diff options
Diffstat (limited to '25662.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 25662.txt | 885 |
1 files changed, 885 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/25662.txt b/25662.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96c723c --- /dev/null +++ b/25662.txt @@ -0,0 +1,885 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A report on the feasibility and +advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country, by George W. Wingate and Ammon B. Critchfield + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A report on the feasibility and advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country + +Author: George W. Wingate + Ammon B. Critchfield + +Release Date: May 31, 2008 [EBook #25662] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FEASIBILITY OF RIFLE PRACTICE *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +A REPORT ON +THE FEASIBILITY AND ADVISABILITY OF SOME POLICY +TO INAUGURATE A SYSTEM OF RIFLE PRACTICE +THROUGHOUT THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS +OF THE COUNTRY + + + +By + +Gen. GEORGE W. WINGATE +Of New York + +and + +Gen. AMMON B. CRITCHFIELD +Of Ohio + + + +PUBLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH A RESOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL BOARD +FOR THE PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE + +WASHINGTON +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE +1907 + + + + +NOTICE + + +At the annual meeting of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle +Practice, held at Washington, D.C., January 24, 1906, the question of +building up an interest in target practice throughout the schools of +the country was discussed, and a special committee consisting of Gen. +L. M. Oppenheimer, of Texas; Gen. George W. Wingate, of New York, and +Gen. Ammon B. Critchfield, of Ohio, was appointed to inquire into and +report at the next annual meeting of the board upon-- + +The feasibility and advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system +of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country. + +At the last meeting of the board held at Washington, D.C., January 25, +1907, the report of this committee was submitted by Generals Wingate +and Critchfield, and is published in accordance with the following +resolution of the board, which was unanimously adopted: + + _Resolved_, That the report of the committee on rifle practice in + public schools be approved and the thanks of the board be tendered + Generals Wingate and Critchfield for their valuable paper; that the + National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice recommend to the + various educational authorities the desirability of interesting + school boys over 13 years of age in the subject of rifle practice. + It was + + _Further resolved_, That this report be printed separately and + given the greatest publicity, the matter of distribution and number + of copies required therefor to be submitted to the committee on + publicity, with power. + +It is deeply regretted that before the completion of the report General +Oppenheimer died, and his great help in assisting to promote interest +in rifle practice is lost to the country. + +This report is earnestly commended to the superintendents of public +instruction throughout the country. + + ROBERT SHAW OLIVER, + _Assistant Secretary of War_, + _President National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice_. + GROTE HUTCHESON, + _Captain, General Staff_, + _Member and Recorder, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle + Practice_. + + + + +Report on the Feasibility and Advisability of some Policy to Inaugurate +a System of Rifle Practice throughout the Public Schools of the +Country. + + + NEW YORK, _January 21, 1907_. + +NATIONAL BOARD FOR THE PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE. + +GENTLEMEN: In pursuance of the resolution of the board requesting the +late Gen. L. M. Oppenheimer, of Texas (who died since the last meeting +of the board, and whose death is deplored), and the undersigned to +report "on the feasibility and advisability of some policy to +inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of +the country," we respectfully report: + +For many years attempts have been made to inaugurate a system of +military instruction in the public schools of the country. As a rule, +these have not proved successful. In a few private military schools +situated in the country some target practice is conducted, but the +difficulty of carrying on anything of the kind in the public schools +has rendered it impracticable. + +The matter, however, has recently been introduced in the public schools +of the city of New York, and the success which has been attained there +has demonstrated the feasibility and advisability of introducing rifle +practice in the public schools among the boys over the age of 13 years. + +The schools of the different States are organized upon many different +methods. The educational authorities not unnaturally are jealous of +their prerogatives. No outside organization could well introduce a new +subject of instruction in the schools without seriously interfering +with the educational routine. Consequently, however desirable it may be +that the pupils attending these schools should be taught to shoot, such +instruction can only be secured by the voluntary action of the school +authorities and with their hearty cooperation. + +The result which has been attained by the Public Schools Athletic +League in introducing shooting in the high schools of the city of New +York has been so thoroughly tested that the committee are of the +opinion that that system should be recommended for adoption. + +Few appreciate the magnitude of the New York public schools. There are +3 training schools, 19 high schools, 490 elementary schools, 2 truant +schools, and 1 nautical school; total, 515, with 14,500 teachers. + +These