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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of
+Reproduction, by Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of Reproduction
+       Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male
+
+
+Author: Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 27, 2008  [eBook #24708]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
+SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 24708-h.htm or 24708-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/0/24708/24708-h/24708-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/0/24708/24708-h.zip)
+
+
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+      | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has     |
+      | been preserved.                                           |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+      | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in the      |
+      | original (example: =bold=).                               |
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Letters from Prominent Educators.
+
+
+    "I consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and
+    practical that I know of, and therefore feel that I can
+    conscientiously recommend the book most heartily. There is no
+    subject so much hampered by ignorance, misconception and
+    prejudice as that with which the book deals. I am sure the
+    treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and
+    healthful conception of the entire subject."--=Dr. Henry F.
+    Kallenberg, The Institute and Training School of Young Men's
+    Christian Associations.=
+
+    "Chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus
+    and seems to me admirable. Chapter five, too, impressed me as
+    very useful. The topical questions and their answers in the
+    appendix was a very happy thought and adds materially to the
+    value of the book."--=Dr. G. Stanley Hall, President Clark
+    University.=
+
+    "I have gone through the book carefully and I am greatly pleased
+    with it. I think it is admirably adapted to the needs and
+    temperament of college men, and possibly all men. The topics
+    discussed are of prime importance and interest for young men,
+    the method of presentation is in all respects commendable, and
+    the style is practical and concrete. The book ought to find its
+    way into the hands of a great many young men. It should be in
+    the hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the
+    adolescent period."--=Prof. M.V. O'Shea, University of
+    Wisconsin.=
+
+    "I have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best
+    presentation of this very important subject that I have ever
+    seen. It answers many important questions for which I have seen
+    no answer elsewhere."--=Prof. William R. Manning, Purdue
+    University.=
+
+    "I have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate
+    to recommend it. It is all that a young man needs to read to
+    inform him of his duties and his perils in this matter. The
+    ethical ideals are high and the advice sensible and wise."--=Dr.
+    Charles R. Henderson, Department of Sociology, University of
+    Chicago.=
+
+    "Some day Sexual Hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of
+    every college. It is a subject that every college man does
+    consider in one way or another, but often ignorantly, or under
+    unwise guidance. Dr. Hall's book is so simple and sane as well
+    as scientific, that I wish it might be in the hands of every
+    college man in the country."--=Dr. George A. Coe, Northwestern
+    University.=
+
+    "I consider it admirable in both conception and execution. So
+    far as I know, it is unique in its presentation of these
+    matters, especially on the hygienic side and shall be pleased to
+    recommend it at every opportunity."--=Dr. William T. Belfield,
+    Bush Medical College, University of Chicago.=
+
+    "The book seems to me calculated to be very useful, and should
+    be in the hands of a large number of college
+    undergraduates."--=Dr. Isaac Sharpless, President Haverford
+    College.=
+
+    "I have read the book and had other priests read it and all
+    concur in my opinion that it is destined to become a powerful
+    auxiliary to our young men in their struggle for a purer life.
+    The language is not vague, but to the point, and every young man
+    will understand it."--=Rev. A.M. Kirsch, University of Notre
+    Dame.=
+
+    "I have the strongest praise for the book as a whole--the
+    biological foundation, directness, freedom from cant and prudery
+    and the practical way in which the author gets to the level of
+    his readers."--=Dr. C. Judson Herrick, Denison University,
+    Ohio.=
+
+    "I have read Dr. Hall's book with the keenest curiosity and
+    interest. Why could not such a book have been in the hands of
+    the youth of the past generations? We should have been all the
+    better for it. The work seems to me to be simply and plainly
+    stated. With such apparent thoroughness and good sense, good
+    taste, I am sure the book will commend itself to every
+    thoughtful reader."-=-Dr. Chas. M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical
+    Institute, Evanston, Illinois.=
+
+
+    [Illustration: (signed) Yours sincerely
+     Winfield S. Hall]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
+
+Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male.
+
+by
+
+WINFIELD S. HALL, Ph.D. (Leipzig), M.D., (Leipzig),
+
+Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical
+School, Chicago; Member of the American Physiological
+Society; Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology,
+American Medical Association 1904-5; Fellow of
+The American Academy of Medicine, President
+1905-6; Fellow of American Association for the
+Advancement of Science, Etc., Etc.
+
+Twelfth Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1911
+
+Wynnewood Publishing Co.
+2421 Dearborn St.,
+Chicago.
+
+Copyright
+1907
+by Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+
+
+        To the YOUNG MAN, who is
+        devoting years of his life to
+        secure the HIGHEST DEGREE OF
+        DEVELOPMENT of those powers
+        of BODY and MIND that are to
+        be HIS INSTRUMENTS in solving
+        LIFE'S PROBLEMS, this little
+        volume is DEDICATED in the
+        spirit of FRATERNITY.
+
+              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION.
+
+
+The cordial reception given to this little book by the medical
+profession, by educators, and especially by the young men of the
+country, have by their demands for the book necessitated the
+appearance of new editions in such rapid succession that no
+far-reaching changes in the text have been possible even if they had
+been needed. Happily, no extensive changes have been required.
+
+In the second edition several corrections, typographical and verbal,
+were made and additions made to the appendix. To the third edition the
+chapter on Development was added. The fourth and fifth editions
+received verbal changes here and added paragraphs there.
+
+The sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the
+author's portrait as a frontispiece, the addition of an answered
+question to the appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics,
+with press notices and letters.
+
+The book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly
+and clearly stated.
+
+                                                 THE AUTHOR.
+
+Chicago, November 1, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+Several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to
+them some of the facts of Sexual Physiology and Hygiene. The plea of
+"not a specialist in that line" was not accepted; so after a few weeks
+devoted to a careful study of the literature the subject was
+presented. It seemed to be acceptable, and other invitations followed
+in successive years not only from the author's own institution but
+from many others.
+
+In the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the
+leading institutions of learning in the middle west--at some of them
+several times and always to large audiences.
+
+In response to repeated requests for "a book" the author has finally
+prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a
+difficult subject in the true university spirit, frankly calling
+things by their right names, always keeping in close accord with the
+latest researches.
+
+It is hoped that the chapter on Hygiene will in itself be a
+justification for the book.
+
+                                           WINFIELD S. HALL,
+December, 1906.                                       Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+1. General Activities of Living Organisms                           11
+  A. The Egoistic Activities                                        12
+  B. The Phyletic Activities                                        13
+      a. Reproduction                                               13
+      b. Support and Protection of Offspring                        13
+      c. Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society        15
+2. Some General Principles of Biology                               15
+  A. Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities              15
+  B. Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities          16
+      a. Lower Organisms                                            16
+      b. Higher Organisms                                           19
+  C. Summary of Principles                                          24
+      a. The propagation of offspring and the protection
+         and support of the young and defenseless,
+         always involve sacrifice on the
+         part of the parents and the stronger members
+         of the race                                                24
+      b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is,
+         in the natural order of things, compensated                24
+
+
+Chapter II.
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.
+
+1. Physical Changes                                                 28
+  A. General Changes in the Body                                    28
+      a. Pilosity                                                   28
+      b. The Voice                                                  29
+      c. Bone, Muscle and Gland                                     30
+  B. The Genital System                                             32
+      a. Structural Changes                                         32
+      b. Functional Changes                                         32
+2. Psychical Changes                                                33
+  A. Play and Work                                                  33
+      a. Sports                                                     33
+      b. Productive Employment                                      34
+  B. Society                                                        35
+  C. Religion                                                       36
+
+
+Chapter III.
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+1. Anatomy                                                          39
+      a. The Penis                                                  39
+      b. The Testes                                                 41
+      c. The Spermatozoon                                           44
+      d. The Epididymis                                             44
+      e. The Seminal Vesicles                                       45
+      f. The Prostate Gland                                         45
+2. Physiology                                                       46
+      a. Urethra                                                    46
+      b. Cowper's Glands                                            46
+      c. The Prostate Gland                                         48
+      d. The Seminal Vesicles                                       48
+      e. Testes                                                     55
+3. Virility                                                         60
+
+
+Chapter IV.
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+1. Illicit Intercourse with Women                                   74
+      a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre                                  78
+      b. Gonorrhea                                                  79
+      c. Syphilis                                                   80
+2. Masturbation                                                     84
+3. Continence                                                       90
+
+
+Chapter V.
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+1. Diet                                                             95
+      a. Choice of Food                                             95
+      b. Stimulants and Narcotics                                   97
+      c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels                        104
+      d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep                             110
+      e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin              111
+      f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold                      111
+2. Baths                                                           112
+      a. The Bath for Cleanliness                                  112
+      b. The Tonic Bath                                            114
+3. Exercise                                                        115
+4. The Hygienic Requirements of Sleep                              118
+5. The Control of the Thoughts                                     120
+
+
+Chapter VI.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+1. The Child                                                       125
+2. Maternity                                                       128
+3. Paternity                                                       130
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Answers to questions                                           135-149
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+
+
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+
+I. GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS.
+
+The casual observer, even if he watches thoughtfully the various
+activities of plants and animals, would hardly believe these
+activities capable of classification into two general classes. He
+notes the germination of the plant seed and its early growth, step by
+step approaching a stage of maturity; it blossoms, produces seed, and
+if it is an annual plant, withers and dies. If it is a perennial plant
+its leaves only, wither and die at the approach of winter, the plant
+passing into a resting stage from which it awakes the following spring
+to repeat again its annual cycle.
+
+If he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a
+stage of maturity, reproduces its kind, withers and dies; but incident
+to these general activities he notes numerous others that seem to have
+no relation to the activity of the plant. He sees men tilling the
+fields, felling the forests, building houses, factories and railroads;
+he sees them build hospitals, colleges and churches. Is it possible to
+group all of these activities of plants and animals into two general
+groups? A more critical view of these activities makes it evident that
+they are all directed either to the maintenance and protection of the
+individual, or the maintenance and protection of the race. Those
+directed towards the maintenance of self are called egoistic
+activities, while those directed to the maintenance of the race are
+called _phyletic activities_.
+
+
+The Egoistic Activities.
+
+The term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego
+or self, and includes all of those activities directed to the support,
+protection, defense and development of oneself. As illustrated in the
+plant organism, the taking of nourishment from the air and soil, the
+development of the stem, branches, roots and leaves, are egoistic
+activities. In the animal--we may take, for example, man--the egoistic
+activities begin with the drawing of nourishment from the mother's
+breast and include all those activities of early childhood usually
+called play, the real significance of which is to develop the
+neuro-muscular system and the special senses, to that condition of
+alertness and strength that will make the growing individual
+self-supporting. A very large part of the activities of the
+self-supporting human subject are directed towards the earning of his
+daily bread, and of clothing and shelter. The activities of the school
+and college period, devoted, as they are, almost exclusively to the
+development of the youth's powers, intellectual or physical, are also
+egoistic. Even the pursuit of pleasure and of sense gratification on
+the part of the individual belongs to this same group of activities.
+
+
+The Phyletic Activities.
+
+As the etymology of the term suggests, these activities are devoted to
+the propagation, maintenance and protection of the race.
+
+a. =Reproduction.=--The most fundamental one of the activities for the
+maintenance of the race is reproduction. Every living organism,
+whether plant or animal, possesses the power to reproduce its kind.
+Some plants produce spores and some produce seeds. Reference was made
+above to the production of the flower in plants. The flower represents
+the reproductive organ of the plant, and the real object of the flower
+is to produce the seed. Animals produce eggs from which the young
+develop, either through a process of incubation outside of a maternal
+body or an analogous process within the maternal body. In the latter
+case the young are brought forth as living organisms.
+
+b. =Support and Protection of Offspring.=--Whether we consider the
+plant seed, or the animal egg or newborn--in any case the parental
+organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring
+during those stages of development when it is unable to support and
+protect itself.
+
+The plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment
+sufficient to support it during the germinating process and until it
+is able to gain its own support from the soil and air. Furthermore,
+the plant protects the seed by means of the various seed envelopes,
+against the cold and moisture of winter.
+
+In a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with
+nourishment. The young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply
+of nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones, muscles,
+nervous system, blood, glands and covering--all developed to a point
+that makes the bird able to take from the mother during the early
+weeks after its release from the shell, such nourishment as the mother
+may provide. In the meantime it must be brooded and protected in the
+parental nest until it is able to provide for its own protection.
+Similarly the young mammal is developed within the body of the
+maternal organism to a point where it is able to perform the primitive
+functions of life. For weeks, months or even years, according to the
+class of the animal, it must be supported and protected by its
+parents. The human young receives milk from its mother's breast and
+protection in its mother's arms during its first year, after which it
+continues to receive nourishment, clothing and protection under the
+parental roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years, or
+even longer.
+
+c. =Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society.=--Young
+animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support
+and protect themselves. If they were not thus cared for the race would
+become extinct. Now, there are certain individuals, orphans for
+example, who have, through some accident, been deprived of their
+natural support and protection. If these weaker members of society,
+not yet able to support and protect themselves, were not provided for,
+they would perish and become thus lost to the race. From the time of
+primeval man to the present, these weaker individuals of society who
+have been deprived of their natural protectors, have been cared for by
+the stronger members of society and afforded such support and
+protection as they may need to make them independent. In a similar way
+the sick and defective members of society are cared for by the strong.
+Thus we see that the building and maintenance of orphanages,
+hospitals, asylums and "homes," are activities that belong clearly to
+the group of phyletic or altruistic activities.
+
+
+2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.
+
+Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities.
+
+The thoughtful student is very likely to ask--Why does man till the
+fields? Why does man fell the forest trees? Why does he cultivate
+domestic animals? Why does he delve in the earth for minerals? These
+are all strenuous activities that require the outlay of time, talent
+and strength. We may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and,
+apparently, willingly. We have only to study the problem more closely
+to see that he tills the fields and cultivates his domestic animals
+for food; that he fells the forest trees to make for himself shelter;
+that he cultivates certain plants and animals to procure for himself
+clothing; that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral products to
+use in the various industries that supply various elements of his
+livelihood. It becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of
+an organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation. The
+individual sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive
+his compensation. It may be stated as a general biological truth that,
+_nature demands sacrifice or work on the part of all living organisms;
+and, under normal conditions, metes out a compensation commensurate
+with the sacrifice made_.
+
+
+Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities.
+
+a. =Lower Organisms.=--As an example of a lower organism we may take
+the _amoeba_. If one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see
+it move about the field, creeping along the surface of the glass
+plate; throwing out a pseudopodium here; invaginating a mouth or
+stomach there; taking in and digesting minute plant organisms;
+transporting itself across the field of the microscope through the aid
+of improvised locomotory organs. All these activities are egoistic.
+The amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its sustenance; it is
+sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of support. If
+we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that sooner or
+later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before we
+can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest
+first at the nucleus, which slowly divides into two equal portions
+that separate, each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of
+the parent organism. As these two young amoebae lie side by side under
+the microscope the thoughtful student will inquire--what has become of
+the parent organism? Whereas at first there was one mature amoeba, now
+we have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation.
+The parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality
+absolutely and completely for the next generation.
+
+    [Illustration: Plate I Reproduction in the Amoeba.]
+
+It may be said in general that _reproduction always involves a
+division of the parent organism_. In the case of the amoeba the
+division is into two equal portions. In the case of some of the lower
+plants and animals the substance of the parent organism is divided
+into many equal minute spores or eggs, each of which develops a new
+organism.
+
+b. =Higher Organisms.=--These also suffer a division of their body
+protoplasm. However, instead of dividing into two or more equal parts
+and merging their individuality immediately into the next generation,
+the higher organisms divide off a very small portion of their
+protoplasm to make an egg or seed while the parent organism lives on
+to produce eggs or seeds on subsequent occasions.
+
+While the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and
+inconsiderable in the higher animals, the sacrifices subsequent to
+this initial division are incalculably greater in higher animals than
+in the lower organisms. We can cite no better example than the human
+subject. The human ovum, divided off from the maternal organism, is a
+minute globule of protoplasm, almost microscopic in size. The
+sacrifice of the mother in producing the ovum is inconsiderable, but
+the production of the ovum is simply the first step in the sacrifice
+which the maternal organism makes.
+
+The fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the
+uterus or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from
+the maternal organism. It soon develops a heart and blood vessels so
+related to the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its
+intra-uterine existence the mother's blood supplies the growing child
+all of the substance that is built up into bone, muscle, brain and
+glands, preparing the young child to come into the world a living,
+breathing, sentient organism. These draughts upon the vitality of the
+maternal organism are so great that they frequently result in a very
+sensible depletion of the mother's physical power, particularly
+manifest in the depletion of the blood.
+
+During the period when the young child is developing within the body
+of the mother, she must make other sacrifices, viz., the withdrawal
+from society more closely within the four walls of her home where she
+busies herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the
+expected child. Then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth
+represented especially in the pain and travail of parturition. During
+the first year of the child's life in normal cases, it draws its
+nourishment from its mother's breast. This nourishment in turn is
+elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the mother's blood--still
+further depleting her system. During its childhood and youth the
+mother prepares the food, clothing and shelter of her child at no
+small expense of her own time and strength. For years the mother holds
+herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall
+sick, and there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many
+nights in this vigil by the bed of her sick child.
+
+We might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that
+the father makes.
+
+As is the case with mother so with the father, the initial sacrifice
+in the division of a portion of his body is too small to be
+considered, but in his case as in the case of the mother, the
+sacrifice for the coming progeny is only initiated with the act of
+procreation and continues through a period of fifteen, twenty or even
+thirty years--sometimes progressively increasing to the last. These
+sacrifices take the form, for the most part, of support and
+protection, and begin soon after conception on the part of the
+mother--as the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude
+and care on the part of the husband than she does on other occasions.
+
+The normal father, like the normal mother, holds himself in readiness
+to watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise,
+and to make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of
+the child.
+
+It is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities
+receive their compensation. The question next demanding our attention
+is--do the sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic
+activities receive a compensation? The most striking solution of this
+question would be a personal solution. Let any young man ask his
+parents if they have been compensated for all the sacrifices they
+have made for him. If this son is such a one as brings pride and
+satisfaction to the parents it is very evident what their unhesitating
+answer would be, viz., that they have been compensated many times over
+for all the sacrifices they have made. In what does such compensation
+consist? It can be expressed most briefly: LOVE OF OFFSPRING. This
+principle of _love of offspring_ seems to be a more or less general
+one in the whole realm of conscious living nature. That a tree could
+possess this no one would suggest; that a sea urchin could possess it
+no one would be likely to contend. It is probably possessed by all of
+those animals that are conscious of sacrifices; that is, if an animal
+is conscious of sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this
+compensation which we term, _love of offspring_. For organisms too low
+in the scale of life to be conscious of either sacrifice or love of
+offspring, nature seems to have arranged another scale of sacrifices
+and compensations--sacrifice taking the form of contention for
+possession of females and sacrifice in their support and protection,
+the recompense being the gratification incident to sexual intercourse.
+
+That this last factor may enter, to a certain extent, as a determining
+factor among the higher animals cannot be questioned. The higher we
+get in the scale of animal life the less the part played by _sexual
+gratification_ and the greater the part played by _love of offspring_.
+In some of the higher animals, especially those in which the family
+circle is maintained or the community life highly developed, there is
+frequently at work still another consideration that may play no small
+part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice incident to
+reproduction. Reference is here made to the expectation on the part of
+the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in
+their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves.
+That this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the
+first place is not probable; but that it later becomes a matter of
+consideration is not to be doubted. However, in so far as these
+considerations of personal welfare enter into the compensation of the
+parents for the sacrifices that they have made for their offspring, in
+just so far do we remove these considerations from the realm of the
+phyletic and place them within the realm of the egoistic.
+
+Reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms--we have yet to
+consider the character and extent of the compensation which these
+organisms, which are unconscious of sacrifice, receive. The conscious
+sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation;
+similarly the unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an
+unconscious compensation.
+
+It will be remembered that the amoeba did not die, but that it was
+_rejuvenated in its offspring_. In the next and every succeeding
+generation there is no death, but a rejuvenation. It thus transpires
+that these lowly organisms enjoy immortality; or perhaps it may be
+better stated, that the protoplasm of these organisms enjoys
+immortality and this immortality is the compensation for the sacrifice
+which each successive individual makes unconsciously in the division
+of its protoplasm. This principle of biology was first discovered and
+formulated by the great German Biologist, Weissmann.
+
+
+Summary of Principles.
+
+a. The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the
+young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the
+parents and the stronger members of the race.
+
+b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, in the natural order of
+things, compensated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE
+
+
+
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.
+
+
+The period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five
+years, when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life, is called
+the period of _adolescence_. The period of adolescence is ushered in
+by a series of physical and psychical changes which make a well
+defined initial period called _puberty_. The period of puberty is
+about two years in length, and in the average case among American
+boys, covers the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth years,
+and is completed when the youth can produce fertile semen capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. It is now universally recognized, however,
+that when the youth reaches this point in his development, while he
+may be called a man, he represents manhood in its lowest terms. He has
+not reached either a physical or mental development or maturity which
+justifies him in undertaking the responsibilities incident to
+procreating his kind. It requires in the average case a period of
+eight more years to develop the young man to the full stature of adult
+manhood, possessing his full physical and mental powers and the
+strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of
+parenthood, so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the
+young man may be said to have reached this period of complete
+development and to have finished the adolescent period. We may
+profitably now consider more in detail some of the changes incident to
+this most important period.
+
+
+1. PHYSICAL CHANGES.
+
+General Changes in the Body.
+
+a. =Pilosity.=--The human being belongs to the vertebrate class,
+mammalia, and as a member of that class he possesses over the
+cutaneous surface of the body, excepting the palms of the hands and
+soles of the feet, hair follicles which produce the hairy covering
+typical of mammals. A careful study of the distribution of the hair on
+the surface of the human body, comparing it with that of the
+anthropoid apes, demonstrates that the distribution is identical; and
+the "lay" of the hair in any one region of the human body corresponds
+exactly with that of the same region in the ape. For example--the hair
+on the forearm points outward and upward; on the upper arm down-ward
+and outward and so on throughout in the human and simian types. Every
+child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary hair which is
+shed at once. Aside from the growth of hair on the head, including the
+brows and the lashes, the skin is quite free from any noticeable
+growth of hair for months or even years. Beginning at the age of
+puberty, however, the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the
+whole pilous surface of the body, particularly upon the face, in the
+axilla and over the pubic region. It is a generally recognized law of
+biology, that, at the period of sexual development, the hairy
+mammalian character becomes accentuated. The increase in the growth of
+hair at this time can have only one interpretation, viz., that the
+ancestors of man represented a very much higher degree of pilosity
+than is the case with man at the present time. It is interesting to
+note in this connection the almost universal attempt of men to rid the
+face of this hairy growth by various devices, either pulling the beard
+or shaving it. The origin of this custom of depilation probably dates
+back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among both
+savages and civilized peoples.
+
+b. =The Voice.=--In all animals the voice plays an important part in
+sexual and social relations. In many animals the voice seems to have
+almost no other function than as a sex call, or a communication
+between mates and between parents and young. The human subject
+illustrates this general biological principle in the profound changes
+which the voice undergoes at the time of puberty. These changes in the
+male subject consist in increasing the depth of the larynx, thereby
+increasing the length of the vocal cords which in turn modifies the
+pitch of the voice, usually about an octave, making it not only lower
+but much more pleasing in quality and greatly increased in volume.
+
+c. =Bone, Muscle and Gland.=--Of incalculably greater importance than
+the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the
+casual observer, are those physical changes which the body undergoes
+during the first half of the period of adolescence. I refer to the
+growth of bone, of muscles and of those internal organs associated
+with nutrition.
+
+The first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in
+height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year. It is not
+at all unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year.
+This increase in height is very largely due to a lengthening of the
+thigh and leg bones. In serial homology with the thigh and leg are the
+bones of the arm and we find that these are undergoing an increase in
+length commensurate with the increase of the legs. So the boy outgrows
+his clothes; his coat sleeves are drawn up half way to his elbows and
+his trousers half way to his knees. The muscles scarcely keep pace
+with the bones in their growth, and tend to be flabby and to lack
+usual tonicity. It is difficult for the youth to hold his back
+straight and his shoulders back; he is awkward and ungainly in his
+movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his
+muscles. But the muscles follow immediately in their development and
+rapidly gain volume and tonicity, filling out the arms, legs, back and
+shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue. The growth of
+these muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills
+out in his girths as rapidly as, in the previous period, he increased
+in length measurements.
+
+All of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased
+activity of all the nutritive processes. The appetite is practically
+insatiable; the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches
+between meals. If he wakes up in the night he is hungry. To accomplish
+the digestion and absorption of this food material, the alimentary
+tract throughout, and particularly the stomach is greatly increased in
+size. To accomplish the distribution of the food (blood) the heart
+also is increased in size and strength. With increased bulk of muscle
+and increased quantity of food we have increased oxidation in the
+tissues. This requires increased respiration, which demand is
+satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system. The thorax
+increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper, broader
+and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but also
+more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the
+system.
+
+If we are interested in the biology of all these changes, we need not
+go far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them. Nature
+is preparing in the youth a home builder; it is preparing an
+individual who can support and protect not only himself, but also a
+family. This equipment in the case of primitive man must necessarily
+be one of bone and brawn. While under the conditions of modern society
+the necessity for bone and brawn is somewhat less marked, the plan of
+nature is no less evident and no less interesting.
+
+
+The Genital System.
+
+a. =Structural Changes.=--The external genitals, besides showing the
+pudendal pilosity referred to above, are all greatly increased in
+size. The penis is increased in all of its dimensions, the testes
+become very much increased in size, the scrotum, probably because of
+the increased weight of the testes, is also lengthened.
+
+b. =Functional Changes.=--The testes and associated glandular bodies
+gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen, capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. When these organs thus become capable of
+procreation, the period of puberty is complete.
+
+In this connection it is important to note that the development of the
+testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental
+characteristics of the young man. This effect is produced through a
+substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body, thus
+gaining access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but
+profound influence. Just how this affects the mind and body will be
+discussed in detail in a subsequent chapter.
+
+
+2. PSYCHICAL CHANGES.
+
+Play and Work.
+
+a. =Sports.=--Most of the higher animals, particularly man, and all
+races of men, devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent
+period to sports or games in which individuals contend with each other
+or teams of individuals contend with opposing teams in games that
+bring into play the various powers of the neuro-muscular system: such
+as alertness of all the senses, readiness and correctness of judgment,
+agility, speed and strength of movement. Sports might be criticised by
+some because they represent non-productive expenditure of energy. On
+the other hand, no energy ever expended by man is so highly productive
+of so precious a material as results from manly athletic sports. The
+products of these games are the substances consumed by them,
+paradoxical as that may at first appear. The use of brain, muscle and
+glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues
+results in the development of the nerve, muscle and gland cells into
+a condition larger, better equipped and more responsive than before
+such use.
+
+Thus, athletic sports, while they make draughts upon the nerves,
+muscles and glands, develop all of these tissues to a high degree of
+efficiency. The plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in
+sports must be evident. Nature is educating and developing the male
+animal (man) to the highest possible degree of efficiency, so that
+sports, instead of being non-productive, lead to the development of
+structures possessing a high degree of value, not only to the
+individual, but also to society.
+
+Furthermore, those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the
+athletic field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in
+the later serious struggles of life make most for success.
+
+b. =Productive Employment.=--Hardly less important than the influence
+of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent. That
+the adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his
+physical or mental powers goes without saying, nor should he be
+assigned tasks that consume so much of his time that he is unable to
+take an active part with his fellows in field sports. However,
+experience demonstrates that the youth undergoes a more wholesome all
+around development if he takes some active part in a productive
+employment, than if allowed to devote all of his energies to play.
+The simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty about the
+home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of how to
+do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their
+strength largely to similar tasks, but--more important than either of
+these considerations--these tasks develop in him the ability to
+accomplish promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty--to
+do it regularly and promptly because it is a duty without any
+reference to a personal enjoyment in the task. If this important
+lesson in life is learned during the early adolescent period, it will
+make the path of life much less rugged than some seem to find it.
+
+
+Society.
+
+Incident to the activities of the athletic field, the youth is brought
+into more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind, both of
+the same and of the opposite sex. While the boy of ten to fifteen
+delights in the forming of "cliques, gangs and crowds," the boy of
+seventeen delights equally in widening his circle of acquaintances.
+The athletic contest gives him an opportunity not only to measure his
+powers with those of the other young men, but also to win the respect
+of his young lady acquaintances. There is no doubt but that the
+approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess and strength as
+manifested in sports, serves as a strong factor in the stimulation of
+athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a purely
+social capacity.
+
+
+Religion.
+
+While in his social relations the young man is seeking points of
+tangency with those in his own plane, in his religious experience he
+seeks to come into relation with his God; that is, with the power that
+exists in the plane above his own. In the researches of Coe and of
+Starbuck, made several years ago they discovered the following truth
+and demonstrated it as a general principle: _(1) A vast majority of
+professing Christians acknowledged their allegiance to God during the
+early part of the adolescent period; and (2) a vanishingly small
+percentage of professing Christians became so after the age of
+twenty-five._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+
+
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+
+1. ANATOMY.
+
+The external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and
+scrotum, the latter containing the testes.
+
+The _penis_ of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty
+consists (1) of the two corpora cavernosa, as they are called, or
+erectile bodies, called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood
+sinuses which when filled cause the organ to erect. (2) Between and
+beneath the corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which
+consists principally of the urethra. Around these three cylindrical
+bodies there is a sheath of loose connective tissue, outside of which
+is the skin.
+
+About one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a
+sort of head which is called the _glans_ over which, in the young
+child, the skin is redoubled and called the _prepuce_ or foreskin. The
+glans is covered and the prepuce is lined by mucous membrane. Over the
+glans the mucous membrane is red, thin and moist and possesses
+numerous nerve papillæ. The prepuce, as stated above, usually covers
+the glans penis in young children and may do so throughout life. It is
+sometimes adherent to the glans. This is abnormal, and as soon as it
+is discovered the adhesions should be broken up by a physician. The
+normal prepuce of the adolescent male should be free from the glans
+and should be sufficiently loose easily to retract back of the glans,
+a position it is likely to take in erection. If the prepuce extends
+half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap of skin,
+or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to
+clear the glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the
+glans, the condition is not normal, and should have the attention of a
+competent surgeon.
+
+One can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of
+primeval man, who was practically unprotected by clothing, but in the
+present condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an
+unnecessary appendage, and there are several good reasons why the
+prepuce should be removed. This operation [circumcision] is not, in
+any sense, to be looked upon as a mutilation, but simply a hygienic
+measure made advisable, if not necessary, by the unnatural conditions
+under which we are now existing.
+
+Beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head
+of the penis collect, and if the organ is not frequently cleansed
+these accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant. Such local
+irritation is one of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in
+boys.
+
+The removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple
+operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult. If
+the prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care, as
+contact with the clothing will remove the secretions as they appear.
+Furthermore, the glans penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less
+subject to local irritation thus simplifying the young man's problems
+in sexual hygiene.
+
+The penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size, due not
+only to varying conditions of temperature but also to individual
+peculiarities. The organ may vary between 2-1/2 inches and 6 inches in
+length in the flaccid state and between 5 inches and 8 inches in the
+erected condition. The size of the generative organs is not an index
+of virility in the male.
+
+The _testes_ are the male generative glands and are described as about
+1-1/2 inches in length, 1-1/4 inches in width and nearly 1 inch in
+thickness. The testes are contained within the scrotal sac, the
+outside coat of which is a thin wrinkled skin, within which are four
+thin coats. Next to the testes and enveloping the spermatic cord is a
+thin covering which is carried down into the scrotum when the testicle
+leaves the abdomen, where it is formed. This descent of the testes
+from the abdomen takes place normally in the later weeks of
+intrauterine life. The testes may, however, through some unusual
+condition, be retained and make their descent months or even years
+later. If the testes have not descended by the end of the age of
+puberty, the advice of a competent surgeon should be sought.
+
+         { TESTICULAR                  { SPERMATOZOA
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { SEMINAL GRANULES
+         {                             { MUCIN AND WATER
+         {
+  SEMEN  { VESICULAR                   { ALBUMIN
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { ALKALINE SALTS
+         { (In quantity greater        { WATER
+         {  than all the rest.)
+         {
+         { PROSTATIC                   { PROTEINS
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { ALKALINE SALTS
+         { (Viscid and opalescent.)    { WATER
+
+    [Illustration: Plate II Male Sexual Apparatus]
+
+The outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea. [See
+Plate 2.] This tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis
+which divide the organ into lobules, each one being conical in shape
+with the apex directed towards the epididymis, which is that mass of
+blood vessels and tissues which one can feel on one side of each
+testis. Within these lobules the spermatozoa are formed by a complex
+process of cell division and cell germination upon whose description
+we need not enter here.
+
+The _spermatozoon_ may be described as the male sexual cell whose
+function is to fertilize the female ovum. The spermatozoon is about
+1/20 of an inch in length and consists of a head, body and a vibratile
+tail. In the human spermatozoon the head is ovoid, appearing
+pear-shaped or pointed in one view and elliptical in another.
+
+The _epididymis_ referred to above, consists of a mass of coiled tubes
+and blood vessels. After the secretion passes through the tortuous
+coils of ciliated tubes of the epididymis, it is collected into a
+single tube called the _vas deferens_, which passes as a part of the
+spermatic cord from the scrotum, up through the groin and over the
+pubic arch into the pelvic cavity, passing down back of the bladder
+where it is slightly dilated into an _ampulla_, beyond which the duct
+is again contracted into a narrow tube, and the two ducts, one from
+either side, converge and pass into the _prostate gland_, where they
+empty into the _urethra_.
+
+_The seminal vesicles._--The seminal vesicles are small bladder-like
+organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected
+from the testes. There are two of these vesicles, from each a small
+duct joins the vas deferens making up what is known as the
+_ejaculatory duct_. The two ejaculatory ducts coming together in the
+prostate gland open into the urethra. _The seminal vesicles possess
+glandular walls and secrete the substance which they contain, no part
+of the secretion of the testes normally finding its way into the
+vesicles._
+
+_The prostate gland, a portion of which is homologous with the female
+uterus and called uterus masculinus_, is situated around the neck of
+the bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra (prostatic
+portion), but also by the ejaculatory ducts. There are numerous gland
+ducts which--collecting the secretion of the prostate gland--open into
+the urethra in the prostatic portion.
+
+Just beyond the prostate are two small glands called _Cowper's Glands_
+whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate, at
+the root of the penis.
+
+
+2. PHYSIOLOGY.
+
+In the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just
+described, we may well reverse the order of treatment, thus leading up
+step by step to a consideration of the more important organs.
+
+a. =Urethra.= The canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra,
+and it is important in considering its physiology to remember that it
+has not only a double function to perform, but that the performance of
+one function in a measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the
+other and makes it necessary for a special measure of preparation.
+
+The urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary
+bladder is passed out periodically through the urethra. This same
+channel must transmit periodically secretions from the sexual
+apparatus.
+
+b. =Cowper's Glands= secrete only under sexual excitement, and usually
+they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which
+induces an erection. The secretion is composed of a clear _alkaline
+mucus_.
+
+The purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a
+very important one and it is essential that every young man should
+understand it.
+
+It will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only
+for the urine, but also for the generative products. The urine is
+acid in reaction and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra
+leaves that duct acid in reaction under usual conditions. The
+spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid and their vitality is seriously
+impaired by acid of any kind, particularly the acid of the urine.
+Nature has provided that the secretion from Cowper's glands should
+precede the generative products along the urethra, thus neutralizing
+the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage from the
+body.
+
+Besides this important function of the secretion from Cowper's glands,
+the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual
+excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the
+male organ. A secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs
+for sexual contact so that the delicate mucous membrane, particularly
+of the female organs, shall not suffer abrasion.
+
+Many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from
+Cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared
+that they were losing some vital fluid. This misunderstanding of the
+nature of this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the
+misrepresentations of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege
+that he is losing vital fluid and will, if not treated, undergo
+general debility and loss of procreative power. This brief
+explanation of the significance of the secretion of Cowper's glands
+will protect the young man from any such misrepresentations.
+
+c. =The Prostate Gland.=--That the prostate gland is intimately
+associated with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those
+male animals that have suffered castration before puberty, the
+prostate gland withers and practically disappears. What then is the
+role that this gland plays? Like Cowper's glands, it secretes only
+during sexual excitement. Under such excitement its ducts become
+gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the moment of the
+emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts empty
+their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of
+the semen.
+
+The secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of
+protein and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion
+of the seminal vesicles that we will consider its action along with
+that of the secretion from the vesicles.
+
+d. =The Seminal Vesicles.=--_The seminal vesicles secrete
+continuously._ The secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of
+albumin and of alkaline salts. This secretion together with the
+secretion from the prostate gland is poured into the urethra at the
+moment of sexual orgasm; they become mixed in their transit through
+the urethra with the secretion from the testes. This mixture is known
+as semen. [See pg. 42.]
