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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A report on the feasibility and
+advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country, by George W. Wingate and Ammon B. Critchfield
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A report on the feasibility and advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country
+
+Author: George W. Wingate
+        Ammon B. Critchfield
+
+Release Date: May 31, 2008 [EBook #25662]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FEASIBILITY OF RIFLE PRACTICE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A REPORT ON
+THE FEASIBILITY AND ADVISABILITY OF SOME POLICY
+TO INAUGURATE A SYSTEM OF RIFLE PRACTICE
+THROUGHOUT THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
+OF THE COUNTRY
+
+
+
+By
+
+Gen. GEORGE W. WINGATE
+Of New York
+
+and
+
+Gen. AMMON B. CRITCHFIELD
+Of Ohio
+
+
+
+PUBLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH A RESOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL BOARD
+FOR THE PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE
+
+WASHINGTON
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
+1907
+
+
+
+
+NOTICE
+
+
+At the annual meeting of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle
+Practice, held at Washington, D.C., January 24, 1906, the question of
+building up an interest in target practice throughout the schools of
+the country was discussed, and a special committee consisting of Gen.
+L. M. Oppenheimer, of Texas; Gen. George W. Wingate, of New York, and
+Gen. Ammon B. Critchfield, of Ohio, was appointed to inquire into and
+report at the next annual meeting of the board upon--
+
+The feasibility and advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system
+of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country.
+
+At the last meeting of the board held at Washington, D.C., January 25,
+1907, the report of this committee was submitted by Generals Wingate
+and Critchfield, and is published in accordance with the following
+resolution of the board, which was unanimously adopted:
+
+    _Resolved_, That the report of the committee on rifle practice in
+    public schools be approved and the thanks of the board be tendered
+    Generals Wingate and Critchfield for their valuable paper; that the
+    National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice recommend to the
+    various educational authorities the desirability of interesting
+    school boys over 13 years of age in the subject of rifle practice.
+    It was
+
+    _Further resolved_, That this report be printed separately and
+    given the greatest publicity, the matter of distribution and number
+    of copies required therefor to be submitted to the committee on
+    publicity, with power.
+
+It is deeply regretted that before the completion of the report General
+Oppenheimer died, and his great help in assisting to promote interest
+in rifle practice is lost to the country.
+
+This report is earnestly commended to the superintendents of public
+instruction throughout the country.
+
+                        ROBERT SHAW OLIVER,
+                            _Assistant Secretary of War_,
+      _President National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice_.
+                        GROTE HUTCHESON,
+                            _Captain, General Staff_,
+      _Member and Recorder, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle
+         Practice_.
+
+
+
+
+Report on the Feasibility and Advisability of some Policy to Inaugurate
+a System of Rifle Practice throughout the Public Schools of the
+Country.
+
+
+                                        NEW YORK, _January 21, 1907_.
+
+NATIONAL BOARD FOR THE PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE.
+
+GENTLEMEN: In pursuance of the resolution of the board requesting the
+late Gen. L. M. Oppenheimer, of Texas (who died since the last meeting
+of the board, and whose death is deplored), and the undersigned to
+report "on the feasibility and advisability of some policy to
+inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of
+the country," we respectfully report:
+
+For many years attempts have been made to inaugurate a system of
+military instruction in the public schools of the country. As a rule,
+these have not proved successful. In a few private military schools
+situated in the country some target practice is conducted, but the
+difficulty of carrying on anything of the kind in the public schools
+has rendered it impracticable.
+
+The matter, however, has recently been introduced in the public schools
+of the city of New York, and the success which has been attained there
+has demonstrated the feasibility and advisability of introducing rifle
+practice in the public schools among the boys over the age of 13 years.
+
+The schools of the different States are organized upon many different
+methods. The educational authorities not unnaturally are jealous of
+their prerogatives. No outside organization could well introduce a new
+subject of instruction in the schools without seriously interfering
+with the educational routine. Consequently, however desirable it may be
+that the pupils attending these schools should be taught to shoot, such
+instruction can only be secured by the voluntary action of the school
+authorities and with their hearty cooperation.