schools are scattered all over the 326 square miles which the +city covers. + +The registered number of pupils enrolled in these schools is about +600,000, which is more than the entire population of St. Louis, the +fourth city in the Union. Half of them are boys. The number attending +the high schools is about 20,000, a little more than half of whom are +boys. The College of the City of New York has about 4,000 male +students. + +The vast territory over which the city has spread, and its congested +streets have made it impossible for the children (particularly in the +poorer districts), to get any physical exercise, and the physical +condition of many of them has in consequence not only become below +normal, but instead of spending their energies in play, as they do in +the country, the boys are led to join "gangs" and to become criminals. + +This lamentable condition of affairs led to the formation of the Public +Schools Athletic League for the purpose of promoting wholesome athletic +exercises among the children attending the public schools of that city. +The league is made up from officers and directors of the board of +education, superintendents, principals and teachers, prominent +athletes, gentlemen interested in philanthropic work, and leading +business men. It was organized December 4, 1903, and its progress has +been so great that during the year 1906 there were over 150,000 entries +in the games which it carried on, which numbered over 600. + +In the early part of 1905 it decided to institute rifle practice among +the boys of the high schools of the city, which schools are attended by +boys from fourteen to nineteen years of age, by installing in as many +of the high schools as possible a "subtarget gun machine." This is an +ingenious apparatus, by which an ordinary Krag army rifle is attached +to a rod upon an upright standard, placed to the right of the firer, in +such a way that while the gun is movable, the rod follows the movements +of the barrel of the rifle, and is at all times parallel with the line +of the sights. + +The shooter cocks the rifle and aims at a target a foot high on the +other side of the room, and when his aim is satisfactory, pulls the +trigger. When this is done an electrical connection is made which +shoots forward the rod which is on the standard, so that its point +punches a hole in a miniature target like a visiting card, which is +placed in front of it, which hole is mathematically on the same +relative place on the card target as would have been made in the target +at which the shooter was aiming if he had a bullet in his rifle. It +consequently gives the same experience in holding and "pull off" as is +had in actual shooting. + +The machine possesses the additional advantage that the instructor +standing on one side of the shooter can see by the movements of the +point of the rod on the miniature target exactly how the aim is being +taken on the large target and is able to correct all errors in holding +and pulling off as they are made, something which has hitherto been +supposed to be impossible. The apparatus makes no noise. There is no +danger of its hurting anybody. It can be used very rapidly, and there +is no expense involved in its operation. The results obtained from its +use are so valuable that several of the New York National Guard +regiments consider the machine equal in value to their rifle galleries. + +The league succeeded in interesting a number of prominent gentlemen +with the importance of teaching the youth of the country the use of the +military rifle, so that they presented a sufficient number of these +machines to enable the league to install one of them in each of ten of +the high schools at a cost of $265 each. The schools which are thus +equipped are as follows: + +Mr. S. R. Guggenheim, the treasurer of the league, gave one to each of +the following schools: + +The High School of Commerce and the De Witt Clinton High School +(Manhattan), Morris High School (Bronx), Boys' High School (Brooklyn), +Curtis High School (Staten Island), and the Bryant High School +(Queens). + +Col. Leslie C. Bruce presented one to the Stuyvesant High School +(Manhattan), Mr. Warren Cruikshank gave one to Erasmus Hall High School +(Flatbush), Col. Robert B. Woodward gave one to the Manual Training +High School (Brooklyn) in memory of his brother, the late Maj. Gen. +John B. Woodward, and Hon. Bird S. Coler and Mr. Horace J. Morse united +in giving one to the Commercial High School (Brooklyn). Another, +presented by Mr. J. A. Haskell, will shortly be installed in one of the +other high schools. The City College expects to have one during the +spring. + +In pursuance of the policy adopted by the league in regard to its +athletic games, it caused a "marksmanship committee" to be appointed in +1905, consisting of the coaches of the different schools having gun +machines, to organize and control the shooting under regulations +adopted by the high schools games committee and approved by the central +games committee of the league. + +This committee has been found of great value in carrying on the work +and creating interest in shooting in their different schools. + +In 1905 Mr. Henry Payne Whitney presented to the league a beautiful +bronze bas-relief, being a reproduction of Darnley's "Battle of +Lexington," for annual competition by teams from the different schools +having these machines, the winning school to keep it for the year. + +In 1905 four gun machines were in use, namely, by the De Witt Clinton +High School, High School of Commerce, Morris High School, and the Boys' +High School. + +In June, 1905, a competition was held between these schools, each +school shooting in its own building under the inspection of the +"marksmanship committee." + +The following were the scores for teams of 8, 10 shots standing, +highest possible score 400: + + De Witt Clinton High School 377 + High School of Commerce 