+
+It used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the
+testes; that the testes were secreting continuously and that the
+seminal vesicles were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen
+from the testes. The researches of Steinach and others have made the
+old theory untenable and demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from
+three distinct sources; that the testicles secrete their contribution
+to the semen only during sexual stimulation; while the seminal
+vesicles secreting their products continuously become periodically
+filled and distended.
+
+Let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous
+secretion from the vesicles and prostate. For what purpose does Nature
+prepare such a secretion? The spermatozoa frequently remain several
+days in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and
+fertilized. During these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no
+small amount of energy in their vigorous flagellate movement. For such
+an expenditure of energy they must receive nourishment and
+stimulation. The nourishment is supplied by the albumin and proteid of
+the vesicular and prostatic secretions. The stimulation is supplied by
+the salts also secreted by these glands. The recent researches of Loeb
+and others have demonstrated the importance of mineral salts in
+stimulating the activity of living cells. One can cite no better
+example of this stimulant action than the influence of these
+vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa.
+
+The vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of
+the army of spermatozoa; the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies
+to be drawn upon at short notice; the prostate representing a factory
+where a considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short
+notice.
+
+This _periodic distention of the seminal vesicles_ is a matter of very
+considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by
+every young man who would lead a normal sexual life.
+
+These organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied
+with two sets of nerves, one set passing away to the spinal cord and
+carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the
+presence and character of any local stimulus; the other passing away
+from the spinal cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor
+impulses. The secretory impulses are more or less continuous and as a
+result, these glands secret continuously and become periodically
+distended as described above. The motor impulses pass to the muscles
+within the walls of the vesicles, causing a strong spasmodic
+contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission of semen, thus
+throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the same
+moment when the epididymis the vas deferens and the ducts of the
+prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra.
+
+Now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the
+erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure
+within the vesicles. Unusual pressure may be caused either by
+distention due to accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the
+vesicles from over-distended rectum or bladder. It sometimes happens
+that two or more of these influences are acting at the same time.
+These impulses are most likely to be effective when the subject is
+asleep, and particularly if he is lying upon his back. The result of
+the stimulus is to cause an erection, accompanied usually by an erotic
+dream, the whole phenomenon culminating in an emission of the contents
+of the seminal vesicles and followed, of course, by a relief of the
+pressure which was the cause of the condition. This phenomenon has
+been variously called _nocturnal emission_, "pollution" and
+"dreaming-off."
+
+Vecki, a specialist in physiology, hygiene and pathology of the sexual
+apparatus, says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological
+phenomenon, the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal
+vesicles, and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular
+periods, these periods varying in length with different individuals,
+according to their physical condition and habits, the period being two
+to four weeks, usually; though a considerably longer or shorter
+period would not be looked upon as pathological. Vecki describes the
+normal nocturnal emission as being accompanied by an erection, erotic
+dreams, and an orgasm, the subject being wholly unconscious of the
+condition until he is awakened at the moment of orgasm. Normally, the
+subject experiences on the following day a feeling of relief and
+well-being and should, normally, be wholly free from headache,
+depression or languor.
+
+Inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the
+author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as
+infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men. On the other
+hand, it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten
+days or even once a week and still be within the physiological limit.
+However, when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week, it
+should be looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression,
+headache or lassitude. Cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal
+emission is experienced as often as three times in a week after which
+there will be a period of two to four weeks without an emission,
+followed again by very frequent emissions, and a free period. This
+phenomenon is an individual peculiarity, and is not to be looked upon
+as abnormal.
+
+Cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and
+headache are usually caused by irritability or lack of tonicity of
+the sexual apparatus, particularly of the seminal vesicles and the
+ducts. This irritability and loss of tone is not infrequently caused
+by masturbation, though it may also be caused by excessive sexual
+intercourse, making itself manifest, of course, in either case, on
+cessation of the habit of masturbation or the excessive sexual
+intercourse.
+
+Another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly
+separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and
+mechanical irritation of the sexual apparatus--perhaps especially the
+membranous and prostatic portion of the urethra--caused by the
+presence of an excessive amount of oxalates in the urine. Oxalates
+occur in the urine in sharp angular crystals and would seem to be in a
+high degree irritating to the tender mucous membrane of the upper part
+of the urethra. The almost invariable presence of these crystals in
+excess in those cases that have not been accounted for by abuse of the
+sexual function leads one to adopt the plausible theory that the
+crystals are the cause of the irritability. However, we must not lose
+sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an accompaniment
+of the too frequent emissions, and that the presence of oxalates in
+the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive processes
+that go on in the body, which disturbance causes not only the
+irritability of the sexual apparatus, but also the presence of the
+crystals.
+
+When the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not
+infrequently that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through
+the rectum will, by simple mechanical pressure on the seminal
+vesicles, force out a few drops, perhaps as much as a teaspoonful, of
+the contents of the vesicles. This would be called an _involuntary
+emission_, but the liquid passed out must not be looked upon as semen.
+It is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles, and in losing it,
+one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid, any portion of which would
+be reabsorbed; he is simply losing a fluid which would, in the natural
+course of events, have passed away within the next few days as a
+nocturnal emission.
+
+These details have been explained in order that the young man may
+fully understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be
+disturbed by the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of
+charlatans who make a business of frightening young men into the
+belief that in these experiences they are losing "vital fluid"--that
+they are victims of "lost manhood," or that they are entering into a
+condition of "general debility" and "impotence." As an actual fact,
+involuntary loss of vital fluid (spermatorrhea), is a rare case even
+in the practice of specialists in genito-urinary diseases, and in
+these rare cases, the condition is usually a result of very great
+excesses, sexual debauchery or one of the sequelæ of venereal disease.
+[Read: Appendix 1, 13 and 17.]
+
+e. =Testes.= No rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be
+given without laying down as a fundamental physiological law, that
+_the testes secrete under sexual stimulation only_. This same general
+principle applies to all glands, i.e., that they secrete only under
+the influence of some special stimulation. In harmony with that law,
+the testes secrete only under the influence of sexual stimulation.
+
+The sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories,
+i.e., conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual
+stimulation.
+
+_Conscious sexual stimulation_ is partly psychical and partly
+physical. The physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity
+of a member of the opposite sex. The physical and psychical phases of
+conscious sexual stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is
+exceedingly difficult to discuss one without constant reference to the
+other, and it may be said in this connection that the psychical
+attitude of the two individuals of opposite sex who are brought into
+close physical proximity will modify very greatly their local sexual
+responses.
+
+Reverting to the lower animals: when a female in rut or heat is
+brought into proximity to the male, there seems to be on the part of
+each animal a consciousness of the character and attitude of the other
+animal and both animals are step by step excited by various physical
+contacts and probably also psychical conditions to a high state of
+sexual excitement, leading to the natural ultimate result, coitus, in
+which event the sexual excitement culminates in the orgasm of the
+male, which empties the secreted semen into the organs of the female.
+
+It will be easily understood that, in human subjects whose social
+relations permit them to indulge in coitus, close physical proximity,
+and various caresses lead, step by step in the normal course of nature
+to sexual excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described
+above for the lower animals.
+
+To revert to the function of the testes, we may say that during these
+various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are
+actively secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa,
+which being released, are hurried along, partly by their own
+flagellate movements and partly by the action of the cilia in the
+ducts of the epididymis and the peristaltic contractions of the vas
+deferens--hurried along the vas to the ampulla. If the period of
+sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty minutes, the whole
+duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla becomes gorged with the
+secreted testicular product. This secretion consists of active motile
+spermatozoa, of spermatic granules and of mucus. The latter is
+secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens, the
+testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa, spermatic granules and a
+small amount of liquid, just sufficient in quantity to float the
+spermatozoa out of the testes into the ducts.
+
+At the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as, the emission
+of semen. In this act the whole contents of the ampulla, vas deferens
+and ducts of the epididymis, the contents of the seminal vesicles, and
+the contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by
+spasmotic muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of
+the walls of the urethra, ejected from that tube through the mouth of
+the urethra. Thus, in the act of emission, there is an intimate mixing
+together of the three contributions to the semen, i.e., the
+_testicular, vesicular and prostatic_.
+
+_Sub-conscious Sexual Stimulation._--Sub-conscious sexual stimulation
+is not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation
+of sexual excitement.
+
+When a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less
+intimate relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite
+sex under conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have
+free and unrestricted play, there can be no reasonable doubt that
+both individuals experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which
+will influence them both physically and psychically through
+sub-conscious response of their sexual apparatus. One can easily
+imagine, for example, that a young man may meet upon the skating rink
+in winter a young lady for whom he has a very sincere admiration and
+respect; she on the other hand entertains for him a similar admiration
+and respect. They may skate together the whole afternoon and converse
+upon politics, art or philosophy, the young woman feeling herself
+swung along--almost actually carried on her companion's strong arm.
+The whole experience is, in the highest degree, pleasurable and
+exhilarating to her, yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual
+stimulation. On the other hand, the young man experiences most exalted
+pleasure in the company of his young lady friend--through the pressure
+of her hand upon his arm, the lithe, graceful movement of body and
+limbs, the smile, the light in the eye and the soft voice. All of
+these give him an exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to
+analyze, even if he were inclined to do so.
+
+In his case, as in the case of the young woman, there has been
+absolutely no conscious sexual stimulation; in the case of neither
+individual has there been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual
+apparatus, yet without a shadow of doubt, the sexual organs of both
+individuals have been more or less active during this period--they
+have been subject to sub-conscious sexual stimulation.
+
+In the case of the male, his testes have been awakened into an
+activity of probably considerably less degree than in the case of
+conscious sexual stimulation, and during this activity of the gland a
+certain amount of the secretion has been formed.
+
+The most natural question at this point is--What becomes of this
+secretion? It is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are
+released, those that are probably make their way along the vasa
+deferentia to the ampullæ. The liquid secretion of the testes probably
+does not leave the testes but is reabsorbed. While there are many
+features of this mysterious influence of the testes which have never
+yet been cleared up, this seems certain, that the testes elaborate
+what may be called an internal secretion, and that the elaboration of
+this internal secretion is influenced by such stimulation as has just
+been described above, under the head of sub-conscious sexual
+stimulation.
+
+An _internal secretion_ is a secretion formed by a gland, to be poured
+into the blood or lymph system, while an _external secretion_ is
+poured out through ducts to the exterior. The thyroid and adrenal
+glands form internal secretions only, which secretions, poured into
+the blood and lymph, profoundly affect the nutrition of the body. The
+salivary glands and gastric glands form external secretions only;
+which, when poured upon the food, digest it. The liver, pancreas and
+testes form both external and internal secretions. The external
+secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in a sexual
+emission, as described above; the internal secretion of the testes
+consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature
+individuals, which substances, poured into the blood, profoundly
+affect the development of the individual and his whole physical and
+psychical character.
+
+
+VIRILITY.
+
+The best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal
+secretion is the male of the horse kind.
+
+Most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or
+ranches pedigreed stallions. No person can see one of these splendid
+animals without admiring, if not actually standing in awe of his
+inimitable physical force, beauty of form and grace and power of
+action. He is a physical ideal of the horse kind. What is the source
+of his strength and beauty?
+
+The physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are,
+first, the great breadth and depth of chest, great mass of shoulder
+and hip muscles, and the high arched neck, fiery eye and luxuriant
+mane and tail. Second, the functional features next noticeable are
+the greater alertness and evident physical exuberance as manifested
+especially in the gait and the frequent whinnying. The thoughtful
+observer at the horse show or on the ranch cannot but compare these
+animals with the gelding.
+
+Two colts on the ranch may be full brothers,--from the same pedigreed
+stallion and the same pedigreed dam. At the age of two years these two
+young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod. One of these
+promising young animals is chosen, because of some commendable
+peculiarity of temperament or action, to remain unmutilated, as a
+procreator of his kind upon the ranch. The other is subjected to the
+veterinarian's knife and ecraseur and deprived of the testes,--the
+male sexual glands. From the day of this operation these two animals
+(in every respect alike, except that one is unmutilated while the
+other is deprived of the glands mentioned above) develop along
+radically different lines. The stallion develops during his third year
+into the noble animal described above. This third year is his period
+of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and
+psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human
+subject undergoes during his period of puberty. The gelding, on the
+other hand, develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter.
+Physically this animal develops a body almost identical with that of
+the female of the same species. Temperamentally the gelding is a
+patient, plodding, beast of burden, and though under good grooming he
+may show considerable life, while under the control of his driver, he
+seldom shows any interest in other members of the horse family, either
+male or female, and in the pasture or on the ranch his neutral sex
+temperament is ever apparent. While he may contend mildly for a place
+at the feeding trough, he never essays the defense of any weaker
+members of the herd, and one stallion would put a hundred like him to
+flight.
+
+The thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what
+has made this radical difference in the development of these two
+animals. The solution is not far to seek. From the beginning of
+puberty to the beginning of senile decay, the stallion derives from
+the testes what is referred to above as an internal secretion.
+
+Physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance
+formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood. It may be
+a substance called _spermin_, but whatever the substance is, the
+physiologists agree that _the testes form some substance which is
+absorbed by the blood and lymph, is carried to the brain and spinal
+cord and there produces these profound effects indicated above_. So we
+have discovered the source of the stallion's strength and beauty.
+
+What is true of the horse is true of man. The young man at puberty
+begins to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads
+to the development of his full manly powers. The sum total of the
+qualities peculiar to manhood has been called VIRILITY. For want of a
+better word, this term has been applied to the sum total of the male
+qualities of any animal whatsoever, so that the male qualities of the
+stallion are also compassed in the term virility.
+
+The thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at
+this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied
+in all its details to the human subject; if man, without any
+artificial or unnatural means would develop a full and complete
+virility; if like the horse, he can maintain a strict continence for
+months or even years without suffering any abatement of virility and
+of physical powers in general. The unequivocal answer of the medical
+profession to these questions would be in the affirmative.
+
+An exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the
+eunuch of the Orient. If the human male is castrated before puberty he
+develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is
+different from the stallion;--a being whose physique resembles in many
+respects that of a woman, and whose temperament manifests qualities of
+cringing servility and lack of initiative.
+
+The external secretion of the testes differs from the internal
+secretion in containing spermatozoa; it may be that there are other
+differences. It is, however, generally believed that one or more of
+the substances found in the external secretion appear in the internal
+secretion. If this is true, it must be evident that excessive sexual
+indulgence or masturbation can draw away from the system this precious
+vital substance that is necessary to produce or maintain the virility.
+
+It cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will
+necessarily always continue--it must be maintained. To be maintained,
+this vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously
+absorbed into the blood. When once the man or boy understands this, it
+must be evident to him that he has, to a certain extent, the making or
+marring of his own virility; that it is not simply an inexhaustible
+endowment of nature; but, like such a natural resource as a forest or
+a coal mine, may be exhausted and will be exhausted if not husbanded
+carefully.
+
+It is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of
+the female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that
+which the testes exert on the development of the male. For that
+reason, a surgeon should, under no condition, remove both ovaries
+(sexual glands) unless they are diseased in such a way as to
+necessitate their complete removal in order to save the life of the
+individual. If a woman of twenty-five were to suffer the loss of both
+ovaries, she would go very early into a condition of senile decay. If
+a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries, it leads her to
+develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is
+wholly lacking in those characteristics which, summed up, might, for
+the want of a better term, be called FEMININITY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+
+No rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male
+can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the
+mammalian class and to primitive social conditions.
+
+In our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of
+the human male, it must have become evident that man has many things
+in common with other mammals, and that no adequate knowledge of man's
+physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of
+similar phases of life among related animals.
+
+All of the changes which Nature introduced into the physical and
+psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to
+equip the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and
+children. This development has been reached by the time the young man
+is twenty-one to twenty-three years of age, when, in the average case,
+he would be able, so far as concerns his physique and temperament, to
+establish and maintain a home. The fact that his adolescent
+development is complete by the age of twenty-five, and that he has, by
+the time he arrives at that age, grown into the full stature of all
+his physical and mental powers, may certainly be interpreted as
+nature's indication that his home-building should be begun not later
+than the twenty-fifth year. This means, then, that young men ought, if
+possible, to marry as young as twenty-five.
+
+But the conditions of society at the present time are such that a
+large proportion of the young men, particularly those who are
+preparing for any of the learned professions (theology, medicine, law,
+pedagogy, etc.) are hardly through their professional courses by the
+time they reach that age, and most of them feel that they must make a
+start in their profession before they assume the responsibilities of
+supporting a home. This means that a large proportion of them marry as
+late as thirty years of age.
+
+If we consider now those commercial, financial and industrial
+vocations which involve considerable preparation in technical
+institutions or a long apprenticeship (engineering, pharmacy,
+manufacturing chemists, banking, journalism, etc., etc.) we find that
+the young man is hardly able to establish such a home as most such
+young men feel that they must maintain on any salary that they receive
+before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old. This consideration
+applies particularly to college and university men, as, almost without
+exception, these men are preparing for some of the above mentioned
+professions or vocations.
+
+Now the conditions of college life, the field sports and athletics,
+together with the social conditions, tend to develop in college
+circles a body of most virile young men. The problem which now
+confronts us is: How may these young men live a hygienic life under
+these unnatural circumstances?
+
+If a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly
+able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what
+his attitude shall be regarding matters of sex. The earlier this
+problem is solved the better it is for the young man. Unfortunately, a
+large proportion of young men do not realize that they have any
+problem in this field to solve until circumstances, more or less
+accidental, have already established in them a mental attitude and,
+perhaps, a habit of life that may not be either wholesome or wise.
+
+From what has preceded, it must be evident that from the early months
+of the period of puberty, through the adolescent and adult period,
+even until some progress is made in the senile period, every normal
+male will experience sexual desires. It has been shown that these
+particular experiences are linked, more or less intimately, with the
+condition of the sexual apparatus; but whatever the cause, we are
+confronted with the question, What shall be done about it?
+
+When a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that
+the desire must be satisfied? Some have reasoned that the muscles of
+the arm, if not exercised, wither and become weak, therefore the
+sexual desires, if not exercised will become weak, and the sexual
+apparatus, if it does not exercise its function, must become withered
+and atrophied. While this course of reasoning may seem rational and
+the conclusion may seem tenable, it is well known to physiologists and
+sociologists that the reasoning is fallacious; the fallacy rests in
+the premises. It was assumed above that the activity of the sexual
+glands was comparable with that of muscles.
+
+We must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are
+continuously active, and in this continuous activity get their
+exercise. This activity develops them and keeps them physically
+perfect after the onset of the period of puberty. Their activity
+consists very largely in the formation of an internal secretion, the
+office of which is to develop in the male the highest possible state
+of virility. Nor must we lose sight of the fact that every procreative
+act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid on the
+part of the male. A wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act
+of self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any
+consideration; nor may these acts, under any circumstances, be looked
+upon as sustaining to the gland a relation similar to that which
+muscular exercise sustains to muscle tissue.
+
+In the light of these facts every normal man would admit that
+frequent masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse, in wedlock or
+out, should certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the
+sexual apparatus.
+
+Most men, however, raise the question: "Is any indulgence or any
+artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be
+discouraged?" This inclination comes to us in the course of nature.
+Man in the primitive state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this
+inclination; would fight for the possession of her as soon as he had
+reached a sufficient stage of muscular development, and once in
+possession of his mate, would take her to his perch in the trees or to
+his cave. In his primitive home he would follow his sexual
+inclination, impregnate his wife and protect her against all dangers.
+
+Under our present social conditions the young man experiences all
+these desires the same as his primitive ancestor, but he may not be
+able to choose a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a
+whole decade after he experiences the desire to do so. What is the
+solution?
+
+It must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or
+another of three alternatives--either the young man may seek illicit
+intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire, or he may adopt
+some artificial measure, such as masturbation (self abuse) or,
+finally, he may lead what is known as a continent life. By continence
+we mean to adopt neither one of the first two alternatives mentioned,
+but to leave the care of the sexual apparatus wholly with Nature.
+
+We may now consider these three alternatives in turn.
+
+
+1. ILLICIT INTERCOURSE WITH WOMEN.
+
+By illicit intercourse with women we mean, sexual intercourse out of
+wedlock. The term applies either to intercourse between any man and a
+prostitute, between an unmarried man and a married woman, between an
+unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a
+married woman not his wife. The term, illicit intercourse, applies to
+all sexual intercourse that is illegal.
+
+In our discussion of the young man's problem, we may confine our
+consideration particularly to intercourse with professional
+prostitutes and with clandestines, or women who are willing to accept
+the sexual embrace for their own gratification or for money.
+
+In this phase of sexual gratification, it is assumed that the woman
+has these relations with various men. We purposely eliminate from this
+discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of
+sexual gratification, as such seduction is a heinous offense against
+the victim and against society, for which offense the man is legally
+responsible. We are here discussing not the crimes of men, but their
+vices.
+
+The question that the young man naturally asks is--"Why should society
+hold these relations as a vice when the woman, who is party to the
+act, gives her free consent, perhaps even soliciting the relation, and
+has given herself up to this sort of a life, either as a sole
+occupation (prostitute) or as an auxiliary occupation (clandestine) to
+supplement a wage on which she may not be able to live in luxury?"
+
+The answer to this question is not far to seek. Women so occupied
+have, as a rule, made themselves incapable of maternity. They are
+outcasts from society, unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence
+on all those who come into relation with them. Furthermore, they are
+centers for the dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the
+health of all those who become infected. But for the uncontrolled
+passions of men, there would be no such women. So while we,
+individually, as men, may not be responsible for the ruin of any one
+woman, we must confess that men as a class are responsible for this
+condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse. An overwhelming
+majority of women would, if following their inclinations, seek these
+relations in wedlock only and for procreation only. But many a young
+woman, under promise of marriage, sometimes even under a bogus
+marriage, is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental
+state that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and
+respects. If he deceives her and betrays her, continuing such betrayal
+until the victim becomes pregnant, he will, in the average case, leave
+her to bear her child in shame, while he slips away to other scenes of
+activity. We cannot wonder then, that the girl--deserted, humiliated,
+crushed by the one in whom she reposed absolute confidence; cast out
+of society, perhaps thrust from the protection of her own father's
+roof--gives up the struggle and says--"_What's the use?_"
+
+A vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill
+fame and give themselves over to a life of prostitution. Hardly one of
+these women, if married by the man who brought her to this condition,
+would have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother. So
+society, while it casts these women out, has come to recognize that
+men are the real sinners in such cases.
+
+It may be added here, that an occasional girl goes wrong through
+temperamental shortcomings within herself--perhaps she may even be a
+degenerate; but the proportion of women who would willingly and
+deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared
+with the proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice
+their virtue. This is probably in part due to their training.
+Mothers, as a rule, instruct their daughters carefully regarding their
+relations with boys and men. It is in part due to the instinctive and
+inherent purity of mind of the normal woman.
+
+Nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form
+of venereal disease. If the parties observe fidelity to the marriage
+vows venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare
+occasions, and then through some accidental infection, as from contact
+with some public utensils, as a public water closet, a public towel or
+drinking cup. So rare is this unfortunate accident, however, that we
+may say, that intercourse in undefiled wedlock results normally in
+pleasure and gratification to both parties, while intercourse out of
+wedlock, or illicit intercourse, is destined, as a rule, to be visited
+with retribution.
+
+What form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of
+illicit intercourse take? Besides the various psychic punishments, the
+principal of which are remorse, and impure thoughts, there are
+physical punishments in the form of venereal diseases. So prevalent
+are these venereal diseases among lewd women, whether prostitutes or
+clandestines, that specialists in this field say that "_all lewd women
+are diseased part of the time and some lewd women are diseased all the
+time_."
+
+These sexual diseases are contagious--that is, transmitted by contact.
+They are all germ diseases; one of them is practically local, one is
+capable of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is
+systemic.
+
+a. =Chancroid or Soft Chancre.=--This is the least dangerous of the
+venereal diseases. It is a contagious disease of purely local type,
+usually acquired during the sexual act, the infection taking place
+through a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane.
+
+Chancroid may be single, though most often is multiple. It makes its
+appearance in from one to five days after exposure, anywhere on the
+penis, but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the
+frænulum as a small red spot. This rapidly takes the form of a blister
+containing serum and pus, and in a few days may become the size of a
+ten-cent piece. When the roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance
+of having been punched out, the floor being covered with pus. It is
+surrounded by a zone of inflammation and is painful.
+
+If uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five
+weeks. The most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands
+of the groin on one or both sides. This condition is termed _bubo_ or
+"blue ball" in common language.
+
+Sometimes serious complications arise which may prove dangerous and
+require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks.
+
+b. =Gonorrhea.=--This is incomparably more serious than chancroid.
+This disease is very prevalent among the incontinent, and it is
+claimed by some specialists in this field that from sixty to
+seventy-five per cent. of men have had gonorrhea before the age of
+thirty.
+
+It is a contagious disease, acquired usually during intercourse,
+though the individual may become infected innocently from water
+closets, bath tubs, etc.
+
+To become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of
+the mucous membrane.
+
+The disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after
+exposure by swelling of the orifice of the urethra, peculiar
+sensations between tickling and itching, and smarting or burning
+during urination. The peculiar sensations fix the attention to the
+genitals, thus causing frequent passage of urine.
+
+These symptoms increase for about a week, when the disease reaches its
+maximum degree of severity, which is maintained a variable time, the
+discharge from the urethra being thick, creamy and of a greenish
+yellow color.
+
+In the majority of carefully treated cases, the discharge ceases in
+from three to six weeks with apparent recovery. Unfortunately,
+however, there is frequently a tendency for the disease to become
+chronic. The discharge becomes thin and more watery and persists for
+an indefinite period. This condition--chronic gonorrhea--is commonly
+known as "gleet."
+
+c. =Syphilis=, popularly termed the "pox," is a constitutional
+affection of the type known as "blood diseases."
+
+It is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the
+venereal diseases. No disease has been so wide-spread in its
+dissemination or more potent in its influence upon humanity.
+
+It has been known for centuries, having been mentioned by Japanese
+historians and in Chinese writings two thousand years ago.
+
+Syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation. The
+infectious material enters the broken surface of either the skin or
+mucous membrane, called "contact" or "acquired" syphilis. When it is
+transmitted by the mother to the embryo, it is called "hereditary" or
+"inherited" syphilis.
+
+The disease manifests itself first in a "_primary lesion_" which is a
+local ulcer (hard chancre) at the point or points of inoculation at a
+period ranging from ten to thirty days after exposure. It may appear
+as an erosion or as a dry scaling and indurated papule, varying in
+size from a pin-head to a silver dollar. The base of the ulcer is
+indurated. It is oval in shape, perhaps somewhat irregular, with a raw
+surface and red colored base devoid of pus.
+
+Immediately following the appearance of the chancre, the glands in
+direct connection with it become enlarged, hard and rarely painful,
+but they have no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of
+chancroid.
+
+The chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when
+the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease. In about
+six weeks after the chancre the so-called _secondary symptoms_ make
+their appearance. They are heralded by headache, pains in the limbs
+and back, nausea, sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever,
+followed by the appearance of a rash upon the face and body, falling
+out of the hair, sore throat and mouth. These symptoms disappear to be
+again followed by a period free from symptoms. After a longer or
+shorter time the so-called _tertiary symptoms_ make their appearance,
+which are many and varied.
+
+The disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional
+disturbances, appearing at variable intervals, and pursues a chronic
+course.
+
+This disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital
+organs, particularly the brain and spinal cord.
+
+When one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of
+a reputable physician. The treatment of this extends over a long
+period, usually about three years, and must be strictly and
+conscientiously carried out. Marriage upon the part of an individual
+once infected should be only upon the approval of a physician.
+
+After having detailed, as above, the terrible consequences of the
+venereal diseases, it is hardly necessary to add that the young man
+who deliberately seeks any of the usual chances for illicit
+intercourse, is more than taking his life in his hands. If infection
+with a venereal disease meant simply the death of the infected
+individual, it would really be very much less deleterious to society
+than is the present condition. When the young man "sows wild oats" and
+catches incidently gonorrhea, that twenty years ago was considered a
+sort of a "good joke," he will, in a large proportion of cases, lay
+the foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of
+transmitting the disease to an innocent, pure wife.
+
+When a woman catches this disease, particularly from her husband, she
+is very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea, may say
+nothing about it to her husband or her physician, but adopt simple
+home treatment with antiseptic and astringent douches. Such treatment
+will usually result in allaying the inflammation in the superficial
+organs, but will not eradicate it from the deeper organs. It spreads
+to the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries and may even affect
+peritoneal tissues, first of the pelvis, then of the abdomen--may even
+finally affect the heart and joints. Of course, these are rather the
+extreme limit, but they are not at all rare cases. Once this terrible
+disease gets into a woman's organs, it is very likely to lead to a
+sojourn in a hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a
+sacrifice to this mogul of gonorrhea.
+
+It is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five
+per cent. of the operations that women are subjected to in the
+hospitals for diseases of the pelvic organs are the results of
+gonorrheal infection. Besides the cases that require operation, a
+large proportion of cases of sterility is due to gonorrheal infection,
+either in the man or woman, or both.
+
+If we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of
+operations, and progeny of scrofulous children, it would seem to make
+the natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh
+any brief pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits.
+
+It hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth
+about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could
+be tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse.
+
+
+2. MASTURBATION.
+
+The vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in
+boyhood, perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through
+their associations with obscene playmates. It not infrequently
+happens, however, that the habit is learned independent of these evil
+associations. It has been explained above that secretions frequently
+accumulate under the prepuce and accumulating there serve as a local
+irritation, causing itching of the organ. This local irritation leads
+the boy to attempt to allay the irritation through rubbing. Such
+manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it and to lead to
+the discovery on the part of the boy that such local manipulation may
+lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration. If he has not
+been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the
+uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during
+childhood, he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a
+more or less fixed habit.
+
+While it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in
+this habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the
+habit is stopped at puberty, it must be perfectly evident that if a
+boy enters puberty with this habit, the psychical and physical
+conditions of puberty are such as to make the habit very difficult to
+stop. If it is not stopped a serious injury may result. So the
+necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to young boys
+that these organs should not be handled.
+
+After the boy enters puberty, the habit of masturbation either
+acquired during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood,
+begins to have a distinctly deleterious effect.
+
+Let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious
+effect. From what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus,
+it must be evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during
+waking hours only through strong stimulation of the activity of the
+testes, accompanied by liberation of spermatozoa and of the other
+elements of the vital fluid. Let us not forget in this connection, the
+statement made above: that the testis produces two forms of secretion,
+the internal secretion and the external secretion, the internal
+secretion being absorbed, produces those male characteristics which we
+group together under virility, while the external secretion is used
+for procreation. Spermatozoa do not make any part of the internal
+secretion. One reason for this must be evident, i.e., that being
+cellular elements, they could not pass through the vessel walls and be
+absorbed into the blood current, and if they could, by some special
+adaptation, get into the blood current, there is no conceivable action
+which they could perform in the body. We must then look upon the
+internal secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the
+testicular secretion.
+
+So far as physiologists know at present, the external secretion
+differs from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa.
+When we say that the testes form their external secretion under sexual
+excitement only, we simply mean that they liberate or release
+spermatozoa under sexual excitement. The spermatozoa must be looked
+upon as the fertilizing element of the semen, while the liquid portion
+of the semen probably contains that mysterious element which, absorbed
+into the body, produces virility and which, passed out with the
+spermatozoa, may have an important role to perform in the fertilizing
+function.
+
+If the adolescent young man is leading a continent life, we may assume
+that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as
+strong sexual stimuli, arousing in him a definite desire for sexual
+intercourse; but leading a continent life, he curbs his desire and
+fixes his thoughts upon other subjects. In this way, though the sexual
+excitement is brought quickly under abeyance, we can rest assured that
+a certain number of spermatozoa have been released from the testes;
+and that the other secretions have been increased in volume. The
+excitement may be sufficient even to cause an erection, and produce a
+few drops of the secretion of Cowper's glands. The spermatozoa,
+together with a small amount of the liquid secretion, will make their
+way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the ampullæ.
+The bulk of the liquid secretion, however, will, in the course of the
+following hours or days, be reabsorbed, thus making for virility. The
+small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the
+ampullæ will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity, as
+the days go by. On the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the
+ampullæ will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these
+spermatozoa pass out. If they be examined under the microscope as a
+part of a normal nocturnal emission, they will be found to be almost
+motionless or very greatly lacking in typical spermatozoon activity.
+
+Now let us suppose that the young man, instead of curbing his sexual
+appetite, resorts, after a season of erotic imaginations, to the act
+of masturbation. We may picture the seminal ducts, vasa deferentia and
+ampullæ as being gorged with the secretion of the testes, including,
+of course, myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa, together
+with several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular
+secretion. The act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a
+complete emptying of all these ducts. Thus we note that in this case
+the virile fluid is wasted, not being used in the procreative act or
+reabsorbed to exert its influence on virility. Nature's ends have been
+defeated. The system suffers a certain degree of depletion from which
+it recovers only after hours or even days. It must be evident from
+this picture of the processes that go on in the male sexual apparatus
+incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be performed
+repeatedly, as it naturally is when it becomes a habit, without
+interfering with the virility of the adolescent male.
+
+In the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the
+principal _physical_ changes that occur in a young man as the result
+of this habit are, flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands. The
+really virile man possesses firm muscles and clear, direct eyes and a
+strong grip; usually also a warm grip.
+
+It has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of
+masturbation in the youth, but such is not the case. They are a sign
+of lack of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to
+be interpreted as having any essential relation to masturbation. There
+may possibly be an incidental relation growing out of the fact that in
+some cases of masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition
+and that in turn may cause the appearance of pimples on the face of
+the adolescent. However, one must be very slow to pass judgment in
+these cases.
+
+Not the least important among the results of masturbation is the
+attitude of the victim to society in general. This _psychical_ change
+is noticed in immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of
+disinclination to enter into any physical contests, or games; and
+disinclination to cultivate the society of the opposite sex. Here
+again one must be conservative in his judgment, because there are
+individuals who possess a very retiring temperament naturally, and who
+may become so engrossed in study or productive work that they take
+little share in the society of either sex, so that individuals who may
+be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual apparatus would suffer
+a very grave injustice if they were classed among the masturbators. So
+allow the author at this place to emphasize the importance of never
+passing judgment on anybody in these matters on circumstantial
+evidence.
+
+While the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of
+masturbation may not be very serious, in many cases that have come
+under the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme
+limits, very serious, sometimes irretrievable damage has been done,
+yet the encouraging feature of this whole matter is, that if the
+adolescent youth, who is practicing this habit, is warned of its
+danger and stops at once absolutely, nature comes to his rescue, and
+gradually, step by step, but surely, rebuilds the whole fabric of his
+virility, bringing back gradually the flush of perfect health into his
+cheek, the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone of
+perfect virility into his muscles.
+
+This change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute
+continence. Nature, like a loving mother, heals the wounds of her
+child with a kiss.
+
+
+3. CONTINENCE.
+
+Such frequent reference has been made above to continence in
+antithesis to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be
+said in addition to that which has preceded. The young man who holds
+before his mental vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to
+establish--in which a pure wife reigns as queen, sovereign of his
+life, and gently hovers over a brood of lusty boys and fair
+girls--cannot for a moment consider as a sane solution of his sexual
+problem, periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the periodic
+lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines; nor can he expect to
+develop his powers, physically or intellectually to the highest
+possible degree if he permits himself to contract that habit
+[masturbation] which, step by step, undermines his development. There
+is open to the young man only one of the three alternatives mentioned
+above, i.e., TO LEAD THE "CONTINENT LIFE."
+
+The continent life is a goal which every healthy young man should
+strive to reach. To arrive at a goal that is before us and above us
+requires sacrifice and brings compensation. The sacrifice takes the
+form of the exertion of the whole will power of the man and the
+painstaking observance of those rules of hygiene which make continent
+living more easily attainable. The compensations of continence are
+those that come from the assurance that the young man has of his
+virility, of his worthiness to take the hand of a pure wife in
+wedlock, of the consciousness of his ability to establish and maintain
+a home, and to protect this home against all dangers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+
+
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+
+It is proposed in this chapter to outline, very briefly, a few simple
+rules of hygiene, the observance of which will tend to bring the young
+man into the highest possible state of physical development. Assuming
+that he wishes to lead a continent life, the observance of these rules
+will make that much desired condition more easily attainable.
+
+
+1. DIET.
+
+a. =Choice of Food.=--The young man who is boarding at a restaurant or
+in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the
+menu provided. Fortunately, the young man can observe the most
+important rule of diet, i.e., _to eat abstemiously_. Wherever one is
+boarding he can eat temperately; he can avoid highly spiced foods, tea
+and coffee. The observance of these simple rules will go a long way
+towards simplifying his sexual problem. It has been discovered by the
+study of the influence of diet upon sexual appetite, that the heavy
+eating of rich and highly spiced foods, indulgence in stimulants and
+narcotics, all tend to excite the sexual desires.
+
+The author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate
+one for a student:
+
+Breakfast.
+
+Fruit
+Well cooked cereal breakfast food with cream or a slice of bacon, an
+egg, with bread and butter
+Glass of milk, cocoa or cereal coffee
+
+Dinner.
+
+Soup
+Meat, potatoes and gravy
+One vegetable
+Dessert:
+(Custards, tapioca pudding, rice pudding, gelatin pudding or bread
+pudding)
+Water
+
+Supper.
+
+Creamed potatoes
+Salmon or sardines
+Bread and butter
+Canned or stewed fruit
+Cocoa or milk
+
+If lunch is served at noon and dinner at night, the supper and dinner
+as given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is
+served at night.
+
+If the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy
+athletics in which a training table is provided, he may eat a much
+heavier diet than the one above outlined, having either eggs or meat
+three times a day instead of once or twice and larger portions of each
+food. However, even the man in athletic training needs less food than
+is customary for men in training to take. If the foot ball teams would
+eat somewhat less than they do and a smaller proportion of meat, they
+would be much less likely to "train stale."
+
+b. =Stimulants and Narcotics.=--It will be noted that no provision is
+made for coffee or tea in the above menu. The general conditions of
+life in a student community serve as a sufficient stimulation. Tea and
+coffee are stimulants, and on general principles, it is not wise to
+use stimulants unless one needs them. The college student does not
+need any other stimulant than is afforded by the conditions in a
+college community.
+
+It may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does
+not need them. On the other hand, they may easily injure a person who
+does not need them. Coffee for example, or tea, not only does not
+assist digestion but actually retards it. All stimulants produce a
+quickening of brain activity which is uniformly followed by a reaction
+in which the brain activity is either slowed or confused. The coffee
+drinker is almost certain to experience within an hour after a cup of
+strong coffee an exhilaration, with heightened brain activity. If one
+could experience this stimulation without any reaction, it might be
+advisable, especially for those who need just such stimulation at
+just such a time. However, when one considers that he cannot
+experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression,
+he will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the
+expense of the other, except under unusual conditions.
+
+Now the question may naturally arise: What occasion would justify the
+drinking of a strong cup of coffee? Suppose that one were due in an
+examination and that he had only one examination in a day; suppose it
+came at 8 o'clock. Let the student retire early the night before, rise
+early, take a walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast. He
+may take a cup of strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast.
+He will find that this coffee proves a strong stimulant, particularly
+if he has not been using it regularly, and that it produces the
+stimulation just when he wants it. He will find that he is better able
+to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various facts that he may
+need to use in formulating his answers to the examination questions.
+Under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for a
+student to use coffee. But we must not forget that the coffee is a
+drug; used for its drug action; used to produce a physiological effect
+at a definite time. Having produced that effect, one may expect the
+depression to follow after the examination.
+
+Now the natural tendency, and a tendency which causes many people to
+pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation, is to
+relieve the depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking
+another cup and so on, taking coffee at each meal and perhaps
+occasionally between meals. While some people of phlegmatic
+temperament can stand such a drug habit for years without being very
+seriously injured, it is certainly a habit to be strongly discouraged.
+A person who does not use coffee or tea regularly, but wishes on rare
+occasions to get a stimulation, can resort to it to produce that
+effect, but after having gotten the effect let him get over the
+depression as best he can, and not relieve it by taking a second cup.
+
+If he has a week of examinations, it might be permissible to follow
+such a regime as suggested above throughout the week. On the whole,
+however, the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged.
+
+=Narcotics= are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the
+senses and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous
+system.
+
+One of the most common and typical narcotics is opium. Derived from
+opium is morphine. Cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the
+anæsthetics, such as chloroform, ether and common alcohol.
+
+It is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to
+intelligent college men. Very seldom do college and university
+students resort to alcoholic drinks, either for their drug effect or
+in a spirit of conviviality.
+
+The intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow
+the use of alcoholic beverages. It is very rare that educated people
+use any alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities,
+and usually, on special occasions.
+
+It is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the Bible
+dictum that, "Wine is a mocker" has been realized.
+
+Brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a
+cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the
+skin, only to cool down the temperature of the body later, so that
+instead of raising the temperature of the body, alcohol actually
+lowers the temperature of the body.
+
+Many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body, but if
+the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of
+the body, as is the case on excessively hot days in summer, the rush
+of blood to the surface would only have the effect desired in the
+first few minutes of the action of the alcohol. The skin would tend to
+become dry, the temperature of the blood to rise, subject to the
+influence of the hot air. This heated blood striking the vital organs
+accounts for the fact that on those excessively hot days, when there
+are many sunstrokes, most of them are among men who not only
+habitually take alcohol, but who are under the influence of alcohol at
+the time.
+
+Many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion, but scientific
+observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown
+that the digestion is actually retarded.
+
+Many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong, and one
+does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of
+alcohol, but many careful experiments on the part of numerous
+observers have shown that the muscles are really less strong and can
+do progressively less work the larger the dose of alcohol.
+
+Many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and
+have taken it for that purpose; but experiments have shown that while
+there is temporarily a greater activity of the brain, this activity is
+less under control of the higher brain centers. The after dinner
+champagne may loosen the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he
+may say many things which the judgment would not commend.
+
+So, in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through
+the ages, we find on careful examination, that in every case the
+alcohol actually has an effect opposite to that which has been
+attributed to it. How true then are the words of the Bible: "Wine is
+a mocker."
+
+If an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles, the brain or the
+glands, one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and
+coaches for preparation in athletic contests; one would find it
+commended by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their
+preparation and in the final encounter; one would find it recommended
+by mountain climbers and by Arctic explorers, to stimulate the muscles
+for the exhausting ordeal of mountain climbing or to protect the
+system from the penetrating cold of the northern latitudes; alcoholic
+beverages are, however, not only not advised by these men for these
+purposes, but on the other hand, all participants in these activities
+are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages, even in the
+smallest quantities.
+
+So the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound
+body must leave alcoholic beverages alone. Further, the young man who
+would have absolute control of his sexual desires, must leave alcohol
+alone, for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the
+lines of control. It is under the influence of alcohol that the young
+man is almost sure to make his first visit to the house of
+prostitution. If a girl lose her virtue, it takes place in a majority
+of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol; but for this
+influence lessening her control, she could not be seduced. _Hence one
+of the requirements of continence is_ TOTAL ABSTINENCE.
+
+Under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco, though
+tobacco has several other effects than the narcotic one. It exerts
+upon the mucous membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the
+mucous glands of the mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes,
+but the influence upon the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic
+character, and while tobacco is a mild narcotic, and while it can be
+used by the adult moderately without serious results; this is certain,
+that no man has ever been benefited by the use of tobacco. And while
+many men have been injured, even by the moderate use, all men are
+injured by the excessive use. Furthermore, boys and young men who have
+not attained the full stature of their physical development are very
+seriously injured and retarded in their development through even the
+moderate use of tobacco. There is not an educator in America who will
+not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form by young
+boys, retards both the physical and mental growth.
+
+So tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to
+leave alone, and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any
+grounds other than that it is a sense gratification. And while it
+must be admitted that it may serve as a sense gratification in the
+case of the individual who participates in it, it must also be
+remembered that tobacco smoke or the smell of tobacco is, in a very
+high degree distasteful if not actually loathsome, to a large
+proportion of society, and the young man who gratifies sense at the
+expense of his neighbors, certainly is on the defensive.
+
+In so far as tobacco is a narcotic, in just so far does it disarm and
+put to sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful
+in the maintenance of the continent life.
+
+c. =The Dietetic Control of the Bowels.=--A most important hygienic
+rule is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels. By regularity
+of the bowels we mean, a free, normal passage of the bowels at least
+once in twenty-four hours. Two or three passages in twenty-four hours
+are not too many.
+
+A tendency towards constipation may be hereditary. The writer finds
+that at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation
+among college men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency.
+
+Those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their
+whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from
+actual chronic constipation, find it exceedingly difficult to produce
+normal regular daily movements of the bowels. Whether constipation is
+chronic or occasional or whether it is hereditary or acquired, in any
+case, it should be corrected if possible through modification of the
+diet, and of daily habits.
+
+First of all, one must remember in this connection that the lower
+bowel or rectum is subject to education, and not by any means the
+least important factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation, is
+the regular morning visit to the water closet.
+
+The author would discourage the habit which some have of "straining at
+stool." This act of straining at stool together with the pressure
+which the hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels, increases the
+blood pressure in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that
+it is likely to cause hemorrhoids or piles. But if the position
+favorable to the passage of the bowels be taken regularly, every
+morning, and a reasonable time spent in that position, and if the
+daily passage is brought about at that time, the muscles of the rectum
+will be educated to the point of contracting upon its contents at that
+time and under those conditions regularly, and this will be a strong
+factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels.
+
+But the most important thing to consider in this condition is the
+dietetic regulation of the bowels. There are some foods that tend to
+constipate while others act as a laxative.
+
+Such foods for example, as contain a considerable portion of tannin,
+are always constipating. Strong teas have a constipating effect,
+particularly such as the bitter English Breakfast teas, in which there
+is a very large proportion of tannin. This large percentage of tannin
+accounts for the prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers.
+
+Unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which, in the
+ripening processes of the fruit, becomes changed into cellulose and
+sugar. Any fruit that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is
+exposed to the air and that stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly
+when the fruit is cut, possesses a high percentage of tannin, and is
+not in a wholesome condition to eat. Unripe peaches and apples possess
+this characteristic. These fruits should be eaten only when ripe.
+
+If one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp
+material, a tendency to constipation will be noticed. It has been
+found from investigation of this subject that the cellulose or
+undigested material of the cereals, vegetables and fruits, is an
+absolute essential to good bowel action. The cellulose makes bulk in
+the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk of undigested material
+stimulates the muscular contractions.
+
+If one were to choose for example, a diet of meat, eggs, nuts, corn
+starch, tapioca, sugar, fats and oils, i.e., diets which will be
+almost completely digested and absorbed, leaving a very small amount
+of undigested material in the intestines, the bulk of the material in
+the intestines would be so small that they would not be stimulated to
+contract. Therefore this small bulk of material, together with certain
+excretions from the liver and other organs, would be retained in the
+bowel and undergo fermentation there. Injurious substances which
+result from the fermentation would be absorbed, causing what is known
+as autointoxication, complicated with constipation. If one, however,
+mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion of
+cereals, fruits and vegetables, all of which possess a considerable
+percentage of undigestible material, the presence of this undigestible
+material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements,
+causing the passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the
+rectum, which will be periodically evacuated. In such cereal foods as
+the coarser meals (like oatmeal, various wheat preparations and corn
+meal), the proportion of bran substance serves as a local stimulation
+to the intestinal activity. The little bran scales being
+sharp-cornered and rough, serve as a local irritant or mechanical
+stimulation.
+
+What has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some
+coarser cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not
+wholesome. On the other hand, white bread made from the roller process
+flour is in a high degree nutritious and wholesome, and may well make
+an important part of any dietary.
+
+It is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven.
+These hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost
+completely impervious to the digestive juices, and while they are
+eventually digested, it takes a very much longer time to do so than
+would be the case with stale bread, which is so readily masticated
+into a creamy consistency. If one is subjected to conditions where he
+must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps embarrass a most hospitable
+hostess, there is only one thing for him to do, i.e., to eat the
+biscuits.
+
+It is possible, though difficult, to masticate hot bread so perfectly
+that it is reduced to a smooth, creamy consistency, and no one should
+ever swallow any bread which has not been so masticated.
+
+Among the fruits, figs, prunes and apples seem to have the most
+clearly marked laxative effect, though all ripe fruits generally, and
+especially those that are taken uncooked, have a moderate laxative
+effect. Belonging to this class of foods is rhubarb which, though not
+a fruit, is usually served as a fruit either stewed or in puddings or
+pies. There is no doubt that it exerts its laxative effect better if
+taken stewed rather than with pastry.
+
+If one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to
+correct it, a rational change of diet would be, _to eat freely of
+cereals and coarse breads and of various fruits, particularly apples,
+figs and prunes_.
+
+The most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely
+of them just before retiring. The apples and figs may be eaten just as
+they are received from the market. Prunes may be soaked in cold water
+for twenty-four hours, then taken directly from the cold water and
+eaten.
+
+If this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is
+only in part dietetic, i.e., _to rise_ ONE HOUR BEFORE BREAKFAST,
+_drink two glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk of fifteen to
+thirty minutes_. The cold water has a tonic effect upon the stomach,
+preparing it for a rapid digestion of the breakfast. It also washes
+out the accumulation of mucus in the stomach, which may easily equal a
+pint in volume. This pint of mucous plus the pint of water, making a
+quart of liquid altogether, pours through the pylorus, and during the
+rapid walk, works its way rapidly down through the alimentary tract,
+washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive and rapidly to
+digest the next meal. This slimy water, having washed out the stomach
+and small intestine, then passes into the large intestine, moistening
+and lubricating its contents and causing it to move gradually towards
+the rectum, where it stimulates a normal free passage of the bowels
+after breakfast.
+
+Any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment. Such a
+treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines.
+
+d. =The Dietetic Control of Sleep.=--Most students study evenings. If
+their heavy meal is a dinner at 5:30 or 6 p.m. they are likely to feel
+very drowsy by 7:30 or 8 o'clock. This is a perfectly natural
+experience, all animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal.
+If one could lie down and sleep for an hour while his dinner is
+digesting, he could probably rise at 9 o'clock and put in two or three
+hours of good hard work. He would find himself at 11 or 12 o'clock so
+thoroughly awake, however, that he might have difficulty in getting to
+sleep if he retired at that hour. If, on the other hand, one has his
+dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night, he is
+able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up
+until he is ready to retire. In this case also, he is likely to be so
+wide awake at the time of retiring that he may have difficulty in
+getting to sleep. In either of these cases, it is altogether proper
+and advisable to take a light lunch before retiring. A double purpose
+can be served by this lunch. In the first place, the taking of
+anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete the
+circulation from other organs (brain in this case) to the stomach. In
+the second place, the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite
+_somnolent_ effect. Such foods are, _celery_, _lettuce_, _onions_,
+_warm milk_. It may not be convenient to get warm milk at midnight,
+but it would hardly be inconvenient to provide one's self with two or
+three graham crackers and a stalk of celery. These with a drink of
+water and a little brisk exercise before an open window ought so far
+to divert the circulation from the brain as to enable one to fall
+asleep quickly.
+
+e. =The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin.=--The stimulation of
+excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important
+thing, particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to
+establish free excretion. The food which has a most clearly marked
+effect upon both kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits.
+These fruits, as they appear in our markets, are _lemons_, _oranges_
+and _grape fruit_. All of these fruits are in a high degree wholesome
+as an addition to the dietary. Lemon juice is far more wholesome than
+vinegar in salads. The juices of lemons and oranges make most
+refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer, and on occasions
+where one wishes _to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and skin,
+he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade_.
+
+f. =The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold.=--A whole _quart of hot
+lemonade_ may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold. The
+effect in such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious
+urination. Both the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to
+carry away from the system the effete materials that have been
+retained as a result of the cold.
+
+It is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be
+taken that during the sweating or immediately following it, the _body
+should not be exposed to catch more cold_. In this method of treating
+a cold, one should _take a strong cathartic_ such as two or three
+teaspoonfuls of castor oil, and should remain in bed twenty-four
+hours. During this twenty-four hours _no other food than a little
+light broth should be taken_. This treatment usually completely breaks
+up a cold and one is able, in two or three days, to make good the loss
+of the twenty-four hours, during which time he was confined to his
+room.
+
+This dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is
+incomparably wiser and more economical than to drag around, hoping to
+"wear out the cold," only to be worn out by it.
+
+
+2. BATHS.
+
+a. =The Bath for Cleanliness.=--Little need be said regarding the bath
+for cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week
+during the colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as
+once a day during that portion of the year when there is free
+perspiration.
+
+Where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm
+water over the whole surface of the body. If he takes this bath just
+before retiring, it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge
+at the end of the bath. If, however, one takes a warm soap bath in the
+morning the relaxing effect of the bath upon the skin makes it
+necessary to take a cold shower or a cold sponge after the warm bath
+in order to secure the tonic effect upon the skin and fortify one
+against catching cold.
+
+During the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he
+should guard against an excessive use of soap, as a daily soap bath
+may have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as
+to make the skin rough. With the daily bath for cleanliness it is
+possible that warm water and soap need not be used more frequently
+than once or twice a week and that a laving of the whole surface with
+cold water followed by a vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may
+serve the double purpose of insuring absolute cleanliness, and at the
+same time serving as a skin tonic.
+
+In this connection the author would emphasize the importance of
+insuring absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus. In primeval
+conditions less attention was necessary as these organs were more or
+less exposed, but the present method of dress is such as to permit the
+accumulation of the skin secretions. While these may in part be
+removed by the friction against the clothing, it is advisable to wash
+the external genitals and all neighboring surfaces as a regular part
+of the daily toilet.
+
+b. =The Tonic Bath.=--In warm weather when one takes a daily bath to
+insure cleanliness, at least five of these baths each week may be in
+cold water, sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described
+above. In cold weather, when one takes not more than one or two warm
+soap baths a week, the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most
+important purpose in the hygiene.
+
+Some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a
+tub of cold water. This method of taking the cold bath is not to be
+recommended except for those who are in the most robust health, and in
+these cases, so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly
+beneficial. The author has seen many people who were injured by this
+method of taking the tonic bath.
+
+There are two methods to be recommended: Those who have access to a
+cold shower may stand for a moment, and for a moment only, under the
+cold shower, then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole
+surface of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole
+surface of the body glows with the warmth of the reaction. If one does
+not have access to the cold shower, he may take a most effective
+tonic bath in his room, using cold water, the coldest obtainable, and
+a bath sponge, or even a wash cloth, dipping the sponge into the cold
+water, then pressing out enough of the water so that there will be no
+excess of water to run over the surface of the body from the sponge.
+Begin by sponging face, neck, shoulders, arms and chest, then wipe
+these parts dry, subject them to vigorous friction with the crash
+towel until the arms, shoulders and chest particularly glow with the
+warmth of the reaction. While the upper half of the body is receiving
+its bath the lower half may be kept covered, and conversely.
+
+This tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the
+morning, and as a part of the morning toilet.
+
+If one takes such a tonic bath on arising, then dresses hurriedly and
+takes a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes, the regime quickly
+brings his body into the most vigorous and robust state of health;
+unless there is something wrong with his digestion or his excretion,
+and even moderate derangements of these will be very likely to be
+corrected by the regime just suggested.
+
+
+3. EXERCISE.
+
+Incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning
+walk before breakfast. This has a most salutary tonic effect besides
+the influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements. Not the least
+important result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the
+lungs are repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door
+air. This naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the
+development of the lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their
+vigor in middle age.
+
+The increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to
+hastened circulation through the muscles, glands and brain. This
+hurrying blood current not only carries nutriment to these organs, but
+carries away their accumulations of effete material to the excretory
+glands.
+
+The student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning
+exercise. The mile run, the mile row or any other strenuous exercise
+is strongly to be discouraged at this time of the day. If one overdoes
+morning exercise, he is likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued,
+throughout the remainder of the forenoon, and his ability to do a high
+grade of mental work is decreased rather than increased.
+
+Besides the morning exercise, every person who wishes to live a
+vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier
+exercise during the latter part of the day or evening. This exercise
+may take any one of many forms. It may be golf, tennis, foot-ball,
+base-ball, cricket, rowing, lacrosse, basket-ball, cross country
+running, track or gymnasium work, etc., etc. The immediate results of
+this exercise should be largely to increase lung and heart action and
+to cause a sufficient fatigue of the muscular system so that rest is
+sought and may be followed by dreamless, recuperative sleep.
+
+It might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we
+must first fatigue them, but that seems to be Nature's plan. The only
+way to build up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it
+to its maximum capacity.
+
+If one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay
+on fat. If he does lay on fat, he may know that he is eating more than
+he needs and he should make his diet more temperate. The youth of
+eighteen or nineteen who is tall and rather spare, and whose muscular
+system has not reached its full development would, of course, increase
+his weight incident to the growth of his muscular system. This
+increase in weight must not be confused with increase of weight
+through fat deposit. The latter should be avoided--the former should
+be encouraged.
+
+Not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical
+exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise.
+The courage, nerve control, quick judgment, agility and strength
+required on the foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's
+equipment to fight the battles of life. The conditions of these games
+give frequent opportunities for the young man to cultivate the spirit
+of honesty and fair play--the spirit, without which, no man can reach
+his highest success in the real contests of life.
+
+
+4. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEP.
+
+The personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic,
+though it may be briefly treated.
+
+The amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can
+only be determined by the individual. Some seem to require ten hours,
+others eight, others six, while rarely individuals are found who seem
+to thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four.
+The average requirement seems to be about eight hours. If one has by
+experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he
+requires, he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that
+amount of sleep. While a brief departure from this regime may be
+without serious results, any prolonged departure from it will
+certainly bring its natural retribution. So, the young man having
+determined how much sleep he needs, should adopt a daily program that
+will provide for just that many hours in bed, and he should early
+establish the habit of going to sleep at once upon retiring, and of
+arising at once upon awakening. Dallying in bed has led many a young
+man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that are in a high
+degree deleterious, morally and physically.
+
+So far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment, he
+should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be
+comfortable.
+
+One should never retire with cold feet. A most effective way to warm
+the feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them
+vigorously with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth.
+Furthermore, no more effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be
+devised than this nightly tonic bath.
+
+One will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of
+taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room
+slippers, which should always be worn during one's excursions to the
+bath room, and during his tonic sponge bath.
+
+As to posture in bed, the experience of men in general is, that the
+most comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the
+side. The right side is to be preferred to the left because in this
+position, the heart being on the upper side, is not embarrassed in its
+free movement by the superincumbent lung tissue. Furthermore, this
+position facilitates the passage of digesting foods from the stomach.
+To maintain comfortably this side position, requires that the knees
+be at least moderately drawn up. This posture when asleep is
+practically identical with that of nearly all higher animals, and is
+unquestionably the most hygienic one for man. No animal but man ever
+lies upon its back unless it is dead. Furthermore, the dorsal position
+puts tendons, nerves and muscles on a stretch, while the flexed
+lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position, which
+is most favorable to rest.
+
+It goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly
+ventilated. The occupant should take care that he does not lie in a
+direct draught from a window or door, because it has been found by
+experience that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of
+doors than he is if he sleeps in a direct draught from a window or
+door. Just why this is has not been satisfactorily accounted for, but
+the fact remains. So if you must sleep in the house, secure perfect
+ventilation without direct draughts.
+
+
+5. THE CONTROL OF THE THOUGHTS.
+
+There is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a
+continent life than the control of the thoughts. It goes without
+saying that the man who thinks about sexual matters, especially the
+one whose imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually
+stimulating images, is only inviting temptation to relax his
+continence. If he controls his thoughts during those times when he is
+less amenable to temptation, he is far more likely to be able to
+control his acts at those times when his physical condition makes him
+most amenable to temptation.
+
+The most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's
+work as to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs
+that are wholly independent of sexual experiences or considerations.
+One should set a mark for himself so high above his present position
+that he is compelled to put forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in
+order to accomplish his aim. The old saying that, "Satan finds work
+for idle hands to do" is all too true. Anyone may observe the
+influence of idleness or even the influence of a partially occupied
+program upon the habits of the youth and young man. Beard and
+Rockwell, in their valuable work on this subject say: "Go to work;
+develop your muscles and brain; resolve to become at least useful if
+not famous. The activity which will be necessary in carrying out these
+ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils, if they are
+imaginary, and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+The development of the child within the uterus of the mother
+represents a chapter in the life history of every individual so
+important in its relations to maternity and paternity that every young
+man should be acquainted with at least its general features.
+
+As stated in the chapter on Reproduction, every living organism begins
+life as a single cell, or globule of protoplasm. In the case of the
+human subject, the cell from which each child begins its development
+is formed by the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm, one
+furnished by the mother, and called the ovum, or egg; the other
+furnished by the father, and called the spermatozoon. The egg is very
+much larger than the spermatozoon, and contains enough yolk material
+to afford nourishment for the embryo for a number of days.
+
+When the ovum reaches the finished state, which is called "maturity,"
+it leaves the ovary, and is carried along the fallopian tube (see
+accompanying figure) into the uterus, where it usually finds a
+lodgment in the upper part, as shown in Figure I. Once the minute ovum
+has been caught in the projections of the velvety inner surface of the
+uterus, this thick velvety lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of
+the ovum begins a rapid growth, gradually enveloping the rapidly
+expanding ovum, as shown in Figures I and II of the accompanying
+plate.
+
+Within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous
+changes in the whole life history of the individual. The nucleus of
+the fertilized egg, and the protoplasm which surrounds it, divide into
+two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, etc. These divisions follow
+each other in such rapid succession that there are many hundreds of
+cells by the end of the first twenty-four hours. These cells soon
+begin to arrange themselves into layers and groups, which, step by
+step, develop the different tissues and organs of the body.
+
+By the end of thirty days the little embryo, about as large as one
+inch of the end of a lead pencil, would be recognized as the embryo of
+some mammalian animal, but it would be quite impossible to say whether
+it would develop into a human being or some other animal, if it were
+seen quite apart from its immediate surroundings. By the end of
+another thirty days, however, the little embryo has multiplied its
+size several times, and has reached a form instantly recognizable as
+the young of the human kind, as shown in Figure IV. It still, however,
+retains the vestige of a little tail, which within the next thirty
+days will have been completely absorbed.
+
+    [Illustration: THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION]
+
+Note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen
+a large structure which is labeled "cord." This cord is a part of what
+is called the umbilical cord, and it is this that joins the embryo
+to the mother. Note in Figure III the large stalk of this cord passing
+upward from the body of the embryo and merging into the structures in
+the top of the uterus. Note further that there are little branching
+structures passing from the base of this stalk up into the base of the
+uterus. These branching structures are loops of blood-vessels, and
+they form part of the placenta, or "afterbirth." Through this cord the
+embryo receives its nourishment from the mother. The blood of the
+mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels, and the embryo absorbs
+from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones,
+muscles, brain, spinal-cord, and glands. From the same source the
+embryo receives the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life.
+
+From the third month on to the end of the nine months, the amount of
+material which the mother must provide for the development of the
+child within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical
+resources. It is not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months
+of pregnancy to become quite pale, her blood having been impoverished
+to provide material for the development of her child.
+
+
+MATERNITY.
+
+What has been said above regarding the contributions which the
+maternal organism must make toward the development of the offspring
+must have impressed on the mind of the reader that _maternity means,
+first of all, sacrifice_.
+
+This sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood.
+
+With the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes, each month, a week of
+special physical drain, when work must be lightened and vigorous
+exercise curtailed, when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of
+health.
+
+Under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the
+pleasure of dancing; of skating or swimming; of sleigh-rides or
+cross-country walks and the young man should make it less difficult
+for her by acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be
+excused from such recreation.
+
+It is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the
+more highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of
+aboriginal peoples, or among the lower animals. Conditions of modern
+life, and particularly urban life, leave the female organism less able
+to endure the drafts made upon the system by maternity, so that to
+bear a child may mean not only the sacrifice of comfort, but even the
+sacrifice of health.
+
+The highly sensitive, delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman
+is perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her
+being. This manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of
+sensitiveness. It goes without saying that the pregnant woman
+deserves at the hands of all who come in contact with her, and
+particularly at the hands of her husband, most considerate and
+sympathetic treatment. Her little whims and vagaries, however
+unreasonable, must always be treated seriously, and with delicate and
+tactful consideration. The members of her family, particularly the
+husband, owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a
+frame of mind as possible.
+
+When we consider the real significance of maternity to the race, to
+society, and to the family, we must feel that, of all human relations,
+maternity is the most sacred, and that no condition should be allowed
+to mar it, and no consideration to take precedence of it.
+
+
+PATERNITY.
+
+After the husband had contributed the male sexual cells, or
+spermatozoa, in this wonderful process above outlined, it might seem
+that there is little he can do, except to wait, while nature carries
+on the process. The reader will remember, however, from the chapter on
+Reproduction, that the contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates
+the sacrifices that the paternal organism must make in this process.
+Are there any demands on paternity between the time of conception of
+the new life and its birth?
+
+As already mentioned under the preceding topic, the pregnant mother
+needs gentle and loving care. She needs to have her little whims and
+foibles overlooked. She needs to be protected, so far as possible,
+from every influence that might depress or make her unhappy. She needs
+to be guarded against any unusual physical exertion, and above all,
+she needs at this time more than at any other time, the manifested
+affection and sympathy of her husband.
+
+There is another sacrifice, if it may be so called, which the husband
+is called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife, namely, _to
+abstain absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of
+pregnancy and for two or three months following_. This means
+practically one year of continent living. All other animals observe
+this period of continence. Nature demands that man observe it in
+common with other animals. Man is the only animal that has
+transgressed this fundamental law of nature. The retribution which
+nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various.
+Sometimes, but rarely, the sexual excitement on the part of the woman
+may cause an abortion, or a miscarriage. The more usual result makes
+itself manifest in the drain on the nervous energy of the woman. When
+we consider that maternity in the human race involves greater
+sacrifice than in any other animal, it would seem that the addition of
+this last demand, namely, of satisfying the sexual desires of the
+husband during the period of pregnancy, might prove "the straw that
+breaks the camel's back," and result in the more or less complete
+nervous breakdown of the woman. The author submits this question to
+all fair-minded men: Is it not due to the wife that she be not asked
+to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the
+period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race, to
+society, and to the family?
+
+The author submits this question because some men are known to
+transgress this law of nature. Fortunately the proportion of men who
+thus transgress is not large.
+
+Let us stand for these things: (1) _An equal standard of purity for
+men and women_, (2) _A strenuous, virile, continent manhood_, (3)
+_Sexual temperance in wedlock_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the
+solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are
+so frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of
+them would serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or
+doubts, more or less important in the minds of many young men. It has
+been decided to group these answers in an appendix rather than to
+incorporate them in the body of the book, as many of them seem not
+quite relevant to the topics outlined under the several chapters.
+
+1. _How do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of
+the testes are not present?_
+
+The spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission, if present at all,
+are found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen
+secreted during sexual excitement. The seminal vesicles are not
+receptacles for the testicular secretion. The ampullæ seem to serve
+that purpose in a limited degree.
+
+Considering all these facts, it seems to be a tenable conclusion that
+the few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal
+emission are those that have, from time to time, collected in the
+ampullæ, and that during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal
+emission the testes are not actively releasing nascent spermatozoa.
+This function of the testes seems to be reserved for periods of
+conscious sexual stimulation.
+
+2. _How may one control too frequent emissions?_
+
+If emissions are too frequent for the individual case, they are
+followed by depletion and malaise. Even if they occur as infrequently
+as once in two weeks and are followed by the above symptoms, they must
+be considered as too frequent, or abnormal in that case. On the other
+hand, they may occur as frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust
+individuals, and especially in men who have had frequent sexual
+intercourse, and who have for some reason discontinued it. And even
+though they occur as frequently as twice a week, if they are followed
+by a feeling of relief and wellbeing, they must not be considered as
+too frequent for that individual under the conditions.
+
+So the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less
+independent of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the
+individual to the emission. If, following the criterion above
+outlined, one finds that his emissions are too frequent, because of
+accompanying depletion and malaise, this frequency may be modified
+either by changes of the diet or by changes of hygiene.
+
+For a more extended discussion, see text above on nocturnal emissions.
+
+3. _Do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of
+seventeen or nineteen or even to the twenty-fifth year as is the
+case with the physical and mental powers?_
+
+The brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age.
+The brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the
+age of puberty, and then only under special conditions and this
+increase in weight and size is not due to the addition of any new
+cells, but simply to a slight increase in the bulk of those cells
+already present. In a similar way the sexual apparatus undergoes,
+during the period of puberty (fifteen to seventeen) a very rapid
+growth, reaching by the end of the period of puberty (seventeenth or
+nineteenth year) their full size.
+
+4. _Are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous?_
+
+Enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the
+epididymis. These are thin walled vessels that respond to any
+increased internal blood pressure, perhaps showing a special tendency
+in this direction during that period of rapid growth of the sexual
+apparatus in the early part of the adolescent period. If the
+enlargement is only moderate, it may disappear, or at least become
+spontaneously arrested in its growth, in which case it need cause no
+concern. If these veins, however, dilate until they form a
+considerable mass, known as VARICOCELE, they may affect the sexual
+apparatus deleteriously in two ways: (1) The increased weight in the
+scrotal sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to annoy the
+subject by its traction on the spermatic cord. This lengthened scrotum
+with its contents may also be exposed to mechanical pressure or even
+to injury from the clothing, etc., which would not occur if the
+scrotal sac were short, holding the testes close to the body. (2) Of
+far more importance is the danger of the varicocele gradually
+encroaching by pressure upon the testis, perhaps to cause a partial
+atrophy of that gland. This condition is a comparatively rare one, and
+inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes, the possibility of
+causing sterility on the part of a man is remote.
+
+The extension of the scrotum and the "bearing-down" sensation may be
+relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage. Such a bandage
+may be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house, and if
+properly fitted, will usually relieve any such discomfort as described
+above. If the varicocele is quite large, the subject will do well to
+consult a competent surgeon and to take his advice.
+
+5. _Is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a
+universal phenomenon among continent men?_
+
+The nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the
+seminal vesicles. Some continent men never have nocturnal emissions.
+The reason may be sought in one of two directions: (1) The usual cause
+of absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in
+the man in question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by
+_involuntary diurnal emissions_, occurring usually when the
+individual is at stool. These emissions are likely to occur once in
+two to four weeks and take the place of the nocturnal emission. (2)
+Rarely we find virile, continent men whose vesicular secretion is so
+scanty that they are never conscious of its emission.
+
+6. (a) _Should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood
+practiced masturbation think of wedlock?_
+
+(b) _If one has not lived a pure life but has reformed, may he ask a
+pure woman to be his wife?_
+
+Such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most
+serious motives. A vast majority of boys and young men who practice
+self-abuse, do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong
+or cognizant only in a vague way of the evil of the practice.
+
+To consign a man to the Hades of homelessness and the sorrow of
+childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a
+few months or years of his life, would be meting out a retribution far
+in excess of the sin. If nature intended such a retribution to be
+meted out she would have led the way by causing an atrophy or some
+other form of disease in the subject who had abused his sexual organs.
+But nature does not do that. If the young man who, from his twelfth to
+his eighteenth year, has practiced masturbation, is shown the error of
+his way and breaks the habit absolutely, nature quickly comes to his
+rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely, unless he has been
+guilty of extreme excess in the habit. This rehabilitation of virility
+after self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years,
+according to the case and the extent of the practice.
+
+The complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been
+forging its chains about the youth, is in itself no small victory and
+should go a long way towards extenuating his lapse. The young man who
+can conquer himself and learn to lead a pure life, free from his early
+habit and above reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but
+also in all his thoughts of woman deserves his well-earned reward. He
+deserves the respect of all pure women and should be able to win the
+love of one whom he may with clear conscience ask to be his wife, and
+with whom he may confidently expect to build a typical home.
+
+7. _Should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for
+procreation?_
+
+In the normal course of events, if intercourse is indulged in for
+procreation only, it would come as often as once, perhaps twice in a
+month; that is, either just before the menstrual period of the woman
+or just after, the woman being most easily impregnated at these two
+periods.
+
+A man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no
+difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent. If the
+sexual intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month,
+the man, by living thus continently, will find it much more easy to
+maintain his continence during the twelve-month period after his wife
+becomes pregnant before he can properly have intercourse with her
+again, than would be the case if he had had sexual relations much more
+frequently.
+
+That the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above
+outlined and that the woman, in the vast majority of cases, does not
+desire intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as
+above indicated is, without any reasonable doubt, due to hereditary
+tendencies. Under primeval conditions, and in fact, until
+comparatively recent times, the vast majority of mankind were
+polygamous, the strong men of the race--those who procreated their
+kind--having as many wives as they could support and protect, the weak
+men of the race being crowded aside, sometimes castrated, to become
+the burden bearers for the strong.
+
+Under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual
+intercourse for other than procreative purposes, and even granting
+that the man has intercourse for procreation only, if he had twelve
+wives, he would be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of
+them. That these experiences on the part of a long line of maternal
+ancestors should lead the women of today to desire sexual intercourse
+for procreation only, is easy to understand; that the impulses
+transmitted along the paternal line of ancestors should lead the men
+of today to desire intercourse far more frequently than this can,
+under monogamous conditions be indulged, is also easy to understand.
+
+8. _How frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged, in the marriage
+state?_
+
+If one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above, i.e., to indulge in
+sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and
+not at all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period, the
+limit is then set, not by strictly normal and anthropological
+considerations, but by the health of the individuals. The author has
+seen young married couples who had carried their sexual intercourse to
+such extremes as seriously to deplete the physical vigor and menace
+the health of both parties. Just how frequent indulgence will have
+this effect in any particular case is impossible to say. In some cases
+twice a week may have this effect; in other cases once in twenty-four
+hours might be borne for a considerable time. In any case the
+condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural
+retribution in some form--either broken health, or sterility of the
+wife, and depleted powers of the husband, or weak and sickly children,
+separated by long intervals.
+
+9. _How long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid
+and yet be able to raise healthy children?_
+
+This question cannot be answered in other than most general terms. The
+author has known one case of a young man who, for several years,
+practiced masturbation several times a day, so far depleting his
+powers that he could not walk erect, his muscles were flabby, his
+testes were very soft and small, his eyes shifty, his hands clammy and
+his mind incoherent in its working. He seemed to be a candidate for
+the asylum and would probably have gone there if radical means had not
+been adopted to break him of the habit. He was broken, however,
+absolutely, and never performed the act after his nineteenth birthday.
+Within three years he had completely recovered his virility. He had
+nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large part of his
+increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity--muscle
+which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch. His sexual
+organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt, their
+virility. He had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course
+of professional study and entered with great success upon the practice
+of his chosen profession.
+
+On the other hand, a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding
+the sterility of his wife. After examination, it was found that the
+husband had practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of
+puberty to his twenty-fourth year, when he was married. He assured the
+author that at the time of his marriage his testicles were, as far as
+he had known, similar to the testicles of other young men, and that
+during his married life he had never had intercourse with his wife
+more frequently than once in a month, but that during that time he had
+noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes. At the time of the
+examination only small atrophied remains of these testes could be
+discovered. The sterility of the wife was due, without any question,
+to the absolute impotence of the husband, and so far as the history of
+the case would suggest, there was no other assignable cause of this
+impotence than the eight years of masturbation.
+
+From these two cases, it must be evident that no rules can be laid
+down. In one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme
+masturbation; in the other-case, a habit that would not be called
+extreme resulted in impotence. It must be evident that the practice is
+a dangerous one after puberty, as no individual can tell to which of
+the above cases his may be similar.
+
+10. _Granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen, is
+there any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse
+with a woman?_
+
+There is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual
+excitement is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal. If
+this sexual excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the
+masturbator, the depletion seems to be more marked than is the case
+with the normal, natural stimulation incident to sexual intercourse.
+Some have suggested that the reciprocal influence of the woman can in
+some way compensate for the vital fluid contributed by the male. It
+is hardly likely that such a reciprocal influence is other than
+psychical, but that is certainly sufficient to account for any
+difference in these two forms of sexual gratification.
+
+Nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for
+procreation, which contribution is, always has been, and, in the very
+nature of the case, always must be a certain tax upon the powers of
+the male animal. When the intercourse is indulged for procreation
+only, the male animal can well afford to make the contribution. Even
+with that, the contribution which the male makes to procreation is
+incomparably less depleting for him than are the contributions which
+the female makes for her.
+
+11. _Will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse?_
+
+If vital fluid is present, and if the sexual intercourse is carried to
+the point of causing an orgasm, there would, in all normal conditions,
+be an emission of semen or "vital fluid."
+
+12. _Is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex
+of the offspring?_
+
+While there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is
+generally accepted by medical men.
+
+13. _Will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man
+for sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid?_
+
+An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without
+question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an
+increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active
+secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands.
+The secretion from Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra
+and appear at the opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of
+the subject. The accumulated semen from the other glands will tend
+rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires. Such a condition of
+the sexual apparatus is likely to cause a nocturnal emission,
+relieving this tension and emptying the gorged gland ducts. If the
+nocturnal emission does not occur, the sexual desires are certain to
+return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely. If the
+nocturnal emission does occur, it will carry away not alone the
+vesicular secretion, but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa
+and other constituents of the vital fluid. Seasons of intense and
+prolonged sexual excitement are in a high degree inimical to
+continence, and even though the subject does not fully submit to his
+inclination, his nocturnal emissions, which are likely to come
+frequently, carry away the product of the testicular secretion,
+thereby depleting to a certain extent, his virility. It is hardly
+necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of
+sexual passion in their very incipiency.
+
+14. _How may the habit of masturbation best be brought under
+control?_
+
+The first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts. The
+most effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure
+and strictly non-sexual subject--e.g., _pure mathematics_. The young
+man who is trying to break this habit will do well to follow very
+closely the rather strenuous regime outlined under hygiene in the body
+of the book. If his condition is complicated because of the presence
+of a very long loose foreskin, he will be wise to have this removed by
+the simple operation of _circumcision_. If he should awake in the
+night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit, he should
+resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on
+some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus. If he does not
+succeed by force of will in diverting his mind from himself, the best
+thing to do is to arise, dress and walk. If walking will not do it let
+him run, and keep moving in the open air, under God's blue sky until
+he is so tired he can hardly put one foot before the other. Then if he
+will retire to his room, he will probably have no further difficulty
+at that time.
+
+15. _What influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his
+sexual problems?_
+
+It hardly seems possible that a virile, husky young man, in his early
+twenties, could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of
+the modern dance hall, where he is brought into very close physical
+contact with young women, dressed to expose their secondary sexual
+features, perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual
+instincts; held so close to his partner in the round dance that he is
+conscious of every movement of her limbs, and all of these under the
+influence of artificial light and music--I say, it is hardly possible
+for a virile young man to be subjected to all these conditions without
+experiencing an extreme sexual excitement. That such an experience
+often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's problem, but
+seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of
+anyone who has studied these problems. All specialists in this field,
+without a single exception, concur in the belief that the dance is a
+device of the devil so far as the young man is concerned. That the
+young women are, for the most part, quite innocent of the effect of
+all these conditions upon their young men friends is also believed by
+those who have studied the problem. If they were conscious of it, a
+large majority of them would not longer consent to be the party to
+such unfortunate conditions. The Square Dance, the Virginia Reel and
+similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not remotely to be
+compared in this matter with the modern Round Dance.
+
+16. _May lost Virility be regained by use of "Remedies" or medicines
+of any kind?_
+
+No. Positively and absolutely, _No_. Many such nostrums are advertised
+in the public prints. Many are sold by charlatans and quacks. No
+reputable physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any
+drug could bring back lost manhood.
+
+_Lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only._
+The prescription for right living is as follows: _Live a continent
+life_ and follow _a strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene_,
+such as outlined in chapter V above.
+
+17. _Is the production of semen modified by nutrition?_
+
+The production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition.
+Remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes
+(Spermatozoa) and partly from the vesicles and prostate. The formation
+and release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition
+of nutrition; while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly
+modified in quantity. This accounts for the fact that well nourished
+men who eat heavily are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal
+emissions, when living continently.
+
+
+
+
+  LECTURES
+  by the
+  Author of Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.
+
+  THE YOUNG MAN'S PROBLEM.
+
+  Heard by 20,000 men last year.
+
+  WHAT IS SAID ABOUT IT.
+
+
+The Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia.
+Walter M. Wood, General Secretary
+
+                                           October 17, 1908.
+To Whom it May Concern:
+
+    It is with great pleasure that I pay a tribute of appreciation
+    to the excellent service of Dr. Winfield S. Hall, in his
+    presentation to audiences of young men of the vital problems of
+    sexual hygiene.
+
+    With the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician,
+    with the thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and
+    with the delicacy and motive of a Christian gentleman, he
+    presents the "Young Man's Problem" in such a way as to make him,
+    in my judgment, one of the most helpful counselors of young men
+    on the American platform today.
+
+                                             Sincerely,
+                                                 W.M. WOOD.
+
+
+University of Notre Dame.
+
+Winfield Scott Hall, M.D.,
+Northwestern University Medical School.
+
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    In your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem" and in your book on
+    "Sexual Hygiene" you are doing a great service for the rising
+    generation. I am convinced that one great source of vice is
+    ignorance about the matters touched upon in your lecture and
+    book. Priests are constantly giving instruction on these same
+    points, but it is a distinct advantage to have their teaching
+    reinforced by a distinguished physician, expressing himself with
+    the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most
+    reverential spirit. For students seventeen years of age or more
+    your presentation of this difficult subject will be a God-send,
+    for it abates curiosity, dissipates ignorance, warns of perils
+    and arouses a manly desire for a clean life.
+
+                             Very sincerely yours,
+                                    JOHN CAVANAUGH, C.S.C.,
+                                                  President.
+
+
+Central Department, Young Men's Christian Association, Chicago.
+
+                                           October 21, 1908.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern University Medical School.
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    Our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you
+    this year to deliver your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem."
+    I also want some more of your books on Reproduction and Sexual
+    Hygiene.
+
+    I cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the
+    splendid service you have done and are doing to the young
+    manhood of our country in this lecture and this book. I have
+    never heard a presentation of the subject which takes hold so
+    deeply upon thoughtful men, and your book is by all odds the
+    best thing in print on this subject. Your scientific, yet
+    popular method and the absence of vague moralizing are
+    convincing and inspiring in their effects. I trust we may hear
+    you this year.
+
+                                 Very truly yours,
+                                      HERBERT W. GATES,
+                                      Secy., Religious Work.
+
+
+THE SECRET OF MANHOOD
+
+Given to many audiences of boys in High-School, Academy, Y.M.C.A. and
+Summer Camp.
+
+
+The Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian
+Associations, Chicago and Lake Geneva.
+
+                                            October 7, 1908.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Ill.
+
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    I want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on Sexual
+    Hygiene. I listened with the greatest of interest to your
+    presentation before the Boys' Conference at Lake Geneva the past
+    summer and it seemed to me that both in substance and in form of
+    presentation you hit the nail on the head in a way I had never
+    before seen it done. I believe that your contribution to boys in
+    this direction is to be even greater than that which you have
+    been making to young men.
+
+                                       Sincerely yours,
+                                              FRANK H. BURT,
+                                                  President.
+
+
+State Agricultural College of Colorado.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall,
+  Fort Collins, Colo., October 27, 1908.
+    Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.
+
+Dear Doctor:
+
+    I wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from 12
+    to 16 years of age. You have touched a vital subject in a most
+    original way that impresses every boy that hears you. You lead
+    up to your "Secret of Manhood" in a manner that holds the
+    attention, impresses the truth you want to teach, so that it is
+    sure to be of lasting good.
+
+    This lecture I regard as the very best of its kind, which I have
+    ever heard.
+
+                                       Sincerely yours,
+                                                 W.H. OLIN.
+          Vice Dean, State Agricultural College of Colorado.
+
+
+Princeton Township High School.
+
+                           Princeton, Ill., October 6, 1908.
+
+    Dr. Winfield S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical
+    School recently gave a talk to our high school boys along
+    physiological lines, setting forth very scientifically but
+    plainly many delicate and important truths which every boy
+    should know. Dr. Hall is a master of his subject and his manner
+    is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect and
+    holds the closest attention. I feel sure that such a talk given
+    to boys and young men does a great amount of good.
+
+                                             Sincerely,
+                                          H.S. MAGILL, JR.,
+                                                  Principal.
+
+
+International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+W.S. Hall, M.D., Chicago, Ill.
+  Chicago, Ill., October 4, 1908.
+
+My dear Doctor:
+
+    I am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your
+    lecture to boys on the "Secret of Manhood." To me it is the most
+    sane, safe and logical presentation of a much avoided subject
+    that I have ever heard. The boys at the Lake Geneva Conference
+    were strongly impressed without the undue excitement and morbid
+    curiosity that so often accompany the presentation of the
+    subject of "Personal Purity." And not only were the boys
+    benefited, but all the fifty boy workers present, representing
+    the entire Central West, had nothing but words of highest praise
+    for the way you handled the subject before two hundred older
+    boys.
+
+    I am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the
+    "Secret of Manhood," and shall be pleased to see the manuscript.
+    We are much in need of such a thing and believe the
+    International Committee can aid you in getting it out if
+    necessary. Yours cordially,
+
+                                                F.A. CROSBY,
+         Boys' Work Secy., International Committee. Y.M.C.A.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page   6: Spermatazoon replaced with Spermatozoon         |
+    | Page  44: spermatazoon replaced with spermatozoon         |
+    | Page  87: spermatozoan replaced with spermatozoon         |
+    | Page 132: trangress replaced with transgress              |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
+SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of
+Reproduction, by Winfield S. Hall</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of Reproduction</p>
+<p>       Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male</p>
+<p>Author: Winfield S. Hall</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 27, 2008  [eBook #24708]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved.</p>
+<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p>
+<p class="noin">Click on the images to see a larger version.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2>Letters from Prominent Educators.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1"><p>"I consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and
+practical that I know of, and therefore feel that I can
+conscientiously recommend the book most heartily. There is no
+subject so much hampered by ignorance, misconception and
+prejudice as that with which the book deals. I am sure the
+treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and
+healthful conception of the entire subject."&mdash;<b>Dr. Henry F.
+Kallenberg, The Institute and Training School of Young Men's
+Christian Associations.</b></p>
+
+<p>"Chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus
+and seems to me admirable. Chapter five, too, impressed me as
+very useful. The topical questions and their answers in the
+appendix was a very happy thought and adds materially to the
+value of the book."&mdash;<b>Dr. G. Stanley Hall, President Clark
+University.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have gone through the book carefully and I am greatly pleased
+with it. I think it is admirably adapted to the needs and
+temperament of college men, and possibly all men. The topics
+discussed are of prime importance and interest for young men,
+the method of presentation is in all respects commendable, and
+the style is practical and concrete. The book ought to find its
+way into the hands of a great many young men. It should be in
+the hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the
+adolescent period."&mdash;<b>Prof. M.V. O'Shea, University of
+Wisconsin.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best
+presentation of this very important subject that I have ever
+seen. It answers many important questions for which I have seen
+no answer elsewhere."&mdash;<b>Prof. William R. Manning, Purdue
+University.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate
+to recommend it. It is all that a young man needs to read to
+inform him of his duties and his perils in this matter. The
+ethical ideals are high and the advice sensible and wise."&mdash;<b>Dr.
+Charles R. Henderson, Department of Sociology, University of
+Chicago.</b></p>
+
+<p>"Some day Sexual Hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of
+every college. It is a subject that every college man does
+consider in one way or another, but often ignorantly, or under
+unwise guidance. Dr. Hall's book is so simple and sane as well
+as scientific, that I wish it might be in the hands of every
+college man in the country."&mdash;<b>Dr. George A. Coe, Northwestern
+University.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I consider it admirable in both conception and execution. So
+far as I know, it is unique in its presentation of these
+matters, especially on the hygienic side and shall be pleased to
+recommend it at every opportunity."&mdash;<b>Dr. William T. Belfield,
+Bush Medical College, University of Chicago.</b></p>
+
+<p>"The book seems to me calculated to be very useful, and should
+be in the hands of a large number of college
+undergraduates."&mdash;<b>Dr. Isaac Sharpless, President Haverford
+College.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have read the book and had other priests read it and all
+concur in my opinion that it is destined to become a powerful
+auxiliary to our young men in their struggle for a purer life.
+The language is not vague, but to the point, and every young man
+will understand it."&mdash;<b>Rev. A.M. Kirsch, University of Notre
+Dame.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have the strongest praise for the book as a whole&mdash;the
+biological foundation, directness, freedom from cant and prudery
+and the practical way in which the author gets to the level of
+his readers."&mdash;<b>Dr. C. Judson Herrick, Denison University,
+Ohio.</b></p>
+
+<p>"I have read Dr. Hall's book with the keenest curiosity and
+interest. Why could not such a book have been in the hands of
+the youth of the past generations? We should have been all the
+better for it. The work seems to me to be simply and plainly
+stated. With such apparent thoroughness and good sense, good
+taste, I am sure the book will commend itself to every
+thoughtful reader."-<b>-Dr. Chas. M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical
+Institute, Evanston, Illinois.</b></p></div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/frontis.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/frontis.jpg" width="55%" alt="Winfield S. Hall" /></a><br />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h4>&mdash;THE&mdash;</h4>
+
+<h2>BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY</h2>
+
+<h4>OF</h4>
+
+<h1>REPRODUCTION</h1>
+
+<h4>ALSO</h4>
+
+<h2>SEXUAL HYGIENE</h2>
+
+<h4>WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MALE.</h4>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h4>WINFIELD S. HALL, Ph.D. (Leipzig), M.D., (Leipzig),</h4>
+
+<h5 class="sc">Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical<br />
+School, Chicago; Member of the American Physiological<br />
+Society; Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology,<br />
+American Medical Association 1904-5; Fellow of<br />
+the American Academy of Medicine, President<br />
+1905-6; Fellow of American Association for the<br />
+Advancement of Science, Etc., Etc.</h5>
+
+<h4>TWELFTH EDITION<br />
+1911</h4>
+
+<br />
+
+<h5><span class="sc">Wynnewood Publishing Co.</span><br />
+2421 DEARBORN ST.,<br />
+CHICAGO.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>COPYRIGHT<br />
+1907<br />
+BY<br />
+WINFIELD S. HALL</h4>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="block2"><p>To the YOUNG MAN, who is
+devoting years of his life to
+secure the <span class="fakesc">HIGHEST DEGREE
+OF DEVELOPMENT</span> of those
+powers of <span class="fakesc">BODY</span> and
+<span class="fakesc">MIND</span> that are to be
+<span class="fakesc">HIS INSTRUMENTS</span> in
+solving <span class="fakesc">LIFE'S
+PROBLEMS</span>, this little
+volume is <span class="fakesc">DEDICATED</span>
+in the spirit of
+<span class="fakesc">FRATERNITY</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="right">THE AUTHOR.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The cordial reception given to this little book by the medical
+profession, by educators, and especially by the young men of the
+country, have by their demands for the book necessitated the
+appearance of new editions in such rapid succession that no
+far-reaching changes in the text have been possible even if they had
+been needed. Happily, no extensive changes have been required.</p>
+
+<p>In the second edition several corrections, typographical and verbal,
+were made and additions made to the appendix. To the third edition the
+chapter on Development was added. The fourth and fifth editions
+received verbal changes here and added paragraphs there.</p>
+
+<p>The sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the
+author's portrait as a frontispiece, the addition of an answered
+question to the appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics,
+with press notices and letters.</p>
+
+<p>The book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly
+and clearly stated.</p>
+
+<p class="right">THE AUTHOR.</p>
+
+<p>Chicago, November 1, 1908.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>FOREWORD.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to
+them some of the facts of Sexual Physiology and Hygiene. The plea of
+"not a specialist in that line" was not accepted; so after a few weeks
+devoted to a careful study of the literature the subject was
+presented. It seemed to be acceptable, and other invitations followed
+in successive years not only from the author's own institution but
+from many others.</p>
+
+<p>In the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the
+leading institutions of learning in the middle west&mdash;at some of them
+several times and always to large audiences.</p>
+
+<p>In response to repeated requests for "a book" the author has finally
+prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a
+difficult subject in the true university spirit, frankly calling
+things by their right names, always keeping in close accord with the
+latest researches.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that the chapter on Hygiene will in itself be a
+justification for the book.</p>
+
+<p class="right">WINFIELD S. HALL,<br />
+Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>December, 1906.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="80%">1. General Activities of Living Organisms</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="20%"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">A. The Egoistic Activities</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">B. The Phyletic Activities</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Reproduction</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Support and Protection of Offspring</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Some General Principles of Biology</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">A. Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">B. Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Lower Organisms</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Higher Organisms</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">C. Summary of Principles</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. The propagation of offspring and the protection
+         and support of the young and defenseless,
+         always involve sacrifice on the
+         part of the parents and the stronger members
+         of the race</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is,
+         in the natural order of things, compensated</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1. Physical Changes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">A. General Changes in the Body</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Pilosity</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. The Voice</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. Bone, Muscle and Gland</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">B. The Genital System</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Structural Changes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Functional Changes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Psychical Changes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">A. Play and Work</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Sports</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Productive Employment</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">B. Society</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp1">C. Religion</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chapter III.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1. Anatomy</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. The Penis</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. The Testes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. The Spermatozoon</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">d. The Epididymis</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">e. The Seminal Vesicles</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">f. The Prostate Gland</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Physiology</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Urethra</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Cowper's Glands</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. The Prostate Gland</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">d. The Seminal Vesicles</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">e. Testes</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">3. Virility</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1. Illicit Intercourse with Women</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Gonorrhea</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. Syphilis</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Masturbation</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">3. Continence</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">HYGIENE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1. Diet</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. Choice of Food</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. Stimulants and Narcotics</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Baths</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">a. The Bath for Cleanliness</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlp2">b. The Tonic Bath</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">3. Exercise</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">4. The Hygienic Requirements of Sleep</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">5. The Control of the Thoughts</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Chapter VI.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">DEVELOPMENT.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">1. The Child</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">2. Maternity</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">3. Paternity</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Answers to questions</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135-149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+<br />
+
+<h3>REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.</h3>
+<br />
+
+
+<h3>I. GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The casual observer, even if he watches thoughtfully the various
+activities of plants and animals, would hardly believe these
+activities capable of classification into two general classes. He
+notes the germination of the plant seed and its early growth, step by
+step approaching a stage of maturity; it blossoms, produces seed, and
+if it is an annual plant, withers and dies. If it is a perennial plant
+its leaves only, wither and die at the approach of winter, the plant
+passing into a resting stage from which it awakes the following spring
+to repeat again its annual cycle.</p>
+
+<p>If he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a
+stage of maturity, reproduces its kind, withers and dies; but incident
+to these general activities he notes numerous others that seem to have
+no relation to the activity of the plant. He sees men tilling the
+fields, felling the forests, building houses, factories and railroads;
+he sees them build hospitals, colleges and churches. Is it possible to
+group all of these activities of plants and animals into two general
+groups? A more critical view of these activities makes it evident that
+they are all directed either to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>maintenance and protection of the
+individual, or the maintenance and protection of the race. Those
+directed towards the maintenance of self are called egoistic
+activities, while those directed to the maintenance of the race are
+called <i>phyletic activities</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>The Egoistic Activities.</h4>
+
+<p>The term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego
+or self, and includes all of those activities directed to the support,
+protection, defense and development of oneself. As illustrated in the
+plant organism, the taking of nourishment from the air and soil, the
+development of the stem, branches, roots and leaves, are egoistic
+activities. In the animal&mdash;we may take, for example, man&mdash;the egoistic
+activities begin with the drawing of nourishment from the mother's
+breast and include all those activities of early childhood usually
+called play, the real significance of which is to develop the
+neuro-muscular system and the special senses, to that condition of
+alertness and strength that will make the growing individual
+self-supporting. A very large part of the activities of the
+self-supporting human subject are directed towards the earning of his
+daily bread, and of clothing and shelter. The activities of the school
+and college period, devoted, as they are, almost exclusively to the
+development of the youth's powers, intellectual or physical, are also
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>egoistic. Even the pursuit of pleasure and of sense gratification on
+the part of the individual belongs to this same group of activities.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>The Phyletic Activities.</h4>
+
+<p>As the etymology of the term suggests, these activities are devoted to
+the propagation, maintenance and protection of the race.</p>
+
+<p>a. <b>Reproduction.</b>&mdash;The most fundamental one of the activities for the
+maintenance of the race is reproduction. Every living organism,
+whether plant or animal, possesses the power to reproduce its kind.
+Some plants produce spores and some produce seeds. Reference was made
+above to the production of the flower in plants. The flower represents
+the reproductive organ of the plant, and the real object of the flower
+is to produce the seed. Animals produce eggs from which the young
+develop, either through a process of incubation outside of a maternal
+body or an analogous process within the maternal body. In the latter
+case the young are brought forth as living organisms.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Support and Protection of Offspring.</b>&mdash;Whether we consider the
+plant seed, or the animal egg or newborn&mdash;in any case the parental
+organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring
+during those stages of development when it is unable to support and
+protect itself.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>The plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment
+sufficient to support it during the germinating process and until it
+is able to gain its own support from the soil and air. Furthermore,
+the plant protects the seed by means of the various seed envelopes,
+against the cold and moisture of winter.</p>
+
+<p>In a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with
+nourishment. The young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply
+of nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones, muscles,
+nervous system, blood, glands and covering&mdash;all developed to a point
+that makes the bird able to take from the mother during the early
+weeks after its release from the shell, such nourishment as the mother
+may provide. In the meantime it must be brooded and protected in the
+parental nest until it is able to provide for its own protection.
+Similarly the young mammal is developed within the body of the
+maternal organism to a point where it is able to perform the primitive
+functions of life. For weeks, months or even years, according to the
+class of the animal, it must be supported and protected by its
+parents. The human young receives milk from its mother's breast and
+protection in its mother's arms during its first year, after which it
+continues to receive nourishment, clothing and protection under the
+parental roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years, or
+even longer.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>c. <b>Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society.</b>&mdash;Young
+animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support
+and protect themselves. If they were not thus cared for the race would
+become extinct. Now, there are certain individuals, orphans for
+example, who have, through some accident, been deprived of their
+natural support and protection. If these weaker members of society,
+not yet able to support and protect themselves, were not provided for,
+they would perish and become thus lost to the race. From the time of
+primeval man to the present, these weaker individuals of society who
+have been deprived of their natural protectors, have been cared for by
+the stronger members of society and afforded such support and
+protection as they may need to make them independent. In a similar way
+the sick and defective members of society are cared for by the strong.
+Thus we see that the building and maintenance of orphanages,
+hospitals, asylums and "homes," are activities that belong clearly to
+the group of phyletic or altruistic activities.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+<h4>Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities.</h4>
+
+<p>The thoughtful student is very likely to ask&mdash;Why does man till the
+fields? Why does man fell the forest trees? Why does he cultivate
+domestic animals? Why <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>does he delve in the earth for minerals? These
+are all strenuous activities that require the outlay of time, talent
+and strength. We may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and,
+apparently, willingly. We have only to study the problem more closely
+to see that he tills the fields and cultivates his domestic animals
+for food; that he fells the forest trees to make for himself shelter;
+that he cultivates certain plants and animals to procure for himself
+clothing; that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral products to
+use in the various industries that supply various elements of his
+livelihood. It becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of
+an organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation. The
+individual sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive
+his compensation. It may be stated as a general biological truth that,
+<i>nature demands sacrifice or work on the part of all living organisms;
+and, under normal conditions, metes out a compensation commensurate
+with the sacrifice made</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities.</h4>
+
+<p>a. <b>Lower Organisms.</b>&mdash;As an example of a lower organism we may take
+the <i>amoeba</i>. If one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see
+it move about the field, creeping along the surface of the glass
+plate; throwing out a pseudopodium here; invaginating a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>mouth or
+stomach there; taking in and digesting minute plant organisms;
+transporting itself across the field of the microscope through the aid
+of improvised locomotory organs. All these activities are egoistic.
+The amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its sustenance; it is
+sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of support. If
+we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that sooner or
+later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before we
+can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest
+first at the nucleus, which slowly divides into two equal portions
+that separate, each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of
+the parent organism. As these two young amoebae lie side by side under
+the microscope the thoughtful student will inquire&mdash;what has become of
+the parent organism? Whereas at first there was one mature amoeba, now
+we have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation.
+The parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality
+absolutely and completely for the next generation.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep017.png">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep017.png" width="50%" alt="Plate I" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .5em;">Plate I <br />Reproduction in the Amoeba.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>It may be said in general that <i>reproduction always involves a
+division of the parent organism</i>. In the case of the amoeba the
+division is into two equal portions. In the case of some of the lower
+plants and animals the substance of the parent organism is divided
+into many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>equal minute spores or eggs, each of which develops a new
+organism.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Higher Organisms.</b>&mdash;These also suffer a division of their body
+protoplasm. However, instead of dividing into two or more equal parts
+and merging their individuality immediately into the next generation,
+the higher organisms divide off a very small portion of their
+protoplasm to make an egg or seed while the parent organism lives on
+to produce eggs or seeds on subsequent occasions.</p>
+
+<p>While the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and
+inconsiderable in the higher animals, the sacrifices subsequent to
+this initial division are incalculably greater in higher animals than
+in the lower organisms. We can cite no better example than the human
+subject. The human ovum, divided off from the maternal organism, is a
+minute globule of protoplasm, almost microscopic in size. The
+sacrifice of the mother in producing the ovum is inconsiderable, but
+the production of the ovum is simply the first step in the sacrifice
+which the maternal organism makes.</p>
+
+<p>The fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the
+uterus or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from
+the maternal organism. It soon develops a heart and blood vessels so
+related to the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its
+intra-uterine existence the mother's blood supplies the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>growing child
+all of the substance that is built up into bone, muscle, brain and
+glands, preparing the young child to come into the world a living,
+breathing, sentient organism. These draughts upon the vitality of the
+maternal organism are so great that they frequently result in a very
+sensible depletion of the mother's physical power, particularly
+manifest in the depletion of the blood.</p>
+
+<p>During the period when the young child is developing within the body
+of the mother, she must make other sacrifices, viz., the withdrawal
+from society more closely within the four walls of her home where she
+busies herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the
+expected child. Then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth
+represented especially in the pain and travail of parturition. During
+the first year of the child's life in normal cases, it draws its
+nourishment from its mother's breast. This nourishment in turn is
+elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the mother's blood&mdash;still
+further depleting her system. During its childhood and youth the
+mother prepares the food, clothing and shelter of her child at no
+small expense of her own time and strength. For years the mother holds
+herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall
+sick, and there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many
+nights in this vigil by the bed of her sick child.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>We might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that
+the father makes.</p>
+
+<p>As is the case with mother so with the father, the initial sacrifice
+in the division of a portion of his body is too small to be
+considered, but in his case as in the case of the mother, the
+sacrifice for the coming progeny is only initiated with the act of
+procreation and continues through a period of fifteen, twenty or even
+thirty years&mdash;sometimes progressively increasing to the last. These
+sacrifices take the form, for the most part, of support and
+protection, and begin soon after conception on the part of the
+mother&mdash;as the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude
+and care on the part of the husband than she does on other occasions.</p>
+
+<p>The normal father, like the normal mother, holds himself in readiness
+to watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise,
+and to make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of
+the child.</p>
+
+<p>It is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities
+receive their compensation. The question next demanding our attention
+is&mdash;do the sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic
+activities receive a compensation? The most striking solution of this
+question would be a personal solution. Let any young man ask his
+parents if they have been <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>compensated for all the sacrifices they
+have made for him. If this son is such a one as brings pride and
+satisfaction to the parents it is very evident what their unhesitating
+answer would be, viz., that they have been compensated many times over
+for all the sacrifices they have made. In what does such compensation
+consist? It can be expressed most briefly: LOVE OF OFFSPRING. This
+principle of <i>love of offspring</i> seems to be a more or less general
+one in the whole realm of conscious living nature. That a tree could
+possess this no one would suggest; that a sea urchin could possess it
+no one would be likely to contend. It is probably possessed by all of
+those animals that are conscious of sacrifices; that is, if an animal
+is conscious of sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this
+compensation which we term, <i>love of offspring</i>. For organisms too low
+in the scale of life to be conscious of either sacrifice or love of
+offspring, nature seems to have arranged another scale of sacrifices
+and compensations&mdash;sacrifice taking the form of contention for
+possession of females and sacrifice in their support and protection,
+the recompense being the gratification incident to sexual intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>That this last factor may enter, to a certain extent, as a determining
+factor among the higher animals cannot be questioned. The higher we
+get in the scale of animal life the less the part played by <i>sexual
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>gratification</i> and the greater the part played by <i>love of offspring</i>.
+In some of the higher animals, especially those in which the family
+circle is maintained or the community life highly developed, there is
+frequently at work still another consideration that may play no small
+part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice incident to
+reproduction. Reference is here made to the expectation on the part of
+the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in
+their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves.
+That this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the
+first place is not probable; but that it later becomes a matter of
+consideration is not to be doubted. However, in so far as these
+considerations of personal welfare enter into the compensation of the
+parents for the sacrifices that they have made for their offspring, in
+just so far do we remove these considerations from the realm of the
+phyletic and place them within the realm of the egoistic.</p>
+
+<p>Reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms&mdash;we have yet to
+consider the character and extent of the compensation which these
+organisms, which are unconscious of sacrifice, receive. The conscious
+sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation;
+similarly the unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an
+unconscious compensation.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that the amoeba did not die, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>but that it was
+<i>rejuvenated in its offspring</i>. In the next and every succeeding
+generation there is no death, but a rejuvenation. It thus transpires
+that these lowly organisms enjoy immortality; or perhaps it may be
+better stated, that the protoplasm of these organisms enjoys
+immortality and this immortality is the compensation for the sacrifice
+which each successive individual makes unconsciously in the division
+of its protoplasm. This principle of biology was first discovered and
+formulated by the great German Biologist, Weissmann.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Summary of Principles.</h4>
+
+<p>a. The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the
+young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the
+parents and the stronger members of the race.</p>
+
+<p>b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, in the natural order of
+things, compensated.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five
+years, when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life, is called
+the period of <i>adolescence</i>. The period of adolescence is ushered in
+by a series of physical and psychical changes which make a well
+defined initial period called <i>puberty</i>. The period of puberty is
+about two years in length, and in the average case among American
+boys, covers the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth years,
+and is completed when the youth can produce fertile semen capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. It is now universally recognized, however,
+that when the youth reaches this point in his development, while he
+may be called a man, he represents manhood in its lowest terms. He has
+not reached either a physical or mental development or maturity which
+justifies him in undertaking the responsibilities incident to
+procreating his kind. It requires in the average case a period of
+eight more years to develop the young man to the full stature of adult
+manhood, possessing his full physical and mental powers and the
+strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of
+parenthood, so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the
+young man may be said to have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>reached this period of complete
+development and to have finished the adolescent period. We may
+profitably now consider more in detail some of the changes incident to
+this most important period.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>1. PHYSICAL CHANGES.</h3>
+
+<h4>General Changes in the Body.</h4>
+
+<p>a. <b>Pilosity.</b>&mdash;The human being belongs to the vertebrate class,
+mammalia, and as a member of that class he possesses over the
+cutaneous surface of the body, excepting the palms of the hands and
+soles of the feet, hair follicles which produce the hairy covering
+typical of mammals. A careful study of the distribution of the hair on
+the surface of the human body, comparing it with that of the
+anthropoid apes, demonstrates that the distribution is identical; and
+the "lay" of the hair in any one region of the human body corresponds
+exactly with that of the same region in the ape. For example&mdash;the hair
+on the forearm points outward and upward; on the upper arm down-ward
+and outward and so on throughout in the human and simian types. Every
+child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary hair which is
+shed at once. Aside from the growth of hair on the head, including the
+brows and the lashes, the skin is quite free from any noticeable
+growth of hair for months or even years. Beginning at the age of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>puberty, however, the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the
+whole pilous surface of the body, particularly upon the face, in the
+axilla and over the pubic region. It is a generally recognized law of
+biology, that, at the period of sexual development, the hairy
+mammalian character becomes accentuated. The increase in the growth of
+hair at this time can have only one interpretation, viz., that the
+ancestors of man represented a very much higher degree of pilosity
+than is the case with man at the present time. It is interesting to
+note in this connection the almost universal attempt of men to rid the
+face of this hairy growth by various devices, either pulling the beard
+or shaving it. The origin of this custom of depilation probably dates
+back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among both
+savages and civilized peoples.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>The Voice.</b>&mdash;In all animals the voice plays an important part in
+sexual and social relations. In many animals the voice seems to have
+almost no other function than as a sex call, or a communication
+between mates and between parents and young. The human subject
+illustrates this general biological principle in the profound changes
+which the voice undergoes at the time of puberty. These changes in the
+male subject consist in increasing the depth of the larynx, thereby
+increasing the length of the vocal cords which in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>turn modifies the
+pitch of the voice, usually about an octave, making it not only lower
+but much more pleasing in quality and greatly increased in volume.</p>
+
+<p>c. <b>Bone, Muscle and Gland.</b>&mdash;Of incalculably greater importance than
+the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the
+casual observer, are those physical changes which the body undergoes
+during the first half of the period of adolescence. I refer to the
+growth of bone, of muscles and of those internal organs associated
+with nutrition.</p>
+
+<p>The first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in
+height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year. It is not
+at all unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year.
+This increase in height is very largely due to a lengthening of the
+thigh and leg bones. In serial homology with the thigh and leg are the
+bones of the arm and we find that these are undergoing an increase in
+length commensurate with the increase of the legs. So the boy outgrows
+his clothes; his coat sleeves are drawn up half way to his elbows and
+his trousers half way to his knees. The muscles scarcely keep pace
+with the bones in their growth, and tend to be flabby and to lack
+usual tonicity. It is difficult for the youth to hold his back
+straight and his shoulders back; he is awkward and ungainly in his
+movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his
+muscles. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>But the muscles follow immediately in their development and
+rapidly gain volume and tonicity, filling out the arms, legs, back and
+shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue. The growth of
+these muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills
+out in his girths as rapidly as, in the previous period, he increased
+in length measurements.</p>
+
+<p>All of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased
+activity of all the nutritive processes. The appetite is practically
+insatiable; the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches
+between meals. If he wakes up in the night he is hungry. To accomplish
+the digestion and absorption of this food material, the alimentary
+tract throughout, and particularly the stomach is greatly increased in
+size. To accomplish the distribution of the food (blood) the heart
+also is increased in size and strength. With increased bulk of muscle
+and increased quantity of food we have increased oxidation in the
+tissues. This requires increased respiration, which demand is
+satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system. The thorax
+increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper, broader
+and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but also
+more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the
+system.</p>
+
+<p>If we are interested in the biology of all these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>changes, we need not
+go far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them. Nature
+is preparing in the youth a home builder; it is preparing an
+individual who can support and protect not only himself, but also a
+family. This equipment in the case of primitive man must necessarily
+be one of bone and brawn. While under the conditions of modern society
+the necessity for bone and brawn is somewhat less marked, the plan of
+nature is no less evident and no less interesting.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>The Genital System.</h4>
+
+<p>a. <b>Structural Changes.</b>&mdash;The external genitals, besides showing the
+pudendal pilosity referred to above, are all greatly increased in
+size. The penis is increased in all of its dimensions, the testes
+become very much increased in size, the scrotum, probably because of
+the increased weight of the testes, is also lengthened.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Functional Changes.</b>&mdash;The testes and associated glandular bodies
+gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen, capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. When these organs thus become capable of
+procreation, the period of puberty is complete.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection it is important to note that the development of the
+testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental
+characteristics of the young man. This effect is produced through a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body, thus
+gaining access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but
+profound influence. Just how this affects the mind and body will be
+discussed in detail in a subsequent chapter.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>2. PSYCHICAL CHANGES.</h3>
+
+<h4>Play and Work.</h4>
+
+<p>a. <b>Sports.</b>&mdash;Most of the higher animals, particularly man, and all
+races of men, devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent
+period to sports or games in which individuals contend with each other
+or teams of individuals contend with opposing teams in games that
+bring into play the various powers of the neuro-muscular system: such
+as alertness of all the senses, readiness and correctness of judgment,
+agility, speed and strength of movement. Sports might be criticised by
+some because they represent non-productive expenditure of energy. On
+the other hand, no energy ever expended by man is so highly productive
+of so precious a material as results from manly athletic sports. The
+products of these games are the substances consumed by them,
+paradoxical as that may at first appear. The use of brain, muscle and
+glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues
+results in the development of the nerve, muscle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>and gland cells into
+a condition larger, better equipped and more responsive than before
+such use.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, athletic sports, while they make draughts upon the nerves,
+muscles and glands, develop all of these tissues to a high degree of
+efficiency. The plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in
+sports must be evident. Nature is educating and developing the male
+animal (man) to the highest possible degree of efficiency, so that
+sports, instead of being non-productive, lead to the development of
+structures possessing a high degree of value, not only to the
+individual, but also to society.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the
+athletic field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in
+the later serious struggles of life make most for success.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Productive Employment.</b>&mdash;Hardly less important than the influence
+of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent. That
+the adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his
+physical or mental powers goes without saying, nor should he be
+assigned tasks that consume so much of his time that he is unable to
+take an active part with his fellows in field sports. However,
+experience demonstrates that the youth undergoes a more wholesome all
+around development if he takes some active part in a productive
+employment, than if allowed to devote <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>all of his energies to play.
+The simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty about the
+home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of how to
+do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their
+strength largely to similar tasks, but&mdash;more important than either of
+these considerations&mdash;these tasks develop in him the ability to
+accomplish promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty&mdash;to
+do it regularly and promptly because it is a duty without any
+reference to a personal enjoyment in the task. If this important
+lesson in life is learned during the early adolescent period, it will
+make the path of life much less rugged than some seem to find it.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Society.</h4>
+
+<p>Incident to the activities of the athletic field, the youth is brought
+into more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind, both of
+the same and of the opposite sex. While the boy of ten to fifteen
+delights in the forming of "cliques, gangs and crowds," the boy of
+seventeen delights equally in widening his circle of acquaintances.
+The athletic contest gives him an opportunity not only to measure his
+powers with those of the other young men, but also to win the respect
+of his young lady acquaintances. There is no doubt but that the
+approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess and strength as
+manifested in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>sports, serves as a strong factor in the stimulation of
+athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a purely
+social capacity.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>Religion.</h4>
+
+<p>While in his social relations the young man is seeking points of
+tangency with those in his own plane, in his religious experience he
+seeks to come into relation with his God; that is, with the power that
+exists in the plane above his own. In the researches of Coe and of
+Starbuck, made several years ago they discovered the following truth
+and demonstrated it as a general principle: <i>(1) A vast majority of
+professing Christians acknowledged their allegiance to God during the
+early part of the adolescent period; and (2) a vanishingly small
+percentage of professing Christians became so after the age of
+twenty-five.</i></p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<h3>1. ANATOMY.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and
+scrotum, the latter containing the testes.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>penis</i> of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty
+consists (1) of the two corpora cavernosa, as they are called, or
+erectile bodies, called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood
+sinuses which when filled cause the organ to erect. (2) Between and
+beneath the corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which
+consists principally of the urethra. Around these three cylindrical
+bodies there is a sheath of loose connective tissue, outside of which
+is the skin.</p>
+
+<p>About one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a
+sort of head which is called the <i>glans</i> over which, in the young
+child, the skin is redoubled and called the <i>prepuce</i> or foreskin. The
+glans is covered and the prepuce is lined by mucous membrane. Over the
+glans the mucous membrane is red, thin and moist and possesses
+numerous nerve papill&aelig;. The prepuce, as stated above, usually covers
+the glans penis in young children and may do so throughout life. It is
+sometimes adherent to the glans. This is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>abnormal, and as soon as it
+is discovered the adhesions should be broken up by a physician. The
+normal prepuce of the adolescent male should be free from the glans
+and should be sufficiently loose easily to retract back of the glans,
+a position it is likely to take in erection. If the prepuce extends
+half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap of skin,
+or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to
+clear the glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the
+glans, the condition is not normal, and should have the attention of a
+competent surgeon.</p>
+
+<p>One can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of
+primeval man, who was practically unprotected by clothing, but in the
+present condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an
+unnecessary appendage, and there are several good reasons why the
+prepuce should be removed. This operation [circumcision] is not, in
+any sense, to be looked upon as a mutilation, but simply a hygienic
+measure made advisable, if not necessary, by the unnatural conditions
+under which we are now existing.</p>
+
+<p>Beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head
+of the penis collect, and if the organ is not frequently cleansed
+these accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant. Such local
+irritation is one of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in
+boys.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>The removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple
+operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult. If
+the prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care, as
+contact with the clothing will remove the secretions as they appear.
+Furthermore, the glans penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less
+subject to local irritation thus simplifying the young man's problems
+in sexual hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>The penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size, due not
+only to varying conditions of temperature but also to individual
+peculiarities. The organ may vary between 2&frac12; inches and 6 inches in
+length in the flaccid state and between 5 inches and 8 inches in the
+erected condition. The size of the generative organs is not an index
+of virility in the male.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>testes</i> are the male generative glands and are described as about
+1&frac12; inches in length, 1&frac14; inches in width and nearly 1 inch in
+thickness. The testes are contained within the scrotal sac, the
+outside coat of which is a thin wrinkled skin, within which are four
+thin coats. Next to the testes and enveloping the spermatic cord is a
+thin covering which is carried down into the scrotum when the testicle
+leaves the abdomen, where it is formed. This descent of the testes
+from the abdomen takes place normally in the later weeks of
+intrauterine life. The testes may, however, through some unusual
+condition, be retained and make their descent months or even years
+later. If the testes have not descended by the end of the age of
+puberty, the advice of a competent surgeon should be sought.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="20%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="50%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td width="30%">&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" rowspan="7" style="vertical-align: middle;">SEMEN</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdllr">TESTICULAR CONTRIBUTION.</td>
+  <td class="tdll">SPERMATOZOA<br />
+       SEMINAL GRANULES<br />
+       MUCIN AND WATER</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdllr">VESICULAR CONTRIBUTION.<br />
+     (In quantity greater than all the rest.)</td>
+  <td class="tdll">ALBUMIN<br />
+       ALKALINE SALTS<br />
+       WATER</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdllr">PROSTATIC CONTRIBUTION.<br />
+        (Viscid and opalescent.)</td>
+  <td class="tdll">PROTEINS<br />
+       ALKALINE SALTS<br />
+       WATER</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span><br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep043.png">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep043.png" width="50%" alt="Plate II" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">Plate II <br />Male Sexual Apparatus</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>The outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea. [See
+Plate 2.] This tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis
+which divide the organ into lobules, each one being conical in shape
+with the apex directed towards the epididymis, which is that mass of
+blood vessels and tissues which one can feel on one side of each
+testis. Within these lobules the spermatozoa are formed by a complex
+process of cell division and cell germination upon whose description
+we need not enter here.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>spermatozoon</i> may be described as the male sexual cell whose
+function is to fertilize the female ovum. The spermatozoon is about
+<span class="fakesc">1/20</span> of an inch in length and consists of a head, body and a vibratile
+tail. In the human spermatozoon the head is ovoid, appearing
+pear-shaped or pointed in one view and elliptical in another.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>epididymis</i> referred to above, consists of a mass of coiled tubes
+and blood vessels. After the secretion passes through the tortuous
+coils of ciliated tubes of the epididymis, it is collected into a
+single tube called the <i>vas deferens</i>, which passes as a part of the
+spermatic cord from the scrotum, up through the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>groin and over the
+pubic arch into the pelvic cavity, passing down back of the bladder
+where it is slightly dilated into an <i>ampulla</i>, beyond which the duct
+is again contracted into a narrow tube, and the two ducts, one from
+either side, converge and pass into the <i>prostate gland</i>, where they
+empty into the <i>urethra</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>The seminal vesicles.</i>&mdash;The seminal vesicles are small bladder-like
+organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected
+from the testes. There are two of these vesicles, from each a small
+duct joins the vas deferens making up what is known as the
+<i>ejaculatory duct</i>. The two ejaculatory ducts coming together in the
+prostate gland open into the urethra. <i>The seminal vesicles possess
+glandular walls and secrete the substance which they contain, no part
+of the secretion of the testes normally finding its way into the
+vesicles.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The prostate gland, a portion of which is homologous with the female
+uterus and called uterus masculinus</i>, is situated around the neck of
+the bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra (prostatic
+portion), but also by the ejaculatory ducts. There are numerous gland
+ducts which&mdash;collecting the secretion of the prostate gland&mdash;open into
+the urethra in the prostatic portion.</p>
+
+<p>Just beyond the prostate are two small glands called <i>Cowper's Glands</i>
+whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate, at
+the root of the penis.</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>2. PHYSIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+<p>In the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just
+described, we may well reverse the order of treatment, thus leading up
+step by step to a consideration of the more important organs.</p>
+
+<p>a. <b>Urethra.</b> The canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra,
+and it is important in considering its physiology to remember that it
+has not only a double function to perform, but that the performance of
+one function in a measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the
+other and makes it necessary for a special measure of preparation.</p>
+
+<p>The urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary
+bladder is passed out periodically through the urethra. This same
+channel must transmit periodically secretions from the sexual
+apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Cowper's Glands</b> secrete only under sexual excitement, and usually
+they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which
+induces an erection. The secretion is composed of a clear <i>alkaline
+mucus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a
+very important one and it is essential that every young man should
+understand it.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only
+for the urine, but also for the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>generative products. The urine is
+acid in reaction and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra
+leaves that duct acid in reaction under usual conditions. The
+spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid and their vitality is seriously
+impaired by acid of any kind, particularly the acid of the urine.
+Nature has provided that the secretion from Cowper's glands should
+precede the generative products along the urethra, thus neutralizing
+the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage from the
+body.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this important function of the secretion from Cowper's glands,
+the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual
+excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the
+male organ. A secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs
+for sexual contact so that the delicate mucous membrane, particularly
+of the female organs, shall not suffer abrasion.</p>
+
+<p>Many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from
+Cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared
+that they were losing some vital fluid. This misunderstanding of the
+nature of this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the
+misrepresentations of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege
+that he is losing vital fluid and will, if not treated, undergo
+general debility and loss of procreative power. This brief
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>explanation of the significance of the secretion of Cowper's glands
+will protect the young man from any such misrepresentations.</p>
+
+<p>c. <b>The Prostate Gland.</b>&mdash;That the prostate gland is intimately
+associated with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those
+male animals that have suffered castration before puberty, the
+prostate gland withers and practically disappears. What then is the
+role that this gland plays? Like Cowper's glands, it secretes only
+during sexual excitement. Under such excitement its ducts become
+gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the moment of the
+emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts empty
+their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of
+the semen.</p>
+
+<p>The secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of
+protein and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion
+of the seminal vesicles that we will consider its action along with
+that of the secretion from the vesicles.</p>
+
+<p>d. <b>The Seminal Vesicles.</b>&mdash;<i>The seminal vesicles secrete
+continuously.</i> The secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of
+albumin and of alkaline salts. This secretion together with the
+secretion from the prostate gland is poured into the urethra at the
+moment of sexual orgasm; they become mixed in their transit through
+the urethra with the secretion from the testes. This mixture is known
+as semen. [See pg. 42.]</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>It used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the
+testes; that the testes were secreting continuously and that the
+seminal vesicles were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen
+from the testes. The researches of Steinach and others have made the
+old theory untenable and demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from
+three distinct sources; that the testicles secrete their contribution
+to the semen only during sexual stimulation; while the seminal
+vesicles secreting their products continuously become periodically
+filled and distended.</p>
+
+<p>Let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous
+secretion from the vesicles and prostate. For what purpose does Nature
+prepare such a secretion? The spermatozoa frequently remain several
+days in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and
+fertilized. During these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no
+small amount of energy in their vigorous flagellate movement. For such
+an expenditure of energy they must receive nourishment and
+stimulation. The nourishment is supplied by the albumin and proteid of
+the vesicular and prostatic secretions. The stimulation is supplied by
+the salts also secreted by these glands. The recent researches of Loeb
+and others have demonstrated the importance of mineral salts in
+stimulating the activity of living cells. One can cite no better
+example of this stimulant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>action than the influence of these
+vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa.</p>
+
+<p>The vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of
+the army of spermatozoa; the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies
+to be drawn upon at short notice; the prostate representing a factory
+where a considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short
+notice.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>periodic distention of the seminal vesicles</i> is a matter of very
+considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by
+every young man who would lead a normal sexual life.</p>
+
+<p>These organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied
+with two sets of nerves, one set passing away to the spinal cord and
+carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the
+presence and character of any local stimulus; the other passing away
+from the spinal cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor
+impulses. The secretory impulses are more or less continuous and as a
+result, these glands secret continuously and become periodically
+distended as described above. The motor impulses pass to the muscles
+within the walls of the vesicles, causing a strong spasmodic
+contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission of semen, thus
+throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the same
+moment when the epididymis the vas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>deferens and the ducts of the
+prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra.</p>
+
+<p>Now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the
+erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure
+within the vesicles. Unusual pressure may be caused either by
+distention due to accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the
+vesicles from over-distended rectum or bladder. It sometimes happens
+that two or more of these influences are acting at the same time.
+These impulses are most likely to be effective when the subject is
+asleep, and particularly if he is lying upon his back. The result of
+the stimulus is to cause an erection, accompanied usually by an erotic
+dream, the whole phenomenon culminating in an emission of the contents
+of the seminal vesicles and followed, of course, by a relief of the
+pressure which was the cause of the condition. This phenomenon has
+been variously called <i>nocturnal emission</i>, "pollution" and
+"dreaming-off."</p>
+
+<p>Vecki, a specialist in physiology, hygiene and pathology of the sexual
+apparatus, says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological
+phenomenon, the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal
+vesicles, and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular
+periods, these periods varying in length with different individuals,
+according to their physical condition and habits, the period being two
+to four weeks, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>usually; though a considerably longer or shorter
+period would not be looked upon as pathological. Vecki describes the
+normal nocturnal emission as being accompanied by an erection, erotic
+dreams, and an orgasm, the subject being wholly unconscious of the
+condition until he is awakened at the moment of orgasm. Normally, the
+subject experiences on the following day a feeling of relief and
+well-being and should, normally, be wholly free from headache,
+depression or languor.</p>
+
+<p>Inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the
+author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as
+infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men. On the other
+hand, it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten
+days or even once a week and still be within the physiological limit.
+However, when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week, it
+should be looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression,
+headache or lassitude. Cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal
+emission is experienced as often as three times in a week after which
+there will be a period of two to four weeks without an emission,
+followed again by very frequent emissions, and a free period. This
+phenomenon is an individual peculiarity, and is not to be looked upon
+as abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>Cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and
+headache are usually caused by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>irritability or lack of tonicity of
+the sexual apparatus, particularly of the seminal vesicles and the
+ducts. This irritability and loss of tone is not infrequently caused
+by masturbation, though it may also be caused by excessive sexual
+intercourse, making itself manifest, of course, in either case, on
+cessation of the habit of masturbation or the excessive sexual
+intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>Another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly
+separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and
+mechanical irritation of the sexual apparatus&mdash;perhaps especially the
+membranous and prostatic portion of the urethra&mdash;caused by the
+presence of an excessive amount of oxalates in the urine. Oxalates
+occur in the urine in sharp angular crystals and would seem to be in a
+high degree irritating to the tender mucous membrane of the upper part
+of the urethra. The almost invariable presence of these crystals in
+excess in those cases that have not been accounted for by abuse of the
+sexual function leads one to adopt the plausible theory that the
+crystals are the cause of the irritability. However, we must not lose
+sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an accompaniment
+of the too frequent emissions, and that the presence of oxalates in
+the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive processes
+that go on in the body, which disturbance causes not only the
+irritability of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>sexual apparatus, but also the presence of the
+crystals.</p>
+
+<p>When the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not
+infrequently that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through
+the rectum will, by simple mechanical pressure on the seminal
+vesicles, force out a few drops, perhaps as much as a teaspoonful, of
+the contents of the vesicles. This would be called an <i>involuntary
+emission</i>, but the liquid passed out must not be looked upon as semen.
+It is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles, and in losing it,
+one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid, any portion of which would
+be reabsorbed; he is simply losing a fluid which would, in the natural
+course of events, have passed away within the next few days as a
+nocturnal emission.</p>
+
+<p>These details have been explained in order that the young man may
+fully understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be
+disturbed by the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of
+charlatans who make a business of frightening young men into the
+belief that in these experiences they are losing "vital fluid"&mdash;that
+they are victims of "lost manhood," or that they are entering into a
+condition of "general debility" and "impotence." As an actual fact,
+involuntary loss of vital fluid (spermatorrhea), is a rare case even
+in the practice of specialists in genito-urinary diseases, and in
+these rare cases, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>condition is usually a result of very great
+excesses, sexual debauchery or one of the sequel&aelig; of venereal disease.
+[Read: Appendix 1, 13 and 17.]</p>
+
+<p>e. <b>Testes.</b> No rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be
+given without laying down as a fundamental physiological law, that
+<i>the testes secrete under sexual stimulation only</i>. This same general
+principle applies to all glands, i.e., that they secrete only under
+the influence of some special stimulation. In harmony with that law,
+the testes secrete only under the influence of sexual stimulation.</p>
+
+<p>The sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories,
+i.e., conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual
+stimulation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Conscious sexual stimulation</i> is partly psychical and partly
+physical. The physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity
+of a member of the opposite sex. The physical and psychical phases of
+conscious sexual stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is
+exceedingly difficult to discuss one without constant reference to the
+other, and it may be said in this connection that the psychical
+attitude of the two individuals of opposite sex who are brought into
+close physical proximity will modify very greatly their local sexual
+responses.</p>
+
+<p>Reverting to the lower animals: when a female in rut or heat is
+brought into proximity to the male, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>there seems to be on the part of
+each animal a consciousness of the character and attitude of the other
+animal and both animals are step by step excited by various physical
+contacts and probably also psychical conditions to a high state of
+sexual excitement, leading to the natural ultimate result, coitus, in
+which event the sexual excitement culminates in the orgasm of the
+male, which empties the secreted semen into the organs of the female.</p>
+
+<p>It will be easily understood that, in human subjects whose social
+relations permit them to indulge in coitus, close physical proximity,
+and various caresses lead, step by step in the normal course of nature
+to sexual excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described
+above for the lower animals.</p>
+
+<p>To revert to the function of the testes, we may say that during these
+various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are
+actively secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa,
+which being released, are hurried along, partly by their own
+flagellate movements and partly by the action of the cilia in the
+ducts of the epididymis and the peristaltic contractions of the vas
+deferens&mdash;hurried along the vas to the ampulla. If the period of
+sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty minutes, the whole
+duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla becomes gorged with the
+secreted testicular product. This <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>secretion consists of active motile
+spermatozoa, of spermatic granules and of mucus. The latter is
+secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens, the
+testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa, spermatic granules and a
+small amount of liquid, just sufficient in quantity to float the
+spermatozoa out of the testes into the ducts.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as, the emission
+of semen. In this act the whole contents of the ampulla, vas deferens
+and ducts of the epididymis, the contents of the seminal vesicles, and
+the contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by
+spasmotic muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of
+the walls of the urethra, ejected from that tube through the mouth of
+the urethra. Thus, in the act of emission, there is an intimate mixing
+together of the three contributions to the semen, i.e., the
+<i>testicular, vesicular and prostatic</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sub-conscious Sexual Stimulation.</i>&mdash;Sub-conscious sexual stimulation
+is not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation
+of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>When a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less
+intimate relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite
+sex under conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have
+free and unrestricted play, there can be no reasonable doubt that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>both individuals experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which
+will influence them both physically and psychically through
+sub-conscious response of their sexual apparatus. One can easily
+imagine, for example, that a young man may meet upon the skating rink
+in winter a young lady for whom he has a very sincere admiration and
+respect; she on the other hand entertains for him a similar admiration
+and respect. They may skate together the whole afternoon and converse
+upon politics, art or philosophy, the young woman feeling herself
+swung along&mdash;almost actually carried on her companion's strong arm.
+The whole experience is, in the highest degree, pleasurable and
+exhilarating to her, yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual
+stimulation. On the other hand, the young man experiences most exalted
+pleasure in the company of his young lady friend&mdash;through the pressure
+of her hand upon his arm, the lithe, graceful movement of body and
+limbs, the smile, the light in the eye and the soft voice. All of
+these give him an exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to
+analyze, even if he were inclined to do so.</p>
+
+<p>In his case, as in the case of the young woman, there has been
+absolutely no conscious sexual stimulation; in the case of neither
+individual has there been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual
+apparatus, yet without a shadow of doubt, the sexual organs of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>both
+individuals have been more or less active during this period&mdash;they
+have been subject to sub-conscious sexual stimulation.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the male, his testes have been awakened into an
+activity of probably considerably less degree than in the case of
+conscious sexual stimulation, and during this activity of the gland a
+certain amount of the secretion has been formed.</p>
+
+<p>The most natural question at this point is&mdash;What becomes of this
+secretion? It is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are
+released, those that are probably make their way along the vasa
+deferentia to the ampull&aelig;. The liquid secretion of the testes probably
+does not leave the testes but is reabsorbed. While there are many
+features of this mysterious influence of the testes which have never
+yet been cleared up, this seems certain, that the testes elaborate
+what may be called an internal secretion, and that the elaboration of
+this internal secretion is influenced by such stimulation as has just
+been described above, under the head of sub-conscious sexual
+stimulation.</p>
+
+<p>An <i>internal secretion</i> is a secretion formed by a gland, to be poured
+into the blood or lymph system, while an <i>external secretion</i> is
+poured out through ducts to the exterior. The thyroid and adrenal
+glands form internal secretions only, which secretions, poured into
+the blood and lymph, profoundly affect the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>nutrition of the body. The
+salivary glands and gastric glands form external secretions only;
+which, when poured upon the food, digest it. The liver, pancreas and
+testes form both external and internal secretions. The external
+secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in a sexual
+emission, as described above; the internal secretion of the testes
+consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature
+individuals, which substances, poured into the blood, profoundly
+affect the development of the individual and his whole physical and
+psychical character.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>VIRILITY.</h4>
+
+<p>The best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal
+secretion is the male of the horse kind.</p>
+
+<p>Most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or
+ranches pedigreed stallions. No person can see one of these splendid
+animals without admiring, if not actually standing in awe of his
+inimitable physical force, beauty of form and grace and power of
+action. He is a physical ideal of the horse kind. What is the source
+of his strength and beauty?</p>
+
+<p>The physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are,
+first, the great breadth and depth of chest, great mass of shoulder
+and hip muscles, and the high arched neck, fiery eye and luxuriant
+mane and tail. Second, the functional features next noticeable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>are
+the greater alertness and evident physical exuberance as manifested
+especially in the gait and the frequent whinnying. The thoughtful
+observer at the horse show or on the ranch cannot but compare these
+animals with the gelding.</p>
+
+<p>Two colts on the ranch may be full brothers,&mdash;from the same pedigreed
+stallion and the same pedigreed dam. At the age of two years these two
+young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod. One of these
+promising young animals is chosen, because of some commendable
+peculiarity of temperament or action, to remain unmutilated, as a
+procreator of his kind upon the ranch. The other is subjected to the
+veterinarian's knife and ecraseur and deprived of the testes,&mdash;the
+male sexual glands. From the day of this operation these two animals
+(in every respect alike, except that one is unmutilated while the
+other is deprived of the glands mentioned above) develop along
+radically different lines. The stallion develops during his third year
+into the noble animal described above. This third year is his period
+of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and
+psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human
+subject undergoes during his period of puberty. The gelding, on the
+other hand, develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter.
+Physically this animal develops a body almost identical with that of
+the female of the same <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>species. Temperamentally the gelding is a
+patient, plodding, beast of burden, and though under good grooming he
+may show considerable life, while under the control of his driver, he
+seldom shows any interest in other members of the horse family, either
+male or female, and in the pasture or on the ranch his neutral sex
+temperament is ever apparent. While he may contend mildly for a place
+at the feeding trough, he never essays the defense of any weaker
+members of the herd, and one stallion would put a hundred like him to
+flight.</p>
+
+<p>The thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what
+has made this radical difference in the development of these two
+animals. The solution is not far to seek. From the beginning of
+puberty to the beginning of senile decay, the stallion derives from
+the testes what is referred to above as an internal secretion.</p>
+
+<p>Physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance
+formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood. It may be
+a substance called <i>spermin</i>, but whatever the substance is, the
+physiologists agree that <i>the testes form some substance which is
+absorbed by the blood and lymph, is carried to the brain and spinal
+cord and there produces these profound effects indicated above</i>. So we
+have discovered the source of the stallion's strength and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>What is true of the horse is true of man. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>young man at puberty
+begins to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads
+to the development of his full manly powers. The sum total of the
+qualities peculiar to manhood has been called VIRILITY. For want of a
+better word, this term has been applied to the sum total of the male
+qualities of any animal whatsoever, so that the male qualities of the
+stallion are also compassed in the term virility.</p>
+
+<p>The thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at
+this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied
+in all its details to the human subject; if man, without any
+artificial or unnatural means would develop a full and complete
+virility; if like the horse, he can maintain a strict continence for
+months or even years without suffering any abatement of virility and
+of physical powers in general. The unequivocal answer of the medical
+profession to these questions would be in the affirmative.</p>
+
+<p>An exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the
+eunuch of the Orient. If the human male is castrated before puberty he
+develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is
+different from the stallion;&mdash;a being whose physique resembles in many
+respects that of a woman, and whose temperament manifests qualities of
+cringing servility and lack of initiative.</p>
+
+<p>The external secretion of the testes differs from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>internal
+secretion in containing spermatozoa; it may be that there are other
+differences. It is, however, generally believed that one or more of
+the substances found in the external secretion appear in the internal
+secretion. If this is true, it must be evident that excessive sexual
+indulgence or masturbation can draw away from the system this precious
+vital substance that is necessary to produce or maintain the virility.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will
+necessarily always continue&mdash;it must be maintained. To be maintained,
+this vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously
+absorbed into the blood. When once the man or boy understands this, it
+must be evident to him that he has, to a certain extent, the making or
+marring of his own virility; that it is not simply an inexhaustible
+endowment of nature; but, like such a natural resource as a forest or
+a coal mine, may be exhausted and will be exhausted if not husbanded
+carefully.</p>
+
+<p>It is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of
+the female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that
+which the testes exert on the development of the male. For that
+reason, a surgeon should, under no condition, remove both ovaries
+(sexual glands) unless they are diseased in such a way as to
+necessitate their complete removal in order to save the life of the
+individual. If a woman of twenty-five <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>were to suffer the loss of both
+ovaries, she would go very early into a condition of senile decay. If
+a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries, it leads her to
+develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is
+wholly lacking in those characteristics which, summed up, might, for
+the want of a better term, be called FEMININITY.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span><br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>No rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male
+can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the
+mammalian class and to primitive social conditions.</p>
+
+<p>In our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of
+the human male, it must have become evident that man has many things
+in common with other mammals, and that no adequate knowledge of man's
+physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of
+similar phases of life among related animals.</p>
+
+<p>All of the changes which Nature introduced into the physical and
+psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to
+equip the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and
+children. This development has been reached by the time the young man
+is twenty-one to twenty-three years of age, when, in the average case,
+he would be able, so far as concerns his physique and temperament, to
+establish and maintain a home. The fact that his adolescent
+development is complete by the age of twenty-five, and that he has, by
+the time he arrives at that age, grown into the full stature of all
+his physical and mental powers, may certainly be interpreted as
+nature's indication <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>that his home-building should be begun not later
+than the twenty-fifth year. This means, then, that young men ought, if
+possible, to marry as young as twenty-five.</p>
+
+<p>But the conditions of society at the present time are such that a
+large proportion of the young men, particularly those who are
+preparing for any of the learned professions (theology, medicine, law,
+pedagogy, etc.) are hardly through their professional courses by the
+time they reach that age, and most of them feel that they must make a
+start in their profession before they assume the responsibilities of
+supporting a home. This means that a large proportion of them marry as
+late as thirty years of age.</p>
+
+<p>If we consider now those commercial, financial and industrial
+vocations which involve considerable preparation in technical
+institutions or a long apprenticeship (engineering, pharmacy,
+manufacturing chemists, banking, journalism, etc., etc.) we find that
+the young man is hardly able to establish such a home as most such
+young men feel that they must maintain on any salary that they receive
+before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old. This consideration
+applies particularly to college and university men, as, almost without
+exception, these men are preparing for some of the above mentioned
+professions or vocations.</p>
+
+<p>Now the conditions of college life, the field sports <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>and athletics,
+together with the social conditions, tend to develop in college
+circles a body of most virile young men. The problem which now
+confronts us is: How may these young men live a hygienic life under
+these unnatural circumstances?</p>
+
+<p>If a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly
+able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what
+his attitude shall be regarding matters of sex. The earlier this
+problem is solved the better it is for the young man. Unfortunately, a
+large proportion of young men do not realize that they have any
+problem in this field to solve until circumstances, more or less
+accidental, have already established in them a mental attitude and,
+perhaps, a habit of life that may not be either wholesome or wise.</p>
+
+<p>From what has preceded, it must be evident that from the early months
+of the period of puberty, through the adolescent and adult period,
+even until some progress is made in the senile period, every normal
+male will experience sexual desires. It has been shown that these
+particular experiences are linked, more or less intimately, with the
+condition of the sexual apparatus; but whatever the cause, we are
+confronted with the question, What shall be done about it?</p>
+
+<p>When a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that
+the desire must be satisfied? Some have reasoned that the muscles of
+the arm, if not <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>exercised, wither and become weak, therefore the
+sexual desires, if not exercised will become weak, and the sexual
+apparatus, if it does not exercise its function, must become withered
+and atrophied. While this course of reasoning may seem rational and
+the conclusion may seem tenable, it is well known to physiologists and
+sociologists that the reasoning is fallacious; the fallacy rests in
+the premises. It was assumed above that the activity of the sexual
+glands was comparable with that of muscles.</p>
+
+<p>We must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are
+continuously active, and in this continuous activity get their
+exercise. This activity develops them and keeps them physically
+perfect after the onset of the period of puberty. Their activity
+consists very largely in the formation of an internal secretion, the
+office of which is to develop in the male the highest possible state
+of virility. Nor must we lose sight of the fact that every procreative
+act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid on the
+part of the male. A wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act
+of self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any
+consideration; nor may these acts, under any circumstances, be looked
+upon as sustaining to the gland a relation similar to that which
+muscular exercise sustains to muscle tissue.</p>
+
+<p>In the light of these facts every normal man would <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>admit that
+frequent masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse, in wedlock or
+out, should certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the
+sexual apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>Most men, however, raise the question: "Is any indulgence or any
+artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be
+discouraged?" This inclination comes to us in the course of nature.
+Man in the primitive state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this
+inclination; would fight for the possession of her as soon as he had
+reached a sufficient stage of muscular development, and once in
+possession of his mate, would take her to his perch in the trees or to
+his cave. In his primitive home he would follow his sexual
+inclination, impregnate his wife and protect her against all dangers.</p>
+
+<p>Under our present social conditions the young man experiences all
+these desires the same as his primitive ancestor, but he may not be
+able to choose a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a
+whole decade after he experiences the desire to do so. What is the
+solution?</p>
+
+<p>It must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or
+another of three alternatives&mdash;either the young man may seek illicit
+intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire, or he may adopt
+some artificial measure, such as masturbation (self <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>abuse) or,
+finally, he may lead what is known as a continent life. By continence
+we mean to adopt neither one of the first two alternatives mentioned,
+but to leave the care of the sexual apparatus wholly with Nature.</p>
+
+<p>We may now consider these three alternatives in turn.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>1. ILLICIT INTERCOURSE WITH WOMEN.</h3>
+
+<p>By illicit intercourse with women we mean, sexual intercourse out of
+wedlock. The term applies either to intercourse between any man and a
+prostitute, between an unmarried man and a married woman, between an
+unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a
+married woman not his wife. The term, illicit intercourse, applies to
+all sexual intercourse that is illegal.</p>
+
+<p>In our discussion of the young man's problem, we may confine our
+consideration particularly to intercourse with professional
+prostitutes and with clandestines, or women who are willing to accept
+the sexual embrace for their own gratification or for money.</p>
+
+<p>In this phase of sexual gratification, it is assumed that the woman
+has these relations with various men. We purposely eliminate from this
+discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of
+sexual gratification, as such seduction is a heinous offense against
+the victim and against society, for which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>offense the man is legally
+responsible. We are here discussing not the crimes of men, but their
+vices.</p>
+
+<p>The question that the young man naturally asks is&mdash;"Why should society
+hold these relations as a vice when the woman, who is party to the
+act, gives her free consent, perhaps even soliciting the relation, and
+has given herself up to this sort of a life, either as a sole
+occupation (prostitute) or as an auxiliary occupation (clandestine) to
+supplement a wage on which she may not be able to live in luxury?"</p>
+
+<p>The answer to this question is not far to seek. Women so occupied
+have, as a rule, made themselves incapable of maternity. They are
+outcasts from society, unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence
+on all those who come into relation with them. Furthermore, they are
+centers for the dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the
+health of all those who become infected. But for the uncontrolled
+passions of men, there would be no such women. So while we,
+individually, as men, may not be responsible for the ruin of any one
+woman, we must confess that men as a class are responsible for this
+condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse. An overwhelming
+majority of women would, if following their inclinations, seek these
+relations in wedlock only and for procreation only. But many a young
+woman, under promise of marriage, sometimes even under a bogus
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>marriage, is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental
+state that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and
+respects. If he deceives her and betrays her, continuing such betrayal
+until the victim becomes pregnant, he will, in the average case, leave
+her to bear her child in shame, while he slips away to other scenes of
+activity. We cannot wonder then, that the girl&mdash;deserted, humiliated,
+crushed by the one in whom she reposed absolute confidence; cast out
+of society, perhaps thrust from the protection of her own father's
+roof&mdash;gives up the struggle and says&mdash;"<i>What's the use?</i>"</p>
+
+<p>A vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill
+fame and give themselves over to a life of prostitution. Hardly one of
+these women, if married by the man who brought her to this condition,
+would have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother. So
+society, while it casts these women out, has come to recognize that
+men are the real sinners in such cases.</p>
+
+<p>It may be added here, that an occasional girl goes wrong through
+temperamental shortcomings within herself&mdash;perhaps she may even be a
+degenerate; but the proportion of women who would willingly and
+deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared
+with the proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice
+their virtue. This is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>probably in part due to their training.
+Mothers, as a rule, instruct their daughters carefully regarding their
+relations with boys and men. It is in part due to the instinctive and
+inherent purity of mind of the normal woman.</p>
+
+<p>Nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form
+of venereal disease. If the parties observe fidelity to the marriage
+vows venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare
+occasions, and then through some accidental infection, as from contact
+with some public utensils, as a public water closet, a public towel or
+drinking cup. So rare is this unfortunate accident, however, that we
+may say, that intercourse in undefiled wedlock results normally in
+pleasure and gratification to both parties, while intercourse out of
+wedlock, or illicit intercourse, is destined, as a rule, to be visited
+with retribution.</p>
+
+<p>What form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of
+illicit intercourse take? Besides the various psychic punishments, the
+principal of which are remorse, and impure thoughts, there are
+physical punishments in the form of venereal diseases. So prevalent
+are these venereal diseases among lewd women, whether prostitutes or
+clandestines, that specialists in this field say that "<i>all lewd women
+are diseased part of the time and some lewd women are diseased all the
+time</i>."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>These sexual diseases are contagious&mdash;that is, transmitted by contact.
+They are all germ diseases; one of them is practically local, one is
+capable of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is
+systemic.</p>
+
+<p>a. <b>Chancroid or Soft Chancre.</b>&mdash;This is the least dangerous of the
+venereal diseases. It is a contagious disease of purely local type,
+usually acquired during the sexual act, the infection taking place
+through a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane.</p>
+
+<p>Chancroid may be single, though most often is multiple. It makes its
+appearance in from one to five days after exposure, anywhere on the
+penis, but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the
+fr&aelig;nulum as a small red spot. This rapidly takes the form of a blister
+containing serum and pus, and in a few days may become the size of a
+ten-cent piece. When the roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance
+of having been punched out, the floor being covered with pus. It is
+surrounded by a zone of inflammation and is painful.</p>
+
+<p>If uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five
+weeks. The most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands
+of the groin on one or both sides. This condition is termed <i>bubo</i> or
+"blue ball" in common language.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes serious complications arise which may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>prove dangerous and
+require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Gonorrhea.</b>&mdash;This is incomparably more serious than chancroid.
+This disease is very prevalent among the incontinent, and it is
+claimed by some specialists in this field that from sixty to
+seventy-five per cent. of men have had gonorrhea before the age of
+thirty.</p>
+
+<p>It is a contagious disease, acquired usually during intercourse,
+though the individual may become infected innocently from water
+closets, bath tubs, etc.</p>
+
+<p>To become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of
+the mucous membrane.</p>
+
+<p>The disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after
+exposure by swelling of the orifice of the urethra, peculiar
+sensations between tickling and itching, and smarting or burning
+during urination. The peculiar sensations fix the attention to the
+genitals, thus causing frequent passage of urine.</p>
+
+<p>These symptoms increase for about a week, when the disease reaches its
+maximum degree of severity, which is maintained a variable time, the
+discharge from the urethra being thick, creamy and of a greenish
+yellow color.</p>
+
+<p>In the majority of carefully treated cases, the discharge ceases in
+from three to six weeks with apparent recovery. Unfortunately,
+however, there is frequently a tendency for the disease to become
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>chronic. The discharge becomes thin and more watery and persists for
+an indefinite period. This condition&mdash;chronic gonorrhea&mdash;is commonly
+known as "gleet."</p>
+
+<p>c. <b>Syphilis</b>, popularly termed the "pox," is a constitutional
+affection of the type known as "blood diseases."</p>
+
+<p>It is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the
+venereal diseases. No disease has been so wide-spread in its
+dissemination or more potent in its influence upon humanity.</p>
+
+<p>It has been known for centuries, having been mentioned by Japanese
+historians and in Chinese writings two thousand years ago.</p>
+
+<p>Syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation. The
+infectious material enters the broken surface of either the skin or
+mucous membrane, called "contact" or "acquired" syphilis. When it is
+transmitted by the mother to the embryo, it is called "hereditary" or
+"inherited" syphilis.</p>
+
+<p>The disease manifests itself first in a "<i>primary lesion</i>" which is a
+local ulcer (hard chancre) at the point or points of inoculation at a
+period ranging from ten to thirty days after exposure. It may appear
+as an erosion or as a dry scaling and indurated papule, varying in
+size from a pin-head to a silver dollar. The base of the ulcer is
+indurated. It is oval in shape, perhaps somewhat irregular, with a raw
+surface and red colored base devoid of pus.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>Immediately following the appearance of the chancre, the glands in
+direct connection with it become enlarged, hard and rarely painful,
+but they have no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of
+chancroid.</p>
+
+<p>The chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when
+the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease. In about
+six weeks after the chancre the so-called <i>secondary symptoms</i> make
+their appearance. They are heralded by headache, pains in the limbs
+and back, nausea, sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever,
+followed by the appearance of a rash upon the face and body, falling
+out of the hair, sore throat and mouth. These symptoms disappear to be
+again followed by a period free from symptoms. After a longer or
+shorter time the so-called <i>tertiary symptoms</i> make their appearance,
+which are many and varied.</p>
+
+<p>The disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional
+disturbances, appearing at variable intervals, and pursues a chronic
+course.</p>
+
+<p>This disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital
+organs, particularly the brain and spinal cord.</p>
+
+<p>When one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of
+a reputable physician. The treatment of this extends over a long
+period, usually about <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>three years, and must be strictly and
+conscientiously carried out. Marriage upon the part of an individual
+once infected should be only upon the approval of a physician.</p>
+
+<p>After having detailed, as above, the terrible consequences of the
+venereal diseases, it is hardly necessary to add that the young man
+who deliberately seeks any of the usual chances for illicit
+intercourse, is more than taking his life in his hands. If infection
+with a venereal disease meant simply the death of the infected
+individual, it would really be very much less deleterious to society
+than is the present condition. When the young man "sows wild oats" and
+catches incidently gonorrhea, that twenty years ago was considered a
+sort of a "good joke," he will, in a large proportion of cases, lay
+the foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of
+transmitting the disease to an innocent, pure wife.</p>
+
+<p>When a woman catches this disease, particularly from her husband, she
+is very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea, may say
+nothing about it to her husband or her physician, but adopt simple
+home treatment with antiseptic and astringent douches. Such treatment
+will usually result in allaying the inflammation in the superficial
+organs, but will not eradicate it from the deeper organs. It spreads
+to the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries and may even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>affect
+peritoneal tissues, first of the pelvis, then of the abdomen&mdash;may even
+finally affect the heart and joints. Of course, these are rather the
+extreme limit, but they are not at all rare cases. Once this terrible
+disease gets into a woman's organs, it is very likely to lead to a
+sojourn in a hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a
+sacrifice to this mogul of gonorrhea.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five
+per cent. of the operations that women are subjected to in the
+hospitals for diseases of the pelvic organs are the results of
+gonorrheal infection. Besides the cases that require operation, a
+large proportion of cases of sterility is due to gonorrheal infection,
+either in the man or woman, or both.</p>
+
+<p>If we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of
+operations, and progeny of scrofulous children, it would seem to make
+the natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh
+any brief pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits.</p>
+
+<p>It hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth
+about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could
+be tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse.</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>2. MASTURBATION.</h3>
+
+<p>The vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in
+boyhood, perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through
+their associations with obscene playmates. It not infrequently
+happens, however, that the habit is learned independent of these evil
+associations. It has been explained above that secretions frequently
+accumulate under the prepuce and accumulating there serve as a local
+irritation, causing itching of the organ. This local irritation leads
+the boy to attempt to allay the irritation through rubbing. Such
+manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it and to lead to
+the discovery on the part of the boy that such local manipulation may
+lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration. If he has not
+been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the
+uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during
+childhood, he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a
+more or less fixed habit.</p>
+
+<p>While it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in
+this habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the
+habit is stopped at puberty, it must be perfectly evident that if a
+boy enters puberty with this habit, the psychical and physical
+conditions of puberty are such as to make the habit very difficult to
+stop. If it is not stopped a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>serious injury may result. So the
+necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to young boys
+that these organs should not be handled.</p>
+
+<p>After the boy enters puberty, the habit of masturbation either
+acquired during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood,
+begins to have a distinctly deleterious effect.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious
+effect. From what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus,
+it must be evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during
+waking hours only through strong stimulation of the activity of the
+testes, accompanied by liberation of spermatozoa and of the other
+elements of the vital fluid. Let us not forget in this connection, the
+statement made above: that the testis produces two forms of secretion,
+the internal secretion and the external secretion, the internal
+secretion being absorbed, produces those male characteristics which we
+group together under virility, while the external secretion is used
+for procreation. Spermatozoa do not make any part of the internal
+secretion. One reason for this must be evident, i.e., that being
+cellular elements, they could not pass through the vessel walls and be
+absorbed into the blood current, and if they could, by some special
+adaptation, get into the blood current, there is no conceivable action
+which they could <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>perform in the body. We must then look upon the
+internal secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the
+testicular secretion.</p>
+
+<p>So far as physiologists know at present, the external secretion
+differs from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa.
+When we say that the testes form their external secretion under sexual
+excitement only, we simply mean that they liberate or release
+spermatozoa under sexual excitement. The spermatozoa must be looked
+upon as the fertilizing element of the semen, while the liquid portion
+of the semen probably contains that mysterious element which, absorbed
+into the body, produces virility and which, passed out with the
+spermatozoa, may have an important role to perform in the fertilizing
+function.</p>
+
+<p>If the adolescent young man is leading a continent life, we may assume
+that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as
+strong sexual stimuli, arousing in him a definite desire for sexual
+intercourse; but leading a continent life, he curbs his desire and
+fixes his thoughts upon other subjects. In this way, though the sexual
+excitement is brought quickly under abeyance, we can rest assured that
+a certain number of spermatozoa have been released from the testes;
+and that the other secretions have been increased in volume. The
+excitement may be sufficient even to cause an erection, and produce a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>few drops of the secretion of Cowper's glands. The spermatozoa,
+together with a small amount of the liquid secretion, will make their
+way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the ampull&aelig;.
+The bulk of the liquid secretion, however, will, in the course of the
+following hours or days, be reabsorbed, thus making for virility. The
+small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the
+ampull&aelig; will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity, as
+the days go by. On the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the
+ampull&aelig; will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these
+spermatozoa pass out. If they be examined under the microscope as a
+part of a normal nocturnal emission, they will be found to be almost
+motionless or very greatly lacking in typical spermatozoon activity.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us suppose that the young man, instead of curbing his sexual
+appetite, resorts, after a season of erotic imaginations, to the act
+of masturbation. We may picture the seminal ducts, vasa deferentia and
+ampull&aelig; as being gorged with the secretion of the testes, including,
+of course, myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa, together
+with several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular
+secretion. The act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a
+complete emptying of all these ducts. Thus we note that in this case
+the virile fluid is wasted, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>not being used in the procreative act or
+reabsorbed to exert its influence on virility. Nature's ends have been
+defeated. The system suffers a certain degree of depletion from which
+it recovers only after hours or even days. It must be evident from
+this picture of the processes that go on in the male sexual apparatus
+incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be performed
+repeatedly, as it naturally is when it becomes a habit, without
+interfering with the virility of the adolescent male.</p>
+
+<p>In the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the
+principal <i>physical</i> changes that occur in a young man as the result
+of this habit are, flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands. The
+really virile man possesses firm muscles and clear, direct eyes and a
+strong grip; usually also a warm grip.</p>
+
+<p>It has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of
+masturbation in the youth, but such is not the case. They are a sign
+of lack of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to
+be interpreted as having any essential relation to masturbation. There
+may possibly be an incidental relation growing out of the fact that in
+some cases of masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition
+and that in turn may cause the appearance of pimples on the face of
+the adolescent. However, one must be very slow to pass judgment in
+these cases.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>Not the least important among the results of masturbation is the
+attitude of the victim to society in general. This <i>psychical</i> change
+is noticed in immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of
+disinclination to enter into any physical contests, or games; and
+disinclination to cultivate the society of the opposite sex. Here
+again one must be conservative in his judgment, because there are
+individuals who possess a very retiring temperament naturally, and who
+may become so engrossed in study or productive work that they take
+little share in the society of either sex, so that individuals who may
+be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual apparatus would suffer
+a very grave injustice if they were classed among the masturbators. So
+allow the author at this place to emphasize the importance of never
+passing judgment on anybody in these matters on circumstantial
+evidence.</p>
+
+<p>While the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of
+masturbation may not be very serious, in many cases that have come
+under the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme
+limits, very serious, sometimes irretrievable damage has been done,
+yet the encouraging feature of this whole matter is, that if the
+adolescent youth, who is practicing this habit, is warned of its
+danger and stops at once absolutely, nature comes to his rescue, and
+gradually, step by step, but surely, rebuilds the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>whole fabric of his
+virility, bringing back gradually the flush of perfect health into his
+cheek, the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone of
+perfect virility into his muscles.</p>
+
+<p>This change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute
+continence. Nature, like a loving mother, heals the wounds of her
+child with a kiss.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>3. CONTINENCE.</h3>
+
+<p>Such frequent reference has been made above to continence in
+antithesis to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be
+said in addition to that which has preceded. The young man who holds
+before his mental vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to
+establish&mdash;in which a pure wife reigns as queen, sovereign of his
+life, and gently hovers over a brood of lusty boys and fair
+girls&mdash;cannot for a moment consider as a sane solution of his sexual
+problem, periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the periodic
+lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines; nor can he expect to
+develop his powers, physically or intellectually to the highest
+possible degree if he permits himself to contract that habit
+[masturbation] which, step by step, undermines his development. There
+is open to the young man only one of the three alternatives mentioned
+above, i.e., <span class="fakesc">TO LEAD THE "CONTINENT LIFE."</span></p>
+
+<p>The continent life is a goal which every healthy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>young man should
+strive to reach. To arrive at a goal that is before us and above us
+requires sacrifice and brings compensation. The sacrifice takes the
+form of the exertion of the whole will power of the man and the
+painstaking observance of those rules of hygiene which make continent
+living more easily attainable. The compensations of continence are
+those that come from the assurance that the young man has of his
+virility, of his worthiness to take the hand of a pure wife in
+wedlock, of the consciousness of his ability to establish and maintain
+a home, and to protect this home against all dangers.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span><br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>HYGIENE.</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>HYGIENE.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>It is proposed in this chapter to outline, very briefly, a few simple
+rules of hygiene, the observance of which will tend to bring the young
+man into the highest possible state of physical development. Assuming
+that he wishes to lead a continent life, the observance of these rules
+will make that much desired condition more easily attainable.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>1. DIET.</h3>
+
+<p>a. <b>Choice of Food.</b>&mdash;The young man who is boarding at a restaurant or
+in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the
+menu provided. Fortunately, the young man can observe the most
+important rule of diet, i.e., <i>to eat abstemiously</i>. Wherever one is
+boarding he can eat temperately; he can avoid highly spiced foods, tea
+and coffee. The observance of these simple rules will go a long way
+towards simplifying his sexual problem. It has been discovered by the
+study of the influence of diet upon sexual appetite, that the heavy
+eating of rich and highly spiced foods, indulgence in stimulants and
+narcotics, all tend to excite the sexual desires.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>The author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate
+one for a student:</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block2">
+<p class="cen">Breakfast.<br />
+<br />
+Fruit<br />
+Well cooked cereal breakfast food with cream or a slice of bacon, an
+egg, with bread and butter<br />
+Glass of milk, cocoa or cereal coffee<br />
+<br />
+Dinner.<br />
+<br />
+Soup<br />
+Meat, potatoes and gravy<br />
+One vegetable<br />
+Dessert:<br />
+(Custards, tapioca pudding, rice pudding, gelatin pudding or bread pudding)<br />
+Water<br />
+<br />
+Supper.<br />
+<br />
+Creamed potatoes<br />
+Salmon or sardines<br />
+Bread and butter<br />
+Canned or stewed fruit<br />
+Cocoa or milk</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>If lunch is served at noon and dinner at night, the supper and dinner
+as given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is
+served at night.</p>
+
+<p>If the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy
+athletics in which a training table is provided, he may eat a much
+heavier diet than the one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>above outlined, having either eggs or meat
+three times a day instead of once or twice and larger portions of each
+food. However, even the man in athletic training needs less food than
+is customary for men in training to take. If the foot ball teams would
+eat somewhat less than they do and a smaller proportion of meat, they
+would be much less likely to "train stale."</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>Stimulants and Narcotics.</b>&mdash;It will be noted that no provision is
+made for coffee or tea in the above menu. The general conditions of
+life in a student community serve as a sufficient stimulation. Tea and
+coffee are stimulants, and on general principles, it is not wise to
+use stimulants unless one needs them. The college student does not
+need any other stimulant than is afforded by the conditions in a
+college community.</p>
+
+<p>It may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does
+not need them. On the other hand, they may easily injure a person who
+does not need them. Coffee for example, or tea, not only does not
+assist digestion but actually retards it. All stimulants produce a
+quickening of brain activity which is uniformly followed by a reaction
+in which the brain activity is either slowed or confused. The coffee
+drinker is almost certain to experience within an hour after a cup of
+strong coffee an exhilaration, with heightened brain activity. If one
+could experience this stimulation without any reaction, it might be
+advisable, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>especially for those who need just such stimulation at
+just such a time. However, when one considers that he cannot
+experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression,
+he will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the
+expense of the other, except under unusual conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Now the question may naturally arise: What occasion would justify the
+drinking of a strong cup of coffee? Suppose that one were due in an
+examination and that he had only one examination in a day; suppose it
+came at 8 o'clock. Let the student retire early the night before, rise
+early, take a walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast. He
+may take a cup of strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast.
+He will find that this coffee proves a strong stimulant, particularly
+if he has not been using it regularly, and that it produces the
+stimulation just when he wants it. He will find that he is better able
+to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various facts that he may
+need to use in formulating his answers to the examination questions.
+Under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for a
+student to use coffee. But we must not forget that the coffee is a
+drug; used for its drug action; used to produce a physiological effect
+at a definite time. Having produced that effect, one may expect the
+depression to follow after the examination.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>Now the natural tendency, and a tendency which causes many people to
+pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation, is to
+relieve the depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking
+another cup and so on, taking coffee at each meal and perhaps
+occasionally between meals. While some people of phlegmatic
+temperament can stand such a drug habit for years without being very
+seriously injured, it is certainly a habit to be strongly discouraged.
+A person who does not use coffee or tea regularly, but wishes on rare
+occasions to get a stimulation, can resort to it to produce that
+effect, but after having gotten the effect let him get over the
+depression as best he can, and not relieve it by taking a second cup.</p>
+
+<p>If he has a week of examinations, it might be permissible to follow
+such a regime as suggested above throughout the week. On the whole,
+however, the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Narcotics</b> are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the
+senses and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous
+system.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most common and typical narcotics is opium. Derived from
+opium is morphine. Cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the
+an&aelig;sthetics, such as chloroform, ether and common alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>It is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to
+intelligent college men. Very seldom <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>do college and university
+students resort to alcoholic drinks, either for their drug effect or
+in a spirit of conviviality.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow
+the use of alcoholic beverages. It is very rare that educated people
+use any alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities,
+and usually, on special occasions.</p>
+
+<p>It is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the Bible
+dictum that, "Wine is a mocker" has been realized.</p>
+
+<p>Brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a
+cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the
+skin, only to cool down the temperature of the body later, so that
+instead of raising the temperature of the body, alcohol actually
+lowers the temperature of the body.</p>
+
+<p>Many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body, but if
+the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of
+the body, as is the case on excessively hot days in summer, the rush
+of blood to the surface would only have the effect desired in the
+first few minutes of the action of the alcohol. The skin would tend to
+become dry, the temperature of the blood to rise, subject to the
+influence of the hot air. This heated blood striking the vital organs
+accounts for the fact that on those excessively <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>hot days, when there
+are many sunstrokes, most of them are among men who not only
+habitually take alcohol, but who are under the influence of alcohol at
+the time.</p>
+
+<p>Many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion, but scientific
+observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown
+that the digestion is actually retarded.</p>
+
+<p>Many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong, and one
+does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of
+alcohol, but many careful experiments on the part of numerous
+observers have shown that the muscles are really less strong and can
+do progressively less work the larger the dose of alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>Many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and
+have taken it for that purpose; but experiments have shown that while
+there is temporarily a greater activity of the brain, this activity is
+less under control of the higher brain centers. The after dinner
+champagne may loosen the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he
+may say many things which the judgment would not commend.</p>
+
+<p>So, in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through
+the ages, we find on careful examination, that in every case the
+alcohol actually has an effect opposite to that which has been
+attributed to it. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>How true then are the words of the Bible: "Wine is
+a mocker."</p>
+
+<p>If an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles, the brain or the
+glands, one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and
+coaches for preparation in athletic contests; one would find it
+commended by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their
+preparation and in the final encounter; one would find it recommended
+by mountain climbers and by Arctic explorers, to stimulate the muscles
+for the exhausting ordeal of mountain climbing or to protect the
+system from the penetrating cold of the northern latitudes; alcoholic
+beverages are, however, not only not advised by these men for these
+purposes, but on the other hand, all participants in these activities
+are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages, even in the
+smallest quantities.</p>
+
+<p>So the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound
+body must leave alcoholic beverages alone. Further, the young man who
+would have absolute control of his sexual desires, must leave alcohol
+alone, for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the
+lines of control. It is under the influence of alcohol that the young
+man is almost sure to make his first visit to the house of
+prostitution. If a girl lose her virtue, it takes place in a majority
+of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol; but for this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>influence lessening her control, she could not be seduced. <i>Hence one
+of the requirements of continence is</i> TOTAL ABSTINENCE.</p>
+
+<p>Under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco, though
+tobacco has several other effects than the narcotic one. It exerts
+upon the mucous membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the
+mucous glands of the mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes,
+but the influence upon the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic
+character, and while tobacco is a mild narcotic, and while it can be
+used by the adult moderately without serious results; this is certain,
+that no man has ever been benefited by the use of tobacco. And while
+many men have been injured, even by the moderate use, all men are
+injured by the excessive use. Furthermore, boys and young men who have
+not attained the full stature of their physical development are very
+seriously injured and retarded in their development through even the
+moderate use of tobacco. There is not an educator in America who will
+not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form by young
+boys, retards both the physical and mental growth.</p>
+
+<p>So tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to
+leave alone, and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any
+grounds other than that it is a sense gratification. And while it
+must <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>be admitted that it may serve as a sense gratification in the
+case of the individual who participates in it, it must also be
+remembered that tobacco smoke or the smell of tobacco is, in a very
+high degree distasteful if not actually loathsome, to a large
+proportion of society, and the young man who gratifies sense at the
+expense of his neighbors, certainly is on the defensive.</p>
+
+<p>In so far as tobacco is a narcotic, in just so far does it disarm and
+put to sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful
+in the maintenance of the continent life.</p>
+
+<p>c. <b>The Dietetic Control of the Bowels.</b>&mdash;A most important hygienic
+rule is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels. By regularity
+of the bowels we mean, a free, normal passage of the bowels at least
+once in twenty-four hours. Two or three passages in twenty-four hours
+are not too many.</p>
+
+<p>A tendency towards constipation may be hereditary. The writer finds
+that at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation
+among college men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency.</p>
+
+<p>Those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their
+whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from
+actual chronic constipation, find it exceedingly difficult to produce
+normal regular daily movements of the bowels. Whether constipation is
+chronic or occasional or whether it is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>hereditary or acquired, in any
+case, it should be corrected if possible through modification of the
+diet, and of daily habits.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, one must remember in this connection that the lower
+bowel or rectum is subject to education, and not by any means the
+least important factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation, is
+the regular morning visit to the water closet.</p>
+
+<p>The author would discourage the habit which some have of "straining at
+stool." This act of straining at stool together with the pressure
+which the hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels, increases the
+blood pressure in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that
+it is likely to cause hemorrhoids or piles. But if the position
+favorable to the passage of the bowels be taken regularly, every
+morning, and a reasonable time spent in that position, and if the
+daily passage is brought about at that time, the muscles of the rectum
+will be educated to the point of contracting upon its contents at that
+time and under those conditions regularly, and this will be a strong
+factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels.</p>
+
+<p>But the most important thing to consider in this condition is the
+dietetic regulation of the bowels. There are some foods that tend to
+constipate while others act as a laxative.</p>
+
+<p>Such foods for example, as contain a considerable <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>portion of tannin,
+are always constipating. Strong teas have a constipating effect,
+particularly such as the bitter English Breakfast teas, in which there
+is a very large proportion of tannin. This large percentage of tannin
+accounts for the prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers.</p>
+
+<p>Unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which, in the
+ripening processes of the fruit, becomes changed into cellulose and
+sugar. Any fruit that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is
+exposed to the air and that stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly
+when the fruit is cut, possesses a high percentage of tannin, and is
+not in a wholesome condition to eat. Unripe peaches and apples possess
+this characteristic. These fruits should be eaten only when ripe.</p>
+
+<p>If one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp
+material, a tendency to constipation will be noticed. It has been
+found from investigation of this subject that the cellulose or
+undigested material of the cereals, vegetables and fruits, is an
+absolute essential to good bowel action. The cellulose makes bulk in
+the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk of undigested material
+stimulates the muscular contractions.</p>
+
+<p>If one were to choose for example, a diet of meat, eggs, nuts, corn
+starch, tapioca, sugar, fats and oils, i.e., diets which will be
+almost completely digested and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>absorbed, leaving a very small amount
+of undigested material in the intestines, the bulk of the material in
+the intestines would be so small that they would not be stimulated to
+contract. Therefore this small bulk of material, together with certain
+excretions from the liver and other organs, would be retained in the
+bowel and undergo fermentation there. Injurious substances which
+result from the fermentation would be absorbed, causing what is known
+as autointoxication, complicated with constipation. If one, however,
+mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion of
+cereals, fruits and vegetables, all of which possess a considerable
+percentage of undigestible material, the presence of this undigestible
+material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements,
+causing the passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the
+rectum, which will be periodically evacuated. In such cereal foods as
+the coarser meals (like oatmeal, various wheat preparations and corn
+meal), the proportion of bran substance serves as a local stimulation
+to the intestinal activity. The little bran scales being
+sharp-cornered and rough, serve as a local irritant or mechanical
+stimulation.</p>
+
+<p>What has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some
+coarser cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not
+wholesome. On the other hand, white bread made from the roller process
+flour <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>is in a high degree nutritious and wholesome, and may well make
+an important part of any dietary.</p>
+
+<p>It is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven.
+These hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost
+completely impervious to the digestive juices, and while they are
+eventually digested, it takes a very much longer time to do so than
+would be the case with stale bread, which is so readily masticated
+into a creamy consistency. If one is subjected to conditions where he
+must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps embarrass a most hospitable
+hostess, there is only one thing for him to do, i.e., to eat the
+biscuits.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible, though difficult, to masticate hot bread so perfectly
+that it is reduced to a smooth, creamy consistency, and no one should
+ever swallow any bread which has not been so masticated.</p>
+
+<p>Among the fruits, figs, prunes and apples seem to have the most
+clearly marked laxative effect, though all ripe fruits generally, and
+especially those that are taken uncooked, have a moderate laxative
+effect. Belonging to this class of foods is rhubarb which, though not
+a fruit, is usually served as a fruit either stewed or in puddings or
+pies. There is no doubt that it exerts its laxative effect better if
+taken stewed rather than with pastry.</p>
+
+<p>If one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to
+correct it, a rational change of diet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>would be, <i>to eat freely of
+cereals and coarse breads and of various fruits, particularly apples,
+figs and prunes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely
+of them just before retiring. The apples and figs may be eaten just as
+they are received from the market. Prunes may be soaked in cold water
+for twenty-four hours, then taken directly from the cold water and
+eaten.</p>
+
+<p>If this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is
+only in part dietetic, i.e., <i>to rise</i> <span class="fakesc">ONE HOUR BEFORE
+BREAKFAST</span>, <i>drink two glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk
+of fifteen to thirty minutes</i>. The cold water has a tonic effect upon
+the stomach, preparing it for a rapid digestion of the breakfast. It
+also washes out the accumulation of mucus in the stomach, which may
+easily equal a pint in volume. This pint of mucous plus the pint of
+water, making a quart of liquid altogether, pours through the pylorus,
+and during the rapid walk, works its way rapidly down through the
+alimentary tract, washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive
+and rapidly to digest the next meal. This slimy water, having washed
+out the stomach and small intestine, then passes into the large
+intestine, moistening and lubricating its contents and causing it to
+move gradually towards the rectum, where it stimulates a normal free
+passage of the bowels after breakfast.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>Any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment. Such a
+treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines.</p>
+
+<p>d. <b>The Dietetic Control of Sleep.</b>&mdash;Most students study evenings. If
+their heavy meal is a dinner at 5:30 or 6 p.m. they are likely to feel
+very drowsy by 7:30 or 8 o'clock. This is a perfectly natural
+experience, all animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal.
+If one could lie down and sleep for an hour while his dinner is
+digesting, he could probably rise at 9 o'clock and put in two or three
+hours of good hard work. He would find himself at 11 or 12 o'clock so
+thoroughly awake, however, that he might have difficulty in getting to
+sleep if he retired at that hour. If, on the other hand, one has his
+dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night, he is
+able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up
+until he is ready to retire. In this case also, he is likely to be so
+wide awake at the time of retiring that he may have difficulty in
+getting to sleep. In either of these cases, it is altogether proper
+and advisable to take a light lunch before retiring. A double purpose
+can be served by this lunch. In the first place, the taking of
+anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete the
+circulation from other organs (brain in this case) to the stomach. In
+the second place, the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite
+<i>somnolent</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>effect. Such foods are, <i>celery</i>, <i>lettuce</i>, <i>onions</i>,
+<i>warm milk</i>. It may not be convenient to get warm milk at midnight,
+but it would hardly be inconvenient to provide one's self with two or
+three graham crackers and a stalk of celery. These with a drink of
+water and a little brisk exercise before an open window ought so far
+to divert the circulation from the brain as to enable one to fall
+asleep quickly.</p>
+
+<p>e. <b>The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin.</b>&mdash;The stimulation of
+excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important
+thing, particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to
+establish free excretion. The food which has a most clearly marked
+effect upon both kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits.
+These fruits, as they appear in our markets, are <i>lemons</i>, <i>oranges</i>
+and <i>grape fruit</i>. All of these fruits are in a high degree wholesome
+as an addition to the dietary. Lemon juice is far more wholesome than
+vinegar in salads. The juices of lemons and oranges make most
+refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer, and on occasions
+where one wishes <i>to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and skin,
+he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade</i>.</p>
+
+<p>f. <b>The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold.</b>&mdash;A whole <i>quart of hot
+lemonade</i> may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold. The
+effect in such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious
+urination. Both <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to
+carry away from the system the effete materials that have been
+retained as a result of the cold.</p>
+
+<p>It is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be
+taken that during the sweating or immediately following it, the <i>body
+should not be exposed to catch more cold</i>. In this method of treating
+a cold, one should <i>take a strong cathartic</i> such as two or three
+teaspoonfuls of castor oil, and should remain in bed twenty-four
+hours. During this twenty-four hours <i>no other food than a little
+light broth should be taken</i>. This treatment usually completely breaks
+up a cold and one is able, in two or three days, to make good the loss
+of the twenty-four hours, during which time he was confined to his
+room.</p>
+
+<p>This dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is
+incomparably wiser and more economical than to drag around, hoping to
+"wear out the cold," only to be worn out by it.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>2. BATHS.</h3>
+
+<p>a. <b>The Bath for Cleanliness.</b>&mdash;Little need be said regarding the bath
+for cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week
+during the colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as
+once a day during that portion of the year when there is free
+perspiration.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>Where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm
+water over the whole surface of the body. If he takes this bath just
+before retiring, it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge
+at the end of the bath. If, however, one takes a warm soap bath in the
+morning the relaxing effect of the bath upon the skin makes it
+necessary to take a cold shower or a cold sponge after the warm bath
+in order to secure the tonic effect upon the skin and fortify one
+against catching cold.</p>
+
+<p>During the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he
+should guard against an excessive use of soap, as a daily soap bath
+may have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as
+to make the skin rough. With the daily bath for cleanliness it is
+possible that warm water and soap need not be used more frequently
+than once or twice a week and that a laving of the whole surface with
+cold water followed by a vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may
+serve the double purpose of insuring absolute cleanliness, and at the
+same time serving as a skin tonic.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection the author would emphasize the importance of
+insuring absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus. In primeval
+conditions less attention was necessary as these organs were more or
+less exposed, but the present method of dress is such as to permit the
+accumulation of the skin secretions. While <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>these may in part be
+removed by the friction against the clothing, it is advisable to wash
+the external genitals and all neighboring surfaces as a regular part
+of the daily toilet.</p>
+
+<p>b. <b>The Tonic Bath.</b>&mdash;In warm weather when one takes a daily bath to
+insure cleanliness, at least five of these baths each week may be in
+cold water, sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described
+above. In cold weather, when one takes not more than one or two warm
+soap baths a week, the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most
+important purpose in the hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>Some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a
+tub of cold water. This method of taking the cold bath is not to be
+recommended except for those who are in the most robust health, and in
+these cases, so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly
+beneficial. The author has seen many people who were injured by this
+method of taking the tonic bath.</p>
+
+<p>There are two methods to be recommended: Those who have access to a
+cold shower may stand for a moment, and for a moment only, under the
+cold shower, then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole
+surface of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole
+surface of the body glows with the warmth of the reaction. If one does
+not have access <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>to the cold shower, he may take a most effective
+tonic bath in his room, using cold water, the coldest obtainable, and
+a bath sponge, or even a wash cloth, dipping the sponge into the cold
+water, then pressing out enough of the water so that there will be no
+excess of water to run over the surface of the body from the sponge.
+Begin by sponging face, neck, shoulders, arms and chest, then wipe
+these parts dry, subject them to vigorous friction with the crash
+towel until the arms, shoulders and chest particularly glow with the
+warmth of the reaction. While the upper half of the body is receiving
+its bath the lower half may be kept covered, and conversely.</p>
+
+<p>This tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the
+morning, and as a part of the morning toilet.</p>
+
+<p>If one takes such a tonic bath on arising, then dresses hurriedly and
+takes a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes, the regime quickly
+brings his body into the most vigorous and robust state of health;
+unless there is something wrong with his digestion or his excretion,
+and even moderate derangements of these will be very likely to be
+corrected by the regime just suggested.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>3. EXERCISE.</h3>
+
+<p>Incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning
+walk before breakfast. This has <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>a most salutary tonic effect besides
+the influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements. Not the least
+important result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the
+lungs are repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door
+air. This naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the
+development of the lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their
+vigor in middle age.</p>
+
+<p>The increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to
+hastened circulation through the muscles, glands and brain. This
+hurrying blood current not only carries nutriment to these organs, but
+carries away their accumulations of effete material to the excretory
+glands.</p>
+
+<p>The student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning
+exercise. The mile run, the mile row or any other strenuous exercise
+is strongly to be discouraged at this time of the day. If one overdoes
+morning exercise, he is likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued,
+throughout the remainder of the forenoon, and his ability to do a high
+grade of mental work is decreased rather than increased.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the morning exercise, every person who wishes to live a
+vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier
+exercise during the latter part of the day or evening. This exercise
+may take any one of many forms. It may be golf, tennis, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>foot-ball,
+base-ball, cricket, rowing, lacrosse, basket-ball, cross country
+running, track or gymnasium work, etc., etc. The immediate results of
+this exercise should be largely to increase lung and heart action and
+to cause a sufficient fatigue of the muscular system so that rest is
+sought and may be followed by dreamless, recuperative sleep.</p>
+
+<p>It might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we
+must first fatigue them, but that seems to be Nature's plan. The only
+way to build up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it
+to its maximum capacity.</p>
+
+<p>If one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay
+on fat. If he does lay on fat, he may know that he is eating more than
+he needs and he should make his diet more temperate. The youth of
+eighteen or nineteen who is tall and rather spare, and whose muscular
+system has not reached its full development would, of course, increase
+his weight incident to the growth of his muscular system. This
+increase in weight must not be confused with increase of weight
+through fat deposit. The latter should be avoided&mdash;the former should
+be encouraged.</p>
+
+<p>Not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical
+exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise.
+The courage, nerve control, quick judgment, agility and strength
+required <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>on the foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's
+equipment to fight the battles of life. The conditions of these games
+give frequent opportunities for the young man to cultivate the spirit
+of honesty and fair play&mdash;the spirit, without which, no man can reach
+his highest success in the real contests of life.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>4. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEP.</h3>
+
+<p>The personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic,
+though it may be briefly treated.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can
+only be determined by the individual. Some seem to require ten hours,
+others eight, others six, while rarely individuals are found who seem
+to thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four.
+The average requirement seems to be about eight hours. If one has by
+experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he
+requires, he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that
+amount of sleep. While a brief departure from this regime may be
+without serious results, any prolonged departure from it will
+certainly bring its natural retribution. So, the young man having
+determined how much sleep he needs, should adopt a daily program that
+will provide for just that many hours in bed, and he should early
+establish the habit of going to sleep at once upon retiring, and of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>arising at once upon awakening. Dallying in bed has led many a young
+man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that are in a high
+degree deleterious, morally and physically.</p>
+
+<p>So far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment, he
+should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be
+comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>One should never retire with cold feet. A most effective way to warm
+the feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them
+vigorously with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth.
+Furthermore, no more effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be
+devised than this nightly tonic bath.</p>
+
+<p>One will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of
+taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room
+slippers, which should always be worn during one's excursions to the
+bath room, and during his tonic sponge bath.</p>
+
+<p>As to posture in bed, the experience of men in general is, that the
+most comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the
+side. The right side is to be preferred to the left because in this
+position, the heart being on the upper side, is not embarrassed in its
+free movement by the superincumbent lung tissue. Furthermore, this
+position facilitates the passage of digesting foods from the stomach.
+To <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>maintain comfortably this side position, requires that the knees
+be at least moderately drawn up. This posture when asleep is
+practically identical with that of nearly all higher animals, and is
+unquestionably the most hygienic one for man. No animal but man ever
+lies upon its back unless it is dead. Furthermore, the dorsal position
+puts tendons, nerves and muscles on a stretch, while the flexed
+lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position, which
+is most favorable to rest.</p>
+
+<p>It goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly
+ventilated. The occupant should take care that he does not lie in a
+direct draught from a window or door, because it has been found by
+experience that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of
+doors than he is if he sleeps in a direct draught from a window or
+door. Just why this is has not been satisfactorily accounted for, but
+the fact remains. So if you must sleep in the house, secure perfect
+ventilation without direct draughts.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>5. THE CONTROL OF THE THOUGHTS.</h3>
+
+<p>There is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a
+continent life than the control of the thoughts. It goes without
+saying that the man who thinks about sexual matters, especially the
+one whose imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>stimulating images, is only inviting temptation to relax his
+continence. If he controls his thoughts during those times when he is
+less amenable to temptation, he is far more likely to be able to
+control his acts at those times when his physical condition makes him
+most amenable to temptation.</p>
+
+<p>The most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's
+work as to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs
+that are wholly independent of sexual experiences or considerations.
+One should set a mark for himself so high above his present position
+that he is compelled to put forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in
+order to accomplish his aim. The old saying that, "Satan finds work
+for idle hands to do" is all too true. Anyone may observe the
+influence of idleness or even the influence of a partially occupied
+program upon the habits of the youth and young man. Beard and
+Rockwell, in their valuable work on this subject say: "Go to work;
+develop your muscles and brain; resolve to become at least useful if
+not famous. The activity which will be necessary in carrying out these
+ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils, if they are
+imaginary, and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones."</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span><br />
+<a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>DEVELOPMENT.</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>DEVELOPMENT.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The development of the child within the uterus of the mother
+represents a chapter in the life history of every individual so
+important in its relations to maternity and paternity that every young
+man should be acquainted with at least its general features.</p>
+
+<p>As stated in the chapter on Reproduction, every living organism begins
+life as a single cell, or globule of protoplasm. In the case of the
+human subject, the cell from which each child begins its development
+is formed by the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm, one
+furnished by the mother, and called the ovum, or egg; the other
+furnished by the father, and called the spermatozoon. The egg is very
+much larger than the spermatozoon, and contains enough yolk material
+to afford nourishment for the embryo for a number of days.</p>
+
+<p>When the ovum reaches the finished state, which is called "maturity,"
+it leaves the ovary, and is carried along the fallopian tube (see
+accompanying figure) into the uterus, where it usually finds a
+lodgment in the upper part, as shown in Figure I. Once the minute ovum
+has been caught in the projections of the velvety inner surface of the
+uterus, this thick velvety lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of
+the ovum begins a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>rapid growth, gradually enveloping the rapidly
+expanding ovum, as shown in Figures I and II of the accompanying
+plate.</p>
+
+<p>Within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous
+changes in the whole life history of the individual. The nucleus of
+the fertilized egg, and the protoplasm which surrounds it, divide into
+two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, etc. These divisions follow
+each other in such rapid succession that there are many hundreds of
+cells by the end of the first twenty-four hours. These cells soon
+begin to arrange themselves into layers and groups, which, step by
+step, develop the different tissues and organs of the body.</p>
+
+<p>By the end of thirty days the little embryo, about as large as one
+inch of the end of a lead pencil, would be recognized as the embryo of
+some mammalian animal, but it would be quite impossible to say whether
+it would develop into a human being or some other animal, if it were
+seen quite apart from its immediate surroundings. By the end of
+another thirty days, however, the little embryo has multiplied its
+size several times, and has reached a form instantly recognizable as
+the young of the human kind, as shown in Figure IV. It still, however,
+retains the vestige of a little tail, which within the next thirty
+days will have been completely absorbed.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span><br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep127.png">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep127.png" width="50%" alt="THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen
+a large structure which is labeled "cord." This cord is a part of what
+is called the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>umbilical cord, and it is this that joins the embryo
+to the mother. Note in Figure III the large stalk of this cord passing
+upward from the body of the embryo and merging into the structures in
+the top of the uterus. Note further that there are little branching
+structures passing from the base of this stalk up into the base of the
+uterus. These branching structures are loops of blood-vessels, and
+they form part of the placenta, or "afterbirth." Through this cord the
+embryo receives its nourishment from the mother. The blood of the
+mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels, and the embryo absorbs
+from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones,
+muscles, brain, spinal-cord, and glands. From the same source the
+embryo receives the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life.</p>
+
+<p>From the third month on to the end of the nine months, the amount of
+material which the mother must provide for the development of the
+child within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical
+resources. It is not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months
+of pregnancy to become quite pale, her blood having been impoverished
+to provide material for the development of her child.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>MATERNITY.</h3>
+
+<p>What has been said above regarding the contributions which the
+maternal organism must make toward the development of the offspring
+must have impressed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>on the mind of the reader that <i>maternity means,
+first of all, sacrifice</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood.</p>
+
+<p>With the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes, each month, a week of
+special physical drain, when work must be lightened and vigorous
+exercise curtailed, when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of
+health.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the
+pleasure of dancing; of skating or swimming; of sleigh-rides or
+cross-country walks and the young man should make it less difficult
+for her by acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be
+excused from such recreation.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the
+more highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of
+aboriginal peoples, or among the lower animals. Conditions of modern
+life, and particularly urban life, leave the female organism less able
+to endure the drafts made upon the system by maternity, so that to
+bear a child may mean not only the sacrifice of comfort, but even the
+sacrifice of health.</p>
+
+<p>The highly sensitive, delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman
+is perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her
+being. This manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of
+sensitiveness. It goes without saying that the pregnant woman
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>deserves at the hands of all who come in contact with her, and
+particularly at the hands of her husband, most considerate and
+sympathetic treatment. Her little whims and vagaries, however
+unreasonable, must always be treated seriously, and with delicate and
+tactful consideration. The members of her family, particularly the
+husband, owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a
+frame of mind as possible.</p>
+
+<p>When we consider the real significance of maternity to the race, to
+society, and to the family, we must feel that, of all human relations,
+maternity is the most sacred, and that no condition should be allowed
+to mar it, and no consideration to take precedence of it.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>PATERNITY.</h3>
+
+<p>After the husband had contributed the male sexual cells, or
+spermatozoa, in this wonderful process above outlined, it might seem
+that there is little he can do, except to wait, while nature carries
+on the process. The reader will remember, however, from the chapter on
+Reproduction, that the contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates
+the sacrifices that the paternal organism must make in this process.
+Are there any demands on paternity between the time of conception of
+the new life and its birth?</p>
+
+<p>As already mentioned under the preceding topic, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>pregnant mother
+needs gentle and loving care. She needs to have her little whims and
+foibles overlooked. She needs to be protected, so far as possible,
+from every influence that might depress or make her unhappy. She needs
+to be guarded against any unusual physical exertion, and above all,
+she needs at this time more than at any other time, the manifested
+affection and sympathy of her husband.</p>
+
+<p>There is another sacrifice, if it may be so called, which the husband
+is called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife, namely, <i>to
+abstain absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of
+pregnancy and for two or three months following</i>. This means
+practically one year of continent living. All other animals observe
+this period of continence. Nature demands that man observe it in
+common with other animals. Man is the only animal that has
+transgressed this fundamental law of nature. The retribution which
+nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various.
+Sometimes, but rarely, the sexual excitement on the part of the woman
+may cause an abortion, or a miscarriage. The more usual result makes
+itself manifest in the drain on the nervous energy of the woman. When
+we consider that maternity in the human race involves greater
+sacrifice than in any other animal, it would seem that the addition of
+this last demand, namely, of satisfying the sexual desires of the
+husband during <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>the period of pregnancy, might prove "the straw that
+breaks the camel's back," and result in the more or less complete
+nervous breakdown of the woman. The author submits this question to
+all fair-minded men: Is it not due to the wife that she be not asked
+to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the
+period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race, to
+society, and to the family?</p>
+
+<p>The author submits this question because some men are known to
+transgress this law of nature. Fortunately the proportion of men who
+thus transgress is not large.</p>
+
+<p>Let us stand for these things: (1) <i>An equal standard of purity for
+men and women</i>, (2) <i>A strenuous, virile, continent manhood</i>, (3)
+<i>Sexual temperance in wedlock</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a><hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>APPENDIX</h3>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span><br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3>APPENDIX.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the
+solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are
+so frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of
+them would serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or
+doubts, more or less important in the minds of many young men. It has
+been decided to group these answers in an appendix rather than to
+incorporate them in the body of the book, as many of them seem not
+quite relevant to the topics outlined under the several chapters.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>How do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of
+the testes are not present?</i></p>
+
+<p>The spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission, if present at all,
+are found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen
+secreted during sexual excitement. The seminal vesicles are not
+receptacles for the testicular secretion. The ampull&aelig; seem to serve
+that purpose in a limited degree.</p>
+
+<p>Considering all these facts, it seems to be a tenable conclusion that
+the few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal
+emission are those that have, from time to time, collected in the
+ampull&aelig;, and that during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal
+emission the testes are not actively releasing nascent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>spermatozoa.
+This function of the testes seems to be reserved for periods of
+conscious sexual stimulation.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>How may one control too frequent emissions?</i></p>
+
+<p>If emissions are too frequent for the individual case, they are
+followed by depletion and malaise. Even if they occur as infrequently
+as once in two weeks and are followed by the above symptoms, they must
+be considered as too frequent, or abnormal in that case. On the other
+hand, they may occur as frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust
+individuals, and especially in men who have had frequent sexual
+intercourse, and who have for some reason discontinued it. And even
+though they occur as frequently as twice a week, if they are followed
+by a feeling of relief and wellbeing, they must not be considered as
+too frequent for that individual under the conditions.</p>
+
+<p>So the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less
+independent of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the
+individual to the emission. If, following the criterion above
+outlined, one finds that his emissions are too frequent, because of
+accompanying depletion and malaise, this frequency may be modified
+either by changes of the diet or by changes of hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>For a more extended discussion, see text above on nocturnal emissions.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of
+seventeen or nineteen or even to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>twenty-fifth year as is the
+case with the physical and mental powers?</i></p>
+
+<p>The brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age.
+The brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the
+age of puberty, and then only under special conditions and this
+increase in weight and size is not due to the addition of any new
+cells, but simply to a slight increase in the bulk of those cells
+already present. In a similar way the sexual apparatus undergoes,
+during the period of puberty (fifteen to seventeen) a very rapid
+growth, reaching by the end of the period of puberty (seventeenth or
+nineteenth year) their full size.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous?</i></p>
+
+<p>Enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the
+epididymis. These are thin walled vessels that respond to any
+increased internal blood pressure, perhaps showing a special tendency
+in this direction during that period of rapid growth of the sexual
+apparatus in the early part of the adolescent period. If the
+enlargement is only moderate, it may disappear, or at least become
+spontaneously arrested in its growth, in which case it need cause no
+concern. If these veins, however, dilate until they form a
+considerable mass, known as <span class="fakesc">VARICOCELE</span>, they may affect the
+sexual apparatus deleteriously in two ways: (1) The increased weight
+in the scrotal sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>annoy
+the subject by its traction on the spermatic cord. This lengthened
+scrotum with its contents may also be exposed to mechanical pressure
+or even to injury from the clothing, etc., which would not occur if
+the scrotal sac were short, holding the testes close to the body. (2)
+Of far more importance is the danger of the varicocele gradually
+encroaching by pressure upon the testis, perhaps to cause a partial
+atrophy of that gland. This condition is a comparatively rare one, and
+inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes, the possibility of
+causing sterility on the part of a man is remote.</p>
+
+<p>The extension of the scrotum and the "bearing-down" sensation may be
+relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage. Such a bandage
+may be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house, and if
+properly fitted, will usually relieve any such discomfort as described
+above. If the varicocele is quite large, the subject will do well to
+consult a competent surgeon and to take his advice.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a
+universal phenomenon among continent men?</i></p>
+
+<p>The nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the
+seminal vesicles. Some continent men never have nocturnal emissions.
+The reason may be sought in one of two directions: (1) The usual cause
+of absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in
+the man in question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by
+<i>involuntary diurnal emissions</i>, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>occurring usually when the
+individual is at stool. These emissions are likely to occur once in
+two to four weeks and take the place of the nocturnal emission. (2)
+Rarely we find virile, continent men whose vesicular secretion is so
+scanty that they are never conscious of its emission.</p>
+
+<p>6. (a) <i>Should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood
+practiced masturbation think of wedlock?</i></p>
+
+<p>(b) <i>If one has not lived a pure life but has reformed, may he ask a
+pure woman to be his wife?</i></p>
+
+<p>Such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most
+serious motives. A vast majority of boys and young men who practice
+self-abuse, do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong
+or cognizant only in a vague way of the evil of the practice.</p>
+
+<p>To consign a man to the Hades of homelessness and the sorrow of
+childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a
+few months or years of his life, would be meting out a retribution far
+in excess of the sin. If nature intended such a retribution to be
+meted out she would have led the way by causing an atrophy or some
+other form of disease in the subject who had abused his sexual organs.
+But nature does not do that. If the young man who, from his twelfth to
+his eighteenth year, has practiced masturbation, is shown the error of
+his way and breaks the habit absolutely, nature quickly comes to his
+rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely, unless he has been
+guilty of extreme excess in the habit. This rehabilitation of virility
+after <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years,
+according to the case and the extent of the practice.</p>
+
+<p>The complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been
+forging its chains about the youth, is in itself no small victory and
+should go a long way towards extenuating his lapse. The young man who
+can conquer himself and learn to lead a pure life, free from his early
+habit and above reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but
+also in all his thoughts of woman deserves his well-earned reward. He
+deserves the respect of all pure women and should be able to win the
+love of one whom he may with clear conscience ask to be his wife, and
+with whom he may confidently expect to build a typical home.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for
+procreation?</i></p>
+
+<p>In the normal course of events, if intercourse is indulged in for
+procreation only, it would come as often as once, perhaps twice in a
+month; that is, either just before the menstrual period of the woman
+or just after, the woman being most easily impregnated at these two
+periods.</p>
+
+<p>A man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no
+difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent. If the
+sexual intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month,
+the man, by living thus continently, will find it much more easy to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>maintain his continence during the twelve-month period after his wife
+becomes pregnant before he can properly have intercourse with her
+again, than would be the case if he had had sexual relations much more
+frequently.</p>
+
+<p>That the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above
+outlined and that the woman, in the vast majority of cases, does not
+desire intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as
+above indicated is, without any reasonable doubt, due to hereditary
+tendencies. Under primeval conditions, and in fact, until
+comparatively recent times, the vast majority of mankind were
+polygamous, the strong men of the race&mdash;those who procreated their
+kind&mdash;having as many wives as they could support and protect, the weak
+men of the race being crowded aside, sometimes castrated, to become
+the burden bearers for the strong.</p>
+
+<p>Under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual
+intercourse for other than procreative purposes, and even granting
+that the man has intercourse for procreation only, if he had twelve
+wives, he would be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of
+them. That these experiences on the part of a long line of maternal
+ancestors should lead the women of today to desire sexual intercourse
+for procreation only, is easy to understand; that the impulses
+transmitted along the paternal line of ancestors should lead the men
+of today to desire intercourse far more frequently than this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>can,
+under monogamous conditions be indulged, is also easy to understand.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>How frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged, in the marriage
+state?</i></p>
+
+<p>If one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above, i.e., to indulge in
+sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and
+not at all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period, the
+limit is then set, not by strictly normal and anthropological
+considerations, but by the health of the individuals. The author has
+seen young married couples who had carried their sexual intercourse to
+such extremes as seriously to deplete the physical vigor and menace
+the health of both parties. Just how frequent indulgence will have
+this effect in any particular case is impossible to say. In some cases
+twice a week may have this effect; in other cases once in twenty-four
+hours might be borne for a considerable time. In any case the
+condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural
+retribution in some form&mdash;either broken health, or sterility of the
+wife, and depleted powers of the husband, or weak and sickly children,
+separated by long intervals.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>How long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid
+and yet be able to raise healthy children?</i></p>
+
+<p>This question cannot be answered in other than most general terms. The
+author has known one case of a young man who, for several years,
+practiced <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>masturbation several times a day, so far depleting his
+powers that he could not walk erect, his muscles were flabby, his
+testes were very soft and small, his eyes shifty, his hands clammy and
+his mind incoherent in its working. He seemed to be a candidate for
+the asylum and would probably have gone there if radical means had not
+been adopted to break him of the habit. He was broken, however,
+absolutely, and never performed the act after his nineteenth birthday.
+Within three years he had completely recovered his virility. He had
+nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large part of his
+increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity&mdash;muscle
+which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch. His sexual
+organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt, their
+virility. He had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course
+of professional study and entered with great success upon the practice
+of his chosen profession.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding
+the sterility of his wife. After examination, it was found that the
+husband had practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of
+puberty to his twenty-fourth year, when he was married. He assured the
+author that at the time of his marriage his testicles were, as far as
+he had known, similar to the testicles of other young men, and that
+during his married life he had never had intercourse with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>his wife
+more frequently than once in a month, but that during that time he had
+noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes. At the time of the
+examination only small atrophied remains of these testes could be
+discovered. The sterility of the wife was due, without any question,
+to the absolute impotence of the husband, and so far as the history of
+the case would suggest, there was no other assignable cause of this
+impotence than the eight years of masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>From these two cases, it must be evident that no rules can be laid
+down. In one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme
+masturbation; in the other-case, a habit that would not be called
+extreme resulted in impotence. It must be evident that the practice is
+a dangerous one after puberty, as no individual can tell to which of
+the above cases his may be similar.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen, is
+there any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse
+with a woman?</i></p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual
+excitement is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal. If
+this sexual excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the
+masturbator, the depletion seems to be more marked than is the case
+with the normal, natural stimulation incident to sexual intercourse.
+Some have suggested that the reciprocal influence of the woman can in
+some way compensate for the vital fluid <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>contributed by the male. It
+is hardly likely that such a reciprocal influence is other than
+psychical, but that is certainly sufficient to account for any
+difference in these two forms of sexual gratification.</p>
+
+<p>Nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for
+procreation, which contribution is, always has been, and, in the very
+nature of the case, always must be a certain tax upon the powers of
+the male animal. When the intercourse is indulged for procreation
+only, the male animal can well afford to make the contribution. Even
+with that, the contribution which the male makes to procreation is
+incomparably less depleting for him than are the contributions which
+the female makes for her.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse?</i></p>
+
+<p>If vital fluid is present, and if the sexual intercourse is carried to
+the point of causing an orgasm, there would, in all normal conditions,
+be an emission of semen or "vital fluid."</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex
+of the offspring?</i></p>
+
+<p>While there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is
+generally accepted by medical men.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man
+for sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without
+question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an
+increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active
+secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands.
+The secretion from Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra
+and appear at the opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of
+the subject. The accumulated semen from the other glands will tend
+rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires. Such a condition of
+the sexual apparatus is likely to cause a nocturnal emission,
+relieving this tension and emptying the gorged gland ducts. If the
+nocturnal emission does not occur, the sexual desires are certain to
+return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely. If the
+nocturnal emission does occur, it will carry away not alone the
+vesicular secretion, but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa
+and other constituents of the vital fluid. Seasons of intense and
+prolonged sexual excitement are in a high degree inimical to
+continence, and even though the subject does not fully submit to his
+inclination, his nocturnal emissions, which are likely to come
+frequently, carry away the product of the testicular secretion,
+thereby depleting to a certain extent, his virility. It is hardly
+necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of
+sexual passion in their very incipiency.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>How may the habit of masturbation best be brought under
+control?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>The first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts. The
+most effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure
+and strictly non-sexual subject&mdash;e.g., <i>pure mathematics</i>. The young
+man who is trying to break this habit will do well to follow very
+closely the rather strenuous regime outlined under hygiene in the body
+of the book. If his condition is complicated because of the presence
+of a very long loose foreskin, he will be wise to have this removed by
+the simple operation of <i>circumcision</i>. If he should awake in the
+night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit, he should
+resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on
+some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus. If he does not
+succeed by force of will in diverting his mind from himself, the best
+thing to do is to arise, dress and walk. If walking will not do it let
+him run, and keep moving in the open air, under God's blue sky until
+he is so tired he can hardly put one foot before the other. Then if he
+will retire to his room, he will probably have no further difficulty
+at that time.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>What influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his
+sexual problems?</i></p>
+
+<p>It hardly seems possible that a virile, husky young man, in his early
+twenties, could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of
+the modern dance hall, where he is brought into very close physical
+contact with young women, dressed to expose their secondary sexual
+features, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual
+instincts; held so close to his partner in the round dance that he is
+conscious of every movement of her limbs, and all of these under the
+influence of artificial light and music&mdash;I say, it is hardly possible
+for a virile young man to be subjected to all these conditions without
+experiencing an extreme sexual excitement. That such an experience
+often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's problem, but
+seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of
+anyone who has studied these problems. All specialists in this field,
+without a single exception, concur in the belief that the dance is a
+device of the devil so far as the young man is concerned. That the
+young women are, for the most part, quite innocent of the effect of
+all these conditions upon their young men friends is also believed by
+those who have studied the problem. If they were conscious of it, a
+large majority of them would not longer consent to be the party to
+such unfortunate conditions. The Square Dance, the Virginia Reel and
+similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not remotely to be
+compared in this matter with the modern Round Dance.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>May lost Virility be regained by use of "Remedies" or medicines
+of any kind?</i></p>
+
+<p>No. Positively and absolutely, <i>No</i>. Many such nostrums are advertised
+in the public prints. Many are sold by charlatans and quacks. No
+reputable physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any
+drug could bring back lost manhood.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><i>Lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only.</i>
+The prescription for right living is as follows: <i>Live a continent
+life</i> and follow <i>a strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene</i>,
+such as outlined in chapter V above.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Is the production of semen modified by nutrition?</i></p>
+
+<p>The production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition.
+Remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes
+(Spermatozoa) and partly from the vesicles and prostate. The formation
+and release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition
+of nutrition; while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly
+modified in quantity. This accounts for the fact that well nourished
+men who eat heavily are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal
+emissions, when living continently.</p>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<h2>LECTURES</h2>
+<h4>by the</h4>
+<h3>Author of Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.</h3>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3>THE YOUNG MAN'S PROBLEM.</h3>
+
+<p class="cen">Heard by 20,000 men last year.<br />
+WHAT IS SAID ABOUT IT.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+
+<p class="cen">The Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia.<br />
+Walter M. Wood, General Secretary</p>
+
+<p class="right">October 17, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">To Whom it May Concern:</p>
+
+<p>It is with great pleasure that I pay a tribute of appreciation
+to the excellent service of Dr. Winfield S. Hall, in his
+presentation to audiences of young men of the vital problems of
+sexual hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>With the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician,
+with the thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and
+with the delicacy and motive of a Christian gentleman, he
+presents the "Young Man's Problem" in such a way as to make him,
+in my judgment, one of the most helpful counselors of young men
+on the American platform today.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Sincerely,<br />
+W.M. WOOD.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">University of Notre Dame.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Winfield Scott Hall, M.D.,<br />
+Northwestern University Medical School.<br />
+<br />
+My Dear Dr. Hall:</p>
+
+<p>In your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem" and in your book on
+"Sexual Hygiene" you are doing a great service for the rising
+generation. I am convinced that one great source of vice is
+ignorance about the matters touched upon in your lecture and
+book. Priests are constantly giving instruction on these same
+points, but it is a distinct advantage to have their teaching
+reinforced by a distinguished physician, expressing himself with
+the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most
+reverential spirit. For students seventeen years of age or more
+your presentation of this difficult subject will be a God-send,
+for it abates curiosity, dissipates ignorance, warns of perils
+and arouses a manly desire for a clean life.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Very sincerely yours,<br />
+JOHN CAVANAUGH, C.S.C.,<br />
+President.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">Central Department, Young Men's Christian Association, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">October 21, 1908.<br />
+<br />
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern University Medical School.<br />
+My Dear Dr. Hall:</p>
+
+<p>Our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you
+this year to deliver your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem."
+I also want some more of your books on Reproduction and Sexual
+Hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the
+splendid service you have done and are doing to the young
+manhood of our country in this lecture and this book. I have
+never heard a presentation of the subject which takes hold so
+deeply upon thoughtful men, and your book is by all odds the
+best thing in print on this subject. Your scientific, yet
+popular method and the absence of vague moralizing are
+convincing and inspiring in their effects. I trust we may hear
+you this year.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Very truly yours,<br />
+HERBERT W. GATES,<br />
+Secy., Religious Work.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+<br />
+
+<h3>THE SECRET OF MANHOOD</h3>
+
+<p class="cen">Given to many audiences of boys in High-School, Academy, Y.M.C.A. and
+Summer Camp.</p>
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">The Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian Associations,
+Chicago and Lake Geneva.</p>
+
+<p class="right">October 7, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<br />
+My Dear Dr. Hall:</p>
+
+<p>I want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on Sexual
+Hygiene. I listened with the greatest of interest to your
+presentation before the Boys' Conference at Lake Geneva the past
+summer and it seemed to me that both in substance and in form of
+presentation you hit the nail on the head in a way I had never
+before seen it done. I believe that your contribution to boys in
+this direction is to be even greater than that which you have
+been making to young men.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Sincerely yours,<br />
+FRANK H. BURT,<br />
+President.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">State Agricultural College of Colorado.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">Dr. Winfield S. Hall,<br />
+Fort Collins, Colo., October 27, 1908.<br />
+Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.<br />
+<br />
+Dear Doctor:</p>
+
+<p>I wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from 12
+to 16 years of age. You have touched a vital subject in a most
+original way that impresses every boy that hears you. You lead
+up to your "Secret of Manhood" in a manner that holds the
+attention, impresses the truth you want to teach, so that it is
+sure to be of lasting good.</p>
+
+<p>This lecture I regard as the very best of its kind, which I have
+ever heard.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Sincerely yours,<br />
+W.H. OLIN.<br />
+Vice Dean, State Agricultural College of Colorado.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">Princeton Township High School.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Princeton, Ill., October 6, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Winfield S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical
+School recently gave a talk to our high school boys along
+physiological lines, setting forth very scientifically but
+plainly many delicate and important truths which every boy
+should know. Dr. Hall is a master of his subject and his manner
+is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect and
+holds the closest attention. I feel sure that such a talk given
+to boys and young men does a great amount of good.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Sincerely,<br />
+H.S. MAGILL, JR.,<br />
+Principal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="cen">International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Chicago, Ill., October 4, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">W.S. Hall, M.D., Chicago, Ill.<br />
+<br />
+My dear Doctor:</p>
+
+<p>I am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your
+lecture to boys on the "Secret of Manhood." To me it is the most
+sane, safe and logical presentation of a much avoided subject
+that I have ever heard. The boys at the Lake Geneva Conference
+were strongly impressed without the undue excitement and morbid
+curiosity that so often accompany the presentation of the
+subject of "Personal Purity." And not only were the boys
+benefited, but all the fifty boy workers present, representing
+the entire Central West, had nothing but words of highest praise
+for the way you handled the subject before two hundred older
+boys.</p>
+
+<p>I am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the
+"Secret of Manhood," and shall be pleased to see the manuscript.
+We are much in need of such a thing and believe the
+International Committee can aid you in getting it out if
+necessary. Yours cordially,</p>
+
+<p class="right">F.A. CROSBY,<br />
+Boys' Work Secy., International Committee. Y.M.C.A.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6: &nbsp;Spermatazoon replaced with Spermatozoon<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;44: &nbsp;spermatazoon replaced with spermatozoon<br />
+Page &nbsp;&nbsp;87: &nbsp;spermatozoan replaced with spermatozoon<br />
+Page 132: &nbsp;trangress replaced with transgress<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 24708-h.txt or 24708-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of
+Reproduction, by Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of Reproduction
+       Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male
+
+
+Author: Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 27, 2008  [eBook #24708]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
+SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Jeannie Howse, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 24708-h.htm or 24708-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/0/24708/24708-h/24708-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/7/0/24708/24708-h.zip)
+
+
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+      | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has     |
+      | been preserved.                                           |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+      | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+      |                                                           |
+      | Text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in the      |
+      | original (example: =bold=).                               |
+      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Letters from Prominent Educators.
+
+
+    "I consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and
+    practical that I know of, and therefore feel that I can
+    conscientiously recommend the book most heartily. There is no
+    subject so much hampered by ignorance, misconception and
+    prejudice as that with which the book deals. I am sure the
+    treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and
+    healthful conception of the entire subject."--=Dr. Henry F.
+    Kallenberg, The Institute and Training School of Young Men's
+    Christian Associations.=
+
+    "Chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus
+    and seems to me admirable. Chapter five, too, impressed me as
+    very useful. The topical questions and their answers in the
+    appendix was a very happy thought and adds materially to the
+    value of the book."--=Dr. G. Stanley Hall, President Clark
+    University.=
+
+    "I have gone through the book carefully and I am greatly pleased
+    with it. I think it is admirably adapted to the needs and
+    temperament of college men, and possibly all men. The topics
+    discussed are of prime importance and interest for young men,
+    the method of presentation is in all respects commendable, and
+    the style is practical and concrete. The book ought to find its
+    way into the hands of a great many young men. It should be in
+    the hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the
+    adolescent period."--=Prof. M.V. O'Shea, University of
+    Wisconsin.=
+
+    "I have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best
+    presentation of this very important subject that I have ever
+    seen. It answers many important questions for which I have seen
+    no answer elsewhere."--=Prof. William R. Manning, Purdue
+    University.=
+
+    "I have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate
+    to recommend it. It is all that a young man needs to read to
+    inform him of his duties and his perils in this matter. The
+    ethical ideals are high and the advice sensible and wise."--=Dr.
+    Charles R. Henderson, Department of Sociology, University of
+    Chicago.=
+
+    "Some day Sexual Hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of
+    every college. It is a subject that every college man does
+    consider in one way or another, but often ignorantly, or under
+    unwise guidance. Dr. Hall's book is so simple and sane as well
+    as scientific, that I wish it might be in the hands of every
+    college man in the country."--=Dr. George A. Coe, Northwestern
+    University.=
+
+    "I consider it admirable in both conception and execution. So
+    far as I know, it is unique in its presentation of these
+    matters, especially on the hygienic side and shall be pleased to
+    recommend it at every opportunity."--=Dr. William T. Belfield,
+    Bush Medical College, University of Chicago.=
+
+    "The book seems to me calculated to be very useful, and should
+    be in the hands of a large number of college
+    undergraduates."--=Dr. Isaac Sharpless, President Haverford
+    College.=
+
+    "I have read the book and had other priests read it and all
+    concur in my opinion that it is destined to become a powerful
+    auxiliary to our young men in their struggle for a purer life.
+    The language is not vague, but to the point, and every young man
+    will understand it."--=Rev. A.M. Kirsch, University of Notre
+    Dame.=
+
+    "I have the strongest praise for the book as a whole--the
+    biological foundation, directness, freedom from cant and prudery
+    and the practical way in which the author gets to the level of
+    his readers."--=Dr. C. Judson Herrick, Denison University,
+    Ohio.=
+
+    "I have read Dr. Hall's book with the keenest curiosity and
+    interest. Why could not such a book have been in the hands of
+    the youth of the past generations? We should have been all the
+    better for it. The work seems to me to be simply and plainly
+    stated. With such apparent thoroughness and good sense, good
+    taste, I am sure the book will commend itself to every
+    thoughtful reader."-=-Dr. Chas. M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical
+    Institute, Evanston, Illinois.=
+
+
+    [Illustration: (signed) Yours sincerely
+     Winfield S. Hall]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
+
+Also Sexual Hygiene with Special Reference to the Male.
+
+by
+
+WINFIELD S. HALL, Ph.D. (Leipzig), M.D., (Leipzig),
+
+Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical
+School, Chicago; Member of the American Physiological
+Society; Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology,
+American Medical Association 1904-5; Fellow of
+The American Academy of Medicine, President
+1905-6; Fellow of American Association for the
+Advancement of Science, Etc., Etc.
+
+Twelfth Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1911
+
+Wynnewood Publishing Co.
+2421 Dearborn St.,
+Chicago.
+
+Copyright
+1907
+by Winfield S. Hall
+
+
+
+
+        To the YOUNG MAN, who is
+        devoting years of his life to
+        secure the HIGHEST DEGREE OF
+        DEVELOPMENT of those powers
+        of BODY and MIND that are to
+        be HIS INSTRUMENTS in solving
+        LIFE'S PROBLEMS, this little
+        volume is DEDICATED in the
+        spirit of FRATERNITY.
+
+              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION.
+
+
+The cordial reception given to this little book by the medical
+profession, by educators, and especially by the young men of the
+country, have by their demands for the book necessitated the
+appearance of new editions in such rapid succession that no
+far-reaching changes in the text have been possible even if they had
+been needed. Happily, no extensive changes have been required.
+
+In the second edition several corrections, typographical and verbal,
+were made and additions made to the appendix. To the third edition the
+chapter on Development was added. The fourth and fifth editions
+received verbal changes here and added paragraphs there.
+
+The sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the
+author's portrait as a frontispiece, the addition of an answered
+question to the appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics,
+with press notices and letters.
+
+The book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly
+and clearly stated.
+
+                                                 THE AUTHOR.
+
+Chicago, November 1, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+Several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to
+them some of the facts of Sexual Physiology and Hygiene. The plea of
+"not a specialist in that line" was not accepted; so after a few weeks
+devoted to a careful study of the literature the subject was
+presented. It seemed to be acceptable, and other invitations followed
+in successive years not only from the author's own institution but
+from many others.
+
+In the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the
+leading institutions of learning in the middle west--at some of them
+several times and always to large audiences.
+
+In response to repeated requests for "a book" the author has finally
+prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a
+difficult subject in the true university spirit, frankly calling
+things by their right names, always keeping in close accord with the
+latest researches.
+
+It is hoped that the chapter on Hygiene will in itself be a
+justification for the book.
+
+                                           WINFIELD S. HALL,
+December, 1906.                                       Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Chapter I.
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+1. General Activities of Living Organisms                           11
+  A. The Egoistic Activities                                        12
+  B. The Phyletic Activities                                        13
+      a. Reproduction                                               13
+      b. Support and Protection of Offspring                        13
+      c. Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society        15
+2. Some General Principles of Biology                               15
+  A. Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities              15
+  B. Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities          16
+      a. Lower Organisms                                            16
+      b. Higher Organisms                                           19
+  C. Summary of Principles                                          24
+      a. The propagation of offspring and the protection
+         and support of the young and defenseless,
+         always involve sacrifice on the
+         part of the parents and the stronger members
+         of the race                                                24
+      b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is,
+         in the natural order of things, compensated                24
+
+
+Chapter II.
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.
+
+1. Physical Changes                                                 28
+  A. General Changes in the Body                                    28
+      a. Pilosity                                                   28
+      b. The Voice                                                  29
+      c. Bone, Muscle and Gland                                     30
+  B. The Genital System                                             32
+      a. Structural Changes                                         32
+      b. Functional Changes                                         32
+2. Psychical Changes                                                33
+  A. Play and Work                                                  33
+      a. Sports                                                     33
+      b. Productive Employment                                      34
+  B. Society                                                        35
+  C. Religion                                                       36
+
+
+Chapter III.
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+1. Anatomy                                                          39
+      a. The Penis                                                  39
+      b. The Testes                                                 41
+      c. The Spermatozoon                                           44
+      d. The Epididymis                                             44
+      e. The Seminal Vesicles                                       45
+      f. The Prostate Gland                                         45
+2. Physiology                                                       46
+      a. Urethra                                                    46
+      b. Cowper's Glands                                            46
+      c. The Prostate Gland                                         48
+      d. The Seminal Vesicles                                       48
+      e. Testes                                                     55
+3. Virility                                                         60
+
+
+Chapter IV.