+
+The result which has been attained by the Public Schools Athletic
+League in introducing shooting in the high schools of the city of New
+York has been so thoroughly tested that the committee are of the
+opinion that that system should be recommended for adoption.
+
+Few appreciate the magnitude of the New York public schools. There are
+3 training schools, 19 high schools, 490 elementary schools, 2 truant
+schools, and 1 nautical school; total, 515, with 14,500 teachers.
+
+These schools are scattered all over the 326 square miles which the
+city covers.
+
+The registered number of pupils enrolled in these schools is about
+600,000, which is more than the entire population of St. Louis, the
+fourth city in the Union. Half of them are boys. The number attending
+the high schools is about 20,000, a little more than half of whom are
+boys. The College of the City of New York has about 4,000 male
+students.
+
+The vast territory over which the city has spread, and its congested
+streets have made it impossible for the children (particularly in the
+poorer districts), to get any physical exercise, and the physical
+condition of many of them has in consequence not only become below
+normal, but instead of spending their energies in play, as they do in
+the country, the boys are led to join "gangs" and to become criminals.
+
+This lamentable condition of affairs led to the formation of the Public
+Schools Athletic League for the purpose of promoting wholesome athletic
+exercises among the children attending the public schools of that city.
+The league is made up from officers and directors of the board of
+education, superintendents, principals and teachers, prominent
+athletes, gentlemen interested in philanthropic work, and leading
+business men. It was organized December 4, 1903, and its progress has
+been so great that during the year 1906 there were over 150,000 entries
+in the games which it carried on, which numbered over 600.
+
+In the early part of 1905 it decided to institute rifle practice among
+the boys of the high schools of the city, which schools are attended by
+boys from fourteen to nineteen years of age, by installing in as many
+of the high schools as possible a "subtarget gun machine." This is an
+ingenious apparatus, by which an ordinary Krag army rifle is attached
+to a rod upon an upright standard, placed to the right of the firer, in
+such a way that while the gun is movable, the rod follows the movements
+of the barrel of the rifle, and is at all times parallel with the line
+of the sights.
+
+The shooter cocks the rifle and aims at a target a foot high on the
+other side of the room, and when his aim is satisfactory, pulls the
+trigger. When this is done an electrical connection is made which
+shoots forward the rod which is on the standard, so that its point
+punches a hole in a miniature target like a visiting card, which is
+placed in front of it, which hole is mathematically on the same
+relative place on the card target as would have been made in the target
+at which the shooter was aiming if he had a bullet in his rifle. It
+consequently gives the same experience in holding and "pull off" as is
+had in actual shooting.
+
+The machine possesses the additional advantage that the instructor
+standing on one side of the shooter can see by the movements of the
+point of the rod on the miniature target exactly how the aim is being
+taken on the large target and is able to correct all errors in holding
+and pulling off as they are made, something which has hitherto been
+supposed to be impossible. The apparatus makes no noise. There is no
+danger of its hurting anybody. It can be used very rapidly, and there
+is no expense involved in its operation. The results obtained from its
+use are so valuable that several of the New York National Guard
+regiments consider the machine equal in value to their rifle galleries.
+
+The league succeeded in interesting a number of prominent gentlemen
+with the importance of teaching the youth of the country the use of the
+military rifle, so that they presented a sufficient number of these
+machines to enable the league to install one of them in each of ten of
+the high schools at a cost of $265 each. The schools which are thus
+equipped are as follows:
+
+Mr. S. R. Guggenheim, the treasurer of the league, gave one to each of
+the following schools:
+
+The High School of Commerce and the De Witt Clinton High School
+(Manhattan), Morris High School (Bronx), Boys' High School (Brooklyn),
+Curtis High School (Staten Island), and the Bryant High School
+(Queens).
+
+Col. Leslie C. Bruce presented one to the Stuyvesant High School
+(Manhattan), Mr. Warren Cruikshank gave one to Erasmus Hall High School
+(Flatbush), Col. Robert B. Woodward gave one to the Manual Training
+High School (Brooklyn) in memory of his brother, the late Maj. Gen.
+John B. Woodward, and Hon. Bird S. Coler and Mr. Horace J. Morse united
+in giving one to the Commercial High School (Brooklyn). Another,
+presented by Mr. J. A. Haskell, will shortly be installed in one of the
+other high schools. The City College expects to have one during the
+spring.
+
+In pursuance of the policy adopted by the league in regard to its
+athletic games, it caused a "marksmanship committee" to be appointed in
+1905, consisting of the coaches of the different schools having gun
+machines, to organize and control the shooting under regulations
+adopted by the high schools games committee and approved by the central
+games committee of the league.
+
+This committee has been found of great value in carrying on the work
+and creating interest in shooting in their different schools.
+
+In 1905 Mr. Henry Payne Whitney presented to the league a beautiful
+bronze bas-relief, being a reproduction of Darnley's "Battle of
+Lexington," for annual competition by teams from the different schools
+having these machines, the winning school to keep it for the year.
+
+In 1905 four gun machines were in use, namely, by the De Witt Clinton
+High School, High School of Commerce, Morris High School, and the Boys'
+High School.
+
+In June, 1905, a competition was held between these schools, each
+school shooting in its own building under the inspection of the
+"marksmanship committee."
+
+The following were the scores for teams of 8, 10 shots standing,
+highest possible score 400:
+
+    De Witt Clinton High School    377
+    High School of Commerce        363
+    Morris High School             345
+    Boys' High School              344
+
+The winning team averaged 47-3/8 out of 50.
+
+Two boys made perfect scores.
+
+Each member of the winning team was given a bronze badge modeled from
+the Whitney trophy.
+
+The result of this match greatly stimulated interest in the shooting.
+It also attracted public attention.
+
+During the fall of 1905, and the spring of 1906, the league was able to
+equip the remainder of the other six high schools with the machine.
+
+In 1906 it employed Capt. G. W. Corwin, inspector of rifle practice in
+the Seventy-first Regiment, New York National Guard, and one of the
+best shots in the National Guard, as a general instructor, who served
+until after the Creedmoor competition.
+
+He selected in each school a teacher who was interested in the subject
+(usually the athletic instructor) as superintendent of shooting, and in
+each class four boys as sergeant-instructors. The superintendent and
+these boys were carefully instructed by Captain Corwin in the theory
+and practice of shooting, so as to make them competent instructors.
+
+The system adopted varied in the different schools. Most of them
+preferred to use school hours for the purpose. In these schools,
+usually when each class was sent to the gymnasium for physical
+exercise, squads of boys in rotation were detached to practice their
+firing under the immediate direction of a sergeant-instructor, and the
+general direction of the superintendent of shooting, the whole being
+carefully supervised by Captain Corwin.
+
+Some schools preferred to have their shooting after school hours, in
+which case, however, it was carried on under the same general
+principle.
+
+Captain Corwin was of the opinion that the former method was the most
+satisfactory, although the Morris High School, which won the Whitney
+trophy in 1906, adopted the latter method.
+
+The league established a marksmanship badge, to be awarded, as in the
+National Guard and in the Army, to each boy who annually showed
+satisfactory proficiency in shooting. The qualifying score first
+adopted for this badge was 40 out of a possible 50 "off-hand." It was
+found almost immediately that the boys were shooting so well that it
+was necessary to raise the standard, which was therefore increased to
+42 and later to 43.
+
+The following is a list of the number of boys who qualified as marksmen
+in their respective schools during the year 1906:
+
+    Boys' High School              45
+    Bryant High School             18
+    Commercial High School          6
+    Curtis High School             24
+    De Witt Clinton High School    23
+    Morris High School             16
+    Erasmus Hall High School       15
+    Manual Training High School    23
+    High School of Commerce        19
+    Stuyvesant High School          8
+
+    Total                         197
+
+The qualifying score has now been raised to 44.
+
+The Brooklyn Eagle assumed the expense of manufacturing and presenting
+these badges, which consisted of a Maltese cross having crossed rifles,
+the seal of the league, which is the "Winged Victory," in the center,
+the whole being suspended from a bar with the word "Marksman" on it,
+and the date.
+
+During the spring of 1906 a large number of interscholastic
+competitions were held. These were found valuable, not only in
+broadening the boys' ideas in respect to shooting, but in helping their
+nerve in competitions.
+
+On June 1 and 2 the annual interscholastic competition for the Whitney
+trophy was held. Instead of having each team shoot in its own school it
+was decided to have them shoot together at the Seventy-first Regiment
+Armory as neutral ground, under the supervision of Captain Corwin as
+range officer. The following were the scores, the conditions being the
+same as above stated:
+
+    Morris High School. Instructor E. M. Williams             359
+    Curtis High School. Instructor O. M. Curtis               356
+    High School of Commerce. Instructor Charles Jamison       355
+    De Witt Clinton. Instructor Emanuel Haug                  354
+    Manual Training High School. Instructor Ernest G. Muller  350
+    Bryant High School. Instructor George W. Norton           349
+    Erasmus Hall High School. Instructor J. M. Tilden         348
+    Stuyvesant High School. Instructor M. F. Goodrich         348
+    Boys' High School. Instructor W. H. Andrews               340
+
+The two best scores were not as high as were made in 1905, largely
+owing to the strain of shooting in actual competition and among strange
+surroundings. But the average was better and the scores were closer.
+
+The Savage Arms Company presented a rifle to each of the six schools
+whose team made the highest score in this match.
+
+For the purpose of impressing upon the boys and the public that those
+who could make a good score on the subtarget gun machine could shoot
+accurately in the field, the league arranged for a match between teams
+of five from all high schools and colleges, to be held at Creedmoor,
+July 26, 1906, to be shot 100 yards standing; 400 yards lying, five
+shots at each distance. It also arranged for two days' previous
+practice by the teams and also by all other boys who had won its
+marksman's badge, and paid the transportation and ammunition for the
+participants. It provided Captain Corwin as instructor, who was
+assisted by a number of volunteers from the National Guard. About 150
+boys in all availed themselves of this opportunity. None of the boys
+had ever previously fired a cartridge. Some of them were consequently a
+little nervous, in addition to being embarrassed in shooting in the
+presence of so many military men. After a few shots, however, they got
+over their nervousness.
+
+In the first practice the average score was about 60 out of 100. The
+second score averaged 80.
+
+Mr. J. A. Haskell, president of the Du Pont Powder Company, and a
+member of the national board, induced that company to present for
+annual competition in the match, a handsome bronze trophy.
+
+Mr. Simon Uhlmann presented a bronze figure of a rifleman, as second
+annual prize.
+
+The following is the score of the competitors in this match; highest
+possible score 250:
+
+    De Witt Clinton High School (Manhattan)        220
+    Boys' High School (Brooklyn)                   215
+    St. John's Military School (Manlius, N.Y.)     211
+    Commercial High School (Brooklyn)              201
+    Curtis High School (Staten Island)             201
+    St. John's Second Team                         183
+    Manual Training High School (Brooklyn)         181
+    Stuyvesant High School (Manhattan)             174
+
+The winning team averaged 44 out of a possible 50, although the day was
+a difficult one for shooting.
+
+The School of Applied Science of Columbia University asked to be
+allowed to enter a team in this match, and offered to allow the high
+school boys a handicap of 25 points. This was objected to on the ground
+that they were grown men, who had opportunities for practice which were
+out of the reach of the boys, and who were not in the same class. They
+were, however, allowed to shoot under protest for the purpose of seeing
+how their scores would compare with those of the boys.