363 + Morris High School 345 + Boys' High School 344 + +The winning team averaged 47-3/8 out of 50. + +Two boys made perfect scores. + +Each member of the winning team was given a bronze badge modeled from +the Whitney trophy. + +The result of this match greatly stimulated interest in the shooting. +It also attracted public attention. + +During the fall of 1905, and the spring of 1906, the league was able to +equip the remainder of the other six high schools with the machine. + +In 1906 it employed Capt. G. W. Corwin, inspector of rifle practice in +the Seventy-first Regiment, New York National Guard, and one of the +best shots in the National Guard, as a general instructor, who served +until after the Creedmoor competition. + +He selected in each school a teacher who was interested in the subject +(usually the athletic instructor) as superintendent of shooting, and in +each class four boys as sergeant-instructors. The superintendent and +these boys were carefully instructed by Captain Corwin in the theory +and practice of shooting, so as to make them competent instructors. + +The system adopted varied in the different schools. Most of them +preferred to use school hours for the purpose. In these schools, +usually when each class was sent to the gymnasium for physical +exercise, squads of boys in rotation were detached to practice their +firing under the immediate direction of a sergeant-instructor, and the +general direction of the superintendent of shooting, the whole being +carefully supervised by Captain Corwin. + +Some schools preferred to have their shooting after school hours, in +which case, however, it was carried on under the same general +principle. + +Captain Corwin was of the opinion that the former method was the most +satisfactory, although the Morris High School, which won the Whitney +trophy in 1906, adopted the latter method. + +The league established a marksmanship badge, to be awarded, as in the +National Guard and in the Army, to each boy who annually showed +satisfactory proficiency in shooting. The qualifying score first +adopted for this badge was 40 out of a possible 50 "off-hand." It was +found almost immediately that the boys were shooting so well that it +was necessary to raise the standard, which was therefore increased to +42 and later to 43. + +The following is a list of the number of boys who qualified as marksmen +in their respective schools during the year 1906: + + Boys' High School 45 + Bryant High School 18 + Commercial High School 6 + Curtis High School 24 + De Witt Clinton High School 23 + Morris High School 16 + Erasmus Hall High School 15 + Manual Training High School 23 + High School of Commerce 19 + Stuyvesant High School 8 + + Total 197 + +The qualifying score has now been raised to 44. + +The Brooklyn Eagle assumed the expense of manufacturing and presenting +these badges, which consisted of a Maltese cross having crossed rifles, +the seal of the league, which is the "Winged Victory," in the center, +the whole being suspended from a bar with the word "Marksman" on it, +and the date. + +During the spring of 1906 a large number of interscholastic +competitions were held. These were found valuable, not only in +broadening the boys' ideas in respect to shooting, but in helping their +nerve in competitions. + +On June 1 and 2 the annual interscholastic competition for the Whitney +trophy was held. Instead of having each team shoot in its own school it +was decided to have them shoot together at the Seventy-first Regiment +Armory as neutral ground, under the supervision of Captain Corwin as +range officer. The following were the scores, the conditions being the +same as above stated: + + Morris High School. Instructor E. M. Williams 359 + Curtis High School. Instructor O. M. Curtis 356 + High School of Commerce. Instructor Charles Jamison 355 + De Witt Clinton. Instructor Emanuel Haug 354 + Manual Training High School. Instructor Ernest G. Muller 350 + Bryant High School. Instructor George W. Norton 349 + Erasmus Hall High School. Instructor J. M. Tilden 348 + Stuyvesant High School. Instructor M. F. Goodrich 348 + Boys' High School. Instructor W. H. Andrews 340 + +The two best scores were not as high as were made in 1905, largely +owing to the strain of shooting in actual competition and among strange +surroundings. But the average was better and the scores were closer. + +The Savage Arms Company presented a rifle to each of the six schools +whose team made the highest score in this match. + +For the purpose of impressing upon the boys and the public that those +who could make a good score on the subtarget gun machine could shoot +accurately in the field, the league arranged for a match between teams +of five from all high schools and colleges, to be held at Creedmoor, +July 26, 1906, to be shot 100 yards standing; 400 yards lying, five +shots at each distance. It also arranged for two days' previous +practice by the teams and also by all other boys who had won its +marksman's badge, and paid the transportation and ammunition for the +participants. It provided Captain Corwin as instructor, who was +assisted by a number of volunteers from the National Guard. About 150 +boys in all availed themselves of this opportunity. None of the boys +had ever previously fired a cartridge. Some of them were consequently a +little nervous, in addition to being embarrassed in shooting in the +presence of so many military men. After a few shots, however, they got +over their nervousness. + +In the first practice the average score was about 60 out of 100. The +second score averaged 80. + +Mr. J. A. Haskell, president of the Du Pont Powder Company, and a +member of the national board, induced that company to present for +annual competition in the match, a handsome bronze trophy. + +Mr. Simon Uhlmann presented a bronze figure of a rifleman, as second +annual prize. + +The following is the score of the competitors in this match; highest +possible score 250: + + De Witt Clinton High School (Manhattan) 220 + Boys' High School (Brooklyn) 215 + St. John's Military School (Manlius, N.Y.) 211 + Commercial High School (Brooklyn) 201 + Curtis High School (Staten Island) 201 + St. John's Second Team 183 + Manual Training High School (Brooklyn) 181 + Stuyvesant High School (Manhattan) 174 + +The winning team averaged 44 out of a possible 50, although the day was +a difficult one for shooting. + +The School of Applied Science of Columbia University asked to be +allowed to enter a team in this match, and offered to allow the high +school boys a handicap of 25 points. This was objected to on the ground +that they were grown men, who had opportunities for practice which were +out of the reach of the boys, and who were not in the same class. They +were, however, allowed to shoot under protest for the purpose of seeing +how their scores would compare with those of the boys. + +The score which they made was 218, which is less than that of the De +Witt Clinton team, which could have beaten them without any handicap. + +This shooting shows the value of the practice with the subtarget +machine, as the teams from both Columbia University and St. John's +Military School had been practiced in actual rifle shooting, and yet +were inferior in marksmanship to the high-school boys, who had only +used the machine. + +A match was put on the programme of the New Jersey Rifle Association, +September, 1906, at Sea Girt, in which a number of the boys entered. +The pressure upon the target accommodation in consequence of the +national matches was, however, so great that it could not be held at +the date appointed, and the boys could not remain. + +The high schools which are equipped with this subtarget gun machine +have organized rifle clubs, and are holding interscholastic contests in +the armories of the different regiments of the National Guard, shooting +with .22-caliber ammunition, and are displaying great proficiency. + +The movement has the hearty support of President Roosevelt, who has +accepted the office of honorary vice-president of the league, and also +has announced his intention of writing to the boy who attains the +greatest skill in the rifle matches during the year a personal letter +of congratulation and commendation. + +At the present time there are over 7,000 young men being instructed in +these high schools in shooting with a military rifle, the gun used +being the regular Krag army rifle as issued by the War Department. + +Great interest in the matter has been taken by both teachers and boys. +Many of these have now become so proficient, that the services of a +paid instructor have been dispensed with. It would, of course, be much +better if a regular officer could be procured for such a purpose. But +the finances of the league will not permit it to continue to incur the +expense of paying the salary of such an instructor. It is believed that +if a young and active regular officer could be detailed to act in this +capacity he would be of the greatest service, and could, besides +helping the shooting, give the boys some idea of military movements and +discipline, which would be of great value. In fact an officer in this +position would accomplish greater results for the country than is +obtained by any of those who are detailed as instructors in many of the +small colleges. The supply of regular officers is, however, +insufficient for the needs of the Army, and it has so far been +impossible to have one detailed for this purpose. + +The league is now preparing a manual of instruction to be used in the +different schools. In addition to containing instructions for the use +of the subtarget gun machine it will give a general idea of what is +necessary to know in order to shoot accurately. + +Those who have had charge of the instruction of these boys are +unanimous in the opinion that they acquire knowledge of rifle shooting +in about one-quarter of the time that is found necessary in the case of +grown men. + +It is hardly necessary to state that the experience of our recent wars +has pointed out that while there is no difficulty in case of war in +getting all the volunteers that the country requires and they can be +given a reasonable amount of drill in a few weeks, it takes a long time +to teach them to shoot, and that unless they can shoot accurately they +are of little value as soldiers. If, however, the young men who are +graduating from our high schools in the different States should be +skilled riflemen the country can rest content with a small standing +army, knowing that in case of war it can put into the field at short +notice a force of volunteers whose skill in rifle shooting will enable +them to be fully the equal of any army which may be brought against +them. + +The system is, therefore, a great factor for national peace. + +The committee would therefore recommend: + +1. That the largest possible publicity should be given to the methods +that have been found to be so successful in the New York high schools. + +2. That the educational officials of the different States should be +urged to introduce instruction in rifle shooting in their schools among +the boys of 13 years of age and upward, conforming to the New York +methods as far as their situation will permit. + +3. That this would be helped by the organization of a public schools +athletic league in each educational center. + + GEO. W. WINGATE, + A. B. CRITCHFIELD, + _Committee_. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A report on the feasibility and +advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country, by George W. Wingate and Ammon B. Critchfield + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FEASIBILITY OF RIFLE PRACTICE *** + +***** This file should be named 25662.txt or 25662.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/6/25662/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |