vigour and firmness might have
+been expected, should not have interfered. That cursed treaty of
+the 6th of July, and the subsequent battle of Navarino, which
+were intended to give us a right to arrest the ambition of
+Russia, have been rendered nugatory by the obstinacy of the Turks
+on the one hand, and the perpetual changes of Administration here
+and in France, which have prevented any steady and consistent
+course of policy from being followed; while the Russians,
+availing themselves of both these circumstances, have pushed on
+with singleness of purpose and great vigour of execution. It is
+quite impossible now to foresee the end of all this, but the
+elements are abroad of as fine disturbances as the most restless
+can desire.
+
+France is probably too much occupied with her own affairs to pay
+much attention to those of Turkey, nor is it clear that the
+French would much regret any event which tended to impair our
+commercial greatness. So busy are the French with their own
+politics, that even the milliners have left off making caps. Lady
+Cowper told me to-day that Madame Maradan complained that she
+could get no bonnets, &c., from Paris; for they would occupy
+themselves with nothing but the change of Administration.[2]
+Nothing can exceed the violence that prevails; the King does
+nothing but cry. Polignac is said to have the fatal obstinacy of
+a martyr, the worst sort of courage of the _ruat coelum_ sort.
+Aberdeen said at dinner at Madame de Lieven's the other day that
+he thought him a very clever man; and that the Duke of Wellington
+went still further, for he said that he was the ablest man France
+had had since the Restoration. I remember him well when he was
+courting his first wife, Archy Macdonald's sister; and if being
+first a prisoner, then an emigrant, then a miser, and now a saint
+can make him a good Minister, he may be one.
+
+      [2] [The Polignac Ministry took office on the 8th of
+          August.]
+
+
+August 31st, 1829 {p.229}
+
+The Duke, the Chancellor, and Privy Seal came from Walmer to-day
+for a Cabinet; and Esterhazy, who was to have dined with me, sent
+word that as he had received a courier this morning, and was
+obliged to send off Dietrichstein this evening, he could not
+come. It is said that Sir Frederick Gordon has sent word that the
+Turks are frightened and wish to treat, but probably it is now
+too late.
+
+Last night news came that Villa Flor had routed Miguel's
+expedition against Terceira, and at the same time the little
+Queen is embarking with the Empress for the Brazils. This
+probably comes too late; some time ago it might have been of some
+use. Miguel will probably be recognised by this country, and then
+the game is up. I have long been convinced that the Duke meant
+eventually to acknowledge Miguel, or he would not have tolerated
+Beresford's conduct. If Lamb is to be believed, Beresford was
+secretly in it all.
+
+I met the Chancellor this morning, who gave me back my letter and
+Cooke's answer. He said, 'There are other reports afloat now, I
+hear.' I said, 'What? I have heard none.' 'Oh,' he said, 'on
+public matters, and they are put about by that blackguard,'
+meaning the Duke of Cumberland. I suppose he alludes to changes
+in the Government, but I have heard of none; they are, in fact,
+kept in hot water by this fellow's activity, though I think he
+cannot do the mischief he would, like.
+
+From what I hear, it is probable that Lord William Bentinck will
+be speedily recalled from India. His measures are of too Liberal
+a cast to suit the taste of the present Government. The Duke has
+never liked him, not since the war in Spain, when he did not
+behave quite well to Lord William, and he seldom forgets old
+animosities; besides, he cannot bear anybody who takes a line of
+their own.
+
+Lord Ellenborough, strong in the concurrence of the Duke, is
+inclined to be insolent in his tone to Lord William, which, I
+take it, he will not stand. The Duke looks upon Lord William as a
+hasty, imprudent man, with bad judgment, and I am not sure that
+he is very wrong. He has made himself popular by the affability
+and _bonhomie_ of his manner, his magnificence and hospitality,
+and the liberal and generous character of his political opinions,
+but he is far from a clever man, and I suspect his judgment is
+very indifferent.
+
+I hear from Ireland that Doherty conducts the trial of the
+policeman with consummate skill; the object was that the trial
+should appear fair, and that the men should be acquitted. They
+were acquitted, and the people were furious. There is excitement
+enough in that wretched country, and every effort is made to keep
+it up at its highest pitch; the press on each side teems with
+accusations and invectives, and the Protestants strain every
+nerve to inflame the spirit of rancorous fury which distinguished
+the Brunswickers before the Catholic question was carried, and to
+provoke the Catholics to overt acts of violence. Both sides are
+to blame, but the Protestants the most. George Villiers wrote me
+word of a crime that has been perpetrated, the most atrocious I
+ever heard of.... The country in which such an abomination was
+perpetrated should be visited with the fate of Sodom and
+Gomorrah. The arm of justice is too slow; public indignation
+should deal out a rapid and a terrible vengeance.
+
+
+September 5th, 1829 {p.231}
+
+There is a strong report that the Turks want to treat, and the
+proclamation of Diebitsch looks as if the Russians were ready to
+make peace. There is also a hope that the Russian army may have
+been too bold, and finds itself in a scrape by having advanced
+too far from its resources, but the former notion is the most
+likely of the two. Three or four sail of the line are ordered out
+to the Mediterranean.
+
+[Page Head: MR. WINDHAM'S DIARY.]
+
+Yesterday I went with Amyot to his house, where he showed me a
+part of Windham's diary; there are twenty-eight little volumes of
+it, begun in 1784, when he was thirty-four years old, and
+continued irregularly till his death; it seems to be written very
+freely and familiarly, and is probably a correct picture of the
+writer's mind. I only read a few pages, which were chiefly
+notices of his moving about, where he dined, the company he met,
+and other trifles, often very trifling and sometimes not very
+decent; it abounds with expressions of self-reproach for
+idleness, breach of resolutions, and not taking care of his
+health; talks of the books he reads and means to read, and
+constantly describes the state of spirits he is in. There is a
+paper containing an account of his last interview with Johnson,
+shortly before Johnson died; he says that he told Johnson how
+much he reproached himself for not having lived more in his
+society, and that he had often resolved to be with him as much as
+he could, but that his not having done so was a proof of the
+fallacy of our resolutions, that he regretted. In Windham's diary
+are several Johnsoniana, after the manner of Boswell, only much
+shorter, his opinions on one or two subjects briefly given, some
+quotations and criticisms. I was much struck with his criticisms
+on Virgil, whom he seems to have held in great contempt, and to
+have regarded as inferior to Ovid. He says, 'Take away his
+imitation of Homer, and what do you leave him?' Of Homer his
+admiration was unbounded, although he says that he never read the
+whole of the 'Odyssey' in the original, but that everything which
+is most admirable in poetry is to be found in Homer. I care the
+less about remembering these things because they will probably
+appear in print before long.[3]
+
+      [3] [A selection from Mr. Windham's journals was published
+          by Mrs. Henry Baring in 1866. The Johnsoniana had
+          previously been published by Mr. Croker in his edition
+          of Boswell's 'Life of Johnson.']
+
+Windham told Johnson that he regretted having omitted to talk to
+him of the most important of all subjects on which he had often
+doubted. Johnson said, 'You mean natural and revealed religion,'
+and added that the historical evidences of Christianity were so
+strong that it was not possible to doubt its truth, that we had
+not so much evidence that Caesar died in the Capitol as that
+Christ died in the manner related in the Bible; that three out of
+four of the Evangelists died in attestation of their evidence,
+that the same evidence would be considered irresistible in any
+ordinary historical case. Amyot told me, as we were coming along,
+that Windham had questioned Johnson about religion, having
+doubts, and that Johnson had removed them by this declaration:
+if, then, the commonest and hundred times repeated arguments were
+sufficient to remove such doubts as were likely to occur to a
+mind like Windham's, it may be counted a miracle, for I am sure,
+in the ordinary affairs of life, Windham would not have been so
+easily satisfied. It has always appeared to me questionable
+whether Johnson was a believer (I mean whether his clear and
+unbiassed judgment was satisfied) in Christianity; he evidently
+dreaded and disliked the subject, and though he would have been
+indignant had anybody hinted that he had doubts, his nervous
+irritation at any religious discussion betokened a mind ill at
+ease on the subject. I learnt one thing from Windham's diary
+which I put into immediate practice, and that is, to write mine
+on one side only, and leave the other for other matters connected
+with the text; it is more convenient certainly.
+
+
+September 16th, 1829 {p.233}
+
+Went to Brighton on Saturday last to pay Lady Jersey a visit and
+shoot at Firle. Jersey and I shot 376 rabbits, the greatest
+number that had ever been killed on the hills. The scenery is
+very fine--a range of downs looking on one side over the sea, and
+on the other over a wide extent of rich flat country. It is said
+that Firle is the oldest park in England. It belongs to Lord
+Gage.
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AND THE 'MORNING JOURNAL.']
+
+I heard at Brighton for the first time of the Duke of
+Wellington's prosecution of the 'Morning Journal,' which was
+announced by the paper itself in a paragraph quite as scurrilous
+as those for which it is attacked. It seems that he has long made
+up his mind to this measure, and that he thinks it is a duty
+incumbent on him, which I do not see, and it appears to me to be
+an act of great folly. He stands much too high, has performed too
+great actions, and the attacks on him were too vulgar and vague
+to be under the necessity of any such retaliatory measure as
+this, and he lowers his dignity by entering into a conflict with
+such an infamous paper, and appearing to care about its abuse. I
+think the Chancellor was right, and that he is wrong. There is a
+report that the King insists upon the Duke of Cumberland being
+Commander-in-Chief, and it is extraordinary how many people think
+that he will succeed in turning out the Duke. Lord Harrington
+died while I was at Brighton, and it is supposed that the Duke of
+Cumberland will try and get the Round Tower,[4] but probably the
+King will not like to establish him so near himself. The King has
+nearly lost his eyesight, and is to be couched as soon as his
+eyes are in a proper state for the operation. He is in a great
+fright with his father's fate before him, and indeed nothing is
+more probable than that he will become blind and mad too; he is
+already a little of both. It is now a question of appointing a
+Private Secretary, and Knighton, it is supposed, would be the
+man; but if he is to abstain from all business, there would seem
+to be no necessity for the appointment, as he will be as little
+able to do business with his Private Secretary as with his
+Minister.
+
+      [4] Lord Conyngham got the Round Tower, and Lord Combermere
+          the regiment--[C.C.G.]
+
+I have been living at Fulham at Lord Wharncliffe's villa for six
+or seven weeks; I have lived here in idleness and luxury, giving
+dinners, and wasting my time and my money rather more than usual.
+I have read next to nothing since I have been here; I am ashamed
+to think how little--in short, a most unprofitable life.
+
+
+September 23rd, 1829
+
+At Fulham till Friday, when I came to town. Went to Stoke on
+Saturday, and returned yesterday; old Lady Salisbury, Giles, E.
+Capel, and Conroy. There is always something to be learnt from
+everybody, if you touch them on the points they know. Giles told
+me about the letter to his sister written by Francis,[5] and
+which was supposed to have afforded another proof that he was
+Junius. Many years ago Francis was in love with his sister, Mrs.
+King (at Bath), and one day she received an anonymous letter,
+enclosing a copy of verses. The letter said that the writer had
+found the verses, and being sure they were meant for her, had
+sent them to her. The verses were in Francis' handwriting, the
+envelope in a feigned hand. When the discussion arose about
+Francis being Junius, Giles said to his sister one day, 'If you
+have kept those verses which Francis wrote to you many years ago
+at Bath, it would be curious to examine the handwriting and see
+if it corresponds with that of Junius.' She found the envelope
+and verses, and, on comparing them, the writing of the envelope
+was identical with that of Junius as published in Woodfall's
+book.
+
+      [5] [Sir Philip Francis, the reputed author of the 'Letters
+          of Junius.' This anecdote has since been verified with
+          great minuteness by Mr. Twisleton in his researches on
+          the authorship of 'Junius.' The copy of verses and the
+          envelope in a feigned hand are still in existence. I
+          have seen them. The feigned hand appears to be
+          identical with that of Junius.]
+
+[Page Head: A MAN WITHOUT MONEY.]
+
+Old Creevey is rather an extraordinary character. I know nothing
+of the early part of his history, but I believe he was an
+attorney or barrister; he married a widow, who died a few years
+ago; she had something, he nothing; he got into Parliament,
+belonged to the Whigs, displayed a good deal of shrewdness and
+humour, and was for some time very troublesome to the Tory
+Government by continually attacking abuses. After some time he
+lost his seat, and went to live at Brussels, where he became
+intimate with the Duke of Wellington. Then his wife died, upon
+which event he was thrown upon the world with about L200 a year
+or less, no home, few connections, a great many acquaintance, a
+good constitution, and extraordinary spirits. He possesses
+nothing but his clothes, no property of any sort; he leads a
+vagrant life, visiting a number of people who are delighted to
+have him, and sometimes roving about to various places, as fancy
+happens to direct, and staying till he has spent what money he
+has in his pocket. He has no servant, no home, no creditors; he
+buys everything as he wants it at the place he is at; he has no
+ties upon him, and has his time entirely at his own disposal and
+that of his friends. He is certainly a living proof that a man
+may be perfectly happy and exceedingly poor, or rather without
+riches, for he suffers none of the privations of poverty and
+enjoys many of the advantages of wealth. I think he is the only
+man I know in society who possesses nothing.
+
+Captain Dickinson's trial[6] ended last week, with a sentence
+which was levelled against Codrington, and which called the
+charges groundless, frivolous, and vexatious. It is generally
+thought that this sentence might have been spared, though the
+acquittal was proper; that Codrington behaved very foolishly, and
+in ever mentioning the round robin after he had forgiven it, very
+inexcusably; but that, on the other hand, the Admiralty had
+displayed a spirit of hostility and rancour against him which
+is very disgusting, and that Blackwood was sent down to the
+court-martial for the express purpose of bullying and thwarting
+him. I saw him after the sentence; he seemed annoyed, but said
+that such a sentence made it necessary the matter should not stop
+there, and that it must be taken up in Parliament. I cannot see
+what he is to gain by that; he may prove that the Ministry of
+that day (which was not the Duke's) behaved very ill, but that
+has nothing to do with the court-martial.
+
+      [6] [Captain Dickinson fought the 'Genoa' at the battle of
+          Navarino after Captain Bathurst, the commander of the
+          ship, was killed. A quarrel afterwards took place
+          between him and Sir Edward Codrington, and Dickinson
+          was tried by court-martial for not making proper use of
+          the springs ordered by the Admiral to be placed on the
+          anchors, the consequence of which was that her
+          broadside was not directed against the enemy, but fired
+          into the 'Albion.' Captain Dickinson was honourably
+          acquitted of all the charges, and it was proved that
+          Sir Edward Codrington's recollection of what had passed
+          was inaccurate in some particulars.]
+
+The whole press has risen up in arms against the Duke's
+prosecution of the 'Morning Journal,' which appears to me, though
+many people think he is right, a great act of weakness and
+passion. How can such a man suffer by the attacks of such a
+paper, and by such attacks, the sublime of the ridiculous?--'that
+he is aiming at the Crown, but _we_ shall take care that he does
+not succeed in this.' The idea of the Duke of Wellington seeking
+to make himself King, and his ambition successfully resisted by
+the editor of a newspaper, 'flogs' any scene in the 'Rehearsal.'
+I saw the Duke yesterday morning; he was just come from
+Doncaster, where he told me he had been very well received. He
+was with Chesterfield, who was to have had a large party.
+Afterwards I rode with him, and he took me to see his house,
+which is now excellent. He told me that both the King's eyes were
+affected, the left the most, and that he would have the operation
+performed when they were fit for it; he said that the King never
+evinced any fear upon these occasions, that he was always
+perfectly cool, and neither feared operations or their possible
+consequences; that he remembered when he had a very painful and
+dangerous operation performed some time ago upon his head, that
+he was not the least nervous about it, nor at all afraid of
+dying, for they told him that he would very likely not recover. I
+said, 'Then, after all, perhaps he who has the reputation of
+being a coward would prove a very brave man if circumstances
+occasioned his showing what he is.' He said, 'Very likely;' that
+he seemed to have but one fear, that of ridicule: he cannot bear
+the society of clever men, for fear of ridicule; he cannot bear
+to show himself in public, because he is afraid of the jokes that
+may be cut on his person.
+
+In the evening I met Matuscewitz, who is all glorious at the
+Russian successes. He, Montrond, and I talked the matter over,
+and he said that they should make peace, but of course (I had
+said, 'Vous serez modestes, n'est-ce pas?') they should profit by
+circumstances; that the Allied Ministers would not be permitted
+to interfere, and they should grant such terms as they pleased
+without consulting them. This was a lie,[7] for Bandinell had
+told me in the morning that the negotiations were going on in
+concert with the Ambassadors of the Allies.
+
+      [7] It was not a lie though after all, for I don't believe
+          the Allied Ministers had any concern in the matter.
+          (December 5th.)--[C.C.G.]
+
+
+[Page Head: CHATSWORTH.]
+
+November 4th, 1829
+
+Left London the last week in September, and, after visiting at
+several country houses, slept at Harborough, and went to Bretby
+to breakfast; got there at twelve and found nobody up. In process
+of time they came down to breakfast, the party consisting of the
+Chancellor and Lady Lyndhurst, the Worcesters, Mrs. Fox, and
+Williams, the chaplain, and his wife. I saw very little of the
+place, which seems pretty, but not large; a very large unfinished
+house. I stayed two or three hours, and went on to Chatsworth,[8]
+where I arrived just as they were going to dinner, but was not
+expected, and so there was no room at the table. The party was
+immense; 40 people sat down to dinner every day, and about 150
+servants in the steward's room and servants' hall; there were the
+Lievens, Cowpers, Granvilles, Wharncliffes, Granthams, Wiltons,
+Stanleys, Belfasts, Newboroughs, Dawsons, Matuscewitz, Clanwilliams,
+G. Anson, H. de Ros, &c. Nothing could be more agreeable from the
+gaiety of numbers and the entire liberty which prevails; all the
+resources of the house--horses, carriages, keepers, &c.--are
+placed at the disposal of the guests, and everybody does what
+they like best. In the evening they acted charades or danced, and
+there was plenty of whist and _ecarte_ high and low. It was in
+the middle of that party that news came of the negotiations being
+begun between the Russians and Turks,[9] and I received a letter
+from Robert Grosvenor, which Madame de Lieven was ready to
+devour, and she was very angry that I would not let her see the
+whole of it. Our Russians were of course triumphant, and the
+Princess's good humour was elevated to rapture by a very pretty
+compliment which was paid her in the shape of a charade,
+admirably got up as a _piece de circonstance_, and which has
+since made some noise in the world. The word was Constantinople,
+which was acted: _Constant_, Penelope and the suitors; _Inn_, a
+tavern scene; and _Opal_, the story in 'Anne of Geierstein.' The
+whole represented the Divan, the arrival of Diebitsch's
+Ambassadors, a battle between the Turks and Russians, the victory
+of the latter, and ended by Morpeth as Diebitsch laying a crown
+of laurel at Madame de Lieven's feet. She was enchanted, and of
+course wrote off an account of it to the Empress. The whole thing
+is abused as a _bassesse_ by her enemies, but it was very
+amusing, and in the Duke's house, who is a friend of the Emperor,
+a not unbecoming compliment.
+
+      [8] [The hospitality of Chatsworth in the lifetime of
+          William Spencer Cavendish, sixth Duke of Devonshire,
+          was princely. The Duke of Portland, Mr. Greville's
+          grandfather, married Dorothy, only daughter of William,
+          fourth Duke of Devonshire, from whom Mr. Greville
+          derived his second name of Cavendish. He was therefore
+          second cousin of the sixth Duke and of Lady Granville
+          and Lady Carlisle.]
+
+      [9] [The negotiations for the peace of Adrianople, which
+          terminated the Russo-Turkish war.]
+
+I returned to Newmarket on the 11th of October. At the end of the
+week I had a fall from my horse, which confined me to my room for
+ten days. The Arbuthnots were at Newmarket, having come from
+Sudbourne, where Lord Hertford had brought the Duke and Huskisson
+together. Nothing seems to have passed between them beyond the
+common civilities of society, but Huskisson has suffered greatly
+from a universal opinion that the meeting was sought by him for
+the purpose of re-ingratiating himself with the Duke, and, if
+possible, getting into office on any terms. It is a proof of the
+low estimation in which his character is held even by those who
+rate his talents the highest that all his former political
+adherents think this of him. With such a reputation his political
+efficacy never can be great again. There was a strong report that
+he was to join the Government, which is now dying away. The Duke
+is very fortunate, for his most formidable opponents always do
+something to lower their own characters and render themselves as
+little formidable to him as possible.
+
+[Page Head: IRISH TRIALS.]
+
+The trials in Ireland are just over, and the Government have been
+defeated, which I find they think may be productive of very
+important consequences to the peace of the country. The obstinacy
+of one man, who held out against the other eleven, in the second
+batch of conspirators who were tried, obliged them at length to
+dismiss the jury, and the prisoners will be tried at the next
+assizes; the others were acquitted, though the evidence against
+them was the same as that on which Leary, &c., were convicted.
+The exertions of O'Connell, who appears to have acted with great
+ability, produced this result. The Government say, of course,
+that he has acted very ill, but as the Judge, at the conclusion
+of the trial, said publicly that the defence had been conducted
+with perfect regard to the due administration of the laws, we may
+conclude that while he availed himself of every advantage, he did
+not overstep the legitimate duty of an advocate to his client. It
+is, however, agreed on all hands, notwithstanding these excesses,
+that the state of the country is improving, and the Emancipation
+Bill producing fresh benefits every day.
+
+
+November 9th, 1829 {P.239}
+
+Dined to-day with Byng and met Tom Moore, who was very agreeable;
+he told us a great deal about his forthcoming 'Life of Byron.' He
+is nervous about it; he is employed in conjunction with Scott and
+Mackintosh to write a history of England for one of the new
+publications like the Family Library.[10] Scott is to write
+Scotland, Mackintosh England, and Moore Ireland; and they get
+L1,000 apiece; but Scott could not compress his share into one
+volume, so he is to have L1,500. The republication of Scott's
+works will produce him an enormous fortune; he has already paid
+off L30,000 of the Constable bankruptcy debt, and he is to pay
+the remaining L30,000 very soon. A new class of readers is
+produced by the Bell and Lancaster schools, and this is the cause
+of the prodigious and extensive sale of cheap publications. Moore
+had received a letter from Madame de Guiccioli to-day; he says
+she is not handsome. Byron's exploits, especially at Venice, seem
+to have been marvellous. Moore said he wrote with extraordinary
+rapidity, but his corrections were frequent and laborious. When
+he wrote the address for the opening of Drury Lane Theatre, he
+corrected it repeatedly.
+
+     [10] Dr. Lardner's 'Cyclopaedia.' Moore told me that the
+          editor of one of the annuals offered him L600 to write
+          two articles for his work, but 'that he loathed the
+          task' and refused, though the money would have been
+          very acceptable. The man said he did not care about the
+          merit of the performance, and only wanted his name;
+          when Moore refused, the editor raked out some old and
+          forgotten lines of his to Perry, and inserted them with
+          his name.--[C.C.G.]
+
+I saw Miss Fanny Kemble for the first time on Friday, and was
+disappointed. She is short, ill made, with large hands and feet,
+an expressive countenance, though not handsome, fine eyes, teeth,
+and hair, not devoid of grace, and with great energy and spirit,
+her voice good, though she has a little of the drawl of her
+family. She wants the pathos and tenderness of Miss O'Neill, and
+she excites no emotion; but she is very young, clever, and may
+become a very good, perhaps a fine actress. Mrs. Siddons was not
+so good at her age. She fills the house every night.
+
+The King, who was to have gone to Brighton, has given it up,
+nobody knows why, but it is supposed that the Marchioness is not
+well. This morning the Duke and my brother were occupied for half
+an hour in endeavouring to fold a letter to his Majesty in a
+particular way, which he has prescribed, for he will have his
+envelopes made up in some French fashion. I hear he thinks that
+he rode Fleur de Lis for the cup at Goodwood, which he may as
+well do as think (which he does) that he led the heavy dragoons
+at Salamanca.
+
+O'Connell has been making a most infamous speech at Youghal, and
+is moving heaven and earth to begin a fresh agitation about the
+Union, and to do all the mischief he can. Francis Leveson is to
+meet Sheil at dinner to-morrow for the first time; he did not
+dare do this without asking leave of Peel. Peel answered his
+letter that he 'rather inclined himself to do anything to win
+him, but stating that the Duke would urge the difficulties of
+their position, and also the King's horror of the man,' &c. The
+King's horror is in consequence of his speech about the Duke of
+York. I am told Greece is to be erected into a kingdom, with a
+boundary line drawn from Volo to Arta, and that the sovereignty
+is to be offered to Prince Frederick of Orange, and, if he
+refuses it, to Leopold.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH]
+
+November 12th, 1829
+
+At Roehampton at Lord Clifden's from Tuesday, the 10th, till
+to-day; Sir James Mackintosh, Moore, Poodle Byng,[11] and the
+Master of the Rolls. It was uncommonly agreeable. I never was in
+Mackintosh's society for so long before, and never was more
+filled with admiration. His prodigious memory and the variety and
+extent of his information remind me of all I have heard and read
+of Burke and Johnson; but his amiable, modest, and unassuming
+character makes him far more agreeable than they could either of
+them (particularly Johnson) have been, while he is probably
+equally instructive and amusing. Not a subject could be mentioned
+of which he did not treat with equal facility and abundance, from
+the Council of Trent to Voltaire's epistles; every subject, every
+character, every work, all were familiar to him, and I do not
+know a greater treat than to hear him talk.
+
+     [11] [Hon. Frederick Byng, formerly of the Foreign Office,
+          universally known at this time as 'The Poodle,'
+          probably because he once kept a fine animal of that
+          breed.]
+
+Mackintosh said he was a great reader of novels; had read 'Old
+Mortality' four times in English and once in French. Ellis said
+he preferred Miss Austen's novels to Scott's. Talked of the old
+novelists--Fielding, little read now, Smollett less; Mackintosh
+is a great admirer of Swift, and does not think his infamous
+conduct to Vanessa quite made out. Talked of the articles of our
+religion, and said that they were in almost exact conformity with
+certain doctrines laid down in the Council of Trent. The
+Jansenists differ very little from our Church, except as to the
+doctrine of the Real Presence. Speaking of India, Mackintosh said
+that it was very remarkable that we had lost one great empire and
+gained another in the same generation, and that it was still a
+moot point whether the one really was a gain or the other a loss.
+Called America the second Maritime Power. Franklin wept when he
+quitted England. When he signed the treaty at Paris, he retired
+for a moment and changed his coat. It was remarked, and he said
+he had been to put on the coat in which he had been insulted by
+Lord Loughborough at the English Council Board. Madame de Stael,
+he said, was more agreeable in _tete-a-tete_ than in society; she
+despised her children, and said, 'Ils ne me ressemblent pas.' He
+told her she did not do them justice, particularly her daughter.
+She said, 'C'est une lune bien pale.' She took an aversion to
+Rogers, but when she met him at Bowood, and he told her
+anecdotes, she liked him. She had vanquished Brougham, and was
+very proud of those conquests.
+
+Moore told several stories which I don't recollect, but this
+amused us:--Some Irish had emigrated to some West Indian colony;
+the negroes soon learnt their brogue, and when another shipload
+of Irish came soon after, the negroes as they sailed in said,
+'Ah, Paddy, how are you?' 'Oh, Christ!' said one of them, 'what,
+y're become black already!'
+
+Moore, without displaying the astonishing knowledge of
+Mackintosh, was very full of information, gaiety, and humour. Two
+more delightful days I never passed. I could not help reflecting
+what an extraordinary thing success is in this world, when a man
+so gifted as Mackintosh has failed completely in public life,
+never having attained honours, reputation, or wealth, while so
+many ordinary men have reaped an abundant harvest of all. What a
+consolation this affords to mediocrity! None can approach
+Mackintosh without admiring his extraordinary powers, and at the
+same time wondering why they have not produced greater effects in
+the world either of literature or politics. His virtues are
+obstacles to his success; he has not the art of pushing or of
+making himself feared; he is too _doucereux_ and complimentary,
+and from some accident or defect in the composition of his
+character, and in the course of events which have influenced his
+circumstances, he has always been civilly neglected. Both
+Mackintosh and Moore told a great many anecdotes, but one morning
+at breakfast the latter related a story which struck us all.
+Mackintosh said it was enough to furnish materials for a novel,
+but that the simple narrative was so striking it ought to be
+written down without exaggeration or addition. I afterwards wrote
+it down as nearly as I could recollect it. It was Crampton, the
+Surgeon-General, who told it to Moore, and Crampton _loquitur_.
+
+[Page Head: SIR PHILIP CRAMPTON'S STORY]
+
+'Some years ago I was present at a duel that was fought between a
+young man of the name of MacLoughlin and another Irishman. MacL.
+was desperately wounded; his second ran up to him, and thought to
+console him with the intelligence that his antagonist had also
+fallen. He only replied, "I am sorry for it if he is suffering as
+much as I do now." I was struck by the good feeling evinced in
+this reply, and took an interest in the fate of the young man. He
+recovered, and a few years after my interest was again powerfully
+excited by hearing that he had been arrested on suspicion of
+having murdered his father-in-law, his mother's second husband.
+He was tried and found guilty on the evidence of a soldier who
+happened to be passing in the middle of the night near the house
+in which the murder was committed. Attracted by a light which
+gleamed through the lower part of the window, he approached it,
+and through an opening between the shutter and the frame was able
+to look into the room. There he saw a man in the act of lifting a
+dead body from the floor, while his hands and clothes were
+stained all over with blood. He hastened to give information of
+what he had seen; MacLoughlin and his mother were apprehended,
+and the former, having been identified by the soldier, was found
+guilty. There was no evidence against the woman, and she was
+consequently acquitted. MacLoughlin conducted himself throughout
+the trial with determined calmness, and never could be induced to
+acknowledge his guilt. The morning of his execution he had an
+interview with his mother; none knew what passed between them,
+but when they parted he was heard to say, "Mother, may God
+forgive you!" The fate of this young man made a deep impression
+on me, till time and passing events effaced the occurrence from
+my mind. It was several years afterwards that I one day received
+a letter from a lady (a very old and intimate acquaintance)
+entreating that I would immediately hasten down to the assistance
+of a Roman Catholic priest who was lying dangerously ill at her
+house, and the symptoms of whose malady she described. Her
+description left me doubtful whether the mind or the body of the
+patient was affected. Being unable to leave Dublin, I wrote to
+say that if the disease was bodily the case was hopeless, but if
+mental I should recommend certain lenitives, for which I added a
+prescription. The priest died, and shortly after his death the
+lady confided to me an extraordinary and dreadful story. He had
+been her confessor and intimate friend, and in moments of agony
+and doubt produced by horrible recollections he had revealed to
+her a secret which had been imparted to him in confession. He had
+received the dying confession of MacLoughlin, who, as it turned
+out, was not the murderer of his father-in-law, but had died to
+save the life and honour of his mother, by whom the crime had
+been really committed. She was a woman of violent passions; she
+had quarrelled with her husband in the middle of the night, and
+after throwing him from the bed had despatched him by repeated
+blows. When she found he was dead she was seized with terror, and
+hastening to the apartment of her son, called him to witness the
+shocking spectacle and to save her from the consequences of her
+crime. It was at this moment, when he was lifting the body and
+preparing to remove the bloody evidence of his mother's guilt,
+that the soldier passed by and saw him in the performance of his
+dreadful task. To the priest alone he acknowledged the truth, but
+his last words to his mother were now explained.'
+
+
+[Page Head: TOM MOORE]
+
+November 20th, 1829
+
+Roehampton. Only Moore and myself; Washington Irving and Maclane,
+the American Minister, come to-morrow. Moore spoke in the highest
+terms of Luttrell, of his wit and information, and of his
+writings, to which he does not think the world does justice,
+particularly the 'Advice to Julia,' but he says Luttrell is too
+fearful of giving offence. Moore was very agreeable, told a story
+of Sir ---- St. George in Ireland. He was to attend a meeting at
+which a great many Catholics were to be present (I forget where),
+got drunk and lost his hat, when he went into the room where they
+were assembled and said, 'Damnation to you all; I came to
+emancipate you, and you've stole my hat.' In the evening Moore
+sang, but the pianoforte was horrid, and he was not in good
+voice; still his singing 'va dritto al cuore,' for it produces an
+exceeding sadness, and brings to mind a thousand melancholy
+recollections, and generates many melancholy anticipations. He
+told me as we came along that with him it required no thought to
+write, but that there was no end to it; so many fancies on every
+subject crowded on his brain; that he often read what he had
+written as if it had been the composition of another, and was
+amused; that it was the greatest pleasure to him to compose those
+light and trifling pieces, humorous and satirical, which had been
+so often successful. He holds Voltaire to have been the most
+extraordinary genius that ever lived, on account of his
+universality and fertility; talked of Scott and his wonderful
+labour and power of composition, as well as the extent to which
+he has carried the art of book-making; besides writing this
+history of Scotland for Dr. Lardner's 'Encyclopaedia,' he is
+working at the prefaces for the republication of the Waverley
+Novels, the 'Tales of a Grandfather,' and has still found time to
+review Tytler, which he has done out of the scraps and chips of
+his other works. A little while ago he had to correct some of the
+proofs of the history of Scotland, and, being dissatisfied with
+what was done, he nearly wrote it over again, and sent it up to
+the editor. Some time after finding another copy of the proofs,
+he forgot that he had corrected them before, and he rewrote these
+also and sent them up, and the editor is at this moment engaged
+in selecting from the two corrected copies the best parts of
+each.
+
+Yesterday I met the Chancellor at dinner at the Master of the
+Rolls', when he told me about the King and Denman.[12] The King
+would not have the Recorder's report last week, because the
+Recorder was too ill to attend, and he was resolved not to see
+Denman. The Duke went to him, when he threw himself into a
+terrible tantrum, and was so violent and irritable that they were
+obliged to let him have his own way for fear he should be ill,
+which they thought he would otherwise certainly be. He is rather
+the more furious with Denman from having been forced to consent
+to his having the silk gown, and he said at that time that he
+should never set his foot in any house of his; so that business
+is at a standstill, and the unfortunate wretches under sentence
+of death are suffered to linger on, because he does not choose to
+do his duty and admit to his presence an officer to whom he has
+taken an aversion. As the Chancellor said to me, 'the fact is, he
+is mad.' The fact is that he is a spoiled, selfish, odious beast,
+and has no idea of doing anything but what is agreeable to
+himself, or of there being any duties attached to the office he
+holds. The expenses of the Civil List exceed the allowance in
+every branch, every quarter; but nobody can guess how the money
+is spent, for the King makes no show and never has anybody there.
+My belief is that ---- and ---- ---- plunder him, or rather the
+country, between them, in certain stipulated proportions. Among
+other expenses his tailor's bill is said to be L4,000 or L5,000 a
+year. He is now employed in devising a new dress for the Guards.
+
+     [12] [Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Denman and Lord Chief
+          Justice of England, was at this time Common Serjeant of
+          the City of London. George IV. hated him for the part
+          he had taken on the Queen's trial, and did all he could
+          to prevent his having a silk gown. _Vide supra_,
+          p. 156, January 16th, 1829.]
+
+
+[Page Head: STRAWBERRY HILL]
+
+November 21st, 1829 {p.247}
+
+Maclane, the American Minister, could not come, but Irving did.
+He is lively and unassuming, rather vulgar, very good-humoured.
+We went to Strawberry Hill to-day--Moore, Ellis, Lady Georgiana,
+and I. Ellis is an excellent cicerone; everything is in the state
+in which old Horace Walpole left it, and just as his catalogue
+and description describe it. He says in that work that he makes
+that catalogue to provide against the dispersion of his
+collections, and he tied up everything as strictly as possible.
+Moore sang in the evening and was very agreeable the whole day.
+He said that Byron thought that Crabbe and Coleridge had the most
+genius and feeling of any living poet. Nobody reads Crabbe now.
+How dangerous it is to be a story-teller, however agreeable the
+manner or amusing the budget, for Moore to-day told a story which
+he told here last week! However, they all laughed just the same,
+except me, and I moralised upon it thus. Clifden is a very odd
+man, shrewd and well informed, and somewhat sarcastic, but very
+gay and good-humoured, fond of society and the 'Times' newspaper,
+a great enemy to the Church, and chuckles over its alarms and its
+dangers, but I was amused with a comical contradiction. Somebody
+told a story about an erratum in an Irish paper, which said that
+such a one had abjured the errors of the Romish Church and
+embraced those of the Protestant, at which he was greatly
+diverted, and said, 'That is just what I should have said
+myself;' and to-day after dinner, all of a sudden, he said grace
+(he says grace on Sunday only).
+
+Moore gave an account this morning of his being examined in
+Trinity College, Dublin, when a boy, during the rebellion. Many
+of the youths (himself, and he says he is pretty sure Croker,
+among the number) had taken the oath of the United Irishmen[13]
+(Emmett[14] and some others who were in the College had
+absconded). The Chancellor (Lord Clare) came to the College,
+erected his tribunal, and examined all the students upon oath. He
+asked first if they had belonged to any society of United Irish,
+and, if the answer was in the affirmative, he asked whom they had
+ever seen there and what had passed. Contumacy was punishable by
+expulsion and exclusion from every profession. At the end of the
+first day's examination Moore went home to his parents, and told
+them he could not take an oath which might oblige him to
+criminate others (as he should be forced to answer any question
+they might choose to put), and though they were poor, and had
+conceived great hopes of him, they encouraged him in this
+resolution. The next day he was called forth, when he refused to
+be sworn, stating his reasons why. The Chancellor said he did not
+come there to dispute with him, but added that they should only
+ask him general questions, on which he took the oath, but
+reserved to himself the power of declining to answer particular
+questions. They only asked him such questions as he could
+conscientiously answer (they had got all the information they
+wanted, and were beginning to relax), but when they had done with
+him Lord Clare asked him why he had demurred to answer. He said
+he was afraid he might be called on to criminate others, and that
+he had never taken an oath before, and naturally felt some
+reluctance and dread on such an occasion.
+
+     [13] He did not take the oath till after this examination.
+
+     [14] He had lived in intimacy with Emmett.
+
+Moore told a story of an Irishman who saw from the pit a friend
+of his acting Othello, and he called out, 'Larry, Larry, Larry,
+there's the least taste in life of your linen hanging out!' One
+day in America near the falls of Niagara Moore saw this scene:--
+An Indian whose boat was moored to the shore was making love to
+the wife of another Indian; the husband came upon them unawares;
+he jumped into the boat, when the other cut the cord, and in an
+instant it was carried into the middle of the stream, and before
+he could seize his paddle was already within the rapids. He
+exerted all his force to extricate himself from the peril, but
+finding that his efforts were vain, and his canoe was drawn with
+increasing rapidity towards the Falls, he threw away his paddle,
+drank off at a draught the contents of a bottle of brandy, tossed
+the empty bottle into the air, then quietly folded his arms,
+extended himself in the boat, and awaited with perfect calmness
+his inevitable fate. In a few moments he was whirled down the
+Falls and disappeared for ever.
+
+Washington Irving wants sprightliness and more refined manners.
+He was in Spain four years, at Madrid, Seville, and Grenada.
+While at the latter place he was lodged in the Alhambra, which is
+excellently preserved and very beautiful; he gives a deplorable
+description of the ignorance and backward state of the Spaniards.
+When he returned to France he was utterly uninformed of what had
+been passing in Europe while he was in Spain, and he says that he
+now constantly hears events alluded to of which he knows nothing.
+
+
+[Page Head: LORD GLENGALL'S COMEDY]
+
+December 1st, 1829 {p.249}
+
+After I left Roehampton last week came to town and dined with
+Byng, Moore, Irving, Sir T. Lawrence, and Vesey Fitzgerald; very
+agreeable. No news but the failure of the Spanish expedition
+against Mexico, which capitulated, and the soldiers promised
+never to bear arms against Mexico again. On Friday went to see
+Lord Glengall's comedy, with a prologue by F. Mills and an
+epilogue by Alvanley.[15] It succeeded, though the first two acts
+went off heavily; not much novelty in it, but the characters well
+drawn and some of the situations very good: it amused me very
+well, and was exceedingly well acted. Glengall came to me
+afterwards to get criticisms on his play. I told him some of the
+faults, and he was not in the Sir Fretful line, but took it all
+very thankfully. At Roehampton on Sunday; Byng, Sir Robert
+Wilson, Sharpe,[16] and Luttrell. There is a joke of Luttrell's
+about Sharpe. He was a wholesale hatter formerly; having a dingy
+complexion, somebody said he had transferred the colour of his
+hats to his face, when Luttrell said that 'it was _darkness which
+might be felt_.' Wilson has written to the Sultan a letter full
+of advice, and he says the Turks will be more powerful than ever.
+Wilson is always full of opinions and facts; the former are wild
+and extravagant, the latter generally false.
+
+     [15] [A comedy by the Earl of Glengall, entitled 'The
+          Follies of Fashion.']
+
+     [16] [Richard Sharpe, Esq., well known by the _sobriquet_ of
+          'Conversation Sharpe.']
+
+No Council yet; the King is employed in altering the uniforms of
+the Guards, and has pattern coats with various collars submitted
+to him every day. The Duke of Cumberland assists him, and this is
+his principal occupation; he sees much more of his tailor than he
+does of his Minister. The Duke of Cumberland's boy, who is at
+Kew, diverts himself with making the guard turn out several times
+in the course of the day to salute him.
+
+
+December 3rd, 1829 {p.250}
+
+Came from Roehampton. Lady Pembroke and her daughter, Luttrell
+and I, and the Lievens, dined there one day. Lady Pembroke was
+Countess Woronzow; Lord Pembroke pleaded poverty all his life,
+and died leaving each of his five daughters L20,000, and his wife
+L200,000 to do what she liked with. Old Woronzow was Ambassador
+here many years, has lived here ever since, and never learnt a
+word of English. His son Michel is one of the most distinguished
+officers in the Russian army, and now Governor of Odessa and the
+province of which that city is the capital.
+
+I went to see Glengall's play again, which was much better acted
+than the first time, and, having been curtailed, went off very
+well. Henry de Ros, Glengall, and I went together. I was very
+much amused (but did not venture to show it) at a point in one of
+the scenes between Lureall and Sir S. Foster: the latter said,
+'Let me tell you, sir, that a country gentleman residing on his
+estate is as valuable a member of society as a man of fashion in
+London who lives by plundering those who have more money and less
+wit than himself;' when De Ros turned to Glengall and said,
+'Richard, there appears to me to be a great deal of twaddle in
+this play; besides, you throw over the good cause.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE RECORDER'S REPORT]
+
+December 5th, 1829 {p.250}
+
+This morning the Duke of Wellington sent for me about the Council
+on Monday, and after settling that matter he began talking about
+the King's conduct with reference to the Recorder's report. I
+told him it was thought very extraordinary. He said, 'You have no
+idea what a scene I had with him; there never was anything like
+it. I never saw him so violent.' He then rang the bell, when
+Drummond (his secretary) appeared, and the Duke desired him to
+bring the correspondence with the King about the Recorder, which
+was done. He then said, 'I came to town on the Monday for the
+Council and report, which was to have been on Tuesday, and which
+he had himself settled, without consulting me; in the afternoon
+Phillips came to me and said that the Recorder could not attend,
+and that they did not know if his Majesty would receive Denman. I
+wrote to the King directly this letter.' He then read the letter,
+which was to this effect: that he informed the King that the
+Recorder was ill, and therefore the Common Serjeant, Mr. Denman,
+would have the honour of making the report to his Majesty; that
+he thought it right to apprise him of this, and if he had any
+objection to receive Mr. Denman, it would be better to put off
+the Council, as no other person could now lay the report before
+him. 'To this the King wrote an answer, beginning "My dear Duke,"
+not as usual,' the Duke said, '"My dear Friend," that the state
+of his eyes would not allow him to write by candle-light, and he
+was therefore obliged to make use of an amanuensis. The letter
+was written by Watson, and signed by the King, "Your sincere
+Friend, G. R." It was to the effect that he was quite surprised
+the Duke should have made him such a proposal; that he had been
+grossly insulted by Denman, and would never admit him to his
+presence; that it had been settled the Deputy-Recorder, Arabin,
+in the absence of the Recorder, should make the report, and that
+he had already done so; that he was surprised, knowing as the
+Duke must do the firmness of his character, that he should think
+him capable of yielding on this subject; that he never would do
+so, and desired the Council might take place, and the report be
+made by Arabin.' His letter was much longer, but this was the
+pith of it. On the receipt of this the Duke held a consultation
+with Peel and the Chancellor, when they determined to put off the
+Council, which was done, and the Duke wrote to the King, as
+nearly as I can recollect, as follows. This was an admirable
+letter--business-like, firm, and respectful:--'That upon the
+receipt of his Majesty's letter he had thought it his duty to
+consult the Chancellor, and that they had come to the resolution
+of postponing the Council and report; that the making of this
+report was the privilege of the City of London, and that the
+Recorder in the execution of this duty, being unable to attend,
+had placed it in the hands of the Common Serjeant, whose duty it
+then became to present it; that it was now in his hands, and
+could not be withdrawn without his consent; that the only
+occasion on which it had been presented by Mr. Serjeant Arabin
+had been when the Common Serjeant was on the circuit; that as his
+Majesty objected to admit Mr. Denman to his presence, they had
+thought it best to put off the Council, as if Mr. Arabin was
+summoned he could have no report to present, and there would
+probably arise some discussion between the Common Serjeant and
+him, which would be a proceeding such as ought not to take place
+in his Majesty's palace, and that he would wait upon his Majesty
+the next morning and take his commands upon the subject.' The
+next day, he continued, he went to Windsor, where he had a grand
+scene with his Majesty. 'I am sure,' said the Duke, 'that nobody
+can manage him but me.' He repeated all he had said in his
+letter, and a great deal more; represented to him that having
+given his sanction to the official appointment of Denman since
+the Queen's trial, he could not refuse to receive him in the
+execution of his duty without alleging legal objections for so
+doing; to which the King replied that Lord Liverpool had behaved
+very ill to him, and had made him do this; and then he became
+very violent, and cursed and swore, and said he never would see
+him. The Duke said that he might put off the report; that there
+were three men who must be hanged, and it did not signify one
+farthing whether they were kept in prison a little longer or
+shorter time (he forgets that there are others lying under
+sentence of death, probably several), and that he had better put
+it off than have the Common Serjeant come down to a scene in his
+palace. After letting him run on in his usual way, and exhaust
+his violence, he left him, and the report stands over once more;
+but the Duke told me that it could not stand over after this, and
+if the Recorder is not well enough when the time arrives for the
+next report, his Majesty must receive Denman whether he will or
+no, and that he shall insist upon it. He told me the whole
+history in great detail mixed with pretty severe strictures on
+the King. I have put down all I could carry away. I have not such
+a memory (or such an invention) as Bourrienne.
+
+[Page Head: THE CIVIL LIST]
+
+The Duke then told me that he had made strong remonstrances about
+the excess of expenditure on the Civil List; that in the Lord
+Steward's department there had been an excess of L7,000, in that
+of the Master of the Horse of L5,000, and that of the Master of
+the Robes (the tailor's bill) of L10,000 in the last half-year;[17]
+that he had stated that unless they could save the difference in
+the next half-year, or pay it out of the Privy Purse, he must go
+to Parliament, which would bring the whole of the expenses of the
+Civil List under discussion. He said it was very extraordinary,
+that the King's expenses appeared to be nothing; his Majesty had
+not more tables than he (the Duke) had.
+
+     [17] I am not sure that I am correct in the sums, but very
+          nearly so.--[C.C.G.]
+
+I asked him about Brummell and his Consulship. He said Aberdeen
+hesitated; that he had offered to take all the responsibility on
+himself; that he had in Dudley's time proposed it to him
+(Dudley), who had objected, and at last owned he was afraid the
+King might not like it, on which he had spoken to the King, who
+had made objections, abusing Brummell--said he was a damned
+fellow and had behaved very ill to him (the old story, always
+himself--_moi, moi, moi_)--but after having let him run out
+his tether of abuse, he had at last extracted his consent;
+nevertheless Dudley did not give him the appointment. The Duke
+said he had no acquaintance with Brummell.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER VII.
+
+Chapter of the Bath--The Duc de Dino arrested--A Ball to the
+  Divan--English Policy in Greece--Sir Thomas Lawrence--
+  Gallatin--Court of King's Bench--Accident to the Grand Duke
+  Constantine--Osterley--Young Sidney Herbert--Duke of Wellington
+  in Office--Stapleton's 'Life of Canning'--Death of Sir Thomas
+  Lawrence--Leopold and the Throne of Greece--Canning's Answers
+  to Lord Grey--Distressed State of the Country--Canning's
+  Greatness and his Failings--Death of Tierney--Sir Martin Shee
+  President--The Duke of Wellington's Views and Conduct--The
+  Coming Session--Moore's 'Life of Byron'--Character of Byron--
+  Opening of Parliament--The Fire King--The Duke of Wellington's
+  Speaking--The English Opera House burnt down--Lord Thurlow on
+  Kenyon and Buller--Old Rothschild--Lansdowne House--Earl
+  Stanhope--John Murray--Departure for Italy.
+
+
+December 7th, 1829 {p.254}
+
+At Windsor for a Council; the Duke was there, and Lord Aberdeen,
+Murray, Lord Rosslyn, the Chancellor, and Herries. There was a
+chapter of the Bath, when the Duke of Clarence was installed
+Grand Master, Stratford Canning and Robert Gordon Grand Crosses.
+The King looked very well, but was very blind. The Council was by
+candle-light, but he could not see to read the list, and begged me
+to read it for him. However, I was so good a courtier that I held
+the candle in such a way as to enable him to read it himself. He
+saw the Duke for a short time, and the Chancellor for a long
+time. I asked the latter if the King had been _Denmanising_, and
+he said, 'Oh, yes--"I said when I consented to that fellow's
+having the silk gown that I would never admit him," &c.' I was
+amused with old Conyngham, who told me his wife had been in
+danger, 'so they tell me,' talking of her as if she were somebody
+else's wife. The Duke went from the Council to Stowe; we all
+returned to town.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE DUC DE DINO ARRESTED]
+
+December 9th, 1829 {p.254}
+
+Dined with Prince Lieven; a great dinner--Laval,[1] Granvilles,
+Aberdeen, Montrond, &c. The Duc de Dino, who came here to amuse
+himself, has been arrested, and Montrond and Vaudreuil begged
+Laval to put him on his list of _attaches_ at the Foreign Office,
+which would release him from the sponging-house. He was afraid
+and made difficulties; they were excessively provoked, but at
+last induced him to speak to Lord Aberdeen about it, which he
+said he would do after dinner. In the meantime Montrond got me to
+tell the story to Aberdeen, which I did, and got him to encourage
+Laval to do the business. He then told Laval that I had _aplani_
+the matter, at which the Ambassador was rather affronted, but I
+suppose the thing will be done and Dino will get out. The Duc de
+Dino is Talleyrand's nephew, and his son has married Mademoiselle
+de Montmorency, a relation of the Duc de Laval.
+
+      [1] [The Duc de Laval had succeeded Prince Polignac as
+          French Ambassador in London.]
+
+
+December 10th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+Last night Miss Kemble acted Belvidera for the first time, and
+with great success.
+
+
+December 18th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+At Roehampton last Saturday to Monday; Granvilles, Byng, Lord
+Ashley, and I. Dino was extricated from prison by Laval's paying
+the money, which he did very handsomely; he thought it wrong to
+have him in prison and wrong to attach him fictitiously to his
+Embassy, so he paid the debt, and Dino is gone back to France.
+
+Despatches were received from Gordon yesterday giving an account
+of a ball he had given to the Divan; the Turks came, and the
+Reis-Effendi waltzed with a Mrs. Moore. After supper they drank
+King George IV.'s health in bumpers of champagne. This story was
+told to Lord Sidmouth as a good joke; but he said with a face of
+dismay, 'Good God, is it possible? To what extent will these
+innovations be carried?'
+
+
+December 19th, 1829 {p.255}
+
+There is a review in the 'Foreign Quarterly' (the last number) on
+Greece, which is a remarkably able critique of the conduct of our
+Government in the affairs of that State. The writer, whoever he
+may be, has been amply supplied with documents and information,
+probably from Paris. Nothing can be more just than his remarks on
+our miserable policy, or more severe. I showed it to Lord
+Granville, who told me that it was generally correct, though
+containing some errors; for instance, that it was not true that
+we had engaged to afford the Greeks pecuniary aid, which we never
+did promise, but that he had been himself the person to negotiate
+with M. de la Ferronays, then Minister for Foreign Affairs at
+Paris, for the more limited boundary, and to dissuade the French
+from sending their expedition to the Morea; that there had been a
+violent contest in the English Cabinet on that subject, Huskisson
+and Dudley being in favour of the French expedition, and the Duke
+and the rest against it, but that the moment Huskisson and his
+party resigned the Duke gave way and agreed to the measure. This
+affords another example of his extraordinary mode of proceeding,
+that of opposing the views and plans of others violently, and
+when he finds opposition fruitless, or likely to become so,
+turning short round and adopting them as his own, and taking all
+the credit he can get for doing so. He did so in the case of the
+recognition of the South American colonies, of the Test and
+Corporation Acts, the Catholic question, and in this instance.
+Then his conduct on the Corn Bill is only the converse of the
+same proposition--begins by being a party to it and then procures
+its rejection. Greece and Portugal, if well handled, would afford
+two great cases against the Duke's foreign policy, and they serve
+as admirable commentaries on each other. The raising the siege of
+Previsa, and the respect paid to Miguel's blockade, and
+compulsion exercised on the Terceira people are enough to prove
+everything.
+
+Ashley told me a curious thing about Sir Thomas Lawrence the
+other day. His father kept the inn at Devizes,[2] and when Lord
+Shaftesbury's father and mother were once at the inn with Lord
+Shaftesbury, then a boy, the innkeeper came into the room and
+said he had a son with a genius for drawing, and, if they would
+allow him, his little boy should draw their little boy's picture;
+on which the little Lawrence was sent for, who produced his chalk
+and paper, and made a portrait of the young Lord.
+
+      [2] [Sir Thomas Lawrence's father at one time kept the
+          'Black Bear' at Devizes. In 1775 Lord and Lady Kenyon
+          had the young prodigy (as he was called) introduced to
+          them there. Lawrence was then only six years old.]
+
+
+[Page Head: GALLATIN]
+
+December 21st, 1829 {p.257}
+
+At Roehampton from Saturday; Maclane, the American Minister,
+Washington Irving, Melbourne, Byng, and on Sunday the Lievens to
+dinner. Maclane a sensible man, with very good American manners,
+which are not refined. Even Irving, who has been so many years
+here, has a bluntness which is very foreign to the tone of good
+society. Maclane gave me a curious account of Gallatin. He was
+born at Geneva, and went over to America early in life, possessed
+of nothing; there he set up a little huxtering shop--in I forget
+what State--and fell in love with one of the daughters of a poor
+woman at whose house he lodged, but he was so destitute that the
+mother refused him. In this abject condition accident introduced
+him to the celebrated Patrick Henry, who advised him to abandon
+trade, and go into the neighbouring State and try to advance
+himself by his talents. He followed the advice, and soon began to
+make himself known.
+
+
+December 22nd, 1829 {p.257}
+
+Dined with Byng yesterday and met Moore, Fitzgerald, and
+Luttrell. Luttrell is a great lover of conundrums, which taste he
+acquired from Beresford, the author of the 'Miseries of Human
+Life,' who has invented some very curious but elaborate
+conundrums. They are not worth repeating. Moore told a story of
+an Irishman at the play calling out, 'Now, boys, a clap for
+Wellington!' which being complied with, 'And now silence for the
+rest of the family!' He complained that all the humour which used
+to break out in an Irish audience is extinct.
+
+Fitzgerald told me that the King had been annoying them as much
+as he could, that he took pleasure in making his Government weak,
+that the money matter (which the Duke told me of before) had been
+settled by 'contrivances,' or that they must have gone to
+Parliament for the amount; that he has just ordered plate to the
+amount of L25,000. Fitzgerald is so ill that he can scarcely
+carry on the business of his office, and yet he does not like to
+give it up, for fear of embarrassing the Government; he
+complained that the other offices had thrown much of their
+business on the Board of Trade, a custom which had grown up in
+Huskisson's time, who was the most competent man, and who took it
+all. Probably Huskisson was not sorry, by making himself very
+useful, to make himself nearly indispensable, and thought that he
+was so; and so he was _de jure_, but the Duke would not let him
+be so _de facto_.
+
+
+[Page Head: PRESS PROSECUTIONS]
+
+December 23rd, 1829 {p.258}
+
+Went to the Court of King's Bench this morning to prove that the
+Duke of Wellington is a Privy Councillor, on the trial of the
+action which the Duke brought against the 'Morning Journal.' The
+action brought by the Chancellor had been tried the day before.
+Scarlett was feeble; Alexander again defended himself in a very
+poor speech; the jury retired for three hours, and I thought
+would have said 'Not guilty;' but they brought in a verdict which
+is tantamount to a defeat of the prosecution on this charge, and
+amply proves the folly of having instituted it at all. I did not
+hear the second trial, on which they gave a verdict of guilty,
+after consulting for about half an hour. The jury in each case
+consisted of eight special jurors and four talesmen. Afterwards
+there was a _crim. con._ case, which I did not stay out, but
+which was amusing enough from the translations of the counsel,
+the Judge, the witnesses, and the interpreters, for some of the
+witnesses were French. Lord Tenterden has a comical way of
+muttering to himself half aloud as the counsel are speaking,
+either answering or commenting on what they say. Scarlett was
+saying (in this last case) that he could not prove the fact, but
+he could prove that the defendant passed the night in the lady's
+room, and the jury might judge what he did, when Tenterden
+muttered, 'If he did nothing, what was he there for?'
+
+The prosecution finished with the trial of Bell (of the 'Atlas'),
+who made a very good speech (it was about Lord and Lady
+Lyndhurst), and the jury found him guilty of publishing only,
+which I take to be an acquittal; the point, however, will not be
+tried probably, for it is not likely that he will be brought up
+for judgment. He will be contented to get off, and they will not
+like to stir such a question. The result of the trials proves the
+egregious folly of having ever brought them on, especially the
+Duke's. One of the verdicts is, as far as he is concerned, an
+acquittal; the author showed himself to be so contemptible that
+he had better have been treated with indifference. He has been
+converted into a sort of martyr, and whatever may have been
+thought of the vulgar scurrility of the language, ruin and
+imprisonment will appear to most people too severe a punishment
+for the offence. Then the whole press have united upon this
+occasion, and in some very powerful articles have spread to every
+corner of the country the strongest condemnation of the whole
+proceeding. The Government, or rather the Duke, is likely to
+become unpopular, and no good end will have been answered. I do
+not believe that these prosecutions originate in a desire to curb
+the press, but merely in that of punishing a writer who had so
+violently abused him; not, however, that he would be sorry to
+adopt any measure which should tend to fetter free discussion,
+and subject the press to future punishment. But this would be a
+fearful war to wage, and I do not think he is rash enough to
+undertake such a crusade.
+
+
+December 27th, 1829 {p.259}
+
+At Panshanger since the 24th; Lievens, J. Russell, Montrond, M.
+de la Rochefoucauld, F. Lamb. On Christmas Day the Princess
+[Lieven] got up a little _fete_ such as is customary all over
+Germany. Three trees in great pots were put upon a long table
+covered with pink linen; each tree was illuminated with three
+circular tiers of coloured wax candles--blue, green, red, and
+white. Before each tree was displayed a quantity of toys, gloves,
+pocket-handkerchiefs, workboxes, books, and various articles--
+presents made to the owner of the tree. It was very pretty. Here
+it was only for the children; in Germany the custom extends to
+persons of all ages. The Princess told us to-day about the
+Emperor of Russia's relapse and the cause of it. He had had a
+cold which he had neglected, but at length the physicians had
+given him some medicine to produce perspiration, and he was in
+bed in that state, the Empress sitting by him reading to him,
+when on a sudden a dreadful noise was heard in the next (the
+children's) room, followed by loud shrieks. The Empress rushed
+into the room, and the Emperor jumped out of bed in his shirt and
+followed her. There the children, the governess, and the nurses
+were screaming out that Constantine (the second boy, of two years
+old) was destroyed; a huge vase of porphyry had been thrown down
+and had fallen over the child, who was not to be seen. So great
+was the weight and size of the vase that it was several minutes
+before it could be raised, though assistance was immediately
+fetched, and all that time the Emperor and Empress stood there in
+ignorance of the fate of the child, and expecting to see the
+removal of the vase discover his mangled body, when to their
+delight it was found that the vase had fallen exactly over him,
+without doing him the least injury, but the agitation and the
+cold brought on a violent fever, which for some time put the
+Emperor in great danger. The Princess said she was surprised that
+it did not kill the Empress, for she is the most nervous woman in
+the world, ever since the conspiracy at the time of his
+accession, when her nerves were _ebranles_ by all she went
+through. That scene (of the revolt of the Guards) took place
+under the window of the Palace. The whole Imperial Family was
+assembled there and saw it all, the Emperor being in the middle
+of men by whom they expected him to be assassinated every moment.
+During all that time--many hours--the young Empress never spoke,
+but stood 'pale comme une statue,' and when at length it was all
+over, and the Emperor returned, she threw herself on her knees
+and began to pray.
+
+
+December 29th, 1829 {p.260}
+
+At Osterley;[3] Lady Euston, Mrs. Sheridan and her son; a very
+fine house, which is thrown away, as they hardly ever live there.
+They spent L200,000 in building Middleton, which is the worst
+place in England, and now they regret it, but Lord Jersey hates
+Osterley and likes Middleton. This place belonged to Sir Thomas
+Gresham, but the present house is modern. It was here that Sir
+Thomas Gresham feasted Queen Elizabeth, and pulled down a wall in
+the night which she had found fault with, so that in the morning
+she found it was gone.
+
+      [3] [Lord Jersey's seat near Hanwell, Middlesex.]
+
+
+                              1830.
+
+
+[Page Head: WELLINGTON AS A MINISTER]
+
+January 2nd, 1830 {p.261}
+
+At Roehampton; William Howard, Baring Wall, and Lady Pembroke's
+son;[4] the best sort of youth I have seen for a long while, and
+he will have L12,000 a year, besides what his mother may leave
+him. Vesey Fitzgerald is so ill that it is doubtful if he will
+recover, and, at all events, almost impossible that he should
+remain in office. It will be very difficult for the Duke to fill
+his place. There is not a man in office now who is fit for it,
+and where is he to look for anyone else? Yet I think almost
+anybody would take it; for although the late prosecutions are
+blamed, and the foreign policy is thought by most people to have
+been very miserable, there is an extensive disposition to support
+the Duke and to keep him at the head of affairs. Huskisson is the
+man whose knowledge and capacity would be of the greatest service
+just now, but the Duke will not like to apply to him in a moment
+of distress, because he would probably take advantage of that
+distress to make better terms for himself; at the same time, I
+should not be surprised if the Duke were to invite him to return
+to the Cabinet, and that he accepted the Chancellorship of the
+Exchequer or one of the Secretaryships without any conditions.
+Vesey will be a great loss, for he is clever and ready in debate,
+and by great diligence and application, and the powerful
+assistance of Hume and Stephen, he has made considerable progress
+in the science of trade and commerce.
+
+      [4] [Sidney Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea, whose
+          life and character did not belie the promise of his
+          youth.]
+
+
+January 5th, 1830 {p.261}
+
+There are many speculations about Vesey's successor; some think
+Lord Chandos or Herries; I think Frankland Lewis, but that Lord
+Chandos will have some place before long; the Duke has a great
+hankering after that set. In the meantime all accounts concur in
+admitting the great and increasing distress; and, as such a state
+of things not unnaturally produces a good deal of ill-humour, the
+Duke is abused for gadding about visiting and shooting while the
+country is in difficulty, and it is argued that he must be very
+unfeeling and indifferent to it all to amuse himself in this
+manner. Nothing can be more unjust than such accusations as
+these. The sort of relaxation he takes is necessary to his
+health, and, all things considered, it is not extraordinary he
+should prefer other people's houses to his own, particularly when
+everyone invites him in the most pressing manner. But these
+visits by no means interrupt the course of his official business;
+all his letters are regularly sent to him, and as regularly
+answered every day, and it is his habit to open his letters
+himself, to read them all, and to answer all. He never receives
+any letter, whatever may be the subject or the situation of the
+writer, that he does not answer, and that immediately, to a
+degree which is not only unprecedented, but quite unnecessary,
+and I think unwise, although certainly it contributes to his
+popularity. It is another proof of that simplicity of character
+and the absence of all arrogance which are so remarkable in him,
+especially as he has long been used to command and to implicit
+obedience, and the whole tenor of his conduct since he has been
+in office shows that he is covetous of power and authority, and
+will not endure anybody who will not be subservient to him; still
+in his manner and bearing there is nothing but openness,
+frankness, civility, and good-humour. As to his supposed
+indifference to the public distress, I firmly believe that his
+mind is incessantly occupied with projects for its relief, and
+that when unwarped by particular prejudices, partialities, and
+antipathies, which have had a stronger and more frequent
+influence over him than befits so great a man, he is animated
+with a sincere desire to reform abuses of any kind, and is not
+diverted from his purpose by any personal considerations or
+collateral objects. The King is preparing for a new battle with
+him (stimulated, I presume, by the Duke of Cumberland) about the
+appointment of sheriffs. He has taken it into his head that he
+will not appoint any Roman Catholic sheriff; and as several have
+been named, and these generally first on the list, according to
+the usual practice, they must be chosen. The King will be obliged
+to give way, but it is an additional proof of his bad disposition
+and his pleasure in thwarting his Ministers on every possible
+occasion.
+
+
+[Page Head: STAPLETON'S 'MEMOIRS OF CANNING']
+
+January 7th, 1830 {p.263}
+
+Stapleton's 'Memoirs of Canning' are coming out directly, but he
+is prevented from making use of all the documents he, or rather
+Lady Canning, has. She has had an angry correspondence with the
+Foreign Office. Every Minister takes away a _precis_ of all he
+has done while in office, but Canning's _precis_ was not finished
+when he died. She wrote and demanded that what was incomplete
+should be furnished to her, but claimed it as a right, and said
+it was for the purpose of vindicating him. Lord Aberdeen declined
+giving it, and I think very properly. The reason he assigned was
+that a Minister who was furnished with such documents for his own
+justification was bound by his oath of secresy not to reveal the
+contents, but the secrets of the State could not be imparted to
+any irresponsible person, who was under no such restraint.
+
+Vesey Fitzgerald is better, but will hardly be able to do any
+business. Some think he will have leave of absence, that Dawson
+will exchange offices with Courtenay, and do the business of the
+Board of Trade; others, that Herries will succeed Vesey, or
+Frankland Lewis. The revenue has fallen off one million and more.
+The accounts of distress from the country grow worse and more
+desponding, and a return to one pound notes begins to be talked
+of.
+
+
+Roehampton, January 9th, 1830 {p.263}
+
+Yesterday morning died Sir Thomas Lawrence after a very short
+illness. Few people knew he was ill before they heard he was
+dead. He was _longe primus_ of all living painters, and has left
+no one fit to succeed him in the chair of the Royal Academy.
+Lawrence was about sixty, very like Canning in appearance,
+remarkably gentlemanlike, with very mild manners, though rather
+too _doucereux_, agreeable in society, unassuming, and not a
+great talker; his mind was highly cultivated, he had a taste for
+every kind of literature, and was enthusiastically devoted to his
+art; he was very industrious, and painted an enormous number of
+portraits, but many of his later works are still unfinished, and
+great complaints used to be made of his exacting either the whole
+or half payment when he began a picture, but that when he had got
+the money he could never be prevailed on to complete it. Although
+he is supposed to have earned enormous sums by his paintings, he
+has always been a distressed man, without any visible means of
+expense, except a magnificent collection of drawings by the
+ancient masters, said to be the finest in the world, and procured
+at great cost. He was, however, a generous patron of young
+artists of merit and talent. It was always said that he lost
+money at play, but this assertion seems to have proceeded more
+from the difficulty of reconciling his pecuniary embarrassments
+with his enormous profits than from any proof of the fact. He was
+a great courtier, and is said to have been so devoted to the King
+that he would not paint anybody who was personally obnoxious to
+his Majesty; but I do not believe this is true. He is an
+irreparable loss; since Sir Joshua there has been no painter like
+him; his portraits as pictures I think are not nearly so fine as
+Sir Joshua's, but as likenesses many of them are quite perfect.
+Moore's was the last portrait he painted, and Miss Kemble's his
+last drawing.
+
+The King has been very ill; lost forty ounces of blood. Vesey is
+better, but has no chance of going on with his office. The
+general opinion seems to be that Herries will succeed him. I do
+not believe he knows anything of the business of the Board of
+Trade. Charles Mills told me yesterday that a proposal was lately
+made by Government to the East India Company to reduce their
+dividends, and that at the very time this was done Rothschild,
+who had L40,000 East India stock, sold it all out, and all his
+friends who held any did the same. The matter was eventually
+dropped, but he says nobody doubts that N---- gave notice to
+Rothschild of the proposed measure. The Company are mightily
+satisfied with Lord William Bentinck, who has acted very
+handsomely by them in this business by the reduction of the pay
+of the troops. He has written some very trimming letters to Lord
+Combermere, who is coming home, and if he had not been, would
+probably have been recalled. The Duke, as well as the Company, is
+furious with Combermere for the part he has acted in the affair.
+
+[Page Head: LEOPOLD AND THE THRONE OF GREECE]
+
+Leopold's election to the throne of Greece seems to be settled,
+and while everybody has been wondering what could induce him to
+accept it, it turns out that he has been most anxious for it, and
+has moved heaven and earth to obtain it; that the greatest
+obstacle he has met with has been from the King, who hates him,
+and cannot bear that he should become a crowned head. He may
+think it 'better to reign in hell than serve in heaven,' but I
+should have thought he had a better prospect here, with L50,000 a
+year and as uncle to the heiress apparent, than to go to a ruined
+country without cities or inhabitants, and where everything is to
+be created, and to sit on such a wretched throne as the nominee
+of the Allied Powers, by whom he will be held responsible for his
+acts; however, 'il ne faut pas disputer des gouts.'
+
+George Bentinck told me that Lady Canning is not satisfied with
+Stapleton's book, particularly with that part of it in which he
+attempts to answer Lord Grey's speech, which she thinks poor and
+spiritless; he is not disposed to be very severe on Lord Grey,
+being in a manner connected with him. She is persuaded that that
+speech contributed to kill Canning; his feelings were deeply
+wounded that not one of his friends said a word in reply to it,
+although some of them knew that the facts in Lord Grey's speech
+were incorrect. He vehemently desired to be raised to the
+peerage, that he might have an opportunity of answering it, and
+he had actually composed and spoken to Mrs. Canning the speech
+which he intended to make in the House of Lords. A great part of
+this she remembers. It seems, too, that to the day of his death
+this was the ruling desire of his mind, and he had declared that
+the following year, when he should have carried the Corn Bill
+through the House of Commons, he would go to the House of Lords
+and fight the battle there.
+
+
+January 17th, 1830 {p.266}
+
+Charles Mills told me the other day that the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer has been making enquiries as to the fact of Rothschild
+having sold his India stock at the time he did. The two Grants
+(Charles and Robert) are always together, and both very forgetful
+and unpunctual. Somebody said that if you asked Charles to dine
+with you at six on Monday, you were very likely to have Robert at
+seven on Tuesday.
+
+Edward Villiers (who has been living with Malcolm on board his
+ship in the Mediterranean) writes word that Malcolm told him that
+he had orders, in the event of Diebitsch's marching upon
+Constantinople, to destroy the Russian fleet. If this is true, it
+would have been a great outrage, and a most extraordinary piece
+of vigour, after so much long-suffering and endurance.
+
+The country gentlemen are beginning to arrive, and they all tell
+the same story as to the universally prevailing distress and the
+certainty of things becoming much worse; of the failure of rents
+all over England, and the necessity of some decisive measures or
+the prospect of general ruin. Of course they differ as to the
+measures, but there appears to be a strong leaning towards the
+alteration in the currency and one pound notes. It really does
+appear, from many representations, that a notion prevails of the
+Duke of Wellington's indifference to the state of the country,
+and of his disposition to treat the remonstrances and petitions
+of the people, as well as their interests and feelings, with
+contempt, which I believe most false and unjust. He has an
+overweening opinion of his own all-sufficiency, and that is his
+besetting sin, and the one which, if anything does, will overturn
+his Government, for if he would be less dictatorial and
+opinionated, and would call to his assistance such talents and
+information as the crisis demands, he would be universally voted
+the best man alive to be at the head of the Government; but he
+has such a set of men under him, and Peel will never get over the
+Catholic question. [Peel got over it, but not before he had
+expiated his conduct by being turned out.]
+
+
+January 20th, 1830 {p.267}
+
+The Duke and Lord Bathurst dined here yesterday, the former not
+in good spirits. The battle about Leopold and Greece is still
+going on between his Majesty and his Ministers. The Duke was
+talking about the robbery at Brussels of the Princess of Orange's
+jewels, and that there is reason to believe that Pereira, the
+Prince's friend, had some concern in it; many people suspect that
+both he and the Prince were concerned. The Princess was in the
+country, and only one maid-servant in the house where such
+valuable property was left. The jewels were in a case, and the
+key of the case was kept in a cabinet, which was opened, the key
+taken, and the large case or chest opened by it. Small footsteps
+(like those of Pereira, who has very small feet) were traced in
+the house or near it, and the day of the robbery the porter was
+taken by Pereira's servant to his house and there made drunk. The
+robbery was discovered on Friday morning, but no steps were taken
+to inform the police till Sunday night.
+
+
+[Page Head: POLITICAL MORALITY]
+
+January 22nd, 1830 {p.267}
+
+I believe it to be impossible for a man of squeamish and
+uncompromising virtue to be a successful politician, and it
+requires the nicest feeling and soundest judgment to know upon
+what occasions and to what extent it is allowable and expedient
+to diverge from the straight line. Statesmen of the greatest
+power, and with the purest intentions, are perpetually counteracted
+by prejudices, obstinacy, interest, and ignorance; and in order
+to be efficient they must turn, and tack, and temporise,
+sometimes dissemble. They who are of the _ruat coelum_ sort, who
+will carry everything their own way or not at all, must be
+content to yield their places to those who are certainly less
+scrupulous, and submit to the measures of those who are probably
+less wise. But though it is possible that the less rigid and
+austere politician may be equally virtuous and disinterested, the
+whole context of his life must be such as to endure the most
+scrutinising enquiry, which unfortunately it will very seldom do,
+in order to establish a character for integrity. If Canning had
+had a fair field, he would have done great things, for his lofty
+and ambitious genius took an immense sweep, and the vigour of his
+intellect, his penetration and sagacity, enabled him to form
+mighty plans and work them out with success; but it is impossible
+to believe that he was a high-minded man, that he spurned
+everything that was dishonest, uncandid, and ungentlemanlike; he
+was not above trick and intrigue, and this was the fault of his
+character, which was unequal to his genius and understanding.
+However, notwithstanding his failings he was the greatest man we
+have had for a long time, and if life had been spared to him, and
+opposition had not been too much for him, he would have raised
+our character abroad, and perhaps found remedies for our
+difficulties at home. What a difference between his position and
+that of the Duke of Wellington's! Everybody is disposed to
+support the latter and give him unlimited credit for good
+intentions. The former was obliged to carry men's approbation by
+storm, and the moment he had failed, or been caught tripping, he
+would have been lost.
+
+[Page Head: DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S POSITION]
+
+The Duke has lately given audience to the West Indians who came
+to complain of their sufferings and taxation and to implore
+relief. Murray and Goulburn were present, neither of whom, it is
+said, spoke a word. The Duke cut them very short, and told them
+they were not distressed at all, and that nothing would be done
+for them. He is like the philosopher in Moliere's play, who says,
+'Il ne faut pas dire que vous avez recu des coups de baton, mais
+qu'il vous semble que vous en avez recus.'
+
+Lawrence was buried yesterday; a magnificent funeral, which will
+have cost, they say, L2,000. The pall was borne by Clanwilliam,
+Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, Croker, Agar Ellis, and three more--I
+forget who. There were thirty-two mourning-coaches and eighty
+private carriages. The ceremony in the church lasted two hours.
+Pretty well for a man who died in very embarrassed circumstances.
+The favourites for the chair of the Academy are Shee and Wilkie,
+painters, and Westmacott and Chantrey, sculptors.
+
+We were talking of Clanwilliam, who Agar said was the quickest
+man he had ever known; Luttrell said he and Rogers were 'the
+_quick_ and the _dead_.' Looking over the 'Report of the Woods
+and Forests and the Cost of the Palaces,' somebody said 'the
+pensive' (meaning the public: see Rejected Addresses) must pay;
+Luttrell said 'the public was the pensive and the King the
+expensive.'
+
+
+January 26th, 1830 {p.269}
+
+Yesterday afternoon Tierney died. He sank back in his chair and
+expired suddenly, without any previous illness; he had been in an
+indifferent state of health for some time, but he had resolved to
+make one more effort in Parliament and deliver his opinion on the
+present state of affairs. He is a great loss to all his friends;
+his political life was already closed.
+
+Shee was elected President of the Royal Academy last night at ten
+o'clock. He had sixteen or eighteen votes; Sir William Beechey
+six, who was the nearest to Shee; Wilkie only two. He is an
+Irishman and a Catholic, a bad painter, a tolerable poet, and a
+man of learning, but, it is said, florid.
+
+Had a long conversation with Arbuthnot yesterday, who is weak,
+but knows everything; his sentiments are the Duke's. They are
+furious with the old Tories, especially Lord Lonsdale, and not
+well satisfied with Lowther, whom they suspect to be playing a
+sneaking, underhand part. The Duke is determined not to alter his
+Government, nor to take anybody in to strengthen it. Arbuthnot
+said that the Duke had shown he did not mean to be exclusive when
+he had taken in Scarlett and Calcraft, and that 'his friends'
+would not have borne any more extensive promotion from that
+party; that of all Ministers he was the one who least depended
+upon Parliamentary influence and the assistance of the great
+families; and that if Lord Lonsdale and all his members were to
+leave him to-morrow, he would not care a straw. Still he pays
+them, if not court, great deference, and he keeps Lowther, though
+he suspects him. Arbuthnot said that as soon as the Duke became
+Minister he said to him, 'Now, Duke, for God's sake settle that
+question' (the Catholic), which was as much as to say, 'Now that
+you have got rid of every enemy and every rival, now that you can
+raise your own reputation, and that you will share the glory with
+no one, do that which you would never let anybody else do, and
+fight for the measure you have been opposing all your life.' It
+may be imagined he would not have said this unless he had been
+fully aware of the Duke's sentiments on the subject. This speech
+was made to him eight months after Canning came into office, when
+they _all_ went out, _on the Catholic question_. He says it is
+utterly false that the Duke is unconscious of or indifferent to
+the distress, but that it is exaggerated, and the Duke attributes
+it to temporary and not to permanent causes; that he labours
+incessantly on the subject, and his thoughts are constantly
+occupied with devising a remedy for it, which he thinks he can
+do. He adverted to the difficulties with the King, who is never
+to be depended upon, as his father was. He remembers upon
+some occasion, when Perceval was Minister, and thought the
+difficulties of his situation great, he represented to George III.
+his sense of them in a letter; Perceval showed him the King's
+answer, which was in these words:--'Do you stand by me as I will
+stand by you, and while we stand by each other we have nothing to
+fear.'
+
+I told Arbuthnot it was reported that the Duke had given a very
+rough answer to the West Indian deputations, and that if he had
+it was unwise, as, though he might not adopt such measures of
+relief as they desired, he could treat them with soft language.
+He said that, so far from it, Lord Chandos had returned to the
+Duke the next day, and apologised for their conduct to him,
+assuring him that he was ashamed and tired of his connexion with
+them, and should withdraw from it as soon as possible. This I
+mentioned at Brookes', but Gordon (a West Indian) said that they
+had all been shocked at the manner in which he had used them,
+that some of them had declared they would never go to him again;
+and Spring Rice said that old George Hibbert, who has been their
+agent these thirty years, and had attended deputations to every
+Prime Minister since Pitt, had told him that he never saw one so
+ill received before. It is customary for every deputation to draw
+out a minute of their conversation with the Minister, which they
+submit to him to admit its correctness. They did so, but the Duke
+destroyed their minute, and sent them back one drawn out by
+himself, which, however, they declare was not so correct as that
+which had been transmitted to him; which I can well believe, but
+they had no right to complain of this, on the contrary.
+
+
+January 30th, 1830 {p.271}
+
+Laid up with the gout these last three days. George Bankes has
+resigned, and John Wortley is appointed Secretary to the Board of
+Control. He was of the Huskisson party, as it is called (though
+it does not deserve the name), and previously to the offer of
+this place being made to him was rather inimical to the
+Government; but the Duke proposed, and he accepted. I doubt his
+being of much use to them. Lord Ellenborough's letter to Sir John
+Malcolm, which appeared in the 'Times' a few days ago, has made a
+great deal of noise, as it well may, for a more flippant and
+injudicious performance has seldom been seen.[5]
+
+      [5] [This letter, which excited much attention at this
+          time, will be found in the 'Life of Sir John Malcolm,'
+          by Mr. (now Sir John) Kaye, vol. ii. p. 528. It had
+          been written a year before, and by some indiscretion
+          obtained publicity in India. A warm dispute had broken
+          out between Sir John Malcolm, then Governor of Bombay,
+          and the Judges of the Supreme Court there. Lord
+          Ellenborough took Malcolm's part with great eagerness,
+          and said of the Chief Justice, Sir J. P. Grant, that he
+          'would be like a wild elephant between two tame ones.'
+          This expression was long remembered as a joke against
+          Lord Ellenborough.]
+
+[Page Head: THE COMING SESSION]
+
+The greatest curiosity and interest prevail about the
+transactions in the ensuing session--whether there will be any
+opposition, and from what quarter, how Peel will manage, how the
+country gentlemen will act and what language they will hold, and
+whether the Duke will produce any plan for alleviating the
+distress. I think there will be a great deal of talking and
+complaining, a great many half-measures suggested, but no
+opposition, and that the Duke will do nothing, and get through
+the session without much difficulty. There was to have been a
+Council on Thursday to prick the sheriffs, but it was put off on
+account of my gout, and I was not able to attend at the dinner at
+the Chancellor's on Wednesday for the same reason. I remember
+once before a Council was put off because I was at Egham for the
+races; that was a Council in '27, I think, to admit foreign corn.
+
+
+February 1st, 1830 {p.272}
+
+Stapleton's book on Mr. Canning is not to appear. Douglas was
+sent to him by Aberdeen to tell him that if anything appeared in
+it which ought not to be published he would be turned out of his
+office. He wrote to Lady Canning accordingly, who sent him a very
+kind answer, desiring him by no means to expose himself to any
+such danger, and consenting to the suppression of the work. I am
+glad of it on all accounts.
+
+
+February 3rd, 1830 {p.272}
+
+Brougham has given up Lord Cleveland's borough, and comes in for
+Knaresborough, at the Duke of Devonshire's invitation. He is
+delighted at the exchange. I see by the 'Gazette' there has been
+a compromise with the King about the Catholic sheriffs; only one
+(Petre for Yorkshire) is chosen, the others, though first on the
+list and no excuses, passed over: they were Townley for
+Lancashire and Sir T. Stanley for Cheshire. It is childish and
+ridiculous if so; but no matter, as the principle is admitted.
+
+[Page Head: CHARACTER OF LORD BYRON]
+
+I have just finished the first volume of Moore's 'Life of Byron.'
+I don't think I like this style of biography, half-way between
+ordinary narrative and self-delineation in the shape of letters,
+diary, &c. Moore's part is agreeably and feelingly written, and
+in a very different style from the 'Life of Sheridan'--no turgid
+diction and brilliant antitheses. It is, however, very amusing;
+the letters are exceedingly clever, full of wit, humour, and
+point, abounding in illustration, imagination, and information,
+but not the most agreeable sort of letters. They are joined
+together by a succession of little essays upon his character. But
+as to life, it is no life at all; it merely tells you that the
+details of his life are not tellable, that they would be like
+those of Tilly or Casanova, and so indecent, and compromise so
+many people, that we must be content to look at his life through
+an impenetrable veil. Then in the letters and diary the perpetual
+hiatus, and asterisks, and initials are exceedingly tantalising;
+but altogether it is very amusing. As to Byron, I have never had
+but one opinion about his poetry, which I think of first-rate
+excellence; an enormous heresy, of course, more particularly with
+those whose political taste rests upon the same foundation that
+their religious creed does--that of having been taught what to
+admire in the one case as they have been enjoined what to believe
+in the other. With regard to his character, I think Moore has
+succeeded in proving that he was far from deficient in amiable
+qualities; he was high-minded, liberal, generous, and good-natured,
+and, if he does not exaggerate his own feelings, a warm-hearted
+and sincere friend. But what a wretch he was! how thoroughly
+miserable with such splendid talents! how little philosophy!--
+wretched on account of his lame foot; not even his successes with
+women could reconcile him to a little personal deformity, though
+this is too hard a word for it; then tormenting himself to
+death nobody can tell why or wherefore. There never was so
+ill-regulated a mind, and he had not even the talent of making
+his pleasures subservient to his happiness--not any notion of
+_enjoyment_; all with him was riot, and debauchery, and rage and
+despair. That he very sincerely entertained a bad opinion of
+mankind may be easily believed; but so far from his pride and
+haughtiness raising him above the influence of the opinion of
+those whom he so despised, he was the veriest slave to it that
+ever breathed, as he confesses when he says that he was almost
+more annoyed at the censure of the meanest than pleased with the
+praises of the highest of mankind; and when he deals around his
+fierce vituperation or bitter sarcasms, he is only clanking the
+chains which, with all his pride, and defiance, and contempt, he
+is unable to throw off. Then he despises pretenders and
+charlatans of all sorts, while he is himself a pretender, as all
+men are who assume a character which does not belong to them, and
+affect to be something which they are all the time conscious they
+are not in reality. But to 'assume a virtue if you have it not'
+is more allowable than to assume a vice which you have not. To
+wish to appear better or wiser than we really are is excusable in
+itself, and it is only the manner of doing it that may become
+ridiculous; but to endeavour to appear worse than we are is a
+species of perverted vanity the most disgusting, and a very bad
+compliment to the judgment, the morals or the taste of our
+acquaintance. Yet, with all his splendid genius, this sort of
+vanity certainly distinguished Lord Byron, and that among many
+other things proves how deeply a man may be read in human nature,
+what an insight he may acquire into the springs of action and
+feeling, and yet how incapable he may be of making any practical
+application of the knowledge he has acquired and the result of
+which he can faithfully delineate. He gives a list of the books
+he had read at eighteen which appears incredible, particularly as
+he says that he was always idle, and eight years after Scott says
+he did not appear well read either in poetry or history. Swift
+says 'some men know books as others do Lords--learn their titles,
+and then boast of their acquaintance with them,' and so perhaps
+at eighteen he knew by name the books he mentions; indeed, the
+list contains Hooker, Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Berkeley, &c. It
+sounds rather improbable; but his letters contain allusions to
+every sort of literature, and certainly indicate considerable
+information. 'Dans le pays des aveugles les borgnes sont rois,'
+and Sir Walter Scott might think a man half read who knows all
+that is contained in the brains of White's, Brookes', and
+Boodle's, and the greater part of the two Houses of Parliament.
+But the more one reads and hears of great men the more reconciled
+one becomes to one's own mediocrity.
+
+         Say thou, whose thoughts at nothingness repine,
+         Shall Byron's fame with Byron's fate be thine?
+
+Who would not prefer any obscurity before such splendid misery as
+was the lot of that extraordinary man? Even Moore is not happy.
+One thinks how one should like to be envied, and admired, and
+applauded, but after all such men suffer more than we know or
+they will confess, and their celebrity is dearly purchased.
+
+                 Se di ciascun l'interno affanno
+                 Si leggesse in fronte scritto,
+                 Quanti guai ch'invidia fanno
+                 Ci farebbe pieta.
+
+One word more about Byron and I have done. I was much struck by
+the coincidence of style between his letters and his journal, and
+that appears to me a proof of the reality and nature which
+prevailed in both.
+
+
+[Page Head: WEAKNESS OF THE GOVERNMENT]
+
+February 5th, 1830 {p.275}
+
+Parliament met yesterday; there was a brisk debate and an
+amendment on the Address in each House. The Duke had very
+indiscreetly called the distress 'partial' in the Speech, and the
+consequence was an amendment moved by Knatchbull declaring it to
+be general. The result shows that Government has not the
+slightest command over the House of Commons, and that they have
+nothing but casual support to rely upon, and that of course will
+only be to be had 'dum se bene gesserint.' For a long time Holmes
+and their whippers-in thought that they should be in a minority;
+but Hume and a large party of Reformers supported them (contrary
+to their own expectations), so they got a majority of 50 out of
+250. The division was very extraordinary, Brougham, Sadler, and
+O'Connell voting together. It is pretty clear, however, that they
+are in no danger of being turned out, but that they are
+wretchedly off for speakers. Huskisson made a shabby speech
+enough, O'Connell his _debut_, and a successful one, heard with
+profound attention; his manner good and his arguments attended
+and replied to. In the Lords there was nothing particular, but
+nothing was concerted by any party, for the subject of the
+amendment in the Commons was not even touched upon in the Lords,
+which is very remarkable. Lord Chandos has refused the Mint,
+because they will not give him a seat in the Cabinet, but many
+people think it is because he has been pressed to refuse by
+his High Tory friends. Charles Ross is the new Lord of the
+Admiralty,[6] and Abercromby Chief Baron of Scotland, which
+everybody is glad of.
+
+      [6] The appointment has not taken place.
+
+There is a charlatan of the name of Chobert, who calls himself
+the Fire King, who has been imposing upon the world for a year or
+more, exhibiting all sorts of juggleries in hot ovens, swallowing
+poisons, hot lead, &c.; but yesterday he was detected signally,
+and after a dreadful uproar was obliged to run away to avoid the
+ill-usage of his exasperated audience. He pretended to take
+prussic acid, and challenged anybody to produce the poison, which
+he engaged to swallow. At last Mr. Wakley, the proprietor of the
+'Lancet,' went there with prussic acid, which Chobert refused to
+take, and then the whole deception came out, and there is an end
+of it; but it has made a great deal of noise, taken everybody in,
+and the fellow has made a great deal of money. It was to have
+been his last performance, but 'tant va la cruche a l'eau
+qu'enfin....
+
+
+February 13th, 1830 {p.276}
+
+In the House of Lords last night: Lord Holland's motion on
+Greece; his speech was amusing, but not so good as he generally
+is; Aberdeen wretched, the worst speaker I ever heard and
+incapable of a reply; I had no idea he was so bad. The Duke made
+a very clever speech, answering Holland and Melbourne, availing
+himself with great dexterity of the vulnerable parts of their
+speeches and leaving the rest alone. I was sitting by Robert
+Grant on the steps of the throne, and said to him, 'That is a
+good speech of the Duke's,' and he said, 'He speaks like a great
+man;' and so he did; it was bold and manly, and a high tone, not
+like a practised debater, but a man with a vigorous mind and
+determined character.
+
+In the House of Commons Graham spoke for two hours; Burdett said
+not well, but others said the contrary. The Government resolution
+moved as an amendment by Dawson was better than his, so it was
+adopted without difficulty. Burdett said Peel made the best
+speech he ever heard him make, and threw over the Tories. Dined
+afterwards with Cowper, Durham, and Glengall. Durham said that
+Lord Grey's politics were the same as his, and that before Easter
+he thought an Opposition would be formed, and that the elements,
+though scattered, exist of a strong one. I doubt it.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE BURNT]
+
+February 16th, 1830 {p.277}
+
+Last night the English Opera House was burnt down--a magnificent
+fire. I was playing at whist at the 'Travellers' with Lord
+Granville, Lord Auckland, and Ross, when we saw the whole sky
+illuminated and a volume of fire rising in the air. We thought it
+was Covent Garden, and directly set off to the spot. We found the
+Opera House and several houses in Catherine Street on fire
+(sixteen houses), and, though it was three in the morning, the
+streets filled by an immense multitude. Nothing could be more
+picturesque than the scene, for the flames made it as light as
+day and threw a glare upon the strange and motley figures moving
+about. All the gentility of London was there from Princess
+Esterhazy's ball and all the clubs; gentlemen in their fur
+cloaks, pumps, and velvet waistcoats mixed with objects like the
+_sans-culottes_ in the French Revolution--men and women
+half-dressed, covered with rags and dirt, some with nightcaps or
+handkerchiefs round their heads--then the soldiers, the firemen,
+and the engines, and the new police running and bustling, and
+clearing the way, and clattering along, and all with that intense
+interest and restless curiosity produced by the event, and which
+received fresh stimulus at every renewed burst of the flames as
+they rose in a shower of sparks like gold dust. Poor Arnold lost
+everything and was not insured. I trust the paraphernalia of the
+Beefsteak Club perished with the rest, for the enmity I bear that
+society for the dinner they gave me last year.
+
+
+February 19th, 1830 {p.277}
+
+In the House of Lords last night to hear Melbourne's motion about
+Portugal--a rather long and very bad debate. Melbourne spoke very
+ill--case very negligently got up, weakly stated, confused, and
+indiscreet--in the same sense as his brother's pamphlet, with
+part of which (the first part) none of the members of Canning's
+Administration or of Goderich's agree, and consequently it was
+answered by Lansdowne and Goderich. The latter made an excellent
+speech, the only good one that was made. Aberdeen was wretched;
+it is really too bad that a man should be Secretary for Foreign
+Affairs who cannot speak better. The Duke made no case for the
+Terceira business, and delivered a very poor speech; but I like
+his speaking--it is so much to the point, no nonsense and
+verbiage about it, and he says strongly and simply what he has to
+say. The other night on Greece there was a very brisk skirmish
+between Palmerston and Peel, and the former spoke, they say,
+remarkably well; the latter, as usual, was in a passion.
+
+
+February 21st, 1830 {p.278}
+
+Dined with the Chancellor; Granvilles, Hollands, Moore, Luttrell,
+Lord Lansdowne, Auckland, and one or two more; very agreeable.
+Lord Holland told stories of Lord Thurlow, whom he mimicks, they
+say, exactly. When Lord Mansfield died, Thurlow said, 'I
+hesitated a long time between Kenyon and Buller. Kenyon was very
+intemperate, but Buller was so damned corrupt, and I thought upon
+the whole that intemperance was a less fault in a judge than
+corruption, not but what there was a damned deal of corruption in
+Kenyon's intemperance.' Lady Holland and I very friendly; the
+first time I have met her in company since our separation (for we
+have never quarrelled). She is mighty anxious to get me back, for
+no other reason than because I won't go. Everybody is surprised
+at Melbourne's failure the other night; some say he was not well,
+some that he did not like the business. I doubt if he is up to
+it; he did not speak like a man that has much in him.
+
+
+February 23rd, 1830 {p.278}
+
+Dined with Lord Bathurst and a dull party; but after dinner Lady
+Bathurst began talking about the King, and told me one or two
+anecdotes. When the account of Lord Liverpool's seizure reached
+the King at Brighton, Peel was at the Pavilion; the King got into
+one of his nervous ways, and sent for him in the middle of the
+night, desiring he would not dress; so he went down in his
+bedgown and sat by the side of the King's bed. Peel has got an
+awkward way of thrusting out his hands while he talks, which at
+length provoked the King so much that he said, 'Mr. Peel, it is
+no use going on so (taking him off) and thrusting out your hands,
+which is no answer to my question.'
+
+Went to Esterhazy's ball; talked to old Rothschild, who was there
+with his wife and a dandy little Jew son. He says that Polignac's
+Government will stand by the King's support and Polignac's own
+courage; offered to give me a letter to his brother, who would
+give me any information I wanted, squeezed my hand, and looked
+like what he is.
+
+
+[Page Head: WINDSOR CASTLE]
+
+February 25th, 1830 {p.279}
+
+Yesterday at Windsor for a Council; the first time I have seen
+one held in the new rooms of the Castle. They are magnificent and
+comfortable, the corridor really delightful--furnished through
+its whole length of about 500 feet with the luxury of a
+drawing-room, and full of fine busts and bronzes, and
+entertaining pictures, portraits, and curious antiquities. There
+were the Chancellor, the Duke, three Secretaries of State,
+Bathurst, and Melville. The King very blind--did not know the
+Lord Chancellor, who was standing close to him, and took him for
+Peel; he would not give up the point, though, for when he found
+his mistake he attributed it to the light, and appealed to Lord
+Bathurst, who is stone-blind, and who directly agreed.
+
+
+February 26th, 1830 {p.279}
+
+Intended to go to the House of Lords to hear the debate on Lord
+Stanhope's motion (state of the nation), but went to see Fanny
+Kemble in 'Mrs. Beverley' instead. She had a very great success--
+house crowded and plenty of emotion--but she does not touch me,
+though she did more than in her other parts; however, she is very
+good and will be much better.
+
+The debate in the Lords was not lively, and the Duke, they say,
+made a most execrable speech. The fact is that he is not up to a
+great speech on a great question; he wants the information and
+preparation, the discipline of mind, that is necessary, and
+accordingly he exposes himself dreadfully, and entirely lost all
+the advantages he had gained by the excellent speeches he had
+previously made on other and more confined questions. He was very
+angry with the Duke of Richmond, whose opposition to him is
+considered by the Duke's adherents as a sort of political
+parricide. Old Eldon spoke very well, and Radnor; the rest but
+moderate.
+
+
+February 27th, 1830 {p.280}
+
+Dined at Lord Lansdowne's; Moore, Rogers, J. Russell, Spring
+Rice, Charles Kemble, Auckland, and Doherty; very agreeable, but
+Rogers was overpowered by numbers and loud voices. Doherty told
+some good professional stories, and they all agreed that Irish
+courts of justice afforded the finest materials for novels and
+romances. The 'Mertons' and 'Collegians' are both founded on
+facts; the stories are in the 'New Monthly Magazine;' they said
+the author had not made the most of the 'Collegians' story. Very
+odd nervousness of Moore; he could not tell that story (of
+Crampton's), which I begged him to do, and which would not have
+been lugged in neck and shoulders, because everybody was telling
+just such stories; he is delighted with my note of it. Charles
+Kemble talked of his daughter and her success--said she was
+twenty, and that she had once seen Mrs. Siddons in 'Lady
+Randolph' when she was seven years old. She was so affected in
+'Mrs. Beverley' that he was obliged to carry her into her
+dressing-room, where she screamed for five minutes; the last
+scream (when she throws herself on his body) was involuntary, not
+in the part, and she had not intended it, but could not resist
+the impulse. She likes Juliet the best of her parts.
+
+
+February 28th, 1830 {p.280}
+
+Dined yesterday with Lord Stanhope; Murray the bookseller (who
+published 'Belisarius'), Wilkie the painter, and Lord Strangford;
+nobody else of note. Wilkie appears stern, and might pass for
+mad; he said very little. Murray chattered incessantly; talked to
+me a great deal about Moore, who would have been mightily
+provoked if he had heard him. An odd dinner, not agreeable,
+though Lord Stanhope is amusing, so strange in his appearance, so
+ultra-Tory and anti-Liberal in his politics, full of information
+and a good deal of drollery. Murray told me that Moore is going
+to write a 'Life of Petrarch.' Croker would have written
+Lawrence's Life if Campbell [the poet] had not seized the task
+before anybody else thought of laying hold of it. He has
+circulated a command that all persons who have anything to
+communicate will send their letters to _his secretary_, and not
+to him.
+
+
+[Page Head: FOR ITALY]
+
+March 2nd, 1830
+
+To-morrow I set out to Italy, after many years of anxiety to go
+there, without violent expectations of pleasure, but not thinking
+of disappointment. I care not for leaving London or anything in
+it; there are a few people whose society I regret, but as to
+friends or those who care for me, or for whom I care, I leave few
+behind.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Calais--Beau Brummell--Paris--The Polignac Ministry--Polignac and
+  Charles X.--The Duke of Orleans--State of Parties--Talleyrand--
+  Lyons--First Impressions of Mountain Scenery--Mont Cenis--
+  Turin--Marengo--Genoa--Road to Florence--Pisa--Florence--Lord
+  and Lady Burghersh--Thorwaldsen--Lord Cochrane--Rome--
+  St. Peter's--Frascati--Grotta Ferrata--Queen Hortense and Louis
+  Napoleon--Coliseum--Death of Lady Northampton--The Moses--
+  Gardens--Palm Sunday--Sistine Chapel--The Cardinals--Popes--
+  Cardinal Albani--The Farnese Palace--A Dead Cardinal--Pasquin--
+  Statue of Pompey--Galleries and Catacombs--Bunsen--The Papal
+  Benediction--Ceremonies of the Holy Week--The Grand
+  Penitentiary--A Confession--Protestant Cemetery--Illumination
+  of St. Peter's--Torlonia--Bunsen on the Forum.
+
+
+[Page Head: PARIS IN MARCH 1830]
+
+Paris, March 6th, 1830 {p.282}
+
+I left London at three o'clock on Wednesday, the 3rd, and arrived
+at Dover between twelve and one. Went over in the packet at nine
+on Thursday, which was not to have sailed till twelve, but did go
+at nine, principally because they heard that I had got despatches,
+for I had armed myself with three passports couched in such
+terms as were most likely to be useful. A good but rather long
+passage--near four hours--and the day magnificent. Landed with
+difficulty in boats. Detained at Calais till seven. There I had a
+long conversation with Brummell about his Consulship, and was
+moved by his account of his own distresses to write to the Duke
+of Wellington and ask him to do what he could for him. I found
+him in his old lodging, dressing; some pretty pieces of old
+furniture in the room, an entire toilet of silver, and a large
+green macaw perched on the back of a tattered silk chair with
+faded gilding; full of gaiety, impudence, and misery.
+
+Lord Tweeddale came over in the packet, and we dined together. He
+was full of the Duke of Richmond's speech about the Duke of
+Wellington the other night, which he said had annoyed the Duke of
+Wellington more than anything that ever happened to him, and that
+the Duke of Richmond was now equally sorry for what he had said.
+He (Tweeddale) was employed to carry a message from the one Duke
+to the other, which, however, the Duke of Wellington did not take
+in good part, nor does it seem that he is at all disposed to lay
+aside his resentment. Tweeddale ranks Richmond's talents very
+highly, and says he was greatly esteemed in the army.
+
+Left Calais at seven; travelled all night--the roads horrid in
+most parts--and arrived at Paris last night at half-past twelve.
+Found everything prepared--an excellent apartment, _laquais de
+place_, and courier. Called on Lady Stewart and old Madame
+Craufurd, and wandered about the whole day. Paris looking gay and
+brilliant in the finest weather I ever saw. I find the real
+business is not to begin in the Chambers till about the 10th, so
+I shall not wait for it. Polignac is said to be very stout, but
+the general opinion is that he will be in a minority in the
+Chambers; however, as yet I have seen nobody who can give good
+information about the state of parties. For the first time
+(between Calais and Paris) I saw some new houses and barns
+building near Abbeville and Beauvais, and the cottages near
+Monsieur de Clermont-Tonnerre's mansion had a very English look.
+
+It is Lent, and very little going on here. During the Carnival
+they had a ball for the benefit of the poor, which was attended
+by 5,000 people, and produced 116,000 francs. Immense sums were
+given in charity, and well appropriated during the severe
+weather. There are also nuns (_soeurs de charite_), who visit and
+tend the sick, whose institution is far more practically useful
+than anything of which our Protestant country can boast. I shall
+only stay here a very few days.
+
+
+[Page Head: IMPENDING CRISIS IN FRANCE]
+
+March 8th, 1830 {p.283}
+
+It will be difficult to get away from this place if I don't go at
+once; the plot thickens, and I am in great danger of dawdling on,
+Yesterday morning I walked about, visiting, and then went through
+the Tuileries and the Carrousel. The Gardens were full of
+well-dressed and good-looking people, and the day so fine that it
+was a glorious sight. The King is, after all, hardly master of
+his own palace, for the people may swarm like bees all around and
+through it, and he is the only man in Paris who cannot go into
+the Gardens. Dined with Standish, Brooke Greville, Madame Alfred
+de Noailles and her daughter, and then went to Madame de
+Flahault's to see the world and hear politics. After all, nobody
+has an idea how things will turn out, or what are Polignac's
+intentions or his resources. Lord Stuart[1] told me that he knew
+nothing, but that when he saw all the Ministers perfectly calm
+and satisfied, and heard them constantly say all would be well,
+although all France and a clear majority in both Chambers seemed
+to be against them, he could not help thinking they must have
+some reason for such confidence, and something in reserve, of
+which people were not aware. Lady Keith,[2] with whom I had a
+long talk, told me that she did not believe it possible they
+could stand, that there was no revolutionary spirit abroad, but a
+strong determination to provide for the stability of their
+institutions, a disgust at the obstinacy and pretensions of the
+King, and a desire to substitute the Orleans for the reigning
+branch, which was becoming very general; that Polignac is wholly
+ignorant of France, and will not listen to the opinions of those
+who could enlighten him. It is supposed that the King is
+determined to push matters to extremity, to try the Chambers, and
+if his Ministry are beaten to dissolve them and govern _par
+ordonnance du Roi_, then to try and influence the elections and
+obtain a Chamber more favourable than the present. Somebody told
+her the other day of a conversation which Polignac had recently
+had with the King, in which his Majesty said to him, 'Jules,
+est-ce que vous m'etes tres-devoue?' 'Mais oui, Sire; pouvez-vous
+en douter?' 'Jusqu'a aller sur l'echafaud?' 'Mais oui. Sire, s'il
+le faut.' 'Alors tout ira bien.' It is thought that he has got
+into his head the old saying that if Louis XVI. had got upon
+horseback he could have arrested the progress of the Revolution--
+a piece of nonsense, fit only for a man 'qui n'a rien oublie ni
+rien appris.' It is supposed the Address will be carried against
+the Government by about 250 to 130. (It was 221 to 180. ---- has
+a _tabatiere Warin_ of that day, with the names of the 221 on the
+lid.) All the names presented to the King yesterday for the
+Presidency are obnoxious to him, but he named Royer Collard, who
+had twice as many votes as any of the others. It was remarked at
+the _seance royale_ that the King dropped his hat, and that the
+Duke of Orleans picked it up, and they always make a great deal
+of these trifles. The Duke of Orleans is, however, very well with
+the Court, and will not stir, let what will happen, though he
+probably feels like Macbeth before the murder of Duncan--
+
+       If chance will have me King, why let chance crown me
+       Without my stir.
+
+      [1] [Lord Stuart de Rothesay was then British Ambassador in
+          Paris.]
+
+      [2] [Married to Count de Flahault; in her own right
+          Baroness Keith and Nairn. She died in 1867.]
+
+
+March 8th, 1830, at night {p.285}
+
+Walked about visiting, and heard all the gossip of Paris from
+little Madame Graham, who also invited me to Pozzo di Borgo's box
+at the Opera. I don't mean to record the gossip and scandal
+unless when I hear something out of the common way and amusing.
+Dined with Stuart; Tweeddale, Gurwood, Allen, and some heavy
+_attaches_; no French. He appears to live handsomely. Afterwards
+to the Opera to see Taglioni, who did not dance; then to Madame
+Appony's, to whom I was introduced, and we had plenty of bowing
+and smirking and civilities about my family. Rather bored at the
+party, and am come home quite resolved to be off on Thursday, but
+am greatly puzzled about my route, for everybody recommends a
+different one.
+
+
+March 9th, 1830 {p.285}
+
+Dined with M. de Flahault; met M. de Talleyrand, Madame de Dino,
+General Sebastiani, M. Bertin de Vaux, Duc de Broglie, and
+Montrond. Sebastiani and Bertin de Vaux are Deputies, and all
+violent Oppositionists. After dinner M. de Lescure, another man,
+and the young Duc de Valencay, Madame de Dino's son, came in.
+They talked politics all the time, and it was curious enough to
+me. Bertin is the sort of man in appearance that Tierney was, and
+shrewd like him; he is brother to the editor, and principal
+manager himself, of the 'Journal des Debats.' Sebastiani is slow
+and pompous. The Duc de Broglie is one of the best men in France.
+They all agreed that the Government cannot stand. Talleyrand is
+as much against it as any of them. Sebastiani told me they should
+have 280 against 130. Talleyrand said that it was quite
+impossible to predict what might be the result of this contest
+(if the Court pushed matters to extremity) both to France and
+Europe, and that it was astonishing surrounding nations, and
+particularly England, did not see how deeply they were interested
+in the event. He said of us, 'Vous avez plus d'argent que de
+credit.' He looks horridly old, but seems vigorous enough and
+alive to everything. After dinner they all put their heads
+together and chattered politics as fast as they could. Madame de
+Flahault is more violent than her husband, and her house is the
+resort of all the Liberal party. Went afterwards to the Opera and
+saw Maret, the Duc de Bassano, a stupid elderly bourgeois-looking
+man, with two very pretty daughters. The battle is to begin in
+the Chamber on Saturday or Monday on the Address. Talleyrand told
+me that the next three weeks would be the most important of any
+period since the Restoration. It is in agitation to deprive him
+of his place of Grand Chambellan.
+
+
+[Page Head: MOUNTAIN SCENERY]
+
+Susa, March 15th, 1830, 9 o'clock. {p.286}
+
+Just arrived at this place at the foot of Mont Cenis. Left Paris
+on the 11th, at twelve o'clock at night. On the last day,
+Montrond made a dinner for me at a club to see M. des Chapelles
+play at whist. I saw it, but was no wiser; but I conclude he
+plays very well, for he always wins, is not suspected of
+cheating, and excels at all other games. At twelve I got into my
+carriage, and (only stopping an hour and a half for two
+breakfasts) got to Lyons in forty-eight hours and a half. Journey
+not disagreeable, and roads much better than I expected,
+particularly after Macon, when they became as good as in England;
+but the country presents the same sterile, uninteresting
+appearance as that between Calais and Paris--no hedges, no trees,
+except tall, stupid-looking poplars, and no chateaux or farm-houses.
+I am at a loss to know why a country should look so ill which I
+do not believe is either barren or ill cultivated. Lyons is a
+magnificent town. It was dark when I arrived, or rather
+moonlight, but I could see that the quay we came along was fine,
+and yesterday morning I walked about for an hour and was
+struck with the grandeur of the place; it is like a great and
+magnificent Bath; but I had not time to see much of it, and, with
+beautiful weather, I set off at ten o'clock. The mountains (les
+Echelles de Savoie) appear almost directly in the distance, but
+it was long before I could make out whether they were clouds or
+mountains.
+
+After crossing the Pont de Beauvoisin we began to mount the
+Echelles, which I did on foot, and I never shall forget the first
+impression made upon me by the mountain scenery. It first burst
+upon me at a turn of the road--one huge perpendicular rock above
+me, a deep ravine with a torrent rushing down and a mountain
+covered with pines and ilexes on the other side, and in front
+another vast rock which was shining in the reflected light of the
+setting sun. I never shall forget it. How I turned round and
+round, afraid to miss a particle of the glorious scene. It was
+the liveliest impression because it was the first. I walked
+nearly to the other post with the most exquisite pleasure, but it
+was dark by the time I got to La Grotta. I went on, however, all
+night, very unhappy at the idea of losing a great deal of this
+scenery, but consoled by the reflection that there was plenty
+left. As soon as it was light I found myself in the middle of the
+mountains (the Lower Alps), and from thence I proceeded across
+the Mont Cenis. Though not the finest pass, to me, who had never
+seen anything like it, it appeared perfectly beautiful, every
+turn in the road presenting a new combination of Alpine
+magnificence. Nothing is more striking than the patches of
+cultivation in the midst of the tremendous rocks and precipices,
+and in one or two spots there were plots of grass and evergreens,
+like an English shrubbery, at the foot of enormous mountains
+covered with snow. There was not a breath of air in these
+valleys, and the sun was shining in unclouded brightness, so that
+there was all the atmosphere of summer below with all the livery
+of winter above.
+
+                     The altitude of some tall crag
+        That is the eagle's birthplace, or some peak
+        Familiar with forgotten years, that shows,
+        Inscribed as with the silence of the thought
+        Upon its bleak and visionary sides,
+        The history of many a winter storm
+        Or obscure record of the path of fire.
+                               There the sun himself
+        At the calm close of Summer's longest day
+        Rests his substantial orb; between those heights,
+        And on the top of either pinnacle,
+        More keenly than elsewhere in night's blue vault
+        Sparkle the stars, as of their station proud:
+        Thoughts are not busier in the mind of man
+        Than the mute agents stirring there,--alone
+        Here do I sit and watch.
+
+In one place, too, I remarked high up on the side of the rugged
+and barren mountain two or three cottages, to arrive at which
+steps had been cut in the rock. No sign of vegetation was near,
+so exactly the description of Goldsmith:--
+
+         Dear is that shed to which their souls conform,
+         And dear that hill that lifts them to the storm;
+
+[Page Head: THE MONT CENIS]
+
+In another place there was a cluster of houses and a church newly
+built. Not far from Lans-le-Bourg (at the foot of Mont Cenis) is
+a very strong fort, built by the King of Sardinia, which commands
+the road. It has a fine effect perched upon a rock, and
+apparently unapproachable. A soldier was pacing the battlement,
+and his figure gave life to the scene and exhibited the immensity
+of the surrounding objects, so minute did he appear. At
+Lans-le-Bourg they put four horses and two mules to my carriage,
+but I took my courier's horse and set off to ride up the mountain
+with a guide who would insist upon going with me, and who
+proposed to take me up a much shorter way by the old road, which,
+however, I declined; he was on foot, and made a short cut up the
+hill while I rode by the road, which winds in several turns up
+the mountain. Fired with mountainous zeal, I had a mind to try
+one of these short cuts, and giving my horse to Paolo (my _valet
+de chambre_) set off with my guide to climb the next intervening
+ascent; but I soon found that I had better have stuck to my
+horse, for the immensity of the surrounding objects had deceived
+me as to the distance, and the ground was so steep and slippery
+that, unprepared as I was for such an attempt, I could not keep
+my footing. When about half-way up, I looked ruefully round and
+saw steeps above and below covered with ice and snow and loose
+earth. I could not get back, and did not know how to get on. I
+felt like the man who went up in a balloon, and when a mile in
+the air wanted to be let out. My feelings were very like what
+Johnson describes at Hawkestone in his tour in Wales. 'He that
+mounts the precipices at ---- wonders how he came thither, and
+doubts how he shall return; his walk is an adventure and his
+departure an escape. He has not the tranquillity but the horrors
+of solitude--a kind of turbulent pleasure between fright and
+admiration.' My guide, fortunately, was active and strong, and
+properly shod so he went first, making steps for me in the snow,
+into which I put my feet after his, while with one hand I grasped
+the tail of his blue frock and with the other seized bits of twig
+or anything I could lay hold of; and in this ludicrous way,
+scrambling and clambering, hot and out of breath, to my great joy
+I at last got to the road, and for the rest of the ascent
+contented myself with my post-horse, who had a set of bells
+jingling at his head and was a sorry beast enough. I was never
+weary, however, of admiring the scenery. The guide told me he had
+often seen Napoleon when he was crossing the mountain, and that
+he remembered his being caught in a _tormento_,[3] when his life
+was saved by two young Savoyards, who took him on their backs
+and carried him to a _rifugio_.[4] He asked them if they were
+married, and, finding they were not, enquired how much was enough
+to marry upon in that country, and then gave them the requisite
+sum, and settled pensions of 600 francs on each of them. One is
+dead, the other still receives it. As I got near the top of the
+mountain the road, which had hitherto been excellent, became
+execrable and the cold intense. I had left summer below and found
+winter above. I looked in vain for the chamois, hares, wolves,
+and bears, all of which I was told are found there. At last I
+arrived at the summit, and found at the inn a friar, the only
+inhabitant of the Hospice, who, hearing me say I would go there
+(as my carriage was not yet come), offered to go with me; he was
+young, fat, rosy, jolly, and dirty, dressed in a black robe with
+a travelling-cap on his head, appeared quick and intelligent, and
+spoke French and Italian. He took me over the Hospice, which is
+now quite empty, and showed me two very decently furnished rooms
+which the Emperor Napoleon used to occupy, and two inferior
+apartments which had been appropriated to the Empress Maria
+Louisa. The N.'s on the _grille_ of the door had been changed for
+V.E.'s (Victor Emmanuel) and M.T.'s (Maria Theresa), and
+frightful pictures of the Sardinian King and Queen have replaced
+the Imperial portraits. All sorts of distinguished people have
+slept there _en passant_, and do still when compelled to spend
+the night on Mont Cenis. He offered to lodge and feed me, but I
+declined. I told him I was glad to see Napoleon's bedroom, as I
+took an interest in everything which related to that great man,
+at which he seemed extremely pleased, and said, 'Ah, monsieur,
+vous etes donc comme moi.' I dined at the inn (a very bad one) on
+some trout which they got for me from the Hospice--very fine
+fish, but very ill dressed. The sun was setting by the time I set
+off, it was dusk when I had got half-way down the descent, and
+dark before I had reached the first stage. When half-way down the
+descent, the last rays of the sun were still gilding the tops of
+the crags above, and the contrast between that light above and
+the darkness below was very fine. From what I saw of it, and from
+what I guess, straining my eyes into the darkness to catch the
+dim and indistinct shapes of the mountains, the Italian side is
+the finest--the most wild and savage and with more variety. On
+the French side you are always on the breast of the same
+mountain, but on the Italian side you wind along different rocks
+always hanging over a precipice with huge black, snow-topped
+crags frowning from the other ridge. I was quite unhappy not to
+see it. Altogether I never shall forget the pleasure of the two
+days' journey and the first sight of the Alps, exceeding the
+expectations I had formed, and for years I have enjoyed nothing
+so much. The descent (at the beginning of which, by-the-bye, I
+was very nearly overturned) only ends at this place, where I
+found a tolerable room and a good fire, but the _cameriere_
+stinking so abominably of garlic that he impregnated the whole
+apartment.
+
+      [3] A _tormento_ (most appropriate name) is a tempest of
+          wind, and sleet, and snow, exceedingly dangerous to
+          those who are met by it.
+
+      [4] A _rifugio_ is a sort of cabin, of which there are
+          several built at certain distances all the way up the
+          mountain, where travellers may take shelter.
+
+
+[Page Head: TURIN]
+
+Turin, March 16th, 1830 {p.291}
+
+Got here early and meant to sleep, but have changed my mind and
+am going on. A fine but dull-looking town. Found the two
+Forsters, who pressed me to stay. Made an ineffectual attempt to
+get into the Egyptian Museum, said to be the finest in the world.
+It was collected by Drovetti, the French Consul, and offered to
+us for L16,000, which we declined to give, and the King of
+Sardinia bought it. Forster told me that this country is rich,
+not ill governed, but plunged in bigotry. There are near 400
+convents in the King's dominions. It is the dullest town in
+Europe, and it is because it looks so dull that I am in a hurry
+to get out of it. This morning was cloudy, and presented fresh
+combinations of beauty in the mountains when the clouds rolled
+round their great white peaks, sometimes blending them in the
+murky vapour, and sometimes exhibiting their sharp outlines above
+the wreath of mist. I did not part from the Alps without casting
+many a lingering look behind.
+
+
+Genoa, March 18th, 1830 {p.291}
+
+Got on so quick from Turin that I went to Alessandria that night,
+and set off at half-past six yesterday morning. Crossed the field
+of battle of Marengo, a boundless plain (now thickly studded with
+trees and houses), and saw the spot where Desaix was killed. The
+bridge over the Bormida which Melas crossed to attack the French
+army is gone, but another has been built near it. The Austrians
+or Sardinians have taken down the column which was erected to the
+memory of Desaix on the spot where he fell; they might as well
+have left it, for the place will always be celebrated, though
+they only did as the French had done before. After the battle of
+Jena they took down the Column of Rossbach,[5] but that was
+erected to commemorate the victory, and this the death of the
+hero. I feel like Johnson--'far far from me and my friends be
+that frigid philosophy which can make us pass unmoved over any
+scenes which have been consecrated by virtue, by valour, or by
+wisdom'--and I strained the eyes of my imagination to see all the
+tumult of this famous battle, in which Bonaparte had been
+actually defeated, yet (one can hardly now tell how) was in the
+end completely victorious. This pillar might have been left, too,
+as a striking memorial of the rapid vicissitudes of fortune: the
+removal of it has been here so quick, and at Rossbach so tardy, a
+reparation of national honour.
+
+      [5] The battle of Rossbach was gained by Frederick the
+          Great over the French and Austrians in 1757.
+
+[Page Head: PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA]
+
+The Apennines are nothing after the Alps, but the descent to
+Genoa is very pretty, and Genoa itself exceeds everything I ever
+saw in point of beauty and magnificence.
+
+      How boldly doth it front us, how majestically--
+      Like a luxurious vineyard: the hill-side
+      Is hung with marble fabrics, line o'er line,
+      Terrace o'er terrace, nearer still and nearer
+      To the blue heavens, here bright and sumptuous palaces
+      With cool and verdant garden interspersed.
+                 *     *     *     *     *     *
+      While over all hangs the rich purple eve.
+                                   MILMAN's _Fall of Jerusalem_.
+
+I passed the whole day after I got here in looking into the
+palaces and gardens and admiring the prospect on every side. You
+are met at every turn by vestiges of the old Republic; in fact,
+the town has undergone very little alteration for hundreds of
+years, and there is an air of gaiety and bustling activity which,
+with the graceful costume of the men and women, make it a most
+delightful picture. Genoa appears to be a city of palaces, and
+although many of the largest are now converted to humbler uses,
+and many fallen to decay, there are ample remains to show the
+former grandeur of the princely merchants who were once the lords
+of the ocean. Everything bespeaks solidity, durability, and
+magnificence. There are stupendous works which were done at the
+expense of individuals. In every part of the town are paintings
+and frescoes, which, in spite of constant exposure to the
+atmosphere, have retained much of their brilliancy and freshness.
+The palaces of Doria are the most interesting; but why the Senate
+gave him that which bears still the inscription denoting its
+being their gift it is difficult to say, when his own is so
+superior and in a more agreeable situation. The old palace of
+Andrew is now let for lodgings, and the Pamfili Doria live at
+Rome. The walls are covered with inscriptions, and I stopped to
+read two on stone slabs on the spot where the houses of
+malefactors had formerly stood, monuments of the vindictive laws
+of the Republic, which not only punished the criminal himself,
+but consigned his children to infamy and his habitation to
+destruction; though they stand together they are not of the same
+date. There is no temptation to violate the decree by building
+again on the spot, for they are in a narrow, dirty court, to
+which light can scarcely find access. The Ducal Palace now
+belongs to the Governor. It has been modernised, but in the dark
+alleys adjoining there are remains demonstrative of its former
+extent--pictures of the different Doges in fresco on the walls
+half erased, and little bridges extending from the windows (or
+doors) of the palace to the public prisons and other adjoining
+buildings. The view from my _albergo_ (_della villa_) is the
+gayest imaginable, looking over the harbour, which is crowded
+with sailors and boats full of animation.
+
+[Page Head: PALACES AND CHURCHES OF GENOA]
+
+_Evening._--Passed the whole day seeing sights. Called on Madame
+Durazzo, and went with her and her niece, Madame Ferrari, to the
+King's palace, formerly a Durazzo palace. Like the others, a fine
+house, full of painting and gilding, and with a terrace of black
+and white marble commanding a view of the sea. The finest picture
+is a Paul Veronese of a Magdalen with our Saviour. The King and
+Queen sleep together, and on each side of the royal bed there is
+an assortment of ivory palms, crucifixes, boxes for holy water,
+and other spiritual guards for their souls. For the comfort of
+their bodies he has had a machine made like a car, which is drawn
+up by a chain from the bottom to the top of the house; it holds
+about six people, who can be at pleasure elevated to any storey,
+and at each landing-place there is a contrivance to let them in
+and out. From thence to the Brignole Palace (called the Palazzo
+Rosso), where I met M. and Madame de Brignole, who were very
+civil and ordered a scientific footman to show us the pictures.
+They are numerous and excellent, but we could only take a cursory
+look at them; the best are the Vandykes, particularly a Christ
+and a portrait of one of the Brignoles on horseback, and a
+beautiful Carlo Dolce, a small bleeding Christ. I saw the
+churches--San Stefano, Annunziata, the Duomo, San Ambrosio, San
+Cyro. There are two splendid pictures in the Ambrosio, a Guido
+and a Rubens; the Martyrdom in the San Stefano, by Julio Romano
+and Raphael, went to Paris and was brought back in 1814. The
+churches have a profusion of marble, and gilding, and frescoes;
+the Duomo is of black and white marble, of mixed architecture,
+and highly ornamented--all stinking to a degree that was
+perfectly intolerable, and the same thing whether empty or full;
+it is the smell of stale incense mixed with garlic and human
+odour, horrible combination of poisonous exhalations. I must say,
+as everybody has before remarked, that there is something highly
+edifying in the appearance of devotion which belongs to the
+Catholic religion; the churches are always open, and, go into
+them when you will, you see men and women kneeling and praying
+before this or that altar, absorbed in their occupation, and who
+must have been led there by some devotional feeling. This seems
+more accordant with the spirit and essence of religion than to
+have the churches, as ours are, opened like theatres at stated
+hours and days for the performance of a long service, at the end
+of which the audience is turned out and the doors are locked till
+the next representation. Then the Catholic religion makes no
+distinctions between poverty and wealth--no pews for the
+aristocracy well warmed and furnished, or seats set apart for the
+rich and well dressed; here the church is open to all, and the
+beggar in rags comes and takes his place by the side of the lady
+in silks, and both, kneel on the same pavement, for the moment at
+least and in that place reduced to the same level.
+
+I saw the Ducal Palace, where there are two very fine halls,[6]
+the old Hall of Audience and the Hall of Council, the latter 150
+by 57 feet; and the Doria Palace, delightfully situated with a
+garden and fine fountain, and a curious old gallery opening upon
+a marble terrace, richly painted, gilt and carved, though, now
+decayed. Here the Emperor Napoleon lived when he was at Genoa,
+preferring Andrew Doria's palace to a better lodging: he had some
+poetry in his ambition after all. Lastly to the Albergo dei
+Poveri,[7] a noble institution, built by a Brignole and enriched
+by repeated benefactions; like all the edifices of the old
+Genoese, vast and of fine proportions. The great staircase and
+hall are adorned with colossal statues of its benefactors (among
+whom are many Durazzos), and the sums that they gave or
+bequeathed are commemorated on the pedestals. In the chapel is a
+piece of sculpture by Michael Angelo, a dead Christ and Virgin
+(only heads), and an altarpiece by Puget. Branching out from the
+chapel are two vast chambers, lofty, airy, and light, one for the
+men, the other for the women. About 800 men and 1,200 or 1,300
+women are supported here. Many of the nobles are said to be
+rich--Ferrari, Brignole, Durazzo, and Pallavicini particularly. I
+forgot to mention the chapel and tomb of Andrew Doria; the chapel
+he built himself; his body, arrayed in princely robes, lies in
+the vault. There is a Latin inscription on the chapel, signifying
+that he stood by the country in the days of her affliction. It is
+a pretty little chapel full of painting and gilding. In the early
+part of the Revolution the tomb narrowly escaped destruction, but
+it was saved by the solidity of its materials. I gave the man who
+showed me this tomb a franc, and he kissed my hand in a transport
+of gratitude.
+
+      [6] They are left just in the state in which they were in
+          the time of the Republic; the balustrade still
+          surrounds the elevated platform on which the throne of
+          the Doge was placed.
+
+      [7] The Albergo dei Poveri and the Scoghetti Gardens
+          pleased me more than anything I saw in Genoa. I am
+          sorry I did not see the Sordi e Muti, which is
+          admirably conducted, and where the pupils by all
+          accounts perform wonders. The Albergo is managed by a
+          committee consisting of the principal nobles in the
+          town. The Scoghetti Gardens are delightfully laid out;
+          there is a shrubbery of evergreens with a cascade, and
+          a summer-house paved with tiles--two or three rooms in
+          it, and a hot and cold bath. It is astonishing how they
+          cherish the memory of 'Lord Bentinck.'[7a] I heard of him in
+          various parts of the town, particularly here, as he
+          lived in the house when first he came to Genoa. The
+          Gardens command a fine view of the city, the sea, and
+          the mountains. The saloon in the Serra is only a very
+          splendid room, glittering with glass, and gold, and
+          lapis lazuli; by no means deserves to be called, as it
+          is by Forsyth, the finest saloon in Europe. It is not
+          very large, and not much more gilt than Crockford's
+          drawing-room, but looks cleaner, though it has been
+          done these seventy years or more.
+
+     [7a] [Lord William Bentinck was Mr. Greville's uncle.]
+
+
+[Page Head: SESTRI AND PISA]
+
+Florence, March 21st, 1830 {p.296}
+
+Arrived here at seven o'clock. Left Genoa on the 19th (having
+previously gone to see the Scoghetti Gardens and the Serra
+Palace), and went to Sestri to pass that evening and the next
+morning with William Ponsonby, who was staying there. The road
+from Genoa to Chiavari is one continual course of magnificent
+scenery, winding along the side of the mountains and hanging over
+the sea, the mountains studded with villages, villas, and
+cottages which appear like white specks at a distance, till on
+near approach they swell into life and activity. The villas are
+generally painted as at Genoa; the orange trees were in full
+bloom, and the gardens often slope down to the very margin of the
+sea. Every turn in the road and each fresh ascent supplies a new
+prospect, and the parting view of Genoa, with the ocean before
+and the Apennines behind, cannot be imagined by those who have
+not seen it. 'Si quod vere natura nobis dedit spectaculum in hac
+tellure vere gratum et philosopho dignum, id semel, mihi
+contigisse arbitror, cum ex celsissima rupe speculabundus ad oram
+maris mediterranei, hinc aequor caeruleum, illinc tractus Alpinos
+prospexi, nihil quidem magis dispar aut dissimile nec in suo
+genere magis egregium et singulare.'[8]
+
+      [8] Burnet's 'Theory of the Earth.'
+
+Chiavari and Sestri are both beautiful, especially the latter, in
+a little bay with a jutting promontory, a rocky hill covered with
+evergreens, and shrubs, and heather, and affording grand and
+various prospects of the still blue sea and the white and shining
+coast with the dark mountains behind--
+
+                                         A sunny bay
+            Where the salt sea innocuously breaks
+            And the sea breeze as innocently breathes
+            On Sestri's leafy shores--a sheltered hold
+            In a soft clime encouraging the soil
+            To a luxuriant beauty.
+
+[Page Head: FLORENCE]
+
+The mountain road from Chiavari to La Spezzia presents the same
+scenery as far as Massa and Carrara, which I unfortunately lost
+by travelling in the night. I crossed the river in the boat by
+candle-light, which was picturesque enough, the scanty light
+gleaming upon the rough figures who escorted me and plied the
+enormous poles by which they move the ferry-boat. Got to Pisa to
+breakfast (without stopping at Lucca), and passed three hours
+looking at the Cathedral, Leaning Tower, Baptistry, and Campo
+Santo, the last of which alone would take up the whole day to be
+seen as it ought. The Cathedral is under repair; the pictures
+have been covered up or taken down, and the whole church was full
+of rubbish and scaffolding; but in this state I could see how
+fine it is, and admire the columns which Forsyth praises, and the
+roof and many of the marbles. The Grand Duke has ordered it all
+to be cleaned, and very little of it to be altered. One
+alteration, however, is in very bad taste; he has taken away the
+old confessionals of carved wood, and substituted others of
+marble, fixed in the wall, which are exactly like modern
+chimney-pieces, and have the worst effect amidst the surrounding
+antiquities. The exterior is rather fantastic, but the columns
+are beautiful, and John of Bologna's bronze doors admirable. The
+Campo Santo is full of ancient tombs, frescoes, modern busts, and
+morsels of sculpture of all ages and descriptions. The Leaning
+Tower[9] is 190 feet high, and there are 293 steps to the top of
+it, which I climbed up to view the surrounding country, but it
+was not clear enough to see the sea and Elba. Here is the finest
+aqueduct I have seen, which continues to pour water into the
+town. Part of the old wall[10] with its towers is still standing.
+These pugnacious republics, who were always squabbling with each
+other and wasting their strength in civil broils, erected very
+massive defences. The Pisans are proud of their ancient exploits.
+The San Stefano or Chiesa dei Cavalieri is full of standards
+taken from the Turks, and the man who showed me the Campo Santo
+said that a magnificent Grecian vase which is there had been
+brought from Genoa by the Pisans before the foundation of Rome.
+There are Egyptian, Etruscan, Roman, and Grecian remains, which
+have been plundered, or conquered, or purchased by patriotic
+Pisans to enrich their native city. The frescoes are greatly
+damaged. I went to look at the celebrated house 'Alla Giornata,'
+a white marble palace on the Arno; the chains still hang over the
+door, and there is an inscription above them which looks modern.
+My _laquais de place_ told me what I suppose is the tradition of
+the place--that the son of the family was taken by the Turks, and
+that they had captured a Turk, who was put in chains; that an
+exchange was agreed upon, and the prisoners on either side
+released, and that the chains were hung up and the inscription
+added, signifying that the Turk was at liberty to go again into
+the light of day. But it was a lame and improbable story, and I
+prefer the mystery to the explanation.
+
+      [9] There was another leaning edifice, but the Grand Duke
+          had it pulled down; it was thought dangerous.
+
+     [10] It had been destroyed, but was restored by the Medici
+          or the present family.
+
+Much as I was charmed with the mountains, I was not sorry, for a
+change, to get into the rich, broad plain of Tuscany, full of
+vineyards and habitations along the banks of the Arno. The voice
+and aspect of cheerfulness is refreshing after a course of rugged
+and barren grandeur; the road is excellent and the travelling
+rapid. Yesterday being a holiday, and to-day Sunday, the whole
+population in their best dresses have been out on the road, and
+very good-looking they generally are. There are not more beggars
+than in France, and certainly a far greater appearance of
+prosperity throughout the north of Italy than in any part of
+France I have seen, although there are the same complaints of
+distress and poverty here that are heard both there and in
+England. Thorwaldsen, the sculptor, is in this inn, and the King
+of Bavaria left it this morning. The book of strangers is rather
+amusing; the entries are sometimes remarkable or ridiculous. I
+found 'La Duchesse de Saint-Leu et le Prince Louis-Napoleon; Lord
+and Lady Shrewsbury and family; Miss Caroline Grinwell, of New
+York; the King of Bavaria (not down in the book though);
+Thorwaldsen'. Tuscany seems to be flourishing and contented; the
+Government is absolute but mild, the Grand Duke enormously rich.
+
+
+March 23rd, 1830 {p.299}
+
+Yesterday morning breakfasted with Lord Normanby, who has got a
+house extending 200 feet in front, court, garden, and stables for
+about L280 a year, everything else cheap in proportion, and upon
+L2,000 a year a man may live luxuriously. His house was
+originally fitted up for the Pretender, and C. R.'s are still to
+be seen all over the place. Called on Lord Burghersh,[11] who was
+at breakfast--the table covered with manuscript music, a
+pianoforte, two fiddles, and a fiddler in the room. He was full
+of composition and getting up his opera of 'Phaedra' for
+to-morrow night. The Embassy is the seat of the Arts, for Lady
+Burghersh has received the gift of painting as if by inspiration,
+and she was in a brown robe in the midst of oils, and brushes,
+and canvas; and a model was in attendance, some part of whose
+person was to be introduced into a fancy piece. She copies
+pictures in the Gallery, and really extraordinarily well if it be
+true that till a year ago she had never had a brush in her hand,
+and that she is still quite ignorant of drawing.
+
+     [11] [Lord Burghersh, afterwards Earl of Westmoreland, was
+          then British Minister at Florence.]
+
+Went into two or three of the churches, then to the Gallery, and
+sat for half an hour in the Tribune, but could not work myself
+into a proper enthusiasm for the 'Venus,' whose head is too small
+and ankles too thick, but they say the more I see her the more I
+shall like her. I prefer the 'Wrestlers,' and the head of the
+'Remontleur' is the only good _head_ I have seen, the only one
+with expression. 'Niobe' is fine, but I can't bear her children,
+except one. Then to the Casine on horseback to see the town and
+the world: it seems a very enjoyable place. This morning again
+dropped into some of the churches, after which I have always a
+hankering, though there is great sameness in them, but I have a
+childish liking for Catholic pomp. The fine things are lost
+amidst a heap of rubbish, but there is no lack of marble, and
+painting, and gilding in most of them. They are going on with the
+Medici Chapel, on which millions have been wasted and more is
+going after, for the Grand Duke is gradually finishing the work.
+The profusion of marble is immense, and very fine and curious if
+examined in detail; the precious stones are hardly seen, and when
+they are, not to be recognised as such. To the Pitti Palace, of
+which one part is under repair and not visible, but I saw most of
+the best pictures. I like pictures better than statues. It is a
+beautiful palace, and well furnished for show. Nobody knows what
+Vandyke was without coming here. To the Gabinetto Fisico, and
+saw all the wax-works, the progress of gestation, and the
+representation of the plague, incomparably clever and well
+executed. I saw nothing disgusting in the wax-works in the
+museum, which many people are so squeamish about.
+
+Before dinner yesterday called upon Thorwaldsen, who was in the
+inn, to tell him Lord Gower likes his 'Ganymede.' He was mighty
+polite, squeezed my hand, and reconducted me to my own door. At
+night went to the Opera and heard David and Grisi in 'Ricciardo e
+Zoraida.' She is like Pasta in face and figure, but much
+handsomer, though with less expression. She is only eighteen. He
+has lost much of his voice, and embroiders to make up for it, but
+every now and then he appears to find it again, and his taste and
+expression are exquisite. To-night at a child's ball at Lady
+Williamson's, where I was introduced to Lord Cochrane, and had a
+great deal of talk with him; told him I thought things would
+explode at last in England, which he concurred in, and seemed to
+like the idea of it, in which we differ, owing probably to the
+difference of our positions; he has nothing, and I everything, to
+lose by such an event.
+
+
+[Page Head: FLORENCE]
+
+March 25th, 1830 {p.301}
+
+Went yesterday morning to Santa Croce to hear a Mass on the
+completion of a monument which has been erected to Dante; very
+crowded and the music indifferent. Afterwards to the Gallery and
+saw all the cabinets, but we were hurried through them too
+rapidly. I began to like the 'Venus' better, best of all the
+statues. The 'Niobe'[12] cannot have been a group, nor the
+children have belonged to the mother. Rode to Normanby's villa at
+Sesto, five miles from Florence; a large and agreeable house,
+gardens full of fountains, statues, busts, orange and lemon
+trees, shrubs and flowers. He pays 600 dollars a year for it,
+exclusive of the race-ground. In the evening to Burghersh's
+opera, which was very well performed; pretty theatre, crowded to
+suffocation. All the actors amateurs;[13] chorus composed of
+divers ladies and gentlemen of Florence, principally English.
+Here all the society of Florence was assembled in nearly equal
+proportions of Italians, English, and other foreigners. Nothing
+can be worse than it is, for there is no foundation of natives,
+and the rest are generally the refuse of Europe, people who come
+here from want of money or want of character. Everybody is
+received without reference to their conduct, past or present,
+with the exception, perhaps, of Englishwomen who have been
+divorced, whose case is too notorious to allow the English
+Minister's wife to present them at Court.
+
+     [12] The 'Niobe' is supposed to have been a group upon some
+          temple
+               [Illustration: Schematic of Temple Arch]
+          so, of which the mother was the centre figure; this
+          makes it more probable, but the difficulty to this
+          hypothesis is, that there do not appear to be the
+          necessary gradations in the size or altitude of the
+          other figures; the sons in the 'Laocoon' are certainly
+          little men.
+
+     [13] Phaedra     Miss Williams        Soprano.
+          Hippolytus  Madame Vigano        Contralto.
+          The Girl    Madame de Bombelles  Soprano.
+          Theseus     Goretti              Tenor.
+          Attendant   Franceschini         Bass.
+
+
+March 26th, 1830 {p.302}
+
+Yesterday morning to a Mass at the Annunziata, to which the Grand
+Duke came in state, with his family and Court. The piazza was
+lined with guards; seven coaches-and-six with his _guardia
+nobile_ and running footmen; the Mass beautifully performed by
+his band, Tacchinardi (father of Madame Persiani, I believe)
+singing and Manielli directing. Then rode to Lord Cochrane's
+villa, where we found them under a matted tent in the garden,
+going to dinner. He talks of going to Algiers to see the French
+attack it. He has made L100,000 by the Greek bonds. It is a pity
+he ever got into a scrape; he is such a fine fellow, and so
+shrewd and good-humoured. To the Certosa, on a hill two miles
+from Florence; very large convent, formerly very rich, and had
+near forty monks, now reduced to seven residents, though there
+are a few more who belong to it, but who are absent. It is in
+good repair, but looks desolate. There is an old monk, Don
+Fortunatus by name, who understands English and speaks it
+tolerably, delights in English people and books, received us in
+his cell, which consists of two or three little apartments, not
+uncomfortable and commanding a beautiful view; talked with great
+pleasure of his English acquaintance, and showed all their cards,
+which he treasured up. A very lively, good-humoured old friar.
+Returned to ride in the Corso, which is a narrow street going
+from the Duomo to the Annunziata, to drive up and down which is
+one of the ceremonies of the day (Lady Day), as the people are
+supposed to go and pay their respects to the Virgin. In the
+evening to the Opera and heard David again.
+
+
+[Page Head: ROME]
+
+Rome, March 29th, 1830 {p.303}
+
+Set off yesterday morning at half-past seven from Florence, and
+arrived here at six this evening in a fine glowing sunset,
+straining my eyes to catch interesting objects, and trying in
+vain to make out the different hills. The last two days at
+Florence I went to the Gallery and Pitti Palace again with the
+Copleys. Half the rooms were shut up when I was at the Pitti
+before, but we now saw them all, and probably the finest
+collection of pictures in the world. The Raphaels, Rubens, Andrea
+del Sartos, and Salvators I liked the best. On Saturday evening
+went to Court and was presented to the Grand Duke, who is
+vulgar-looking and has bad manners; but the whole thing is rather
+handsome. Stopped at Siena to see the cathedral; very fine,
+the ancient fount beautiful. The mutilated Graces I am not
+connoisseur enough to appreciate, but the illuminated Missals of
+the thirteenth century I thought admirable, both for the
+colouring and the drawing, and as exquisitely finished as any
+miniature. The entrance to Rome through the Porta del Popolo
+appeared very fine, but I was disappointed in the first distant
+view of the city from the hill above Viterbo. I passed Radicofani
+in the dark, and saw little to admire in the Lake of Bolsena or
+the surrounding country. The women throughout Italy appeared very
+handsome, one quite beautiful at Siena.
+
+
+March 30th, 1830 {p.303}
+
+This morning I awoke very early, and could not rest till I had
+seen St. Peter's; so set off in a hackney coach, drove by the
+Piazza della Colonna and the Castle of St. Angelo (which burst
+upon me unexpectedly as I turned on the bridge), and got out
+as soon as St. Peter's was in sight. My first feeling was
+disappointment, but as I advanced towards the obelisk, with the
+fountains on each side, and found myself in that ocean of space
+with all the grand objects around, delight and admiration
+succeeded. As I walked along the piazza and then entered the
+church, I felt that sort of breathless bewilderment which was
+produced in some degree by the first sight of the Alps. Much as I
+expected I was not disappointed. St. Peter's sets criticism at
+defiance; nor can I conceive how anybody can do anything but
+admire and wonder there, till time and familiarity with its
+glories shall have subjected the imagination to the judgment. I
+then came home and went with Morier to take a cursory view of the
+city and blunt the edge of curiosity. In about five hours I
+galloped over the Forum, Coliseum, Pantheon, St. John Lateran,
+Santa Maria Maggiore, the Vatican, and several arches and
+obelisks. I cannot tell which produced the greatest impression,
+St. Peter's or the Coliseum; but if I might only have seen one it
+should be the Coliseum, for there can be nothing of the same kind
+besides.[14]
+
+     [14] Of the same kind there is, at Pompeii, but not near so
+          fine; more perfect as a specimen, far less beautiful as
+          an object. And the amphitheatre at Verona, but that is
+          very inferior.
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+They only who have seen Rome can have an idea of the grandeur of
+it and of the wonders it contains, the treasures of art and the
+records of antiquity. Of course I had the same general idea of
+there being much to see that others have, but was far from being
+prepared for the reality, which exceeds my most sanguine
+expectations. The Vatican alone would require years to be
+examined as it deserves. It is remarkable, however, how the
+pleasure of the imagination arising from antiquities depends upon
+their accidents. The busts, statues, columns, tombs, and
+fragments of all sorts are heaped together in such profusion
+at the Vatican that the eyes ache at them, the senses are
+bewildered, and we regard them (with some exceptions) almost
+exclusively as objects of art, and do not feel the interest
+which, separately, they might inspire by their connection with
+remote ages, whereas there is scarcely one of those, if it were
+now to be discovered, that would not excite the greatest
+curiosity, and be, in the midst of the ruins to which it belongs,
+an object of far greater interest than a finer production which
+had taken its splendid but frigid position in this collection. We
+went to the Sistine Chapel, and saw Michael Angelo's frescoes,
+which Sir Joshua Reynolds says are the finest paintings in the
+world, and which the unlearned call great rude daubs. I do not
+pretend to the capacity of appreciating their merits, but was
+very much struck with the ease, and grace, and majesty of some of
+the figures; it was, however, too dark to see the 'Last
+Judgment.' I ended by St. Peter's again, where there were many
+devout Catholics praying round the illuminated tomb of the
+Apostle, and many foolish English poking into it to stare and ask
+questions, the answers to which they did not understand. I have
+but one fault to find, and that is with the Glory, a miserable
+transparency in the great window opposite the entrance, throwing
+a yellow light upon the Dove, which has the most paltry effect,
+and is utterly unworthy of the grandeur of such a place.
+
+
+April 1st, 1830 {p.305}
+
+Yesterday morning at nine o'clock went with Edward Cheney and
+George Hamilton to Frascati to dine with Henry Fox, who has got a
+villa there. As soon as we arrived Cheney and I walked over to
+Grotta Ferrata to see Domenichino's frescoes. The convent is
+about a mile and a half off, large, formerly rich, full of monks,
+and a fortress; also the scene of various miracles performed by
+St. Nilo, the founder and patron saint; now tenanted by a few
+beggarly friars, and part of it let to Prince Gagarin, the
+Russian Minister, as a villa. Domenichino sought and found an
+asylum there in consequence of some crime he had committed or
+debt he had incurred; he stayed there two years, and in return
+for the hospitality of the monks adorned their chapel with (some
+think) the finest frescoes in the world. They are splendid
+pictures, and all painted by his own hand.
+
+At dinner we had Hortense, the ex-Queen of Holland, her son,
+Prince Louis Napoleon, her lady in waiting, Lady Sandwich and her
+daughter, Cheney, Hamilton, Lord Lovaine, and Fordwich. We
+dined in the garden, but there was too much wind for a _fete
+champetre_. Hortense is not near so ugly as I expected, very
+unaffected and gay, and gives herself no royal airs. The only
+difference between her and anybody else was that, after dinner,
+when she rose from table, her own servant presented her with a
+finger-glass and water, which nobody else had. She is called
+Madame.
+
+We returned by moonlight, and though I did not go into the
+Coliseum, because the moon was not full enough, it looked fine,
+and the light shining through the lower arches had a beautiful
+effect. This morning went a long round of sights--Caesar's
+Palace, of which there are no remains but fragments of walls; it
+really does 'grovel on earth in indistinct decay.' Caracalla's
+Baths, which are stupendous; the _custode_ showed us a room in
+which were heaped up bits of marble of all sorts and sizes,
+fragments of columns and friezes; and he told us that they never
+excavated without finding something. And Titus's Baths, less
+magnificent but equally curious, because they contain the remains
+of the Golden House of Nero, on which Titus built his Thermae.
+The ruins are, in fact, part of the Golden House, for the Thermae
+have been altogether destroyed. Then to the Capitol, Forum,
+Temple of Vesta, Fortuna Virilis, and other places with Morier.
+The Capitol contains an interesting collection of busts and
+statues of all the Emperors, most famous characters of ancient
+Rome and Greece together, with various magnificent objects of
+art. By dint of repeatedly seeing their effigies, one becomes
+acquainted with the faces of these worthies. These tastes grow
+upon one strangely at Rome, and there is a sort of elevation
+arising from this silent intercourse with the 'great of old.'
+
+        Proud names, who once the reins of empire held,
+        In arms who triumphed, or in arts excell'd,
+        Chiefs graced with scars, and prodigal of blood,
+        Stern patriots who for sacred freedom stood,
+        Just men by whom impartial laws were given,
+        And saints who taught, and led the way to heaven.
+                                                    TICKELL.
+
+There has been a wrangle about the Borghese Gardens which the
+Prince ordered to be shut up; the Government remonstrated, and a
+correspondence ensued which ended in their being reopened to the
+public, whom he has no right to exclude. Paul V. gave the
+Borghese Gardens to his nephew (Aldobrandini) with a condition
+that they should always be open to the public, which they have
+been from then till now. They were a part of the Cenci property,
+which was immense, and confiscated by an enormous piece of
+injustice.
+
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+April 3rd, 1830 {p.307}
+
+Went on Thursday to Lady Mary Deerhurst's and the Duchess
+Torlonia's, where all the English in Rome (or rather all the most
+vulgar) were assembled. Yesterday morning to the Colonna Palace,
+Museum of the Capitol, Baths of Diocletian, now Church of Santa
+Maria degli Angeli, which are very remarkable because built on
+the baths, of which it has preserved the form; San Pietro in
+Vincoli, San Bernardo, all built on the site and amidst the ruins
+of Titus's and Vespasian's Baths; in various parts the old
+pavement is preserved, which shows how magnificent they must have
+been, for it is all of giallo, verd antique, porphyry, &c. To the
+garden of the Maronite Convent to see the Coliseum, whence there
+is the finest view of it in Rome. Then to the Coliseum, and
+walked all over the ruins while a parcel of friars with covered
+faces were chanting and praying at each of the altars in
+succession round the circle below (called the Via Crucis).
+
+I called yesterday morning on M. de la Ferronays, the French
+Ambassador, who was very civil and obliging. Dined in the evening
+with Lord Haddington, Lovaine, Morier, Prince Gagarin the Russian
+Minister, Cheney, and M. Dedel. After dinner George Hamilton came
+in and said that Lady Northampton had died suddenly at five
+o'clock. I never saw her, but they say she was a very good sort
+of woman, and remarkably clever, which good sort of women seldom
+are. She had written a poem full of genius and imagination. Lord
+Northampton was absent at a _scavo_ he has forty miles off.
+
+There has been no rain here for two months, and the clouds of
+dust are insupportable; as it is the town in Europe best supplied
+with water (there are three aqueducts; the ancients had sixteen)
+so it is the worst watered. The excavations which are going on
+(though languidly) are always producing something. Two busts,
+said to be fine, were found the day before yesterday at the
+Borghese Villa at Frascati.
+
+I saw yesterday at San Pietro in Vincoli Michael Angelo's famous
+Moses. It may be very fine, but to my eye is merely a colossal
+statue; the two horns are meant to represent rays of light; but
+how can rays of light be represented in marble, any more than the
+breath? It is impossible to make marble imitate that which is
+impalpable. The beard is ropy and unnatural; it is, however, an
+imposing sort of figure. But I am more sensible to painting than
+to sculpture. I delight in almost everything of Domenichino's,
+who is only inferior (if inferior) to Raphael. As to Michael
+Angelo, he speaks a language the unlearned do not understand; his
+merit, acknowledged to be transcendent as it is by all artists,
+cannot be questioned; but he must serve as a model to form future
+excellence, and not be expected to produce present delight,
+except to those who, by long study, have learnt to comprehend and
+appreciate him.
+
+_Evening._--This morning to the tomb of the Scipios, Catacombs,
+Cecilia Metella (from which I wonder they don't take the
+battlements), the Circus of Maxentius, Temple of Bacchus, the
+Fountain of Egeria, San Stefano Rotondo, Temple of Pallas, Arches
+of Drusus and Dollabella, and the Borghese Villa and Gardens. The
+ruins of the Gaetani Castle are rather picturesque, but they
+spoil the tomb, which would be far finer without its turrets. The
+Circus is as curious as anything I have seen, for it looks like a
+fresh ruin. Old Torlonia furbished it up at his own expense,
+and brought to light the inscription which proved it to be
+Maxentius's instead of Caracalla's Circus. The remains are so
+perfect that it is easy to trace the whole arrangement of the
+ancient games. Forsyth says very truly that the Fountain of
+Egeria is a mere trough; but everybody praises the water, which
+is delicious, and it falls with a murmur which invites to
+idleness and contemplation. This fountain has been beautifully
+sung, but it is a miserable ruin, ill deserving of such strains.
+
+          In vallum Egeriae descendimus et speluncas
+          Dissimiles veris--quanto praestantius esset
+          Numen aquae, viridi si margine clauderet undas
+          Herba, nec ingenuum violarent marmora tophum.
+                                                     JUVENAL.
+
+A little wood of firs, and pines, and ilexes about thirty or
+forty years old is pointed out as the grove in which Numa used to
+meet the nymph. In all the views on one side Soracte is a
+striking object, as it
+
+                                  From out the plain
+           Heaves like a long-swept wave about to break
+           And on the curl hangs pausing.
+
+I like this side of Rome, where the aqueducts stride over the
+Campagna, and the ruins of the mighty Claudian tower over the
+pigmy arches of the Pope, like the genius of ancient over that of
+modern Rome. The Borghese is the _beau ideal_ of a villa; lofty,
+spacious apartments, adorned with statues, busts, and marbles,
+painting and gilding, and magnificent gardens; but deserted by
+its owner, who has only been there once in the last thirty years,
+and untenable in the summer from malaria, which is very
+unaccountable, for it is close to Rome, high, and full of trees;
+but nobody knows anything about the malaria. The Gardens are the
+fashionable lounge, but after June nobody can walk there. Though
+the Prince never comes here he has just bought a large piece of
+ground between the Porta del Popolo and the Gardens, and is
+making a handsome entrance, has already built gates and some ugly
+Egyptian imitations, and is making a waterfall. I dined with Lady
+William Russell, and set off to go to Queen Hortense in the
+evening, but found so few carriages in the court that we would
+not go in.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE SISTINE CHAPEL]
+
+April 4th, 1830 {p.309}
+
+To the Sistine Chapel for the ceremonies of Palm Sunday; we got
+into the body of the chapel, not without difficulty; but we saw
+M. de la Ferronays in his box, and he let us in (Morier and me).
+It was only on a third attempt I could get there, for twice the
+Papal halberdiers thrust me back, and I find since it is lucky
+they did not do worse; for upon some occasion one of them knocked
+a cardinal's eye out, and when he found who he was, begged his
+pardon, and said he had taken him for a bishop. Here I had a fine
+opportunity of seeing the frescoes, but they are covered
+with dirt, the 'Last Judgment' neither distinguishable nor
+intelligible to me. The figures on the ceiling and walls are very
+grand even to my ignorance. The music (all vocal) beautiful, the
+service harmoniously chanted, and the responsive bursts of the
+chorus sublime. The cardinals appeared a wretched set of old
+twaddlers, all but about three in extreme decrepitude--
+Odescalchi, who is young and a good preacher, Gregorio, Capellari
+[afterwards Pope Gregory XVI.]. On seeing them, and knowing that
+the sovereign is elected by and from them, nobody can wonder that
+the country is so miserably governed. These old creatures, on the
+demise of a Pope, are as full of ambition and intrigue as in the
+high and palmy days of the Papal power. Rome and its territory
+are certainly worth possessing, though the Pontifical authority
+is so shorn of its beams; but the fact is that the man who is
+elected does not always govern the country,[15] and he is
+condemned to a life of privation and seclusion. An able or
+influential cardinal is seldom elected. The parties in the
+Conclave usually end by a compromise, and agree to elect some
+cardinal without weight or influence, and there are not now any
+Sixtus the Fifths to make such an arrangement hazardous. Austria,
+Spain, and France have all vetos, and Portugal claims and
+exercises one when she can. To this degradation Rome is now
+obliged to submit. The most influential of the cardinals is
+Albani.[16] At the last election the Papal crown was offered to
+Cardinal Caprara, but Albani stipulated that he should make him
+Secretary of State; Caprara refused to promise, and Albani
+procured the election of the present Pope (who did not desire or
+expect the elevation), became Secretary of State (being eighty),
+and governs the country. He is rich and stingy. The great Powers
+still watch the proceedings of the Conclave with jealousy; and
+though it is difficult to conceive how the Pope can assist any
+one of them to the detriment of another, an Ambassador will put
+his veto upon any cardinal whom he thinks unfavourable to his
+nation; this produces all sorts of trickery, for when the
+Conclave want to elect a man who is obnoxious to Austria, for
+example, they choose another whom they think is equally so (but
+whom they do not really wish to elect), that the veto may be
+expended upon him, for each Government has one veto only. The
+last veto absolutely put was on Cardinal ----, who was elected on
+the death of Pius VII. He had behaved very rudely to the Empress
+Maria Louisa when she took refuge in the north of Italy after the
+downfall of Napoleon, thinking it was a good moment to bully the
+abdicated Emperor's wife. She complained to her father, who
+promised her the Cardinal never should be Pope. He was a young
+and ambitious man, and the veto killed him with vexation and
+disappointment.
+
+     [15] This, from what I have heard since, was not true of the
+          last Pope, Leo XII., who was an odious, tyrannical
+          bigot, but a man of activity, talent, and strength of
+          mind, a good man of business, and his own Minister. He
+          was detested here, and there are many stories of his
+          violent exertions of authority. He was a sort of
+          bastard Sixtus V., but at an immense distance from that
+          great man, 'following him of old, with steps unequal.'
+          He used, however, to interfere with the private
+          transactions of society, and banish and imprison
+          people, even of high rank, for immorality.
+
+     [16] Albani holds the Austrian veto, and is supported by her
+          authority. But I have heard that since Clement XI., who
+          was an Albani, there has always been a powerful Albani
+          faction in the Conclave. This cardinal is enormously
+          rich and the head of his house. The Duke of Modena is
+          his nephew, and it is generally thought will be his
+          heir.
+
+Went and walked about St. Peter's, and was surprised to find how
+very little longer it is than St. Paul's. To the Farnese Palace,
+built by Paul III. out of the ruins of the Coliseum, which now,
+with all the Farnese property, belongs to the King of Naples, and
+is consequently going to decay. It got into his hands by the
+marriage of a King of Naples with the last heiress of the house
+of Farnese. The Neapolitan property here consists of the Farnese
+and Farnesina Palaces, the Orti Farnesiani, and the Villa Madama,
+all in a wretched state; and the Orti, in which there are
+probably great remains, they will not allow to be excavated. Many
+of the fine things are gone to Naples, but a few remain, most of
+which came out of the Thermae of Caracalla, and originally from
+the Villa of Adrian. These two, principally the one through the
+other, have been the great mines from which the existing
+treasures of art were drawn. The frescoes in this palace are
+beautiful--a gallery by Annibal and Agostino Caracci, with a few
+pictures by Domenichino, Guido, and Lanfranco. Annibal Caracci's
+are as fine as any I have seen; also a little cabinet picture
+painted entirely by Annibal, which is exquisite.
+
+[Page Head: A DEAD CARDINAL]
+
+As we were going to this palace we drove by the Cancellaria
+(which was likewise built out of the Coliseum), and heard by
+accident that a dead cardinal (Somaglia) was lying in state
+there. Somaglia was Secretary of State in Leo's time. Having seen
+all the living cardinals, we thought we might as well complete
+our view of the Sacred College with the dead one, and went up.
+After a great deal of knocking we were admitted to a private view
+half an hour before the public was let in. He had been embalmed,
+and lay on a bed under a canopy on an inclined plane, full
+dressed in cardinal's robes, new shoes on, his face and hands
+uncovered, the former looking very fresh (I believe he was
+rouged), his fingers black, but on one of them was an emerald
+ring, candles burning before the bed, and the window curtains
+drawn. He was 87 years old, but did not look so much, and had a
+healthier appearance in death than half the old walking mummies
+we had seen with palms in their hands in the morning.
+
+Took a look at Pasquin, who had nothing but advertisements pasted
+upon him. I had seen Marphorius in the Capitol; there has long
+been an end to the witty dialogues of the days of Sixtus V., so
+quaintly told by Leti; they are so little 'birds of a feather'
+(for Pasquin is a mutilated fragment, Marphorius a colossal
+statue of the ocean) that, residing as they did at different
+parts of the town, it is difficult to understand how they ever
+came to converse with each other at all. I remember one of the
+best of his stories. Sixtus V. made his sister a princess, and
+she had been a washerwoman. The next day Pasquin appeared with a
+dirty shirt on. Marphorius asks him 'why he wears such foul
+linen;' and he answers 'that his washerwoman has been made a
+princess, and he can't get it washed.'
+
+To the Farnesina: Raphael's frescoes, the famous Galatea, and the
+great head which Michael Angelo painted on the wall, as it is
+said as a hint to Raphael that he was too minute. There it is
+just as he left it. Here Raphael painted the Transfiguration, and
+here the Fornarina was shut up with him that he might not run
+away from his work. It might be thought that to shut up his
+mistress with him was not the way to keep him to his work. Be
+that as it may, the plan was a good one which produced these
+frescoes and the Transfiguration.
+
+[Page Head: POMPEY'S STATUE]
+
+I very nearly forgot to mention the Palazzo Spada, where we went
+to see the famous statue of Pompey, which was found on the spot
+where the Senate House formerly stood, and which is (as certainly
+as these things can be certain) the identical statue at the foot
+of which Caesar fell.
+
+               Muffling his face within his robe
+        Ev'n at the base of Pompey's statue,
+        Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
+
+People doubt this statue, because it is not like his busts. There
+is certainly no resemblance to the bust I have seen, which
+represents Pompey as a fat, vulgar-looking man with a great
+double chin. It is impossible for the coldest imagination to look
+at this statue without interest, for it calls up a host of
+recollections and associations, standing before you unchanged
+from the hour when Caesar folded his robe round him and
+'consented to death' at its base. Those who cannot feel this had
+better not come to Rome. Cardinal Spada was Secretary of State
+when this statue was found, and Julius III. (Giocchi del Monti,
+1550) made him a present of it.
+
+The Temple of Bacchus is one of the most remarkable objects in
+Rome; it is not in the least altered, merely turned into a
+Christian church, and some saints, &c., painted on the walls. The
+mosaic ceiling and the pavement are just the same as when it was
+devoted to the worship of the jolly god. The mosaics are
+beautiful, and perfect models of that sort of ceiling. The
+pavement is covered with names and other scribblings cut out upon
+it, all ancient Roman. Not a column has been removed or
+mutilated. The fact is, Rome possesses several complete specimens
+of places of heathen worship; this temple, the Pantheon, and San
+Stefano Rotondo are perfect in the inside, the Pantheon within
+and without, Vesta and Fortuna Virilis perfect on the outside.
+
+[Page Head: A CAPUCHIN CHARNEL-HOUSE]
+
+In the Rospigliosi Palace is the famous Aurora of Guido. It is in
+excellent preservation, and three artists were copying it in
+oils. One copy was just finished, and admirably done, for which
+the painter asked forty louis. I begin to like frescoes better
+than oils; there is such a life and brilliancy about them. At the
+Quirinal, which was fitted up for the King of Rome and inhabited
+by the Emperor of Austria, we saw everything but the Pope's
+apartments. It is a delightful house, and commands a charming
+view of Rome. The Pope always goes there the last day of the Holy
+Week, and stays there all the summer. Nothing can be more
+melancholy than his life as described by the _custode_; he gets
+up very early, lives entirely alone and with the greatest
+simplicity. In short, it shows what a strange thing ambition is,
+which will sacrifice the substantial pleasures of life for the
+miserable shadow of grandeur. Coming home we stopped by accident
+at the Capuchins, and looked in to see Guido's St. Michael, with
+which I was disappointed till I looked at it from a distance. We
+then went to their catacombs, the most curious place I ever saw.
+There are a series of chapels in the cloisters, or rather
+compartments of one chapel, entirely fitted up with human bones
+arranged symmetrically and with all sorts of devices. They are
+laid out in niches, and each niche is occupied by the skeleton of
+a friar in the robes of his order; a label is attached to it with
+the name of the skeleton and the date of his death. Beneath are
+mounds of earth, each tenanted by a dead friar with similar
+labels. When a friar dies, the oldest buried friar, or rather his
+skeleton, is taken up and promoted to a niche, and the newly
+defunct takes possession of his grave; and so they go on in
+succession. I was so struck by this strange sight that, when I
+came home at night, I ventured on the following description of
+it:--
+
+      _THE CATACOMBS IN THE CAPUCHIN CONVENT._
+
+      In yonder chapel's melancholy shade,
+        Through which no wandering rays of daylight peep,
+      In strange and awful cemetery laid,
+        The ancient Fathers of the convent sleep.
+
+      No storied marble with monastic pride
+        Records the actions of their tranquil life,
+      Or tells how, fighting for their faith, they died
+        Unconquer'd martyrs of religious strife.
+
+      They are not laid in decent shroud and pall,
+        To wait, commingling with their kindred earth,
+      Th' Archangel's trumpet, whose dread blast shall call
+        The whole creation to a second birth.
+
+      But midst the mouldering relics of the dead
+        In shapes fantastic, which the brethren rear,
+      Profaned by heretic's unhallowed tread,
+        The monkish skeletons erect appear.
+
+      The cowl is drawn each ghastly skull around,
+        Each fleshless form's arrayed in sable vest,
+      About their hollow loins the cord is bound,
+        Like living Fathers of the Order drest.
+
+      And as the monk around this scene of gloom
+        The flick'ring lustre of his taper throws,
+      He says, 'Such, stranger, is my destined tomb;
+        Here, and with these, shall be my last repose.'
+
+At night I went with a party of English to see the Coliseum, but
+the moon was as English as the party, and gave a faint and feeble
+light. Still, with this dim moon it was inconceivably grand. The
+exquisite symmetry of the building appears better, and its vast
+dimensions are more developed by night. I long to see it with an
+Italian sky and full moon; but not with a parcel of chattering
+girls, who only 'flout the ruins grey.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE HOLY WEEK AT ROME]
+
+April 9th, 1830 {p.315}
+
+On Wednesday called on Bunsen, the Prussian Minister, who lives
+at the top of the Tarpeian Rock, in a house commanding one of the
+best views of Rome. He has devoted himself to the study of Roman
+history and antiquities, and has the whole subject at his
+fingers' ends. He is really luminous, and his conversation
+equally amusing and instructive. He is about to publish a book
+about ancient and modern Rome, which, from what I hear, will be
+too minute and prolix. I then went to look at the Tarpeian Rock,
+but the accumulation of earth has diminished its height--there is
+the Rock, but in a very obscure hole. It was probably twice as
+high as it is now. I think it is now about forty feet. Bunsen
+says that though the antiquaries pretend to point out the course
+of the ancient triumphal way, he does not think it can ever be
+ascertained. The only remains (only bits of foundations) of the
+temple of the Capitoline Jupiter, to which the conquerors
+ascended, are in the garden under his windows. He thinks the
+population of ancient Rome may be taken at two millions at its
+most flourishing period. It is curious that there are hardly any
+houses on the hills on which ancient Rome was built, and that
+there were none formerly where modern Rome stands--no private
+houses, only public buildings and temples.
+
+To the Mamertine Prisons, probably not a stone of which has been
+changed from the time that Jugurtha was starved in them. The
+tradition about St. Peter and the well of course is not to be
+believed; but it is very odd there should be a well there when
+there are so few in Rome. To the Sistine Chapel with M. de la
+Ferronays, and very much disappointed with the music, which was
+not so good as on Sunday; nor was the ceremony accompanying the
+Miserere at all imposing. Yesterday morning to the Sistine again;
+prodigious crowd, music moderate. As soon as it was over we set
+off to see the benediction; and, after fighting, jostling, and
+squeezing through an enormous crowd, we reached the _loggia_ over
+one side of the colonnade. The Piazza of St. Peter's is so
+magnificent that the sight was of necessity fine, but not near so
+much so as I had fancied. The people below were not numerous or
+full of reverence. Till the Pope appears the bands play and the
+bells ring, when suddenly there is a profound silence; the
+feathers are seen waving in the balcony, and he is borne in on
+his throne; he rises, stretches out his hands, blesses the
+people--URBI ET ORBI--and is borne out again. A couple of
+indulgences were tossed out, for which there is a scramble, and
+so it ends. Off we scampered, and, by dint of tremendous
+exertions, reached the hall in which the feet of the pilgrims are
+washed. The Pope could not attend, so the Cardinal Deacon
+officiated. No ceremony can be less imposing, but none more
+clean. Thirteen men are ranged on a bench--the thirteenth
+represents the angel who once joined the party--dressed in new
+white caps, gowns, and shoes; each holds out his foot in
+succession; an attendant pours a few drops of water on it from a
+golden jug which another receives in a golden basin; the cardinal
+wipes it with a towel, kisses the foot, and then gives the towel,
+a nosegay, and a piece of money to the pilgrim--the whole thing
+takes up about five minutes--certain prayers are said, and it is
+over. Then off we scampered again through the long galleries of
+the Vatican to another hall where the pilgrims dine. The
+arrangements for the accommodation of the Ambassadors and
+strangers were so bad that all these passages were successive
+scenes of uproar, scrambling, screaming, confusion, and danger,
+and, considering that the ceremonies were all religious, really
+disgraceful. We got with infinite difficulty to another box,
+raised aloft in the hall, and saw a long table at which the
+thirteen pilgrims seated themselves; a cardinal in the corner
+read some prayers, which nobody listened to, and another handed
+the dishes to the pilgrims, who looked neither to the right nor
+the left, but applied themselves with becoming gravity to the
+enjoyment of a very substantial dinner. The whole hall was filled
+with people, all with their hats on, chattering and jostling, and
+more like a ring of blacklegs and blackguards at Tattersall's
+than respectable company at a religious ceremony in the palace of
+the Pope. There remained the cardinals' dinner, but I had had
+more than enough, and came away hot, jaded, and disgusted with
+the whole affair.
+
+[Page Head: THE GRAND PENITENTIARY]
+
+In the evening I went to St. Peter's, when I was amply
+recompensed for the disappointment and bore of the morning. The
+church was crowded; there was a Miserere in the chapel, which was
+divine, far more beautiful than anything I have heard in the
+Sistine, and it was the more effective because at the close it
+really was night. The lamps were extinguished at the shrine of
+the Apostle, but one altar--the altar of the Holy Sepulchre--was
+brilliantly illuminated. Presently the Grand Penitentiary,
+Cardinal Gregorio, with his train entered, went and paid his
+devotions at this shrine, and then seated himself on the chair of
+the Great Confessional, took a golden wand, and touched all those
+who knelt before him. Then came a procession of pilgrims bearing
+muffled crosses; penitents with faces covered, in white, with
+tapers and crosses; and one long procession of men headed by
+these muffled figures, and another of women accompanied by
+ladies, a lady walking between every two pilgrims. The cross in
+the procession of women was carried by the Princess Orsini, one
+of the greatest ladies in Rome. They attended them to the church
+(the Trinita delle Pellegrine) and washed their feet and fed
+them. A real washing of dirty feet. Both the men and the women
+seemed of the lowest class, but their appearance and dresses were
+very picturesque. These processions entered St. Peter's, walked
+all round the church, knelt at the altars, and retired in the
+same order, filing along the piazza till they were lost behind
+the arches of the colonnades. As the shades of night fell upon
+the vast expanse of this wonderful building it became really
+sublime; 'the dim religious light' glimmering from a distant
+altar, or cast by the passing torches of the procession, the
+voices of the choir as they sang the Miserere swelling from the
+chapel, which was veiled in dusk, and with no light but that of
+the high taper half hid behind the altar, with the crowds of
+figures assembled round the chapel moving about in the obscurity
+of the aisles and columns, produced the most striking effect I
+ever beheld. It was curious, interesting, and inspiring--little
+of mummery and much of solemnity. The night here brings out fresh
+beauties, but of the most majestic character. There is a colour
+in an Italian twilight that I have never seen in England, so
+soft, and beautiful, and grey, and the moon rises 'not as in
+northern climes obscurely bright,' but with far-spreading rays
+around her. The figures, costume, and attitudes that you see in
+the churches are wonderfully picturesque. I went afterwards to
+the Jesu, where there was a tiresome service (the Tre Ore), and
+heard a Jesuit preaching with much passion and emphasis, but
+could not understand a word he said. So then I called on Cheney
+and saw his mother's illustrations of Milton, which are
+admirable, full of genius.
+
+_At night._--To St. Peter's, where the Miserere was not so good
+as last night. It was reported that the Pope was coming to St.
+Peter's, and the Swiss Guards lined the nave, but he did not
+arrive. Formerly, when the Cross was illuminated, he used to come
+with all the cardinals to adore it. Now the cardinals (or rather
+some of them) came and adored the Cross and the relics belonging
+to the church, which were exhibited in succession from one of the
+balconies--a bit of the true Cross, Santa Veronica's bloody
+handkerchief, and others. There were, as the night before,
+several fraternities of penitents, some in black, others in white
+or brown, all disguised by long hoods, but there was to-night one
+of the most striking and remarkable exhibitions I ever beheld.
+
+The Grand Penitentiary, Cardinal Gregorio, again took his seat in
+the chair of the Great Confessional. All those who have been
+absolved after confession by their priest, and who present
+themselves before him, are touched with his golden wand, in token
+of confirmation of the absolution, and here again that quality
+which I have so often remarked as one of the peculiar characteristics
+of the Catholic religion is very striking. Men and women, beggars
+and princesses, present themselves indiscriminately; they all
+kneel in a row, and he touches them in succession. In the
+churches there seem to be no distinctions of rank; no one,
+however great or rich, is contaminated by the approximation of
+poverty and rags. But to return to the Confessional. There are
+some crimes of such enormity that absolution for them can only be
+granted by the Pope himself, who delegates his power to the Grand
+Penitentiary, and he receives such confessions in the chair in
+which he was seated to-day. They are, however, very rare; but
+this evening, after he had finished touching the people, a man,
+dressed like a peasant in a loose brown frock, worsted stockings,
+and brogues, apparently of the lowest order, dark, ill-looking,
+and squalid, approached the Confessional to reveal some great
+crime. The confession was very long, so was the admonition of the
+Cardinal which followed it. The appearance of the Cardinal is
+particularly dignified and noble, and, as he bent down his head,
+joining it to that of this ruffian-like figure, listening with
+extreme patience and attention, and occasionally speaking to him
+with excessive earnestness, while the whole surrounding multitude
+stood silently gazing at the scene, all conscious that some great
+criminal was before them, but none knowing the nature of the
+crime, it was impossible not to be deeply interested and
+impressed with such a spectacle. Nothing could exceed the
+patience of the Cardinal and the intensity with which he seemed
+absorbed in the tale of the penitent. When it was over he wiped
+his face, as if he had been agitated by what he heard. It was
+impossible not to feel that be the balance for or against
+confession (which is a difficult question to decide, though I am
+inclined to think the balance is against) it is productive of
+some good effects, and, though susceptible of enormous abuses, is
+a powerful instrument of good when properly used. I have no doubt
+it is largely abused, but it is the most powerful weapon of the
+Romish Church, the one, I believe, by which it principally lives,
+moves, and has its being. That penitence must be real, and of a
+nature to be worked upon, which can induce a man to come forward
+in the face of multitudes and exhibit himself as the perpetrator
+of some atrocious though unknown crime.
+
+[Page Head: PILGRIMS AT SUPPER]
+
+At night I went to the Trinita dei Pellegrini to see the pilgrims
+at supper. The washing of the feet was over; a cardinal performs
+it with the men, and ladies with the women, but it is no mere
+ceremony as at the Vatican; they really do wash and scrub the
+dirty feet perhaps of about a dozen of them each night. I saw the
+room in which they were just clearing away the apparatus and
+collecting piles of dirty towels. The pilgrims sit on benches;
+under their feet are a number of small wooden tubs, with cocks to
+turn the water into them, and there they are washed. Afterwards
+they go to supper, and then to bed. The men sup in a very long
+hall--most curious figures, and natives of half the world. The
+Cardinal Camerlengo[17] says grace and cuts the meat. They are
+waited upon by gentlemen and priests, and have a very substantial
+meal. The women are treated in the same way.[18] No men are
+admitted to their hall, but we contrived to get to the door and
+saw it all. The Princess Orsini and a number of Roman ladies were
+there (who had been washing feet) with aprons on, waiting upon
+them at supper. Their dormitories were spacious, clean, and
+sweet, though the beds were crowded together. The pilgrims are
+kept there from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, when they are
+dismissed. Their numbers are generally about 250 or 300. The
+funds of the establishment are supplied by private subscriptions,
+legacies, and donations, the names of the benefactors, with the
+amount of their contributions, being recorded on boards hung up
+in the hall. There were a great many spectators, but the whole
+ceremony was ordered with regularity and decency, which is more
+than can be said for those of the Vatican. I walked to-night to
+St. Peter's, to look at it by moonlight. From every point of view
+it is magnificent; the stillness of the night is broken only by
+the waters of the fountains, which glitter in the moonbeams like
+sheets of molten silver. The obelisk, the facade, the cupola, and
+the columns all contribute to the grandeur and harmony of the
+scene: but everything at Rome should be seen at night. The Castle
+of St. Angelo, the Tiber, and the Bridge are all wonderfully fine
+in these bright nights.
+
+     [17] Minister of the Interior and Chamberlain; but Gonsalvi
+          deprived the Camerlengo of his Ministerial functions,
+          and joined them to the Secretaryship of State, and so
+          it has since remained.
+
+     [18] I met Lady ----, a very tiresome woman, a day or two
+          after, who had been to see this ceremony, and was most
+          devoutly edified by the humility and charity of the
+          ladies. She told me a very old woman put out her foot
+          to her, thinking she was one of them, and begged her to
+          be very careful, as she had got some sores produced by
+          the itch; but as it formed no part of her Protestant
+          duty, she turned her over to the Princess Orsini, who
+          handled this horrid old leg with great tenderness; and
+          afterwards, when the same Princess was handed into the
+          other apartment to see the male pilgrims at supper, by
+          an attendant in the livery which they all wore, this
+          attendant turned out to be Prince Corsini. It sounds
+          very fine, but after all I don't think there is much in
+          it. It is ostentatious charity and humility, and though
+          rather disgusting and disagreeable, it is the fashion,
+          and those who do it are set up in a capital stock of
+          piety and virtue. It _may be_ both cause and effect of
+          great moral excellence, but I think it questionable.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROTESTANT BURIAL GROUND]
+
+April 10th, 1830 {p.322}
+
+In the morning to St. John Lateran, where, as my _laquais de
+place_ said, 'converted Jews, or Turks, or _Lutherans_' were
+baptised; got too late for the baptism, which I believe is a
+farce regularly got up, but heard the High Mass. The churches
+were crowded all this week with pilgrims, whose appearance is
+always very picturesque. Went into the cloisters, and was shown
+by the monk or priest (whichever he was) some very remarkable
+articles that they possess--a bit of the column on which the cock
+stood when he crowed after Peter's three denials; a slab showing
+the exact height of Jesus Christ, as he could just stand under
+it,[19] and two halves which had once been a whole column, but
+which was broken when the veil of the Temple was rent on the
+death of Christ. The column is adorned with sculpture, which they
+say is Jewish, and was brought to Rome with the Holy Stairs. Then
+to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, where they were performing High
+Mass, with many assistants and a full choir, but without a
+congregation; there were not six people in the church. To Minerva
+Medica, a questionable and uninteresting ruin, and besides
+falling to pieces. To the Barberini Palace, where there is little
+besides the Cenci, which is worth going any distance to see. To
+the Doria, a magnificent palace, with an immense number of
+pictures, and some very fine ones, which I was hurried through.
+To the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, which is in the middle of the
+wall of Aurelian, and forms the back of a very pretty Protestant
+burial ground, the greatest number of those who have been buried
+there being of course English. It is on the side of a hill with
+high, turreted walls behind it. There are two rows of white
+marble tombs, whose diminutive proportions form a contrast with
+the enormous sepulchre of the Roman. Round some of the tombstones
+rose-trees and other shrubs have been planted, and all but one
+adorned with epitaphs and inscriptions in Latin, English, German,
+and Italian. That one is the tomb of the pretty Miss Bathurst who
+was drowned in the Tiber. Her mother was to have returned to Rome
+and supply the epitaph, but she has never come, and it has not
+even her name inscribed upon it. I copied the following, which
+are apparently intended for Latin verses, from one of the tombs--
+of Frederica Ursulina Arabella de Montmorency, by her father,
+Colonel Raymond Henry de Montmorency, whose feelings set quantity
+at defiance:--
+
+        Frederica quae Claris fueram praelata puellis
+          Illa ego hoc brevi condita sum tumulo;
+        Cui formam pulcherrimam, charites tribuere decoram
+          Quam Deus cunctis artibus erudiit.
+
+     [19] He must have been just six feet high.
+
+Clambered up Monte Testaccio, from which the view is beautiful,
+and then went on to the ruins of San Paolo fuori le Mure. The
+church, which was the finest in Rome except St. Peter's, was
+entirely destroyed by fire; but although it is near three miles
+from the gates, and not the least wanted, and that there are
+hundreds of churches, half of which seldom or never have
+congregations to fill them, they are already rebuilding this at
+an enormous cost, and the priest told me, to my great disgust,
+that they had got all the materials ready, and in ten years they
+expected the work to be finished. There are plenty of fools found
+to contribute to the expense, the greatest part of which,
+however, is supplied by the Government. It is to be built just as
+it was before, but they cannot replace the enormous marble
+columns which were its principal ornament. To a church to hear
+the Armenian Mass. The priests arrived in splendid oriental
+dresses, but I did not stay it out. Walked to the Borghese
+Gardens, the fine weather being something of which no description
+can convey an idea, and in it the beauty of Rome and its gardens
+and environs are equally indescribable. Groups of pilgrims in
+their odd dresses, with staves, and great bundles on their heads,
+were lounging about, or lying under the trees. At night to the
+Coliseum (but the moon never will shine properly), and back by
+the Forum and the Capitol. The columns in the Forum look
+beautiful, but St. Peter's gains at least as much as the ancient
+ruins by the light of the moon. The views from different hills,
+and sunset from the Pincian in such weather as this, and with
+spring bursting in every direction, are things never to be
+forgotten.
+
+
+Sunday. {p.324}
+
+High Mass in St. Peter's, which was crowded. I walked about the
+church to see the groups and the extraordinary and picturesque
+figures moving through the vast space. They are to the last
+degree interesting: in one place hundreds prostrate before an
+altar--pilgrims, soldiers, beggars, ladies, gentlemen, old and
+young in every variety of attitude, costume, and occupation. The
+benediction was much finer than on Thursday, the day magnificent,
+the whole piazza filled with a countless multitude, all in their
+holiday dresses, and carriages in the back-ground to the very
+end. The troops forming a brilliant square in the middle, the
+immense population and variety of costume, the weather, and the
+glorious locality certainly made as fine a spectacle as can
+possibly be seen. The Pope is dressed in white, with the triple
+crown on his head; two great fans of feathers, exactly like those
+of the Great Mogul, are carried on each side of him. He sits
+aloft on his throne, and is slowly borne to the front of the
+balcony. The moment he appears there is a dead silence, and every
+head is bared. When he rises, the soldiers all fall on their
+knees, and some, but only a few, of the spectators. The distance
+is so great that he looks like a puppet, and you just see him
+move his hands and make some signs. When he gives the blessing--
+the sign of the cross--the cannon fires. He blesses the people
+twice, remains perhaps five minutes in the balcony, and is
+carried out as he came in.
+
+The numbers who come to the benediction are taken as a test of
+the popularity of the Pope, though I suppose the weather has a
+good deal to do with it. Leo XII. was very unpopular from his
+austerity, and particularly his shutting up the wine shops. The
+first time he gave the benediction after that measure hardly
+anybody came to be blessed.
+
+[Page Head: ILLUMINATION OF ST. PETER'S]
+
+_At night._--The illumination of St. Peter's is as fine as I was
+told it was, and that is saying everything. I saw it from the
+Pincian, from the windows of the French Academy and Horace
+Vernet's room. He is established in the Villa Medici; a very
+lively little fellow, and making a great deal of money as
+director of the Academy and by his paintings. His daughter is
+very pretty. Here I met Savary, the Duc de Rovigo, a tall, stout,
+vulgar-looking man. We were introduced and conversed on French
+politics. Afterwards drove down to the piazza and round it. The
+illumination is more effective at a distance, but I think it
+looks best from the entrance to the piazza and the Bridge of St.
+Angelo; the blaze of light, the crowd, and the fountains, covered
+with a red glare, made altogether the most splendid sight in the
+world. (One poor devil was killed, and there is almost always
+some accident.) Eight hundred men are employed in illuminating
+St. Peter's; the first pale and subdued light, which covers the
+whole church, is brought out by the darkness of night, the little
+lamps being lit in the day-time. The blazing lights which succeed
+are made by large pots of grease with wicks in them; there is one
+man to every two lamps. On a given signal, each man touches his
+two lamps as quick as possible, so that the whole building bursts
+into light at once by a process the effect of which is quite
+magical--literally, as the Rejected Addresses say, 'starts into
+light, and makes the lighter start.'
+
+
+April 12th, 1830 {p.325}
+
+At night at Torlonia's to see the girandola, which is as fine as
+fireworks can be, but nothing will do after the illumination of
+St. Peter's. All the world was there at an assembly after the
+ceremony, at which I was introduced to Don Michele Gaetani, said
+to be the cleverest man in Rome, and I had a long conversation
+with Monsignore Spada, who is a young layman with ecclesiastical
+rank and costume, and a judge. A Monsignore holds ecclesiastical
+rank at Rome, as a Lady of the Bedchamber at St. Petersburg holds
+military rank, where she is a major-general; there is no other.
+He is free to marry, and I presume to do anything else, but he
+must preserve a certain orthodox gravity of dress and conduct; he
+is a curious nondescript, about an equal mixture of the cardinal
+and the dandy. This Monsignore is a very clever, agreeable man,
+and gave me some information about the administration of law in
+this country. There seems to be a good deal of laxity in it, for
+a man was condemned for stabbing another (with premeditation) a
+little while ago to six months' imprisonment, or more perhaps;
+and having been George Hamilton's _laquais de place_, his family
+came to him and begged him to try and get him off. He applied to
+Spada, and got the punishment commuted to some trifling
+imprisonment, and when he got out he came, with all his family,
+to kiss Hamilton's hand.
+
+
+[Page Head: BUNSEN ON THE FORUM]
+
+April 13th, 1830 {p.326}
+
+Breakfasted with Bunsen at the Capitol; Lovaine, Morier,
+Haddington, Hamilton, Kestner, Falck, G. Fitzclarence, Sir W. Gell,
+a little Italian servant, and Mr. Hall, Bunsen's brother-in-law.
+Haddington told the story of Canning's sending to Bagot a despatch
+in cipher, containing these lines:--
+
+       In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch
+       Is giving too little and asking too much;
+       With equal protection the French are content:
+       So we'll lay on Dutch bottoms just twenty per cent.
+                 _Chorus of Officers._--We'll lay, &c.
+                 _Chorus of Douaniers._--Nous frapperons Falck
+                      avec Twenty per cent.
+
+He received the despatch at dinner, and sent it to be deciphered.
+After some hours they brought him word they did not know what to
+make of it, for it seemed to be in verse, when he at once saw
+there was a joke.
+
+Went to see the excavations in the Via Triumphalis and the Temple
+of Concord, and heard Bunsen's theory of the Forum. Bunsen gives
+different names to the remains of the temples in the Forum from
+those which have been usually given, and by which they are known,
+and on very plausible grounds, drawn chiefly from accounts in
+different Roman authors and peculiarities in the buildings
+themselves. The Temple of Fortune he thinks was the Basilica of
+Augustus, and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans the Temple of Saturn;
+but all his reasons I need not put down if I could remember them,
+for are they not written in the voluminous work he is going to
+publish in four or six volumes octavo?
+
+Bunsen's history is rather curious. He was a poor German student
+destined for the Church; came to Rome, and got employed by
+Niebuhr, from whom he first got a taste for antiquities. The King
+of Prussia came to Rome and saw him; he was struck with his
+knowledge and the character he heard of him, and consulted him
+about a new Liturgy he wished to introduce into Prussia. Bunsen
+gave him so much satisfaction in that matter, as well as in some
+others which were entrusted to him, that on Niebuhr's return to
+Prussia he was appointed to succeed him, and has been at Rome
+ever since--thirteen years. Some say he is not a profound man,
+and that his speculations about the ruins are all wrong. He talks
+English, French, and Italian like his own language.
+
+[Page Head: SIGHTS OF ROME]
+
+The part of the triumphal road was discovered by accident in
+digging for a drain; and an attempt is being made to procure the
+permission of the Government to excavate all that can be found of
+it, and ascertain its exact course. It was in the Temple of
+Concord that Cicero assembled the Senate and pronounced one of
+his orations against Catiline. The building must have been large
+and magnificent, from the remains now visible, which are of the
+finest marble. The pavement is in a state of considerable
+preservation. Then we went to the old Tabularium, standing on the
+Intermontium, an undoubted work of the Republic. This was the
+place where the records of the Senate were kept. It is very
+perfect. Nibby, the great authority here, differs, however, about
+this place; the antiquaries are at daggers drawn upon the subject
+of the ruins, remains, and discoveries. They have all different
+systems, which they support with great vehemence and obstinacy,
+and perhaps ingenuity, but the ignorant and curious traveller is
+only perplexed with their noisy and discordant assertions. They
+will insist upon knowing everything, whereas there are many
+things here which are so doubtful, that they can only conjecture
+about them; but when once they have published a theory they will
+not hear of its being erroneous, and oppose any fresh discovery
+likely to throw discredit upon it. After his lecture in the Forum
+we went to San Nicolo in Cercera, an old church built on three
+old temples, or two and a prison, but not much to see. The prison
+of San Nicolo in Cercera is said to be the scene of the story of
+the Roman daughter, which it probably is not. Over the Bridge of
+Fabricius to the Basilica of Saint Bartholomew and Temple of
+Esculapius; small remains, but curious; and very pretty view of
+the Tiber and Temple of Vesta. To the Villa Lanti, a delicious
+villa belonging to Prince Borghese, who never goes there, and
+will neither let nor lend it. One of the finest views of Rome is
+from the terrace, and Julio Romano's frescoes adorn the ceilings.
+When Raphael was painting the Vatican, he and Julio Romano used
+to retire every night to the Villa Lanti, and the ceilings are
+covered with frescoes painted by both of them. Just below is a
+terrace, and on it a beautiful tree called Tasso's Oak, because
+under it he used to sit and compose when he lived in the Convent
+of San Onofrio, which is close by, and where he died. This
+convent is remarkably clean, airy, and spacious. In the library
+is a bust of Tasso, a mask taken from his face just after he
+died; in the chapel his tomb.
+
+           And Tasso is their glory--
+           Hark to his strain and then survey his cell.
+                                                     BYRON.
+
+In the cloister are some frescoes of the universal Domenichino. I
+like the Convent of San Onofrio. To Santa Maria in Trastevere, a
+very fine church; splendid ceiling with a Domenichino in the
+middle. Immense granite columns of various orders taken from God
+knows what temples, and mosaic floor rich to a degree. Large
+pieces of porphyry and verd antique eternally trodden by the
+Trasteverine mob, and never even cleaned. It is a basilica, and
+at the end is an ancient stone chair, which, was evidently the
+old justice-seat, though they of the Church do not know it.
+
+
+April 14th, 1830 {p.329}
+
+Set off early to make up an arrear of churches. First to Santa
+Maria sopra Minerva, and lit upon the funeral of a cardinal
+(Bertazzoli), which I was obliged to see instead of Michael
+Angelo's Christ. All the cardinals attended; the church hung with
+black and gold; guards, tapers, mob, &c. Then to the SS.
+Apostoli, Araceli (built where the Citadel stood, and is a
+corruption of Arx, but with a legend); a curious church enough,
+with some fine frescoes of Pintoriccio, and the Chapel of the
+Virgin with hundreds of ex voto's hang round it, almost all
+wretched daubs of pictures, and principally representing
+accidents in gigs, carriages, or carts, broken heads or limbs. To
+Santa Anastasia, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa Sabina. Santa
+Maria in Cosmedin, or the Bocca della Verita, built in and on the
+ruins of an old temple (di Pudicizia), is one of the best worth
+seeing in Rome; the columns, if freed from the modern church,
+would present as perfect a front as the temples in the Forum. To
+Monte Aventino to see the view of Rome and the Chapel of the
+Order of Malta, where Cardinal Zurla as Grand Prior has a most
+agreeable residence. The garden contains immense orange-trees and
+a very large palm. To San Gregorio to see the famous rival
+frescoes of Guido and Domenichino, which are much impaired. I
+began by liking Guido's and ended by liking the other best. The
+view of the Palatine from this convent is magnificent. To San
+Gregorio and San Paolo, and saw the ruins, which must have
+belonged to the Coliseum, for the architecture is exactly
+similar, and they have every appearance of having been the
+Vivarium from their shape. To the Corsini Palace, containing one
+of the best collections of pictures, of which the finest are two
+portraits of cardinals by Raphael and Domenichino. The palace is
+very fine, and the villa joins it on the opposite hill of the
+Janiculum, but both are affected by the malaria. Then to the
+Vatican and saw all the frescoes and pictures; the collection of
+pictures is very small, but they are all masterpieces. To the
+gallery below to see the mosaics and the process of copying the
+great pictures. The coloured bits are numbered, and though there
+are not above six or seven colours, the sub-divisions of various
+shades amount to 18,000. This art is in a great degree mechanical,
+but requires ingenuity, attention, and some knowledge of
+painting. On the large pictures, such as those which are in
+St. Peter's, several men are employed at the same time, but on
+the lesser only one. It is very tedious, requiring years to copy
+one of the largest size. All the pictures in St. Peter's are in
+mosaic, except one, and they are at work on one which is to
+replace this single oil-piece. The studio appeared in good order,
+but there were only two men at work, as the Government spends
+very little money upon it at present. From one of the open
+galleries we (Morier and I) saw a thunderstorm, with gusts of
+wind, flashes of lightning, and rain. It was amazingly grand from
+that place as it swept over the city and made us 'sharers in its
+fierce delight.' Then to the Borghese Gardens, and back to one of
+those sunsets from the Pincian which will long be remembered
+among the smoke and fogs in which I am destined to live.
+
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER IX.
+
+Lake of Albano--Velletri--Naples--Rapid Travelling in 1830--A
+  Trial at Naples--Deciphering Manuscripts--Ball at the Duchesse
+  d'Eboli's--Matteis's Plot and Trial--Pompeii--Taking the Veil--
+  Pausilippo--Baiae--La Cava--Salerno--Paestum--Lazaroni--Museum
+  of Naples--Grotto del Cane--The Camaldoli--Herculaneum--
+  Vesuvius--Sorrento--Miracle of St. Januarius--Astroni--Farewell
+  to Naples.
+
+
+[Page Head: ALBANO--NAPLES]
+
+Velletri, April 15th, 1830 {p.331}
+
+Left Rome at nine o'clock this morning; at Albano procured an
+ancient rural cicerone, a boy, and two donkeys, and set out on
+the grand _giro_ of the place. The road over the Campagna is
+agreeable, because the prospect roundabout is so fine, and the
+aqueducts stretching over the plain so grand. After climbing up
+to the Capuchin Convent, close to which are the remains of what
+is called Domitian's Theatre, we came to the lake, which is
+beautiful, but does not look large, and still less as if it had
+ever threatened Rome with destruction. There is a road called the
+Upper Gallery, shaded by magnificent ilexes, which leads to the
+Villa Barberini, a delicious garden, once Clodius's and
+afterwards part of Domitian's Villa, containing many remains of
+former magnificence. This villa was probably the scene of the
+council described by Juvenal (Fourth Satire).
+
+                        Misso proceres exire jubentur
+            Concilio, quos Albanam Dux magnus in arcem
+            Traxerat attonitos.
+
+I could not make out that any excavations have ever been made
+here, though they would be certain of finding marbles. The road
+passes along the hill which overhangs the margin of the lake to
+Castel Gandolfo, and thence a path leads to the bottom, where are
+the Emissarium, the Nyphaeum (called the Baths of Diana), and a
+beautiful view of the lake, Monte Albano, and its towns. There is
+nothing more curious than the Emissarium, built with a solidity
+which has defied the effect of time, for it has never required
+reparations, and performs its office still as it did more than
+2,000 years ago (393 years before the Christian era). Nothing is
+so incomprehensible as the magnitude and grandeur of the works of
+the Republic before it had acquired power, territory, or
+population. The Romans built as if they had an instinctive
+prescience of future greatness, and not even the pressure of
+immediate danger could induce them to sacrifice solidity to
+haste. After wondering at their enterprise and industry we may go
+and admire their subsequent luxury in the Baths of Diana, as the
+place is called, but which is evidently a natural cave improved
+into a delicious retreat by some inhabitant of one of the villas
+above. We mounted the hill and went by another road (called the
+Lower Gallery, shaded by the finest ilexes, elms, and oaks, which
+'high over-arch'd embower,' and where there is one ilex which
+twelve men can hardly embrace) to the Doria Villa, once Pompey's
+and likewise Domitian's, who included both Clodius's and Pompey's
+in his own. There are no remains here, but some arabesques in a
+sort of grotto, which I suspect are modern. All their villas
+command views of the Campagna, the sea, Rome, and the mountains.
+It is no wonder Hannibal was deeply mortified when he looked down
+on Rome from these hills (the hills at least close by called the
+Prati d'Annibale) at having twice just missed taking it. Poetry
+and history contribute alike to the interest of this beautiful
+scenery. We met an Englishman, a single bird who had lost his
+covey, and had procured a guide who could not understand what he
+said. He wanted to go to Albano, and the man was taking him to
+the Emissarium. We put him right, but his fury in mixed Italian,
+French, and English was exceedingly comical. It was unlucky that
+we met him at the top instead of the bottom of the hill.
+
+The road to Aricia, where Horace got such a bad dinner--
+
+              Egressum magna me excepit Aricia Roma
+              Hospitio modico--
+
+is beautiful, and close to Gensano we went to look at the Lake of
+Nemi, which is very pretty, but not so grand as Albano. The
+peasantry are a fine race in these parts, and we met many men
+driving carts or riding asses who would not disgrace the most
+romantic group of banditti. The people were all working in the
+open air, and seemed very gay. There were few beggars, and not
+much rags and wretchedness.
+
+Started from Velletri at six in the morning; went very quick over
+the Pontine Marshes (which form an avenue of about twenty miles,
+quite straight, shaded with trees, and with vegetation of
+remarkable luxuriance on each side) to Terracina (Anxur), where
+we breakfasted in a room looking upon the sea. The place is
+extremely pretty. Thence to Mola di Gaeta, which is very
+beautiful, but where we did not stop; and, after a very tiresome
+journey, got to Naples at two o'clock in the morning. Vesuvius
+was so obliging as to emit some flames as we passed by, just to
+show us his whereabouts. They were, however, his first and his
+last while I was at Naples.
+
+
+Naples, April 18th, 1830 {p.333}
+
+I am disappointed with Naples. I looked for more life and gaiety,
+a more delicious air, beautiful town, and picturesque lazaroni,
+more of Punch, more smoke and flame from Vesuvius. It strikes me
+as less beautiful than Genoa, but these are only first impressions.
+The Bay and the Villa Reale, a garden along the sea, full of
+sweets and sea breezes and shade, are certainly delightful. All
+the people seem anxious to cheat as much as they can, from the
+master of the inn to the driver of the hackney-coach. At present
+I don't feel disposed to stay here, and when I have seen Paestum,
+Pompeii, and the environs I shall be glad to get back to Rome.
+Sir Henry Lushington said at dinner yesterday he had seen at
+Naples a 'Courier' newspaper of that day week, produced by
+Rothschild and brought by one of his couriers. I came very fast,
+but was 236 hours on the road, including 20 hours' stoppage.
+This is 168 hours, which appears incredible, but 'gold imp'd by
+Jews can compass hardest things.'
+
+
+April 19th, 1830 {p.334}
+
+I retract all I said about disappointment, for I have since seen
+Naples, and it is the most beautiful and the gayest town in the
+world. Yesterday morning with Morier I walked up to the Castle of
+St. Elmo and the Certosa; went over the chapel, which is full of
+costly marbles, and fine pictures both in oil and fresco,
+particularly one by Spagnolet as fine as any at Rome or anywhere.
+Tasted the _custode's_ lachryma Christi, which, if it be as good
+of the sort as he pretends, is middling stuff, but not bad with
+water. Saw all the views, which are magnificent. Walked down to
+the Villa Reale, which was crowded with people, and the
+Chiaja with carriages. Dined with Hill--half English and half
+foreigners--and went to the Opera; a very indifferent opera of
+Rossini, ill sung, called the 'Siege of Corinth.'
+
+This morning at half-past eight we went to the Court of Justice
+to hear an extraordinary trial which excites great interest here.
+The proceedings of the day happened to be very uninteresting, not
+that it made much difference, for I could not understand a word
+anybody said, but I had an opportunity of seeing the manner in
+which they conduct trials in this country, and the behaviour of
+the judges, the counsel, and the prisoners. Nothing can be less
+analogous than the proceedings here to those which prevail in our
+courts; and although it is possible that ours might be better, it
+is not possible that theirs could be worse.
+
+I soon left the Court, and walked up the Strada di Toledo--the
+finest and liveliest street in the world, I believe--crowded with
+people. An Italian proverb says, 'Quando Dio onnipotente e
+tristo, prende una finestra nella Toledo.' Then to the Museum, of
+which everything was shut but the library and the papyri. The
+former contains 180,000 volumes, but is deficient in modern
+(particularly foreign) books. They showed us the process of
+deciphering the papyri, which is very ingenious. The manuscript
+(which is like a piece of charcoal) is suspended by light strings
+in a sort of frame; gum and goldbeater's skin are applied to it
+as it is unrolled, and, by extreme delicacy of touch, they
+contrive to unravel without destroying a great deal of it, but
+probably they have been discouraged by the small reward which has
+attended their exertions; for there are several black-looking
+rolls which have never yet been touched, and very few men at
+work. The gentlemen who explained to us the process said that Sir
+Humphrey Davy had attended them constantly, and had taken great
+pains to contrive some better chemical process for the purpose,
+but without success.
+
+
+[Page Head: MARQUIS DI GALLO'S VILLA]
+
+April 20th, 1830 {p.335}
+
+A delightful drive (made by Murat) to the Marquis di Gallo's
+villa on the Capo di Monte, which far surpasses all the villas I
+saw at Rome. The entrance is about half a mile from the house,
+through a wood, one part of which is a vineyard; the vines
+hanging in festoons from cherry trees, and corn growing
+underneath. The house is not large, but convenient; a wide
+terrace runs along the whole front of it with a white marble
+balustrade; below this is a second terrace covered with
+rose-trees; below that a third, planted with vines, and oranges,
+and myrtles. From the upper terrace the view is beautiful. Naples
+lies beneath, and the Bay stretches beyond with the opposite
+mountains, and all the towns and villages from Portici to
+Sorrento. On the right the Castle of St. Elmo and the Certosa,
+and Vesuvius on the left. There is a large wood on one side, cut
+into shady walks and laid out with grottoes, and on the other a
+vineyard, through which there is also a walk under a treillage of
+vines for nearly half a mile. The ground extremely diversified,
+and presenting in every part of it views of the surrounding
+country--
+
+                       Umbrageous grots and caves
+          Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine
+          Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps
+          Luxuriant.
+
+It is always let, and, till he went away, was occupied by
+Stackelberg, the Russian Ambassador.
+
+In the evening went to a ball at the Duchesse d'Eboli's; very few
+people, and hardly any English, and those not the best--only
+four, I think: Sir Henry Lushington, the Consul; a Mr. Grieve, of
+whom I know nothing but that his father was a physician at St.
+Petersburg, and that he killed his brother at Eton by putting a
+cracker into his pocket on the 5th of November, which set fire to
+other crackers and burnt him to death; Mr. Auldjo, the man who
+made a very perilous ascent of Mont Blanc, of which he published
+a narrative; Mr. Arbuthnot, who levanted from Doncaster two years
+ago--but most of the Italian women were there, and I was
+surprised at their beauty. Acton, who introduced me to some of
+them, assured me that they were models of conduct, which did not
+precisely tally with my preconceived notions of Neapolitan
+society. They danced, but with no music but a pianoforte. This is
+one of the few houses here which is habitually open, for they
+have not the means of doing much in the way of society and
+gaiety; they are poor, and the Government (the worst in the
+world) interferes. The Duchesse d'Eboli is poor, but she was a
+beauty, and has had adventures of various sorts.
+
+
+[Page Head: MATTEIS'S TRIAL]
+
+April 21st, 1830 {p.336}
+
+Dined with Keppel Craven yesterday; Acton, Morier, Duchesse
+d'Eboli, and some other people.
+
+The day was so disagreeable yesterday I could not go out--not
+cold, but a hurricane and clouds of dust. The principal topic of
+conversation at dinner was the trial, which goes on every day,
+has already lasted a month, and is likely to last two or three
+more. The Code Napoleon is in force here, so that there may
+probably be something like a certain and equal administration
+of justice between man and man; but this is a Government
+prosecution, and therefore exempted from ordinary rules. The
+history of this trial exemplifies the state of both the law and
+the Government of this country. The accused are five in number;
+the principal of them, Matteis, was an _intendente_, or governor,
+of a province; 2nd, the advocate-general of the province; 3rd,
+Matteis's secretary; and 4th and 5th, two spies. These men united
+in a conspiracy to destroy various persons who were obnoxious to
+them in the province, some of them actuated by political motives,
+and others in order to get possession of the property of their
+victims. The bugbear of the Court is Carbonarism, and Matteis
+pretended that there was a Carbonari plot on foot, in which
+several persons were implicated. He employed the spies to seduce
+the victims into some imprudence of language or conduct, and then
+to inform against them; in this way he apprehended various
+individuals, some of whom were tortured, some imprisoned or sent
+to the galleys, and some put to death. These transactions took
+place eight or nine years ago, and such was the despotism of this
+man and the terror he inspired, that no resistance was made to
+his proceedings, or any appeal against them ever sent to Naples.
+At last one of his own secretaries made some disclosures to
+Government, and the case appeared so atrocious that it was
+thought necessary to institute an immediate enquiry. The
+_intendente_ was ordered to Naples, and commissioners were sent
+to obtain evidence in the province and sift the matter to the
+bottom. After much delay they made a report confirming the first
+accusations and designating these five men as the criminals. As
+soon as the matter was thus taken up, the public indignation
+burst forth, and a host of witnesses who had been deterred by
+fear from opening their lips came forward to depose against
+Matteis and his associates. They were arrested in the year 1825
+and thrown into prison, but owing to the difficulties and delay
+which they contrived by their influence to interpose, and to the
+anomalous character of the prosecution, five years elapsed before
+the proceedings began. At length a royal order constituted a
+Court of Justice, composed of all the judges of the Court of
+Cassation (about twenty), the highest tribunal in the kingdom,
+and they have just been enjoined not to separate till the final
+adjudication of the case. Although the offences with which the
+criminals are charged are very different in degree, they are all
+arraigned together; a host of witnesses are examined, each of
+whom tells a story or makes a speech, and the evidence is
+accordingly very confused, now affecting one and now another of
+them. They have counsel and the right of addressing the Court
+themselves, which the _intendente_ avails himself of with such
+insolence that they are obliged to begin the proceedings of each
+day by reading an order to the prisoners to behave themselves
+decently to the Court. Their counsel are assigned by the Court,
+and it is not one of the least extraordinary parts of this case
+that the advocate of Matteis is his personal enemy, and a man
+whom he displaced from an office he once held in the province.
+They say, however, that he defends him very fairly and zealously.
+The day I was there the proceedings were uninteresting, but
+yesterday they were very important. An officer was examined who
+had been imprisoned and ill-treated in prison, and who deposed to
+various acts of cruelty. They on their part hardly deny the
+facts, but attempt to justify them by proving that the sufferers
+really were Carbonari, that other governors had done the same
+thing, and that they were doing a service to the Government by
+these pretended plots and consequent executions. Though their
+guilt is clear, it is by no means so clear that they will be
+condemned, or at least all of them. The public indignation is so
+great that they must sacrifice some of them, and the spies, it is
+said, will certainly be hanged. Matteis has interest in the
+Court, but, as a majority of votes will decide his fate, it is
+most likely he will be condemned.
+
+
+April 22nd, 1830 {p.338}
+
+Yesterday to Pompeii, far better worth seeing than anything else
+in Italy. Who can look at other ruins after this? At Rome there
+are certain places consecrated by recollections, but the
+imagination must be stirred up to enjoy them; here you are
+actually in a Roman town. Shave off the upper storey of any town,
+take out windows, doors, and furniture, and it will be as Pompeii
+now is: it is marvellous. About one-fifth part of the town has
+been excavated, and the last house found is the largest. It is
+said 1,000 men would clear it in a year, and there are thirty at
+work. The road is a bed of dust, and infested with blind beggars,
+each led by a boy. There are habitations almost uninterruptedly
+along the road between Naples and Pompeii, built apparently for
+no other reason than because they are exposed to eruptions of the
+mountain, for any other part of the Bay would be just as
+agreeable, and safe from that danger.
+
+[Page Head: TAKING THE VEIL]
+
+This morning we went to an Ursuline convent to see two girls
+take the veil. The ceremony was neither imposing, nor interesting,
+nor affecting, nor such as I expected. I believe all this would
+have been the case had it been the black veil, but it was the
+white unfortunately. I thought they would be dressed splendidly,
+have their hair cut off in the church, be divested (in the
+convent) of their finery, and reappear to take leave of their
+relations in the habit of the order. Not at all. I went with A.
+Hill and Legge, who had got tickets from the brother of one of
+the _sposine_; we were admitted to the grating, an apartment
+about ten feet long by five wide, with a very thick double
+grating, behind which some of the nuns appeared and chattered. A
+turning box supplied coffee and cakes to the company. I went to
+the door of the parlour (which was open), but they would not
+admit me. There the ladies were received, and the nuns and
+novices were laughing and talking and doing the honours. Their
+dress was not ugly--black, white, and a yellow veil. The chapel
+was adorned with gold brocade, and blue and silver hangings,
+flowers, tapers; a good orchestra, and two or three tolerable
+voices. It was as full as it could hold, and soldiers were
+distributed about to keep order; even by the altar four stood
+with fixed bayonets, who when the Host was raised presented
+arms--a military salute to the Real Presence! The brother of one
+of the girls did the honours of the chapel, placing the ladies
+and bustling about for chairs, which all the time the ceremony
+was going on were handed over heads and bonnets, to the great
+danger of the latter. It was impossible not to be struck with
+this man's gaiety and _sang-froid_ on the occasion, but he is
+used to it, for this was the fourth sister he has buried here.
+When the chapel was well crammed the _sposine_ appeared, each
+with two _marraines_. A table and six chairs were placed opposite
+the altar; on the table were two trays, each containing a Prayer
+Book, a pocket-handkerchief, and a white veil. The girls (who
+were very young, and one of them rather pretty) were dressed in
+long black robes like dressing-gowns, their hair curled, hanging
+down their backs and slightly powdered. On the top of their
+heads were little crowns of blue, studded with silver or
+diamonds. The ladies attending them (one of whom was Princess
+Fondi and another Princess Bressano) were very smart, and all the
+people in the chapel were dressed as for a ball. There was a
+priest at the table to tell the girls what to do. High Mass was
+performed, then a long sermon was delivered by a priest who spoke
+very fluently, but with a strange twang and in a very odd style,
+continually apostrophising the two girls by name, comparing them
+to olives and other fruit, to _candelabri_, and desiring them to
+keep themselves pure that 'they might go as virgins into the
+chamber of their beloved.' When the Sacrament was administered
+the ladies took the crowns off the girls, who were like automata
+all the time, threw the white veils over them, and led them to
+the altar, where the Sacrament was administered to them; then
+they were led back to their seats, the veils taken off and the
+crowns replaced. After a short interval they were again led to
+the altar, where, on their knees, their profession was read to
+them; in this they are made to renounce the world and their
+parents; but at this part, which is at the end, a murmuring noise
+is made by the four ladies who kneel with them at the altar, that
+the words may not be heard, being thought too heart-rending to
+the parents; then they are led out and taken into the convent,
+and the ceremony ends. The girls did not seem the least affected,
+but very serious; the rest of the party appeared to consider it
+as a _fete_, and smirked and gossiped; only the father of one of
+them, an old man, looked as if he felt it. The brother told me
+his sister was eighteen; that she would be a nun, and that they
+had done all they could to dissuade her. It is a rigid order, but
+there is a still more rigid rule within the convent. Those
+nuns who embrace it are for ever cut off from any sort of
+communication with the world, and can never again see or
+correspond with their own family. They cannot enter into this
+last seclusion without the consent of their parents, which
+another of this man's four sisters is now soliciting.
+
+We afterwards drove through the Grotto of Pausilippo, that
+infernal grotto which one must pass through to get out of Naples
+on one side; it is a source of danger, and the ancient account of
+it is not the least exaggerated:--
+
+    Nihil isto carcere longius, nihil illis faucibus
+    obscurius, quo nobis praestant non ut per tenebras
+    videamus sed ut ipsas.
+
+There are a few glimmering lamps always obscured by dust, and it
+is never hardly light enough to avoid danger except at night; in
+the middle it is pitch dark.
+
+Then round the Strada Nuova, Murat's delightful creation, and
+walked in the Villa Reale, where I found Acton, who had been all
+the morning at the trial, which was very interesting. A woman was
+examined, who deposed that her husband was thrown into prison and
+ill-treated by Matteis because he would not give some false
+evidence that he required of him; that she went to Matteis and
+entreated him to release him, and that he told her he would if
+she would bring her daughter to him, which she refused, and he
+was put to death. On this evidence being given, the examining
+judge dropped the paper, and a murmur of horror ran through the
+audience. The accused attacked the witness and charged her with
+perjury, and said he was ill in bed at the time alluded to. The
+woman retorted, 'Canaglia, tu sai ch' egli e vero,' and there was
+a debate between the counsel on either side, and witnesses were
+called who proved that he was in good health at the time. They
+think the evidence of to-day and the apparent disposition of the
+judges must hang him.
+
+
+[Page Head: BAIAE]
+
+Salerno, April 24th, 1830 {p.341}
+
+Here Morier and I are going to pass the night on our way to
+Paestum, and as he is gone to bed (at half-past eight) I must
+write. Yesterday morning Morier, St. John, Lady Isabella, and I
+went to Pozzuoli, embarked in a wretched boat to make the _giro_
+of Baiae.
+
+        Ante bonam Venerem gelidae per litora Baiae
+        Illa natare lacu cum lampade jussit amorem,
+        Dura natat, algentes cecidit scintilla per undas,
+        Hinc vapor ussit aquas, quicumque natavit, amavit.
+
+        Venus bade Cupid on fair Baiae's side
+        Plunge with his torch into the glassy tide;
+        As the boy swam the sparks of mischief flew
+        And fell in showers upon the liquid blue;
+        Hence all who venture on that shore to lave
+        Emerge love-stricken from the treacherous wave.
+
+I was disappointed with the country, which is bare and
+uninteresting; but the line of coast, with the various bays and
+promontories and the circumjacent islands, is extremely
+agreeable, and the Bay of Baiae, with the Temple of Venus,
+delightful. The Temple of Mercury is also worth seeing. The Cave
+of the Sybil, Lake Avernus, and Temple of Apollo are not worth
+seeing, but as they are celebrated by Virgil they must be
+visited, though the embellishments of Virgil's imagination and
+the lapse of time have made disappointment inevitable. Nature
+indeed no longer presents the same aspect; for there is a
+mountain more (Monte Nuovo) and a wood less about the lake than
+in Virgil's time. We found two ridiculous parties there, one
+English, the other French, the latter the most numerous and
+chattering, and mounted on asses, so as to make a long cavalcade.
+There was a fat old gentleman just coming puffing out of the
+cave, and calling with delight to his ladies, 'Ah, mesdames,
+etes-vous noires?' as they certainly were, for all one gets in
+the cave is a blackened face from the torches. There was another
+gaunt figure of the party in a fur cap, who was playing the
+flute--
+
+               His reedy pipe with music fills,
+               To charm the God who loves the hills
+               And rich Arcadian scenery.
+
+We landed from our boat in various places, but declined going
+down the Cento Camerelle to have a second face-blackening.
+All the ruins, said to be of Caesar's and Marius's Villas,
+Agrippina's Tomb, Caligula's Bridge, &c., may be anything; they
+are nothing but shapeless fragments, only on a rock I saw a bit
+of marble or stucco in what they call Caesar's Villa. The Stygian
+Lake presented no horrors, nor the Elysian Fields any delights;
+the former is a great round piece of water, and the latter are
+very common-looking vineyards. When well wooded, which in the
+time of the Romans it was, this coast must have been a most
+delicious and luxurious retreat, so sequestered and sheltered,
+such a calm sea, and soft breezes.
+
+          Mira quies pelagi; ponunt hic lassa furorem
+          Aequora, et insani spirant clementius Austri.
+
+We went up to look at the old harbour of Misenum, where, instead
+of a Roman fleet, were a few fishing-boats, and walked back
+through fields in which spring was bursting forth through endless
+varieties of cultivation--figs, mulberries, and cherry trees,
+with festoons of vines hanging from tree to tree, and corn, peas,
+and beans springing up underneath.
+
+Our boatmen, as we rowed back, were very proud of their English,
+and kept on saying 'Pull away,' 'Now boys,' and other phrases
+they have picked up from our sailors. This morning we set off
+to come here [to Salerno] with Vetturino horses; the dust
+intolerable; stopped at Pompeii, and walked half round the walls
+and to the Amphitheatre. All the ground (now covered with
+vineyards) belongs to the King (for Murat bought it); the
+profusion and brilliancy of the wild flowers make it quite a
+garden--
+
+        Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice art
+        In beds and curious knots, but nature boon
+        Pours forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
+
+[Page Head: EXCAVATIONS AT POMPEII]
+
+If Murat had continued on the throne two or three years longer,
+the whole town would have been excavated. He, and still more the
+Queen, took great interest in it, and they both went there
+frequently. She used to see the houses excavated, and one day
+they found the skeleton of a woman with gold bracelets and
+earrings, which were brought to her, and she put them on herself
+directly. In their time 800 men and 50 cars were at work; now
+there are 40 men and 6 cars. The expense of 800 men and 50 cars
+would be about L13,000 a year, but these men will spend nothing.
+A car costs a scudo, and a man four carlins, a day. (A scudo is
+ten carlins, a carlin fourpence.) The Royal Family seldom or
+never come here; the Duke of Calabria has been once. The
+Amphitheatre, though not to be compared in size or beauty with
+the Coliseum, is much more perfect. The road here is beautiful,
+particularly about La Cava. I walked up to the Convent of the
+Trinita; it stands on the brink of a deep ravine in the middle of
+the hills, which are tossed into a hundred different shapes and
+covered with foliage--a magnificent situation. The convent is
+very large, and well kept; it contains fifty monks, who were most
+of them walking about the road. Here were all the raw materials
+requisite for a romance--a splendid setting sun, mountains,
+convent, flock of goats, evening bell, friars, and peasants.
+Arrived here, delighted with the outside and disgusted with the
+inside of the town; but the Bay of Salerno is beautiful, the
+place gay and populous, all staring at a fire-balloon which was
+just ascending, and soon after came down in the sea. The inns
+execrable. We got into one at last, in which there is a wide
+terrace looking over the sea, and there we ordered our dinner to
+be laid; but we were soon driven in, not by the cold, but by the
+flaring of our tallow candles.
+
+We were obliged to write our names down for the police, who are
+very busy and inquisitive. One man, whose name was just before
+mine, had added this poetical encomium on the inn:--
+
+             I mention by way of _guidanza_
+               For those who are going to Paestum,
+             They'll find at this inn, the 'Speranza,'
+               A good place to eat and to rest 'em.
+
+I could not concur with this poet, so I added to my name this
+contradiction:--
+
+            On the 'Hope's' being such a good treat
+              We must both put our positive vetos;
+            We not only got nothing to eat,
+              But ourselves were ate up by mosquitos.
+
+
+[Page Head: PAESTUM]
+
+Naples, April 25th, 1830 {p.344}
+
+Started at four o'clock in the morning from Salerno, and got to
+Paestum at eight. Tormented to death by beggars and ciceroni
+(often both characters in one), for in Italy everybody who shows
+a stranger about is a cicerone, from Professor Nibby down to a
+Calabrian peasant. There is little beauty in the scenery of
+Paestum, but the temples amply repay the trouble of the journey.
+I agree with Forsyth that they are the most impressive monuments
+I have ever seen. The famed roses of Paestum have disappeared,
+but there are thousands of lizards 'nunc virides etiam occultant
+spineta lacertos.' No excavations have ever been made here, but
+they talk of excavating. There were some fine Etruscan vases
+found in a tomb at Paestum, which we did not see. The brute of a
+_custode_ knew nothing of it, nor should I if I had not seen the
+model in the Museum afterwards. Thousands of Etruscan vases may
+be had for digging; they are found in all the tombs. The peasants
+have heaps of little carved images of terra cotta and coins,
+which they offer for sale. I believed they were fabricated, but a
+man I met there showed me two or three that he had turned up with
+his stick, so that they may be genuine. What treasures Naples
+possesses, and how unworthy she is of them! Paestum[1] long
+neglected, and Pompeii hardly touched! At Rome they are always
+digging and doing something, and though the Papal Government is
+neither active nor rich, I do believe they would not let this
+town (Pompeii, I mean) remain buried when a few thousand pounds
+would bring it all to light. There seem to be no habitations near
+Paestum, but there is a church, which was well attended, for the
+peasants were on their knees all round it; and while we were
+breakfasting (in a manger with the horses out in the air) they
+came out, strange-looking figures, rude, uncouth, and sunburnt,
+and without any of the finery which they generally wear on a
+Sunday.
+
+      [1] The authorities of course can't agree when Paestum was
+          built, and by whom, or whether one of the temples (the
+          largest) was a temple or a basilica. The perfect state
+          of these temples, particularly that called of Neptune,
+          is the more remarkable because there are scarcely any
+          vestiges of other buildings. Morier thought them
+          inferior to the temples at Athens, but so they may well
+          be; the Athenian temples are built of white marble from
+          the Pentelic quarries, and highly ornamented by
+          Phidias.
+
+
+Naples, April 26th, 1830 {p.345}
+
+To the Museum; met the Dalbergs and Prince and Princess
+Aldobrandini, a good-looking daughter and two sons. They will
+have all Prince Borghese's estate. I only went into the Pompeii
+and Herculaneum part of the collections.
+
+The lazaroni are very amusing. This morning four of them stripped
+stark naked under my window, put off in a boat, and thirty yards
+from the shore fished for cockle fish, which they do by diving
+like ducks, throwing their feet up in the air as the ducks do
+their tails. The creatures are perfectly amphibious; they don't
+care who sees them, and their forms are perfect. Then there are
+little lazaroni who ape the big ones. Met a christening this
+morning, and then a funeral. The wet nurse, full dressed, was
+carried in a sedan chair down the middle of the street, and the
+child, dressed also, held out of the window in her arms, and so
+she was going to church. The funeral was a priest's--a long file
+of penitents in white, carrying torches, a bier covered with
+crimson and gold, and the priest dressed in robes and exposed
+upon it, a ghastly sight, with a chalice in his hand and a book
+at his feet, other priests following, the cross borne before him.
+When young girls are buried in this way, they are gaily dressed
+with chaplets of flowers, a flower in the mouth, and flowers at
+their feet.
+
+Rode to the race-course and round the hills; such views and such
+an evening! At seven o'clock I could see the houses at Sorrento,
+nineteen miles off on the other side of the Bay. Dined with
+Acton; none but English. In the evening went to Toledo, the
+Spanish Ambassador's. The Duc de Dalberg talked of an association
+to excavate at Calabria and Apulia. The Government reserves four
+places--Pompeii, Paestum, Stabiae, Herculaneum--for its own use,
+and anybody may excavate elsewhere who will be at the trouble and
+expense.
+
+
+[Page Head: ANTIQUE PAINTING]
+
+April 29th, 1830 {p.346}
+
+On Tuesday again to the Museum and the King's Palace; rather
+fine, good house, very ridiculous pictures of the royal families
+of Naples and Spain. The Duchess of Floridia's apartment (old
+Ferdinand's wife) is delightful; the rooms are furnished with
+blue satin and white silk, opening upon a terrace covered with
+orange-trees, flowers, and shaded walks, and looks over the Bay.
+A few fine pictures, but not many. There is a bath, built after
+one of those at Pompeii.
+
+From what I saw at the Museum, I see no reason to doubt that the
+ancients were as excellent in painting as in sculpture; there are
+some very exquisite paintings taken from Pompeii. Then we are not
+to believe that the best have been found, or that a provincial
+town contained the finest specimens of the art. Painted on walls,
+they appear deficient in light and shade, but the drawing and
+expression, and sometimes the colouring (allowing for spoiling),
+are very good. There are some Cupids playing at games, and
+driving chariots, very like the Julio Romanos in the Lanti Villa
+at Rome, which indeed were borrowed from the ancient frescoes
+discovered in the Baths of Titus. The bronzes taken out of
+Herculaneum and Pompeii are very interesting, because they
+display the whole domestic economy of the ancients, and their
+excellent taste in furniture, sacrificial instruments, &c., but
+there is nothing particularly curious in the fact of their pots
+and pans being like our pots and pans, for if they were to boil
+and stew they could not well have performed those operations with
+a different kind of utensils. However, all the people marvel at
+them; they seem to think the Romans must have been beings of a
+different organisation, and that everything that is not
+dissimilar is strange. What is really curious is a surgical
+instrument which was lately found, exactly similar to one
+invented thirty years ago in France. The lava would not touch
+bronze; the iron was always encrusted and spoilt, but the bronze
+things all look like new.
+
+
+May 2nd, 1830 {p.347}
+
+Went to the Lake of Agnano and the Grotto del Cane; very pretty
+lake, evidently the crater of a volcano; saw the dog perform; a
+sight neither interesting nor cruel; the dog did not mind it a
+bit, and the old woman must make a fortune, for she had eight
+carlins for it. The grotto is very hot and steaming; a torch goes
+out held near the ground, and when I put my face down the steam
+from the earth went up my nose like salts. Virgil's Tomb, which
+is very picturesque, and from whence the common view of Naples is
+taken; there has been plenty of discussion whether it really is
+Virgil's tomb or not. Forsyth seems to doubt it, with one of his
+off-hand flings at the authority for its being so, a sort of 'Who
+the Devil, I humbly beg to know, is Donatus?' but there is
+tradition in its favour, the fact of Virgil having been buried
+here or hereabouts, and the honour being claimed by no other
+spot. When there is probability it is unwise to be so very
+sceptical: take away names, and what are the places themselves?
+Here not much, at Rome nothing.
+
+
+[Page Head: RUINS ABOUT NAPLES]
+
+Thursday. {p.348}
+
+Went a long and most beautiful ride up to the Camaldoli, from
+which the view extends over sea and land to an immense distance
+in every direction.
+
+                             Thus was this place
+                A happy rural seat of various views.
+
+The convent was once very rich, but the French stripped all the
+convents of their property, which they have never since
+recovered. It is remarkably clean and spacious. Each monk has a
+house of his own containing two or three little rooms, and a
+little garden, and they only eat together on particular days. The
+old man who took us about said he had been there since he was
+eighteen, had been turned out by the French, but came back as
+soon as he could, and had never regretted becoming a monk. He
+showed me a bust of the founder of their order (I think San
+Romualdo), and when I asked him how many years ago it was
+founded, he said, 'Perhaps 2,000.' I said when I became a monk I
+would go to that convent, when he asked very seriously if I was
+going to be a monk. I said, 'Not just yet.' 'Very well,' he said;
+'you must pay 120 ducats, and you can come here.' We went down a
+road cut for miles in the mountain, very narrow and steep,
+through shady lanes, groves, and vineyards (with magnificent
+views), through Pianura to Pozzuoli, entering by the old Roman
+road and Street of Tombs. The _columbaria_ in the Street of Tombs
+are the best worth seeing _ejus generis_ of any. Went to the
+Temple of Jupiter Serapis, of which there are very curious
+remains.
+
+                        Hard by the reverent ruins
+          Of a once glorious temple, reared to Jove,
+          Whose very rubbish (like the pitied fall
+          Of virtue, most unfortunate) yet bears
+          A deathless majesty, though now quite rased,
+          Hurl'd down by wrath and lust of impious kings,
+          So that where holy Flamens wont to sing
+          Sweet hymns to Heaven, there the daw and crow,
+          The ill-voiced raven, and still chattering pie
+          Send out ungrateful sounds.
+                                                 MARSTON.
+
+To the ruins of the Amphitheatre, from the top of which there is
+one of the finest views I ever saw of the Bay of Baiae and the
+islands; and then to the Solfaterra. The ruins scattered about
+Naples (those at Pozzuoli, for instance) are far more extensive
+than most of those at Rome, but partly 'carent quia vate sacro,'
+and partly because there are no well-known names attached to
+them, the ground is not so holy, and little is said or thought
+about them. If these temples were at Rome, what an uproar they
+would cause! The Solfaterra is remarkable as a sort of link
+between the quick and the dead volcanoes; it is considered
+extinct, but the earth is hot, the sulphur strong, and at a
+particular spot, when a hole is made, it hisses and throws up
+little stones and ashes, and exhibits a sort of volcano in
+miniature, but the surface of the crater is overgrown with
+vegetation. The road to Naples by the convent of the Jesuits and
+Chapel of St. Januarius is the most beautiful I ever saw,
+particularly towards sunset, when the colouring is so rich and
+varied. It lies over a crest commanding a prospect of the
+mountains on one side and the sea on the other.
+
+                              Quid mille revolvam
+                     Culmina visendique vices.
+
+
+May 3rd, 1830 {p.349}
+
+We sailed across the Bay to Resina, to see Herculaneum, the old
+and new excavations. At the new there are only seven or eight men
+at work; the old are hardly worth seeing. So much earth and
+cinders are mixed with the lava in the new part, that they might
+excavate largely if they would spend money enough; at present
+they have only excavated one or two houses, but have found some
+bronzes and marbles. The houses are laid open, just like those at
+Pompeii.
+
+[Page Head: ASCENT OF VESUVIUS]
+
+The next day Morier, Watson, and I set off to ascend Vesuvius; we
+rode on donkeys from Salvatore's house to the bottom of the last
+ascent, which was rather less formidable than I expected, though
+fatiguing enough. Another party went up at the same time: one man
+of that party, Watson, and I walked up alone; the others were all
+lugged up. They take the bridles off the donkeys and put them on
+the men; the luggee holds by this tackle and the guide goes
+before him. After infinite puffing and perspiring, and resting at
+every big stone, I reached the top in thirty-five minutes. It was
+very provoking to see the facility with which the creatures who
+attended us sprang up. There was one fellow with nothing on but a
+shirt and half a pair of breeches, who walked the whole way from
+Resina with a basket on his head full of wine, bread, and
+oranges, and while we were slipping, and clambering, and toiling
+with immense difficulty he bounded up, with his basket on his
+head, as straight as an arrow all the time, and bothering us to
+drink when we had not breath to answer. I took three or four
+oranges, some bread, and a bottle of wine of him at the top, and
+when I asked Salvatore what I should pay him, he said two carlins
+(eightpence English). I gave him three (a shilling), and he was
+transported. It was a magnificent evening, and the sunset from
+the top of Vesuvius (setting in the sea) a glorious sight--
+
+                                      For the sun,
+         Declined, was hastening now with prone career
+         To the ocean's isles, and in th' ascending scale
+         Of heaven the stars, that usher evening, rose.
+
+The view, too, all round is very grand; the towns round the Bay
+appear so clear, yet so minute. I had formed to myself a very
+different idea of the crater, of which the dimensions are very
+deceitful; it is so much larger than it appears. The bottom of
+the crater is flat, covered with masses of lava and sulphur, but
+anybody may walk all about it. At one end stands what looks like
+a little black hillock, from which smoke was rising, as it was
+from various crevices in different parts; that little hillock is
+the crater from which all eruptions burst. The mountain was
+provokingly still, and only gave one low grumble and a very small
+emission of smoke and fire while we were there; it has never been
+more tranquil. The descent is very good fun, galloping down the
+cinders; you have only to take care not to tumble over the
+stones; slipping is impossible. The whole ascent of the mountain
+is interesting, particularly in that part which is like a great
+ocean of lava, and where the guides point out the courses of the
+different eruptions, all of which may be distinctly traced. We
+got to the Hermitage just as it was dark; there was still a red
+tint round the western horizon, and the islands were dimly
+shadowed out, while the course of the Bay was marked by a
+thousand dancing lights. Salvatore has especial care of the
+mountain under the orders of Government, to whom he is obliged to
+make a daily report of its state, and he is as fond of it as a
+nurse of a favourite child, or a trainer at Newmarket of his best
+race-horse, and delights in telling anecdotes of old eruptions
+and phenomena, and of different travellers who have ascended it.
+
+Two years ago an English merchant here laid a bet of 200
+napoleons that he would go from Resina[2] to the top in an hour
+and a half. Salvatore went with him, and they did it in an hour
+and thirteen minutes. The Englishman rode relays of horses, but
+the guide went the whole way on foot, and the best part of the
+ascent had to drag up his companion He said it nearly killed him,
+and he did not recover from it for several weeks; he is 53 years
+old, but a very handsome man. He said, however, that the fatigue
+of this exploit was not so painful as what he went through in
+carrying the Duke of Buckingham to the top; he was carried up in
+a chair by twelve men, and the weight was so enormous that his
+shoulder was afterwards swelled up nearly to his head. When the
+Duke got down he gave a great dinner (on the mountain), which he
+had brought with him to celebrate the exploit. Salvatore said
+that he continues to write to many scientific men in various
+parts of Europe when anything remarkable occurs in the mountain,
+and talked of Buckland, Playfair, and Davy. We got down to Resina
+about half-past nine, and at ten embarked again and sailed over
+to Castel-a-Mare, where we arrived at one o'clock.
+
+      [2] From Salvatore's house at Resina to the top of the
+          mountain is seven miles; from the Hermitage to the top,
+          3-1/3. It is a mile and 200 feet from the bottom of the
+          ascent (on foot) to the top, 800 feet from the point we
+          first gain to the bottom of the crater; the inner
+          crater (or black hill, as I call it) is 230 feet high
+          and 180 feet in circumference. The miles are Neapolitan
+          miles, about three-fourths of an English mile.
+
+The next morning Mr. Watson and I got a six-oared boat (with
+sails) and went to Sorrento. Castel-a-Mare and the whole coast
+are beautiful. Landed a mile from Sorrento, and walked by a path
+cut in the rock to the Cocomella, a villa with a magnificent
+prospect of the Bay exactly opposite Naples.
+
+                               Placido lunata recessu
+         Hinc atque hinc curvas perrumpunt aequora rupes.
+         Dat natura locum, montique intervenit imum
+         Litus et in terras scopulis pendentibus exit.
+
+Then to the town to see the curiosities, which are the Piscine,
+Tasso's house, and some very romantic caverns in a wild dell
+under the bridge at Sorrento; all very well worth seeing, but
+Tasso's house was locked, so we could not get to the terrace.
+Just as we arrived at Sorrento we found they were performing a
+ceremony which takes place there every year on the 1st of May,
+and there only--the benediction of the flowers, the ushering in
+the may.
+
+           With songs and dance they celebrate the day,
+           And with due honours usher in the may.
+
+It was in the Archiepiscopal church, which was gaily adorned with
+hangings of various colours, gold and silver and flowers, full of
+people, all in their best attire. A priest in the pulpit opposite
+the Archbishop's throne called on the representatives of the
+different parishes (seven in number), who advanced in succession,
+each bearing a huge cross fifteen or twenty feet high, entirely
+made of flowers, and adorned with garlands and devices, all
+likewise of the most brilliant flowers, and, as each came up, a
+little cannon was fired off. They were blessed in succession, and
+then deposited around the throne of the Archbishop, who, after
+this ceremony was concluded, went up to the altar and celebrated
+High Mass. They told me that this festival had taken place at
+Sorrento from the remotest time.
+
+After seeing the Piscine we went into a garden above, where there
+was a profusion of orange and lemon trees, loaded with ripe
+fruit; the oranges we pulled off the trees and ate; they were
+excellent, and as red as Morella cherries--
+
+                Whose fruit, burnished with golden rind,
+          Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true,
+          If true, here only, of delicious taste.
+
+We could not stay long at Sorrento, and were four hours rowing
+across the Bay to Naples. Dined with Hill at the Villa Belvidere
+(a delicious villa on the Vomero), with a large, tiresome party,
+principally English.
+
+[Page Head: THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO]
+
+Yesterday the miracle of the blood of San Gennaro was performed,
+and of course successfully; it will be repeated every morning for
+eight days. I went to-day to the Cathedral, where San Gennaro's
+silver bust was standing on one side of the altar, surrounded by
+lights, and the vessel containing the blood on the other. Round
+the altar were ranged silver heads of various saints, his
+particular friends, who had accompanied him there to do him
+honour, and who will be taken this evening with him in procession
+to his own chapel. Acton and I went together, and one of the
+people belonging to the church seeing us come in, and judging
+that we wanted to see the blood, summoned one of the canons, who
+was half asleep in a stall, who brought out the blood, which is
+contained in a glass vase mounted with silver. It liquefies in
+the morning, remains in that state all day, and congeals again at
+night. A great many people were waiting to kiss the vessel, which
+was handed to us first. We kissed it, and then it went round,
+each person kissing it and touching it with his head, as they do
+St. Peter's foot at Rome. San Gennaro and his silver companions
+were brought in procession from one of the other churches, all
+the nobility and an immense crowd attending. I had fancied that
+the French had exposed and put an end to this juggle, but not at
+all. They found the people so attached to the superstition that
+they patronised it; they adorned the Chapel of St. Januarius with
+a magnificent altarpiece and other presents. The first time
+(after they came to Naples) that the miracle was to be performed
+the blood would not liquefy, which produced a great ferment among
+the people. It was a trick of the priests to throw odium on the
+French, and the French General Championnet thought it so serious
+that he sent word that if the blood did not liquefy forthwith the
+priests should go to the galleys. It liquefied immediately, and
+the people were satisfied. Acton told me that nobody believed it
+but the common people, but that they did not dare to leave it
+off. It is what is called a false position to be in, when they
+are obliged to go on pretending to perform a miracle in which no
+men of sense and education believe, and in which it is well known
+they don't any of them believe themselves. Miracles, if sometimes
+useful and profitable, are sometimes awkward incumbrances. Drove
+round the obscure parts of the town, and through dense masses of
+population, by the old palace of Queen Joan and the market place,
+which was the scene of Masaniello's sedition. He was killed in
+the great church (in 1646).
+
+
+May 4th, 1830 {p.354}
+
+To the Museum, and saw the mummies which have been unrolled; they
+are like thin, black, shrivelled corpses; hair and shape of face
+perfect, even the eyelids. The canvas fold in which they are
+wrapped quite fresh-looking; the best preserved is 3,055 years
+old. Amongst the bronzes there is a bust of Livia with a wig.
+Dined with Toledo, the Spanish Minister. The women put their
+knives into their mouths, and he is always kissing his wife's
+hand--an ugly little old woman. Toledo was Romana's aide-de-camp.
+
+
+May 5th, 1830 {p.354}
+
+To Cumae, and dined at the Lake of Fusaro with the Talbots and
+Lushingtons; not a pretty lake, but the country near it pretty
+enough. A splendid sunset, with real purple. 'Lumine vestit
+purpureo.'
+
+
+[Page Head: THE BLOOD OF SAN GENNARO]
+
+May 7th, 1830 {p.355}
+
+In the morning to the Chapel of St. Januarius, to see the blood
+liquefy. The grand ceremony was last Saturday at the Cathedral,
+but the miracle is repeated every morning in the Chapel for eight
+days. I never saw such a scene, at once so ludicrous and so
+disgusting, but more of the latter. There was the saint, all
+bedizened with pearls, on the altar, the other silver ladies and
+gentlemen all round the chapel, with an abundance of tapers
+burning before them. Certain people were admitted within the
+rails of the altar; the crowd, consisting chiefly of women, and
+most of them old women, were without. There is no service, but
+the priests keep muttering and looking at the blood to see if it
+is melting. To-day it was unusually long, so these old Sibyls
+kept clamouring, 'Santa Trinita!' 'Santa Vergine!' 'Dio
+onnipotente!' 'San Gennaro!' in loud and discordant chorus; still
+the blood was obstinate,[3] so the priest ordered them to go down
+on their knees and to say the Athanasian Creed, which is one of
+the specifics resorted to in such a case. He drawled it out with
+his eyes shut, and the women screamed the responses. This would
+not do, so they fell to abuse and entreaties with a vehemence and
+volubility, and a shrill clamour, which was at once a proof of
+their sincerity and their folly. Such noise, such gesticulations.
+One woman I never shall forget, with outstretched arm, distorted
+visage, and voice of piercing sharpness. In the meantime the
+priest handed about the phial to be kissed, and talked the matter
+over with the bystanders. 'E sempre duro?' 'Sempre duro, adesso
+v' e una piccola cosa.' At last, after all the handling, praying,
+kissing, screaming, entreating, and abusing, the blood did
+melt,[4] when the organ struck up, they all sang in chorus, and
+so it ended. It struck me as particularly disgusting, though
+after all it is not fair to abuse these poor people, who have all
+been brought up in the belief of the miracle, and who fancy that
+the prosperity of their city and all that it contains is somehow
+connected with its due performance. The priests could not
+discontinue it but by acknowledging the imposture, and by an
+imaginative people, who are the slaves of prejudice, and attached
+to it by force of inveterate habit, the acknowledgment would not
+be believed, and they would only incur odium by it; there it is,
+and (for some time at least) it must go on.
+
+      [3] I dined at Hill's; sat next to the Duchess de Dalberg,
+          talked of the miracle, which she told me she firmly
+          believed. I fancied none believed it but the lowest of
+          the people, and was (very foolishly) astonished; for
+          what ought ever to produce astonishment which has to do
+          with credulity in matters of religion?
+
+      [4] Illarum lacrymae meditataque murmura praestant,--
+          Juvenal, 6.
+
+Went up to Craven's villa (this is the villa at which the amour
+between the present Queen of Naples and Captain Hess was carried
+on), and sat there doing nothing in the middle of flowers, and
+sea breezes, and beautiful views. To comprehend all the luxury of
+the _bel far niente_ one must come to Naples, where idleness
+loses half its evil by losing all its enervating qualities; there
+is something in the air so elastic that I have never been at any
+place where I have felt as if I could make exertions so easily as
+here, and yet it is a great pleasure to sit and look at the Bay,
+the mountains, the islands, and the town, and watch its amusing
+inhabitants. At least half an hour of every morning is spent at
+my window, while I am dressing, watching the lazaroni, who fish,
+work, swim, dress, cook, play, and quarrel under it. At this
+moment the scene is as follows:--Half a dozen boats with awnings
+and flags moored off the landing-place, a few fishing-boats with
+men mending their nets, three fellows swimming about them, two
+with red caps on perched upon the wall playing at cards, two or
+three more looking on, one on the ground being shaved by a barber
+with a basin (the exact counterpart of Mambrino's helmet), and
+two or three more waiting their turn for the same operation--
+always a certain number lounging about, others smoking or asleep.
+
+
+[Page Head: ASTRONI]
+
+May 8th, 1830 {p.355}
+
+Rode with a large party to Astroni, where they dined, but I did
+not. There were the Lushingtons, Prince and Princess Dentici (he
+is at the head of the Douane), Madame and Mademoiselle Galiati
+(she is remarkably pretty), Count (I believe) and Countess
+Rivalvia, her uncle, Lord A. Chichester, Count Gregorio, and a
+Mr. Stuart. The park, or whatever it is called--for it is the
+King's chase and full of wild boars--is one of the most beautiful
+and curious places about Naples. Milton's description of the
+approach to Eden applies exactly to Astroni; if ever he saw it it
+is likely that he meant to describe it--
+
+                     To the border comes
+           Of Eden, where delicious Paradise,
+           Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,
+           As with a rural mound, the champaign head
+           Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides,
+           With thicket overgrown, grotesque, and wild,
+           Access denied; and overhead up grew
+           Insuperable height of loftiest shade,
+           A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend
+           Shade above shade, a woody theatre
+           Of stateliest view.
+
+It is an immense crater of a volcano, the amphitheatre quite
+unbroken, and larger than that of Vesuvius, but covered with
+wood, and the bottom with very fine trees of various sorts and
+with fern--very wild and picturesque. There are several little
+hillocks, supposed to have been small craters; but although it is
+proved that this was a volcano from the lava under the soil and
+from its shape, there is no mention of it as an active volcano,
+and nobody can tell how many thousand years ago it was in
+operation. The King, with his usual good taste, is cutting down
+the finest trees, and has made a ride round the bottom, which he
+has planted with poplars in a double row, spoiling as much as he
+can all the beauty of the place. They dined in a shady arbour,
+made on purpose with branches of trees bound together, and on
+beds of fern, were very merry, pelting each other with oranges
+and cherries, and dealing about an abundance of manual jests.
+
+_Evening._--I have taken my last ride and last look at Naples,
+and am surprised at the sorrow I feel at quitting it, as I fear,
+for ever. Rode again to Astroni with Morier, and walked through
+the wood and tried to scale one of the sides of the mountain, but
+lost the path, and could only get half-way up; it is the most
+beautiful place about Naples. Came back by the Strada Nuova, and
+saw for the last time that delicious Bay with its coast and its
+islands, which are as deeply imprinted on my memory as if I had
+passed my life among them. To-night I have stood once more by the
+shore, and could almost have cried to think I should never see it
+again--
+
+             The smooth, surface of this summer sea--
+
+nor breathe this delicious air, nor feast my eyes on the scene of
+gaiety, and brilliancy, and beauty around me. Nobody can form an
+idea of Naples without coming to it; every gale seems to bring
+health and cheerfulness with it, and appears 'able to drive all
+sadness but despair.'
+
+Naples, they tell me, does very well for a short time, but you
+will soon grow tired of it. To be sure, I have been here only
+three weeks, but I liked it better every day, and I am wretched
+at leaving it. What could I ever mean by thinking it was not gay,
+and less lively than Genoa? To-night, as I came home from riding,
+the shore was covered with lazaroni and throngs of people,
+dancing, singing, harping, fiddling--all so merry, and as if the
+open air and their own elastic spirits were happiness enough. I
+suppose I shall never come again, for when I have measured back
+the distance to my own foggy country, there I shall settle for
+ever, and Naples and her sunny shores and balmy winds will only
+be as a short and delightful dream, from which I have waked too
+soon.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER X.
+
+Mola di Gaeta--Capua--Lines on leaving Naples--Return to Rome--
+  The Aqueducts--'Domine, quo vadis?'--St. Peter's--The Scala
+  Santa--Reasons in favour of San Gennaro--Ascent of St.
+  Peter's--Library of the Vatican--A racing _ex voto_--Illness of
+  George IV.--Approaching _Coup d'etat_ in France--The Villa
+  Mills--The Malaria--Duc and Duchesse de Dalberg--The Emperor
+  Nicholas on his Accession--Cardinal Albani--A _Columbarium_--
+  Maii--Sir William Gell--Tivoli--Hadrian's Villa--The Adventures
+  of Miss Kelly and Mr. Swift--Audience of the Pope--Gibson's
+  Studio--End of Miss Kelly's Marriage--A great Function--The
+  Jesuits--Saint-making--San Lorenzo in Lucina--The Flagellants--
+  Statues by Torchlight--Bunsen on the State of Rome--Fiascati--
+  Relations of Protestant States with Rome--The French Ministry--
+  M. de Villele--The Coliseum--Excommunication of a Thief--The
+  Passionists--The Corpus Domini--A Rash Marriage--Farewell to
+  Rome--Falls of Terni--Statue at Pratolino--Bologna--
+  Mezzofanti--Ferrara--Venice--Padua--Vicenza--Brescia--Verona--
+  Milan--Lago Maggiore--The Simplon--Geneva--Paris.
+
+
+Mola di Gaeta, May 9th, 1830 {p.359}
+
+I have dined here on an open terrace (looking over the garden and
+the delicious Bay), where I have been sitting writing the whole
+evening. The moon is just rising, and throwing a flood of silver
+over the sea--
+
+                          Rising in cloudless majesty,
+           Apparent queen, unveiled her peerless light
+           And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw.
+
+We left Naples at half-past seven in the morning, went to
+Caserta, and walked over the palace, in which nothing struck me
+but the dimensions, the staircase, and a few of the rooms. The
+theatre is very well contrived; it is at one end of the palace,
+and the back of it opens by large folding doors into the garden,
+so that they can have any depth of stage they please, and arrange
+any pageants or cavalcades. This could, however, only be at a
+theatre in a country house. Thence to Capua, and went over the
+Amphitheatre, which is very remarkable. It is said to be larger
+than the Coliseum, but the arena did not appear to me so vast.
+Here we are in the land of names again, and it is impossible for
+the imagination not to run over the grandeur, luxury, and fate of
+Capua, for on the very spot on which I was standing (for the
+chief places are ascertained) in all probability Hannibal often
+sat to see the games.[1]
+
+      [1] No such thing. _His_ Capua was nearly destroyed, and if
+          it had an amphitheatre it would have been ruined. These
+          ruins must have belonged to Capua the Second, which was
+          restored by Augustus or Tiberius, and became as
+          flourishing and populous as the first had been.--
+          [C.C.G.]
+
+The Italian postilions, it must be owned, are a comical set. They
+sometimes go faster than ever I went in England, then at others
+they creep like snails, and stop at the least inclined plane to
+put on the _scarpa_. The occasions they generally select for
+going fast are when they have six horses harnessed to the
+carriage, and so extend about ten yards, on slippery pavement,
+through very narrow streets, extremely crowded with women and
+children; then they will flog their horses to full speed, and
+clatter along without fear or shame. Nothing happens; I have
+remarked that nothing ever does anywhere in Italy.
+
+I have walked over this garden [at Gaeta], which contains remains
+of one of Cicero's villas, but they are only arched rooms like
+vaults, and not worth seeing but for the name of Cicero, and the
+recollection that he was murdered almost on this spot. He had
+good taste in his villas, for this bay is as placid and delicious
+as that of Baiae. There is an ancient bath, which probably
+belonged to the villa; it is in the sea, and still available,
+when cleaned out, which just now it is not.
+
+
+[Page Head: LINES ON LEAVING NAPLES]
+
+Rome, May 10th, 1830 {p.360}
+
+Left Mola at half-past seven and got here at ten minutes after
+seven. It was so kind as to rain last night and this morning, and
+lay the dust all the way. Stopped at Terracina, and went to see
+the ancient port, which is worth seeing. The road is pretty all
+the way, but the scenery in Italy wants verdure and foliage. The
+beauty of these landscapes consists in the bold outlines, lofty
+mountains, abundant vegetation, and bright atmosphere, and they
+are always better to look at from a little distance than very
+near. Aricia is pretty well wooded. I found a parcel of letters
+with the London news; but the post is enough to drive one mad,
+for I got one of the 23rd of April and another of the 19th of
+March on the same day.
+
+                   _ON TAKING LEAVE OF NAPLES._
+    (Written in a carriage between Naples and Mola di Gaeta.)
+                       '_Nascitur poeta._'
+
+       Though not a spark of true poetic fire
+         Beamed at my birth, or on my cradle fell,
+       Though rude my numbers, and untuned my lyre,
+         I will not leave thee with a mute farewell.
+
+       I cannot see recede thy sunny shore,
+         Nor ling'ring look my last upon thy bay,
+       And know that they will meet my gaze no more,
+         Yet tearless take my unreturning way.
+
+       'Tis not that Love laments his broken toys,
+         Nor is it Friendship murmurs to depart,
+       Touching the chords of recollected joys
+         Which ring with sad vibration on the heart.
+
+       Nor bound am I in Habit's unfelt chain,
+         Which o'er the fancy steals with gradual pow'r,
+       Till local sympathy awakes in pain,
+         That slept unconscious till the parting hour.
+
+       But 'tis the charm, so great, yet undefin'd,
+         That Nature's self around fair Naples throws,
+       Which now excites and elevates the mind,
+         And now invites it to no dull repose.
+
+       No exhalations damp the spirits choke,
+         That feed on ether temp'rate and serene;
+       No yellow fogs, or murky clouds of smoke,
+         Obscure the lustre of this joyous scene.
+
+       The God of Gladness with prolific ray
+         Bids the rich soil its teeming womb expand,
+       While healthful breezes, cooled with Ocean's spray,
+         Scatter a dewy freshness o'er the land.
+
+       No mountain billow's huge uplifted crest
+         Lashes the foaming beach with sullen roar;
+       The smooth sea sparkles in unbroken rest,
+         Or lightly rakes upon the pebbled shore.
+
+       The Ocean's Monarch on these golden sands
+         Seems the luxurious laws of Love to own,[2]
+       And yield his trident to Thalassia's hands,
+         To rule the waters from the Baian throne.
+
+       Here the green olive, and the purple vine,
+         The lofty poplar and the elm espouse,
+       Or round the mulberry their tendrils twine,
+         Or creep in clusters through the ilex boughs.
+
+       A thousand flow'rs, enamelling the fields,
+         Declare the presence of returning spring;
+       A various harvest smiling Ceres yields,
+         And all the groves with vocal music sing.
+
+       Earth, air, and sea th' enchantment of the clime,
+         Revived that young elation of the breast
+       When Hope, undaunted, saw the form of Time
+         In Fancy's gay, deluding colours drest,
+
+       And though those visions are for ever fled
+         Which in the morning of existence rose,
+       And all the false and flatt'ring hopes are dead
+         That vainly promised a serener close.
+
+       I'll snatch the joys which spite of fate remain
+         To cheer life's darkness with a transient ray,
+       And oft in vivid fancy roam again
+         Through these blest regions when I'm far away.
+
+      [2] The Temple of Venus stands upon the shore of the Bay of
+          Baiae.
+
+
+[Page Head: THE AQUEDUCTS]
+
+Rome, May 13th, 1830 {p.362}
+
+_11th._--Walked about visiting to announce my return, and found
+nobody at home. Hired a horse and rode with Lovaine till near
+eight o'clock; rode by the Via Sacra two or three miles along the
+Street of Tombs--very interesting and curious--and then cut
+across to the ruin of an old villa, where an apartment floored
+with marble has lately been discovered, evidently a bath, and a
+very large one; on to Torlonia's _scavo_ and under the arches of
+the Claudian aqueduct. Nothing at Rome delights and astonishes
+me more than the aqueducts, the way they stretch over the
+Campagna--[3]
+
+            As some earth-born giants spread
+            Their mighty arms along th' indented mead.
+
+And when you approach them how admirable are their vastness and
+solidity--each arch in itself a fabric, and the whole so
+venerable and beautiful. After all my delight at Naples I
+infinitely prefer Rome; there is a tranquil magnificence and
+repose about Rome, and an indefinable pleasure in the atmosphere,
+the colouring, and the ruins, which are better felt than
+described. We lingered about the aqueducts till dark, but there
+is hardly any twilight here; the sun sets, and in half an hour it
+is night. Almost everybody is gone or going, but the heat can't
+have driven them away, for it is perfectly cool.
+
+     [3] The Claudian aqueduct, which is the grandest, and whose
+          enormous remains form the great ornament of the
+          Campagna, was begun by Caligula, and finished by
+          Claudius. The structure of the arches is exactly like
+          those of the Coliseum. The first aqueduct was built by
+          Appius Caecus, the censor, the same who laid down the
+          Via Appia, 310 B.C.
+
+As we set out on our ride we passed a little church called
+'Domine, quo vadis?' which was built on this occasion:--St. Peter
+was escaping from Rome (he was a great coward, that Princeps
+Apostolorum), and at this spot he met Christ, and said to him,
+'Domine, quo vadis?' 'Why,' replied our Saviour, 'I am going to
+be crucified over again, for you are running away, and won't stay
+to do my business here;' on which St. Peter returned to suffer in
+his own person, and the church was built in commemoration of the
+event. The Saint has no reason to be flattered at the character
+which is given of him by the pious editors of his Epistles.
+'Confidence and zeal form a conspicuous part of his character,
+but he was sometimes deficient in firmness and resolution. He had
+the faith to walk upon the water, but when the sea grew
+boisterous his faith deserted him and he became afraid. He was
+forward to acknowledge Jesus to be the Messiah, and declared
+himself ready to die in that profession, and yet soon after he
+thrice denied, and with oaths, that he knew anything of Jesus.
+The warmth of his temper led him to cut off the ear of the High
+Priest's servant, and by his timidity and dissimulation
+respecting the Gentile converts at Antioch he incurred the
+censure of the eager and resolute St. Paul.'
+
+[Page Head: MODERN MIRACLES]
+
+We returned through the Porta di San Giovanni, and by the Scala
+Santa. There are three flights of steps; those in the middle are
+covered with wood (that the marble may not be worn out), and
+these are the holy steps; the other two are for the pious to walk
+down. I had no idea anybody ever went up on their knees, though I
+was aware they were not allowed to go up on their feet, and with
+no small surprise saw several devout females in the performance
+of this ceremony. They walk up the vestibule, drop upon their
+knees, rise and walk over the landing-place, carefully tuck up
+their gowns, drop again, and then up they toil in the most absurd
+and ridiculous postures imaginable.
+
+          Weak in their limbs, but in devotion strong,
+          On their bare hands and feet they crawl along.
+                                                DRYDEN, _Juv._ 6.
+
+I suppose there is some spiritual advantage derivable from the
+action, but I don't know what. Why, however, I should be
+surprised I can't tell, after all I have seen here. Madame de
+Dalberg came to my recollection, and San Gennaro; she had owned
+to me that she believed in the miracle, and we had a long dispute
+about it, though I have since thought that I am wrong to regard
+her credulity with such pity and contempt. The case admits of an
+argument, though not that which she made use of. Many people are
+right in what they do, but without knowing why; some wrong, with
+very fair reasons. She, however, is wrong both ways, but she had
+been brought up in principles of strong religious belief, and she
+belongs to a church which teaches that miracles have never ceased
+from the days of the Apostles till now. Those who believe that a
+miracle ever was performed cannot doubt that another _may_ be
+performed now; the only question is as to the fact. _We_ believe
+that miracles ceased with the Apostles, and we pronounce all that
+are alleged to have happened since to be fictitious. Believing as
+she does that miracles have continually occurred, it is more
+reasonable to believe in the reality of one she sees herself than
+in those which are reported by others. She sees this done; it is,
+then, a miracle or it is an imposture; but it is declared to be a
+miracle by a whole body of men, who must know whether it be so or
+not, and to whom she has been accustomed to look up with respect
+and confidence, and who have always been deemed worthy of belief.
+What is it, then, she believes? The evidence of her own senses,
+and the testimony of a number of men, and a succession of them,
+who are competent witnesses, and whose characters are for the
+most part unblemished, in her opinion certainly. The objection
+that it is improbable, and that no sufficient reason is assigned
+for its performance, is quite inadmissible, as all considerations
+of reason are in matters of revelation.
+
+    And when the event only is revealed, it is not for men to
+    dogmatise about the mode or means of its accomplishment,
+    for God's ways are not as our ways, nor His thoughts as
+    our thoughts, and His purposes may be wrought out in a
+    manner that we wot not.--KEITH.
+
+There is nothing of which we are so continually reminded as that
+we must not pretend to judge of the reasonableness and fitness of
+the Divine dispensations, and there may therefore be good cause
+for the San Gennaro affair, though we cannot fathom it. Still, as
+the generality of people of education have given it up, one
+wonders at the orthodox few whose belief lingers on. There are
+other bloods that liquefy in various places besides San
+Gennaro's.
+
+_12th._--Walked to Santa Agnese, in the Piazza Navona, a pretty
+church, but hardly anybody in it; to Santa Maria sopra Minerva,
+empty likewise, but Michael Angelo's Christ was there--a grand
+performance, though defective about the legs, which are too
+thick; he has one golden foot for the devotees, who were wearing
+out the marble toe, and would soon have had it as smooth as that
+of Jupiter's in St. Peter's; _ci-devant_ Jupiter, now St. Peter.
+
+I went again to the Pantheon, and walked round and round, and
+looked, and admired; even the ragged wretches who came in seemed
+struck with admiration. It is so fine to see the clouds rolling
+above through the roof; it passes my comprehension how this
+temple escaped the general wreck of Rome. Then to St. Peter's,
+and went up to the roof and to the ball, through the aperture of
+which I could just squeeze, though there is plenty of room when
+once in it. The ball holds above thirty people, stuffed close of
+course. Three other men were going up at the same time, who
+filled the narrow ascent with garlicky effluvia. It is impossible
+to have an idea of the size and grandeur of St. Peter's without
+going over the roof, and examining all the details, and looking
+down from the galleries. The ascent is very easy; there are
+slabs at the bottom taken from the holy gates, as they were
+successively opened and closed by the different Popes at the
+Jubilees.[4] At the top were recorded the ascents of various
+kings and princes and princesses, who had clambered up; there was
+also an inscription in Latin and Italian, the very counterpart of
+that which is still seen on the wall in Titus's Baths, only
+instead of 'Jovem omnipotentem atque omnes Deos iratos habeat,'
+&c. &c., it runs, 'Iratos habeat Deum omnipotentem et Apostolos
+Petrum et Paulum,' though I don't see why Paul should care about
+it. Went afterwards and walked on the Pincian.
+
+      [4] The Jubilee was established by Boniface VIII. in 1300,
+          and was originally a centenary commemoration, but
+          reduced to fifty years, and afterwards to twenty-five,
+          as it still continues. Hallam remarks that the Court of
+          Rome at the next Jubilee will read with a sigh the
+          description of that of 1300. 'The Pope received an
+          incalculable sum of money, for two priests stood day
+          and night at the altar of St. Peter, with rakes in
+          their hands, raking up the heaps of money.'--MURATORI.
+
+This morning went with the Lovaines and Monsignore Spada to see
+the library of the Vatican, which was to have been shown us by
+Monsignore Maii, the librarian, but he was engaged elsewhere and
+did not come. These galleries are most beautiful, vast, and
+magnificent, and the painting of the old part interesting and
+curious, but that which was done by Pius VI. and Pius VII. has
+deformed the walls with such trash as I never beheld; they
+present various scenes of the misfortunes of these two Popes, and
+certain passages in their lives. The principal manuscripts we saw
+were a history of Federigo di Felto, Duke of Urbino, and nephew
+of Julius II., beautifully illuminated by Julio Clovio, a scholar
+of Giulio Romano. I never saw anything more exquisite than these
+paintings. Amongst the most curious of the literary treasures we
+saw are a manuscript of some of St. Augustine's works, written
+upon a palimpsest of Cicero's 'De Republica;' this treatise was
+brought to light by Maii; the old Latin was as nearly erased as
+possible, but by the application of gall it has been brought out
+faintly, but enough to be made out, and completely read: Henry
+VIII.'s love-letters to Anne Boleyn, in French and English:
+Henry's reply to Luther, the presentation copy to the Pope
+(Clement VII.), signed by him twice at the end, in English at the
+end of the book, in Latin at the dedication, which is also
+written by his own hand, only a line; the pictures representing
+St. Peter's in different stages of the work are very curious. In
+the print room there is a celestial globe painted by Julio
+Romano.
+
+[Page Head: A RACING VOW]
+
+Just before I went to the Vatican I read in 'Galignani' the
+agreeable intelligence that my mare Lady Emily had beat Clotilde
+at Newmarket, which I attribute entirely to my _ex voto_ of a
+silver horse-shoe, which I vowed, before I went to Naples, to the
+Virgin of the Pantheon in case I won the match; and, as I am
+resolved to be as good as my word, I have ordered the horse-shoe,
+which is to be sent on Monday, and as soon as it arrives it shall
+be suspended amongst all the arms, and legs, and broken gigs, and
+heads, and silver hearts, and locks of hair.
+
+Everybody here is in great alarm about the King (George IV.), who
+I have no doubt is very ill. I am afraid he will die before I get
+home, and I should like to be in at the death and see all the
+proceedings of a new reign; but, now I am here, I must stay out
+my time, let what will happen. I shall probably never see Rome
+again, and 'according to the law of probability, so true in
+general, so false in particular,' I have a good chance of seeing
+at least one more King leave us.
+
+
+May 15th, 1830 {p.368}
+
+I rode with Lord Haddington to the Villa Mellini last evening on
+a confounded high-going old hunter of Lord Lynedoch's, which he
+gave to William Russell. On my return found Henry de Ros just
+arrived, having been stopped at Aquapendente and Viterbo for want
+of a _lascia passare._
+
+This morning I have been dragging him about the town till he was
+half dead. The three last days have been the hottest to which
+Rome is subject--not much sun, no wind, but an air like an oven.
+The only cool place is St. Peter's, that is delicious. It is the
+coolest place in summer and the warmest in winter. We went to St.
+Peter's, Coliseum, gallery of the Vatican, Villa Albani, and
+Villa Borghese. The Villa Albani I had not seen before; it is a
+good specimen of a Roman villa, full of fine things (the finest
+of which is the Antinous), but very ill kept up. The Cardinal has
+not set his foot in it for a year and a half; there is one walk
+of ilexes perfectly shady, but all the rest is exposed to the
+sun. The post brought very bad accounts of the King, who is
+certainly dying. I have no notion that he will live till I get
+home, but they tell me there will be no changes. Gagarin told me
+last night that Lieven is to be governor to the Emperor of
+Russia's eldest son, that for the present he will retain the
+title of Ambassador, and that Matuscewitz will be Charge
+d'Affaires in London.
+
+
+[Page Head: APPROACHING COUP D'ETAT IN FRANCE]
+
+May 18th, 1830 {p.368}
+
+Again dragging Henry de Ros about, who likes to see sights, but
+is not strong enough to undergo fatigue. Yesterday I called on M.
+de la Ferronays, and had a long conversation about French
+politics; he is greatly alarmed at the state of affairs in
+France, and told me that he had said everything he could to the
+King to dissuade him from changing his Ministry and trying a
+_coup d'etat_, that the King has always been in his heart averse
+to a Constitution, and has now got it into his head that there is
+a settled design to subvert the royal authority, in which idea he
+is confirmed by those about him, 'son petit entourage.' He
+anticipates nothing but disaster to the King and disorder in the
+country from these violent measures, and says that France was
+increasing in prosperity, averse to change, satisfied with its
+Government and Constitution, and only desirous of certain
+ameliorations in the internal administration of the country, and
+of preserving inviolate the institutions it had obtained. He
+thinks the success of the expedition to Algiers, if it should
+succeed, will have no effect in strengthening the hands of
+Polignac; says they committed a capital fault in the beginning by
+proroguing the Chambers upon their making that violent Address in
+answer to the Speech, that they should immediately have proceeded
+to propose the enactment of those laws of which the country
+stands in need, when if the Chamber had agreed to them the
+Ministry would have appeared to have a majority, and would
+thereby gain moral strength; and if they had been rejected, the
+King would have had a fine opportunity of appealing to the
+nation, and saying that as long as they had attacked him
+personally he had passed it by, but as they opposed all those
+ameliorations which the state of France required, his people
+might judge between him and them, and that this would at least
+have given him a chance of success and brought many moderate
+people to his side. He added that he had also said the same thing
+to Polignac, but without success, that he is totally ignorant of
+France and will listen to nobody. I told him that Henry de Ros
+had been at Lyons when the Dauphin came, and how ill he was
+received by the townspeople and the troops, at which he did not
+seem at all surprised, though sorry.
+
+Went to Santa Maria in Trastevere to-day, the Farnese Palace, the
+Farnesina and Spada, Portico d'Ottavia and Mausoleo d'Augusto;
+this last not worth seeing at all. The last time I was at the
+Spada I did not see the pictures, some of which are very good,
+particularly a Judith by Guido, and a Dido by Guercino, which is
+damaged, but beautiful. Then to Santa Maria Maggiore and St. John
+Lateran, and a ride over the Campagna to the Claudian aqueduct
+and Torlonia's _scavo_.
+
+
+May 20th, 1830 {p.370}
+
+I breakfasted with Mills at his villa on the Palatine; Madame de
+Menon, Henry Cheney, Fox, and the Portuguese Charge d'Affaires;
+very agreeable: his villa charming; it formerly belonged to
+Julius II., and one room is painted in fresco by Raphael and his
+scholars, as they say.
+
+The Portuguese is Donna Maria's officer. The relations of the
+Holy See with Portugal are rather anomalous, but sensible.
+The Pope says he has nothing to do with politics, does not
+acknowledge Don Miguel, but as he is _de facto_ ruler of
+Portugal, he must for the good of the Church (whose interests are
+not to be abandoned for any temporal considerations) transact
+business with him, and so he does. This Envoy is very sanguine as
+to the ultimate success of the Queen's cause.
+
+Went to the Orti Farnesiani and to Livia's Baths, where there is
+still some painting and gilding to be seen. Then to the Capitol;
+saw the pictures and statues (again), and called on Bunsen, who
+told me a colossal head of Commodus could not be Commodus (which
+stands in the court of the Capitol); he won't allow anything is
+anything. He is full of politics, and thinks the French will get
+rid of their domestic difficulties by colonising Africa, and does
+not see why they should not as well as the Romans; but he seems a
+better antiquary than politician.
+
+Some pictures in the Capitol are very fine--Domenichino's Sybil
+and Santa Barbara, Guercino's Santa Petronella (copied in mosaic
+in St. Peter's) and Cleopatra and Antony. There are several
+unfinished Guidos, some only just begun. They say he played, and
+when he lost and could not pay, painted a picture; so these are
+the produce of bad nights, and their progress perhaps arrested by
+better.
+
+To the Borghese Villa. At present I think Chiswick better than
+any villa here, but they tell me when I get home and see Chiswick
+and remember these I shall think differently.
+
+
+[Page Head: MALARIA]
+
+May 22nd, 1830
+
+Found it absolutely necessary to adopt Roman customs and dine
+early and go out after dinner; one must dine at four or at nine.
+Went to Raphael's house, which is painted by his scholars, and
+one room by himself; a very pretty villa, uninhabited, and
+belongs to an old man and an old woman, who will neither live in
+it nor let it. Though close to the Villa Borghese, which is
+occupied by the malaria, this villa is quite free from it. The
+malaria is inexplicable. If it was 'palpable to sight as to
+feeling,' it would be like a fog which reaches so far and no
+farther. Here are ague and salubrity, cheek by jowl. To the
+Pamfili Doria, a bad house with a magnificent view all round
+Rome; fine garden in the regular clipped style, but very shady,
+and the stone pines the finest here; this garden is well kept.
+Malaria again; Rome is blockaded by malaria, and some day will
+surrender to it altogether; as it is, it is melancholy to see all
+these deserted villas and palaces, scarcely one of which is
+inhabited or decently kept. I don't know one palace or villa
+which is lived in as we should live in England; the Borghese
+Villa is the only one which is really well kept, but Prince
+Borghese has L70,000 a year; he lives at Florence and never comes
+here, but keeps collecting and filling his villa. The other
+morning the ground here was in many parts covered by a thin red
+powder, which was known to come from an eruption, and everybody
+thought it was Vesuvius, and so travellers reported, but it turns
+out to be from Etna or Stromboli. Naples was covered with it, and
+the sun obscured, but it is much nearer. Rome must be 300 or 400
+miles from Etna.
+
+
+May 23rd, 1830 {p.371}
+
+Went to three churches--Nuova, San Giovanni del Fiorentini, San
+Agostino; in this latter is Raphael's fresco of the prophet
+Isaiah, in the style of M. Angelo, but it did not particularly
+strike me. There is a remarkable Madonna here, a great favourite;
+her shrine is quite illuminated with lamps and candles, and
+adorned with offerings which cover the columns on each side of
+the church. Numerous devotees were kissing her gilt foot, and the
+Virgin and Child were decked with earrings, bracelets, and jewels
+and gold in every shape; the Child, which is of a tawny marble,
+looked like some favourite little 'nigger,' so bedizened was he
+with finery. She is a much more popular Madonna than my friend of
+the Pantheon, to whom I went, as in honour bound, and hung up my
+horse-shoe by a purple riband (my racing colour) round one of the
+candlesticks on the altar, with this inscription--C.C.G.,
+P.G.R.N. A.27, 1830.[5]
+
+      [5] [These letters appear to stand for the following votive
+          inscription: 'Charles Cavendish Greville. _Pro gratias
+          receptas nuper._ April 27, 1830.']
+
+Took H. de Ros to see the Cenci and the skeleton friars, not
+exactly birds of a feather; was obliged to squabble with the monk
+to get a sight of my old friends the skeletons, who at last let
+us in, but would not take any money, which I thought monks never
+refused, but my _laquais de place_ said, 'Lo conosco bene, c'e
+molto superbo.' Rode along the Via Appia and to Maxentius's
+Circus.
+
+
+[Page Head: ACCESSION OF THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS]
+
+May 24th, 1830 {p.372}
+
+Called on Sir William Gell at his eggshell of a house and pretty
+garden, which he planted himself ten years ago, and calls it the
+Boschetto Gellio. He was very agreeable, with stories of Pompeii,
+old walls, and ruined cities, besides having a great deal to say
+on living objects and passing events.
+
+Dined with M. de la Ferronays--a great party--and was desired to
+hand out Madame la Comtesse de Maistre, wife to the Comte Xavier
+de Maistre, author of the 'Voyage autour de ma Chambre' and
+'Le Lepreux,' to which works I gave a prodigious number of
+compliments. The Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis dined there, and some
+French whom I did not know. The Duc de Dalberg and his wife are a
+perpetual source of amusement to me, she with her devotion and
+believing everything, he with his air _moqueur_ and believing
+nothing; she so merry, he so shrewd, and so they squabble
+about religion. 'Qui est cet homme?' I said to him when a
+ludicrous-looking abbe, broader than he was long, came into the
+room. 'Que sais-je? quelque magot.' 'Ah, je m'en vais dire cela a
+la Duchesse.' 'Ah, mon cher, n'allez pas me brouiller avec ma
+famille.'
+
+He had been talking to me about La Ferronays the day before, and
+said he was a sensible, right-headed man, 'mais diablement
+russe;' and last night La Ferronays gave us an account of the
+revolt of the Guards on the Emperor Nicholas's accession, of
+which he had been a witness--of the Emperor's firmness and
+his subsequent conversations with him, all which was very
+interesting, and he recounted it with great energy. He said
+that the day after the affair of the Guards all the _Corps
+Diplomatique_ had gone to him, that he had addressed them in an
+admirable discourse and with a firm and placid countenance. He
+told them that they had witnessed what had passed, and he had no
+doubt would give a faithful relation of it to their several
+Courts; that on dismissing them, he had taken him (La Ferronays)
+into his closet, when he burst into tears and said, 'You have
+just seen me act the part of Emperor; you must now witness the
+feelings of the man. I speak to you as to my best friend, from
+whom I conceal nothing.' He went on to say that he was the most
+miserable of men, forced upon a throne which he had no desire to
+mount, having been no party to the abdication of his brother, and
+placed in the beginning of his reign in a position the most
+painful, irksome, and difficult; but that though he had never
+sought this elevation, now that he had taken it on himself he
+would maintain and defend it. When La Ferronays had done,
+'L'entendez-vous?' said Dalberg. 'Comme il parle avec gout; cela
+lui est personnel. L'Empereur ne lui a pas dit la moitie de tout
+cela.'
+
+La Ferronays introduced me to Cardinal Albani, telling him I had
+brought him a letter from Madame Craufurd, which I did, and left
+it when I was here before. He thought I was just come, and asked
+for the letter, which I told his Eminence he had already
+received. He had, however, forgotten all about me, my letter, and
+old Craaf. We had a long conversation about the Catholic
+question, the Duke's duel with Lord Winchelsea (which he had
+evidently never heard of), the King's illness, &c. He is like a
+very ancient red-legged macaw, but I suppose he is a dandy among
+the cardinals, for he wears two stars and two watches. I asked
+him to procure me an audience of the Pope, which he promised to
+do. Escaped at last from the furnace his room was, and went to
+air in the streets; came home early and went to bed. This morning
+got up at half-past six, and went to look out for some _columbaria_
+I had heard of out of the Porta Pia, and near Santa Agnese. The
+drones at Santa Agnese knew nothing about them, but I met La
+Ferronays riding as I was returning in despair, and he showed me
+the way to them. They have been discovered about six years, and
+are in a garden. The excavation may be fifteen feet by about
+eight or nine, more or less, and is full of broken urns and
+inscriptions, some of which are very good indeed. One is upon C.
+Cargilius Pedagogus:--
+
+      Vixi quandiu potui, sine lite, sine rixa,
+      Sine contentione, sine aere alieno, amicis fidem
+      Bonam praestiti, peculio pauper, animo divitissimus,
+      Bene valeat is qui hoc titulum perlegit meum.
+
+Another--
+
+      Lucius Virius Sancius aet. xxiii.
+      Quod tu mi debebas facere, ego tibi facio, mater pia.
+
+The same idea as in Canning's verses on his son:--
+
+      Whilst I, reversed our nature's kindlier doom,
+      Pour forth a father's sorrows o'er his tomb.
+
+And Evander on Pellas:--
+
+      Contra ego vivendo vici mea fata superstes
+      Restarem ut genitor.
+
+As I came back I looked into San Bernardo, Santa Maria della
+Vittoria, and Santa Susanna, and I stopped to look at the 'Moses
+striking the Rock,' which is certainly very fine, though there is
+too much of Moses and not enough of rock or water. After
+breakfast to the Vatican library, where the Duc de Dalberg had
+engaged the Abbe Maii to meet him, and he showed us all the
+manuscripts, most of which I had already seen. He is very
+laborious as well as learned. Maii is said to undertake too much,
+and to leave a great deal half examined, and therefore unknown;
+but somebody (I forget who) is at daggers drawn with him, so it
+may be the accusation of a literary enemy. Went about with the
+Dalbergs to several places, to all of which I had been before. At
+every church the Duchess and her daughter dropped on their knees
+and sprinkled themselves with holy water, and prayed and
+curtsied, but nothing could get him down upon his marrow bones.
+
+
+May 25th, 1830 {p.375}
+
+Breakfasted with Gell in his Boschetto Gellio under a treillage
+of vines, and surrounded by fruits and flowers. He was very
+agreeable, and told us a great many anecdotes of the Queen and
+her trial. We are just setting off for Tivoli.
+
+
+[Page Head: TIVOLI]
+
+May 27th, 1830 {p.375}
+
+Went to Tivoli. The journey hotter than flames over the Campagna.
+It is the most beastly town I ever saw, more like the Ghetto here
+than any other place, full of beggars and children. The inn very
+moderate, but Henry and I got a very good appartment, looking
+over the country, in a private house. We all dined together.
+
+---- is the merriest of saints, the jolliest of devotees, and
+very unlike the ghost in 'Don Juan,' who says, 'Che si pasce di
+cibo celeste non si pasce di cibo mortale,' for though rigorously
+obedient to the prescribed fasts of the Church, she devours flesh
+enough on other days to suffice for those on which it is
+forbidden; and on the meagre days she indemnifies herself by any
+quantity of fish, vegetables, and _sucreries_ of all kinds. It is
+only like eating her first course on Thursday and her second on
+Friday.
+
+After dinner we sent for the most famous guide, with the
+magnificent name of Pietro Stupendo, called 'Stupendous' from his
+frequent use of that adjective in pointing out the views. His
+real name is Barbarossa, which is nearly as fine. We went to see
+the sun set from the Villa d'Este a very fine villa, with clipped
+trees, waterworks, and all the usual beauties of Italian villas.
+It belongs to the Duke of Modena, is uninhabited, and falling to
+decay for want of care and attention. Thence to the Temple of the
+Sybil or Vesta [6] (for it goes by both names), which is very
+airy and graceful, and perched on the point of a rock, but its
+effect spoiled by being embedded in dirty, ugly houses. The fall
+below was made by Bernini, and is very pretty, but not grand, and
+it looks rather artificial. We saw it from what is called the
+Grotto of Neptune. At night I returned again, but nobody else
+would stir out. I went down to the fall, and had bundles of hay
+lit on the rock above, and some blue lights called _lumi di
+Bengala_, a sort of firework, put in the temple, and the effect
+was beautiful. The reflected light upon the cascade, and the
+light and shade upon the rocks, and the temple made visible
+through the darkness by the soft blue flame, without any of the
+background of buildings appearing, were very fine, and in the
+obscurity it seemed much more extensive and natural. I saw this
+first from the Grotto of Neptune, and then from the opposite
+height.
+
+      [6] I believe it to be the Sybil's Temple. There is a
+          frightful square building close to it they call the
+          Sybil's Temple, but I do not see by what authority.
+          Nibby says it is Vesta, but everybody else says the
+          Sybil.-- FORSYTH, CRAMER, &c.
+
+[Page Head: TIVOLI]
+
+Yesterday morning we were to have started on the _giro_ of Tivoli
+at six, but as women are never ready, and a good deal of eating
+and drinking was to be gone through before we got under weigh, we
+were not off till near eight. The consequence was that we got
+into the heat, and lost the colouring of the early morning, and
+those lights and shades on which great part of the beauty of this
+scenery depends. I was altogether disappointed; the hills are
+either quite bare or covered with olives, the most tiresome of
+trees; the falls are all artificial, and though the view at the
+foot of the largest (or as near as you can approach it) is
+beautiful, on the whole no part of the scenery answered my
+expectations. The water falls in eleven separate cascades (above
+and below), and sinking into the gulf appears to boil up again in
+clouds of spray, but the artificial channel above is distinctly
+visible. There is an ancient bridge over the Anio and part of a
+road up to Tivoli in wonderful preservation. Our party pleased
+their imaginations by thinking that Augustus and Mecaenas had
+probably gone cheek by jowl over the road and bridge, but
+Stupendous told me it was built by Valerian, A.D. 253, though he
+had no notion who Valerian was, except that he was an Emperor.
+There are some curious remains of Mecaenas's Villa, particularly
+the places (if they are really so) where the slaves were kept,
+which are just like cellars. I cannot remember seeing any
+apartments destined for slaves at Pompeii, but from all one sees
+or hears and reads of the Roman slaves, they must have been
+treated in a manner that it is inconceivable they should have
+endured, considering their numbers, and of what they were
+generally composed--barbarian prisoners or free citizens reduced
+to servitude. We ended the _giro_ at the Villa d'Este, and
+breakfasted on the terrace; the rest of the party then retired to
+sleep and play at cards at the inn, and I started with Stupendous
+to see the remains of an ancient city, and some specimens of
+Cyclopean walls, about four or five miles off. The first place is
+called Ventidius Bassa's, because that gentleman had a villa
+there, built on the ruins of a little Cyclopean town, where there
+are still some walls standing. From thence to Mitriano, which
+must have been a large town, the vestiges still covering several
+hills, and the remains of walls being very large; there is
+nothing left but a few broken fluted columns, and one flat marble
+stone perfect, with an inscription. This jaunt was hardly worth
+the trouble.
+
+When I came back from Mitriano, I went down to the Grotto of the
+Syrens, from whence the view of the cascade is much finer than
+from the other grotto, and really grand; but the path is very
+slippery from the clouds of spray constantly falling over it. I
+did not go quite to the grotto, for Stupendous told me he had
+nearly slipped down the rock and cracked his crown; so I declined
+running that risk, but saw just as well, for I went nearly to the
+bottom.
+
+At half-past four we went to Adrian's Villa, with which I was as
+much delighted as I was disappointed with Tivoli. Nothing can be
+more picturesque than the ruins, and nothing gives such an idea
+of the grandeur of the ancient masters of the world. They are six
+miles in circumference, and the remains are considerable, though
+not very distinct, but it is very easy to perceive that they are
+the ruins of a villa, or a collection of ornamental and luxurious
+buildings, and not of a town, which from their size they might
+be. Almost all the ruins of antiquity that adorn Rome were found
+here, or in Caracalla's Baths, which latter were supplied from
+this stock--all the Albani collection, most of the Museo
+Borbonico at Naples, and half the Vatican. The Albani collection
+was made by a nephew of Clement XI., the Albani Pope. They say
+only one-fourth has been excavated. The ruins are overgrown with
+ivy and all sorts of creepers. The grounds are full of pines and
+cypresses of great size, and it is altogether one of the most
+interesting and beautiful spots I have seen in Italy. The Villa
+Adriani now belongs to Duke Braschi, nephew of Pius VI. He has
+not excavated, but the truth is that there is little temptation
+to individuals to do so. The Government have taken all the ruins
+under their protection, and no proprietor is allowed to destroy
+any part of them. So far so good, but if he digs and finds
+anything, he may not sell it; the Government reserves to itself a
+right of pre-emption, and should he be offered a large sum by any
+foreigner for any object he may find, he is not allowed to take
+it, although the Government may not choose to buy it at the same
+price. They will fix a fair, but not a fancy price, but the
+vendor is often obliged, when they do buy it, to wait many years
+for his money. Albani employed 1,000 men to excavate.
+
+We came back in a deliciously cool evening. The Duchess wanted us
+to keep with her carriage (she had a pair and we had four
+horses), for fear she should be robbed--for she had heard that
+somebody had been robbed somewhere a little while ago--which we
+promised; but our postilions set off in a gallop, we fell asleep,
+and they were left to their fate.
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+_At night._--This morning as I was sitting at Torlonia's reading
+the newspapers, a woman came in, whom Luigi Chiaveri soon after
+begged to introduce to me. She was a Mrs. Kelly, of whose history
+I had already heard, and I told Chiaveri I would assist her if I
+could. She told me her case in detail. The short of it is this:--
+She and her daughter (who is very pretty) got acquainted at
+Florence with a family of Swifts. Young Swift seeing the girl was
+good-looking, and hearing she was rich, made up to her, gained
+her affections (as they call it), and proposed to marry her. She
+agreed, provided her mother did. They came to Rome. Swift
+followed, established himself at the same inn, and wrote to the
+mother to propose himself. The mother declined. He wrote a second
+letter--same reply. He then prevailed on the girl to promise not
+to give him up, but failed in persuading her to elope with him.
+She said she would marry him when she was of age. He pressed her
+to give him a written promise to this effect before witnesses.
+After some hesitation she agreed, and one evening (having been
+previously appointed by him) she met him in another room, where
+she found a priest and two men. She signed two papers without
+reading them, heard a short form muttered over, which she did not
+understand, and then was told to run downstairs again. A few days
+after she got uneasy as to what had happened, and confessed it
+all to her mother, who immediately conceived that this was a
+marriage ceremony into which she had been inveigled. She told her
+lover what she had done, who asked her what her mother had said.
+She told him that her mother fancied that it was a marriage, but
+that she had told her it was not, when he informed her it was,
+and this was the first intimation he gave her of the sort, and
+the first time he had given her to understand that he regarded
+her as his wife. She reproached him with his duplicity and the
+imposition he had practised on her, and told him she would have
+no more to say to him. This took place in St. Peter's one Friday
+at vespers. Soon after they went to Naples, where Swift followed,
+and wrote to her mother saying he had married her daughter, and
+asking her forgiveness; that she might fancy the marriage was not
+valid, but she would find it was, having been celebrated by an
+abbe, witnessed by the nephew of a cardinal, and the certificate
+signed by a cardinal, with the knowledge of the Pope. She sent no
+answer, when he begged an interview, which she granted, and then
+he told her that he was a Catholic, and that her daughter had
+become so too, and had signed an act of abjuration of the
+Protestant religion. The mother and daughter, however, declined
+having anything to do with him, and the latter declared that she
+had never changed her religion at all. He then claimed her as his
+wife, and tried to prevail on Hill and Lushington (Sir Henry
+Lushington, Consul--the present Lord Berwick, Minister) to
+prevent their leaving Naples. They declined to interfere, and
+advised the mother to go home, and let the matter be settled
+between them in England. She took the hint and set off. He
+followed, and overtook them at Rome, and there, by representations
+to the civil and religious authorities that they were taking away
+his wife to prevent her being a Catholic, and make her relapse to
+the Protestant faith, he got them to interfere, and their
+passports were refused. Such is their story. They have nobody to
+advise, assist, or protect them.
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+I went to La Ferronays, who was all good-nature, and said he
+would go with me to Cardinal Albani; but I went first to the
+hotel and saw the girl alone, who corroborated all her mother had
+said. I wrote down her evidence, and made her sign it, and then
+went with the Ambassador to the Cardinal in the Quirinal Palace.
+The door of his cabinet was locked, but after a sort of _abbe
+suisse_ had knocked a little he came and opened it, and in we
+went. He did not recollect my name the last time I saw him, nor
+my person this. La Ferronays explained the business, with which
+he was already acquainted, partly through Kestner (the Hanoverian
+Minister) and partly through the Roman authorities, who had given
+him the case of the adventurer, for such he seems to be. The
+Cardinal seemed disposed to do nothing (Bunsen assures me he is a
+very sensible man, and right-headed and well disposed), and said
+she was married. We said, not at all. Then he hummed and hawed,
+and stammered and slobbered, and talked of the 'case being in the
+hands of the Saint Office [the Inquisition!!] under the eyes of
+his Holiness. What could he do?' We fired off a tirade against
+the infamy of the action, said that the English tribunals ought
+to decide upon the validity of the marriage, that all they wanted
+was to go home, that the man might follow and make his claim good
+if he could, and that the story (if they were detained here)
+would make a noise in England, and would be echoed back to France
+by the press of both countries, and that it was very desirable to
+avoid such a scandal. He seemed struck with this, and said it
+would be best to send them off to settle their disputes at home,
+but that they must have patience, that time was necessary and the
+case must be examined. We were obliged to be contented with this,
+and saying we were sure the case was in good hands (which I
+doubt, for he would leave it there if he dared), with many
+scrapes and compliments we took our leave. The girl has never
+dared to show her face, for fear of being carried off by the
+lover or shut up in a convent by the Grand Inquisitor, so I
+tranquillised their minds and sent them out an airing. In the
+evening I spoke to Monsignore Spada, who has promised to help to
+get up a case in Italian, if it should be wanted.
+
+Dined with M. de la Ferronays, and went to his villa (Mattei)
+afterwards. He has been perfect in this affair, full of
+prompt kindness; but what a Government! how imbecile, how
+superannuated!--a Minister of ninety almost, a sovereign of whom
+all that can be said is that he is a great canonist, and all that
+little bubbling and boiling of priestery and monkery, which is at
+once odious, mischievous, and contemptible, a sort of extinct
+volcano, all the stink of the sulphur without any of the
+splendour of the eruption. They want the French again sadly.
+English subjects detained by the Inquisition in 1830!! La
+Ferronays advised me to ask the Pope for a moment of audience,
+and to request him to see the girl himself, and interrogate her,
+and learn the truth, of the case.
+
+I had just done writing the above when a note came from La
+Ferronays with the passports for the Kellys, which Albani had
+sent him, so I had only to thank the Cardinal instead of
+mentioning it to the Pope. I did not think he would have been so
+quick. How enchanted they will be to-morrow morning!
+
+
+[Page Head: MISS KELLY'S ADVENTURE]
+
+May 29th, 1830 {p.382}
+
+At ten Kestner called for Lovaine and me, and we went to the
+Pope.[7] His Court is by no means despicable. A splendid suite of
+apartments at the Quirinal with a very decent attendance of Swiss
+Guards, Guardie Nobili, Chamberlains--generally ecclesiastics--
+dressed in purple, valets in red from top to toe, of Spanish cut,
+and in the midst of all a barefooted Capuchin. After waiting a
+few minutes, we were introduced to the presence of the Pope by
+the Chamberlain, who knelt as he showed us in. The Pope was alone
+at the end of a very long and handsome apartment, sitting under a
+canopy of state in an arm-chair, with a table before him covered
+with books and papers, a crucifix, and a snuff-box. He received
+us most graciously, half rising and extending his hand, which we
+all kissed. His dress was white silk, and very dirty, a white
+silk skullcap, red silk shoes with an embroidered cross, which
+the faithful kiss. He is a very nice, squinting old twaddle, and
+we liked him. He asked us if we spoke Italian, and when we
+modestly answered, a little, he began in the most desperately
+unintelligible French I ever heard; so that, though no doubt he
+said many excellent things, it was nearly impossible to
+comprehend any of them; but he talked with interest of our King's
+health, of the antiquities, and Vescovali, of Lucien Buonaparte
+and his extortion (for his curiosities), said when he was
+Cardinal he used to go often to Vescovali. He is, in fact, a
+connoisseur. Talked of quieting religious dissensions in England
+and the Catholic question; and when I said, 'Tres-Saint Pere, le
+Roi mon maitre n'a pas de meilleurs sujets que ses sujets
+catholiques,' his eyes whirled round in their sockets like
+teetotums, and he grinned from ear to ear. After about a quarter
+of an hour he bade us farewell: we kissed his hand and backed out
+again. We then went to the Cardinal, whom I thanked warmly for
+his prompt attention to my request in having given the passports
+to _my protegees_. It is the etiquette in the Court of the
+Quirinal for the servants to descend from behind the carriage,
+and the horses to go a foot pace.
+
+      [7] [The Pope was Pius VIII. (Francisco Xavierio
+          Castiglioni), whose reign was a very short one, for he
+          succeeded Leo XII. in March 1829, and was succeeded by
+          Gregory XVI. in December, 1830.]
+
+After this audience I took the passport to the Kellys. The mother
+was in bed, but the girl came to me in a transport of gratitude
+and joy. They went off in the evening to Florence. La Ferronays
+advised me to send them off directly, for fear the priests should
+begin to stir in the matter and raise fresh obstacles.
+
+In the afternoon went to Gibson's, the sculptor. He is very
+simple and intelligent, and appears to be devoted to his art.
+There is a magnificent Venus, composed from various models, like
+Zeuxis's statue of Juno at Crotona.
+
+          Quando Zeusi l'immagine far volse
+          Che par dovea nel tempio di Giunone,
+          E tante belle nude insieme accolse,
+          E per una farne in perfezione,
+          Da chi, una parte, e da chi, un' altra tolse.
+
+
+May 31st, 1830 {p.383}
+
+Yesterday the advocate to whom I had advised Mrs. Kelly to go
+came to me, and said he could not understand what she said, and
+she had desired him to call on me. I told him the story, and he
+said he would look into it and see what was to be done. I had
+advised her before she went to consult an Italian lawyer as to
+the necessary steps to be taken here in order to prove the
+invalidity of the marriage in England. This man, whose name is
+Dottore Belli, was recommended to me by Monsignore Spada as a
+clever lawyer, and particularly good for the case, because
+brother of one of the judges (or other officer) in the Vicar-General's
+court. But I suppose he has less influence over the brother than
+the brother over him, for this morning he sent me a very civil
+but formal letter, saying 'the parties were married, and had
+abjured after instruction received'--evidently a letter dictated
+by the court or by his brother, or at all events by some
+ecclesiastical interest. They evidently want to make the marriage
+good to save their own credit, but there is a great mystery in
+the whole affair. Cardinal Weld told La Ferronays that they had
+not yet found the priest who had performed the ceremony. Bunsen
+at my request undertook to enquire into the affair, but up to the
+present moment (June 13th) he has only made the case more
+confused and inexplicable.[8]
+
+      [8] The conclusion of this affair is not less curious than
+          its commencement. The parties returned to this country.
+          Swift sued Miss Kelly in the Ecclesiastical Court for
+          the restitution of conjugal rights. After much delay
+          the case was elaborately argued before Sir John
+          Nicholl, who at very great length pronounced judgment
+          against the validity of the marriage. Swift appealed to
+          the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, when the
+          sentence of the Court below was reversed, and the
+          ceremony at Rome decided to be a good and binding
+          marriage. The parties were thus irrevocably made man
+          and wife, and after some time had elapsed their mutual
+          friends and relations set on foot a negotiation for a
+          reconciliation, and eventually Miss Kelly agreed to
+          live with Mr. Swift, on condition that the marriage
+          ceremony should be regularly performed, which was
+          accordingly done: certain settlements were made, and
+          they are now (for all I know to the contrary) living
+          happily and harmoniously together. [The further
+          proceedings in this cause are described in the second
+          volume of this Journal, when they came before the Privy
+          Council.]
+
+[Page Head: SAINT-MAKING]
+
+To-day there was a grand ceremony of the transportation of the
+standard of a new saint (that is, one made about fifty years ago)
+from St. Peter's to San Lorenzo in Lucina, his own church. This
+saint is San Francisco Carraccioli, a Neapolitan. All the
+peasantry came in, covered with religious gewgaws, and the
+streets were crowded. There was a balcony at the Cardinal's as
+for the Girandola, but the Duc de Dalberg and I went to the
+Piazza di San Pietro, and saw it there; it was curious. First
+came the guards; then the footmen of the cardinals in State
+liveries, four for each, carrying torches; the clergy of various
+orders with chandeliers, crucifixes, immense crosses, standards,
+and all with torches; a long file of Jesuits, whose appearance
+was remarkable, so humble and absorbed did they look; bands of
+music and soldiers, the whole reaching from the door of
+St. Peter's to the other side of the Castle of St. Angelo. This
+procession made the _giro_ of the city, for we fell in with it
+again in the Piazza della Colonna two hours afterwards. The
+Church of San Lorenzo and the adjoining houses were illuminated,
+and there was a picture, inscription, &c., stuck up over the
+door. The Cardinal Galetti, who is the patron of this order,
+asked the General of the Jesuits to send some of his flock to
+swell the procession, which he was desirous of making as
+brilliant as possible. The General excused himself on the ground
+that the Jesuits were not in the habit of attending processions.
+The Cardinal complained to the Pope of the General's refusal. The
+next time the Pope saw him (he goes once a week to the Quirinal
+to make his report), after discussing all their matters of
+business and giving him the benediction, just as he was leaving
+the room, the Pope called after him, 'O reverend Father, I hope
+you will not send less than a hundred of your Jesuits to the
+procession to-morrow.' The General was thunderstruck, but obliged
+to obey. This ecclesiastical anecdote makes a noise here. The
+present General is a Belgian, and a man of great ability. The
+Jesuits have a college here, and a seminary; a hundred in the
+one, and three hundred in the other.
+
+The process of saint-making is extremely curious. There are three
+grades of saintship: the first, for which I forget the name,
+requires irreproachable moral conduct; the second (beatification),
+two well-proved miracles; the third (sanctification), three. It
+costs an immense sum of money to effect the whole, in some cases
+as much as 100,000 piastres. The process begins by an application
+to the Pope, on the part of the relatives of the candidate, or on
+that of the confraternity, if they belong to a religious order.
+The Pope refers the question to a tribunal, and the claimants are
+obliged to appear with their proofs, which are severely
+scrutinised, and the miracles are only admitted upon the
+production of the most satisfactory evidence. Individuals
+continually subscribe for this purpose, particularly for members
+of religious orders, in order to increase the honour or glory of
+the society. These trials last many years, sometimes for
+centuries. There is a Princess of Sardinia, sister of the late
+King, who died lately, and they want to make a saint of her. The
+money (estimated at 100,000 piastres) is ready, but they cannot
+rout out a miracle by any means, so that they are at a dead
+stand-still before the second step. Nobody can be sanctified till
+two hundred years after their death, but they may arrive at the
+previous grades before that, and the proofs may be adduced and
+registered.
+
+
+June 1st, 1830 {p.386}
+
+Yesterday news came of the change in the French Ministry,[9] of
+which La Ferronays knew nothing the night before, and from which
+Dalberg anticipates an increase of desperate measures on the part
+of the Court. Went in the morning to Gibson's; in the evening to
+the Orti Sallustiani, one of the many objects here not worth
+seeing, though they show two great holes in a wall, which they
+call the Campo Scelerato, and they say it is the place where the
+frail vestals were buried. Coming back we met the Pope taking a
+drive--two coaches-and-four, with guards and outriders. We got
+out of the carriage and took off our hats, and our _laquais de
+place_ dropped on his knees. The Pope was in white, two people
+sitting opposite to him, and as he passed he scattered a
+blessing. All persons kneel when he appears--that is, all
+Catholics. The equipage was not brilliant. To the Corsini Villa,
+the gardens of which are some of the shadiest and most agreeable
+in Rome, but nobody inhabits the palace. The Corsinis live at
+Florence, and when they come here they lodge elsewhere, for the
+malaria, they say, occupies their domain. Thus it is that between
+poverty and malaria Rome is deserted by its great men. But the
+population ought to be increasing, for almost every woman one
+meets is with child. Gell denies the malaria, says he should not
+mind living where they say it is dangerous to live; but can this
+be matter of opinion?
+
+      [9] [Charles X. had signed the decree for the dissolution
+          of the existing Chamber of Deputies on the 16th of May:
+          on the 19th of May another ordinance appointed M. de
+          Chantelauze to the Ministry of Justice, M. de Peyronnet
+          to the Interior, M. de Montbel to the Finances, and M.
+          Capelle to the Department of Public Works. These
+          appointments, more especially that of M. de Peyronnet,
+          were deemed in the highest degree hostile to the
+          Liberal party.]
+
+[Page Head: SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA]
+
+In the evening looked into the Church and Piazza of San Lorenzo
+in Lucina. The church is hung with drapery, adorned with statues,
+and illuminated by innumerable wax candles. The piazza is
+illuminated too, and drapery hung out from the windows. There
+were crowds of people, lines of chairs, and boys bawling to the
+people to come and sit upon them; others selling lemonade, others
+the life and exploits of the saint on penny papers; a band of
+military music on a scaffolding, and guards patrolling about.
+Between the intervals of the band the bells, in discordant
+chorus, regaled 'the ears of the groundlings.' This strange,
+discordant scene, the foundation of which is religious, but which
+has but little of the appearance of religion in it, lasts eight
+successive days, and costs a vast sum of money--they say 9,000
+scudi--the greatest part of which is furnished by the Government.
+It probably answers some end, for it is difficult to conceive
+that any Government, even this, should spend money, of which they
+have so little to spare, on these fooleries while poverty
+overspreads the land. This ceremony has not taken place before
+for a hundred years. The sight is certainly very gay. Close by,
+in the Palazzo Mani, is a theatre of marionettes, who play a
+comedy of Goldoni. The Duke Fiani lets part of his palace for
+this purpose. What an exhibition of wretchedness! He reserves a
+box which his servants let to anybody, whether on his account or
+their own I don't know.
+
+_Evening._--Went before dinner to the Villa Madama, a ruined
+villa belonging to the royal house of Naples, with fine paintings
+still on the walls and ceilings, the vestiges of former luxury,
+and a capital view of Rome, the Tiber, the Milvian Bridge, and
+the mountains. After dinner to the San Gregorio to see the
+frescoes, the 'Martyrdom of St. Andrew,' the rival frescoes of
+Guido and Domenichino, and afterwards drove about till dark, when
+we went to a most extraordinary performance--that of the
+Flagellants. I had heard of it, and had long been curious to
+assist at it. The church was dimly lit by a few candles on the
+altar, the congregation not numerous. There was a service, the
+people making the responses, after which a priest, or one of the
+attendants of the church, went round with a bundle of whips of
+knotted cord, and gave one to each person who chose to take it. I
+took mine, but my companion laughed so at seeing me gravely
+accept the whip, that he was obliged to hide his face in his
+hands, and was passed over. In a few minutes the candles were
+extinguished, and we were left in total darkness. Then an
+invisible preacher began exhorting his hearers to whip themselves
+severely, and as he went on his vehemence and passion increased.
+Presently a loud smacking was heard all round the church, which
+continued a few minutes; then the preacher urged us to fresh
+exertions, and crack went the whips again louder and faster than
+before as he exhorted. The faithful flogged till a bell rang; the
+whips stopped, in a few minutes the candles were lit again, and
+the priest came round and collected his cords. I had squeezed
+mine in my hands, so that he did not see it, and I brought it
+away with me. As soon as the candles were extinguished the doors
+were locked, so that nobody could go out or come in till the
+discipline was over. I was rather nervous when we were locked up
+in total darkness, but nobody whipped me, and I certainly did not
+whip myself. A more extraordinary thing (for sight it can't be
+called) I never witnessed. I don't think the people stripped,
+nor, if they did, that the cords could have hurt them much. From
+thence to St. Peter's, where we found the _quarant' ore_ and the
+high altar illuminated with heaps of candles. Only a few lights
+scattered at a great distance through the rest of the church,
+very few people there; but the dim light, the deep shades, the
+vast space, and the profound stillness were sublime. Certainly
+nothing in the world can approach St. Peter's, and it always
+presents something new to admire.
+
+From St. Peter's to the Vatican, to see the statues by
+torchlight. The effect is wonderful, and totally unlike that
+which is produced by day. The finest statues unquestionably gain
+the most, and it is easy, after seeing this, to understand why
+most of the best are found in the baths; a better notion, too,
+may be formed of their magnificence. It would seem as if some
+statues had been formed expressly to be thus exhibited. There is
+a mutilated statue they call a Niobe (God knows why), with
+drapery blown back by the wind and appearing quite transparent.
+This effect cannot be produced by daylight.
+
+
+[Page Head: BUNSEN'S ACCOUNT OF ROME]
+
+June 2nd, 1830
+
+Called on Bunsen, who has not yet got an answer from the agent he
+sent to the office of the Grand Vicar. I had a long conversation
+with him about the expediency of appointing an English Minister
+or agent of some sort at Rome, which he thinks very desirable and
+very feasible, upon the same plan on which the diplomatic
+relations of Prussia with Rome are conducted, and which he says
+go on very smoothly, and without embarrassment or inconvenience.
+There is good faith on both sides. The Catholic bishops do not
+attempt to deceive the Government, and he thinks that the Court
+of Rome does not attempt to hold any clandestine intercourse with
+the Prussian States. He says Albani is a sensible man; that the
+cardinals are bigoted and prejudiced, hostile to England, and
+most of them forgetful of all the See of Rome owes to our
+country; but they are still aware that, in the hour of danger, it
+is to England and the Protestant countries they must look for
+protection, as they found it when Austria wanted to strip them of
+the March of Ancona. He thinks there is much superstition among
+the lower classes, little religion among any, great immorality in
+all; the same desire of intriguing and extending its influence
+which the Romish Church has always had, but with very diminished
+means and resources. The Inquisition is still active in
+repressing heresy among Roman subjects, but not venturing to
+meddle with the opinions of foreigners. Its principles and its
+forms are the same as in former times. He says we have an
+inefficient Consul at Ancona, who was put in by Canning on
+account of his Liverpool connections. It would be very desirable
+to establish a regular Protestant church in Rome, with an able
+and permanent minister; but there is only an occasional church,
+with anybody who will serve in it, and who is paid by the
+congregation; but such a man is totally unable to cope with the
+Catholic preachers, and consequently many converts are made to
+the Catholic religion. A Consul-General at Rome might answer the
+purpose of an agent, and, without being an accredited Minister,
+perform all the functions of one. This was the pith of what he
+said, besides a great deal about the Catholic religion itself,
+its inferiority to the Reformed, its incompatibility with free
+institutions, and a good deal more, not much to the purpose.
+Bunsen is a man of very considerable information, learned, very
+obliging, and communicative, sensible, moderate, but rather
+prejudiced. At this moment he is full of the French expedition
+[to Algiers], and their colonising projects, of which he is
+thoroughly persuaded and not a little afraid.
+
+The Duc de Dalberg told me that at the Congress of Vienna he was
+deputed to speak to Consalvi about ceding the March of Ancona to
+the Austrians. He answered, 'My dear Duke, the Congress can treat
+us as it pleases. If we are pressed, we must retreat to the
+walls; further we cannot go, and we are there already.' The
+Cardinal afterwards spoke to the Emperor, and the next day
+Metternich said he had orders from the Emperor to declare that he
+would take nothing from the Pontifical States without the free
+concurrence of the Pope; so there ended that question.
+
+[Page Head: FRASCATI]
+
+_At night._--Just returned from Frascati with Henry de Ros--a
+very agreeable expedition. We went to the inn, a most execrable
+hotel, but dined very well on a repast we had the foresight to
+take with us. Before dinner went to the Villa Conti, which has a
+delicious garden, with fine trees and ample shade, and one of the
+prettiest falls of water I have seen. The house we did not enter,
+but it appeared small. To the Villa Marconi, without any garden,
+but a capital house, and the only one which looks well kept and
+inhabited. The Marconi house in the Conti garden would be
+perfect. After dinner to Tusculum, a beautiful walk under shade,
+with magnificent views over the Campagna on one side and Monte
+Cavo, Rocca di Papa, and the Prati d'Annibale on the other. The
+remains at Tusculum are next to nothing, part of a theatre, of an
+aqueduct, and of the walls. I believe the town was destroyed by
+Pope Celestine III. (1191), in order to extirpate a band of
+robbers which had long infested the country and made Tusculum
+their stronghold. All the country hereabout is beautiful, and the
+air excellent, so that a more perfect residence cannot be
+imagined. To the Villa Belvidere, belonging to Prince Aldobrandini,
+deserted and neglected, but very enjoyable, full of childish
+waterworks, but a good house, which is to be hired for L150 a
+year, and might be made very comfortable. Here is Mount
+Parnassus, and the water turns an organ, and so makes Apollo and
+the Muses utter horrid sounds, and a Triton has a horn which he
+is made to blow, producing a very discordant noise. I fell in
+with Lady Sandwich, and went back to tea with her at a villa
+which belonged to the Cardinal York. There are the royal arms of
+England, a bust of the Cardinal, and a picture of his father or
+brother. We also went to the Rufinella, whence the view is
+extremely fine; this was Lucien Buonaparte's villa, and the scene
+of the capture of a painter and a steward by the banditti, who
+carried them off from the door of the villa and took them into
+the Abruzzi, which may be descried from the terrace. The cicerone
+who went with us (a tiresome and chattering fellow) told us that
+he had attended Queen Caroline, that they had come to him for
+evidence against her, and he had declared he knew nothing; but he
+said he could have deposed to some things unfavourable to her,
+having seen her and Bergami together and witnessed their
+familiarity.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROTESTANT STATES AND ROME]
+
+June 4th, 1830 {p.391}
+
+Yesterday rode round the walls. In the evening to the Vatican,
+and afterwards to Bunsen's. He gave me his memorandum to read,
+which is contained in a letter to Wilmot Horton of the 28th of
+December, 1828, upon the settlement of the Catholic question, and
+his view of the mode in which it might be done. He approves of
+Wilmot's plan, not knowing at that time that the Duke had
+resolved to grant unqualified emancipation. In this paper he
+describes the existing arrangements between the other Protestant
+Powers and the Court of Rome, and states in what manner he thinks
+we might pursue a similar course. It is well done, and his ideas
+appear to me very clear and sound. It is pretty evident that we
+should meet with no difficulties here, and that they would
+practically agree to everything we should require, provided we
+did not insist upon their doing so in specific terms. Our
+difficulties would arise from the extreme parties at home--the
+ultra-Catholics and the ultra-Protestants--but a steady hand
+might steer betwixt them both. Bunsen describes what has been
+done in Prussia, Hanover, Netherlands, and the minor German
+States; the Prussian arrangements appear to be the wisest. When
+the King of Prussia began to negotiate, he did not allow his
+Ministers to enter upon any discussion of principles, nor to ask
+for any express sanction of the _status quo_. On the other hand
+he did not prescribe to the Church of Rome the canonical form in
+which an express or tacit acknowledgment of the claims and rights
+of the Crown was to be made as to the secularisation of Church
+property. The Netherlands went on a different plan, and framed a
+constitution of the Roman Catholic Church in their dominions,
+called a Pragmatic Sanction, which they wanted the Pope to
+acknowledge. The Hanoverian Government also wished to conclude a
+formal treaty, and oblige the Pope to sanction certain civil
+regulations concerning Church government. He observes that the
+Court of Rome will appear ignorant of, and thus tacitly
+acknowledge, many things which it never will nor can expressly
+sanction and approve.
+
+Throughout Germany, both Catholic and Protestant, all
+correspondence between the clergy and the Pope goes through the
+Government by the law of the country--all matters public and
+private--the Pope's bulls and briefs are returned in the same
+way; and whenever any of these contain expressions which run
+against the national laws, the _placet regium_ is only given with
+clauses reserving the rights of the Crown, and annulling what is
+irreconcilable with the civil law. The Court of Rome is quite
+aware of this practice, and the legations of Bavaria and Austria,
+as well as those of Prussia and Hanover, present the respective
+petitions of their clergy through their Roman agents. Bunsen says
+nothing can be practically more established, but that no
+consideration would induce the Pope formally to sanction the
+practice in a treaty.
+
+In the arrangements respecting the appointment of bishops and
+dignitaries, Prussia proposed the establishment of chapters, with
+the same right of election which had existed before the French
+Revolution. The smaller States of Germany followed a similar
+plan. Hanover proposed and obtained a veto. The chapter presents
+a list; the Government strikes out any name, but must leave two,
+out of which the chapter may elect, but in case of irregularity
+or inconvenience the chapter may make a second list. The
+Netherlands have the same system of limited veto and second list,
+and the confidential brief in addition.[10] The chapters have the
+right of election, the Pope of confirmation, by canonical
+institution as the necessary condition of the bishop's consecration;
+but besides a confidential brief was agreed on desiring the
+chapter not to elect as bishop a person 'minus gratam serenissimo
+regi;' this ensures respect to the royal recommendation.
+
+     [10] [These facts, originally suggested by Bunsen at Rome to
+          Mr. Greville were afterwards used by him as the basis
+          of his argument for the establishment of diplomatic
+          relations with the Court of Rome in his book on the
+          'Policy of England to Ireland,' published in 1845.]
+
+
+June 5th, 1830 {p.393}
+
+Yesterday morning called on M. de la Ferronays, but only saw him
+for a minute, for the Austrian Ambassador arrived, and I was
+obliged to go. He is in great alarm as well as sorrow at the
+appointment of M. de Peyronnet[11] and the aspect of affairs in
+France. He told me that he had so little idea of this appointment
+that he would have guessed anybody rather than that man, who was
+so odious that he had been rejected for three successive places,
+for the representation of which he had stood when he was
+Minister; that Villele, with all his influence, could not get him
+elected; and that in the Chamber of Peers he had been so
+intemperate that he had been repeatedly called to order, a thing
+which hardly ever occurred; that the Government had evidently
+thrown away the scabbard by naming him on the eve of a general
+election, and thus offering a sort of insult to the whole nation;
+that it rendered his own position here very disagreeable,
+although his was an ecclesiastical and not a political mission,
+and that he in fact considered it only as an honourable retreat;
+yet he had written to Polignac the moment the news reached him,
+saying that if he considered him as in the least degree
+implicated politically with his Government he should immediately
+resign, and that if he found by his answer that he looked upon
+him as in the remotest degree connected with their measures he
+should instantly retire. I saw Dalberg afterwards, who appears to
+me deeply alarmed. He looks with anxiety to the Duke of
+Wellington as the only man whose authority or interference can
+arrest the French Ministry in the career which must plunge France
+into a civil war, if not create a general war in Europe. He
+believes that Metternich and the Austrians are backing up Charles
+X., and that, in case of any troubles, they will, in virtue of
+the Treaty of Chaumont, pour troops into France. His hope, then,
+is that the Duke will interpose and prevent this Austrian
+interference.
+
+     [11] [M. de Peyronnet was the Garde des Sceaux in the
+          Polignac Cabinet: he was considered one of the most
+          reactionary members of that ill-fated Administration.]
+
+When La Ferronays told Polignac his opinion of the course he was
+beginning, the other only said, 'Mon cher, tu ne connais pas le
+pays.' The King told Dalberg himself that he would rather labour
+for his bread than be King of England; that it was not being a
+king. In his presence, too, he asked General ----, the Governor
+of Paris, what was the disposition of the troops, and he
+answered, 'Excellent, sir; I have been in all the _casernes_, and
+they desire nothing so much as to fight for your Majesty;' and
+such words as these the King swallows and acts upon. Their
+confidence, audacity, and presumption are certainly admirable,
+disdaining any art and management, and apparently anxious to
+bring about a crisis with the least possible delay.
+
+
+[Page Head: POLIGNAC AND VILLELE]
+
+June 7th, 1830 {p.394}
+
+Drove about yesterday taking leave of people and places, the
+former of which I probably shall, and the latter shall not, see
+again. I have seen almost everything, but leave Rome with great
+regret, principally because I am afraid I shall never come again.
+If I was sure of returning I should not mind it.
+
+_Three o'clock._--Have determined to stay till after the Corpus
+Domini. Called on the Cardinal, who received me _a bras ouverts_,
+was full of civilities, and reconducted me to the outward room;
+talked of the Catholics and of the anxiety of his Government to
+see relations established with ours. I was obliged to go and take
+leave of him, for Bruti brought me a message full of politeness
+and a letter to convey to the Nuncio at Paris. Then to La
+Ferronays, who says, as does Dalberg, that he is persuaded it
+will end by the recall of Villele to the Ministry, a compromise
+that all parties will be glad to make--that he has had the
+prudence to decline being a party to Polignac's Administration,
+and when he is called to form one he will have nothing to say to
+Polignac.[12] It certainly will be curious if Villele, after
+being driven from the Government with universal execration, and
+almost proscribed, should in two years be recalled by the general
+voice as the only man who can save France from anarchy and civil
+war. La Ferronays says that Villele is not a great Minister, but
+a clever man, with great ingenuity and the art of management. He
+wishes to be thought like Pitt, who was also obliged to quit the
+Ministry, and afterwards resumed it; and he considers Polignac as
+his Addington, not that the resemblance holds good in any of the
+particulars, either of the men, or the times, or the circumstances.
+
+     [12] [M. de Villele had come to Paris from his country seat
+          in April, and a secret attempt had been made to bring
+          him back to power. Prince Polignac offered him a seat
+          in the Cabinet, but showed no disposition to make way
+          for him. The King feared Villele and preferred
+          Polignac. Yet if M. de Villele had then returned to
+          power, he would probably have saved the monarchy and
+          changed the course of events in Europe. (See Duvergier
+          de Hauranne, 'Histoire du Gouvernement parlementaire en
+          France,' tome x. p. 468; for a narration of these
+          transactions.)]
+
+
+June 8th, 1830 {p.395}
+
+Last night to the La Ferronays', when the Princess Aldobrandini
+was so delighted with the anecdote of my horse-shoe that she is
+gone off to the Pantheon to look at it. It was a full moon and a
+clear night, so I went to the Coliseum, and passed an hour there.
+I never saw it so well; the moon rode above without a cloud, but
+with a brilliant planet close to her; there was not a breath of
+air, not a human being near but the soldiers at the gates below,
+and the monk above with me; not a sound was heard but those
+occasional noises of the night, the bark of a dog, the chimes
+from churches and convents, the chirp of a bird, which only
+served to make silence audible. Though I have seen the Coliseum a
+dozen times before, I never was so delighted with its beauty and
+grandeur as to-night. No description in poetry or painting can do
+it justice; it is a 'wreck of ruinous perfection,' whose charm
+must be felt, and on such a night as this. The measures which the
+Government have taken to save the Coliseum from destruction will
+certainly accomplish that end, but its picturesque appearance
+will be greatly damaged. There is no part of the ruin which is
+not already supported by some modern brickwork, and they are
+building a wall which will nearly surround it. If they had been
+more selfish they would have left it to moulder away, and
+posterity to grumble over their stinginess or indifference. I am
+always tossed backwards and forwards between admiration of the
+Coliseum and St. Peter's, and admire most that which I see last.
+They are certainly 'magis pares quam similes,' but worth
+everything else in Italy put together, except Paestum.
+
+[Page Head: EXCOMMUNICATION OF A THIEF]
+
+To-day the spiritual arms of the Church are to be fulminated
+against a sinner in a case which is rather curious. There are two
+brothers who live at a place called Genezzano, in two adjoining
+houses, which formerly formed but one, belonging to the Colonna
+family, of whom the progenitors of these men bought it. A short
+time ago a man came to the brothers, and told them that in a
+particular spot on the premises there was a treasure concealed,
+the particulars of which he had learned from a memorandum in the
+papers of the Colonna family, to which he had got access, and he
+proposed to discover the same to them, if they would give him a
+part of it. They agreed, when he told them that under a little
+column built against a wall they would find a flat brick,
+covering a hole, in which was an earthen pot containing 2,000
+ducats in gold. The column was there, so at night the brothers
+set to work to take it down, and beneath it they found the flat
+stone as described. When one of them (an apothecary) said to the
+other that, after all, it was probably an invention, that they
+should be laughed at for their pains, and he thought they had
+better give up the search, the other (who must be a great flat)
+said, 'Very well,' and they retired to bed. In the morning the
+apothecary told the other that in the night he could not help
+thinking of this business, and that his curiosity had induced him
+to get up and dig on, and that he had actually found the pot, but
+nothing in it. The other, flat as he was, could not stand this,
+and, on examining the pot, he found marks which, on further
+investigation, turned out to be indications of coin having been
+in it. The thief stuck to his story, so the dupe complained, and,
+as the presumption is considered to be strongly against him, they
+are going to try what excommunication will do. It is remarkable
+that they asked this man if he would swear upon the Host that he
+had not found any money, and this he refused to do, though he
+continued to deny it and to decline restitution. He was accounted
+a very religious man, and these were religious scruples, which,
+however, were not incompatible with robbery and fraud. His
+refusal to swear was taken as a moral evidence of guilt, and he
+was to be excommunicated to-day.
+
+
+June 9th, 1830 {p.397}
+
+Saw Torlonia's house; very fine, and the only one in Rome which
+is comfortably furnished, and looks as if it was inhabited. A
+great many good pictures, and Canova's Hercules and Lycus, which
+I do not admire. In the evening to the Convent of SS. Giovanni e
+Paolo, which is remarkably clean and well kept. There are
+forty-five friars (Passionisti), whose vows were not irrevocable,
+and, though the cases do not often occur, they can lay aside the
+habit if they please. They live on charity. In their garden is a
+beautiful palm, one of three which grow in Rome. They have
+several apartments for strangers who may like to retire to the
+convent for a few days, which are very decently furnished, clean,
+and not uncomfortable. They were at supper when I got there, so
+I went to look at them. They eat in silence at two long tables
+like those in our college halls, and instead of conversation they
+were entertained by some passages of the life of St. Ignatius,
+which a friar was reading from a pulpit. Their supper seemed by
+no means despicable, for I met a smoking _frittura_ which looked
+and smelt very good, and the table was covered with bread, fruit,
+vegetables, and wine. But they fast absolutely three times a
+week, and whip themselves (_la disciplina_) three others. They
+teach theology and _la dogmatica_, and there is a library
+containing (they told me) books of all sorts, though their
+binding (for I only saw them through a trellis) looked desperately
+theological. At night to a very fine _feu d'artifice_ in the
+Piazza San Lorenzo, which ended the festivities in honour of San
+Francisco Caraccioli, whose name appeared emblazoned amidst
+rockets and squibs and crackers, and the uproarious delight of
+the mob. Afterwards to the Pantheon to see it by moonlight, but
+the moon was not exactly over the roof, so it failed, but the
+effect of the partial light and the stars above was fine with the
+torches below half hid behind the columns.
+
+
+June 10th, 1830 {p.398}
+
+I thought I had seen everything here worth seeing, yet, though I
+have been several times to the Capitol, I have somehow missed
+seeing the Palazzo dei Conservatori, containing the famous wolf
+that suckled Romulus and Remus, in bronze, said to have been
+struck by lightning (of which it bears all the marks) the day
+Julius Caesar was killed; the boy picking the thorn from his
+foot; the statue of the first Brutus; the geese of the Capitol
+(which are more like ducks); and the Fasti Consulares. It just
+occurred to me in time, and I went there yesterday morning. After
+dinner to the Villa Ludovisi with the Dalbergs and Aldobrandinis,
+which must owe its celebrity principally to the difficulty of
+getting access to it. I was extremely disappointed; Guercino's
+'Aurora' is not to be compared to Guido's; his 'Day' and 'Night'
+are very fine, and the 'Fame' magnificent, but the ladies bustled
+through so rapidly that it was not possible to examine anything.
+The gardens are large, but all straight walks and clipped hedges.
+The gallery of statues contains three or four fine things, but
+they are huddled together and their effect spoilt.
+
+
+[Page Head: PROCESSION OF THE CORPUS CHRISTI]
+
+June 11th, 1830 {p.399}
+
+Whilst the carriage is getting ready I may as well scribble the
+last day at Rome. And this morning went at eight to the Palazzo
+Accoramboni, to see the procession of the Corpus Domini, and was
+disappointed. This Palazzo Accoramboni, in which we were
+accommodated, belonged to a very rich old man, who was married to
+a young and pretty wife. He died and left her all his fortune,
+but, suspecting that she was attached to a young man who used to
+frequent the house, he made the bequest conditional upon her not
+marrying again, and if she did the whole property was to go to
+some religious order. She was fool enough (and the man too) to
+marry, but clandestinely. She had two children, and this brought
+the marriage to light. They therefore lost the property,
+amounting to L10,000 or L12,000 a year; but the Pope, in his vast
+generosity, allows her out of it 300 piastres (about L65) a year,
+and gives a portion of 1,000 piastres (L200) to each of the
+little girls. It is supposed that she consulted some priest, who
+urged her to marry secretly, and then revealed the fact to the
+order interested. Otherwise it is difficult to account for their
+folly.
+
+The magnificence of ceremonies and processions here depends upon
+the locality, and the awnings and flowers round the piazza spoilt
+it all. It was long and rather tiresome--all the monks and
+religious orders in Rome, the cardinals and the Pope, plenty of
+wax-lights, banners, and crosses, the crosses of Constantine and
+Charlemagne. The former is not genuine; that of Charlemagne is
+really the one he gave to the See. The Pope looks as if he was
+huddled into a short bed, and his throne, or whatever it is
+called, is ill managed. He is supposed to be in the act of
+adoration of the Host, which is raised before him, but as he
+cannot kneel for such a length of time, he sits covered with
+drapery, and with a pair of false legs stuck out behind to give
+his figure the appearance of kneeling. Before him are borne the
+triple crown and other Pontifical ornaments. The Guardia Nobile,
+commanded by Prince Barberini, looked very handsome, and all the
+troops _en tres-belle tenue_. All the Ambassadors and foreigners
+were in this palace, and from it we flocked to St. Peter's, which
+is always a curious sight on these occasions from the multitudes
+in it and the variety of their appearance and occupation--
+cardinals, princes, princesses, mixed up with footmen, pilgrims,
+and peasants. Here, Mass going on at an altar, and crowds
+kneeling round it; there, the Host deposited amidst a peal of
+music at another; in several corners, cardinals dressing or
+undressing, for they all take off the costume they wore in the
+procession and resume their scarlet robes in the church; men
+hurrying about with feathers, banners, and other paraphernalia of
+the day, the peasantry in their holiday attire, and crowds of
+curious idlers staring about. All this is wonderfully amusing,
+and is a scene which presents itself in continual variety. Went
+afterwards and took leave of all my friends--La Ferronays,
+Dalbergs, Bunsens, Lovaines, &c.--and at seven, to my great
+sorrow, left Rome. But as I do all that superstition dictates, I
+drank in the morning a glass of water at the Fountain of Trevi,
+for they say that nobody ever drinks of the Fountain of Trevi
+without returning to Rome.
+
+The road about Narni and Augustus's Bridge is beautifully
+picturesque. I set off directly to the cascade, with which I was
+as much delighted as I was disappointed with that of Tivoli. It
+is difficult to conceive anything more magnificent than the whole
+of this scenery.
+
+
+[Page Head: FALLS OF TERNI]
+
+Florence, June 10th, 1830 {p.400}
+
+The horses were announced, and I was obliged to break off my
+account of Terni and resume it here, where I arrived after a
+tedious journey of forty hours, from Rome.
+
+Most people are dragged up the mountain by _bovi_, see the upper
+part of the fall, and walk down. But as the _bovi_ were not at
+hand, I reversed the usual order, walked to the bottom, and then
+toiled to the top. The walk, which is lovely, lies through the
+grounds of a count, who has a house close to the Nera (the Nera
+(Nar) is the river into which the Velino runs, and in which there
+is very good trout fishing), where the Queen of England once
+lived for a month. At the different points of view are little
+cabins (which would be very picturesque if they were less rudely
+constructed) for the accommodation of artists and other
+travellers. This gentleman has got a house which he reserves for
+the use of artists, of which there are always several on the spot
+during the summer. They pay nothing for the accommodation, but
+each is obliged to leave a drawing when he goes away; and by this
+means he has got an interesting collection, of the scenery of
+Terni. Nothing can be more accurate, as well as beautiful, than
+Byron's description of the cascade, and it is wonderful in his
+magnificent poetry, how he has kept his imagination within the
+bounds of truth, and neither added a circumstance nor lavished an
+epithet to which it is not entitled.
+
+         Horribly beautiful! but on the verge
+         From side to side, beneath the glittering morn,
+         An Iris sits amidst the infernal surge,
+         Like Hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn
+         Its steady dyes, while all around is torn
+         By the distracted waters, bears serene
+         Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn:
+         Resembling, 'mid the torture of the scene,
+         Love watching Madness with unalterable mien.
+
+The rainbows are very various, seen from different points: from
+the middle, where the river rushes from the vortex of the great
+fall to plunge into another, the stream appears to be painted
+with a broad layer of divers colours, never broken or mixed till
+they are tossed up in the cloud of spray, and mingled with it in
+a thousand variegated sparkles. Above, an iris bestrides the
+moist green hill which rises by the side of the fall; and, as the
+spray is whirled up in greater or less abundance, it perpetually
+and rapidly changes its colours, now disappearing altogether, and
+now beaming with the utmost vividness. The man told me that at
+night the moon forms a white rainbow on the hill. There is a
+delicious but dangerous coolness all about the cascade. All the
+scenery about is as beautiful as possible. Just above the great
+fall is the Velinus tearing along in the same channel, which was
+first made for him by the Roman Consul 2,200 years ago--
+
+             Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice--
+
+and there, the guide told me, some years ago a man threw in a
+young and beautiful wife of whom he was jealous. He took her to
+see the cascade, and when he got to this part (which is at the
+end of a narrow path overhung with brushwood) he got rid of the
+boys who always follow visitors, and after some delay returned
+alone, and said the woman had fallen in. One scream had been
+heard, but there was nobody to witness the truth. The mangled
+body was found in the stream below. Jealousy is probably common
+here. As I was walking a man passed me, going in great haste to
+the mountain, but I paid no attention to him. When I got back I
+heard that he was escaping from justice (into the Abruzzi,
+which are in the Neapolitan dominions), having stabbed his
+brother-in-law a few moments before out of jealousy of his wife.
+The wounded man was still alive, but badly hurt. The murderer was
+_un bravo mechanico_.
+
+The mountain and the river have undergone many revolutions. The
+rock through which the present path is cut has been formed
+entirely by petrified deposits, and there are marks in various
+parts of former cascades, from which the water has been turned
+away. Clement VIII. (Aldobrandini) turned the water into its
+present course. At the bottom the old outlet of the Romans is
+dry, but is marked with that solidity which defies time, like all
+their works of this kind. Great part of the road from Terni is
+beautiful, and the Papal towns and villages appear to be in much
+better condition than on the other road. Some of them perched on
+the mountains are remarkably picturesque.
+
+
+Bologna, June 14th, 1830 {p.402}
+
+I went yesterday morning to Pratolino to see the statue of the
+genius of the Apennines, by John of Bologna, six miles from
+Florence. Pratolino was the favourite residence of the famous
+Bianca Capello. The house has been pulled down. It is in a very
+pretty English garden belonging to the Grand Duke, and, I think,
+amazingly grand, but disgraced by presiding over a duck pond.
+They told me that if he stood up (and he looks as if he could if
+he would) he would be thirty _braccia_ in height. I went into his
+head, and surveyed him on all sides. He ought to be placed over
+some torrent, or on the side of a mountain; but as he is, from a
+little distance (whence the ducks and their pond are not visible)
+he is sublime. Myriads of fire-flies sparkled in every bush; they
+are beautiful in a night journey, flitting about like meteors and
+glittering like shooting stars.
+
+[Page Head: MEZZOFANTI]
+
+Dined with Lady Normanby at Sesto, set off at half-past eight,
+and arrived here at nine this morning. The first thing I did was
+to present my letter to Madame de Marescalchi from her sister,
+the Duchesse de Dalberg, who received me graciously and asked me
+to dinner; the next to call on Mezzofanti at the public library,
+whom I found at his desk in the great room, surrounded by a great
+many people reading. He received me very civilly, and almost
+immediately took me into another room, where I had a long
+conversation with him. He seems to be between fifty and sixty
+years of age, short, pale, and thin, and not at all remarkable in
+countenance or manner. He spoke English with extraordinary
+fluency and correctness, and with a very slight accent. I
+endeavoured to detect some inaccuracy of expression, but could
+not, though perhaps his phraseology was occasionally more stiff
+than that of an Englishman would be. He gave me an account of his
+beginning to study languages, which he did not do till he was of
+a mature age. The first he mastered were the Greek and Hebrew,
+the latter on account of divinity, and afterwards he began the
+modern languages, acquiring the idioms of each as he became
+acquainted with the parent tongue. He said that he had no
+particular disposition that way when a child, and I was surprised
+when he said that the knowledge of several languages was of no
+assistance to him in mastering others; on the contrary, that when
+he set to work at a fresh language he tried to put out of his
+head all others. I asked him of all modern languages which he
+preferred, and which he considered the richest in literature. He
+said, 'Without doubt the Italian.' He then discussed the genius
+of the English language, and the merits of our poets and
+historians, read, and made me read, a passage of an English book,
+and then examined the etymology and pronunciation of several
+words. He has never been out of Italy, or further in it than
+Leghorn, talks of going to Rome, but says it is so difficult to
+leave his library. He is very pleasing, simple, and communicative,
+and it is extraordinary, with his wonderful knowledge, that he
+should never have written and published any work upon languages.
+He asked me to return if I stayed at Bologna. The library has a
+tolerable suite of apartments, and the books, amounting to about
+80,000 volumes, are in excellent order. One thousand crowns a
+year are allowed for the purchase of new books.
+
+The Bolognese jargon is unintelligible. A man came and asked him
+some questions while I was there in a language that was quite
+strange to me, and when I asked Mezzofanti what it was, he said
+Bolognese, and that, though not harmonious, it was forcible and
+expressive. Afterwards to the gallery, which contains the finest
+pictures in Italy, though only a few: the Guidos and Domenichinos
+are splendid. I think Domenichino the finest painter that ever
+existed.
+
+
+June 15th, 1830 {p.404}
+
+Dined yesterday with Madame de Marescalchi, who lives in a great
+palace, looking dirty and uncomfortable, except one or two rooms
+which they occupy. There is a gallery of pictures, all of which
+are for sale. Seven or eight Italians came to dinner, whose names
+I never discovered. After dinner she took me to the Certosa, to
+see the Campo Santo, which is a remarkably pretty spot, and the
+dead appear to be more agreeably lodged at Bologna than the
+living. I had much rather die here than live here. It is very
+unlike the Campo Santo at Pisa, entirely modern, and looks
+exceedingly cheerful. Guido's skull is kept here.
+
+Went again to the gallery, and the Zambeccari Palace, where there
+are a few good pictures, but not many. All the pictures in all
+the palaces are for sale.
+
+[Page Head: FERRARA]
+
+_In the ferry, crossing the Po_ (i.e. written in the
+ferry).--Called on Madame de Marescalchi to take leave. Set off
+at half-past one, and in clouds of dust arrived at Ferrara. It is
+curious to see this town, so large, deserted, and melancholy. A
+pestilence might have swept over it, for there seems no life in
+it, and hardly a soul is to be seen in the streets. It is eight
+and a half miles round, and contains 24,000 inhabitants, of which
+3,000 are Jews, and their quarter is the only part of the town
+which seems alive. They are, as usual, crammed into a corner,
+five streets being allotted to them, at each end of which is a
+gate that is closed at nine o'clock, when the Jews are shut in
+for the night. The houses are filthy, stinking, and out of
+repair. The Corso is like a street in an English town, broad,
+long, the houses low, and with a _trottoir_ on both sides. The
+Castle, surrounded by a moat, stands in the middle of the town, a
+gloomy place. In it lives the Cardinal Legate. I went to see the
+dungeon in which Tasso was confined; and the library, where they
+show Ariosto's chair and inkstand, a medal found upon his body
+when his tomb was opened, two books of his manuscript poetry;
+also the manuscript of the 'Gerusalemme,' with the alterations
+which Tasso made in it while in prison, and the original
+manuscript of Guarini's 'Pastor Fido.' The _custode_ told me that
+in the morning the library was full of readers, which I did not
+believe. There are some illuminated Missals, said to be the
+finest in Italy. Though the idea of gaiety seems inconsistent
+with Ferrara, they have an opera, corso, and the same round of
+festivals and merriment as other Italian towns, but I never saw
+so dismal a place.
+
+
+[Page Head: VENICE]
+
+Venice, June 16th, 1830 {p.405}
+
+We crossed the Po, and afterwards the Adige, in boats. The
+country is flat, and reminded me of the Netherlands. I was asleep
+all night, but awoke in time to see some of the villas on the
+banks of the Brenta. Of Padua I was unconscious. Embarked in a
+gondola at Fusina, and arrived at this remarkable city under the
+bad auspices of a dark, gloomy, and very cold day. It is Venice,
+but living Venice no more. In my progress to the inn I saw
+nothing but signs of ruin and blasted grandeur, palaces half
+decayed, and the windows boarded up. The approach to the city is
+certainly as curious as possible, so totally unlike everything
+else, and on entering the Great Canal, and finding
+
+           The death-like silence and the dread repose
+
+of a place which was once the gayest and most brilliant in the
+world, a little pang shoots across the imagination, recollecting
+its strange and romantic history and its poetical associations.
+
+_Two o'clock._--I am just driven in by a regular rainy day, and
+have the prospect of shivering through the rest of it in a room
+with marble floor and hardly any furniture. However, it is the
+only bad day there has been since the beginning of my expedition.
+The most striking thing in Venice (at least in such weather as
+this) is the unbroken silence. The gondolas glide along without
+noise or motion, and, except other gondolas, one may traverse the
+city without perceiving a sign of life. I went first to the
+Church of Santa Maria dei Frati, which is fine, old, and adorned
+with painting and sculpture. At Santa Maria dei Frati Titian was
+buried. Canova intended a monument for him, but after his death
+his design was executed and put up in this church, but for him,
+and not for Titian, the reverse of 'sic vos non vobis.' Here are
+tombs of several Doges, of Francis Foscari, with a pompous
+inscription. The body of Carmagnola lies here in a wooden coffin;
+his head is under the stone on which it was cut off in the Piazza
+di San Marco. He was beheaded by one of those pieces of iniquity
+and treachery which the Venetian Government never scrupled to use
+when it suited them. Then to the Scuola di San Rocco, containing
+a splendid apartment and staircase, all richly gilded, painted by
+Tintoret, and with bronze doors. To the Church of Santa Maria
+della Salute, containing a very rich altar-piece of precious
+stones, which is locked up, and produced on great occasions; and
+in the sacristy three fine pictures by Titian. To the Church of
+St. Mark and the Doge's Palace--all very interesting, antique,
+and splendid. But the Austrians have modernised some of the
+rooms, and consequently spoilt them. They have also blocked up
+the Bridge of Sighs, and the reason (they told me) is that all
+the foreigners who come here are so curious to walk over it,
+which seems an odd one for shutting it up. The halls of audience
+and of the different councils are magnificently gilded, and
+contain some very fine pictures.
+
+The Hall of the Council of Ten (the most powerful and the
+most abominable tribunal that ever existed) has been partly
+modernised. In the Chamber of the Inquisitors of State is still
+the hole in the wall which was called the 'Lion's Mouth,' through
+which written communications were made; and the box into which
+they fell, which the Inquisitors alone could open. There were
+'Bocche di Lioni' in several places at the head of the Giant's
+Staircase, and in others. The mouths are gone, but the holes
+remain. Though the interior of the Ponte di Sospiri is no longer
+visible, the prisons are horrible places, twenty-four in number,
+besides three others under water which the French had closed up.
+They are about fourteen feet long, seven wide, and seven high,
+with one hole to admit air, a wooden bed, which was covered
+with straw, and a shelf. In one of the prisons are several
+inscriptions, scrawled on the wall and ceiling.
+
+            Di chi mi fido, mi guardi Iddio,
+            Di chi non mi fido, mi guardo io.
+
+            Un parlar pocho, un negar pronto,
+            Un pensar in fine puo dar la vita
+            A noi altri meschini.
+
+            Non fida d'alcuno, pensi e tacci
+            Se fuggir vuoi di spioni, insidie e lacci.
+            Il pentirti, il pentirti, nulla giova
+            Ma ben del valor tuo far vera prova.
+
+There are two places in which criminals, or prisoners, were
+secretly executed; they were strangled, and without seeing their
+executioner, for a cord was passed through an opening, which he
+twisted till the victim was dead. This was the mode pursued with
+the prisoners of the Inquisitors; those of the Council were often
+placed in a cell to which there was a thickly grated window,
+through which the executioner did his office, and if they
+resisted he stabbed them in the throat. The wall is still covered
+with the blood of those who have thus suffered. From the time of
+their erection, 800 years ago, to the destruction of the Republic
+nobody was ever allowed to see these prisons, till the French
+came and threw them open, when the people set fire to them and
+burnt all the woodwork; the stone was too solid to be destroyed.
+One or two escaped, and they remain as memorials of the horrors
+that were perpetrated in them.
+
+
+[Page Head: VENICE]
+
+June 17th, 1830 {p.408}
+
+This morning was fine again, and everything looks gayer than
+yesterday. From the Rialto to the Piazza di San Marco there is
+plenty of life and movement, and it is exactly like Cranbourne
+Alley and the other alleys out of Leicester Square. While Venice
+was prosperous St. Mark's must have been very brilliant, but
+everything is decayed. All round the piazza are coffee houses,
+which used to be open and crowded all night, and some of them are
+still open, but never crowded. They used to be illuminated with
+lamps all round, but most of these are gone. One sees a few Turks
+smoking and drinking their coffee here, but they are all obliged
+to dine and sleep in one house, which is on the Grand Canal, and
+called the Casa dei Turchi. I went this morning to the Chiesa
+Scalzi, San Georgio Meggiore, Redentore, SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
+and the Gesuiti. The latter is the most beautiful church I ever
+saw, the whole of it adorned with white marble inlaid with verd
+antique in a regular pattern. SS. Giovanni e Paolo has no marble
+or gilding, but is full of monuments of Doges and generals. To
+the Manfrini Palace for the pictures. The finest picture in the
+palace is Titian's 'Deposition from the Cross,' for which the
+Marchese Manfrini refused 10,000 ducats. A Guido (Lucretia) and
+some others. Tintoret was no doubt a great genius, but his large
+pictures I cannot admire, and Bassano's still less. Titian's
+portrait of Ariosto is the most interesting in the collection. To
+the Arsenal, which is three miles in circumference, and a
+prodigious establishment. In the time of the Republic there were
+nearly 6,000 men employed in it, in that of the French 4,000, now
+800. The old armoury is very curious, full of ancient weapons,
+the armour of Henry IV. of France, and of several Doges, Turkish
+spoils, and instruments of torture. The Austrians have made the
+French much regretted here. It is since the last peace that the
+population of Venice has diminished a fourth, and the palaces of
+the nobles have been abandoned. There is no commerce; the
+Government spend no money, and do nothing to enliven or benefit
+the town (there has not yet been time to see the effect of making
+it a free port). The French employed the people, and spent money
+and embellished the place. They covered over a wide canal and
+turned it into a fine street, and adjoining it they formed a
+large public garden, which is a delightful addition to the town.
+Till the French came the bridges were dangerous; there was no
+balustrade on either side, and people often fell into the water.
+They built side walls to all of them, which was the most useful
+gift they could bestow upon the Venetians.
+
+This morning I asked for the newspapers which came by the post
+yesterday, and found that they had not yet returned from the
+police, and would not be till to-morrow. Before anybody is
+allowed to read their newspapers they must undergo examination,
+and if they contain anything which the censor deems objectionable
+they detain them altogether. After dinner I went to the public
+gardens, and into a theatre which is in them; there is no roof to
+it, and the acting is all by daylight, and in the open air. I
+only arrived at the end, just in time to see the deliverance of a
+Christian heroine and a very truculent-looking Turk crammed down
+a trap-door, but I could not understand the dialogue. Nothing
+certainly can be more extraordinary or more beautiful than Venice
+with her adjacent islands, and nothing more luxurious than
+throwing oneself into a gondola and smoothly gliding about the
+whole day, without noise, motion, or dust. At night I went to a
+dirty, ill-lit theatre, to see the 'Barbiere di Seviglia,' which
+was very ill performed. There was a ballet, but I did not stay
+for it.
+
+
+June 18th, 1830 {p.409}
+
+To the Church of St. Mark, and examined it. It is not large, but
+very curious, so loaded with ornament within and without, and so
+unlike any other church. The pavement, instead of being flat, is
+made to undulate like the waves of the sea. All the sides are
+marble, all the top mosaic, all the pavement coloured marble in
+exquisite patterns. There is not a single tomb in it, but it
+wants no ornament that the wealth and skill of ages could supply.
+Climbed up the tower to see Venice and the islands; a man is
+posted here day and night to strike the hours and quarters on a
+great bell, to ring the alarm in case of fire in any part of the
+city. It is a very curious panorama, and the only spot from which
+this strange place can be completely seen. In the Grimani Palace
+there are some Titians (not very good) of Grimani Doges, and
+others of the family; the famous statue of Agrippa, which
+Cardinal Grimani brought from Home, and a ceiling by Salviati of
+Neptune and Minerva contending to give a name to Athens. In the
+Pisani Palace, a fine picture of P. Veronese, 'Darius's Family at
+the Feet of Alexander.'[13] The Barbarigo Palace has never been
+modernised, has kept all its original form and decorations. It is
+full of Titians, all very dirty and spoiling. The finest is the
+'Magdalen,' which is famous. The Royal Academy, called the Scuola
+della Carita, contains a magnificent collection of the Venetian
+school.
+
+     [13] [This fine work is now in the National Gallery,
+          London.]
+
+In I forget which church is the 'Martyrdom of St. Peter' by
+Titian, so like in composition the same subject by Domenichino at
+Bologna that the one is certainly an imitation of the other
+(Titian died in 1576; Domenichino was born in 1581). There is the
+same sort of landscape, same number of figures, and in the same
+respective attitudes and actions, and even the same dress to
+each. In the hall of the Academy are preserved Canova's right
+hand in an urn, and underneath it his chisel, with these words
+inscribed: 'Quod amoris monumentum idem gloriae instrumentum
+fuit.' There is also a collection of drawings and sketches by
+various masters; some by M. Angelo and some by Raphael.
+
+
+[Page Head: VINCENZA AND PADUA]
+
+Vicenza, June 19th, 1830 {p.411}
+
+This morning went again to St. Mark's to examine the library and
+the palace, which I could hardly see the other day, it was such,
+gloomy weather. The library is open to everybody, but with a long
+list of rules, among which silence is particularly enjoined. The
+_custos librorum_ is a thorough Venetian; talked with fond regret
+of the splendour of the Republic, and is very angry with Daru for
+his history. The Hall of the Great Council, containing the
+portraits of the Doges (and Marino Faliero's black curtain), is
+splendid, and adorned with paintings of Paul Veronese, Bassano,
+Tintoret, and Palma Giovane. At twelve o'clock I got into the
+gondola and left Venice without the least regret or desire to
+return there. The banks of the Brenta would be very gay if the
+villas were inhabited, but most of them are shut up, like the
+palaces at Venice. There is one magnificent building, formerly a
+Pisani palace, which belongs to the Viceroy, the Archduke Rainer.
+
+Padua is a large and rather gloomy town. They say it is beginning
+to flourish, having been ruined by the French, and that, since
+their downfall, the population has increased immensely. The
+University contains 1,400 scholars. It contained 52,500 in the
+time of the French, and in the great days of Padua 18,000. I went
+to look at the outside of the building, which is not large, but
+handsome. The old palace of the Carraras is half ruined, and what
+remains is tenanted by the commandant of the place. The old Sala
+di Giustizia, which, is very ancient, is now a lumber room, and
+they were painting scenes in it. Still it is undamaged, and they
+call it the finest room in Europe, and perhaps it is. It is 300
+feet long, 100 wide, and 100 high. At one end of it is the
+monument and bust of Livy, the latter of which they pretend to
+have found here; they also talk of his house and the marbles,
+&c., that have been dug up in it, which they may believe who can.
+The Cathedral has nothing to boast of, except that Petrarch was
+one of its canons, and in it is his bust, put up by a brother
+canon. I had not time to go to the churches.
+
+The whole road from Fusina to this place is as flat as the paper
+on which I am writing. I really don't believe there is a
+molehill, but it is extremely gay from the variety of habitations
+and the prodigious cultivation of all sorts. Vicenza is one of
+the most agreeable towns I ever saw, and I would rather live in
+it than in any place I have seen since Rome. It is spacious and
+clean, full of Palladio's architecture; besides the Palazzo della
+Ragione, a very fine building, there are twenty-two palaces built
+by him in various parts of the town. They show the house in which
+he lived. From the Church of Santa Maria del Monte, a mile from
+the town, there is a magnificent view, and the town itself, under
+the mountains of the Tyrol, and the end of a vast cultivated
+plain, looks very inviting and gay. There is a Campo di Marte, a
+public walk and drive, and from it a covered walk (colonnade)
+half a mile long up to the church on the hill. One of the most
+remarkable things here is the Olympic Theatre, which was begun by
+Palladio and finished by his son. It is a small Grecian theatre,
+exactly as he supposes those ancient theatres to have been, with
+the same proscenium, scenes, decorations, and seats for the
+audience. There appeared to me to be some material variations
+from the theatre at Pompeii. In the latter the seats go down to
+the level of the orchestra, which they do not here, and at
+Pompeii there is no depth behind the proscenium, whereas here
+there is very considerable. It is, however, a beautiful model.
+The air and the water are good, and there is shooting, so that I
+really think it would be possible to live here. They talk with
+horror of the French, and of the two seem to prefer the
+Austrians, but peace is better than war, _caeteris paribus_.
+
+
+[Page Head: BRESCIA AND MILAN]
+
+Brescia, June 21st, 1830 {p.412}
+
+This is a particularly nice town, airy, spacious, and clean, and
+in my life I never saw so many good-looking women. There is a
+drive and walk on the ramparts, where I found all the beauty and
+fashion of Brescia, a string of carriages not quite so numerous
+as in Hyde Park, but a very decent display. The women are
+excessively dressed, and almost all wear black lace veils, thrown
+over the back of the head, which are very becoming. The walks on
+the ramparts are shaded by double rows of trees, and command a
+very pretty view of the mountains and country round. This inn is
+execrable. I stopped at Verona to see the Amphitheatre, which is
+only perfect in the inside, and has been kept so by repeated
+repairs. It is hardly worth seeing after the Flavian and the
+Pompeiian. There is a wooden theatre in it, where they act, and
+the spectators occupy the ancient seats. The tombs of the
+Scaligeri are admirable, the most beautiful and graceful Gothic;
+their castle (now the Castle Vecchio) a gloomy old building in a
+moat, but with a very curious bridge over the Po. The Church of
+St. Zeno is remarkable from its Gothic antiquity and the
+profusion of ornament about it of a strange sort. Here is the
+tomb of Pepin, erected by Charlemagne, but empty; for the French,
+in one of their invasions, carried the body to France. In the
+Cathedral is a fine picture of the 'Assumption of the Virgin' by
+Titian. I saw many Veronese beauties in their balconies, but none
+quite like Juliet. Her tomb (or, as they would say at Rome,
+'sepolcro detto di Giulietta') I did not see, for it was too far
+off. I was in a hurry to be off, and there was nobody to detain
+me with a tender 'Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near' _night_.
+The road, which is excellent, runs in sight of the Alps all the
+way, and the Lago di Garda is excessively pretty.
+
+
+Milan, June 23rd, 1830 {p.413}
+
+Milan is a very fine town, without much to see in it. The Duomo,
+Amphitheatre, Arch of the Simplon, Brera (pictures). There are a
+few fine pictures in the Brera; among others Guido's famous
+'St. Peter and St. Paul,' Guercino's 'Hagar and Abraham;' a row
+of old columns which were broken and lying about till the French
+set them upon their legs; Leonardo da Vinci's fresco, which is
+entirely spoilt. The view from the top of the Duomo is superb,
+over the boundless plain of Lombardy with the range of the Alps,
+and the Apennines in the distance. I like the Duomo, but I know
+my taste is execrable in architecture. I don't, however, like the
+mixture of Italian with the Gothic--balustrades over the
+door, for instance--but I admire its tracery and laborious
+magnificence. Buonaparte went on with it (for it was never
+finished), and this Government are completing it by degrees;
+there will be 7,000 statues on different parts of the outside,
+and there are already 4,500. St. Charles Borromeo's tomb is very
+splendid, and for five francs they offered to uncover the glass
+case in which his much esteemed carcase reposes, and show me the
+venerable mummy, but I could not afford it. The entrance to Milan
+from Venice, and the Corso, are as handsome as can be. The Opera
+is very bad, but the Scala is not open, and none of the good
+singers are here.
+
+
+Varese, June 26th, 1830 {p.414}
+
+Left Milan at six o'clock on the 24th, and got to Como after
+dark. Embarked in the steam boat at eight yesterday morning, went
+as far as Cadenebbia, where I got out, saw the Villa Sommariva,
+then crossed over and went round the point of Bellagio to see the
+opening of the Lake of Lecco, turned back to the Villa Melzi, saw
+the house and gardens, and then went back to dine at Cadenebbia,
+and waited for the steam boat, which returned at four, and got
+back to Como at half-past six. Nothing can surpass the beauty of
+all this scenery, or the luxury of the villas, particularly
+Melzi, which is the best house, and contains abundance of shade,
+flowers, statues, and shrubberies. The owners live very little
+there, and principally in winter, when, they say, it is seldom
+cold in this sheltered spot. The late Count Melzi was Governor of
+Milan under Napoleon, and used to feast the Viceroy here. He once
+gave him a _fete_, and had all the mountain tops illuminated, of
+which the effect must have been superb.
+
+_Evening. Top of the Simplon._--Set off at five from Varese,
+travelled very slowly through a very pretty road to Navero, where
+I crossed the Lago Maggiore in a boat, and landed at the Isola
+Bella, which is very fine in its way, though rather flattered in
+its pictures. The house is large and handsome, and there is a
+curious suite of apartments fitted up with pebbles, spars, and
+marble, a suite of habitable grottoes. The garden and terraces
+are good specimens of formal grandeur, and as the Count
+Borromeo's son is a botanist, they are full of flowers and shrubs
+of all sorts and climates.
+
+          Whatever fruits in different climes are found,
+          That proudly rise or humbly court the ground;
+          Whatever sweets salute the northern sky
+          With vernal flowers, that blossom, but to die;
+          These, here disporting, own the kindred soil,
+          Nor ask luxuriance from the planter's toil.
+
+The expense of keeping this place up is immense, but the owner is
+very rich. He lives there during August and September, and has
+fifteen other country houses. All the island belongs to him, and
+is occupied by the palace and gardens, except some fishermen's
+huts, which are held by a sort of feudal tenure. They live there
+as his vassals, fishing for him, rowing him about the lake, and
+their children and wives alone are employed in the gardens. It
+was built about 150 years ago by a younger son (a nephew of San
+Carlo), who was richer than his elder brother. He was his own
+architect, and planned both house and garden, but never completed
+his designs. The cost was enormous, but if he had lived and
+finished it all, he would have spent four millions more. There is
+a laurel in the garden, the largest in Europe, two trees growing
+from one stem, one nine and the other ten feet round and eighty
+high; under this tree Buonaparte dined, as he came into Italy,
+before the battle of Marengo, and with a knife he cut the word
+'Battaglia' on the bark, which has since been stripped off, or
+has grown out--so the gardeners said at least. Breakfasted at
+Baveno, which is the best inn I have seen in Italy. The road from
+Baveno is exceedingly beautiful, but on the whole I am rather
+disappointed with the Simplon, though it is very wild and grand;
+but I am no longer struck with the same admiration at the sight
+of mountains that I was when I entered Savoy and saw them for the
+first time. I walked the last thirteen miles of the ascent to
+this place, and found one of the best dinners I ever tasted, or
+one which my hunger made appear such.
+
+
+[Page Head: RETURN TO ENGLAND]
+
+Geneva, June 29th, 1830 {p.415}
+
+Got here last night, and found twenty letters at least. I only
+think of getting home as fast as I can. Left the Simplon in
+torrents of rain, which lasted the whole day. The descent is
+uncommonly grand, wild, savage, and picturesque, the Swiss side
+the finest. All along the valley of the Rhone fine scenery; and
+yesterday, in the most delightful weather I ever saw, the drive
+from Martigny, along the lake and under the mountains, is as
+beautiful as possible. The approach to Geneva is gay, but Mont
+Blanc looks only very white, and not very tall, which is owing to
+the level from which he is seen. They tell me it has never ceased
+raining here, while on the other side of the Alps hardly a drop
+has fallen. Only three rainy days while I was in Italy--one at
+Venice, one at Rome, and a couple of halves elsewhere.
+
+_Evening._--Passed the whole day driving about Geneva, in Bautt's
+shop, and at the Panorama of Switzerland. Dined with Newton,
+drove round the environs by Secheron; a great appearance of
+wealth and comfort, much cultivation, no beggars, and none of the
+houses tumbling down and deserted. Altogether I like the
+appearance of the place, though in a great hurry to get away from
+it. We had a storm of thunder and lightning in the evening, which
+was neither violent nor long, but I had the pleasure of hearing
+
+         Jura answer from her misty shroud
+         Back to the joyous Alps, that call on her aloud.
+
+Mont Blanc was hid in clouds all day, but the mountains owe me
+some grudge. Mont Blanc won't show his snows, nor would Vesuvius
+his fires. It was dark when I crossed the Cenis, and raining when
+I descended the Simplon.
+
+
+[Page Head: DEATH OF GEORGE IV.]
+
+Paris, July 3rd, 1830 {p.416}
+
+Got here last night, after a fierce journey of sixty-three hours
+from Geneva, only stopping two hours for breakfast; but by never
+touching anything but bread and coffee I was neither heated nor
+tired. The Jura Mountains, which they say are so tedious, were
+the pleasantest part of the way, for the road is beautiful all
+through them, not like the Alps, but like a hilly, wooded park.
+It rained torrents when I set out, but soon cleared up, and when
+I got to the top of the first mountain, I saw a mass of clouds
+rise like a curtain and unveil the whole landscape of Geneva,
+lake, mountains, and country--very fine sight. We heard of the
+King's death in the middle of the night.
+
+
+Calais, July 6th, 1830 {p.417}
+
+Voila qui est fini. Got here last night, and found the Government
+packet only goes out five days a week, and not to-day. I am very
+sorry my journey is all over, but glad to find myself in England
+again--that is, when I get there. I saw Lord Stuart at Paris,
+just breaking up his establishment and sending his wife off to
+the Pyrenees. Heard all the news of London and Paris, such as it
+was. Not a soul left in Paris, which was like a dead city. I only
+heard that, notwithstanding the way the elections are going
+against the Government, Polignac is in high spirits. The King of
+France was very civil about the death of our King,[14] and,
+without waiting, as is usual, for the announcement of the event
+by the English Ambassador, he ordered the Court into mourning
+upon the telegraphic account reaching Paris.
+
+     [14] [George IV. died at Windsor on the 26th of June, 1830.]
+
+Here is the end of my brief but most agreeable expedition,
+probably the only one I shall ever make. However this may be, I
+have gained thus much at least--
+
+           A consciousness remains that it has left,
+           Deposited upon the silent shore
+           Of memory, images, and precious thoughts,
+           That shall not die, and cannot be destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+                              NOTE.
+
+            _MR. GREVILLE'S CONNEXION WITH THE TURF._
+
+
+Frequent references will be remarked in these volumes to the
+connexion of their author with the Turf, which was his favourite
+amusement, and to his position as an influential member of the
+Jockey Club. It may, therefore, be worth while to record in this
+place the principal incidents in his racing career; and we are
+tempted, in spite of the strange and incorrect phraseology of the
+writer, to borrow the following notice of them from the pages of
+'Bailey's Magazine,' published soon after Mr. Greville's death:--
+
+'Though the Warwick family have long been identified with the
+sports of the field, it is fair to assume that Mr. Greville's
+love for the turf came from his mother's side, as the Portlands,
+especially the late Duke, have always been amongst the strongest
+supporters of the national sport, and raced, as became their
+position in society. That Mr. Greville took to racing early may
+be imagined when we state he saw his first Derby in 1809, when
+the Duke of Grafton's Pope won it, beating five others. At that
+period he was barely fifteen years of age, and the impression the
+sight of the race made upon him at the time was very great, and
+it was rekindled more strongly when, in 1816, travelling with his
+father and mother to Ickworth, the seat of the Marquis of
+Bristol, he stopped at Newmarket and saw Invalid and Deceiver run
+a match on the heath; and subsequently he saw a great sweepstakes
+come off between Spaniard, Britannia, and Pope, which the latter
+won. Four years elapse, and, as a proof that the lad we have
+described had kept pace with the times, we find him selected to
+manage the racing establishment of the late Duke of York, on the
+death of Mr. Warwick Lake. The first step taken by Mr. Greville
+on being installed in office was to weed the useless ones and the
+ragged lot; and with the aid of Butler (father of the late Frank
+and the present William Butler) he managed so well that in his
+second year he won the Derby for him with Moses. As the Duke's
+affairs at that time were in anything but a flourishing
+condition, Mr. Greville did not persuade him to back his horse
+for much money; still his Royal Highness won a fair stake, and
+was not a little pleased at the result. He likewise carried off
+the Claret with him the following year. With Banker, who was a
+very useful horse at all distances, he won for him many good
+races; and, by a reference to the "Calendars" of the day, it will
+be seen the Duke won in his turn, if he did not carry all before
+him. To reproduce the names of his horses now would not be worth
+while, as from the effluxion of time the interest in them has
+ceased. The first animal in the shape of a race-horse that Mr.
+Greville ever possessed was a filly by Sir Harry Dimsdale, which
+he trained in the Duke's stable with a few others of no great
+standing.
+
+'Circumstances with which the world are familiar rendering the
+retirement of the Duke of York requisite, his stud came to the
+hammer, and Mr. Greville came to the assistance of his uncle, the
+Duke of Portland, who trained with Prince. With the Duke Mr.
+Greville remained some little time, and afterwards became
+confederate with Lord Chesterfield, who was at that time coming
+out, and was in great force with his Zinganee, Priam, Carew,
+Glaucus, and other crack horses. During this time he had few
+horses of any great account of his own, although his confederate
+had nothing to complain of in the shape of luck. At the
+termination of this confederacy Mr. Greville entered upon another
+with his cousin, Lord George Bentinck, who, from his father's
+hostility to his racing, was unable to run horses in his own
+name. The extent of this stud was so great that we are unable to
+deal with it at the same time with the horses of the subject of
+our memoir, who can scarcely be said to have come across a really
+smashing good mare until he met with Preserve, with whom, in
+1834, he won the Clearwell and Criterion, and in the following
+year the One Thousand Guineas, besides running second for the
+Oaks to Queen of Trumps. A difference of opinion as to the
+propriety of starting Preserve for the Goodwood Stakes led to
+their separation, and for a time they were on very bad terms, but
+by the aid of mutual friends a reconciliation was effected. From
+what Preserve did for him, Mr. Greville was induced to dip more
+freely into the blood, or, as old John Day would have said, to
+take to the family, and accordingly he bought Mango, her own
+brother, of Mr. Thornhill, who bred him. Mango only ran once as a
+two-year-old, when, being a big, raw colt, he was not quick
+enough on his legs for the speedy Garcia filly of Col. Peel and
+John Day's Chapeau d'Espagne, and was easily beaten. In the
+spring Mango made so much improvement that Mr. Greville backed
+him for the Derby for a good stake; and had he been able to have
+continued his preparation at Newmarket, and been vanned to Epsom,
+as is the custom in the present day, there is little doubt he
+would have won; but having to walk all the way from Newmarket, he
+could not afford to lose the days that were thus consumed, and
+although he ran forward he did not get a place. That this view of
+the case is not a sanguine one is proved by his beating Chapeau
+d'Espagne, the second for the Oaks, for the Ascot Derby, and
+within an hour afterwards bowling over Velure, the third in that
+race, for William the Fourth's Plate. On the Cup Day he likewise
+beat the Derby favourite, Rat-Trap, over the Old Mile. At
+Stockbridge, in a sweepstakes of 100 sovs. each, with thirteen
+subscribers, he frightened all the field away with the exception
+of Wisdom, whom he beat cleverly, and then he remained at
+Dilly's, at Littleton, to be prepared for the St. Leger. Having
+stood his work well, John Day brought over The Drummer and
+Chapeau d'Espagne from Stockbridge to try him on Winchester
+race-course. Both Mr. Greville and Lord George Bentinck had
+reason to be satisfied with what Mango did in his gallop on that
+morning, and the latter backed him very heavily for the
+race--much more so, indeed, than his owner. Mr. Greville was
+anxious to have put up John Day, but the Duke of Cleveland having
+claimed him for Henriade, he was obliged to substitute his son
+Sam, a very rising lad, with nerves of iron and the coolest of
+heads. The race was a memorable one, inasmuch as William Scott,
+who was on Epirus, the first favourite, fell into the ditch soon
+after starting, and Prince Warden running over him and striking
+him with his hind leg, he sustained a severe fracture of the
+collar-bone. Henriade also came down about a distance from home
+from a dog crossing the course. John Day, however, soon righted
+him, but the _contretemps_ spoilt his chance. At the stand there
+were but three in the struggle--The Doctor, Abraham Newland, and
+Mango. The two former seemed to be making a match of it, and it
+looked impossible for Mango to get up; but a slight opening
+presenting itself, which was not visible to the spectators, Sam
+Day, with a degree of resolution which justifies the attributes
+we have before ascribed to him, sent his horse through with such
+a terrific rush that his breeches were nearly torn off his boots,
+and won by a neck.
+
+'After the race Lord George, who was a very heavy winner, gave
+Honest John L500 for his trial with the Drummer; the like sum to
+Sam Day for having ridden him better than he was ridden in the
+Derby, and an equivalent proportion to Montgomery Dilly for
+preparing him better than Prince for the same race. Mango was
+afterwards sent to Newmarket for the St. Leger, and "Craven," who
+then edited the "Sporting Magazine," having asserted that Mr.
+Greville had caused it to be reported that Mango was lame to get
+him back in the markets for that race, he called on him to
+apologise for the statement, which proving, by the volunteered
+testimony of Lord George Bentinck, Colonel Anson, and Admiral
+Rous, to be wholly without foundation, the writer in question
+made Mr. Greville the fullest _amende honorable_. Mango only won
+once again as a four-year-old, when he carried off a sweepstakes
+of 300 sovereigns at Newmarket, beating Chapeau d'Espagne and
+Adrian. Having thus established himself with Dilly, owing to Mr.
+Payne, with whom he had become confederate, training at
+Littleton, Mr. Greville made no change until Dilly gave up, when
+he continued his confidence to his brother William Dilly, who
+succeeded him on his retirement from Lord Glasgow.
+
+'It was some few years before Mr. Greville had another good
+horse, at least one that is worth dwelling upon, and Alarm must
+be considered the legitimate successor to Mango. This colt Mr.
+Greville purchased of his breeder, Captain George Delme, and
+tried him good enough to win the Derby in 1845 in a canter, even
+in the face of such animals as Idas and The Libel. But just prior
+to starting an accident occurred by which all Mr. Greville's
+hopes were destroyed; for The Libel flying at Alarm very
+savagely, he jumped the chains, threw Nat who lay for a time
+insensible on the ground, and ran away. He was, however, soon
+caught and remounted, and although much cut about ran forward
+enough to justify the idea that but for his accident he must have
+won, as no other animal could have got through the Cambridgeshire
+with 7st. 10lb. on him so easily as he did in a field of such
+quality as he met. In the following year Alarm made some amends
+for his Epsom failure, by winning the Ascot Cup, as well as the
+Orange Cup at Goodwood, the latter after a terrific race with
+Jericho. He also, at Newmarket in the autumn, won three great
+matches in succession, viz. with Oakley, the Bishop of Romford's
+cob, and Sorella. Going through the "Calendar," Cariboo is the
+next most noteworthy animal we come across, for it will be
+recollected he ran second to Canezou for the Goodwood Cup, having
+been lent to make running for her. But it is almost needless to
+add that, had Mr. Greville known him to be as good as he was, he
+would have been started on his own account, in which case the cup
+in all probability would have gone to Bruton Street instead of to
+Knowsley. Continuing our track through the "Calendar," we light
+on a better year for Mr. Greville, in 1852, when he had really
+two good animals in Adine and Frantic. With the former, at York,
+he had perhaps the best week he ever had in his life, having won
+both the Yorkshire Oaks and Ebor Handicap with her, besides
+beating Daniel O'Rourke with Frantic, who two months before had
+carried off the Union Cup for him at Manchester. The following
+year Adine did a good thing for him by winning the Goodwood
+Stakes, and two years afterwards he again won that race with
+Quince.
+
+'Between Adine and Quince's years came Mr. Greville's last good
+horse, Muscovite, whom he thought impossible to lose the
+Metropolitan, and backed him accordingly. He was much put out,
+however, by old John Day telling him he had no chance with his
+mare Virago. At first Mr. Greville was incredulous at what John
+told him, and made him acquainted with the form of Muscovite.
+This made not the slightest impression on the old man, who merely
+went on repeating Mr. Greville must back Virago for L500, and the
+value of the advice was proved by the mare beating the horse very
+easily. Muscovite's career for a time was a very unfortunate one,
+for when in Dockeray's stable he was so "shinned" that his chance
+for the Goodwood Stakes was completely out, and his trainer, who
+could not discover the offender, and who was terribly annoyed at
+the circumstance, begged he might be transferred to William
+Dilly's, at Littleton. While there he was betted against for the
+Caesarewitch in the same determined manner as he had been for his
+other races, and when he arrived at Newmarket, and stood in Nat's
+stables, which were perfectly impregnable, there was no cessation
+in the opposition to him, although his trainer told everybody
+that unless he was shot on the Heath, which he could not prevent,
+he would walk in. This he did, and the crash he produced is still
+fresh in the public recollection; but it is creditable to the
+bookmaker who laid the most money against him to state that out
+of L23,000 which he lost, he paid L16,000 down on the spot, an
+act which procured him time for the remainder.
+
+'Since Muscovite, who is now at the stud at Newmarket, Mr.
+Greville has had no animal that has done a really good thing for
+him, though Anfield made another determined attempt at the
+Goodwood Stakes this year; and having, at Lord Ribblesdale's sale
+of General Peel's horses, purchased Orlando, and added him to his
+establishment at Hampton Court, he has turned his attention
+perhaps more to breeding than racing. For some time his returns
+were very large, but of late, from the age of Orlando, and from
+getting some of his stock so small, they have diminished in
+amount, although the old horse looks as fresh as a four-year-old,
+and preserves all that fine symmetry for which he was remarkable
+both in and out of training. Latterly Mr. Greville, from being
+the confederate of Mr. Payne, has trained with Alec Taylor at
+Fyfield; but with Godding he has generally two or three at
+Newmarket.
+
+'In turning to Mr. Greville in his private capacity we hardly
+know how to treat him, for his is a nature that shrinks from
+having his good deeds brought before the glare of the public eye.
+No man, ever so high or low, we believe, ever sought his advice
+and assistance in vain; and to no one individual, probably, have
+so many and such various difficulties been submitted. Neither can
+we remember a new trial or even an appeal demanded by those who
+had sought his counsel. Beloved by his friends, and feared by his
+opponents, Mr. Greville will ever be considered one of the most
+remarkable men that have lent lustre to the English turf.'
+
+
+
+
+                     END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+                              INDEX.
+
+
+Abercromby, Right Hon. James, proposed as Speaker, ii. 333;
+  Master of the Mint, iii. 95; proposed as Speaker, 201; the
+  Speakership, 204; elected Speaker, 213
+
+Aberdeen, Earl of, Duchy of Lancaster, i. 124; motion about
+  Belgium, ii. 238
+
+Achmet Pacha, concludes a treaty with Russia, iii. 69
+
+Adair, Right Hon. Sir Robert, sworn in Privy Councillor, i. 136
+
+Addington, Henry Unwin, recalled from Madrid, iii. 14
+
+Address, proposed amendment to the, iii. 217
+
+Adelaide, Queen, ii. 7; at the Ancient Concert, 133; mobbed in
+  the City, 141; audience of, about the crown, 179; coronation
+  of, 190; Lord Howe, 338; yacht, iii. 99; return of, 125;
+  illness of, 125; supposed to be with child, 198, 199, 201
+
+Adrian's Villa, i. 377
+
+Agar Ellis, _see_ Dover, Lord
+
+Alava, General, and the Duke of Cumberland, iii. 275
+
+Albani, Cardinal, influence of, i. 310; conversation with, 373;
+  interview with, 380
+
+Albano, i. 331
+
+Alexander, Emperor of Russia, death of, i. 78; coronation of,
+  described by Talleyrand, ii. 185
+
+Allen, Dr., Bishop of Ely, iii. 363
+
+Allen, John, iii. 135; unbelief of, 324
+
+Althorp, Viscount, proposed as Chairman of the Finance
+  Committee, i. 120; Chancellor of the Exchequer, ii. 66,
+  introduces the budget, 114; leader of the House of
+  Commons, 116, 200; letter to Attwood, 205, 206; hurries on the
+  Irish Church Bill, 364; as Chancellor of the Exchequer, iii. 2;
+  arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms, 56; financial statement, 60;
+  defects as leader, 62; summons a meeting of the supporters of
+  Government, 92; resigns, 101; popularity of, 105; Chancellor of
+  the Exchequer under Lord Melbourne, 113; succeeds his father as
+  Earl Spencer, 140
+
+Alvanley, Lord, duel with Morgan O'Connell, ii. 257; on Irish
+  affairs, 348
+
+America, dispute with France, iii. 322
+
+Anglesey, Marquis of, recalled, i. 149; entry into
+  Dublin, ii. 99; disputes with O'Connell, 106
+
+Antwerp, threatened bombardment of, by the Dutch, ii. 321; French
+  army marches to, 329
+
+Arbuthnot, Right Hon. Charles, nickname 'Gosh,' i. 103;
+  conversation with, on the Duke of Wellington's
+  Administration, ii. 51; conversation with, at Oatlands, 170
+
+Arbuthnot, Mrs., death of, iii. 116
+
+Arkwright, Sir Richard, fortunes of, iii. 50
+
+Arkwright, Mrs., visit to, iii. 49
+
+Arms Bill, the, ii. 196
+
+Arnold, Dr., proposed for a bishopric, iii. 325
+
+Artevelde, Philip van, iii. 114; discussed at Holland House, 128
+
+Ascot Races, 1831, ii. 147; 1833, 375
+
+Attwood, chairman of the Birmingham Union, ii. 205, 206;
+  proclamation against, 215
+
+Auckland, Lord, Board of Trade, ii. 66; First Lord of the
+  Admiralty, iii. 88, 113; on the state of affairs, 238; First
+  Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Melbourne's second
+  Administration, 256
+
+Augustus, Prince, of Prussia, ii. 319
+
+Austin, Mr. John, his work on Jurisprudence, iii. 138
+
+Austin, Mr. Charles, ii. 306
+
+Aylmer, Lord, recalled from Canada, iii. 394; the King's address
+  to him, 395
+
+
+Bachelor, valet to the Duke of York and to King George IV.,
+  i. 142, 143; conversation with, ii. 30
+
+Bagot, Lord, conduct to Lord Harrowby, ii. 253
+
+Baiae, Bay of, i. 341
+
+Baring, House of, ii. 53
+
+Baring, Right Hon. Alexander, offered the Chancellorship of the
+  Exchequer, ii. 299; proposes a compromise with the ex-Ministers,
+  300
+
+Baring, Francis, Chairman of the West India Committee, iii. 279
+
+Barnes, Mr., editor of the 'Times,' ii. 97, 214; negotiations
+  with, for supporting the Government, iii. 155, 156, 157; dines
+  with Lord Lyndhurst, 167, 169; alarm of, at the prevailing
+  spirit, 188
+
+Barri, Madame du, ii. 219
+
+Barry, Dr., sent to Sunderland, ii. 216; report on cholera, 217
+
+Bath, Chapter of the Order of the, i. 254
+
+Bathurst, Earl, Lord President, i. 124; death of, iii. 115;
+  character of, 115
+
+Bathurst, Countess, conversation with, ii. 62
+
+Bathurst, Hon. William, appointed Clerk of the Council, ii. 61,
+  86; delay in appointment of, 74; sworn in Clerk of the Council,
+  94
+
+Bathurst, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Seymour, death of, iii. 79
+
+Baudrand, General, ii. 33; reception of, 38
+
+Bazaar, in Hanover Square, ii. 383
+
+Beauclerc, Lord Aurelius, dances a country dance with the King,
+  ii. 341
+
+Belgian question, the, settlement of, ii. 314
+
+Belgium, revolution in, ii. 41; affairs of, 44; unsettled state
+  of, 69; deputation from, 160; fortresses of, 169; invaded by
+  the Dutch, 175; French army refuses to leave, 181; end of
+  hostilities with the Dutch, 184; Conference, 1832, 321
+
+Belmore, Earl of, Governor of Jamaica, i. 140, 147
+
+Belvoir Castle, iii. 46
+
+Benson, Canon, sermon at the Temple Church, ii. 113
+
+Bentinck, Right Hon. Lord William, desires to be appointed
+  Governor-General of India, i. 59; address to the electors of
+  Glasgow, iii. 339, 343; qualities of, 339; inscription on
+  monument in honour of, 340
+
+Bentinck, Lord Henry, quarrel with Sir Roger Gresley, ii. 148
+
+Bergara, Convention of, iii. 259
+
+Berri, Duchesse de, in La Vendee, ii. 322
+
+Berry, Miss, iii. 58
+
+Berryer, M., iii. 379; appearance of, 380
+
+Best, Right Hon. William Draper, _see_ Lord Wynford
+
+Bethnal Green, distress in, ii. 261
+
+Bexley, Lord, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, i. 95
+
+Bickersteth, Henry, _see_ Lord Langdale
+
+Blacas, M. de, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305
+
+Black Book, the, ii. 79
+
+Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin, dismissal of, i. 55
+
+Blount, Rev. Mr., sermon, iii. 12
+
+Body-snatchers, ii. 227
+
+Bologna, i. 402
+
+Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon, in the 100 days, i. 24; campaigns
+  of, described by Marshal Marmont, ii. 35
+
+Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, Strasburg attempt, iii. 381
+
+Bonaparte, Joseph, at dinner at Lady Cork's, iii. 18
+
+Bonaparte, Lucien, introduced to the Duke of Wellington, iii. 11;
+  at dinner at Lady Cork's, 18
+
+Boodle's, dinner at, ii. 124
+
+Bosanquet, Right Hon. Sir John Bernard, sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, iii. 30; Judge of the King's Bench, 71
+
+Boswell, 'Life of Johnson,' anecdotes lost, ii. 105
+
+Boulogne, iii. 388
+
+Bourbon, Duke de, death of, ii. 50
+
+Bourmont, Marshal de, marches on Lisbon, iii. 25
+
+Bourne, Right Hon. Sturges, Secretary of State for the Home
+  Department, i. 95
+
+Bowring, Dr., sent to Paris, ii. 219; satire of Moore on, 219;
+  career of, 220
+
+Bradshaw, Mrs., acting of, at Bridgewater House, ii. 353
+
+Brescia, i. 412
+
+Bretby, visit to, iii. 327; Chesterfield Papers, 327
+
+Bridgewater House, dramatic performances at, iii. 352, 355
+
+Bridgewater Election, iii. 398
+
+Brighton, the Court at, 1832, ii. 334; races, 1835, iii. 284
+
+Bristol, riots at, ii. 208
+
+Broglie, Duke de. conduct of, iii. 386
+
+Brooks's Club, iii. 320
+
+Brougham, Lord, attack upon, in 'Quarterly Review,' i. 16; speech
+  on the Queen's trial, 35; letter to the Queen, 57; character
+  of, 117; qualities of, ii. 18, 33; appointed Lord High
+  Chancellor, 65; discontent of, 65; social qualities of, 69;
+  anecdote of, 106; quarrel with Sugden, 106; correspondence with
+  Southey on rewards to literary men, 112; speech on Chancery
+  Reform, 118; domestic kindness of, 120; origin of
+  representation of Yorkshire, 125; as Lord Chancellor, 128; at
+  the Horse Guards, 129; as a judge, 145; at dinner at Hanbury's
+  brewery, 148; at the British Museum, 149; claims the old Great
+  Seal, 188; intention of sitting at the Privy Council, 223;
+  speech on the Russian Loan, 244; quarrel with Sugden, 312;
+  anecdote of, 314; Bill for creating a new Court of Appeal, 342;
+  Bill objected to, 344; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
+  Bill, 365; sits on the case of Drax _v._ Grosvenor, 370; as
+  Chancellor, iii. 22; anecdotes of Queen Caroline, 36; and Sir
+  William Horne, 67; meets Sir Thomas Denman in Bedfordshire, 71;
+  judicial changes, 71; defence of himself, 72; apology for, 76;
+  speech on Lord Wynford's Bill for the observance of the
+  Sabbath, 83; on the Pluralities Bill, 86; on the Irish Church,
+  94; and the 'Times,' 96; Lord Chancellor in Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 113; and Lord Westmeath, 119; conduct in the
+  Westmeath case, 119, 124; versatility of, 121; lines applied
+  to, 121; Greek epigrams, 121; ambition of, 122; in Scotland,
+  133; communicates to the 'Times' the fall of Lord Melbourne's
+  first Administration, 145; resigns the Great Seal, 156; takes
+  leave of the Bar, 156; asks for the Chief Baronship, 157;
+  anecdote, 232; conduct of, in the case of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  260, 267; on the London University Charter, 261; judgment in
+  the case of Swift _v._ Kelly, 274; on the Corporation Bill,
+  286; violence in the House of Lords, 303; illness of, 329; and
+  Macaulay, 337, 338; at Queen Victoria's first Council, 408
+
+Brummel, 'Beau,' i. 282
+
+Brussels, disturbances at, ii. 40
+
+Buccleuch, Duke of, subscription to election expenses, iii. 182
+
+Budget, the, 1831, ii. 113
+
+Buller, James, death of, ii. 59
+
+Bulow, Baron von, on English affairs, iii. 211
+
+Bulwer, Sir Edward Lytton, iii. 348
+
+Bunsen, Baron, i. 315; career of, 327; on Roman affairs, 389
+
+Burdett, Sir Francis, returned for Westminster, 1837, iii. 398
+
+Burghersh, Lord, at Florence, i. 299; amateur opera, 301
+
+Burghersh, Lady, intercedes for a prisoner at the Old Bailey, ii.
+  85
+
+Burghley, party at, iii. 53
+
+Burke, Right Hon. Edmund, writings of, iii. 209; compared with
+  Mackintosh, 314
+
+Burke, Sir G., conversation with, on O'Connell, ii. 111
+
+Buxton, Fowell, dinner at the brewery, ii. 148
+
+Byng, Right Hon. George, Lord of the Treasury, iii. 95
+
+Byron, Lord, Moore's Life of, i. 272; character of, 273
+
+
+Cambridge, H.R.H. the Duchess of, reception of, i. 2
+
+Cambridge, University of, petition for the admission of
+  Dissenters to the, iii. 72, 75
+
+Campbell, Sir John, Solicitor-General, ii. 333; Attorney-General,
+  iii. 141
+
+Canada, affairs in, iii. 350
+
+Canning, Right Hon. Sir Stratford, Ambassador at St. Petersburg,
+  ii. 352, 357; anecdote of, iii. 39; offered the
+  Governor-Generalship of Canada, 234
+
+Canning, Right Hon. George, Foreign Secretary, i. 55;
+  correspondence with the King on taking office, 59; forms an
+  Administration (1827), 93, 95; death of, 103; anecdotes of,
+  104; industrious habits of, 106; memoirs of, 263, 272; despatch
+  in verse, 326; sagacity of, ii. 42; conversation with the King,
+  102; correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, 103; coldness
+  to the Duke of Wellington, 103; anecdote of, 125; negotiation
+  with the Whigs, 170; influence over Lord Liverpool, 172; in
+  favour with the King, 172; on Reform, iii. 135; and King George
+  IV., 137
+
+Canning, Lady, visit to, ii. 101; authorship of pamphlet, iii. 40
+
+Canning, Mr. Charles, offered a Lordship of the Treasury, iii.
+  202
+
+Cannizzaro, Duchess of, iii. 11; crowns the Duke of Wellington,
+  406
+
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, indecision of the, ii. 250, 262, 263;
+  importance of support of the, 252, 253
+
+Canterbury, Viscount, declines to go to Canada, iii. 234
+
+Capo di Monte, i. 335
+
+Capua, i. 360
+
+Cardinals, the, i. 309
+
+Carlisle, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 95; iii. 88
+
+Carlists, the, in Spain, iii. 66
+
+Carlos, Don, in London, iii. 98
+
+Carlow election, iii. 348
+
+Carnarvon, Earl of, refuses to move the address in the House of
+  Lords, iii. 202
+
+Caroline, Queen, return of, i. 28; trial of, 31, 35; anecdote of,
+  iii. 37
+
+Carvalho, Minister of Finance to Dom Pedro, iii. 93
+
+Catacombs, the, _see_ Rome
+
+Catholic emancipation, i. 163, 172, 174
+
+Catholic Relief Bill, excitement concerning the, i. 180; debates
+  on, _see_ Lords and Commons
+
+Cato Street Conspiracy, the, i. 26
+
+Cayla, Madame du, i. 71; dinner at the Duke of Wellington's, 214;
+  Beranger's verses on, 215; favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 306
+
+Cenis, the Mont, i. 287
+
+Champollion, Jean Francois, death of, ii. 307
+
+Chapeau de Paille, the, purchase of, ii. 125
+
+Chapel, near Holland House, unable to be consecrated, iii. 200
+
+Charles I., King, head of, discovered at Windsor, ii. 168;
+  executioner of, iii. 132
+
+Charles X., King, of France, arrival of in England, ii. 31; at
+  Lulworth Castle, 33; off Cowes, 34
+
+Charlotte, Queen, illness of, i. 2, 3
+
+Charlotte, H.R.H. the Princess, anecdotes of, ii. 319
+
+Chartres, H.R.H. the Duc de, arrival of, i. 208
+
+Chatham, Earl of, death of, iii. 316
+
+Chatsworth, hospitality at, i. 237; charade at, 238; party at,
+  ii. 51
+
+Chesterfield Papers, the, iii. 327
+
+Chobert, the 'Fire King,' i. 276
+
+Cholera, the, in Russia, ii. 57; account of, 150; preventive
+  measures against, 154, 216; effect on trade of, 156; spread of,
+  161; alarm about, 169; at Berlin, 192; at Sunderland, 208, 210;
+  at Marseilles, 221; on the decline, 224; near Edinburgh, 240;
+  in London, 258, 259; in Bethnal Green, 261; account of, 278;
+  diminution of, 285; in Paris, 287; alarm in London, 309, 311
+
+Christina, Queen, of Spain, iii. 66, 72; reported flight of, 360;
+  courage of, 365
+
+Christmas trees, introduced by Princess Lieven at Panshanger, i.
+  259
+
+Church Bill, the, Committee on, iii. 199
+
+Church Reform, iii. 206
+
+City, the, address to the King, ii. 126; illumination in, 140;
+  election, 1835, iii. 184, 186, 187; anxiety in the money-market,
+  373, 376
+
+Civil List, the, excess of expenditure on, i. 253; for debates
+  on, _see_ Commons, House of
+
+Clanricarde, Marquis of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78
+
+Clarence, H.R.H. the Duke of, Lord High Admiral, i. 95; removal
+  of, from the office of Lord High Admiral, 138, 140. _See_
+  William IV.
+
+Cobbett, William, trial of, ii. 158; returned for Oldham, 335;
+  takes his seat, 351; and Sir Robert Peel, 373
+
+Cochrane, Lord, at Florence, i. 301; villa near Florence, 302
+
+Codrington, Sir E., interview with the Duke of Wellington, i. 179
+
+Coercion Bill, the, introduced, ii. 359
+
+Colchester Election, iii. 112
+
+Commons, House of; Alien Bill, i. 1; Dr. Halloran's petition, 14;
+  debate on grant to the Duke of York, 18; debates on Queen
+  Caroline, 30, 32, 38; Small Notes Bill, 79; debates on Catholic
+  Relief Bill, 91, 133, 166, 191; division on Catholic Relief
+  Bill, 185; Catholic Relief Bill read a third time, 203; Regency
+  and Civil List, ii. 45; debate on the Evesham election, 25;
+  debate on the Civil List, 110; announcement of the Reform Bill,
+  110; Pension List, 111; debate on Ireland, 112; Budget of 1831,
+  113; proposed reductions, 118; introduction of the first Reform
+  Bill, 121; debates on the Reform Bill, 123, 125; debate on the
+  Timber duties, 130; debate on the Reform Bill, 131; division on
+  the Reform Bill, 132; Government defeated, 135; scene in the
+  House, 135; second reading of the Reform Bill, 156; Wine
+  duties, 160; Reform Bill, Schedule A, 170; second Reform Bill,
+  227; debate on, and second reading of the second Reform Bill
+  carried, 228; Reform Bill supported by the Irish Members, 239;
+  division on the Russian Loan, 240; division on the sugar
+  duties, 267; Reform Bill passed, 270; debates, 296; violent
+  scene in debate on petition of the City of London, 299; Irish
+  Tithe question, 308; debate on, 309; debate on the Address,
+  353; Irish Church Reform, 354; aspect of the reformed House,
+  360; debate on Slave Emancipation, 371; vote of confidence in
+  the Ministers, 376; division on the Irish Church Bill, 381;
+  vote against sinecures, iii. 13; division on Apprenticeship
+  Clause of West India Bill, 16; disorganised state of the House,
+  17; Pension List, 60; business of the House, 61; debate on the
+  Corn Laws, 68; debate on admission of Dissenters to the
+  University, 75; debate on Repeal of the Union, 80; Pension
+  List, 80; debate on Portugal, 82; Poor Law Bill, 83; debate on
+  Irish Tithe Bill, 98, 99; gallery for reporters, 205; debate on
+  the Speakership, 214; debate on the Address, 221; debate and
+  division on amendment to the Address, 223; Malt Tax, 224;
+  debate on appointment of Lord Londonderry, 225; Dissenters'
+  Marriage Bill, 230; Government beaten on Chatham election, 234;
+  state of parties in the House, 234; debate and division on
+  Irish Church question, 240; uproar in the House, 243;
+  Government defeated on Irish Tithe Bill, 246; debate on Irish
+  Church Bill, 281; position of the House, 288, 291; conflict
+  with the House of Lords, 225; debate and division on the
+  amendment to the Address, 334; effect of division, 336;
+  Opposition defeated, 347; division, 359; Irish Corporation
+  Bill, 388; insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389; debates on Irish
+  Tithe Bill, 391; abandonment of the appropriation clauses, 393
+
+Como, i. 414
+
+Conroy, Sir John, ii. 190; iii. 3
+
+Conservative Club, dinner at, ii. 327; speeches, 327
+
+Constantine, the Grand Duke, accident to, i. 259; death of, ii.
+  164
+
+Convention signed between France, England, and Holland, ii. 375
+
+Conyngham, Marquis of, Postmaster-General, iii. 88, 113
+
+Conyngham, Marchioness of, i. 46; wears a Crown jewel, 48; Court
+  intrigues, 207
+
+Conyngham, Lord Francis, i. 50
+
+Coprogli, History of the Grand Vizier, iii. 115
+
+Cornelius, painter, ii. 149
+
+Coronation, the, of William IV., decided on, ii. 156;
+  preparations for, 157, 163, 165; estimates for, 181; disputes
+  over the arrangements for, 187
+
+Cottenham, Lord, Lord High Chancellor, iii. 328
+
+Cotton, Sir Willoughby, suppresses the insurrection in Jamaica,
+  ii. 262; on affairs in Jamaica, 380
+
+Council, Clerk of the, Mr. Greville sworn in, i. 44; after the
+  accession of William IV., ii. 12; Lord Grey's Administration
+  sworn in, 71; for the proclamation against rioters, 73;
+  recorder's report in, 85; clerks of the, 87; scene at Council
+  for a new Great Seal, 188
+
+Council, Privy: suttee case before the, ii. 307; embargo on Dutch
+  ships, 343; meeting of the, on the London University petition,
+  iii. 80; counter petition of Oxford and Cambridge, 80
+
+Council, Cabinet: the first of Lord Melbourne's Administration,
+  iii. 120; the first of Sir Robert Peel's Administration, 174
+
+Covent Garden Theatrical Fund Dinner, i. 205
+
+Coventry, glove trade, ii. 224
+
+Cowley, Abraham, lines from 'Ode to Solitude,' ii. 272
+
+Cowper, Earl, at Panshanger, ii. 229
+
+Cowper, Countess, at Panshanger, ii. 229
+
+Cowper, William, Life of, by Southey, iii. 134
+
+Cradock, Colonel, sent to Charles X., ii. 37
+
+Crampton, Sir Philip, Irish story, i. 243
+
+Craven, Earl of, disperses a mob, ii. 77; on the proposed new
+  Peers, 232
+
+Craven, General the Hon. Berkeley, suicide of, iii. 350
+
+Crawford, William, member for the City of London, iii. 188
+
+Creevey, Mr., i. 235
+
+Croker, Right Hon. John Wilson, edition of 'Boswell's Life of
+  Johnson,' ii. 105; reviews lost, 106
+
+Cumberland, H.R.H. the Duke of, opposition to Catholic Relief
+  Bill, i. 180; intrigues at Court, 222; insults Lady Lyndhurst,
+  222, 223; quarrel with Lord Lyndhurst, 224; disputes concerning
+  the office of 'Gold Stick,' ii. 5, 21
+
+Cumberland, H.R.H. the Duchess of, i. 2
+
+Cuvier, Baron, death of, ii. 307
+
+
+Dalberg, Duke de, letter on European affairs, ii. 44
+
+Dawson, Right Hon. George Robert, speech on Catholic
+  Emancipation, i. 138, 200; sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 71
+
+De Cazes, Duke, favourite of Louis XVIII., ii. 305; Ambassador to
+  the Court of St. James, 306
+
+Dedel, M., Dutch Minister at the Court of St. James, iii, 32
+
+Denbigh, Earl of, Chamberlain to Queen Adelaide, ii. 342; sworn
+  in Privy Councillor, 352
+
+Denman, Lord, correspondence with the King, i. 156; sworn in a
+  Privy Councillor, ii. 329; Lord Chief Justice, 330; qualities
+  of, 331; meeting of, with Lord Brougham, in Bedfordshire, iii.
+  71; raised to the Peerage, 74
+
+Derby Dilly, the, iii. 236, 237, 253
+
+De Ros, Lord, in Rome, i. 368
+
+De Ros, Colonel, the Hon. Arthur John Hill, death of, i. 81;
+  character of, 82
+
+Dickenson, Captain, trial of, by court-martial, i. 235
+
+Diebitsch, Marshal, death of, from cholera, ii. 154
+
+Dino, Duc de, arrest of the, i. 255
+
+Dino, Duchesse de, ii. 57; on the state of France, 195
+
+Discontent throughout the country, ii. 108
+
+Disraeli, Benjamin, projects for sitting in Parliament, iii. 170
+
+Dissenters' Marriage Bill, iii. 207, 230. For debates on, _see_
+  Commons, House of
+
+Dorsetshire election, 1831, ii. 203, 207; crime in, iii. 77
+
+Dover, Lord, resigns the Woods and Forests, ii. 109; created a
+  Peer, 150; death of, iii. 4; character of, 4; Life of
+  Frederick II., 6; book on the Man in the Iron Mask, 6
+
+Down, deanery of, iii. 70
+
+Drax _v._ Grosvenor, case of, ii. 224; lunacy case, 369; decision
+  on, 375; final meeting on, 377
+
+Drummond, Henry, mission to the Archbishop of York, iii. 333
+
+Dublin Police Bill, iii. 333
+
+Dudley, Earl of, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, i. 95,
+  124; dinner to Marshal Marmont, ii. 38; eccentricity of, 271,
+  272
+
+'Duke of Milan,' quotation from the, i. 178
+
+Dulcken, Madam, performs before the Judicial Committee, iii. 325
+
+Duncannon, Viscount, iii. 104; called to the House of Lords, and
+  Secretary of State, 109; sworn in, 112; Home Secretary, 113; on
+  O'Connell, 117; at a fire in Edward Street, 117; on the state
+  of affairs, 196; Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord
+  Melbourne, 256
+
+Duncombe, Hon. Thomas Slingsby, maiden speech of, i. 128;
+  petition from Barnet, ii. 255; guilty of libel, iii. 9; at
+  Hillingdon, 123
+
+Durham, Earl of, quarrel with Lady Jersey, ii. 119; influence
+  over Lord Grey, 222; attack on Lord Grey at a Cabinet dinner,
+  226; rudeness of, 269; return from Russia, 333; violence of,
+  333; created an earl, 365
+
+Dwarris, Sir Fortunatus, dinner at the house of, ii. 359
+
+
+East, Sir E. Hyde, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155
+
+Eboli, Duchesse d', ball at Naples, i. 335
+
+Ebrington, Viscount, moves a vote of confidence in the
+  Government, ii. 202, 204
+
+Ebury, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 78
+
+Egremont, Earl of, at Petworth, ii. 336; wealth of, 337;
+  hospitality to the poor, iii. 84
+
+Eldon, Earl of, audience of King George IV., i. 197; speech at
+  Apsley House, ii. 198; career of, 378; tribute to, iii. 42
+
+Election, General, in 1830, ii. 20, 29; in 1831, 139, 141, 142,
+  145; in 1832, 335; in 1835, iii. 184, 189, 191, 193; results
+  of, 195; in the counties, 198; result, 201
+
+Eliot, Lord, return of, from Spain, iii. 259; conversation with
+  Louis Philippe, 259
+
+Ellenborough, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 124; letter to Sir
+  John Malcolm, 271; on West India affairs, ii. 350; on Egypt,
+  351; speech on admission of Dissenters to the University, iii.
+  73
+
+Ellesmere, Earl of, Irish Secretary, i. 146
+
+Ellice, Right Hon. Edward, iii. 104; and the Colchester election,
+  112; Secretary for War, 113; in Paris, 379
+
+Elliot, Frederic, letter from Canada, iii. 325
+
+Epsom races, 1831, ii. 143; in 1833, 373
+
+Erskine, Right Hon. Thomas, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 223;
+  Chief Judge in Bankruptcy, 223
+
+Escars, Duchesse d', at a party given by the Duke of Wellington,
+  i. 214
+
+Este, Sir Augustus d', behaviour of, ii. 194
+
+Esterhazy, Prince Paul, conversation with, ii. 40; on Belgian
+  affairs, 189; on the state of England, iii. 32; on affairs in
+  Europe, 370; conversation with, 373
+
+Europe, state of, ii. 126; in 1831, 187; in 1836, iii. 370
+
+Evans, General de Lacy, iii. 265; reported death of, 359
+
+Evans, the incendiary, arrest of, ii. 70
+
+Exeter, Bishop of, correspondence with Lord Melbourne, ii. 97;
+  interview with Lord Grey, 205; talents of, 287; ambition of,
+  289
+
+
+Falck, Baron, ii. 15, 41
+
+Ferdinand, Emperor, of Austria, iii. 374
+
+Fergusson, Right Hon. Cutlar, Judge Advocate, iii. 95
+
+Ferrara, i. 405
+
+Fieschi conspiracy, iii. 286
+
+Fingall, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Finsbury election, 1834, Radical returned, iii. 100
+
+Fitzclarence, Colonel George, _see_ Munster, Earl of
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Frederick, resigns appointment at the Tower,
+  ii. 362
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Adolphus, picture of, ii. 179
+
+Fitzclarence, Lord Augustus, at Ascot, ii. 147; picture of, 176
+
+Fitzclarence, Lady Augusta, marriage of, iii. 363
+
+Fitzgerald, Right Hon. Vesey, i. 150
+
+Fitzherbert, Mrs., death of, iii. 396; documents of, 396
+
+Flahault, Madame de, anecdotes of Princess Charlotte, ii. 319;
+  _salon_ of, in Paris, iii. 381
+
+Fleury, Cardinal, ii. 347
+
+Florence, i. 299; sights of, 300; society at, 302; sculpture,
+  300, 301; pictures, 303; Grand Duke, 303
+
+Foley, Lord, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84; Lord-Lieutenant
+  of Worcestershire, 84; at St. James's, 297
+
+Fonblanque, Albany, iii. 348
+
+Forester, Right Hon. Colonel Cecil, resigns his appointment as
+  Groom of the Bedchamber, ii. 118
+
+Forfar election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Fox, Mrs. Lane, accompanies the Prince of Orange to Gravesend,
+  ii. 133; receives the Cabinet Ministers, iii. 140
+
+Fox, Right Hon. Charles James, described by Talleyrand, ii. 344
+
+Fox, W. J., Unitarian minister, sermon, iii. 43
+
+France, state of affairs in, i. 284; appearance of the country,
+  287; impending crisis in 1830, 369; events in 1830, ii. 17;
+  revolution, 19; Duke of Orleans ascends the throne, 26;
+  political prospects, 26; reconstruction of the Constitution,
+  28; army ordered to Belgium, 178; army in Belgium, 181; seizure
+  of Portuguese ships, 182, 184; republican tendencies of, 187;
+  state of the country, 1831, 195; weakness of the Government of
+  Louis Philippe, 322; dispute with America, iii. 322; state of
+  the country, 382
+
+Francis, Sir Philip, handwriting of, i. 234
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 185
+
+Franz Joseph, Archduke, iii. 374
+
+Frascati, convent at, i. 305; dinner at, 305; visit to, 390
+
+
+Gallatin, Albert, i. 257
+
+Gambier, Lord, proxy of, ii. 286
+
+Garrick, David, anecdotes of ii. 316
+
+Gell, Sir William, at Rome, i. 372, 375
+
+Geneva, i. 415
+
+Genoa, i. 292; palaces, 293, 295; churches, 294; tomb of Andrew
+  Doria, 296
+
+George III., death of, i. 23; will, 64; jewels and property, 65;
+  dislike of the Duke of Richmond, iii. 129
+
+George IV., illness of, i. 23; at the Pavilion, 49; interview
+  with, 91; health and habits of, 143; violent dislike to the
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 153, 181; character of, 155; personal
+  habits of, 189; interview with the Lord Chancellor, the Duke of
+  Wellington, and Sir Robert Peel, 201; health of, 206; racing
+  interests of, 212; anecdotes concerning, 216; eyesight
+  affected, 233, 236; courage of, 236; conduct in reference to
+  Mr. Denman, 250; illness of, 368; death of, 417; funeral of,
+  ii. 4; sale of wardrobe, 23; details of last illness, 30;
+  anecdotes concerning, 189
+
+Gerard, Marshal, reported resignation of, ii. 45; ordered to
+  Belgium, 178
+
+Gibson, John, R.A., at Rome, i. 383
+
+Gladstone, William Ewart, West India Committee, iii. 280
+
+Glenelg, Lord, President of the Board of Trade, i. 124; Board of
+  Control, ii. 66, iii. 113; Colonial Secretary in Lord
+  Melbourne's second Administration, 256; and the King, 276
+
+'Glenfinlas' performed at Bridgewater House, iii. 353, 355
+
+Glengall, Earl of, comedy by the, i. 249
+
+Glengall, Countess of, ii. 85
+
+Gloucester, H.R.H. the Duke of, ii. 8
+
+Goderich, Viscount, Small Notes Bill, i. 79; Secretary of State
+  for Colonial Affairs and War, 95; sent for by the King, 107;
+  scene at Windsor, 108; Administration of, formed, 108;
+  resignation of, 115; returns to office, 116; Ministry
+  dissolved, 120; Colonial Secretary, ii. 66; Lord Privy Seal,
+  365; created an earl, 367; invested with the Order of the
+  Garter, 367
+
+Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, death of, ii. 307
+
+Goodwood, ii. 182; in 1833, iii. 20
+
+Gorhambury, party at, ii. 188
+
+'Goriot, Le Pere,' iii. 378
+
+Goulburn, Right Hon. Henry, Chancellor of the Exchequer, i. 124
+
+Graham, Right Hon. Sir James, First Lord of the Admiralty, ii.
+  66; elevation of, 90; remarks on, 91; resignation of, iii. 88;
+  declines to join the Peel Administration, 176; conservative
+  spirit of, 249; on the crisis of 1835, 249; joins the
+  Opposition, 272
+
+Grange, The, attacked by a mob, ii. 68
+
+Grant, Right Hon. Charles, _see_ Glenelg, Lord
+
+Granville, Earl, Ambassador in Paris, iii. 385
+
+Granville, Countess, i. 10; quarrel with M. Thiers, iii. 380
+
+Greece, policy of the English Government towards, i. 255
+
+Greenwich, dinner at, iii. 1
+
+Grenville, Thomas, conduct during the riots of 1780, iii. 129
+
+Gresley, Sir Roger, quarrel with Lord H. Bentinck, ii. 148
+
+Greville, Charles, sen., death of, ii. 318
+
+Greville, Mrs., 'Ode to Indifference,' ii. 319
+
+Greville, Algernon, private secretary to the Duke of Wellington,
+  iii. 163
+
+Grey, Earl, hostility to the Government, i. 100; forms an
+  Administration, 1830, ii. 64, 66; First Lord of the Treasury,
+  66; at dinner at Lord Sefton's, 69; nepotism of, 78; character
+  of, 88; relations with Lord Lyndhurst, 88; lays the Reform Bill
+  before the King, 109; weakness of Government in the House of
+  Commons, 116; remarks on Administration of, 137; invested with
+  the Order of the Garter, 146; at dinner at Hanbury's Brewery,
+  149; attacked on his foreign policy, 178; on Belgian affairs,
+  178; attacked by Lord Durham, 226; proposed new Peers, 230;
+  altered conduct of, 232; reluctance to make new Peers, 247;
+  conversation with, 248; interview with Lord Harrowby and Lord
+  Wharncliffe, 259; minute of compromise with Lord Harrowby and
+  Lord Wharncliffe, 260; speech on Ancona, 269; speech at the
+  close of the Reform debate, 288; continued efforts for a
+  compromise, 291; Government defeated in committee, 293;
+  resignation of Administration of, 294; resumes office with his
+  colleagues, 300; remarks on the members of the Administration
+  of, 322; embarrassment of Government, 369; instance of
+  readiness of, iii. 10; on Portuguese affairs, 21; compared with
+  the Duke of Wellington, 73; changes in the Administration of,
+  88, 90, 91; situation of, in the crisis of 1834, 91; letter to
+  Lord Ebrington, 92; weakness of the Government, 97; resignation
+  of, 101; refuses the Privy Seal, 112; desires to retire, 124;
+  dinner to, at Edinburgh, 135; events subsequent to retirement
+  of, 145; intrigue, 145; conservative spirit of, 249; audience
+  of the King, 251; dissatisfaction of, 352
+
+Grey, Sir Charles, Governor of Jamaica, sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, iii. 271
+
+Grote, George, returned for the City of London, iii. 188
+
+Guizot, Monsieur, reported resignation of, ii. 45; eminence of,
+  iii. 379
+
+Gully, Mr., account of, ii. 335; returned for Pontefract, 336
+
+Gunpowder Plot, papers relating to, i. 161
+
+
+Haddington, Earl of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 181
+
+Halford, Sir Henry, report on the cholera, ii. 137
+
+Hampden, Dr. Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford, iii. 341,
+  342
+
+Hanbury's Brewery, dinner at, ii. 148
+
+Happiness, reflections on, iii. 293
+
+Hardinge, Right Hon. Sir Henry, on the prospects of the Tory
+  Government, iii. 167; on the King and Lord Melbourne, 168
+
+Harrowby, Earl of, Lord President, i. 95; speech on Reform, ii.
+  206; interview with Lord Grey, 224; circular to the Peers, 242,
+  248; interview with Lord Grey, 259; discussions on letter of,
+  262; letter shown to Lord Grey, 264; the 'Times' on the letter
+  of, 264, 265; patriotic conduct of, 275; declines to vote on
+  Schedule A, 281; character of, iii. 52; subscription to
+  election expenses, 182
+
+Harrowby, Countess of, iii. 52
+
+Hartwell, visit to, ii. 345
+
+Harvey, Whittle, committee, iii. 112; speech of, at Southwark,
+  188
+
+Harwich election, 1835, iii. 186
+
+Health, formation of a board of, ii. 154
+
+Henry II., King, and Thomas a Becket, iii. 130
+
+Henry VIII., King, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168
+
+Herbert, Sydney, Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194
+
+Herculaneum, i. 349
+
+'Hernani,' ii. 154
+
+Herries, Right Hon. John Charles, scene at Council, i. 108;
+  discussions on appointment of, 110; ill-will of, towards his
+  colleagues, 121; Master of the Mint, 124
+
+Hertford, Marchioness of, funeral of, iii. 79
+
+Hess, Captain, ii. 319, 320
+
+Heurteloup, Baron, before the Judicial Committee, iii. 332
+
+Heythrop, riot at, ii. 77
+
+Hill, Mr., Irish members' squabble, iii. 55
+
+Hobhouse, Right Hon. Sir John Cam, speech on the Reform Bill, ii.
+  123; Secretary of War, 243; resigns Irish Secretaryship and
+  seat for Westminster, ii. 368; on the state of affairs, iii.
+  195; Board of Control, in Lord Melbourne's second
+  Administration, 256
+
+Holland, the King of, invades Belgium, ii. 175; state of, 200;
+  conduct of the King of, 314; the King refuses to give up
+  Antwerp, 321, 329; obstinacy of the King, 324; bankrupt
+  condition of, iii. 32
+
+Holland, Lord, at Panshanger, ii. 47; Duchy of Lancaster, iii.
+  113; anecdotes related by, 131; on Reform, 135; on Mr. Canning,
+  135; anecdotes, 335; on Mr. Fox, 335; contempt for the Tory
+  party, 336
+
+Holland, Lady, fancies of, ii. 331; and Spencer Perceval, iii.
+  331
+
+Holland House, dinner at, ii. 245; conversation at, 316; Allen
+  and Macaulay, 317; sketch of, 331; conversation at, iii. 127,
+  129; literary criticisms, 130; Lord Melbourne's conversation,
+  131; dinner at, 132; news of the fall of Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 147; party spirit at, 192
+
+Holmes boroughs, ii. 140
+
+Hook, Theodore, improvisation of, iii. 119, 197; singing of, 197
+
+Home, Sir William, Attorney-General, ii. 333; and Lord Brougham,
+  iii. 67
+
+Hortense, Queen, at Frascati, i. 305
+
+Horton, Wilmot, lectures at the Mechanics' Institute, ii. 97
+
+Howe, Earl, dismissal of, ii. 203; Queen's Chamberlain, 319; and
+  Queen Adelaide, 331; correspondence about the Chamberlainship,
+  339
+
+Howick, Viscount, Under-secretary, ii. 78; in office, iii. 254;
+  civility of the King to, 255; Secretary of War, 256; acrimony
+  of, 312; interview with Spencer Perceval, 330; on the position
+  of parties, 360
+
+Hudson, Sir James, page of honour, ii. 339
+
+Hume, John Deacon, Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade, i.
+  223; ii. 49
+
+Hume, Joseph, extreme Radical views of, ii. 361; speech on the
+  Orangemen, iii. 344; deputation to Lord Melbourne, 357
+
+'Hunchback, The,' ii. 285
+
+Hunt, Henry, speech of, ii. 112; speech of, against the Reform
+  Bill, 134
+
+Huskisson, Right Hon. William, President of the Board of Trade,
+  i. 95; dispute in the Cabinet, 120; joins the new Government,
+  122; Colonial Secretary, 124; resignation of, 131; Lord
+  Melbourne's opinion of, ii. 46; death of, 47; character of, 49;
+  funeral of, 51
+
+
+Incendiarism in the country, ii. 84
+
+Ireland, trials in, i. 239; dissatisfaction in, ii. 76;
+  unpopularity of Government changes in, 89; state of, 112, 114;
+  education in, 267, 271; tithes, 309; Church difficulties in,
+  323
+
+Irish Church, abuses in, iii. 9; the Irish Church Bill dangerous
+  to the Government, 86; differences in the Cabinet, 89;
+  difficulties of the Irish Church question, 240, 253; opinions
+  of Lord Melbourne on the, 269. For debates on the Irish Church
+  Bill, _see_ Lords, House of, and Commons, House of
+
+Irish Tithe Bill, thrown out, iii. 117; divisions on the, 246;
+  conduct of the Government, 298; difficulties of, 353, 354;
+  abandonment of the Appropriation Clause, 355
+
+Irving, Edward, service in chapel, iii. 40; the unknown tongues,
+  41; sermon of, 41; interview with Lord Melbourne, 129
+
+Irving, Washington, i. 249
+
+Istria, Duchesse d', beauty of, iii. 381
+
+
+Jacquemont's Letters, iii. 115
+
+Jamaica, insurrection in, ii. 262; Mr. Greville, Secretary of the
+  Island of, 349; petition to the King, 352; affairs of, 352;
+  anecdote of a slave, 359; opinion of Sir Willoughby Cotton,
+  380; office of Secretary to the Island of, threatened, iii.
+  266, 268, 275; secured, 279
+
+Jebb, Judge, charge of, at O'Connell's trial, ii. 109
+
+Jeffrey, Lord, and Professor Leslie, iii. 44
+
+Jersey, Countess of, character of, i. 12; party at the house of,
+  ii. 64; quarrel with Lord Durham, 119; correspondence with Lord
+  Brougham, 126
+
+Jockey Club, dinner given by the King to the, 1828, i. 154; in
+  1829, 211
+
+'John Bull,' the, newspaper, ii. 97
+
+Johnson, Dr., anecdotes of, ii. 316
+
+Johnstone, Right Hon. Sir Alexander, sworn in a Privy Councillor,
+  iii. 27, 30; at the Judicial Committee, 125
+
+Jones Loyd, Mr., iii. 188
+
+Jones, 'Radical,' interview with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 200
+
+Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Bill for the
+  establishment of the, iii. 21; meeting to make regulations for
+  the, 35; first sitting of the, 38; working of the, 205
+
+
+Kelly, Mrs., adventures of her daughter, i. 379, 383; case before
+  the Privy Council, iii. 259, 261, 266, 267; judgment, 274
+
+Kemble, Charles, and his family, iii. 260
+
+Kemble, Miss Fanny, i. 240, ii. 129; tragedy by, 270; in the
+  'Hunchback,' 285
+
+Kempt, Right Hon. Sir James, Master-General of the Ordnance,
+  sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 84
+
+Kent, H.R.H. the Duchess of, disputes in the Royal Family, ii.
+  190; and the Duke of Wellington, 190; the Regency Bill, 191;
+  salutes to, iii. 3; at Burghley, 315; quarrels with the King,
+  366; scene at Windsor, 367; answer to the address of the City
+  of London, 399; squabble with the King, 400
+
+Kenyon, Lord, speech at Apsley House, ii. 198
+
+Kinnaird, Lord, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, anecdote of, iii. 130
+
+Knatchbull, Right Hon. Sir Edward, joins the Peel Government,
+  iii. 176, 177; attack on, 226
+
+Knighton, Sir William, i. 72; influence with the King, 99, 144;
+  behaviour of, during the King's illness, ii. 174
+
+
+Lafayette, Marquis de, resignation of, ii. 99
+
+La Ferronays, M. de, French Ambassador at Rome, i. 307; on the
+  accession of the Emperor Nicholas, 373; on French politics,
+  368; civility of, 380, 381; on French affairs, 393, 395
+
+La Granja, revolution of, iii. 364, 365
+
+'Lalla Rookh,' at Bridgewater House, iii. 353
+
+Lamb, Sir Frederick, ii. 94; reported letter to the King of
+  France from the Duke of Wellington, 94
+
+Lambeth Palace, restoration of, ii. 34
+
+Lancashire election, 1835, iii. 198
+
+Langdale, Lord, reply to Lord Brougham, iii. 81; declines the
+  Solicitor-Generalship, 141; peerage, 328; Master of the Rolls,
+  328
+
+Lansdowne, Marquis of, Secretary of State for the Home
+  Department, i. 95; Lord President, ii. 66; dinner to name the
+  sheriffs, 109; on the Reform Bill, 131; and Lord Brougham, 347;
+  Lord President in both of the Administrations of Lord
+  Melbourne, iii. 113, 256
+
+La Ronciere, case of, iii. 202
+
+Laval, M. de, at Apsley House, ii. 15
+
+Law, History of English, iii. 114
+
+Lawrence, Sir Thomas, early genius of, i. 256; death of, 263;
+  character of, 264; funeral of, 268; engagement of, to the
+  Misses Siddons, iii. 50
+
+Leach, Right Hon. Sir John, disappointed of the Woolsack, ii. 68;
+  in the case of Drax _v._ Grosvenor, 378
+
+Leigh, Colonel George, ii. 189
+
+Leinster, Duke of, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii. 155
+
+Leitrim, Earl of, created a Baron of the United Kingdom, ii. 150
+
+Le Marchant, Denis, at Stoke, iii. 21
+
+Lemon, Robert, F.S.A., Deputy Keeper of the State Papers, iii. 44
+
+Lennard, John Barrett, Chief Clerk of the Privy Council Office,
+  ii. 370
+
+Leopold, King, i. 22; desires to ascend the throne of Greece,
+  265; anxiety to ascend the throne of Belgium, ii. 153; accepts
+  the throne of Belgium, 158; starts for Belgium, 167; proposes
+  to the Princess Louise of France, 168; in Belgium, 177; want of
+  confidence in, 177; cold reception of, at Windsor, iii. 370
+
+Leuchtenberg, Duke of, at Havre, iii. 33; marriage of, 33; letter
+  to Lord Palmerston, 34; arrival of, 195
+
+Leveson, Lord Francis, _see_ Ellesmere, Earl of
+
+Levee, iii. 213
+
+Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ('Monk' Lewis), journals and voyages to
+  the West Indies, ii. 382; anecdote of, iii. 2; agreement with
+  Mr. Murray for the Journal, 8
+
+Lichfield, Earl of, at Runton, iii. 51
+
+Lichfield Cathedral, iii. 327
+
+Lieven, Prince, recalled, iii. 87
+
+Lieven, Princess, character of, i. 15; attacks Lord Grey, ii.
+  261; on the Belgian question, 266; conversation with, 322;
+  renews her friendship with the Duke of Wellington, 325;
+  grievances of, 351; interference of, 358; diplomatic
+  difficulties, 357; reception of, at St. Petersburg, iii. 23;
+  position, of, in Paris, 379
+
+Littleton, Right Hon. Edward, i. 11; proposed by Lord Althorp as
+  Speaker, ii. 333; Secretary for Ireland, 372; and O'Connell,
+  iii. 99; instrumental in breaking up the Government, 102;
+  political career of, 103; letter to Lord Wellesley, 103, 110;
+  in communication with O'Connell, 103, 110; Irish Secretary, 113
+
+Liverpool, Earl of, and the King, i. 25; paralytic seizure, 90;
+  transactions before the close of Administration of, ii. 173
+
+Liverpool, opening of the railroad, ii. 43, 47; bribery at
+  election, 79
+
+Lobau, Marshal, Commandant-General, ii. 99
+
+Lodge, the Royal, entertainments at, i. 99
+
+London, speech of Bishop of, iii. 391; University Charter, iii.
+  80, 81, 237; meeting of Committee of Council on, 260, 262
+
+Londonderry, Marquis of, death of, i. 51; character of, 52;
+  funeral of, 54
+
+Londonderry, Marquis of, motion on Belgium, ii. 180; attacks Lord
+  Plunket, 266; debate on appointment of, to St. Petersburg, iii.
+  225; opinion of the Duke of Wellington, 227; speech of, 228;
+  resignation of, 229
+
+Long, St. John, trial of, ii. 85
+
+Lords, House of, debate of Royal Dukes, i. 177; debate on
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 199; division on Catholic Relief Bill,
+  199; debate on affairs in Portugal, 277; debate on the Methuen
+  Treaty, ii. 118; speech of Lord Brougham, 118; violent scene in
+  the, 136; debate on Lord Londonderry's motion, 180; prospects
+  of the Reform Bill, 193; First Reform Bill thrown out, 202;
+  attack on the Bishops, 205; new Peers, 230; measures for
+  carrying the second reading of the Second Reform Bill, 235,
+  237; division on the Belgian question, 240; Reform Bill, 271;
+  Irish education, 271; debates on second reading of the Reform
+  Bill, 272, 286; list of proposed new Peers, 283; Reform Bill
+  carried, 287; in Committee on the Reform Bill, 291; debate on
+  conduct of the Tory party, 303; Russo-Dutch Loan, 315;
+  Government beaten on Portuguese question, 376; powerlessness
+  of, 377; Local Courts Bill, 382, 384; debate on Local Courts
+  Bill, iii. 7; Government defeated, 7; Irish Church Bill, 8;
+  Bill for the observance of the Sabbath, 83; debate on the Irish
+  Church Bill, 94; Poor Law Bill, 114; debate on Irish Tithe
+  Bill, 117; conduct of the House, 239; debate on Corporation
+  Bill, 286, 290; position of the House, 288, 291; Irish Tithe
+  Bill thrown up, 295; conflict with the House of Commons, 295;
+  state of the House, 307; debate on Corporation Bill, 308, 351;
+  hostility to the House of Commons, 359; conduct of the House,
+  360, 361
+
+Louis XVIII., King, memoirs of, ii. 305; favourites of, 305; at
+  Hartwell, 345
+
+Louis Philippe, King, accession of, ii. 26; conduct of, 27;
+  tranquillises Paris, 99; speech of, 169; averse to French
+  attack on Antwerp, 334; behaviour of, to the Queen of Portugal,
+  iii. 33; power of, in the Chamber, 142; courage of, 286;
+  conduct towards Spain, 321, 360, 364; at the Tuileries, 382;
+  dislike to the Duke de Broglie, 386
+
+Louise, H.R.H. Princess, daughter of King Louis Philippe, ii. 168
+
+Louis, Baron, reported resignation of, ii. 45
+
+Luckner, General, ii. 219
+
+Lushington, Dr., speech of, in the appeal of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  ii. 383
+
+Lushington, Sir Henry, and 'Monk' Lewis, iii. 2
+
+Luttrell, Henry, character of, i. 10; 'Advice to Julia,' 33
+
+Lyndhurst, Lord, Lord High Chancellor, i. 95, 124; quarrel with
+  the Duke of Cumberland, 223; dissatisfaction at Lord Brougham's
+  being raised to the Woolsack, ii. 68; reported appointment to
+  be Lord Chief Baron, 89; opinion of the Government, 93; Lord
+  Chief Baron, 106; political position of, 107; anecdote of a
+  trial, 107; retort to the Duke of Richmond, 139; on the
+  Government, 143; on Sir Robert Peel, 144; on Lord Brougham,
+  144; sent for by the King, 294; efforts to form a Tory
+  Government, 326; judgment in Small _v._ Attwood, 330; account
+  of the efforts of the Tory party to form a Government, 340;
+  forgets the message of the King to Lord Grey, iii. 49; account
+  of transactions between the King and Lord Melbourne, 150;
+  policy of, 151; on Lord Brougham, 153; Lord High Chancellor,
+  156; on the Administration of Sir Robert Peel, 189; conduct on
+  the Corporation Bill, 288, 292; on the prospects of the
+  session, 332; on the business of the House of Lords, 333;
+  speech in vindication of conduct, 362; in Paris, 378; insult
+  offered to, in House of Commons, 389; capacity of, 390; violent
+  speech of, 401
+
+Lyndhurst, Lady, insulted by the Duke of Cumberland, i. 222;
+  conversation with, ii. 93
+
+Lynn Regis, election, iii. 170, 171, 175, 181
+
+Lyons, riots at, ii. 219
+
+
+Macao, verses on, i. 11, 12
+
+Macaulay, Thomas Babington, speeches on the Reform Bill, ii. 123,
+  199; eloquence of, 204; at Holland House, 245; appearance of,
+  246; character of, 317; on the Coercion Bill, 363; conversation
+  of, iii. 35; memory of, 337; eloquence of, compared to Lord
+  Brougham, 338; inscription on monument erected in honour of
+  Lord William Bentinck, 339
+
+Macaulay, Zachary, iii. 337
+
+Mackintosh, Right Hon. Sir James, speech of, on the criminal
+  laws, i. 19; conversation of, 241; death of, ii. 307; 'History
+  of England,' iii. 139; remarks on life of, 293, 314; compared
+  with Burke, 314; life of, 316; abilities of, 316; religious
+  belief of, 324
+
+Maggiore, Lago, i. 414
+
+Maidstone, state of the borough, iii. 184
+
+Maii, Monsignore, i. 367, 375
+
+Malibran, Maria Felicita, in the 'Sonnambula,' iii. 12
+
+Mallet, conspiracy of, ii. 186
+
+Malt Tax, the, Government defeated on, ii. 368
+
+Manners Sutton, Sir Charles, G.C.B., proposed as Premier, ii.
+  326; conduct of, 341; reappointed Speaker, 343; Knight of the
+  Bath, iii. 30; the Speakership, 204, _see_ Canterbury, Lord
+
+Mansfield, Lord, speech against the Government, ii. 136; audience
+  of the King, 138; meeting of Peers, 152
+
+Mansion House, the, dinner at, iii. 178
+
+Marengo, battle-field of, i. 292
+
+Maria, Donna, Queen of Portugal, at a child's ball, i. 209;
+  proposals of marriage for, iii. 33; at Windsor, 33; picture of,
+  195
+
+Marie Amelie, Queen, iii. 383
+
+Marmont, Marshal, at Lady Glengall's, ii. 34; conversation with,
+  34; revolution of 1830, 37; at Woolwich, 38; dinner at Lord
+  Dudley's, 38
+
+Matteis, trial of, i. 336, 341
+
+Matuscewitz, Russian Ambassador Extraordinary, i. 159; on affairs
+  in Europe, ii. 176; conduct of, 324; conversation with, iii.
+  314
+
+Maule, Mr. Justice, at dinner at the Athenaeum. ii. 101
+
+Meeting of moderate men, origin of the 'Derby Dilly,' iii. 219
+
+Meiningen, chateau of, model of the, iii. 122; the Queen revisits
+  the, 125
+
+Melbourne, Viscount, Home Secretary, ii. 66; efficiency of, in
+  office, 90; negotiations with, 104; dissatisfaction of, 245; on
+  the proposed new Peers, 254; on the Reform Bill, 277; on the
+  members of Lord Grey's Administration, 322; sent for by the
+  King, iii. 102; forms an Administration, 108; letter to the
+  Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, and Mr. Stanley, 109;
+  Administration of, 113; anecdote of, 126; information of, 130;
+  literary conversation of, 131; on Benthamites, 138; theological
+  reading of, 138; fall of Government of, 143; dismissal of, 144;
+  details of fall of Government, 147; account of dismissal, 150,
+  168; with the King, 163, 168; with his colleagues, 164, 165,
+  166; dispute with Lord Duncannon, 166; speeches at Derby, 170;
+  weakness of, 170; second Administration formed, 253;
+  composition of, 256; theological reading of, 324; appointment
+  of Dr. Hampden, 342; action against, brought by the Hon. Mr.
+  Norton, 349; result of the trial, 351; difficulties of the
+  Government, 355
+
+Melville, Viscount, President of the India Board, i. 124
+
+Mendizabal, ability of, iii. 321; dismissal of, 350
+
+Messiah, the oratorio of the, performed in Westminster Abbey,
+  iii. 98
+
+Methuen, Paul, M.P., on supporting the Government, iii. 65;
+  retort of O'Connell to, 65
+
+Metternich, Princess, anecdote of, iii. 187
+
+Mexico, failure of the Spanish expedition against, i. 249
+
+Meynell, Mr., retires from the Lord Chamberlain's department, ii.
+  133
+
+Mezzofanti, i. 403
+
+Middlesex election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Middleton, party at, i. 12
+
+Miguel, Dom, ii. 312, 315, 321; attacks Oporto, 324; fleet
+  captured by Captain Napier, iii. 9; anecdote of, 26; blunders
+  of, 93
+
+Milan, i. 413
+
+Mill, John Stuart, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59
+
+Milton, Viscount, at a meeting at Lord Althorp's, ii. 161
+
+Mirabeau, Count de, Talleyrand's account of, ii. 384
+
+Miraflores, Count de, Spanish Ambassador in London, iii. 98;
+  doubtful compliment to Madame de Lieven, 99
+
+Mola di Gaeta, i. 359; Cicero's villa, 368
+
+Mole, M., Prime Minister of France, iii. 379; abilities of, 380
+
+Montalivet, case of the French refugee, iii. 386
+
+Monti, Vincenzo, anecdote of, ii. 186
+
+Moore, Thomas, i. 239, 245; conversation of, 242; anecdotes, 247;
+  Irish patriotism of, ii. 98; opinions on Reform, 140; copy of
+  'Lord Edward Fitzgerald,' 169; satire on Dr. Bowring, 219;
+  compared with Rogers, iii. 324; quarrel with O'Connell, 346
+
+'Morning Herald,' the, moderate Tory organ, ii. 269
+
+Mornington, Countess of, death of, ii. 194
+
+Morpeth, Viscount, Irish Secretary, iii. 256; speech on Irish
+  Tithe Bill, 256
+
+Mosley, Sir Oswald, meeting of moderate men, iii. 220
+
+Mulgrave, Earl of, in Jamaica, ii. 352; refuses the office of
+  Postmaster-General, iii. 90; Lord Privy Seal, 113; capability
+  of, 255
+
+Municipal Corporation Bill, iii. 263, 284, 290; policy of Tory
+  Peers on the, 283; prospects of the, 295; effects of the, 309,
+  313; the Bill carried, 310
+
+Munster, Earl of, employed by the King, ii. 10; raised to the
+  Peerage, 143; Lieutenant of the Tower, 168; sworn in a Privy
+  Councillor, 352
+
+Murat, Achille, ii. 115
+
+Murray, Dr., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, i. 146
+
+Murray, Sir George, Secretary of State for the Colonial
+  Department, ii. 11
+
+Murray, Lady Augusta, marriage of, ii. 194
+
+Musard's ball, iii. 384
+
+
+Namik Pacha, Turkish Ambassador, ii. 339
+
+Napier, Sir William, on the state of the country, ii. 108;
+  'History of the Peninsular War,' iii. 271
+
+Napier, Captain Charles, captures Dom Miguel's fleet, iii. 9;
+  cause of capture of a French squadron, 11; anecdote of, 34
+
+Naples, i. 333; sight-seeing at, 334; Court of Justice, 334;
+  manuscripts, 334; ceremony of taking the veil, 338; sights of,
+  345, 356; miracle of the blood of San Gennaro, 353, 355, 364;
+  excursions to Astroni, 356; lines on leaving, 361
+
+Navarino, battle of, i. 114, 163
+
+Nemours, H.R.H. Duc de, accompanies King Louis Philippe, ii. 99;
+  nomination to the throne of Belgium declined, 111; in the House
+  of Commons, iii. 306; at Doncaster, 315
+
+Newmarket, political negotiations at, ii. 290
+
+Nicholas, Emperor, accession of, i. 373; reception of strangers,
+  iii. 24; on the change of Government in England, 211; speech at
+  Warsaw, 319; dislike to King Louis Philippe, 387; qualities of,
+  371
+
+'Norma,' the opera of, iii. 2
+
+North, Lord, Letters of George III. to, iii. 129; anecdote of,
+  132
+
+Northamptonshire election, iii. 326
+
+Northumberland, Duke of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, i. 157
+
+Northumberland, Duchess of, resigns her office of governess to
+  the Princess Victoria, iii. 400
+
+Norton, Hon. Mr., action brought against Lord Melbourne, iii.
+  349; result of the trial, 351
+
+
+Oaks, The, ii. 374; party at, 374
+
+Oatlands, the residence of the Duke of York, i. 4; weekly parties
+  at, 5, 7
+
+O'Connell, Daniel, character of, i. 145; at dinner, 203; attempts
+  to take his seat, 207; elected for Clare, 1829, 223; insult to,
+  ii. 76; in Ireland, 96; opposition to Lord Anglesey, 98;
+  abilities of, 100; violence of, 106; arrest of, 107; trial of,
+  109; position of, 111; pleads guilty, 114; opposition to Lord
+  Duncannon in Kilkenny, 115; explanation of, 123; dread of
+  cholera, 309; member for Ireland, 351; violent speech at the
+  Trades' Union, 362, 363; attack on Baron Smith, iii. 59; retort
+  to Mr. Methuen, 65; and the Coercion Bill, 103, 110; in
+  correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 110; union with the Whig
+  party, 219; power of, 255; affair with Lord Alvanley, 256; in
+  Scotland, 316; proposed expulsion from Brooks's club, 320;
+  quarrel with Moore, 346; Carlow election, 348
+
+O'Connell, Morgan, duel with Lord Alvanley, iii. 256
+
+Old Bailey, trials at, i. 204; ii. 85
+
+Opera House, the English, burnt, i. 277
+
+Orange, Prince of, dinner to the, ii. 57; returns to Holland, 133
+
+Orange, Princess of, robbery of jewels of, i. 267
+
+Orange Lodge, association of, iii. 343
+
+Orangemen, meeting of, iii. 123
+
+Orleans, H.R.H. Duke of, arrival of, i. 208; sent to Lyons, ii.
+  219; in England, 373; project of marriage at Vienna, iii. 372;
+  question of marriage of, 387
+
+Orloff, Count, arrival of, ii. 278; delay in ratification of the
+  Belgian Treaty, 285
+
+Osterley, party at, ii. 187
+
+
+Padua, i. 411
+
+Paestum, i. 344
+
+Palmella, Duke of, arrival of in London, ii. 315
+
+Palmerston, Viscount, speech on the Portuguese question, i. 211;
+  Foreign Secretary, ii. 66; suggests a compromise on the Reform
+  Bill, 211; on proposed new Peers, 254; on prospects of the
+  Reform Bill, 256; business habits of, iii. 20, 21; unpopularity
+  of, 56; speech on the Turkish question, 71; Foreign Secretary
+  in Lord Melbourne's Administration, 113; unpopularity with the
+  _corps diplomatique_, 136; loses his election in Hampshire,
+  197; as a man of business, 210; Foreign Secretary, 256;
+  abilities of, 360
+
+Panic, the, 1825, i. 77; on the Stock Exchange, 1830, ii. 43
+
+Panshanger, parties at, ii. 46, 47, 229
+
+Paris, society at, in 1830, i. 283; in July, 416, 417; Marshal
+  Marmont's account of events at, in 1830, ii. 36; alarm felt in,
+  99; change of Ministry, 133; in 1837, iii. 377; society at,
+  378, 385; sight-seeing, 381, 383
+
+Park, Judge, anecdotes of, ii. 92; iii. 372
+
+Parke, Right Hon. Sir James, sworn in a Privy Councillor, iii.
+  21; Baron of the Exchequer, 71; in the appeal of Swift _v._
+  Kelly, 268
+
+Parliament, meeting of, 1830, ii. 53; meeting of, 1831, ii. 110;
+  dissolution of 1831, 137; opening of, 153; in 1831, 223;
+  dissolution of, 1832, 334; opening of, 1833, 351; prorogation
+  of, 1833, iii. 27; opening of, 1834, 55; dissolution of, 183;
+  temporary buildings for Houses of, 205; opening of, 219; in
+  1836, 334; prorogation of, 1836, 361
+
+Parnell, Sir Henry, turned out of office, ii. 243
+
+Parsons, anecdotes of, ii. 108
+
+Paskiewitch, Marshal, in quarantine, ii. 162
+
+Pattison, James, returned to Parliament for the City of London,
+  iii. 188
+
+Pavilion, The, dinner at, i. 49; completion of, 54
+
+Pease, Mr., and O'Dwyer, iii. 59
+
+Pedro, Dom, expedition of, ii. 312, 315; proposal to combine with
+  Spain, iii. 72; in possession of Portugal, 93
+
+Peel, Right Hon. Sir Robert, Home Secretary, i. 124; speeches on
+  Catholic Relief Bill, 167, 183; Oxford University election,
+  1829, 177; defeated, 178; political prospects of, ii. 95, 96;
+  power in the House of Commons, 116; speech on the Reform Bill,
+  123; inactivity of, on the Reform Bill, 130, 134; complaints of
+  policy of, 141; conduct of, 160; reserve of, 161, 174;
+  excellence in debate, 200; answer to Lord Harrowby, 248, 249;
+  policy of, 264; speech on Irish Tithes, 269; invited to form a
+  Government, 294; refuses to take office, 296; defence of
+  conduct, 304; conduct during the Tory efforts to form a
+  Government, 327, 328; conduct compared with that of the Duke of
+  Wellington, 328; character of, 354; on political unions, iii.
+  12; in society, 35; position of, in the House of Commons, 64;
+  collection of pictures, 70; great dinner given by, 72; speech
+  on admission of Dissenters to the University, 75; policy of the
+  Administration of, 161; friendship with the Duke of Wellington
+  renewed, 167; arrival of, from the Continent, 174; formation of
+  Administration, 177; manifesto to the country, 178; prospects
+  of the Ministry, 179; qualities of, 189; Toryism of
+  Administration of, 194; false position of, 208; prospects of
+  Government, 214, 235, 236; talents of, 224; conduct to his
+  adherents, 230, 244; courage of, 283; impending resignation of,
+  242; Government defeated, 246; resignation of Administration
+  of, 1835, 246, 248; speech on Corporation Reform, 263; on Irish
+  Church Bill, 281; relations with Lord John Russell, 282;
+  seclusion of, 297; speech on Corporation Reform, 304;
+  consideration for Lord Stanley, 335; conduct with regard to the
+  Corporation Bill, 340; position of, 358; on the beginning of
+  the new reign, 402
+
+Peel, Sir Robert, sen., account of, ii. 125
+
+Peel, Right Hon. Jonathan, iii. 243
+
+Pemberton, Thomas, ii. 314; in the appeal of Swift _v._ Kelly,
+  iii. 267, 271
+
+Pembroke, Earl of, i. 250
+
+Pension List, _see_ Commons, House of
+
+Pepys, Right Hon. Sir Christopher, Master of the Rolls, iii. 328.
+  _See_ Cottenham, Lord
+
+Perceval, Spencer, discourse of, iii, 41; the Unknown Tongue, 41;
+  on the condition of the Church, 123; apostolic mission to the
+  members of the Government, 331; at Holland House, 331;
+  apostolic mission of, 333
+
+Perier, Casimir, momentary resignation of, ii. 175; attacked by
+  cholera, 288; death of, 307
+
+Persian Ambassador, the, quarrel of, with the Regent, i. 21
+
+Perth election, 1835, iii. 197
+
+Petworth House and pictures, ii. 336; fete at, iii. 84
+
+Peyronnet, Comte de, i. 393
+
+Phillpotts, _see_ Exeter, Bishop of
+
+Pisa, i. 297
+
+Pitt, Right Hon. William, described by Talleyrand, ii. 345;
+  anecdotes of, iii. 131
+
+Plunket, Lord, Lord Chancellor in Ireland, ii. 90; anecdote of,
+  107; at Stoke, iii. 21; Deanery of Down, 70
+
+Poland, contest in, ii. 157
+
+Polignac, Prince Jules de, head of the Administration in France;
+  i. 160, 229, 283; Administration of, 394; behaviour of, ii. 29;
+  letter to M. de Mole, 33; exasperation against, 38, 39
+
+Pompeii, i. 338; excavations at, 343
+
+Ponsonby, Viscount, Minister at Naples, ii. 155; letters of, 172;
+  conduct of, as Ambassador at Constantinople, iii. 405
+
+Pope, the, audience of Pius VIII., i. 382; Irish appointments of
+  the, iii. 269. _See_ Rome
+
+Portfolio, the, iii. 327
+
+Portland, Duke of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 95
+
+Portugal, ships seized by the French, ii. 182, 184; affairs in,
+  iii. 25, 79; bankrupt state of, 93
+
+Powell, Mr., ii. 52
+
+Pozzo di Borgo, Count, ii. 347; views of, on the state of Europe,
+  iii. 182; Russian Ambassador in London, 201, 203
+
+Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, first speech of, ii. 115; First
+  Secretary to the Board of Control, iii. 194
+
+Pratolino, i. 402
+
+Prayer, form of, on account of the disturbed state of the
+  kingdom, ii. 99
+
+Proclamation against rioters, ii. 73
+
+
+Quakers, the, address to King William IV, ii. 17
+
+'Quarterly Review, The,' attacks Lord Harrowby, ii. 269, 270;
+  pamphlet in answer to article, 270
+
+Quintus Curtius, iii. 130
+
+
+Racing, remarks on, ii. 373; anecdote, 374
+
+Redesdale, Lord, letter of, ii. 269
+
+Reform, plan of, ii. 105; remarks on, 207; negotiations
+  concerning, 215, 217, 218
+
+Reform Bill, the, laid before the King, ii. 109; excitement
+  concerning, 124; carried by one vote, 132; alterations in, 134;
+  Government defeated, 135; remarks on, 180; attitude of the
+  press, 193; prospects of, 199; negotiations for a compromise,
+  211; altered tone of the press, 225; meeting of Peers in
+  Downing Street, 225; measures for carrying the second reading
+  in the House of Lords, 235, 237, 239, 241; continued efforts to
+  compromise, 268; finally passed in the House of Commons, 270;
+  continued discussions on, 274; difficulty with Schedule A, 280;
+  carried in the House of Lords, 287; in committee, 292; passes
+  through committee, 304; results of, iii. 27, 191. For debates
+  on, _see_ Lords, House of, and Commons, House of
+
+Reichstadt, Duke of, and Marshal Marmont, iii. 374
+
+Reis-Effendi, the, i. 159
+
+Renfrewshire election, iii. 388
+
+Rice, Right Hon. Thomas Spring, Colonial Secretary, iii. 88, 113;
+  difficulties with, 253; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 256;
+  incapacity of, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 376
+
+Richmond, Duke of, and King George III. at a naval review, iii.
+  129
+
+Richmond, Duke of, summary of character of, i. 199;
+  Postmaster-General, ii. 66; refuses the appointment of Master of
+  the Horse, 67; difficulties with his labourers, 68; at Goodwood,
+  182; on Reform, 211; character of, iii. 15; resignation of, 88
+
+Riots, in London, 1830, ii. 55; among the farm labourers, 68;
+  proclamation against, 73; in the country, 77
+
+Ripon, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, ii. 66; resignation of, iii. 88.
+  _See_ Goderich, Viscount
+
+Robarts, Mr., dinner given by, iii. 184
+
+Robinson, Right Hon. Frederick John, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+  i. 79; _See_ Goderich, Viscount
+
+Rochester election, 1835, iii. 193
+
+Roden, Earl of, declines the office of Lord Steward, iii. 179,
+  181
+
+Rogers, Samuel, breakfast given by, ii. 150; compared with Moore,
+  iii. 324
+
+Rolle, Lord, remark to Lord Brougham, iii. 107
+
+Rome, i. 303, 304; St. Peter's, 303, 321; sight-seeing, 306, 311,
+  322; the Sistine Chapel, 309; the cardinals, 309; a cardinal
+  lying in state, 312; Pompey's statue, 313; Temple of Bacchus,
+  313; the Catacombs, 314; the Pope's blessing, 316, 324; Holy
+  Week observances, 317; the Grand Penitentiary, 317, 319;
+  washing of pilgrims' feet, 320; supper to pilgrims, 321;
+  Protestant burial-ground, 322; St. Peter's illuminated, 325;
+  excavations, 327; sight-seeing, 328, 329, 362; aqueducts, 363;
+  the Scala Santa, 364; St. Peter's, 366; Library of the Vatican,
+  367; votive offering of a horse-shoe, 367, 372; Columbaria,
+  374; saints, 385; the Flagellants, 387; relations with
+  Protestant countries, 391; the Coliseum, 395; story of a thief,
+  396; convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 397; sight-seeing, 398
+
+Rosslyn, Earl of, Lord Privy Seal, i. 210; Lord President of the
+  Council, iii. 177; dinner for selecting the Sheriffs, 201
+
+Roussin, Admiral, at Constantinople ii. 367
+
+Rovigo, the Duke de, at Rome, i. 325
+
+Rundell, Mr., fortune of, will of, i. 90
+
+Runton Abbey, shooting at, iii. 51; murder in the neighbourhood,
+  51
+
+Russell, Right Hon. Lord John, introduces the Reform Bill, ii.
+  121; seat in the Cabinet, 150; brings in his Bill, 155; letter
+  to Attwood, 205, 206; willing to compromise, 223; brings on the
+  second Reform Bill, 227; Paymaster, of the Forces, iii. 113;
+  objected to by the King as leader of the House of Commons, 160;
+  speech at Totness, 171; on the Speakership, 205; on Church
+  Reform, 206; first speech as leader of the House of Commons,
+  214; letter of, on the Speakership, 218; as leader of the House
+  of Commons, 221; marriage of, 252; Home Secretary in Lord
+  Melbourne's second Administration, 256; introduction of
+  Corporation Reform, 263; relations with Sir Robert Peel, 282;
+  course to be pursued on the Corporation Bill, 303, 310; speech
+  on the Orangemen, 344; moderation of, 352; meeting at the
+  Foreign Office, 357, 358; intention of the Government to
+  proceed with their Bills, 397; speech in answer to Roebuck, 401
+
+Russia, state of, 1829, i. 158; intrigues of, ii. 351; diplomatic
+  relations with, 352; combines with Turkey against Egypt, 366;
+  fleet sent to Constantinople, 366; establishes her power in the
+  East, 371; quarrel with, iii. 44; policy towards Turkey, 48;
+  treaty with Turkey, 69; relations with Turkey, 183
+
+Russo-Dutch Loan, question of the, ii. 240, 241; origin of the,
+  244; debate on the, in the House of Lords, 315
+
+Rutland, Duke of, anti-Reform petition, ii. 263; birthday party,
+  iii. 46
+
+
+Sadler, Mr., maiden speech of, in opposition to the Catholic
+  Relief Bill, i. 191
+
+Saint-Aulaire, M. de, French Ambassador at Vienna, iii. 187;
+  anecdote of, 187
+
+Saint-Aulaire, Madame de, iii. 187
+
+Saint-Germain, Count de, account of, ii. 186; the 'Wandering
+  Jew,' 186
+
+Salerno, i. 344
+
+Salisbury, Marquis of, petition to the King, ii. 231
+
+Saltash, borough of, division on, ii. 170
+
+San Carlos, Duke and Duchess of, i. 8
+
+Sandon, Viscount, moves the Address in the House of Commons, iii.
+  202; on Sir Robert Peel, 340
+
+Sandys, Lord, iii. 359
+
+Sartorius, Admiral, petition, iii. 366
+
+Scarlett, Sir James, Attorney-General, i. 210
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, death of, ii. 307
+
+Seaford, Lord, i. 83
+
+Sebastiani, Count, French Ambassador to the Court of St. James's,
+  iii. 180
+
+Sefton, Earl of, dinner to Lord Grey and Lord Brougham, ii. 69;
+  on Lord Brougham, 148; created a Peer of the United Kingdom,
+  150; qualities of, 183
+
+Segrave, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, iii. 322
+
+Senior, Nassau, at Holland House, iii. 138
+
+Session of 1833, review of the, iii. 28
+
+Sestri, i. 297
+
+Seton, Sir Henry, arrival of, from Belgium, ii. 178
+
+Seymour, Lord, withdraws his support from the Government, ii. 124
+
+Seymour, George, Master of the Robes, ii. 50
+
+Seymour, Horace, retires from the Lord Chamberlain's Department,
+  ii. 133
+
+Seymour, Jane, coffin of, found at Windsor, ii. 168
+
+Shadwell, Right Hon. Sir Lancelot, on legal business, iii. 76
+
+Shee, Sir Martin, elected President of the Royal Academy, i. 269
+
+Sheil, Right Hon. Richard, dispute with Lord Althorp, iii. 55;
+  arrest of, by the Serjeant-at-Arms, 56; committee, 57, 58;
+  insult to Lord Lyndhurst, 389
+
+Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, iii. 336
+
+Siege of Saragossa, the, iii. 40
+
+Siena, i. 303
+
+Simplon, the, i. 415
+
+Slavery, abolition of, ii. 347; for debates on, _see_ Commons,
+  House of
+
+Smith, Baron, ii. 105; O'Connell's attack upon, iii. 59, 61, 63
+
+Smith, Sydney, and the siege of Saragossa, iii. 39; and Professor
+  Leslie, 44; sermon of, in St. Paul's Cathedral, 166; on Sir
+  James Mackintosh, 317; dispute of, with the Bishop of London,
+  395; letter to Archdeacon Singleton, 395
+
+Smithson, Sir Hugh, ii. 337, 338
+
+Somaglia, Cardinal, i. 312
+
+Somerville, Mrs., iii. 58
+
+Sorrento, i. 352; Benediction of the Flowers, 352
+
+Soult, Marshal, sent to Lyons, ii. 219; Prime Minister of France,
+  324
+
+Southey, Robert, at breakfast given by Mr. Henry Taylor, ii. 59;
+  letter to Lord Brougham on rewards to literary men, 111
+
+Spain, the Duke of Wellington on affairs in, iii. 47; state of,
+  55; affairs in, 66, 72; proposal to combine with Dom Pedro, 72;
+  affairs in, 183; deplorable state of, 359
+
+Spanish Legion, formation of the, iii. 265
+
+Speaker, the, indecision of, ii. 299; disputes on the
+  Speakership, 333; iii. 204
+
+Spencer, Earl, death of, iii. 140
+
+Spencer, Earl, _see_ Althorp, Viscount
+
+Sprotborough, party at, for the races, ii. 50
+
+Stael, Madame de, 'Considerations sur la Revolution francaise,'
+  i. 16; anecdote of, ii. 186
+
+Stafford House, concert at, iii. 278
+
+Stanley, Right Hon. Edward, Irish Secretary, ii. 66; speech on
+  the Reform Bill, 123; seat in the Cabinet, 150; speech in
+  answer to Croker, 228; Secretary for the Colonial Department,
+  365; at The Oaks, 374; indecision of, iii. 17; racing interests
+  of, 35; resignation of, 88; in opposition, 93; 'Thimblerig'
+  speech, 100; conciliatory letter to Lord Grey, 107; disposition
+  of, 165, 167; declines to join Sir R. Peel, 175, 176; speech at
+  Glasgow, 180; formation of the Stanley party, 220; position of
+  Mr. Stanley, 222; policy of, 228; meeting of party at the
+  'King's Head,' 237; speech on Irish Church question, 240;
+  character of, 250; letter to Sir Thomas Hesketh, 265; joins the
+  Opposition, 272; conduct of, 336
+
+Stanley, Right Hon. Edward John, Under-Secretary of State, iii.
+  112
+
+State Paper Office, i. 160; iii. 44
+
+Stephen, James, opinions on emancipation, ii. 359
+
+Stephenson, George, on steam-engines, iii. 54
+
+Stewart, Lady Dudley, party given by, ii. 115; accompanies the
+  Prince of Orange to Gravesend, 133
+
+Stoke, party at, i. 142; ii. 185
+
+Strangford, Viscount, sent to the Brazils, i. 140
+
+Strasburg prisoners, acquittal of, iii. 381
+
+Strawberry Hill, party at, i. 247
+
+Strutt, Edward, ii. 59
+
+Stuart de Rothesay, Lord, Ambassador in France, i. 141
+
+Sugden, Right Hon. Sir Edward, quarrel of, with Lord Brougham,
+  ii. 312; origin of animosity towards Lord Brougham, iii. 22;
+  Irish Chancellor, 178; resignation of, 231; retains his
+  appointment, 234
+
+Sugden, Lady, not received at Court, iii. 231
+
+Sunderland, state of, ii. 216
+
+Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, marriage of, ii. 194
+
+Sutherland, Duke of, death of the, iii. 19; wealth, of the, 19
+
+Suttee case, before the Privy Council, ii. 307
+
+Swift _v._ Kelly, before the Judicial Committee of the Privy
+  Council, iii. 259, 266, 267, 271; judgment, 274
+
+
+Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, letter to the Emperor of Russia,
+  i. 23; Ambassador to the Court of St. James, ii. 44;
+  conversation of, 185; anecdotes, 185; _mot_ of, 195; dinner
+  with, 222; on Fox and Pitt, 344; detained in the Thames, 346;
+  on Portuguese affairs, iii. 25; on relations between France and
+  England, 314; opinion of, of Lord Palmerston, 360;
+  dissatisfaction at his position in London, 386
+
+Tasso, i. 328; bust of, 328
+
+Tavistock, Marquis of, on the prospects of the Liberal party,
+  iii. 43
+
+Taylor, Sir Herbert, conversation with Lord Wharncliffe, ii. 251;
+  correspondence with, about the Chancellorship, 339
+
+Taylor, Henry, breakfast at the house of, ii. 58; breakfast to
+  Wordsworth, Mill, Elliot, Charles Villiers, 120; on the
+  abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 348; 'Philip van
+  Artevelde,' iii. 114
+
+Taylor, Brook, mission to Rome, ii. 153
+
+Teddesley, party at, i. 11
+
+Tenterden, Lord, death of, ii. 329; character of, 331; classical
+  knowledge of, 331
+
+Terceira, Portuguese expedition to, i. 169, 170
+
+Terni, Falls of, i. 401
+
+Thiers, Adolphe, dinner to, iii. 31; account of, 31; at the head
+  of the French Government, 66; on interference in Spain, 66;
+  foreign policy of, 364; social qualities of, 379; quarrel with
+  Lady Granville, 380; courts the favour of Austria, 387
+
+Thompson, Alderman, difficulties with his constituents, ii. 166
+
+Thomson, Right Hon. Charles Poulett, originates a commercial
+  treaty with France, ii. 219; Board of Trade, iii. 113, 256;
+  self-complacency of, 330
+
+Thorwaldsen, Albert, at Florence, i. 299, 300
+
+Tierney, Right Hon. George, i. 14; Master of the Mint, 95; death
+  of, 269
+
+'Times,' the, on Lord Harrowby's letter, ii. 264, 265; attacks
+  Lord Grey, 267; Lord Chancellor's speech, 313; influence of
+  the, 362; and Lord Brougham, iii. 133; disposition of, to
+  support a Tory Government, 149, 152; terms of support to the
+  Duke of Wellington, 155; power of the, 156, 157; negotiations
+  with Lord Lyndhurst, 171; letter signed 'Onslow,' 199
+
+Titchfield, Marquis of, death of, i. 75; character of, 75
+
+Tivoli, i. 375
+
+Tixall, party at, i. 10; Macao, 11
+
+Torrington, Viscount, and the King, iii. 285
+
+Tory party, state of the, ii. 162; meeting at Bridgewater House,
+  iii. 237; state of the, 306; indifference of members of the,
+  389
+
+Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, iii. 45; between Russia and Turkey,
+  1834, 69; the Quadruple, for the pacification of the Peninsula,
+  signed 1834, 94
+
+Tree, Ellen, at the City Theatre, ii. 181
+
+Tuileries, the, reception at, iii. 382; ball at, 383; small ball
+  at, 385
+
+Turf, the, reflections on, iii. 139
+
+Turin, i. 291
+
+Turkey, threatened by Russia, i. 228; critical state of, ii. 351;
+  relations with Russia, iii. 183
+
+Tusculum, i. 390
+
+Twiss, Horace, supper party given by, iii. 260
+
+
+Union, speech of O'Connell on the repeal of the, iii. 80
+
+Unions, proclamation against the, ii. 215; procession of trades,
+  iii. 79
+
+Urquhart, Mr., Secretary to the Embassy at Constantinople, iii.
+  405
+
+
+Van de Weyer, Sylvain, Belgian Minister to the Court of St.
+  James, ii. 180
+
+Vaudreuil, M. de, French _charge d'affaires_ in London, on French
+  affairs, ii. 24
+
+Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir Charles, special mission to
+  Constantinople, iii. 405
+
+Vaughan, Right Hon. Sir John, sworn in a Privy Councillor, ii.
+  155
+
+Venice, i. 405; sights of, 406, 408, 410
+
+Vernet, Horace, at Rome, i. 325
+
+Verona, Congress of, i. 65; visit to, 413
+
+Verulam, Earl of, petition to the King, ii. 231
+
+Vesuvius, ascent of, i. 350
+
+Vicenza, i. 412
+
+Victoria, H.R.H. the Princess, at a child's ball, i. 209; first
+  appearance of, at a drawing-room, ii. 119; at Burghley iii.
+  315; health of, proposed by the King, 364; at Windsor, 367;
+  letter from the King, 400; seclusion of, 403; first Council of,
+  406; proclaimed QUEEN, 408; impression produced on all, 409
+
+Villiers, Hon. Hyde, appointed to the Board of Control, ii. 145
+
+Villiers, Hon. George, at the Grove, ii. 105; conversation with
+  the Duke of Wellington, 105; mission to Paris for a commercial
+  treaty, 219; Minister at Madrid, iii. 14, 20, 21; on prospects
+  in Spain, 69, 79; letters of, from Madrid, 321, 360, 365
+
+Villiers, Hon. Charles Pelham, ii. 59
+
+Virginia Water, ii. 25; visit to, 30
+
+
+Walewski, Count Alexander, arrival of, in London, ii. 104
+
+Walpole, Horace, letters to Sir Horace Mann, iii. 2
+
+'Wandering Jew, The,' ii. 186
+
+Warsaw, affair at, ii. 95; taken by the Russians, 192
+
+Warwickshire Election, iii. 353, 354
+
+Wellesley, Marquis of, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, iii. 31;
+  correspondence with Mr. Littleton, 103, 110; resigns the White
+  Wand, 258
+
+Wellesley, Long, Esq., committed for contempt of court, ii. 166
+
+Wellington, Duke of, account of the battle of Waterloo, i. 39; in
+  Paris with Blucher, 41; dispute with the King, 51; on affairs
+  of France and Spain, 67; opinion of Bonaparte, 71; mission to
+  Russia, 78; visit to the Royal Lodge, 102; opinion of Mr.
+  Canning, 107; forms a Government, 1828, 124; resolves to carry
+  the Catholic Relief Bill, 143; correspondence with Dr. Curtis,
+  148; ascendency of, in the Cabinet, and over the King, 176;
+  hardness of character of, 191; duel with Lord Winchelsea, 192;
+  conversation with, on King George IV. and the Duke of
+  Cumberland, 216, 218; prosecution of the press, 233, 258, 260;
+  business habits of, 262; conversation with on the French
+  Revolution, ii. 21; qualities of, 41; confidence in, 45;
+  declaration against Reform, 53; Administration of, defeated,
+  61; resignation of, 62; suppresses disturbance in Hampshire,
+  75; political character of, 81; reported letter of advice to
+  the King of France, 94; correspondence with Mr. Canning, 103;
+  conduct towards the Government, 159; objections to Mr. Canning,
+  170; dinner at Apsley House, 188; anti-Reform dinner at Apsley
+  House, 197; remarks upon, 204; memorial to the King, 211;
+  correspondence with Lord Wharncliffe, 221; obstinacy of, 234;
+  letter to Lord Wharncliffe, 248; unbecoming letter laid before
+  the King, 252; reply to Lord Wharncliffe, 253; speech on Irish
+  Education, 272; sent for by the King, 294; efforts of, to form
+  an Administration, 299; inability of, to form an
+  Administration, 300; statement of his case, 302; conduct of the
+  Tory party, 302; ill-feeling towards Peel, 325; view of
+  affairs, 1833, 363; government of French provinces, 363;
+  respect evinced towards, 372; defence of policy, 379; Speech on
+  the Coronation Oath, iii. 9, 10; policy on the Irish Church
+  Bill, 10; on Portuguese affairs, 11, 26; and the Bonaparte
+  family, 26; subsequent account of attempt to form a Government,
+  48; compared with Lord Grey, 73; speech on the admission of
+  Dissenters to the University, 73; presents the Oxford petition,
+  79; and the Whigs, 82; installed as Chancellor of the
+  University of Oxford, 95; First Lord of the Treasury, and
+  Secretary of State for the Home Office, 149; arrangement for a
+  provisional Government, 149; at the public offices, 1834, 154;
+  account of crisis of 1834, 162; inconsistencies of, 172; on the
+  division on the Speakership, 216; on Lord Londonderry's
+  appointment, 227; anecdote of Lord Brougham, 232; on Spain,
+  270; on the Walcheren expedition, 271; policy of, on the
+  Corporation Bill, 283; letter to the Duke of Cumberland, 320;
+  speech in answer to Lord Lyndhurst, 362; meeting of Tory Peers,
+  397; crowned by the Duchess of Cannizzaro, 406; quarrel with
+  the Duke of Clarence, 406
+
+Western, Lord, evidence of, iii. 112
+
+West India Body, consternation of the, ii. 350; deputation of
+  the, 350
+
+West India Bill, prospects of the, iii. 13. For debates on the,
+  _see_ Commons, House of
+
+West Indies, Lord Chandos's motion on the state of the, ii. 116;
+  project of emancipation, 347; alarm in the, 352; difficulties
+  attending emancipation, 360; committee on affairs of the, iii.
+  266; decision on the office of Secretary of the Island of
+  Jamaica, 279
+
+Westmeath, Marchioness of, pension, i. 157, 160
+
+Westmeath _v._ Westmeath, appeal before the Judicial Committee,
+  iii. 119, 124; decision in, 140
+
+Westminster election, 1818, contest, i. 3; in 1819, 17, 19; in
+  1833, ii. 370; in 1837, iii. 398
+
+Wetherell, Sir Charles, account of, i. 194; speech on the Reform
+  Bill, ii. 123; supports Sir E. Sugden's motion, 314
+
+Wharncliffe, Lord, interview with Radical Jones, ii. 200;
+  overtures for a compromise on the Reform Bill, 211; character
+  of, 213; draws up a declaration for signature in the City, 214;
+  disappointment of, 218; final interview of, with Lord Grey,
+  220; correspondence of, with the Duke of Wellington, 221;
+  interview of, with the King on the proposed new Peers, 231,
+  233; memorandum laid before the King, 252; as chief of a party,
+  289; in communication with Lord Lyndhurst and Lord
+  Ellenborough, 290; defends his policy, 292; paper on the Tory
+  party, 343; on the prospects of the country, iii. 54; joins the
+  Peel Government, 175; on the prospects of the session, 341
+
+Whately, Richard, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 280
+
+Whig party, state of the, iii. 159; tactics of the, 216; union
+  with O'Connell, 219; symptoms of disunion in the, 221; meeting
+  at Lichfield House, 224; prospects of the, 235
+
+Wicklow, Earl of, attack on the Government, iii. 110
+
+Wilberforce, William, speech of, i. 16; negotiation with Mr.
+  Canning, ii. 125
+
+William IV., King, accession of, ii. 1; dislike of, to the Duke
+  of Cumberland, 5; behaviour of, 6, 9; at the House of Lords,
+  11; personal anecdotes of, 11, 12, 13, 14; dinner at Apsley
+  House, 14; at Windsor, 25; pays the racing debts of the Duke of
+  York, 50; speech on the change of Government, 72; levee, 74;
+  health of, 106, 108; mobbed on returning from the theatre, 117;
+  in mourning for his son-in-law, 133; in the House of Lords,
+  136; dissolves Parliament, 136; conduct to his Ministers, 138;
+  at Ascot, 147; opens Parliament, 153; at Windsor, 179; and the
+  Bishops, 185; divides the old Great Seal, 188; crowned at
+  Westminster, 190; levee, 192; toasts at dinner at St James's,
+  193; interview with Lord Wharncliffe on creation of new Peers,
+  233; health of, 282; reluctance of, to make Peers, 283; adverse
+  sentiments towards the Whigs, 298; dinner to the Jockey Club,
+  301; levity of, 302; letter to the Peers, 303; character of,
+  307; struck by a stone, 307; country dance, 341; anecdotes of,
+  342; state of mind of, 364; letter to the Archbishop of
+  Canterbury, 382, 383; letter-writing, iii. 2; animosity to the
+  French, 33; irritability of, 81; conduct of, 84; personal
+  feelings towards the members of Lord Melbourne's
+  Administration, 137; dismissal of Lord Melbourne, 144; speech
+  to the Tory Lords, 148; provisional appointments, 148; account
+  of difference with Lord Melbourne, 150; resolution of, to
+  support the Tory Government, 161; address to the new Ministers,
+  175; on the state of Persia, 184; whims of, 203; Island of St.
+  Bartholomew, 203; indignation of, at the affair of Lord
+  Londonderry, 231; distress of, 251; and the Ministers, 245;
+  personal habits of, 264; speech to Sir Charles Grey, 272;
+  audience to Lord Durham, 272; hostility towards Lord Glenelg
+  and the Ministers, 276; conduct to the Speaker, 279; scene with
+  Lord Torrington, 285; speech to the Bishops, 303; speech on the
+  Militia, 311; and the Duchess of Kent, 313; speech at dinner to
+  the Jockey Club, 351; Toryism of, 358; joke, 361; speech to the
+  Bishop of Ely, 363; proposes the health of the Princess
+  Victoria, 364; aversion to his Ministers, 364, 366; speech to
+  Lord Minto, 364, 366; rudeness to the Duchess of Kent, 366;
+  scene at birthday party, 367; reception of King Leopold, 370;
+  speech, 1837, 385; address to Lord Aylmer, 394; illness of,
+  399, 400; letter to the Princess Victoria, 399; dangerous
+  illness of, 401; prayers offered up for, 403; death of, 406;
+  kindness of heart of, 410
+
+Williams, Sir John, Justice of the Common Pleas, iii. 71
+
+Winchelsea, Earl of, duel of, with the Duke of Wellington, i.
+  192; incident of the handkerchief, 198
+
+Winchester Cathedral, iii. 283
+
+Windham, Right Hon. William, diary of, i. 231; conversation with
+  Doctor Johnson, 232
+
+Windsor Castle, dinner in St. George's Hall, ii. 34, 42; dinner
+  during the Ascot week, 147
+
+Windsor election, mobs at the, iii. 130
+
+Woburn, party at, i. 23; riot at, ii. 77
+
+Wood, Charles, on the Reform Bill, ii. 280
+
+Wood, Matthew, returned to Parliament for the City of London,
+  iii. 188
+
+Worcester, Marchioness of, death of the, i. 47
+
+Worcester Cathedral, iii. 327; monument of Bishop Hough, 327
+
+Wordsworth, William, characteristics of, ii. 120
+
+Wortley, Right Hon. John, Secretary to the Board of Control, i.
+  271. _See_ Wharncliffe
+
+Wrottesley, Sir John, motion of, for a call of the House, iii. 8,
+  13
+
+Wynford, Lord, raised to the Peerage, i. 210; Deputy Speaker of
+  the House of Lords, 210
+
+Wynn, Right Hon. Charles, President of the Board of Control, i.
+  95; resignation of, ii. 124
+
+
+York, H.R.H. the Duke of, character of, i. 5; management of
+  racing establishment, 44; dislike to the Duke of Wellington,
+  48, 62; duel with the Duke of Richmond, 62; anecdotes of King
+  George IV., 73; illness of, 83, 85; death of, 84; funeral of,
+  89; letter to Lord Liverpool on the Catholic question, ii. 104
+
+York, H.R.H. the Duchess of, character of, i. 5; portrait of, 8;
+  illness of, 27; death of, 34
+
+Young, Thomas, private secretary to Lord Melbourne, iii. 126
+
+
+Zea Bermudez, iii. 21; dismissal of, 55
+
+Zumalacarreguy, iii. 270
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Greville Memoirs, by Charles C. F. Greville
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