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text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + .poem span.pn { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; right: 2%; + font-size: 75%; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + color: silver; background-color: inherit; + font-variant: normal;} /* page numbers in poems */ + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + border: solid black; + height: 5px; } + pre {font-size: 85%; } + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of +Reproduction, by Winfield S. Hall</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of Reproduction</p> +<p> Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male</p> +<p>Author: Winfield S. Hall</p> +<p>Release Date: February 27, 2008 [eBook #24708]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p> +<br /> +<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved.</p> +<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. +For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p> +<p class="noin">Click on the images to see a larger version.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h2>Letters from Prominent Educators.</h2> +<br /> + +<div class="block1"><p>"I consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and +practical that I know of, and therefore feel that I can +conscientiously recommend the book most heartily. There is no +subject so much hampered by ignorance, misconception and +prejudice as that with which the book deals. I am sure the +treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and +healthful conception of the entire subject."—<b>Dr. Henry F. +Kallenberg, The Institute and Training School of Young Men's +Christian Associations.</b></p> + +<p>"Chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus +and seems to me admirable. Chapter five, too, impressed me as +very useful. The topical questions and their answers in the +appendix was a very happy thought and adds materially to the +value of the book."—<b>Dr. G. Stanley Hall, President Clark +University.</b></p> + +<p>"I have gone through the book carefully and I am greatly pleased +with it. I think it is admirably adapted to the needs and +temperament of college men, and possibly all men. The topics +discussed are of prime importance and interest for young men, +the method of presentation is in all respects commendable, and +the style is practical and concrete. The book ought to find its +way into the hands of a great many young men. It should be in +the hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the +adolescent period."—<b>Prof. M.V. O'Shea, University of +Wisconsin.</b></p> + +<p>"I have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best +presentation of this very important subject that I have ever +seen. It answers many important questions for which I have seen +no answer elsewhere."—<b>Prof. William R. Manning, Purdue +University.</b></p> + +<p>"I have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate +to recommend it. It is all that a young man needs to read to +inform him of his duties and his perils in this matter. The +ethical ideals are high and the advice sensible and wise."—<b>Dr. +Charles R. Henderson, Department of Sociology, University of +Chicago.</b></p> + +<p>"Some day Sexual Hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of +every college. It is a subject that every college man does +consider in one way or another, but often ignorantly, or under +unwise guidance. Dr. Hall's book is so simple and sane as well +as scientific, that I wish it might be in the hands of every +college man in the country."—<b>Dr. George A. Coe, Northwestern +University.</b></p> + +<p>"I consider it admirable in both conception and execution. So +far as I know, it is unique in its presentation of these +matters, especially on the hygienic side and shall be pleased to +recommend it at every opportunity."—<b>Dr. William T. Belfield, +Bush Medical College, University of Chicago.</b></p> + +<p>"The book seems to me calculated to be very useful, and should +be in the hands of a large number of college +undergraduates."—<b>Dr. Isaac Sharpless, President Haverford +College.</b></p> + +<p>"I have read the book and had other priests read it and all +concur in my opinion that it is destined to become a powerful +auxiliary to our young men in their struggle for a purer life. +The language is not vague, but to the point, and every young man +will understand it."—<b>Rev. A.M. Kirsch, University of Notre +Dame.</b></p> + +<p>"I have the strongest praise for the book as a whole—the +biological foundation, directness, freedom from cant and prudery +and the practical way in which the author gets to the level of +his readers."—<b>Dr. C. Judson Herrick, Denison University, +Ohio.</b></p> + +<p>"I have read Dr. Hall's book with the keenest curiosity and +interest. Why could not such a book have been in the hands of +the youth of the past generations? We should have been all the +better for it. The work seems to me to be simply and plainly +stated. With such apparent thoroughness and good sense, good +taste, I am sure the book will commend itself to every +thoughtful reader."-<b>-Dr. Chas. M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical +Institute, Evanston, Illinois.</b></p></div> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<a href="images/frontis.jpg"> +<img border="0" src="images/frontis.jpg" width="55%" alt="Winfield S. Hall" /></a><br /> +</div> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>—THE—</h4> + +<h2>BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY</h2> + +<h4>OF</h4> + +<h1>REPRODUCTION</h1> + +<h4>ALSO</h4> + +<h2>SEXUAL HYGIENE</h2> + +<h4>WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MALE.</h4> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h4>WINFIELD S. HALL, Ph.D. (Leipzig), M.D., (Leipzig),</h4> + +<h5 class="sc">Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical<br /> +School, Chicago; Member of the American Physiological<br /> +Society; Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology,<br /> +American Medical Association 1904-5; Fellow of<br /> +the American Academy of Medicine, President<br /> +1905-6; Fellow of American Association for the<br /> +Advancement of Science, Etc., Etc.</h5> + +<h4>TWELFTH EDITION<br /> +1911</h4> + +<br /> + +<h5><span class="sc">Wynnewood Publishing Co.</span><br /> +2421 DEARBORN ST.,<br /> +CHICAGO.</h5> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4>COPYRIGHT<br /> +1907<br /> +BY<br /> +WINFIELD S. HALL</h4> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="block2"><p>To the YOUNG MAN, who is +devoting years of his life to +secure the <span class="fakesc">HIGHEST DEGREE +OF DEVELOPMENT</span> of those +powers of <span class="fakesc">BODY</span> and +<span class="fakesc">MIND</span> that are to be +<span class="fakesc">HIS INSTRUMENTS</span> in +solving <span class="fakesc">LIFE'S +PROBLEMS</span>, this little +volume is <span class="fakesc">DEDICATED</span> +in the spirit of +<span class="fakesc">FRATERNITY</span>.</p> + +<p class="right">THE AUTHOR.</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h3>PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION.</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The cordial reception given to this little book by the medical +profession, by educators, and especially by the young men of the +country, have by their demands for the book necessitated the +appearance of new editions in such rapid succession that no +far-reaching changes in the text have been possible even if they had +been needed. Happily, no extensive changes have been required.</p> + +<p>In the second edition several corrections, typographical and verbal, +were made and additions made to the appendix. To the third edition the +chapter on Development was added. The fourth and fifth editions +received verbal changes here and added paragraphs there.</p> + +<p>The sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the +author's portrait as a frontispiece, the addition of an answered +question to the appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics, +with press notices and letters.</p> + +<p>The book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly +and clearly stated.</p> + +<p class="right">THE AUTHOR.</p> + +<p>Chicago, November 1, 1908.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h3>FOREWORD.</h3> +<br /> + +<p>Several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to +them some of the facts of Sexual Physiology and Hygiene. The plea of +"not a specialist in that line" was not accepted; so after a few weeks +devoted to a careful study of the literature the subject was +presented. It seemed to be acceptable, and other invitations followed +in successive years not only from the author's own institution but +from many others.</p> + +<p>In the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the +leading institutions of learning in the middle west—at some of them +several times and always to large audiences.</p> + +<p>In response to repeated requests for "a book" the author has finally +prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a +difficult subject in the true university spirit, frankly calling +things by their right names, always keeping in close accord with the +latest researches.</p> + +<p>It is hoped that the chapter on Hygiene will in itself be a +justification for the book.</p> + +<p class="right">WINFIELD S. HALL,<br /> +Chicago.</p> + +<p>December, 1906.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr /> +<br /> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> +<br /> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" width="80%">1. General Activities of Living Organisms</td> + <td class="tdr" width="20%"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">A. The Egoistic Activities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">B. The Phyletic Activities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Reproduction</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Support and Protection of Offspring</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Some General Principles of Biology</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">A. Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">B. Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Lower Organisms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Higher Organisms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">C. Summary of Principles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. The propagation of offspring and the protection + and support of the young and defenseless, + always involve sacrifice on the + part of the parents and the stronger members + of the race</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, + in the natural order of things, compensated</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1. Physical Changes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">A. General Changes in the Body</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Pilosity</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. The Voice</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. Bone, Muscle and Gland</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">B. The Genital System</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Structural Changes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Functional Changes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Psychical Changes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">A. Play and Work</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Sports</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Productive Employment</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">B. Society</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp1">C. Religion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chapter III.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1. Anatomy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. The Penis</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. The Testes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. The Spermatozoon</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">d. The Epididymis</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">e. The Seminal Vesicles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">f. The Prostate Gland</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Physiology</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Urethra</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Cowper's Glands</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. The Prostate Gland</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">d. The Seminal Vesicles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">e. Testes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">3. Virility</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1. Illicit Intercourse with Women</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Gonorrhea</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. Syphilis</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Masturbation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">3. Continence</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">HYGIENE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1. Diet</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. Choice of Food</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. Stimulants and Narcotics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Baths</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">a. The Bath for Cleanliness</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">b. The Tonic Bath</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">3. Exercise</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">4. The Hygienic Requirements of Sleep</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">5. The Control of the Thoughts</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Chapter VI.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DEVELOPMENT.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1. The Child</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">2. Maternity</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">3. Paternity</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Answers to questions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135-149</a></td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +<br /> + +<h3>REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</h3> +<br /> + + +<h3>I. GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>The casual observer, even if he watches thoughtfully the various +activities of plants and animals, would hardly believe these +activities capable of classification into two general classes. He +notes the germination of the plant seed and its early growth, step by +step approaching a stage of maturity; it blossoms, produces seed, and +if it is an annual plant, withers and dies. If it is a perennial plant +its leaves only, wither and die at the approach of winter, the plant +passing into a resting stage from which it awakes the following spring +to repeat again its annual cycle.</p> + +<p>If he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a +stage of maturity, reproduces its kind, withers and dies; but incident +to these general activities he notes numerous others that seem to have +no relation to the activity of the plant. He sees men tilling the +fields, felling the forests, building houses, factories and railroads; +he sees them build hospitals, colleges and churches. Is it possible to +group all of these activities of plants and animals into two general +groups? A more critical view of these activities makes it evident that +they are all directed either to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>maintenance and protection of the +individual, or the maintenance and protection of the race. Those +directed towards the maintenance of self are called egoistic +activities, while those directed to the maintenance of the race are +called <i>phyletic activities</i>.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>The Egoistic Activities.</h4> + +<p>The term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego +or self, and includes all of those activities directed to the support, +protection, defense and development of oneself. As illustrated in the +plant organism, the taking of nourishment from the air and soil, the +development of the stem, branches, roots and leaves, are egoistic +activities. In the animal—we may take, for example, man—the egoistic +activities begin with the drawing of nourishment from the mother's +breast and include all those activities of early childhood usually +called play, the real significance of which is to develop the +neuro-muscular system and the special senses, to that condition of +alertness and strength that will make the growing individual +self-supporting. A very large part of the activities of the +self-supporting human subject are directed towards the earning of his +daily bread, and of clothing and shelter. The activities of the school +and college period, devoted, as they are, almost exclusively to the +development of the youth's powers, intellectual or physical, are also +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>egoistic. Even the pursuit of pleasure and of sense gratification on +the part of the individual belongs to this same group of activities.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>The Phyletic Activities.</h4> + +<p>As the etymology of the term suggests, these activities are devoted to +the propagation, maintenance and protection of the race.</p> + +<p>a. <b>Reproduction.</b>—The most fundamental one of the activities for the +maintenance of the race is reproduction. Every living organism, +whether plant or animal, possesses the power to reproduce its kind. +Some plants produce spores and some produce seeds. Reference was made +above to the production of the flower in plants. The flower represents +the reproductive organ of the plant, and the real object of the flower +is to produce the seed. Animals produce eggs from which the young +develop, either through a process of incubation outside of a maternal +body or an analogous process within the maternal body. In the latter +case the young are brought forth as living organisms.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Support and Protection of Offspring.</b>—Whether we consider the +plant seed, or the animal egg or newborn—in any case the parental +organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring +during those stages of development when it is unable to support and +protect itself.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>The plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment +sufficient to support it during the germinating process and until it +is able to gain its own support from the soil and air. Furthermore, +the plant protects the seed by means of the various seed envelopes, +against the cold and moisture of winter.</p> + +<p>In a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with +nourishment. The young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply +of nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones, muscles, +nervous system, blood, glands and covering—all developed to a point +that makes the bird able to take from the mother during the early +weeks after its release from the shell, such nourishment as the mother +may provide. In the meantime it must be brooded and protected in the +parental nest until it is able to provide for its own protection. +Similarly the young mammal is developed within the body of the +maternal organism to a point where it is able to perform the primitive +functions of life. For weeks, months or even years, according to the +class of the animal, it must be supported and protected by its +parents. The human young receives milk from its mother's breast and +protection in its mother's arms during its first year, after which it +continues to receive nourishment, clothing and protection under the +parental roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years, or +even longer.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>c. <b>Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society.</b>—Young +animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support +and protect themselves. If they were not thus cared for the race would +become extinct. Now, there are certain individuals, orphans for +example, who have, through some accident, been deprived of their +natural support and protection. If these weaker members of society, +not yet able to support and protect themselves, were not provided for, +they would perish and become thus lost to the race. From the time of +primeval man to the present, these weaker individuals of society who +have been deprived of their natural protectors, have been cared for by +the stronger members of society and afforded such support and +protection as they may need to make them independent. In a similar way +the sick and defective members of society are cared for by the strong. +Thus we see that the building and maintenance of orphanages, +hospitals, asylums and "homes," are activities that belong clearly to +the group of phyletic or altruistic activities.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.</h3> + +<h4>Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities.</h4> + +<p>The thoughtful student is very likely to ask—Why does man till the +fields? Why does man fell the forest trees? Why does he cultivate +domestic animals? Why <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>does he delve in the earth for minerals? These +are all strenuous activities that require the outlay of time, talent +and strength. We may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and, +apparently, willingly. We have only to study the problem more closely +to see that he tills the fields and cultivates his domestic animals +for food; that he fells the forest trees to make for himself shelter; +that he cultivates certain plants and animals to procure for himself +clothing; that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral products to +use in the various industries that supply various elements of his +livelihood. It becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of +an organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation. The +individual sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive +his compensation. It may be stated as a general biological truth that, +<i>nature demands sacrifice or work on the part of all living organisms; +and, under normal conditions, metes out a compensation commensurate +with the sacrifice made</i>.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities.</h4> + +<p>a. <b>Lower Organisms.</b>—As an example of a lower organism we may take +the <i>amoeba</i>. If one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see +it move about the field, creeping along the surface of the glass +plate; throwing out a pseudopodium here; invaginating a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>mouth or +stomach there; taking in and digesting minute plant organisms; +transporting itself across the field of the microscope through the aid +of improvised locomotory organs. All these activities are egoistic. +The amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its sustenance; it is +sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of support. If +we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that sooner or +later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before we +can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest +first at the nucleus, which slowly divides into two equal portions +that separate, each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of +the parent organism. As these two young amoebae lie side by side under +the microscope the thoughtful student will inquire—what has become of +the parent organism? Whereas at first there was one mature amoeba, now +we have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation. +The parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality +absolutely and completely for the next generation.</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<a href="images/imagep017.png"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep017.png" width="50%" alt="Plate I" /></a><br /> +<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .5em;">Plate I <br />Reproduction in the Amoeba.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>It may be said in general that <i>reproduction always involves a +division of the parent organism</i>. In the case of the amoeba the +division is into two equal portions. In the case of some of the lower +plants and animals the substance of the parent organism is divided +into many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>equal minute spores or eggs, each of which develops a new +organism.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Higher Organisms.</b>—These also suffer a division of their body +protoplasm. However, instead of dividing into two or more equal parts +and merging their individuality immediately into the next generation, +the higher organisms divide off a very small portion of their +protoplasm to make an egg or seed while the parent organism lives on +to produce eggs or seeds on subsequent occasions.</p> + +<p>While the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and +inconsiderable in the higher animals, the sacrifices subsequent to +this initial division are incalculably greater in higher animals than +in the lower organisms. We can cite no better example than the human +subject. The human ovum, divided off from the maternal organism, is a +minute globule of protoplasm, almost microscopic in size. The +sacrifice of the mother in producing the ovum is inconsiderable, but +the production of the ovum is simply the first step in the sacrifice +which the maternal organism makes.</p> + +<p>The fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the +uterus or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from +the maternal organism. It soon develops a heart and blood vessels so +related to the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its +intra-uterine existence the mother's blood supplies the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>growing child +all of the substance that is built up into bone, muscle, brain and +glands, preparing the young child to come into the world a living, +breathing, sentient organism. These draughts upon the vitality of the +maternal organism are so great that they frequently result in a very +sensible depletion of the mother's physical power, particularly +manifest in the depletion of the blood.</p> + +<p>During the period when the young child is developing within the body +of the mother, she must make other sacrifices, viz., the withdrawal +from society more closely within the four walls of her home where she +busies herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the +expected child. Then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth +represented especially in the pain and travail of parturition. During +the first year of the child's life in normal cases, it draws its +nourishment from its mother's breast. This nourishment in turn is +elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the mother's blood—still +further depleting her system. During its childhood and youth the +mother prepares the food, clothing and shelter of her child at no +small expense of her own time and strength. For years the mother holds +herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall +sick, and there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many +nights in this vigil by the bed of her sick child.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>We might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that +the father makes.</p> + +<p>As is the case with mother so with the father, the initial sacrifice +in the division of a portion of his body is too small to be +considered, but in his case as in the case of the mother, the +sacrifice for the coming progeny is only initiated with the act of +procreation and continues through a period of fifteen, twenty or even +thirty years—sometimes progressively increasing to the last. These +sacrifices take the form, for the most part, of support and +protection, and begin soon after conception on the part of the +mother—as the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude +and care on the part of the husband than she does on other occasions.</p> + +<p>The normal father, like the normal mother, holds himself in readiness +to watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise, +and to make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of +the child.</p> + +<p>It is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities +receive their compensation. The question next demanding our attention +is—do the sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic +activities receive a compensation? The most striking solution of this +question would be a personal solution. Let any young man ask his +parents if they have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>compensated for all the sacrifices they +have made for him. If this son is such a one as brings pride and +satisfaction to the parents it is very evident what their unhesitating +answer would be, viz., that they have been compensated many times over +for all the sacrifices they have made. In what does such compensation +consist? It can be expressed most briefly: LOVE OF OFFSPRING. This +principle of <i>love of offspring</i> seems to be a more or less general +one in the whole realm of conscious living nature. That a tree could +possess this no one would suggest; that a sea urchin could possess it +no one would be likely to contend. It is probably possessed by all of +those animals that are conscious of sacrifices; that is, if an animal +is conscious of sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this +compensation which we term, <i>love of offspring</i>. For organisms too low +in the scale of life to be conscious of either sacrifice or love of +offspring, nature seems to have arranged another scale of sacrifices +and compensations—sacrifice taking the form of contention for +possession of females and sacrifice in their support and protection, +the recompense being the gratification incident to sexual intercourse.</p> + +<p>That this last factor may enter, to a certain extent, as a determining +factor among the higher animals cannot be questioned. The higher we +get in the scale of animal life the less the part played by <i>sexual +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>gratification</i> and the greater the part played by <i>love of offspring</i>. +In some of the higher animals, especially those in which the family +circle is maintained or the community life highly developed, there is +frequently at work still another consideration that may play no small +part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice incident to +reproduction. Reference is here made to the expectation on the part of +the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in +their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves. +That this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the +first place is not probable; but that it later becomes a matter of +consideration is not to be doubted. However, in so far as these +considerations of personal welfare enter into the compensation of the +parents for the sacrifices that they have made for their offspring, in +just so far do we remove these considerations from the realm of the +phyletic and place them within the realm of the egoistic.</p> + +<p>Reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms—we have yet to +consider the character and extent of the compensation which these +organisms, which are unconscious of sacrifice, receive. The conscious +sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation; +similarly the unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an +unconscious compensation.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that the amoeba did not die, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>but that it was +<i>rejuvenated in its offspring</i>. In the next and every succeeding +generation there is no death, but a rejuvenation. It thus transpires +that these lowly organisms enjoy immortality; or perhaps it may be +better stated, that the protoplasm of these organisms enjoys +immortality and this immortality is the compensation for the sacrifice +which each successive individual makes unconsciously in the division +of its protoplasm. This principle of biology was first discovered and +formulated by the great German Biologist, Weissmann.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>Summary of Principles.</h4> + +<p>a. The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the +young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the +parents and the stronger members of the race.</p> + +<p>b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, in the natural order of +things, compensated.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>The period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five +years, when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life, is called +the period of <i>adolescence</i>. The period of adolescence is ushered in +by a series of physical and psychical changes which make a well +defined initial period called <i>puberty</i>. The period of puberty is +about two years in length, and in the average case among American +boys, covers the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth years, +and is completed when the youth can produce fertile semen capable of +fertilizing the human ovum. It is now universally recognized, however, +that when the youth reaches this point in his development, while he +may be called a man, he represents manhood in its lowest terms. He has +not reached either a physical or mental development or maturity which +justifies him in undertaking the responsibilities incident to +procreating his kind. It requires in the average case a period of +eight more years to develop the young man to the full stature of adult +manhood, possessing his full physical and mental powers and the +strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of +parenthood, so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the +young man may be said to have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>reached this period of complete +development and to have finished the adolescent period. We may +profitably now consider more in detail some of the changes incident to +this most important period.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>1. PHYSICAL CHANGES.</h3> + +<h4>General Changes in the Body.</h4> + +<p>a. <b>Pilosity.</b>—The human being belongs to the vertebrate class, +mammalia, and as a member of that class he possesses over the +cutaneous surface of the body, excepting the palms of the hands and +soles of the feet, hair follicles which produce the hairy covering +typical of mammals. A careful study of the distribution of the hair on +the surface of the human body, comparing it with that of the +anthropoid apes, demonstrates that the distribution is identical; and +the "lay" of the hair in any one region of the human body corresponds +exactly with that of the same region in the ape. For example—the hair +on the forearm points outward and upward; on the upper arm down-ward +and outward and so on throughout in the human and simian types. Every +child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary hair which is +shed at once. Aside from the growth of hair on the head, including the +brows and the lashes, the skin is quite free from any noticeable +growth of hair for months or even years. Beginning at the age of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>puberty, however, the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the +whole pilous surface of the body, particularly upon the face, in the +axilla and over the pubic region. It is a generally recognized law of +biology, that, at the period of sexual development, the hairy +mammalian character becomes accentuated. The increase in the growth of +hair at this time can have only one interpretation, viz., that the +ancestors of man represented a very much higher degree of pilosity +than is the case with man at the present time. It is interesting to +note in this connection the almost universal attempt of men to rid the +face of this hairy growth by various devices, either pulling the beard +or shaving it. The origin of this custom of depilation probably dates +back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among both +savages and civilized peoples.</p> + +<p>b. <b>The Voice.</b>—In all animals the voice plays an important part in +sexual and social relations. In many animals the voice seems to have +almost no other function than as a sex call, or a communication +between mates and between parents and young. The human subject +illustrates this general biological principle in the profound changes +which the voice undergoes at the time of puberty. These changes in the +male subject consist in increasing the depth of the larynx, thereby +increasing the length of the vocal cords which in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>turn modifies the +pitch of the voice, usually about an octave, making it not only lower +but much more pleasing in quality and greatly increased in volume.</p> + +<p>c. <b>Bone, Muscle and Gland.</b>—Of incalculably greater importance than +the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the +casual observer, are those physical changes which the body undergoes +during the first half of the period of adolescence. I refer to the +growth of bone, of muscles and of those internal organs associated +with nutrition.</p> + +<p>The first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in +height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year. It is not +at all unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year. +This increase in height is very largely due to a lengthening of the +thigh and leg bones. In serial homology with the thigh and leg are the +bones of the arm and we find that these are undergoing an increase in +length commensurate with the increase of the legs. So the boy outgrows +his clothes; his coat sleeves are drawn up half way to his elbows and +his trousers half way to his knees. The muscles scarcely keep pace +with the bones in their growth, and tend to be flabby and to lack +usual tonicity. It is difficult for the youth to hold his back +straight and his shoulders back; he is awkward and ungainly in his +movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his +muscles. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>But the muscles follow immediately in their development and +rapidly gain volume and tonicity, filling out the arms, legs, back and +shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue. The growth of +these muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills +out in his girths as rapidly as, in the previous period, he increased +in length measurements.</p> + +<p>All of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased +activity of all the nutritive processes. The appetite is practically +insatiable; the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches +between meals. If he wakes up in the night he is hungry. To accomplish +the digestion and absorption of this food material, the alimentary +tract throughout, and particularly the stomach is greatly increased in +size. To accomplish the distribution of the food (blood) the heart +also is increased in size and strength. With increased bulk of muscle +and increased quantity of food we have increased oxidation in the +tissues. This requires increased respiration, which demand is +satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system. The thorax +increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper, broader +and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but also +more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the +system.</p> + +<p>If we are interested in the biology of all these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>changes, we need not +go far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them. Nature +is preparing in the youth a home builder; it is preparing an +individual who can support and protect not only himself, but also a +family. This equipment in the case of primitive man must necessarily +be one of bone and brawn. While under the conditions of modern society +the necessity for bone and brawn is somewhat less marked, the plan of +nature is no less evident and no less interesting.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>The Genital System.</h4> + +<p>a. <b>Structural Changes.</b>—The external genitals, besides showing the +pudendal pilosity referred to above, are all greatly increased in +size. The penis is increased in all of its dimensions, the testes +become very much increased in size, the scrotum, probably because of +the increased weight of the testes, is also lengthened.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Functional Changes.</b>—The testes and associated glandular bodies +gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen, capable of +fertilizing the human ovum. When these organs thus become capable of +procreation, the period of puberty is complete.</p> + +<p>In this connection it is important to note that the development of the +testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental +characteristics of the young man. This effect is produced through a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body, thus +gaining access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but +profound influence. Just how this affects the mind and body will be +discussed in detail in a subsequent chapter.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>2. PSYCHICAL CHANGES.</h3> + +<h4>Play and Work.</h4> + +<p>a. <b>Sports.</b>—Most of the higher animals, particularly man, and all +races of men, devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent +period to sports or games in which individuals contend with each other +or teams of individuals contend with opposing teams in games that +bring into play the various powers of the neuro-muscular system: such +as alertness of all the senses, readiness and correctness of judgment, +agility, speed and strength of movement. Sports might be criticised by +some because they represent non-productive expenditure of energy. On +the other hand, no energy ever expended by man is so highly productive +of so precious a material as results from manly athletic sports. The +products of these games are the substances consumed by them, +paradoxical as that may at first appear. The use of brain, muscle and +glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues +results in the development of the nerve, muscle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>and gland cells into +a condition larger, better equipped and more responsive than before +such use.</p> + +<p>Thus, athletic sports, while they make draughts upon the nerves, +muscles and glands, develop all of these tissues to a high degree of +efficiency. The plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in +sports must be evident. Nature is educating and developing the male +animal (man) to the highest possible degree of efficiency, so that +sports, instead of being non-productive, lead to the development of +structures possessing a high degree of value, not only to the +individual, but also to society.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the +athletic field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in +the later serious struggles of life make most for success.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Productive Employment.</b>—Hardly less important than the influence +of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent. That +the adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his +physical or mental powers goes without saying, nor should he be +assigned tasks that consume so much of his time that he is unable to +take an active part with his fellows in field sports. However, +experience demonstrates that the youth undergoes a more wholesome all +around development if he takes some active part in a productive +employment, than if allowed to devote <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>all of his energies to play. +The simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty about the +home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of how to +do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their +strength largely to similar tasks, but—more important than either of +these considerations—these tasks develop in him the ability to +accomplish promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty—to +do it regularly and promptly because it is a duty without any +reference to a personal enjoyment in the task. If this important +lesson in life is learned during the early adolescent period, it will +make the path of life much less rugged than some seem to find it.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>Society.</h4> + +<p>Incident to the activities of the athletic field, the youth is brought +into more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind, both of +the same and of the opposite sex. While the boy of ten to fifteen +delights in the forming of "cliques, gangs and crowds," the boy of +seventeen delights equally in widening his circle of acquaintances. +The athletic contest gives him an opportunity not only to measure his +powers with those of the other young men, but also to win the respect +of his young lady acquaintances. There is no doubt but that the +approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess and strength as +manifested in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>sports, serves as a strong factor in the stimulation of +athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a purely +social capacity.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>Religion.</h4> + +<p>While in his social relations the young man is seeking points of +tangency with those in his own plane, in his religious experience he +seeks to come into relation with his God; that is, with the power that +exists in the plane above his own. In the researches of Coe and of +Starbuck, made several years ago they discovered the following truth +and demonstrated it as a general principle: <i>(1) A vast majority of +professing Christians acknowledged their allegiance to God during the +early part of the adolescent period; and (2) a vanishingly small +percentage of professing Christians became so after the age of +twenty-five.</i></p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<h3>1. ANATOMY.</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and +scrotum, the latter containing the testes.</p> + +<p>The <i>penis</i> of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty +consists (1) of the two corpora cavernosa, as they are called, or +erectile bodies, called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood +sinuses which when filled cause the organ to erect. (2) Between and +beneath the corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which +consists principally of the urethra. Around these three cylindrical +bodies there is a sheath of loose connective tissue, outside of which +is the skin.</p> + +<p>About one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a +sort of head which is called the <i>glans</i> over which, in the young +child, the skin is redoubled and called the <i>prepuce</i> or foreskin. The +glans is covered and the prepuce is lined by mucous membrane. Over the +glans the mucous membrane is red, thin and moist and possesses +numerous nerve papillæ. The prepuce, as stated above, usually covers +the glans penis in young children and may do so throughout life. It is +sometimes adherent to the glans. This is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>abnormal, and as soon as it +is discovered the adhesions should be broken up by a physician. The +normal prepuce of the adolescent male should be free from the glans +and should be sufficiently loose easily to retract back of the glans, +a position it is likely to take in erection. If the prepuce extends +half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap of skin, +or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to +clear the glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the +glans, the condition is not normal, and should have the attention of a +competent surgeon.</p> + +<p>One can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of +primeval man, who was practically unprotected by clothing, but in the +present condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an +unnecessary appendage, and there are several good reasons why the +prepuce should be removed. This operation [circumcision] is not, in +any sense, to be looked upon as a mutilation, but simply a hygienic +measure made advisable, if not necessary, by the unnatural conditions +under which we are now existing.</p> + +<p>Beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head +of the penis collect, and if the organ is not frequently cleansed +these accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant. Such local +irritation is one of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in +boys.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>The removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple +operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult. If +the prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care, as +contact with the clothing will remove the secretions as they appear. +Furthermore, the glans penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less +subject to local irritation thus simplifying the young man's problems +in sexual hygiene.</p> + +<p>The penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size, due not +only to varying conditions of temperature but also to individual +peculiarities. The organ may vary between 2½ inches and 6 inches in +length in the flaccid state and between 5 inches and 8 inches in the +erected condition. The size of the generative organs is not an index +of virility in the male.</p> + +<p>The <i>testes</i> are the male generative glands and are described as about +1½ inches in length, 1¼ inches in width and nearly 1 inch in +thickness. The testes are contained within the scrotal sac, the +outside coat of which is a thin wrinkled skin, within which are four +thin coats. Next to the testes and enveloping the spermatic cord is a +thin covering which is carried down into the scrotum when the testicle +leaves the abdomen, where it is formed. This descent of the testes +from the abdomen takes place normally in the later weeks of +intrauterine life. The testes may, however, through some unusual +condition, be retained and make their descent months or even years +later. If the testes have not descended by the end of the age of +puberty, the advice of a competent surgeon should be sought.</p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="Table of Contents"> + <tr> + <td width="20%"> </td> + <td width="50%"> </td> + <td width="30%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" rowspan="7" style="vertical-align: middle;">SEMEN</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdllr">TESTICULAR CONTRIBUTION.</td> + <td class="tdll">SPERMATOZOA<br /> + SEMINAL GRANULES<br /> + MUCIN AND WATER</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdllr">VESICULAR CONTRIBUTION.<br /> + (In quantity greater than all the rest.)</td> + <td class="tdll">ALBUMIN<br /> + ALKALINE SALTS<br /> + WATER</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdllr">PROSTATIC CONTRIBUTION.<br /> + (Viscid and opalescent.)</td> + <td class="tdll">PROTEINS<br /> + ALKALINE SALTS<br /> + WATER</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span><br /> + +<div class="img"> +<a href="images/imagep043.png"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep043.png" width="50%" alt="Plate II" /></a><br /> +<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">Plate II <br />Male Sexual Apparatus</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>The outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea. [See +Plate 2.] This tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis +which divide the organ into lobules, each one being conical in shape +with the apex directed towards the epididymis, which is that mass of +blood vessels and tissues which one can feel on one side of each +testis. Within these lobules the spermatozoa are formed by a complex +process of cell division and cell germination upon whose description +we need not enter here.</p> + +<p>The <i>spermatozoon</i> may be described as the male sexual cell whose +function is to fertilize the female ovum. The spermatozoon is about +<span class="fakesc">1/20</span> of an inch in length and consists of a head, body and a vibratile +tail. In the human spermatozoon the head is ovoid, appearing +pear-shaped or pointed in one view and elliptical in another.</p> + +<p>The <i>epididymis</i> referred to above, consists of a mass of coiled tubes +and blood vessels. After the secretion passes through the tortuous +coils of ciliated tubes of the epididymis, it is collected into a +single tube called the <i>vas deferens</i>, which passes as a part of the +spermatic cord from the scrotum, up through the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>groin and over the +pubic arch into the pelvic cavity, passing down back of the bladder +where it is slightly dilated into an <i>ampulla</i>, beyond which the duct +is again contracted into a narrow tube, and the two ducts, one from +either side, converge and pass into the <i>prostate gland</i>, where they +empty into the <i>urethra</i>.</p> + +<p><i>The seminal vesicles.</i>—The seminal vesicles are small bladder-like +organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected +from the testes. There are two of these vesicles, from each a small +duct joins the vas deferens making up what is known as the +<i>ejaculatory duct</i>. The two ejaculatory ducts coming together in the +prostate gland open into the urethra. <i>The seminal vesicles possess +glandular walls and secrete the substance which they contain, no part +of the secretion of the testes normally finding its way into the +vesicles.</i></p> + +<p><i>The prostate gland, a portion of which is homologous with the female +uterus and called uterus masculinus</i>, is situated around the neck of +the bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra (prostatic +portion), but also by the ejaculatory ducts. There are numerous gland +ducts which—collecting the secretion of the prostate gland—open into +the urethra in the prostatic portion.</p> + +<p>Just beyond the prostate are two small glands called <i>Cowper's Glands</i> +whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate, at +the root of the penis.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>2. PHYSIOLOGY.</h3> + +<p>In the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just +described, we may well reverse the order of treatment, thus leading up +step by step to a consideration of the more important organs.</p> + +<p>a. <b>Urethra.</b> The canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra, +and it is important in considering its physiology to remember that it +has not only a double function to perform, but that the performance of +one function in a measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the +other and makes it necessary for a special measure of preparation.</p> + +<p>The urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary +bladder is passed out periodically through the urethra. This same +channel must transmit periodically secretions from the sexual +apparatus.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Cowper's Glands</b> secrete only under sexual excitement, and usually +they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which +induces an erection. The secretion is composed of a clear <i>alkaline +mucus</i>.</p> + +<p>The purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a +very important one and it is essential that every young man should +understand it.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only +for the urine, but also for the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>generative products. The urine is +acid in reaction and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra +leaves that duct acid in reaction under usual conditions. The +spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid and their vitality is seriously +impaired by acid of any kind, particularly the acid of the urine. +Nature has provided that the secretion from Cowper's glands should +precede the generative products along the urethra, thus neutralizing +the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage from the +body.</p> + +<p>Besides this important function of the secretion from Cowper's glands, +the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual +excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the +male organ. A secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs +for sexual contact so that the delicate mucous membrane, particularly +of the female organs, shall not suffer abrasion.</p> + +<p>Many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from +Cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared +that they were losing some vital fluid. This misunderstanding of the +nature of this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the +misrepresentations of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege +that he is losing vital fluid and will, if not treated, undergo +general debility and loss of procreative power. This brief +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>explanation of the significance of the secretion of Cowper's glands +will protect the young man from any such misrepresentations.</p> + +<p>c. <b>The Prostate Gland.</b>—That the prostate gland is intimately +associated with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those +male animals that have suffered castration before puberty, the +prostate gland withers and practically disappears. What then is the +role that this gland plays? Like Cowper's glands, it secretes only +during sexual excitement. Under such excitement its ducts become +gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the moment of the +emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts empty +their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of +the semen.</p> + +<p>The secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of +protein and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion +of the seminal vesicles that we will consider its action along with +that of the secretion from the vesicles.</p> + +<p>d. <b>The Seminal Vesicles.</b>—<i>The seminal vesicles secrete +continuously.</i> The secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of +albumin and of alkaline salts. This secretion together with the +secretion from the prostate gland is poured into the urethra at the +moment of sexual orgasm; they become mixed in their transit through +the urethra with the secretion from the testes. This mixture is known +as semen. [See pg. 42.]</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>It used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the +testes; that the testes were secreting continuously and that the +seminal vesicles were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen +from the testes. The researches of Steinach and others have made the +old theory untenable and demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from +three distinct sources; that the testicles secrete their contribution +to the semen only during sexual stimulation; while the seminal +vesicles secreting their products continuously become periodically +filled and distended.</p> + +<p>Let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous +secretion from the vesicles and prostate. For what purpose does Nature +prepare such a secretion? The spermatozoa frequently remain several +days in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and +fertilized. During these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no +small amount of energy in their vigorous flagellate movement. For such +an expenditure of energy they must receive nourishment and +stimulation. The nourishment is supplied by the albumin and proteid of +the vesicular and prostatic secretions. The stimulation is supplied by +the salts also secreted by these glands. The recent researches of Loeb +and others have demonstrated the importance of mineral salts in +stimulating the activity of living cells. One can cite no better +example of this stimulant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>action than the influence of these +vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa.</p> + +<p>The vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of +the army of spermatozoa; the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies +to be drawn upon at short notice; the prostate representing a factory +where a considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short +notice.</p> + +<p>This <i>periodic distention of the seminal vesicles</i> is a matter of very +considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by +every young man who would lead a normal sexual life.</p> + +<p>These organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied +with two sets of nerves, one set passing away to the spinal cord and +carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the +presence and character of any local stimulus; the other passing away +from the spinal cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor +impulses. The secretory impulses are more or less continuous and as a +result, these glands secret continuously and become periodically +distended as described above. The motor impulses pass to the muscles +within the walls of the vesicles, causing a strong spasmodic +contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission of semen, thus +throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the same +moment when the epididymis the vas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>deferens and the ducts of the +prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra.</p> + +<p>Now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the +erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure +within the vesicles. Unusual pressure may be caused either by +distention due to accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the +vesicles from over-distended rectum or bladder. It sometimes happens +that two or more of these influences are acting at the same time. +These impulses are most likely to be effective when the subject is +asleep, and particularly if he is lying upon his back. The result of +the stimulus is to cause an erection, accompanied usually by an erotic +dream, the whole phenomenon culminating in an emission of the contents +of the seminal vesicles and followed, of course, by a relief of the +pressure which was the cause of the condition. This phenomenon has +been variously called <i>nocturnal emission</i>, "pollution" and +"dreaming-off."</p> + +<p>Vecki, a specialist in physiology, hygiene and pathology of the sexual +apparatus, says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological +phenomenon, the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal +vesicles, and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular +periods, these periods varying in length with different individuals, +according to their physical condition and habits, the period being two +to four weeks, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>usually; though a considerably longer or shorter +period would not be looked upon as pathological. Vecki describes the +normal nocturnal emission as being accompanied by an erection, erotic +dreams, and an orgasm, the subject being wholly unconscious of the +condition until he is awakened at the moment of orgasm. Normally, the +subject experiences on the following day a feeling of relief and +well-being and should, normally, be wholly free from headache, +depression or languor.</p> + +<p>Inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the +author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as +infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men. On the other +hand, it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten +days or even once a week and still be within the physiological limit. +However, when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week, it +should be looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression, +headache or lassitude. Cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal +emission is experienced as often as three times in a week after which +there will be a period of two to four weeks without an emission, +followed again by very frequent emissions, and a free period. This +phenomenon is an individual peculiarity, and is not to be looked upon +as abnormal.</p> + +<p>Cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and +headache are usually caused by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>irritability or lack of tonicity of +the sexual apparatus, particularly of the seminal vesicles and the +ducts. This irritability and loss of tone is not infrequently caused +by masturbation, though it may also be caused by excessive sexual +intercourse, making itself manifest, of course, in either case, on +cessation of the habit of masturbation or the excessive sexual +intercourse.</p> + +<p>Another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly +separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and +mechanical irritation of the sexual apparatus—perhaps especially the +membranous and prostatic portion of the urethra—caused by the +presence of an excessive amount of oxalates in the urine. Oxalates +occur in the urine in sharp angular crystals and would seem to be in a +high degree irritating to the tender mucous membrane of the upper part +of the urethra. The almost invariable presence of these crystals in +excess in those cases that have not been accounted for by abuse of the +sexual function leads one to adopt the plausible theory that the +crystals are the cause of the irritability. However, we must not lose +sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an accompaniment +of the too frequent emissions, and that the presence of oxalates in +the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive processes +that go on in the body, which disturbance causes not only the +irritability of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>sexual apparatus, but also the presence of the +crystals.</p> + +<p>When the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not +infrequently that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through +the rectum will, by simple mechanical pressure on the seminal +vesicles, force out a few drops, perhaps as much as a teaspoonful, of +the contents of the vesicles. This would be called an <i>involuntary +emission</i>, but the liquid passed out must not be looked upon as semen. +It is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles, and in losing it, +one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid, any portion of which would +be reabsorbed; he is simply losing a fluid which would, in the natural +course of events, have passed away within the next few days as a +nocturnal emission.</p> + +<p>These details have been explained in order that the young man may +fully understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be +disturbed by the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of +charlatans who make a business of frightening young men into the +belief that in these experiences they are losing "vital fluid"—that +they are victims of "lost manhood," or that they are entering into a +condition of "general debility" and "impotence." As an actual fact, +involuntary loss of vital fluid (spermatorrhea), is a rare case even +in the practice of specialists in genito-urinary diseases, and in +these rare cases, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>condition is usually a result of very great +excesses, sexual debauchery or one of the sequelæ of venereal disease. +[Read: Appendix 1, 13 and 17.]</p> + +<p>e. <b>Testes.</b> No rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be +given without laying down as a fundamental physiological law, that +<i>the testes secrete under sexual stimulation only</i>. This same general +principle applies to all glands, i.e., that they secrete only under +the influence of some special stimulation. In harmony with that law, +the testes secrete only under the influence of sexual stimulation.</p> + +<p>The sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories, +i.e., conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual +stimulation.</p> + +<p><i>Conscious sexual stimulation</i> is partly psychical and partly +physical. The physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity +of a member of the opposite sex. The physical and psychical phases of +conscious sexual stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is +exceedingly difficult to discuss one without constant reference to the +other, and it may be said in this connection that the psychical +attitude of the two individuals of opposite sex who are brought into +close physical proximity will modify very greatly their local sexual +responses.</p> + +<p>Reverting to the lower animals: when a female in rut or heat is +brought into proximity to the male, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>there seems to be on the part of +each animal a consciousness of the character and attitude of the other +animal and both animals are step by step excited by various physical +contacts and probably also psychical conditions to a high state of +sexual excitement, leading to the natural ultimate result, coitus, in +which event the sexual excitement culminates in the orgasm of the +male, which empties the secreted semen into the organs of the female.</p> + +<p>It will be easily understood that, in human subjects whose social +relations permit them to indulge in coitus, close physical proximity, +and various caresses lead, step by step in the normal course of nature +to sexual excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described +above for the lower animals.</p> + +<p>To revert to the function of the testes, we may say that during these +various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are +actively secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa, +which being released, are hurried along, partly by their own +flagellate movements and partly by the action of the cilia in the +ducts of the epididymis and the peristaltic contractions of the vas +deferens—hurried along the vas to the ampulla. If the period of +sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty minutes, the whole +duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla becomes gorged with the +secreted testicular product. This <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>secretion consists of active motile +spermatozoa, of spermatic granules and of mucus. The latter is +secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens, the +testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa, spermatic granules and a +small amount of liquid, just sufficient in quantity to float the +spermatozoa out of the testes into the ducts.</p> + +<p>At the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as, the emission +of semen. In this act the whole contents of the ampulla, vas deferens +and ducts of the epididymis, the contents of the seminal vesicles, and +the contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by +spasmotic muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of +the walls of the urethra, ejected from that tube through the mouth of +the urethra. Thus, in the act of emission, there is an intimate mixing +together of the three contributions to the semen, i.e., the +<i>testicular, vesicular and prostatic</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Sub-conscious Sexual Stimulation.</i>—Sub-conscious sexual stimulation +is not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation +of sexual excitement.</p> + +<p>When a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less +intimate relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite +sex under conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have +free and unrestricted play, there can be no reasonable doubt that +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>both individuals experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which +will influence them both physically and psychically through +sub-conscious response of their sexual apparatus. One can easily +imagine, for example, that a young man may meet upon the skating rink +in winter a young lady for whom he has a very sincere admiration and +respect; she on the other hand entertains for him a similar admiration +and respect. They may skate together the whole afternoon and converse +upon politics, art or philosophy, the young woman feeling herself +swung along—almost actually carried on her companion's strong arm. +The whole experience is, in the highest degree, pleasurable and +exhilarating to her, yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual +stimulation. On the other hand, the young man experiences most exalted +pleasure in the company of his young lady friend—through the pressure +of her hand upon his arm, the lithe, graceful movement of body and +limbs, the smile, the light in the eye and the soft voice. All of +these give him an exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to +analyze, even if he were inclined to do so.</p> + +<p>In his case, as in the case of the young woman, there has been +absolutely no conscious sexual stimulation; in the case of neither +individual has there been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual +apparatus, yet without a shadow of doubt, the sexual organs of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>both +individuals have been more or less active during this period—they +have been subject to sub-conscious sexual stimulation.</p> + +<p>In the case of the male, his testes have been awakened into an +activity of probably considerably less degree than in the case of +conscious sexual stimulation, and during this activity of the gland a +certain amount of the secretion has been formed.</p> + +<p>The most natural question at this point is—What becomes of this +secretion? It is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are +released, those that are probably make their way along the vasa +deferentia to the ampullæ. The liquid secretion of the testes probably +does not leave the testes but is reabsorbed. While there are many +features of this mysterious influence of the testes which have never +yet been cleared up, this seems certain, that the testes elaborate +what may be called an internal secretion, and that the elaboration of +this internal secretion is influenced by such stimulation as has just +been described above, under the head of sub-conscious sexual +stimulation.</p> + +<p>An <i>internal secretion</i> is a secretion formed by a gland, to be poured +into the blood or lymph system, while an <i>external secretion</i> is +poured out through ducts to the exterior. The thyroid and adrenal +glands form internal secretions only, which secretions, poured into +the blood and lymph, profoundly affect the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>nutrition of the body. The +salivary glands and gastric glands form external secretions only; +which, when poured upon the food, digest it. The liver, pancreas and +testes form both external and internal secretions. The external +secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in a sexual +emission, as described above; the internal secretion of the testes +consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature +individuals, which substances, poured into the blood, profoundly +affect the development of the individual and his whole physical and +psychical character.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>VIRILITY.</h4> + +<p>The best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal +secretion is the male of the horse kind.</p> + +<p>Most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or +ranches pedigreed stallions. No person can see one of these splendid +animals without admiring, if not actually standing in awe of his +inimitable physical force, beauty of form and grace and power of +action. He is a physical ideal of the horse kind. What is the source +of his strength and beauty?</p> + +<p>The physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are, +first, the great breadth and depth of chest, great mass of shoulder +and hip muscles, and the high arched neck, fiery eye and luxuriant +mane and tail. Second, the functional features next noticeable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>are +the greater alertness and evident physical exuberance as manifested +especially in the gait and the frequent whinnying. The thoughtful +observer at the horse show or on the ranch cannot but compare these +animals with the gelding.</p> + +<p>Two colts on the ranch may be full brothers,—from the same pedigreed +stallion and the same pedigreed dam. At the age of two years these two +young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod. One of these +promising young animals is chosen, because of some commendable +peculiarity of temperament or action, to remain unmutilated, as a +procreator of his kind upon the ranch. The other is subjected to the +veterinarian's knife and ecraseur and deprived of the testes,—the +male sexual glands. From the day of this operation these two animals +(in every respect alike, except that one is unmutilated while the +other is deprived of the glands mentioned above) develop along +radically different lines. The stallion develops during his third year +into the noble animal described above. This third year is his period +of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and +psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human +subject undergoes during his period of puberty. The gelding, on the +other hand, develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter. +Physically this animal develops a body almost identical with that of +the female of the same <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>species. Temperamentally the gelding is a +patient, plodding, beast of burden, and though under good grooming he +may show considerable life, while under the control of his driver, he +seldom shows any interest in other members of the horse family, either +male or female, and in the pasture or on the ranch his neutral sex +temperament is ever apparent. While he may contend mildly for a place +at the feeding trough, he never essays the defense of any weaker +members of the herd, and one stallion would put a hundred like him to +flight.</p> + +<p>The thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what +has made this radical difference in the development of these two +animals. The solution is not far to seek. From the beginning of +puberty to the beginning of senile decay, the stallion derives from +the testes what is referred to above as an internal secretion.</p> + +<p>Physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance +formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood. It may be +a substance called <i>spermin</i>, but whatever the substance is, the +physiologists agree that <i>the testes form some substance which is +absorbed by the blood and lymph, is carried to the brain and spinal +cord and there produces these profound effects indicated above</i>. So we +have discovered the source of the stallion's strength and beauty.</p> + +<p>What is true of the horse is true of man. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>young man at puberty +begins to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads +to the development of his full manly powers. The sum total of the +qualities peculiar to manhood has been called VIRILITY. For want of a +better word, this term has been applied to the sum total of the male +qualities of any animal whatsoever, so that the male qualities of the +stallion are also compassed in the term virility.</p> + +<p>The thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at +this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied +in all its details to the human subject; if man, without any +artificial or unnatural means would develop a full and complete +virility; if like the horse, he can maintain a strict continence for +months or even years without suffering any abatement of virility and +of physical powers in general. The unequivocal answer of the medical +profession to these questions would be in the affirmative.</p> + +<p>An exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the +eunuch of the Orient. If the human male is castrated before puberty he +develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is +different from the stallion;—a being whose physique resembles in many +respects that of a woman, and whose temperament manifests qualities of +cringing servility and lack of initiative.</p> + +<p>The external secretion of the testes differs from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>internal +secretion in containing spermatozoa; it may be that there are other +differences. It is, however, generally believed that one or more of +the substances found in the external secretion appear in the internal +secretion. If this is true, it must be evident that excessive sexual +indulgence or masturbation can draw away from the system this precious +vital substance that is necessary to produce or maintain the virility.</p> + +<p>It cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will +necessarily always continue—it must be maintained. To be maintained, +this vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously +absorbed into the blood. When once the man or boy understands this, it +must be evident to him that he has, to a certain extent, the making or +marring of his own virility; that it is not simply an inexhaustible +endowment of nature; but, like such a natural resource as a forest or +a coal mine, may be exhausted and will be exhausted if not husbanded +carefully.</p> + +<p>It is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of +the female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that +which the testes exert on the development of the male. For that +reason, a surgeon should, under no condition, remove both ovaries +(sexual glands) unless they are diseased in such a way as to +necessitate their complete removal in order to save the life of the +individual. If a woman of twenty-five <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>were to suffer the loss of both +ovaries, she would go very early into a condition of senile decay. If +a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries, it leads her to +develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is +wholly lacking in those characteristics which, summed up, might, for +the want of a better term, be called FEMININITY.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>No rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male +can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the +mammalian class and to primitive social conditions.</p> + +<p>In our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of +the human male, it must have become evident that man has many things +in common with other mammals, and that no adequate knowledge of man's +physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of +similar phases of life among related animals.</p> + +<p>All of the changes which Nature introduced into the physical and +psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to +equip the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and +children. This development has been reached by the time the young man +is twenty-one to twenty-three years of age, when, in the average case, +he would be able, so far as concerns his physique and temperament, to +establish and maintain a home. The fact that his adolescent +development is complete by the age of twenty-five, and that he has, by +the time he arrives at that age, grown into the full stature of all +his physical and mental powers, may certainly be interpreted as +nature's indication <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>that his home-building should be begun not later +than the twenty-fifth year. This means, then, that young men ought, if +possible, to marry as young as twenty-five.</p> + +<p>But the conditions of society at the present time are such that a +large proportion of the young men, particularly those who are +preparing for any of the learned professions (theology, medicine, law, +pedagogy, etc.) are hardly through their professional courses by the +time they reach that age, and most of them feel that they must make a +start in their profession before they assume the responsibilities of +supporting a home. This means that a large proportion of them marry as +late as thirty years of age.</p> + +<p>If we consider now those commercial, financial and industrial +vocations which involve considerable preparation in technical +institutions or a long apprenticeship (engineering, pharmacy, +manufacturing chemists, banking, journalism, etc., etc.) we find that +the young man is hardly able to establish such a home as most such +young men feel that they must maintain on any salary that they receive +before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old. This consideration +applies particularly to college and university men, as, almost without +exception, these men are preparing for some of the above mentioned +professions or vocations.</p> + +<p>Now the conditions of college life, the field sports <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>and athletics, +together with the social conditions, tend to develop in college +circles a body of most virile young men. The problem which now +confronts us is: How may these young men live a hygienic life under +these unnatural circumstances?</p> + +<p>If a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly +able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what +his attitude shall be regarding matters of sex. The earlier this +problem is solved the better it is for the young man. Unfortunately, a +large proportion of young men do not realize that they have any +problem in this field to solve until circumstances, more or less +accidental, have already established in them a mental attitude and, +perhaps, a habit of life that may not be either wholesome or wise.</p> + +<p>From what has preceded, it must be evident that from the early months +of the period of puberty, through the adolescent and adult period, +even until some progress is made in the senile period, every normal +male will experience sexual desires. It has been shown that these +particular experiences are linked, more or less intimately, with the +condition of the sexual apparatus; but whatever the cause, we are +confronted with the question, What shall be done about it?</p> + +<p>When a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that +the desire must be satisfied? Some have reasoned that the muscles of +the arm, if not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>exercised, wither and become weak, therefore the +sexual desires, if not exercised will become weak, and the sexual +apparatus, if it does not exercise its function, must become withered +and atrophied. While this course of reasoning may seem rational and +the conclusion may seem tenable, it is well known to physiologists and +sociologists that the reasoning is fallacious; the fallacy rests in +the premises. It was assumed above that the activity of the sexual +glands was comparable with that of muscles.</p> + +<p>We must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are +continuously active, and in this continuous activity get their +exercise. This activity develops them and keeps them physically +perfect after the onset of the period of puberty. Their activity +consists very largely in the formation of an internal secretion, the +office of which is to develop in the male the highest possible state +of virility. Nor must we lose sight of the fact that every procreative +act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid on the +part of the male. A wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act +of self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any +consideration; nor may these acts, under any circumstances, be looked +upon as sustaining to the gland a relation similar to that which +muscular exercise sustains to muscle tissue.</p> + +<p>In the light of these facts every normal man would <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>admit that +frequent masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse, in wedlock or +out, should certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the +sexual apparatus.</p> + +<p>Most men, however, raise the question: "Is any indulgence or any +artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be +discouraged?" This inclination comes to us in the course of nature. +Man in the primitive state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this +inclination; would fight for the possession of her as soon as he had +reached a sufficient stage of muscular development, and once in +possession of his mate, would take her to his perch in the trees or to +his cave. In his primitive home he would follow his sexual +inclination, impregnate his wife and protect her against all dangers.</p> + +<p>Under our present social conditions the young man experiences all +these desires the same as his primitive ancestor, but he may not be +able to choose a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a +whole decade after he experiences the desire to do so. What is the +solution?</p> + +<p>It must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or +another of three alternatives—either the young man may seek illicit +intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire, or he may adopt +some artificial measure, such as masturbation (self <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>abuse) or, +finally, he may lead what is known as a continent life. By continence +we mean to adopt neither one of the first two alternatives mentioned, +but to leave the care of the sexual apparatus wholly with Nature.</p> + +<p>We may now consider these three alternatives in turn.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>1. ILLICIT INTERCOURSE WITH WOMEN.</h3> + +<p>By illicit intercourse with women we mean, sexual intercourse out of +wedlock. The term applies either to intercourse between any man and a +prostitute, between an unmarried man and a married woman, between an +unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a +married woman not his wife. The term, illicit intercourse, applies to +all sexual intercourse that is illegal.</p> + +<p>In our discussion of the young man's problem, we may confine our +consideration particularly to intercourse with professional +prostitutes and with clandestines, or women who are willing to accept +the sexual embrace for their own gratification or for money.</p> + +<p>In this phase of sexual gratification, it is assumed that the woman +has these relations with various men. We purposely eliminate from this +discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of +sexual gratification, as such seduction is a heinous offense against +the victim and against society, for which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>offense the man is legally +responsible. We are here discussing not the crimes of men, but their +vices.</p> + +<p>The question that the young man naturally asks is—"Why should society +hold these relations as a vice when the woman, who is party to the +act, gives her free consent, perhaps even soliciting the relation, and +has given herself up to this sort of a life, either as a sole +occupation (prostitute) or as an auxiliary occupation (clandestine) to +supplement a wage on which she may not be able to live in luxury?"</p> + +<p>The answer to this question is not far to seek. Women so occupied +have, as a rule, made themselves incapable of maternity. They are +outcasts from society, unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence +on all those who come into relation with them. Furthermore, they are +centers for the dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the +health of all those who become infected. But for the uncontrolled +passions of men, there would be no such women. So while we, +individually, as men, may not be responsible for the ruin of any one +woman, we must confess that men as a class are responsible for this +condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse. An overwhelming +majority of women would, if following their inclinations, seek these +relations in wedlock only and for procreation only. But many a young +woman, under promise of marriage, sometimes even under a bogus +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>marriage, is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental +state that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and +respects. If he deceives her and betrays her, continuing such betrayal +until the victim becomes pregnant, he will, in the average case, leave +her to bear her child in shame, while he slips away to other scenes of +activity. We cannot wonder then, that the girl—deserted, humiliated, +crushed by the one in whom she reposed absolute confidence; cast out +of society, perhaps thrust from the protection of her own father's +roof—gives up the struggle and says—"<i>What's the use?</i>"</p> + +<p>A vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill +fame and give themselves over to a life of prostitution. Hardly one of +these women, if married by the man who brought her to this condition, +would have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother. So +society, while it casts these women out, has come to recognize that +men are the real sinners in such cases.</p> + +<p>It may be added here, that an occasional girl goes wrong through +temperamental shortcomings within herself—perhaps she may even be a +degenerate; but the proportion of women who would willingly and +deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared +with the proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice +their virtue. This is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>probably in part due to their training. +Mothers, as a rule, instruct their daughters carefully regarding their +relations with boys and men. It is in part due to the instinctive and +inherent purity of mind of the normal woman.</p> + +<p>Nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form +of venereal disease. If the parties observe fidelity to the marriage +vows venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare +occasions, and then through some accidental infection, as from contact +with some public utensils, as a public water closet, a public towel or +drinking cup. So rare is this unfortunate accident, however, that we +may say, that intercourse in undefiled wedlock results normally in +pleasure and gratification to both parties, while intercourse out of +wedlock, or illicit intercourse, is destined, as a rule, to be visited +with retribution.</p> + +<p>What form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of +illicit intercourse take? Besides the various psychic punishments, the +principal of which are remorse, and impure thoughts, there are +physical punishments in the form of venereal diseases. So prevalent +are these venereal diseases among lewd women, whether prostitutes or +clandestines, that specialists in this field say that "<i>all lewd women +are diseased part of the time and some lewd women are diseased all the +time</i>."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>These sexual diseases are contagious—that is, transmitted by contact. +They are all germ diseases; one of them is practically local, one is +capable of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is +systemic.</p> + +<p>a. <b>Chancroid or Soft Chancre.</b>—This is the least dangerous of the +venereal diseases. It is a contagious disease of purely local type, +usually acquired during the sexual act, the infection taking place +through a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane.</p> + +<p>Chancroid may be single, though most often is multiple. It makes its +appearance in from one to five days after exposure, anywhere on the +penis, but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the +frænulum as a small red spot. This rapidly takes the form of a blister +containing serum and pus, and in a few days may become the size of a +ten-cent piece. When the roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance +of having been punched out, the floor being covered with pus. It is +surrounded by a zone of inflammation and is painful.</p> + +<p>If uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five +weeks. The most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands +of the groin on one or both sides. This condition is termed <i>bubo</i> or +"blue ball" in common language.</p> + +<p>Sometimes serious complications arise which may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>prove dangerous and +require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks.</p> + +<p>b. <b>Gonorrhea.</b>—This is incomparably more serious than chancroid. +This disease is very prevalent among the incontinent, and it is +claimed by some specialists in this field that from sixty to +seventy-five per cent. of men have had gonorrhea before the age of +thirty.</p> + +<p>It is a contagious disease, acquired usually during intercourse, +though the individual may become infected innocently from water +closets, bath tubs, etc.</p> + +<p>To become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of +the mucous membrane.</p> + +<p>The disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after +exposure by swelling of the orifice of the urethra, peculiar +sensations between tickling and itching, and smarting or burning +during urination. The peculiar sensations fix the attention to the +genitals, thus causing frequent passage of urine.</p> + +<p>These symptoms increase for about a week, when the disease reaches its +maximum degree of severity, which is maintained a variable time, the +discharge from the urethra being thick, creamy and of a greenish +yellow color.</p> + +<p>In the majority of carefully treated cases, the discharge ceases in +from three to six weeks with apparent recovery. Unfortunately, +however, there is frequently a tendency for the disease to become +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>chronic. The discharge becomes thin and more watery and persists for +an indefinite period. This condition—chronic gonorrhea—is commonly +known as "gleet."</p> + +<p>c. <b>Syphilis</b>, popularly termed the "pox," is a constitutional +affection of the type known as "blood diseases."</p> + +<p>It is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the +venereal diseases. No disease has been so wide-spread in its +dissemination or more potent in its influence upon humanity.</p> + +<p>It has been known for centuries, having been mentioned by Japanese +historians and in Chinese writings two thousand years ago.</p> + +<p>Syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation. The +infectious material enters the broken surface of either the skin or +mucous membrane, called "contact" or "acquired" syphilis. When it is +transmitted by the mother to the embryo, it is called "hereditary" or +"inherited" syphilis.</p> + +<p>The disease manifests itself first in a "<i>primary lesion</i>" which is a +local ulcer (hard chancre) at the point or points of inoculation at a +period ranging from ten to thirty days after exposure. It may appear +as an erosion or as a dry scaling and indurated papule, varying in +size from a pin-head to a silver dollar. The base of the ulcer is +indurated. It is oval in shape, perhaps somewhat irregular, with a raw +surface and red colored base devoid of pus.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>Immediately following the appearance of the chancre, the glands in +direct connection with it become enlarged, hard and rarely painful, +but they have no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of +chancroid.</p> + +<p>The chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when +the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease. In about +six weeks after the chancre the so-called <i>secondary symptoms</i> make +their appearance. They are heralded by headache, pains in the limbs +and back, nausea, sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever, +followed by the appearance of a rash upon the face and body, falling +out of the hair, sore throat and mouth. These symptoms disappear to be +again followed by a period free from symptoms. After a longer or +shorter time the so-called <i>tertiary symptoms</i> make their appearance, +which are many and varied.</p> + +<p>The disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional +disturbances, appearing at variable intervals, and pursues a chronic +course.</p> + +<p>This disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital +organs, particularly the brain and spinal cord.</p> + +<p>When one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of +a reputable physician. The treatment of this extends over a long +period, usually about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>three years, and must be strictly and +conscientiously carried out. Marriage upon the part of an individual +once infected should be only upon the approval of a physician.</p> + +<p>After having detailed, as above, the terrible consequences of the +venereal diseases, it is hardly necessary to add that the young man +who deliberately seeks any of the usual chances for illicit +intercourse, is more than taking his life in his hands. If infection +with a venereal disease meant simply the death of the infected +individual, it would really be very much less deleterious to society +than is the present condition. When the young man "sows wild oats" and +catches incidently gonorrhea, that twenty years ago was considered a +sort of a "good joke," he will, in a large proportion of cases, lay +the foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of +transmitting the disease to an innocent, pure wife.</p> + +<p>When a woman catches this disease, particularly from her husband, she +is very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea, may say +nothing about it to her husband or her physician, but adopt simple +home treatment with antiseptic and astringent douches. Such treatment +will usually result in allaying the inflammation in the superficial +organs, but will not eradicate it from the deeper organs. It spreads +to the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries and may even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>affect +peritoneal tissues, first of the pelvis, then of the abdomen—may even +finally affect the heart and joints. Of course, these are rather the +extreme limit, but they are not at all rare cases. Once this terrible +disease gets into a woman's organs, it is very likely to lead to a +sojourn in a hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a +sacrifice to this mogul of gonorrhea.</p> + +<p>It is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five +per cent. of the operations that women are subjected to in the +hospitals for diseases of the pelvic organs are the results of +gonorrheal infection. Besides the cases that require operation, a +large proportion of cases of sterility is due to gonorrheal infection, +either in the man or woman, or both.</p> + +<p>If we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of +operations, and progeny of scrofulous children, it would seem to make +the natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh +any brief pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits.</p> + +<p>It hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth +about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could +be tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse.</p> + +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>2. MASTURBATION.</h3> + +<p>The vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in +boyhood, perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through +their associations with obscene playmates. It not infrequently +happens, however, that the habit is learned independent of these evil +associations. It has been explained above that secretions frequently +accumulate under the prepuce and accumulating there serve as a local +irritation, causing itching of the organ. This local irritation leads +the boy to attempt to allay the irritation through rubbing. Such +manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it and to lead to +the discovery on the part of the boy that such local manipulation may +lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration. If he has not +been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the +uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during +childhood, he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a +more or less fixed habit.</p> + +<p>While it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in +this habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the +habit is stopped at puberty, it must be perfectly evident that if a +boy enters puberty with this habit, the psychical and physical +conditions of puberty are such as to make the habit very difficult to +stop. If it is not stopped a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>serious injury may result. So the +necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to young boys +that these organs should not be handled.</p> + +<p>After the boy enters puberty, the habit of masturbation either +acquired during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood, +begins to have a distinctly deleterious effect.</p> + +<p>Let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious +effect. From what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus, +it must be evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during +waking hours only through strong stimulation of the activity of the +testes, accompanied by liberation of spermatozoa and of the other +elements of the vital fluid. Let us not forget in this connection, the +statement made above: that the testis produces two forms of secretion, +the internal secretion and the external secretion, the internal +secretion being absorbed, produces those male characteristics which we +group together under virility, while the external secretion is used +for procreation. Spermatozoa do not make any part of the internal +secretion. One reason for this must be evident, i.e., that being +cellular elements, they could not pass through the vessel walls and be +absorbed into the blood current, and if they could, by some special +adaptation, get into the blood current, there is no conceivable action +which they could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>perform in the body. We must then look upon the +internal secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the +testicular secretion.</p> + +<p>So far as physiologists know at present, the external secretion +differs from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa. +When we say that the testes form their external secretion under sexual +excitement only, we simply mean that they liberate or release +spermatozoa under sexual excitement. The spermatozoa must be looked +upon as the fertilizing element of the semen, while the liquid portion +of the semen probably contains that mysterious element which, absorbed +into the body, produces virility and which, passed out with the +spermatozoa, may have an important role to perform in the fertilizing +function.</p> + +<p>If the adolescent young man is leading a continent life, we may assume +that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as +strong sexual stimuli, arousing in him a definite desire for sexual +intercourse; but leading a continent life, he curbs his desire and +fixes his thoughts upon other subjects. In this way, though the sexual +excitement is brought quickly under abeyance, we can rest assured that +a certain number of spermatozoa have been released from the testes; +and that the other secretions have been increased in volume. The +excitement may be sufficient even to cause an erection, and produce a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>few drops of the secretion of Cowper's glands. The spermatozoa, +together with a small amount of the liquid secretion, will make their +way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the ampullæ. +The bulk of the liquid secretion, however, will, in the course of the +following hours or days, be reabsorbed, thus making for virility. The +small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the +ampullæ will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity, as +the days go by. On the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the +ampullæ will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these +spermatozoa pass out. If they be examined under the microscope as a +part of a normal nocturnal emission, they will be found to be almost +motionless or very greatly lacking in typical spermatozoon activity.</p> + +<p>Now let us suppose that the young man, instead of curbing his sexual +appetite, resorts, after a season of erotic imaginations, to the act +of masturbation. We may picture the seminal ducts, vasa deferentia and +ampullæ as being gorged with the secretion of the testes, including, +of course, myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa, together +with several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular +secretion. The act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a +complete emptying of all these ducts. Thus we note that in this case +the virile fluid is wasted, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>not being used in the procreative act or +reabsorbed to exert its influence on virility. Nature's ends have been +defeated. The system suffers a certain degree of depletion from which +it recovers only after hours or even days. It must be evident from +this picture of the processes that go on in the male sexual apparatus +incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be performed +repeatedly, as it naturally is when it becomes a habit, without +interfering with the virility of the adolescent male.</p> + +<p>In the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the +principal <i>physical</i> changes that occur in a young man as the result +of this habit are, flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands. The +really virile man possesses firm muscles and clear, direct eyes and a +strong grip; usually also a warm grip.</p> + +<p>It has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of +masturbation in the youth, but such is not the case. They are a sign +of lack of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to +be interpreted as having any essential relation to masturbation. There +may possibly be an incidental relation growing out of the fact that in +some cases of masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition +and that in turn may cause the appearance of pimples on the face of +the adolescent. However, one must be very slow to pass judgment in +these cases.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>Not the least important among the results of masturbation is the +attitude of the victim to society in general. This <i>psychical</i> change +is noticed in immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of +disinclination to enter into any physical contests, or games; and +disinclination to cultivate the society of the opposite sex. Here +again one must be conservative in his judgment, because there are +individuals who possess a very retiring temperament naturally, and who +may become so engrossed in study or productive work that they take +little share in the society of either sex, so that individuals who may +be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual apparatus would suffer +a very grave injustice if they were classed among the masturbators. So +allow the author at this place to emphasize the importance of never +passing judgment on anybody in these matters on circumstantial +evidence.</p> + +<p>While the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of +masturbation may not be very serious, in many cases that have come +under the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme +limits, very serious, sometimes irretrievable damage has been done, +yet the encouraging feature of this whole matter is, that if the +adolescent youth, who is practicing this habit, is warned of its +danger and stops at once absolutely, nature comes to his rescue, and +gradually, step by step, but surely, rebuilds the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>whole fabric of his +virility, bringing back gradually the flush of perfect health into his +cheek, the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone of +perfect virility into his muscles.</p> + +<p>This change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute +continence. Nature, like a loving mother, heals the wounds of her +child with a kiss.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>3. CONTINENCE.</h3> + +<p>Such frequent reference has been made above to continence in +antithesis to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be +said in addition to that which has preceded. The young man who holds +before his mental vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to +establish—in which a pure wife reigns as queen, sovereign of his +life, and gently hovers over a brood of lusty boys and fair +girls—cannot for a moment consider as a sane solution of his sexual +problem, periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the periodic +lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines; nor can he expect to +develop his powers, physically or intellectually to the highest +possible degree if he permits himself to contract that habit +[masturbation] which, step by step, undermines his development. There +is open to the young man only one of the three alternatives mentioned +above, i.e., <span class="fakesc">TO LEAD THE "CONTINENT LIFE."</span></p> + +<p>The continent life is a goal which every healthy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>young man should +strive to reach. To arrive at a goal that is before us and above us +requires sacrifice and brings compensation. The sacrifice takes the +form of the exertion of the whole will power of the man and the +painstaking observance of those rules of hygiene which make continent +living more easily attainable. The compensations of continence are +those that come from the assurance that the young man has of his +virility, of his worthiness to take the hand of a pure wife in +wedlock, of the consciousness of his ability to establish and maintain +a home, and to protect this home against all dangers.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>HYGIENE.</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>HYGIENE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>It is proposed in this chapter to outline, very briefly, a few simple +rules of hygiene, the observance of which will tend to bring the young +man into the highest possible state of physical development. Assuming +that he wishes to lead a continent life, the observance of these rules +will make that much desired condition more easily attainable.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>1. DIET.</h3> + +<p>a. <b>Choice of Food.</b>—The young man who is boarding at a restaurant or +in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the +menu provided. Fortunately, the young man can observe the most +important rule of diet, i.e., <i>to eat abstemiously</i>. Wherever one is +boarding he can eat temperately; he can avoid highly spiced foods, tea +and coffee. The observance of these simple rules will go a long way +towards simplifying his sexual problem. It has been discovered by the +study of the influence of diet upon sexual appetite, that the heavy +eating of rich and highly spiced foods, indulgence in stimulants and +narcotics, all tend to excite the sexual desires.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>The author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate +one for a student:</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="block2"> +<p class="cen">Breakfast.<br /> +<br /> +Fruit<br /> +Well cooked cereal breakfast food with cream or a slice of bacon, an +egg, with bread and butter<br /> +Glass of milk, cocoa or cereal coffee<br /> +<br /> +Dinner.<br /> +<br /> +Soup<br /> +Meat, potatoes and gravy<br /> +One vegetable<br /> +Dessert:<br /> +(Custards, tapioca pudding, rice pudding, gelatin pudding or bread pudding)<br /> +Water<br /> +<br /> +Supper.<br /> +<br /> +Creamed potatoes<br /> +Salmon or sardines<br /> +Bread and butter<br /> +Canned or stewed fruit<br /> +Cocoa or milk</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>If lunch is served at noon and dinner at night, the supper and dinner +as given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is +served at night.</p> + +<p>If the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy +athletics in which a training table is provided, he may eat a much +heavier diet than the one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>above outlined, having either eggs or meat +three times a day instead of once or twice and larger portions of each +food. However, even the man in athletic training needs less food than +is customary for men in training to take. If the foot ball teams would +eat somewhat less than they do and a smaller proportion of meat, they +would be much less likely to "train stale."</p> + +<p>b. <b>Stimulants and Narcotics.</b>—It will be noted that no provision is +made for coffee or tea in the above menu. The general conditions of +life in a student community serve as a sufficient stimulation. Tea and +coffee are stimulants, and on general principles, it is not wise to +use stimulants unless one needs them. The college student does not +need any other stimulant than is afforded by the conditions in a +college community.</p> + +<p>It may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does +not need them. On the other hand, they may easily injure a person who +does not need them. Coffee for example, or tea, not only does not +assist digestion but actually retards it. All stimulants produce a +quickening of brain activity which is uniformly followed by a reaction +in which the brain activity is either slowed or confused. The coffee +drinker is almost certain to experience within an hour after a cup of +strong coffee an exhilaration, with heightened brain activity. If one +could experience this stimulation without any reaction, it might be +advisable, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>especially for those who need just such stimulation at +just such a time. However, when one considers that he cannot +experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression, +he will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the +expense of the other, except under unusual conditions.</p> + +<p>Now the question may naturally arise: What occasion would justify the +drinking of a strong cup of coffee? Suppose that one were due in an +examination and that he had only one examination in a day; suppose it +came at 8 o'clock. Let the student retire early the night before, rise +early, take a walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast. He +may take a cup of strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast. +He will find that this coffee proves a strong stimulant, particularly +if he has not been using it regularly, and that it produces the +stimulation just when he wants it. He will find that he is better able +to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various facts that he may +need to use in formulating his answers to the examination questions. +Under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for a +student to use coffee. But we must not forget that the coffee is a +drug; used for its drug action; used to produce a physiological effect +at a definite time. Having produced that effect, one may expect the +depression to follow after the examination.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>Now the natural tendency, and a tendency which causes many people to +pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation, is to +relieve the depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking +another cup and so on, taking coffee at each meal and perhaps +occasionally between meals. While some people of phlegmatic +temperament can stand such a drug habit for years without being very +seriously injured, it is certainly a habit to be strongly discouraged. +A person who does not use coffee or tea regularly, but wishes on rare +occasions to get a stimulation, can resort to it to produce that +effect, but after having gotten the effect let him get over the +depression as best he can, and not relieve it by taking a second cup.</p> + +<p>If he has a week of examinations, it might be permissible to follow +such a regime as suggested above throughout the week. On the whole, +however, the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged.</p> + +<p><b>Narcotics</b> are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the +senses and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous +system.</p> + +<p>One of the most common and typical narcotics is opium. Derived from +opium is morphine. Cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the +anæsthetics, such as chloroform, ether and common alcohol.</p> + +<p>It is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to +intelligent college men. Very seldom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>do college and university +students resort to alcoholic drinks, either for their drug effect or +in a spirit of conviviality.</p> + +<p>The intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow +the use of alcoholic beverages. It is very rare that educated people +use any alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities, +and usually, on special occasions.</p> + +<p>It is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the Bible +dictum that, "Wine is a mocker" has been realized.</p> + +<p>Brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a +cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the +skin, only to cool down the temperature of the body later, so that +instead of raising the temperature of the body, alcohol actually +lowers the temperature of the body.</p> + +<p>Many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body, but if +the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of +the body, as is the case on excessively hot days in summer, the rush +of blood to the surface would only have the effect desired in the +first few minutes of the action of the alcohol. The skin would tend to +become dry, the temperature of the blood to rise, subject to the +influence of the hot air. This heated blood striking the vital organs +accounts for the fact that on those excessively <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>hot days, when there +are many sunstrokes, most of them are among men who not only +habitually take alcohol, but who are under the influence of alcohol at +the time.</p> + +<p>Many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion, but scientific +observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown +that the digestion is actually retarded.</p> + +<p>Many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong, and one +does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of +alcohol, but many careful experiments on the part of numerous +observers have shown that the muscles are really less strong and can +do progressively less work the larger the dose of alcohol.</p> + +<p>Many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and +have taken it for that purpose; but experiments have shown that while +there is temporarily a greater activity of the brain, this activity is +less under control of the higher brain centers. The after dinner +champagne may loosen the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he +may say many things which the judgment would not commend.</p> + +<p>So, in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through +the ages, we find on careful examination, that in every case the +alcohol actually has an effect opposite to that which has been +attributed to it. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>How true then are the words of the Bible: "Wine is +a mocker."</p> + +<p>If an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles, the brain or the +glands, one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and +coaches for preparation in athletic contests; one would find it +commended by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their +preparation and in the final encounter; one would find it recommended +by mountain climbers and by Arctic explorers, to stimulate the muscles +for the exhausting ordeal of mountain climbing or to protect the +system from the penetrating cold of the northern latitudes; alcoholic +beverages are, however, not only not advised by these men for these +purposes, but on the other hand, all participants in these activities +are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages, even in the +smallest quantities.</p> + +<p>So the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound +body must leave alcoholic beverages alone. Further, the young man who +would have absolute control of his sexual desires, must leave alcohol +alone, for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the +lines of control. It is under the influence of alcohol that the young +man is almost sure to make his first visit to the house of +prostitution. If a girl lose her virtue, it takes place in a majority +of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol; but for this +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>influence lessening her control, she could not be seduced. <i>Hence one +of the requirements of continence is</i> TOTAL ABSTINENCE.</p> + +<p>Under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco, though +tobacco has several other effects than the narcotic one. It exerts +upon the mucous membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the +mucous glands of the mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes, +but the influence upon the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic +character, and while tobacco is a mild narcotic, and while it can be +used by the adult moderately without serious results; this is certain, +that no man has ever been benefited by the use of tobacco. And while +many men have been injured, even by the moderate use, all men are +injured by the excessive use. Furthermore, boys and young men who have +not attained the full stature of their physical development are very +seriously injured and retarded in their development through even the +moderate use of tobacco. There is not an educator in America who will +not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form by young +boys, retards both the physical and mental growth.</p> + +<p>So tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to +leave alone, and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any +grounds other than that it is a sense gratification. And while it +must <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>be admitted that it may serve as a sense gratification in the +case of the individual who participates in it, it must also be +remembered that tobacco smoke or the smell of tobacco is, in a very +high degree distasteful if not actually loathsome, to a large +proportion of society, and the young man who gratifies sense at the +expense of his neighbors, certainly is on the defensive.</p> + +<p>In so far as tobacco is a narcotic, in just so far does it disarm and +put to sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful +in the maintenance of the continent life.</p> + +<p>c. <b>The Dietetic Control of the Bowels.</b>—A most important hygienic +rule is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels. By regularity +of the bowels we mean, a free, normal passage of the bowels at least +once in twenty-four hours. Two or three passages in twenty-four hours +are not too many.</p> + +<p>A tendency towards constipation may be hereditary. The writer finds +that at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation +among college men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency.</p> + +<p>Those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their +whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from +actual chronic constipation, find it exceedingly difficult to produce +normal regular daily movements of the bowels. Whether constipation is +chronic or occasional or whether it is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>hereditary or acquired, in any +case, it should be corrected if possible through modification of the +diet, and of daily habits.</p> + +<p>First of all, one must remember in this connection that the lower +bowel or rectum is subject to education, and not by any means the +least important factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation, is +the regular morning visit to the water closet.</p> + +<p>The author would discourage the habit which some have of "straining at +stool." This act of straining at stool together with the pressure +which the hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels, increases the +blood pressure in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that +it is likely to cause hemorrhoids or piles. But if the position +favorable to the passage of the bowels be taken regularly, every +morning, and a reasonable time spent in that position, and if the +daily passage is brought about at that time, the muscles of the rectum +will be educated to the point of contracting upon its contents at that +time and under those conditions regularly, and this will be a strong +factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels.</p> + +<p>But the most important thing to consider in this condition is the +dietetic regulation of the bowels. There are some foods that tend to +constipate while others act as a laxative.</p> + +<p>Such foods for example, as contain a considerable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>portion of tannin, +are always constipating. Strong teas have a constipating effect, +particularly such as the bitter English Breakfast teas, in which there +is a very large proportion of tannin. This large percentage of tannin +accounts for the prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers.</p> + +<p>Unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which, in the +ripening processes of the fruit, becomes changed into cellulose and +sugar. Any fruit that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is +exposed to the air and that stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly +when the fruit is cut, possesses a high percentage of tannin, and is +not in a wholesome condition to eat. Unripe peaches and apples possess +this characteristic. These fruits should be eaten only when ripe.</p> + +<p>If one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp +material, a tendency to constipation will be noticed. It has been +found from investigation of this subject that the cellulose or +undigested material of the cereals, vegetables and fruits, is an +absolute essential to good bowel action. The cellulose makes bulk in +the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk of undigested material +stimulates the muscular contractions.</p> + +<p>If one were to choose for example, a diet of meat, eggs, nuts, corn +starch, tapioca, sugar, fats and oils, i.e., diets which will be +almost completely digested and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>absorbed, leaving a very small amount +of undigested material in the intestines, the bulk of the material in +the intestines would be so small that they would not be stimulated to +contract. Therefore this small bulk of material, together with certain +excretions from the liver and other organs, would be retained in the +bowel and undergo fermentation there. Injurious substances which +result from the fermentation would be absorbed, causing what is known +as autointoxication, complicated with constipation. If one, however, +mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion of +cereals, fruits and vegetables, all of which possess a considerable +percentage of undigestible material, the presence of this undigestible +material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements, +causing the passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the +rectum, which will be periodically evacuated. In such cereal foods as +the coarser meals (like oatmeal, various wheat preparations and corn +meal), the proportion of bran substance serves as a local stimulation +to the intestinal activity. The little bran scales being +sharp-cornered and rough, serve as a local irritant or mechanical +stimulation.</p> + +<p>What has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some +coarser cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not +wholesome. On the other hand, white bread made from the roller process +flour <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>is in a high degree nutritious and wholesome, and may well make +an important part of any dietary.</p> + +<p>It is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven. +These hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost +completely impervious to the digestive juices, and while they are +eventually digested, it takes a very much longer time to do so than +would be the case with stale bread, which is so readily masticated +into a creamy consistency. If one is subjected to conditions where he +must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps embarrass a most hospitable +hostess, there is only one thing for him to do, i.e., to eat the +biscuits.</p> + +<p>It is possible, though difficult, to masticate hot bread so perfectly +that it is reduced to a smooth, creamy consistency, and no one should +ever swallow any bread which has not been so masticated.</p> + +<p>Among the fruits, figs, prunes and apples seem to have the most +clearly marked laxative effect, though all ripe fruits generally, and +especially those that are taken uncooked, have a moderate laxative +effect. Belonging to this class of foods is rhubarb which, though not +a fruit, is usually served as a fruit either stewed or in puddings or +pies. There is no doubt that it exerts its laxative effect better if +taken stewed rather than with pastry.</p> + +<p>If one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to +correct it, a rational change of diet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>would be, <i>to eat freely of +cereals and coarse breads and of various fruits, particularly apples, +figs and prunes</i>.</p> + +<p>The most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely +of them just before retiring. The apples and figs may be eaten just as +they are received from the market. Prunes may be soaked in cold water +for twenty-four hours, then taken directly from the cold water and +eaten.</p> + +<p>If this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is +only in part dietetic, i.e., <i>to rise</i> <span class="fakesc">ONE HOUR BEFORE +BREAKFAST</span>, <i>drink two glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk +of fifteen to thirty minutes</i>. The cold water has a tonic effect upon +the stomach, preparing it for a rapid digestion of the breakfast. It +also washes out the accumulation of mucus in the stomach, which may +easily equal a pint in volume. This pint of mucous plus the pint of +water, making a quart of liquid altogether, pours through the pylorus, +and during the rapid walk, works its way rapidly down through the +alimentary tract, washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive +and rapidly to digest the next meal. This slimy water, having washed +out the stomach and small intestine, then passes into the large +intestine, moistening and lubricating its contents and causing it to +move gradually towards the rectum, where it stimulates a normal free +passage of the bowels after breakfast.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>Any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment. Such a +treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines.</p> + +<p>d. <b>The Dietetic Control of Sleep.</b>—Most students study evenings. If +their heavy meal is a dinner at 5:30 or 6 p.m. they are likely to feel +very drowsy by 7:30 or 8 o'clock. This is a perfectly natural +experience, all animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal. +If one could lie down and sleep for an hour while his dinner is +digesting, he could probably rise at 9 o'clock and put in two or three +hours of good hard work. He would find himself at 11 or 12 o'clock so +thoroughly awake, however, that he might have difficulty in getting to +sleep if he retired at that hour. If, on the other hand, one has his +dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night, he is +able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up +until he is ready to retire. In this case also, he is likely to be so +wide awake at the time of retiring that he may have difficulty in +getting to sleep. In either of these cases, it is altogether proper +and advisable to take a light lunch before retiring. A double purpose +can be served by this lunch. In the first place, the taking of +anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete the +circulation from other organs (brain in this case) to the stomach. In +the second place, the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite +<i>somnolent</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>effect. Such foods are, <i>celery</i>, <i>lettuce</i>, <i>onions</i>, +<i>warm milk</i>. It may not be convenient to get warm milk at midnight, +but it would hardly be inconvenient to provide one's self with two or +three graham crackers and a stalk of celery. These with a drink of +water and a little brisk exercise before an open window ought so far +to divert the circulation from the brain as to enable one to fall +asleep quickly.</p> + +<p>e. <b>The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin.</b>—The stimulation of +excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important +thing, particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to +establish free excretion. The food which has a most clearly marked +effect upon both kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits. +These fruits, as they appear in our markets, are <i>lemons</i>, <i>oranges</i> +and <i>grape fruit</i>. All of these fruits are in a high degree wholesome +as an addition to the dietary. Lemon juice is far more wholesome than +vinegar in salads. The juices of lemons and oranges make most +refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer, and on occasions +where one wishes <i>to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and skin, +he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade</i>.</p> + +<p>f. <b>The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold.</b>—A whole <i>quart of hot +lemonade</i> may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold. The +effect in such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious +urination. Both <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to +carry away from the system the effete materials that have been +retained as a result of the cold.</p> + +<p>It is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be +taken that during the sweating or immediately following it, the <i>body +should not be exposed to catch more cold</i>. In this method of treating +a cold, one should <i>take a strong cathartic</i> such as two or three +teaspoonfuls of castor oil, and should remain in bed twenty-four +hours. During this twenty-four hours <i>no other food than a little +light broth should be taken</i>. This treatment usually completely breaks +up a cold and one is able, in two or three days, to make good the loss +of the twenty-four hours, during which time he was confined to his +room.</p> + +<p>This dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is +incomparably wiser and more economical than to drag around, hoping to +"wear out the cold," only to be worn out by it.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>2. BATHS.</h3> + +<p>a. <b>The Bath for Cleanliness.</b>—Little need be said regarding the bath +for cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week +during the colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as +once a day during that portion of the year when there is free +perspiration.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>Where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm +water over the whole surface of the body. If he takes this bath just +before retiring, it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge +at the end of the bath. If, however, one takes a warm soap bath in the +morning the relaxing effect of the bath upon the skin makes it +necessary to take a cold shower or a cold sponge after the warm bath +in order to secure the tonic effect upon the skin and fortify one +against catching cold.</p> + +<p>During the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he +should guard against an excessive use of soap, as a daily soap bath +may have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as +to make the skin rough. With the daily bath for cleanliness it is +possible that warm water and soap need not be used more frequently +than once or twice a week and that a laving of the whole surface with +cold water followed by a vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may +serve the double purpose of insuring absolute cleanliness, and at the +same time serving as a skin tonic.</p> + +<p>In this connection the author would emphasize the importance of +insuring absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus. In primeval +conditions less attention was necessary as these organs were more or +less exposed, but the present method of dress is such as to permit the +accumulation of the skin secretions. While <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>these may in part be +removed by the friction against the clothing, it is advisable to wash +the external genitals and all neighboring surfaces as a regular part +of the daily toilet.</p> + +<p>b. <b>The Tonic Bath.</b>—In warm weather when one takes a daily bath to +insure cleanliness, at least five of these baths each week may be in +cold water, sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described +above. In cold weather, when one takes not more than one or two warm +soap baths a week, the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most +important purpose in the hygiene.</p> + +<p>Some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a +tub of cold water. This method of taking the cold bath is not to be +recommended except for those who are in the most robust health, and in +these cases, so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly +beneficial. The author has seen many people who were injured by this +method of taking the tonic bath.</p> + +<p>There are two methods to be recommended: Those who have access to a +cold shower may stand for a moment, and for a moment only, under the +cold shower, then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole +surface of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole +surface of the body glows with the warmth of the reaction. If one does +not have access <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>to the cold shower, he may take a most effective +tonic bath in his room, using cold water, the coldest obtainable, and +a bath sponge, or even a wash cloth, dipping the sponge into the cold +water, then pressing out enough of the water so that there will be no +excess of water to run over the surface of the body from the sponge. +Begin by sponging face, neck, shoulders, arms and chest, then wipe +these parts dry, subject them to vigorous friction with the crash +towel until the arms, shoulders and chest particularly glow with the +warmth of the reaction. While the upper half of the body is receiving +its bath the lower half may be kept covered, and conversely.</p> + +<p>This tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the +morning, and as a part of the morning toilet.</p> + +<p>If one takes such a tonic bath on arising, then dresses hurriedly and +takes a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes, the regime quickly +brings his body into the most vigorous and robust state of health; +unless there is something wrong with his digestion or his excretion, +and even moderate derangements of these will be very likely to be +corrected by the regime just suggested.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>3. EXERCISE.</h3> + +<p>Incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning +walk before breakfast. This has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>a most salutary tonic effect besides +the influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements. Not the least +important result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the +lungs are repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door +air. This naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the +development of the lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their +vigor in middle age.</p> + +<p>The increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to +hastened circulation through the muscles, glands and brain. This +hurrying blood current not only carries nutriment to these organs, but +carries away their accumulations of effete material to the excretory +glands.</p> + +<p>The student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning +exercise. The mile run, the mile row or any other strenuous exercise +is strongly to be discouraged at this time of the day. If one overdoes +morning exercise, he is likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued, +throughout the remainder of the forenoon, and his ability to do a high +grade of mental work is decreased rather than increased.</p> + +<p>Besides the morning exercise, every person who wishes to live a +vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier +exercise during the latter part of the day or evening. This exercise +may take any one of many forms. It may be golf, tennis, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>foot-ball, +base-ball, cricket, rowing, lacrosse, basket-ball, cross country +running, track or gymnasium work, etc., etc. The immediate results of +this exercise should be largely to increase lung and heart action and +to cause a sufficient fatigue of the muscular system so that rest is +sought and may be followed by dreamless, recuperative sleep.</p> + +<p>It might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we +must first fatigue them, but that seems to be Nature's plan. The only +way to build up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it +to its maximum capacity.</p> + +<p>If one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay +on fat. If he does lay on fat, he may know that he is eating more than +he needs and he should make his diet more temperate. The youth of +eighteen or nineteen who is tall and rather spare, and whose muscular +system has not reached its full development would, of course, increase +his weight incident to the growth of his muscular system. This +increase in weight must not be confused with increase of weight +through fat deposit. The latter should be avoided—the former should +be encouraged.</p> + +<p>Not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical +exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise. +The courage, nerve control, quick judgment, agility and strength +required <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>on the foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's +equipment to fight the battles of life. The conditions of these games +give frequent opportunities for the young man to cultivate the spirit +of honesty and fair play—the spirit, without which, no man can reach +his highest success in the real contests of life.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>4. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEP.</h3> + +<p>The personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic, +though it may be briefly treated.</p> + +<p>The amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can +only be determined by the individual. Some seem to require ten hours, +others eight, others six, while rarely individuals are found who seem +to thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four. +The average requirement seems to be about eight hours. If one has by +experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he +requires, he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that +amount of sleep. While a brief departure from this regime may be +without serious results, any prolonged departure from it will +certainly bring its natural retribution. So, the young man having +determined how much sleep he needs, should adopt a daily program that +will provide for just that many hours in bed, and he should early +establish the habit of going to sleep at once upon retiring, and of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>arising at once upon awakening. Dallying in bed has led many a young +man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that are in a high +degree deleterious, morally and physically.</p> + +<p>So far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment, he +should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be +comfortable.</p> + +<p>One should never retire with cold feet. A most effective way to warm +the feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them +vigorously with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth. +Furthermore, no more effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be +devised than this nightly tonic bath.</p> + +<p>One will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of +taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room +slippers, which should always be worn during one's excursions to the +bath room, and during his tonic sponge bath.</p> + +<p>As to posture in bed, the experience of men in general is, that the +most comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the +side. The right side is to be preferred to the left because in this +position, the heart being on the upper side, is not embarrassed in its +free movement by the superincumbent lung tissue. Furthermore, this +position facilitates the passage of digesting foods from the stomach. +To <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>maintain comfortably this side position, requires that the knees +be at least moderately drawn up. This posture when asleep is +practically identical with that of nearly all higher animals, and is +unquestionably the most hygienic one for man. No animal but man ever +lies upon its back unless it is dead. Furthermore, the dorsal position +puts tendons, nerves and muscles on a stretch, while the flexed +lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position, which +is most favorable to rest.</p> + +<p>It goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly +ventilated. The occupant should take care that he does not lie in a +direct draught from a window or door, because it has been found by +experience that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of +doors than he is if he sleeps in a direct draught from a window or +door. Just why this is has not been satisfactorily accounted for, but +the fact remains. So if you must sleep in the house, secure perfect +ventilation without direct draughts.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>5. THE CONTROL OF THE THOUGHTS.</h3> + +<p>There is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a +continent life than the control of the thoughts. It goes without +saying that the man who thinks about sexual matters, especially the +one whose imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>stimulating images, is only inviting temptation to relax his +continence. If he controls his thoughts during those times when he is +less amenable to temptation, he is far more likely to be able to +control his acts at those times when his physical condition makes him +most amenable to temptation.</p> + +<p>The most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's +work as to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs +that are wholly independent of sexual experiences or considerations. +One should set a mark for himself so high above his present position +that he is compelled to put forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in +order to accomplish his aim. The old saying that, "Satan finds work +for idle hands to do" is all too true. Anyone may observe the +influence of idleness or even the influence of a partially occupied +program upon the habits of the youth and young man. Beard and +Rockwell, in their valuable work on this subject say: "Go to work; +develop your muscles and brain; resolve to become at least useful if +not famous. The activity which will be necessary in carrying out these +ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils, if they are +imaginary, and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones."</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>DEVELOPMENT.</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>DEVELOPMENT.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>The development of the child within the uterus of the mother +represents a chapter in the life history of every individual so +important in its relations to maternity and paternity that every young +man should be acquainted with at least its general features.</p> + +<p>As stated in the chapter on Reproduction, every living organism begins +life as a single cell, or globule of protoplasm. In the case of the +human subject, the cell from which each child begins its development +is formed by the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm, one +furnished by the mother, and called the ovum, or egg; the other +furnished by the father, and called the spermatozoon. The egg is very +much larger than the spermatozoon, and contains enough yolk material +to afford nourishment for the embryo for a number of days.</p> + +<p>When the ovum reaches the finished state, which is called "maturity," +it leaves the ovary, and is carried along the fallopian tube (see +accompanying figure) into the uterus, where it usually finds a +lodgment in the upper part, as shown in Figure I. Once the minute ovum +has been caught in the projections of the velvety inner surface of the +uterus, this thick velvety lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of +the ovum begins a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>rapid growth, gradually enveloping the rapidly +expanding ovum, as shown in Figures I and II of the accompanying +plate.</p> + +<p>Within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous +changes in the whole life history of the individual. The nucleus of +the fertilized egg, and the protoplasm which surrounds it, divide into +two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, etc. These divisions follow +each other in such rapid succession that there are many hundreds of +cells by the end of the first twenty-four hours. These cells soon +begin to arrange themselves into layers and groups, which, step by +step, develop the different tissues and organs of the body.</p> + +<p>By the end of thirty days the little embryo, about as large as one +inch of the end of a lead pencil, would be recognized as the embryo of +some mammalian animal, but it would be quite impossible to say whether +it would develop into a human being or some other animal, if it were +seen quite apart from its immediate surroundings. By the end of +another thirty days, however, the little embryo has multiplied its +size several times, and has reached a form instantly recognizable as +the young of the human kind, as shown in Figure IV. It still, however, +retains the vestige of a little tail, which within the next thirty +days will have been completely absorbed.</p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span><br /> + +<div class="img"> +<a href="images/imagep127.png"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep127.png" width="50%" alt="THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION" /></a><br /> +<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen +a large structure which is labeled "cord." This cord is a part of what +is called the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>umbilical cord, and it is this that joins the embryo +to the mother. Note in Figure III the large stalk of this cord passing +upward from the body of the embryo and merging into the structures in +the top of the uterus. Note further that there are little branching +structures passing from the base of this stalk up into the base of the +uterus. These branching structures are loops of blood-vessels, and +they form part of the placenta, or "afterbirth." Through this cord the +embryo receives its nourishment from the mother. The blood of the +mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels, and the embryo absorbs +from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones, +muscles, brain, spinal-cord, and glands. From the same source the +embryo receives the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life.</p> + +<p>From the third month on to the end of the nine months, the amount of +material which the mother must provide for the development of the +child within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical +resources. It is not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months +of pregnancy to become quite pale, her blood having been impoverished +to provide material for the development of her child.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>MATERNITY.</h3> + +<p>What has been said above regarding the contributions which the +maternal organism must make toward the development of the offspring +must have impressed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>on the mind of the reader that <i>maternity means, +first of all, sacrifice</i>.</p> + +<p>This sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood.</p> + +<p>With the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes, each month, a week of +special physical drain, when work must be lightened and vigorous +exercise curtailed, when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of +health.</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the +pleasure of dancing; of skating or swimming; of sleigh-rides or +cross-country walks and the young man should make it less difficult +for her by acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be +excused from such recreation.</p> + +<p>It is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the +more highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of +aboriginal peoples, or among the lower animals. Conditions of modern +life, and particularly urban life, leave the female organism less able +to endure the drafts made upon the system by maternity, so that to +bear a child may mean not only the sacrifice of comfort, but even the +sacrifice of health.</p> + +<p>The highly sensitive, delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman +is perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her +being. This manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of +sensitiveness. It goes without saying that the pregnant woman +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>deserves at the hands of all who come in contact with her, and +particularly at the hands of her husband, most considerate and +sympathetic treatment. Her little whims and vagaries, however +unreasonable, must always be treated seriously, and with delicate and +tactful consideration. The members of her family, particularly the +husband, owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a +frame of mind as possible.</p> + +<p>When we consider the real significance of maternity to the race, to +society, and to the family, we must feel that, of all human relations, +maternity is the most sacred, and that no condition should be allowed +to mar it, and no consideration to take precedence of it.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>PATERNITY.</h3> + +<p>After the husband had contributed the male sexual cells, or +spermatozoa, in this wonderful process above outlined, it might seem +that there is little he can do, except to wait, while nature carries +on the process. The reader will remember, however, from the chapter on +Reproduction, that the contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates +the sacrifices that the paternal organism must make in this process. +Are there any demands on paternity between the time of conception of +the new life and its birth?</p> + +<p>As already mentioned under the preceding topic, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>pregnant mother +needs gentle and loving care. She needs to have her little whims and +foibles overlooked. She needs to be protected, so far as possible, +from every influence that might depress or make her unhappy. She needs +to be guarded against any unusual physical exertion, and above all, +she needs at this time more than at any other time, the manifested +affection and sympathy of her husband.</p> + +<p>There is another sacrifice, if it may be so called, which the husband +is called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife, namely, <i>to +abstain absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of +pregnancy and for two or three months following</i>. This means +practically one year of continent living. All other animals observe +this period of continence. Nature demands that man observe it in +common with other animals. Man is the only animal that has +transgressed this fundamental law of nature. The retribution which +nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various. +Sometimes, but rarely, the sexual excitement on the part of the woman +may cause an abortion, or a miscarriage. The more usual result makes +itself manifest in the drain on the nervous energy of the woman. When +we consider that maternity in the human race involves greater +sacrifice than in any other animal, it would seem that the addition of +this last demand, namely, of satisfying the sexual desires of the +husband during <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>the period of pregnancy, might prove "the straw that +breaks the camel's back," and result in the more or less complete +nervous breakdown of the woman. The author submits this question to +all fair-minded men: Is it not due to the wife that she be not asked +to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the +period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race, to +society, and to the family?</p> + +<p>The author submits this question because some men are known to +transgress this law of nature. Fortunately the proportion of men who +thus transgress is not large.</p> + +<p>Let us stand for these things: (1) <i>An equal standard of purity for +men and women</i>, (2) <i>A strenuous, virile, continent manhood</i>, (3) +<i>Sexual temperance in wedlock</i>.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h3>APPENDIX</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>APPENDIX.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>Personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the +solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are +so frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of +them would serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or +doubts, more or less important in the minds of many young men. It has +been decided to group these answers in an appendix rather than to +incorporate them in the body of the book, as many of them seem not +quite relevant to the topics outlined under the several chapters.</p> + +<p>1. <i>How do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of +the testes are not present?</i></p> + +<p>The spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission, if present at all, +are found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen +secreted during sexual excitement. The seminal vesicles are not +receptacles for the testicular secretion. The ampullæ seem to serve +that purpose in a limited degree.</p> + +<p>Considering all these facts, it seems to be a tenable conclusion that +the few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal +emission are those that have, from time to time, collected in the +ampullæ, and that during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal +emission the testes are not actively releasing nascent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>spermatozoa. +This function of the testes seems to be reserved for periods of +conscious sexual stimulation.</p> + +<p>2. <i>How may one control too frequent emissions?</i></p> + +<p>If emissions are too frequent for the individual case, they are +followed by depletion and malaise. Even if they occur as infrequently +as once in two weeks and are followed by the above symptoms, they must +be considered as too frequent, or abnormal in that case. On the other +hand, they may occur as frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust +individuals, and especially in men who have had frequent sexual +intercourse, and who have for some reason discontinued it. And even +though they occur as frequently as twice a week, if they are followed +by a feeling of relief and wellbeing, they must not be considered as +too frequent for that individual under the conditions.</p> + +<p>So the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less +independent of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the +individual to the emission. If, following the criterion above +outlined, one finds that his emissions are too frequent, because of +accompanying depletion and malaise, this frequency may be modified +either by changes of the diet or by changes of hygiene.</p> + +<p>For a more extended discussion, see text above on nocturnal emissions.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of +seventeen or nineteen or even to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>twenty-fifth year as is the +case with the physical and mental powers?</i></p> + +<p>The brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age. +The brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the +age of puberty, and then only under special conditions and this +increase in weight and size is not due to the addition of any new +cells, but simply to a slight increase in the bulk of those cells +already present. In a similar way the sexual apparatus undergoes, +during the period of puberty (fifteen to seventeen) a very rapid +growth, reaching by the end of the period of puberty (seventeenth or +nineteenth year) their full size.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous?</i></p> + +<p>Enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the +epididymis. These are thin walled vessels that respond to any +increased internal blood pressure, perhaps showing a special tendency +in this direction during that period of rapid growth of the sexual +apparatus in the early part of the adolescent period. If the +enlargement is only moderate, it may disappear, or at least become +spontaneously arrested in its growth, in which case it need cause no +concern. If these veins, however, dilate until they form a +considerable mass, known as <span class="fakesc">VARICOCELE</span>, they may affect the +sexual apparatus deleteriously in two ways: (1) The increased weight +in the scrotal sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>annoy +the subject by its traction on the spermatic cord. This lengthened +scrotum with its contents may also be exposed to mechanical pressure +or even to injury from the clothing, etc., which would not occur if +the scrotal sac were short, holding the testes close to the body. (2) +Of far more importance is the danger of the varicocele gradually +encroaching by pressure upon the testis, perhaps to cause a partial +atrophy of that gland. This condition is a comparatively rare one, and +inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes, the possibility of +causing sterility on the part of a man is remote.</p> + +<p>The extension of the scrotum and the "bearing-down" sensation may be +relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage. Such a bandage +may be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house, and if +properly fitted, will usually relieve any such discomfort as described +above. If the varicocele is quite large, the subject will do well to +consult a competent surgeon and to take his advice.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a +universal phenomenon among continent men?</i></p> + +<p>The nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the +seminal vesicles. Some continent men never have nocturnal emissions. +The reason may be sought in one of two directions: (1) The usual cause +of absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in +the man in question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by +<i>involuntary diurnal emissions</i>, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>occurring usually when the +individual is at stool. These emissions are likely to occur once in +two to four weeks and take the place of the nocturnal emission. (2) +Rarely we find virile, continent men whose vesicular secretion is so +scanty that they are never conscious of its emission.</p> + +<p>6. (a) <i>Should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood +practiced masturbation think of wedlock?</i></p> + +<p>(b) <i>If one has not lived a pure life but has reformed, may he ask a +pure woman to be his wife?</i></p> + +<p>Such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most +serious motives. A vast majority of boys and young men who practice +self-abuse, do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong +or cognizant only in a vague way of the evil of the practice.</p> + +<p>To consign a man to the Hades of homelessness and the sorrow of +childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a +few months or years of his life, would be meting out a retribution far +in excess of the sin. If nature intended such a retribution to be +meted out she would have led the way by causing an atrophy or some +other form of disease in the subject who had abused his sexual organs. +But nature does not do that. If the young man who, from his twelfth to +his eighteenth year, has practiced masturbation, is shown the error of +his way and breaks the habit absolutely, nature quickly comes to his +rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely, unless he has been +guilty of extreme excess in the habit. This rehabilitation of virility +after <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years, +according to the case and the extent of the practice.</p> + +<p>The complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been +forging its chains about the youth, is in itself no small victory and +should go a long way towards extenuating his lapse. The young man who +can conquer himself and learn to lead a pure life, free from his early +habit and above reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but +also in all his thoughts of woman deserves his well-earned reward. He +deserves the respect of all pure women and should be able to win the +love of one whom he may with clear conscience ask to be his wife, and +with whom he may confidently expect to build a typical home.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for +procreation?</i></p> + +<p>In the normal course of events, if intercourse is indulged in for +procreation only, it would come as often as once, perhaps twice in a +month; that is, either just before the menstrual period of the woman +or just after, the woman being most easily impregnated at these two +periods.</p> + +<p>A man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no +difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent. If the +sexual intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month, +the man, by living thus continently, will find it much more easy to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>maintain his continence during the twelve-month period after his wife +becomes pregnant before he can properly have intercourse with her +again, than would be the case if he had had sexual relations much more +frequently.</p> + +<p>That the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above +outlined and that the woman, in the vast majority of cases, does not +desire intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as +above indicated is, without any reasonable doubt, due to hereditary +tendencies. Under primeval conditions, and in fact, until +comparatively recent times, the vast majority of mankind were +polygamous, the strong men of the race—those who procreated their +kind—having as many wives as they could support and protect, the weak +men of the race being crowded aside, sometimes castrated, to become +the burden bearers for the strong.</p> + +<p>Under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual +intercourse for other than procreative purposes, and even granting +that the man has intercourse for procreation only, if he had twelve +wives, he would be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of +them. That these experiences on the part of a long line of maternal +ancestors should lead the women of today to desire sexual intercourse +for procreation only, is easy to understand; that the impulses +transmitted along the paternal line of ancestors should lead the men +of today to desire intercourse far more frequently than this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>can, +under monogamous conditions be indulged, is also easy to understand.</p> + +<p>8. <i>How frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged, in the marriage +state?</i></p> + +<p>If one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above, i.e., to indulge in +sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and +not at all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period, the +limit is then set, not by strictly normal and anthropological +considerations, but by the health of the individuals. The author has +seen young married couples who had carried their sexual intercourse to +such extremes as seriously to deplete the physical vigor and menace +the health of both parties. Just how frequent indulgence will have +this effect in any particular case is impossible to say. In some cases +twice a week may have this effect; in other cases once in twenty-four +hours might be borne for a considerable time. In any case the +condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural +retribution in some form—either broken health, or sterility of the +wife, and depleted powers of the husband, or weak and sickly children, +separated by long intervals.</p> + +<p>9. <i>How long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid +and yet be able to raise healthy children?</i></p> + +<p>This question cannot be answered in other than most general terms. The +author has known one case of a young man who, for several years, +practiced <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>masturbation several times a day, so far depleting his +powers that he could not walk erect, his muscles were flabby, his +testes were very soft and small, his eyes shifty, his hands clammy and +his mind incoherent in its working. He seemed to be a candidate for +the asylum and would probably have gone there if radical means had not +been adopted to break him of the habit. He was broken, however, +absolutely, and never performed the act after his nineteenth birthday. +Within three years he had completely recovered his virility. He had +nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large part of his +increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity—muscle +which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch. His sexual +organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt, their +virility. He had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course +of professional study and entered with great success upon the practice +of his chosen profession.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding +the sterility of his wife. After examination, it was found that the +husband had practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of +puberty to his twenty-fourth year, when he was married. He assured the +author that at the time of his marriage his testicles were, as far as +he had known, similar to the testicles of other young men, and that +during his married life he had never had intercourse with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>his wife +more frequently than once in a month, but that during that time he had +noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes. At the time of the +examination only small atrophied remains of these testes could be +discovered. The sterility of the wife was due, without any question, +to the absolute impotence of the husband, and so far as the history of +the case would suggest, there was no other assignable cause of this +impotence than the eight years of masturbation.</p> + +<p>From these two cases, it must be evident that no rules can be laid +down. In one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme +masturbation; in the other-case, a habit that would not be called +extreme resulted in impotence. It must be evident that the practice is +a dangerous one after puberty, as no individual can tell to which of +the above cases his may be similar.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen, is +there any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse +with a woman?</i></p> + +<p>There is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual +excitement is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal. If +this sexual excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the +masturbator, the depletion seems to be more marked than is the case +with the normal, natural stimulation incident to sexual intercourse. +Some have suggested that the reciprocal influence of the woman can in +some way compensate for the vital fluid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>contributed by the male. It +is hardly likely that such a reciprocal influence is other than +psychical, but that is certainly sufficient to account for any +difference in these two forms of sexual gratification.</p> + +<p>Nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for +procreation, which contribution is, always has been, and, in the very +nature of the case, always must be a certain tax upon the powers of +the male animal. When the intercourse is indulged for procreation +only, the male animal can well afford to make the contribution. Even +with that, the contribution which the male makes to procreation is +incomparably less depleting for him than are the contributions which +the female makes for her.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse?</i></p> + +<p>If vital fluid is present, and if the sexual intercourse is carried to +the point of causing an orgasm, there would, in all normal conditions, +be an emission of semen or "vital fluid."</p> + +<p>12. <i>Is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex +of the offspring?</i></p> + +<p>While there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is +generally accepted by medical men.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man +for sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid?</i></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without +question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an +increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active +secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands. +The secretion from Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra +and appear at the opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of +the subject. The accumulated semen from the other glands will tend +rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires. Such a condition of +the sexual apparatus is likely to cause a nocturnal emission, +relieving this tension and emptying the gorged gland ducts. If the +nocturnal emission does not occur, the sexual desires are certain to +return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely. If the +nocturnal emission does occur, it will carry away not alone the +vesicular secretion, but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa +and other constituents of the vital fluid. Seasons of intense and +prolonged sexual excitement are in a high degree inimical to +continence, and even though the subject does not fully submit to his +inclination, his nocturnal emissions, which are likely to come +frequently, carry away the product of the testicular secretion, +thereby depleting to a certain extent, his virility. It is hardly +necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of +sexual passion in their very incipiency.</p> + +<p>14. <i>How may the habit of masturbation best be brought under +control?</i></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>The first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts. The +most effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure +and strictly non-sexual subject—e.g., <i>pure mathematics</i>. The young +man who is trying to break this habit will do well to follow very +closely the rather strenuous regime outlined under hygiene in the body +of the book. If his condition is complicated because of the presence +of a very long loose foreskin, he will be wise to have this removed by +the simple operation of <i>circumcision</i>. If he should awake in the +night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit, he should +resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on +some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus. If he does not +succeed by force of will in diverting his mind from himself, the best +thing to do is to arise, dress and walk. If walking will not do it let +him run, and keep moving in the open air, under God's blue sky until +he is so tired he can hardly put one foot before the other. Then if he +will retire to his room, he will probably have no further difficulty +at that time.</p> + +<p>15. <i>What influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his +sexual problems?</i></p> + +<p>It hardly seems possible that a virile, husky young man, in his early +twenties, could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of +the modern dance hall, where he is brought into very close physical +contact with young women, dressed to expose their secondary sexual +features, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual +instincts; held so close to his partner in the round dance that he is +conscious of every movement of her limbs, and all of these under the +influence of artificial light and music—I say, it is hardly possible +for a virile young man to be subjected to all these conditions without +experiencing an extreme sexual excitement. That such an experience +often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's problem, but +seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of +anyone who has studied these problems. All specialists in this field, +without a single exception, concur in the belief that the dance is a +device of the devil so far as the young man is concerned. That the +young women are, for the most part, quite innocent of the effect of +all these conditions upon their young men friends is also believed by +those who have studied the problem. If they were conscious of it, a +large majority of them would not longer consent to be the party to +such unfortunate conditions. The Square Dance, the Virginia Reel and +similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not remotely to be +compared in this matter with the modern Round Dance.</p> + +<p>16. <i>May lost Virility be regained by use of "Remedies" or medicines +of any kind?</i></p> + +<p>No. Positively and absolutely, <i>No</i>. Many such nostrums are advertised +in the public prints. Many are sold by charlatans and quacks. No +reputable physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any +drug could bring back lost manhood.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><i>Lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only.</i> +The prescription for right living is as follows: <i>Live a continent +life</i> and follow <i>a strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene</i>, +such as outlined in chapter V above.</p> + +<p>17. <i>Is the production of semen modified by nutrition?</i></p> + +<p>The production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition. +Remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes +(Spermatozoa) and partly from the vesicles and prostate. The formation +and release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition +of nutrition; while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly +modified in quantity. This accounts for the fact that well nourished +men who eat heavily are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal +emissions, when living continently.</p> + + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<h2>LECTURES</h2> +<h4>by the</h4> +<h3>Author of Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.</h3> + +<br /> + +<h3>THE YOUNG MAN'S PROBLEM.</h3> + +<p class="cen">Heard by 20,000 men last year.<br /> +WHAT IS SAID ABOUT IT.</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> + +<p class="cen">The Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia.<br /> +Walter M. Wood, General Secretary</p> + +<p class="right">October 17, 1908.</p> + +<p class="noin">To Whom it May Concern:</p> + +<p>It is with great pleasure that I pay a tribute of appreciation +to the excellent service of Dr. Winfield S. Hall, in his +presentation to audiences of young men of the vital problems of +sexual hygiene.</p> + +<p>With the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician, +with the thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and +with the delicacy and motive of a Christian gentleman, he +presents the "Young Man's Problem" in such a way as to make him, +in my judgment, one of the most helpful counselors of young men +on the American platform today.</p> + +<p class="right">Sincerely,<br /> +W.M. WOOD.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">University of Notre Dame.</p> + +<p class="noin">Winfield Scott Hall, M.D.,<br /> +Northwestern University Medical School.<br /> +<br /> +My Dear Dr. Hall:</p> + +<p>In your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem" and in your book on +"Sexual Hygiene" you are doing a great service for the rising +generation. I am convinced that one great source of vice is +ignorance about the matters touched upon in your lecture and +book. Priests are constantly giving instruction on these same +points, but it is a distinct advantage to have their teaching +reinforced by a distinguished physician, expressing himself with +the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most +reverential spirit. For students seventeen years of age or more +your presentation of this difficult subject will be a God-send, +for it abates curiosity, dissipates ignorance, warns of perils +and arouses a manly desire for a clean life.</p> + +<p class="right">Very sincerely yours,<br /> +JOHN CAVANAUGH, C.S.C.,<br /> +President.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">Central Department, Young Men's Christian Association, Chicago.</p> + +<p class="noin">October 21, 1908.<br /> +<br /> +Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern University Medical School.<br /> +My Dear Dr. Hall:</p> + +<p>Our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you +this year to deliver your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem." +I also want some more of your books on Reproduction and Sexual +Hygiene.</p> + +<p>I cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the +splendid service you have done and are doing to the young +manhood of our country in this lecture and this book. I have +never heard a presentation of the subject which takes hold so +deeply upon thoughtful men, and your book is by all odds the +best thing in print on this subject. Your scientific, yet +popular method and the absence of vague moralizing are +convincing and inspiring in their effects. I trust we may hear +you this year.</p> + +<p class="right">Very truly yours,<br /> +HERBERT W. GATES,<br /> +Secy., Religious Work.</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> +<br /> + +<h3>THE SECRET OF MANHOOD</h3> + +<p class="cen">Given to many audiences of boys in High-School, Academy, Y.M.C.A. and +Summer Camp.</p> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">The Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian Associations, +Chicago and Lake Geneva.</p> + +<p class="right">October 7, 1908.</p> + +<p class="noin">Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Ill.<br /> +<br /> +My Dear Dr. Hall:</p> + +<p>I want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on Sexual +Hygiene. I listened with the greatest of interest to your +presentation before the Boys' Conference at Lake Geneva the past +summer and it seemed to me that both in substance and in form of +presentation you hit the nail on the head in a way I had never +before seen it done. I believe that your contribution to boys in +this direction is to be even greater than that which you have +been making to young men.</p> + +<p class="right">Sincerely yours,<br /> +FRANK H. BURT,<br /> +President.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">State Agricultural College of Colorado.</p> + +<p class="noin">Dr. Winfield S. Hall,<br /> +Fort Collins, Colo., October 27, 1908.<br /> +Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.<br /> +<br /> +Dear Doctor:</p> + +<p>I wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from 12 +to 16 years of age. You have touched a vital subject in a most +original way that impresses every boy that hears you. You lead +up to your "Secret of Manhood" in a manner that holds the +attention, impresses the truth you want to teach, so that it is +sure to be of lasting good.</p> + +<p>This lecture I regard as the very best of its kind, which I have +ever heard.</p> + +<p class="right">Sincerely yours,<br /> +W.H. OLIN.<br /> +Vice Dean, State Agricultural College of Colorado.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">Princeton Township High School.</p> + +<p class="right">Princeton, Ill., October 6, 1908.</p> + +<p>Dr. Winfield S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical +School recently gave a talk to our high school boys along +physiological lines, setting forth very scientifically but +plainly many delicate and important truths which every boy +should know. Dr. Hall is a master of his subject and his manner +is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect and +holds the closest attention. I feel sure that such a talk given +to boys and young men does a great amount of good.</p> + +<p class="right">Sincerely,<br /> +H.S. MAGILL, JR.,<br /> +Principal.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block1"> +<p class="cen">International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association.</p> + +<p class="right">Chicago, Ill., October 4, 1908.</p> + +<p class="noin">W.S. Hall, M.D., Chicago, Ill.<br /> +<br /> +My dear Doctor:</p> + +<p>I am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your +lecture to boys on the "Secret of Manhood." To me it is the most +sane, safe and logical presentation of a much avoided subject +that I have ever heard. The boys at the Lake Geneva Conference +were strongly impressed without the undue excitement and morbid +curiosity that so often accompany the presentation of the +subject of "Personal Purity." And not only were the boys +benefited, but all the fifty boy workers present, representing +the entire Central West, had nothing but words of highest praise +for the way you handled the subject before two hundred older +boys.</p> + +<p>I am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the +"Secret of Manhood," and shall be pleased to see the manuscript. +We are much in need of such a thing and believe the +International Committee can aid you in getting it out if +necessary. Yours cordially,</p> + +<p class="right">F.A. CROSBY,<br /> +Boys' Work Secy., International Committee. Y.M.C.A.</p> +</div> + + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p> +<br /> +Page 6: Spermatazoon replaced with Spermatozoon<br /> +Page 44: spermatazoon replaced with spermatozoon<br /> +Page 87: spermatozoan replaced with spermatozoon<br /> +Page 132: trangress replaced with transgress<br /> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 24708-h.txt or 24708-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/0/24708">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/7/0/24708</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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