+
+The score which they made was 218, which is less than that of the De
+Witt Clinton team, which could have beaten them without any handicap.
+
+This shooting shows the value of the practice with the subtarget
+machine, as the teams from both Columbia University and St. John's
+Military School had been practiced in actual rifle shooting, and yet
+were inferior in marksmanship to the high-school boys, who had only
+used the machine.
+
+A match was put on the programme of the New Jersey Rifle Association,
+September, 1906, at Sea Girt, in which a number of the boys entered.
+The pressure upon the target accommodation in consequence of the
+national matches was, however, so great that it could not be held at
+the date appointed, and the boys could not remain.
+
+The high schools which are equipped with this subtarget gun machine
+have organized rifle clubs, and are holding interscholastic contests in
+the armories of the different regiments of the National Guard, shooting
+with .22-caliber ammunition, and are displaying great proficiency.
+
+The movement has the hearty support of President Roosevelt, who has
+accepted the office of honorary vice-president of the league, and also
+has announced his intention of writing to the boy who attains the
+greatest skill in the rifle matches during the year a personal letter
+of congratulation and commendation.
+
+At the present time there are over 7,000 young men being instructed in
+these high schools in shooting with a military rifle, the gun used
+being the regular Krag army rifle as issued by the War Department.
+
+Great interest in the matter has been taken by both teachers and boys.
+Many of these have now become so proficient, that the services of a
+paid instructor have been dispensed with. It would, of course, be much
+better if a regular officer could be procured for such a purpose. But
+the finances of the league will not permit it to continue to incur the
+expense of paying the salary of such an instructor. It is believed that
+if a young and active regular officer could be detailed to act in this
+capacity he would be of the greatest service, and could, besides
+helping the shooting, give the boys some idea of military movements and
+discipline, which would be of great value. In fact an officer in this
+position would accomplish greater results for the country than is
+obtained by any of those who are detailed as instructors in many of the
+small colleges. The supply of regular officers is, however,
+insufficient for the needs of the Army, and it has so far been
+impossible to have one detailed for this purpose.
+
+The league is now preparing a manual of instruction to be used in the
+different schools. In addition to containing instructions for the use
+of the subtarget gun machine it will give a general idea of what is
+necessary to know in order to shoot accurately.
+
+Those who have had charge of the instruction of these boys are
+unanimous in the opinion that they acquire knowledge of rifle shooting
+in about one-quarter of the time that is found necessary in the case of
+grown men.
+
+It is hardly necessary to state that the experience of our recent wars
+has pointed out that while there is no difficulty in case of war in
+getting all the volunteers that the country requires and they can be
+given a reasonable amount of drill in a few weeks, it takes a long time
+to teach them to shoot, and that unless they can shoot accurately they
+are of little value as soldiers. If, however, the young men who are
+graduating from our high schools in the different States should be
+skilled riflemen the country can rest content with a small standing
+army, knowing that in case of war it can put into the field at short
+notice a force of volunteers whose skill in rifle shooting will enable
+them to be fully the equal of any army which may be brought against
+them.
+
+The system is, therefore, a great factor for national peace.
+
+The committee would therefore recommend:
+
+1. That the largest possible publicity should be given to the methods
+that have been found to be so successful in the New York high schools.
+
+2. That the educational officials of the different States should be
+urged to introduce instruction in rifle shooting in their schools among
+the boys of 13 years of age and upward, conforming to the New York
+methods as far as their situation will permit.
+
+3. That this would be helped by the organization of a public schools
+athletic league in each educational center.
+
+                                     GEO. W. WINGATE,
+                                     A. B. CRITCHFIELD,
+                                                 _Committee_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A report on the feasibility and
+advisability of some policy to inaugurate a system of rifle practice throughout the public schools of the country, by George W. Wingate and Ammon B. Critchfield
+
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