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+1. Illicit Intercourse with Women                                   74
+      a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre                                  78
+      b. Gonorrhea                                                  79
+      c. Syphilis                                                   80
+2. Masturbation                                                     84
+3. Continence                                                       90
+
+
+Chapter V.
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+1. Diet                                                             95
+      a. Choice of Food                                             95
+      b. Stimulants and Narcotics                                   97
+      c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels                        104
+      d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep                             110
+      e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin              111
+      f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold                      111
+2. Baths                                                           112
+      a. The Bath for Cleanliness                                  112
+      b. The Tonic Bath                                            114
+3. Exercise                                                        115
+4. The Hygienic Requirements of Sleep                              118
+5. The Control of the Thoughts                                     120
+
+
+Chapter VI.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+1. The Child                                                       125
+2. Maternity                                                       128
+3. Paternity                                                       130
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Answers to questions                                           135-149
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+
+
+
+REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIOLOGY.
+
+
+I. GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS.
+
+The casual observer, even if he watches thoughtfully the various
+activities of plants and animals, would hardly believe these
+activities capable of classification into two general classes. He
+notes the germination of the plant seed and its early growth, step by
+step approaching a stage of maturity; it blossoms, produces seed, and
+if it is an annual plant, withers and dies. If it is a perennial plant
+its leaves only, wither and die at the approach of winter, the plant
+passing into a resting stage from which it awakes the following spring
+to repeat again its annual cycle.
+
+If he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a
+stage of maturity, reproduces its kind, withers and dies; but incident
+to these general activities he notes numerous others that seem to have
+no relation to the activity of the plant. He sees men tilling the
+fields, felling the forests, building houses, factories and railroads;
+he sees them build hospitals, colleges and churches. Is it possible to
+group all of these activities of plants and animals into two general
+groups? A more critical view of these activities makes it evident that
+they are all directed either to the maintenance and protection of the
+individual, or the maintenance and protection of the race. Those
+directed towards the maintenance of self are called egoistic
+activities, while those directed to the maintenance of the race are
+called _phyletic activities_.
+
+
+The Egoistic Activities.
+
+The term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego
+or self, and includes all of those activities directed to the support,
+protection, defense and development of oneself. As illustrated in the
+plant organism, the taking of nourishment from the air and soil, the
+development of the stem, branches, roots and leaves, are egoistic
+activities. In the animal--we may take, for example, man--the egoistic
+activities begin with the drawing of nourishment from the mother's
+breast and include all those activities of early childhood usually
+called play, the real significance of which is to develop the
+neuro-muscular system and the special senses, to that condition of
+alertness and strength that will make the growing individual
+self-supporting. A very large part of the activities of the
+self-supporting human subject are directed towards the earning of his
+daily bread, and of clothing and shelter. The activities of the school
+and college period, devoted, as they are, almost exclusively to the
+development of the youth's powers, intellectual or physical, are also
+egoistic. Even the pursuit of pleasure and of sense gratification on
+the part of the individual belongs to this same group of activities.
+
+
+The Phyletic Activities.
+
+As the etymology of the term suggests, these activities are devoted to
+the propagation, maintenance and protection of the race.
+
+a. =Reproduction.=--The most fundamental one of the activities for the
+maintenance of the race is reproduction. Every living organism,
+whether plant or animal, possesses the power to reproduce its kind.
+Some plants produce spores and some produce seeds. Reference was made
+above to the production of the flower in plants. The flower represents
+the reproductive organ of the plant, and the real object of the flower
+is to produce the seed. Animals produce eggs from which the young
+develop, either through a process of incubation outside of a maternal
+body or an analogous process within the maternal body. In the latter
+case the young are brought forth as living organisms.
+
+b. =Support and Protection of Offspring.=--Whether we consider the
+plant seed, or the animal egg or newborn--in any case the parental
+organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring
+during those stages of development when it is unable to support and
+protect itself.
+
+The plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment
+sufficient to support it during the germinating process and until it
+is able to gain its own support from the soil and air. Furthermore,
+the plant protects the seed by means of the various seed envelopes,
+against the cold and moisture of winter.
+
+In a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with
+nourishment. The young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply
+of nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones, muscles,
+nervous system, blood, glands and covering--all developed to a point
+that makes the bird able to take from the mother during the early
+weeks after its release from the shell, such nourishment as the mother
+may provide. In the meantime it must be brooded and protected in the
+parental nest until it is able to provide for its own protection.
+Similarly the young mammal is developed within the body of the
+maternal organism to a point where it is able to perform the primitive
+functions of life. For weeks, months or even years, according to the
+class of the animal, it must be supported and protected by its
+parents. The human young receives milk from its mother's breast and
+protection in its mother's arms during its first year, after which it
+continues to receive nourishment, clothing and protection under the
+parental roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years, or
+even longer.
+
+c. =Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society.=--Young
+animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support
+and protect themselves. If they were not thus cared for the race would
+become extinct. Now, there are certain individuals, orphans for
+example, who have, through some accident, been deprived of their
+natural support and protection. If these weaker members of society,
+not yet able to support and protect themselves, were not provided for,
+they would perish and become thus lost to the race. From the time of
+primeval man to the present, these weaker individuals of society who
+have been deprived of their natural protectors, have been cared for by
+the stronger members of society and afforded such support and
+protection as they may need to make them independent. In a similar way
+the sick and defective members of society are cared for by the strong.
+Thus we see that the building and maintenance of orphanages,
+hospitals, asylums and "homes," are activities that belong clearly to
+the group of phyletic or altruistic activities.
+
+
+2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.
+
+Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities.
+
+The thoughtful student is very likely to ask--Why does man till the
+fields? Why does man fell the forest trees? Why does he cultivate
+domestic animals? Why does he delve in the earth for minerals? These
+are all strenuous activities that require the outlay of time, talent
+and strength. We may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and,
+apparently, willingly. We have only to study the problem more closely
+to see that he tills the fields and cultivates his domestic animals
+for food; that he fells the forest trees to make for himself shelter;
+that he cultivates certain plants and animals to procure for himself
+clothing; that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral products to
+use in the various industries that supply various elements of his
+livelihood. It becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of
+an organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation. The
+individual sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive
+his compensation. It may be stated as a general biological truth that,
+_nature demands sacrifice or work on the part of all living organisms;
+and, under normal conditions, metes out a compensation commensurate
+with the sacrifice made_.
+
+
+Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities.
+
+a. =Lower Organisms.=--As an example of a lower organism we may take
+the _amoeba_. If one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see
+it move about the field, creeping along the surface of the glass
+plate; throwing out a pseudopodium here; invaginating a mouth or
+stomach there; taking in and digesting minute plant organisms;
+transporting itself across the field of the microscope through the aid
+of improvised locomotory organs. All these activities are egoistic.
+The amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its sustenance; it is
+sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of support. If
+we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that sooner or
+later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before we
+can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest
+first at the nucleus, which slowly divides into two equal portions
+that separate, each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of
+the parent organism. As these two young amoebae lie side by side under
+the microscope the thoughtful student will inquire--what has become of
+the parent organism? Whereas at first there was one mature amoeba, now
+we have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation.
+The parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality
+absolutely and completely for the next generation.
+
+    [Illustration: Plate I Reproduction in the Amoeba.]
+
+It may be said in general that _reproduction always involves a
+division of the parent organism_. In the case of the amoeba the
+division is into two equal portions. In the case of some of the lower
+plants and animals the substance of the parent organism is divided
+into many equal minute spores or eggs, each of which develops a new
+organism.
+
+b. =Higher Organisms.=--These also suffer a division of their body
+protoplasm. However, instead of dividing into two or more equal parts
+and merging their individuality immediately into the next generation,
+the higher organisms divide off a very small portion of their
+protoplasm to make an egg or seed while the parent organism lives on
+to produce eggs or seeds on subsequent occasions.
+
+While the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and
+inconsiderable in the higher animals, the sacrifices subsequent to
+this initial division are incalculably greater in higher animals than
+in the lower organisms. We can cite no better example than the human
+subject. The human ovum, divided off from the maternal organism, is a
+minute globule of protoplasm, almost microscopic in size. The
+sacrifice of the mother in producing the ovum is inconsiderable, but
+the production of the ovum is simply the first step in the sacrifice
+which the maternal organism makes.
+
+The fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the
+uterus or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from
+the maternal organism. It soon develops a heart and blood vessels so
+related to the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its
+intra-uterine existence the mother's blood supplies the growing child
+all of the substance that is built up into bone, muscle, brain and
+glands, preparing the young child to come into the world a living,
+breathing, sentient organism. These draughts upon the vitality of the
+maternal organism are so great that they frequently result in a very
+sensible depletion of the mother's physical power, particularly
+manifest in the depletion of the blood.
+
+During the period when the young child is developing within the body
+of the mother, she must make other sacrifices, viz., the withdrawal
+from society more closely within the four walls of her home where she
+busies herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the
+expected child. Then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth
+represented especially in the pain and travail of parturition. During
+the first year of the child's life in normal cases, it draws its
+nourishment from its mother's breast. This nourishment in turn is
+elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the mother's blood--still
+further depleting her system. During its childhood and youth the
+mother prepares the food, clothing and shelter of her child at no
+small expense of her own time and strength. For years the mother holds
+herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall
+sick, and there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many
+nights in this vigil by the bed of her sick child.
+
+We might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that
+the father makes.
+
+As is the case with mother so with the father, the initial sacrifice
+in the division of a portion of his body is too small to be
+considered, but in his case as in the case of the mother, the
+sacrifice for the coming progeny is only initiated with the act of
+procreation and continues through a period of fifteen, twenty or even
+thirty years--sometimes progressively increasing to the last. These
+sacrifices take the form, for the most part, of support and
+protection, and begin soon after conception on the part of the
+mother--as the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude
+and care on the part of the husband than she does on other occasions.
+
+The normal father, like the normal mother, holds himself in readiness
+to watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise,
+and to make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of
+the child.
+
+It is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities
+receive their compensation. The question next demanding our attention
+is--do the sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic
+activities receive a compensation? The most striking solution of this
+question would be a personal solution. Let any young man ask his
+parents if they have been compensated for all the sacrifices they
+have made for him. If this son is such a one as brings pride and
+satisfaction to the parents it is very evident what their unhesitating
+answer would be, viz., that they have been compensated many times over
+for all the sacrifices they have made. In what does such compensation
+consist? It can be expressed most briefly: LOVE OF OFFSPRING. This
+principle of _love of offspring_ seems to be a more or less general
+one in the whole realm of conscious living nature. That a tree could
+possess this no one would suggest; that a sea urchin could possess it
+no one would be likely to contend. It is probably possessed by all of
+those animals that are conscious of sacrifices; that is, if an animal
+is conscious of sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this
+compensation which we term, _love of offspring_. For organisms too low
+in the scale of life to be conscious of either sacrifice or love of
+offspring, nature seems to have arranged another scale of sacrifices
+and compensations--sacrifice taking the form of contention for
+possession of females and sacrifice in their support and protection,
+the recompense being the gratification incident to sexual intercourse.
+
+That this last factor may enter, to a certain extent, as a determining
+factor among the higher animals cannot be questioned. The higher we
+get in the scale of animal life the less the part played by _sexual
+gratification_ and the greater the part played by _love of offspring_.
+In some of the higher animals, especially those in which the family
+circle is maintained or the community life highly developed, there is
+frequently at work still another consideration that may play no small
+part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice incident to
+reproduction. Reference is here made to the expectation on the part of
+the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in
+their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves.
+That this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the
+first place is not probable; but that it later becomes a matter of
+consideration is not to be doubted. However, in so far as these
+considerations of personal welfare enter into the compensation of the
+parents for the sacrifices that they have made for their offspring, in
+just so far do we remove these considerations from the realm of the
+phyletic and place them within the realm of the egoistic.
+
+Reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms--we have yet to
+consider the character and extent of the compensation which these
+organisms, which are unconscious of sacrifice, receive. The conscious
+sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation;
+similarly the unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an
+unconscious compensation.
+
+It will be remembered that the amoeba did not die, but that it was
+_rejuvenated in its offspring_. In the next and every succeeding
+generation there is no death, but a rejuvenation. It thus transpires
+that these lowly organisms enjoy immortality; or perhaps it may be
+better stated, that the protoplasm of these organisms enjoys
+immortality and this immortality is the compensation for the sacrifice
+which each successive individual makes unconsciously in the division
+of its protoplasm. This principle of biology was first discovered and
+formulated by the great German Biologist, Weissmann.
+
+
+Summary of Principles.
+
+a. The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the
+young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the
+parents and the stronger members of the race.
+
+b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, in the natural order of
+things, compensated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE
+
+
+
+
+ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.
+
+
+The period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five
+years, when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life, is called
+the period of _adolescence_. The period of adolescence is ushered in
+by a series of physical and psychical changes which make a well
+defined initial period called _puberty_. The period of puberty is
+about two years in length, and in the average case among American
+boys, covers the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth years,
+and is completed when the youth can produce fertile semen capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. It is now universally recognized, however,
+that when the youth reaches this point in his development, while he
+may be called a man, he represents manhood in its lowest terms. He has
+not reached either a physical or mental development or maturity which
+justifies him in undertaking the responsibilities incident to
+procreating his kind. It requires in the average case a period of
+eight more years to develop the young man to the full stature of adult
+manhood, possessing his full physical and mental powers and the
+strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of
+parenthood, so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the
+young man may be said to have reached this period of complete
+development and to have finished the adolescent period. We may
+profitably now consider more in detail some of the changes incident to
+this most important period.
+
+
+1. PHYSICAL CHANGES.
+
+General Changes in the Body.
+
+a. =Pilosity.=--The human being belongs to the vertebrate class,
+mammalia, and as a member of that class he possesses over the
+cutaneous surface of the body, excepting the palms of the hands and
+soles of the feet, hair follicles which produce the hairy covering
+typical of mammals. A careful study of the distribution of the hair on
+the surface of the human body, comparing it with that of the
+anthropoid apes, demonstrates that the distribution is identical; and
+the "lay" of the hair in any one region of the human body corresponds
+exactly with that of the same region in the ape. For example--the hair
+on the forearm points outward and upward; on the upper arm down-ward
+and outward and so on throughout in the human and simian types. Every
+child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary hair which is
+shed at once. Aside from the growth of hair on the head, including the
+brows and the lashes, the skin is quite free from any noticeable
+growth of hair for months or even years. Beginning at the age of
+puberty, however, the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the
+whole pilous surface of the body, particularly upon the face, in the
+axilla and over the pubic region. It is a generally recognized law of
+biology, that, at the period of sexual development, the hairy
+mammalian character becomes accentuated. The increase in the growth of
+hair at this time can have only one interpretation, viz., that the
+ancestors of man represented a very much higher degree of pilosity
+than is the case with man at the present time. It is interesting to
+note in this connection the almost universal attempt of men to rid the
+face of this hairy growth by various devices, either pulling the beard
+or shaving it. The origin of this custom of depilation probably dates
+back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among both
+savages and civilized peoples.
+
+b. =The Voice.=--In all animals the voice plays an important part in
+sexual and social relations. In many animals the voice seems to have
+almost no other function than as a sex call, or a communication
+between mates and between parents and young. The human subject
+illustrates this general biological principle in the profound changes
+which the voice undergoes at the time of puberty. These changes in the
+male subject consist in increasing the depth of the larynx, thereby
+increasing the length of the vocal cords which in turn modifies the
+pitch of the voice, usually about an octave, making it not only lower
+but much more pleasing in quality and greatly increased in volume.
+
+c. =Bone, Muscle and Gland.=--Of incalculably greater importance than
+the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the
+casual observer, are those physical changes which the body undergoes
+during the first half of the period of adolescence. I refer to the
+growth of bone, of muscles and of those internal organs associated
+with nutrition.
+
+The first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in
+height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year. It is not
+at all unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year.
+This increase in height is very largely due to a lengthening of the
+thigh and leg bones. In serial homology with the thigh and leg are the
+bones of the arm and we find that these are undergoing an increase in
+length commensurate with the increase of the legs. So the boy outgrows
+his clothes; his coat sleeves are drawn up half way to his elbows and
+his trousers half way to his knees. The muscles scarcely keep pace
+with the bones in their growth, and tend to be flabby and to lack
+usual tonicity. It is difficult for the youth to hold his back
+straight and his shoulders back; he is awkward and ungainly in his
+movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his
+muscles. But the muscles follow immediately in their development and
+rapidly gain volume and tonicity, filling out the arms, legs, back and
+shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue. The growth of
+these muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills
+out in his girths as rapidly as, in the previous period, he increased
+in length measurements.
+
+All of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased
+activity of all the nutritive processes. The appetite is practically
+insatiable; the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches
+between meals. If he wakes up in the night he is hungry. To accomplish
+the digestion and absorption of this food material, the alimentary
+tract throughout, and particularly the stomach is greatly increased in
+size. To accomplish the distribution of the food (blood) the heart
+also is increased in size and strength. With increased bulk of muscle
+and increased quantity of food we have increased oxidation in the
+tissues. This requires increased respiration, which demand is
+satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system. The thorax
+increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper, broader
+and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but also
+more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the
+system.
+
+If we are interested in the biology of all these changes, we need not
+go far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them. Nature
+is preparing in the youth a home builder; it is preparing an
+individual who can support and protect not only himself, but also a
+family. This equipment in the case of primitive man must necessarily
+be one of bone and brawn. While under the conditions of modern society
+the necessity for bone and brawn is somewhat less marked, the plan of
+nature is no less evident and no less interesting.
+
+
+The Genital System.
+
+a. =Structural Changes.=--The external genitals, besides showing the
+pudendal pilosity referred to above, are all greatly increased in
+size. The penis is increased in all of its dimensions, the testes
+become very much increased in size, the scrotum, probably because of
+the increased weight of the testes, is also lengthened.
+
+b. =Functional Changes.=--The testes and associated glandular bodies
+gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen, capable of
+fertilizing the human ovum. When these organs thus become capable of
+procreation, the period of puberty is complete.
+
+In this connection it is important to note that the development of the
+testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental
+characteristics of the young man. This effect is produced through a
+substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body, thus
+gaining access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but
+profound influence. Just how this affects the mind and body will be
+discussed in detail in a subsequent chapter.
+
+
+2. PSYCHICAL CHANGES.
+
+Play and Work.
+
+a. =Sports.=--Most of the higher animals, particularly man, and all
+races of men, devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent
+period to sports or games in which individuals contend with each other
+or teams of individuals contend with opposing teams in games that
+bring into play the various powers of the neuro-muscular system: such
+as alertness of all the senses, readiness and correctness of judgment,
+agility, speed and strength of movement. Sports might be criticised by
+some because they represent non-productive expenditure of energy. On
+the other hand, no energy ever expended by man is so highly productive
+of so precious a material as results from manly athletic sports. The
+products of these games are the substances consumed by them,
+paradoxical as that may at first appear. The use of brain, muscle and
+glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues
+results in the development of the nerve, muscle and gland cells into
+a condition larger, better equipped and more responsive than before
+such use.
+
+Thus, athletic sports, while they make draughts upon the nerves,
+muscles and glands, develop all of these tissues to a high degree of
+efficiency. The plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in
+sports must be evident. Nature is educating and developing the male
+animal (man) to the highest possible degree of efficiency, so that
+sports, instead of being non-productive, lead to the development of
+structures possessing a high degree of value, not only to the
+individual, but also to society.
+
+Furthermore, those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the
+athletic field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in
+the later serious struggles of life make most for success.
+
+b. =Productive Employment.=--Hardly less important than the influence
+of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent. That
+the adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his
+physical or mental powers goes without saying, nor should he be
+assigned tasks that consume so much of his time that he is unable to
+take an active part with his fellows in field sports. However,
+experience demonstrates that the youth undergoes a more wholesome all
+around development if he takes some active part in a productive
+employment, than if allowed to devote all of his energies to play.
+The simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty about the
+home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of how to
+do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their
+strength largely to similar tasks, but--more important than either of
+these considerations--these tasks develop in him the ability to
+accomplish promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty--to
+do it regularly and promptly because it is a duty without any
+reference to a personal enjoyment in the task. If this important
+lesson in life is learned during the early adolescent period, it will
+make the path of life much less rugged than some seem to find it.
+
+
+Society.
+
+Incident to the activities of the athletic field, the youth is brought
+into more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind, both of
+the same and of the opposite sex. While the boy of ten to fifteen
+delights in the forming of "cliques, gangs and crowds," the boy of
+seventeen delights equally in widening his circle of acquaintances.
+The athletic contest gives him an opportunity not only to measure his
+powers with those of the other young men, but also to win the respect
+of his young lady acquaintances. There is no doubt but that the
+approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess and strength as
+manifested in sports, serves as a strong factor in the stimulation of
+athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a purely
+social capacity.
+
+
+Religion.
+
+While in his social relations the young man is seeking points of
+tangency with those in his own plane, in his religious experience he
+seeks to come into relation with his God; that is, with the power that
+exists in the plane above his own. In the researches of Coe and of
+Starbuck, made several years ago they discovered the following truth
+and demonstrated it as a general principle: _(1) A vast majority of
+professing Christians acknowledged their allegiance to God during the
+early part of the adolescent period; and (2) a vanishingly small
+percentage of professing Christians became so after the age of
+twenty-five._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+
+
+
+ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+
+1. ANATOMY.
+
+The external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and
+scrotum, the latter containing the testes.
+
+The _penis_ of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty
+consists (1) of the two corpora cavernosa, as they are called, or
+erectile bodies, called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood
+sinuses which when filled cause the organ to erect. (2) Between and
+beneath the corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which
+consists principally of the urethra. Around these three cylindrical
+bodies there is a sheath of loose connective tissue, outside of which
+is the skin.
+
+About one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a
+sort of head which is called the _glans_ over which, in the young
+child, the skin is redoubled and called the _prepuce_ or foreskin. The
+glans is covered and the prepuce is lined by mucous membrane. Over the
+glans the mucous membrane is red, thin and moist and possesses
+numerous nerve papillae. The prepuce, as stated above, usually covers
+the glans penis in young children and may do so throughout life. It is
+sometimes adherent to the glans. This is abnormal, and as soon as it
+is discovered the adhesions should be broken up by a physician. The
+normal prepuce of the adolescent male should be free from the glans
+and should be sufficiently loose easily to retract back of the glans,
+a position it is likely to take in erection. If the prepuce extends
+half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap of skin,
+or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to
+clear the glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the
+glans, the condition is not normal, and should have the attention of a
+competent surgeon.
+
+One can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of
+primeval man, who was practically unprotected by clothing, but in the
+present condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an
+unnecessary appendage, and there are several good reasons why the
+prepuce should be removed. This operation [circumcision] is not, in
+any sense, to be looked upon as a mutilation, but simply a hygienic
+measure made advisable, if not necessary, by the unnatural conditions
+under which we are now existing.
+
+Beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head
+of the penis collect, and if the organ is not frequently cleansed
+these accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant. Such local
+irritation is one of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in
+boys.
+
+The removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple
+operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult. If
+the prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care, as
+contact with the clothing will remove the secretions as they appear.
+Furthermore, the glans penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less
+subject to local irritation thus simplifying the young man's problems
+in sexual hygiene.
+
+The penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size, due not
+only to varying conditions of temperature but also to individual
+peculiarities. The organ may vary between 2-1/2 inches and 6 inches in
+length in the flaccid state and between 5 inches and 8 inches in the
+erected condition. The size of the generative organs is not an index
+of virility in the male.
+
+The _testes_ are the male generative glands and are described as about
+1-1/2 inches in length, 1-1/4 inches in width and nearly 1 inch in
+thickness. The testes are contained within the scrotal sac, the
+outside coat of which is a thin wrinkled skin, within which are four
+thin coats. Next to the testes and enveloping the spermatic cord is a
+thin covering which is carried down into the scrotum when the testicle
+leaves the abdomen, where it is formed. This descent of the testes
+from the abdomen takes place normally in the later weeks of
+intrauterine life. The testes may, however, through some unusual
+condition, be retained and make their descent months or even years
+later. If the testes have not descended by the end of the age of
+puberty, the advice of a competent surgeon should be sought.
+
+         { TESTICULAR                  { SPERMATOZOA
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { SEMINAL GRANULES
+         {                             { MUCIN AND WATER
+         {
+  SEMEN  { VESICULAR                   { ALBUMIN
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { ALKALINE SALTS
+         { (In quantity greater        { WATER
+         {  than all the rest.)
+         {
+         { PROSTATIC                   { PROTEINS
+         {  CONTRIBUTION.              { ALKALINE SALTS
+         { (Viscid and opalescent.)    { WATER
+
+    [Illustration: Plate II Male Sexual Apparatus]
+
+The outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea. [See
+Plate 2.] This tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis
+which divide the organ into lobules, each one being conical in shape
+with the apex directed towards the epididymis, which is that mass of
+blood vessels and tissues which one can feel on one side of each
+testis. Within these lobules the spermatozoa are formed by a complex
+process of cell division and cell germination upon whose description
+we need not enter here.
+
+The _spermatozoon_ may be described as the male sexual cell whose
+function is to fertilize the female ovum. The spermatozoon is about
+1/20 of an inch in length and consists of a head, body and a vibratile
+tail. In the human spermatozoon the head is ovoid, appearing
+pear-shaped or pointed in one view and elliptical in another.
+
+The _epididymis_ referred to above, consists of a mass of coiled tubes
+and blood vessels. After the secretion passes through the tortuous
+coils of ciliated tubes of the epididymis, it is collected into a
+single tube called the _vas deferens_, which passes as a part of the
+spermatic cord from the scrotum, up through the groin and over the
+pubic arch into the pelvic cavity, passing down back of the bladder
+where it is slightly dilated into an _ampulla_, beyond which the duct
+is again contracted into a narrow tube, and the two ducts, one from
+either side, converge and pass into the _prostate gland_, where they
+empty into the _urethra_.
+
+_The seminal vesicles._--The seminal vesicles are small bladder-like
+organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected
+from the testes. There are two of these vesicles, from each a small
+duct joins the vas deferens making up what is known as the
+_ejaculatory duct_. The two ejaculatory ducts coming together in the
+prostate gland open into the urethra. _The seminal vesicles possess
+glandular walls and secrete the substance which they contain, no part
+of the secretion of the testes normally finding its way into the
+vesicles._
+
+_The prostate gland, a portion of which is homologous with the female
+uterus and called uterus masculinus_, is situated around the neck of
+the bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra (prostatic
+portion), but also by the ejaculatory ducts. There are numerous gland
+ducts which--collecting the secretion of the prostate gland--open into
+the urethra in the prostatic portion.
+
+Just beyond the prostate are two small glands called _Cowper's Glands_
+whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate, at
+the root of the penis.
+
+
+2. PHYSIOLOGY.
+
+In the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just
+described, we may well reverse the order of treatment, thus leading up
+step by step to a consideration of the more important organs.
+
+a. =Urethra.= The canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra,
+and it is important in considering its physiology to remember that it
+has not only a double function to perform, but that the performance of
+one function in a measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the
+other and makes it necessary for a special measure of preparation.
+
+The urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary
+bladder is passed out periodically through the urethra. This same
+channel must transmit periodically secretions from the sexual
+apparatus.
+
+b. =Cowper's Glands= secrete only under sexual excitement, and usually
+they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which
+induces an erection. The secretion is composed of a clear _alkaline
+mucus_.
+
+The purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a
+very important one and it is essential that every young man should
+understand it.
+
+It will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only
+for the urine, but also for the generative products. The urine is
+acid in reaction and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra
+leaves that duct acid in reaction under usual conditions. The
+spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid and their vitality is seriously
+impaired by acid of any kind, particularly the acid of the urine.
+Nature has provided that the secretion from Cowper's glands should
+precede the generative products along the urethra, thus neutralizing
+the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage from the
+body.
+
+Besides this important function of the secretion from Cowper's glands,
+the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual
+excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the
+male organ. A secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs
+for sexual contact so that the delicate mucous membrane, particularly
+of the female organs, shall not suffer abrasion.
+
+Many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from
+Cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared
+that they were losing some vital fluid. This misunderstanding of the
+nature of this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the
+misrepresentations of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege
+that he is losing vital fluid and will, if not treated, undergo
+general debility and loss of procreative power. This brief
+explanation of the significance of the secretion of Cowper's glands
+will protect the young man from any such misrepresentations.
+
+c. =The Prostate Gland.=--That the prostate gland is intimately
+associated with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those
+male animals that have suffered castration before puberty, the
+prostate gland withers and practically disappears. What then is the
+role that this gland plays? Like Cowper's glands, it secretes only
+during sexual excitement. Under such excitement its ducts become
+gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the moment of the
+emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts empty
+their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of
+the semen.
+
+The secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of
+protein and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion
+of the seminal vesicles that we will consider its action along with
+that of the secretion from the vesicles.
+
+d. =The Seminal Vesicles.=--_The seminal vesicles secrete
+continuously._ The secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of
+albumin and of alkaline salts. This secretion together with the
+secretion from the prostate gland is poured into the urethra at the
+moment of sexual orgasm; they become mixed in their transit through
+the urethra with the secretion from the testes. This mixture is known
+as semen. [See pg. 42.]
+
+It used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the
+testes; that the testes were secreting continuously and that the
+seminal vesicles were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen
+from the testes. The researches of Steinach and others have made the
+old theory untenable and demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from
+three distinct sources; that the testicles secrete their contribution
+to the semen only during sexual stimulation; while the seminal
+vesicles secreting their products continuously become periodically
+filled and distended.
+
+Let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous
+secretion from the vesicles and prostate. For what purpose does Nature
+prepare such a secretion? The spermatozoa frequently remain several
+days in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and
+fertilized. During these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no
+small amount of energy in their vigorous flagellate movement. For such
+an expenditure of energy they must receive nourishment and
+stimulation. The nourishment is supplied by the albumin and proteid of
+the vesicular and prostatic secretions. The stimulation is supplied by
+the salts also secreted by these glands. The recent researches of Loeb
+and others have demonstrated the importance of mineral salts in
+stimulating the activity of living cells. One can cite no better
+example of this stimulant action than the influence of these
+vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa.
+
+The vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of
+the army of spermatozoa; the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies
+to be drawn upon at short notice; the prostate representing a factory
+where a considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short
+notice.
+
+This _periodic distention of the seminal vesicles_ is a matter of very
+considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by
+every young man who would lead a normal sexual life.
+
+These organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied
+with two sets of nerves, one set passing away to the spinal cord and
+carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the
+presence and character of any local stimulus; the other passing away
+from the spinal cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor
+impulses. The secretory impulses are more or less continuous and as a
+result, these glands secret continuously and become periodically
+distended as described above. The motor impulses pass to the muscles
+within the walls of the vesicles, causing a strong spasmodic
+contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission of semen, thus
+throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the same
+moment when the epididymis the vas deferens and the ducts of the
+prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra.
+
+Now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the
+erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure
+within the vesicles. Unusual pressure may be caused either by
+distention due to accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the
+vesicles from over-distended rectum or bladder. It sometimes happens
+that two or more of these influences are acting at the same time.
+These impulses are most likely to be effective when the subject is
+asleep, and particularly if he is lying upon his back. The result of
+the stimulus is to cause an erection, accompanied usually by an erotic
+dream, the whole phenomenon culminating in an emission of the contents
+of the seminal vesicles and followed, of course, by a relief of the
+pressure which was the cause of the condition. This phenomenon has
+been variously called _nocturnal emission_, "pollution" and
+"dreaming-off."
+
+Vecki, a specialist in physiology, hygiene and pathology of the sexual
+apparatus, says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological
+phenomenon, the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal
+vesicles, and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular
+periods, these periods varying in length with different individuals,
+according to their physical condition and habits, the period being two
+to four weeks, usually; though a considerably longer or shorter
+period would not be looked upon as pathological. Vecki describes the
+normal nocturnal emission as being accompanied by an erection, erotic
+dreams, and an orgasm, the subject being wholly unconscious of the
+condition until he is awakened at the moment of orgasm. Normally, the
+subject experiences on the following day a feeling of relief and
+well-being and should, normally, be wholly free from headache,
+depression or languor.
+
+Inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the
+author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as
+infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men. On the other
+hand, it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten
+days or even once a week and still be within the physiological limit.
+However, when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week, it
+should be looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression,
+headache or lassitude. Cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal
+emission is experienced as often as three times in a week after which
+there will be a period of two to four weeks without an emission,
+followed again by very frequent emissions, and a free period. This
+phenomenon is an individual peculiarity, and is not to be looked upon
+as abnormal.
+
+Cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and
+headache are usually caused by irritability or lack of tonicity of
+the sexual apparatus, particularly of the seminal vesicles and the
+ducts. This irritability and loss of tone is not infrequently caused
+by masturbation, though it may also be caused by excessive sexual
+intercourse, making itself manifest, of course, in either case, on
+cessation of the habit of masturbation or the excessive sexual
+intercourse.
+
+Another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly
+separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and
+mechanical irritation of the sexual apparatus--perhaps especially the
+membranous and prostatic portion of the urethra--caused by the
+presence of an excessive amount of oxalates in the urine. Oxalates
+occur in the urine in sharp angular crystals and would seem to be in a
+high degree irritating to the tender mucous membrane of the upper part
+of the urethra. The almost invariable presence of these crystals in
+excess in those cases that have not been accounted for by abuse of the
+sexual function leads one to adopt the plausible theory that the
+crystals are the cause of the irritability. However, we must not lose
+sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an accompaniment
+of the too frequent emissions, and that the presence of oxalates in
+the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive processes
+that go on in the body, which disturbance causes not only the
+irritability of the sexual apparatus, but also the presence of the
+crystals.
+
+When the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not
+infrequently that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through
+the rectum will, by simple mechanical pressure on the seminal
+vesicles, force out a few drops, perhaps as much as a teaspoonful, of
+the contents of the vesicles. This would be called an _involuntary
+emission_, but the liquid passed out must not be looked upon as semen.
+It is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles, and in losing it,
+one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid, any portion of which would
+be reabsorbed; he is simply losing a fluid which would, in the natural
+course of events, have passed away within the next few days as a
+nocturnal emission.
+
+These details have been explained in order that the young man may
+fully understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be
+disturbed by the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of
+charlatans who make a business of frightening young men into the
+belief that in these experiences they are losing "vital fluid"--that
+they are victims of "lost manhood," or that they are entering into a
+condition of "general debility" and "impotence." As an actual fact,
+involuntary loss of vital fluid (spermatorrhea), is a rare case even
+in the practice of specialists in genito-urinary diseases, and in
+these rare cases, the condition is usually a result of very great
+excesses, sexual debauchery or one of the sequelae of venereal disease.
+[Read: Appendix 1, 13 and 17.]
+
+e. =Testes.= No rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be
+given without laying down as a fundamental physiological law, that
+_the testes secrete under sexual stimulation only_. This same general
+principle applies to all glands, i.e., that they secrete only under
+the influence of some special stimulation. In harmony with that law,
+the testes secrete only under the influence of sexual stimulation.
+
+The sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories,
+i.e., conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual
+stimulation.
+
+_Conscious sexual stimulation_ is partly psychical and partly
+physical. The physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity
+of a member of the opposite sex. The physical and psychical phases of
+conscious sexual stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is
+exceedingly difficult to discuss one without constant reference to the
+other, and it may be said in this connection that the psychical
+attitude of the two individuals of opposite sex who are brought into
+close physical proximity will modify very greatly their local sexual
+responses.
+
+Reverting to the lower animals: when a female in rut or heat is
+brought into proximity to the male, there seems to be on the part of
+each animal a consciousness of the character and attitude of the other
+animal and both animals are step by step excited by various physical
+contacts and probably also psychical conditions to a high state of
+sexual excitement, leading to the natural ultimate result, coitus, in
+which event the sexual excitement culminates in the orgasm of the
+male, which empties the secreted semen into the organs of the female.
+
+It will be easily understood that, in human subjects whose social
+relations permit them to indulge in coitus, close physical proximity,
+and various caresses lead, step by step in the normal course of nature
+to sexual excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described
+above for the lower animals.
+
+To revert to the function of the testes, we may say that during these
+various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are
+actively secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa,
+which being released, are hurried along, partly by their own
+flagellate movements and partly by the action of the cilia in the
+ducts of the epididymis and the peristaltic contractions of the vas
+deferens--hurried along the vas to the ampulla. If the period of
+sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty minutes, the whole
+duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla becomes gorged with the
+secreted testicular product. This secretion consists of active motile
+spermatozoa, of spermatic granules and of mucus. The latter is
+secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens, the
+testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa, spermatic granules and a
+small amount of liquid, just sufficient in quantity to float the
+spermatozoa out of the testes into the ducts.
+
+At the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as, the emission
+of semen. In this act the whole contents of the ampulla, vas deferens
+and ducts of the epididymis, the contents of the seminal vesicles, and
+the contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by
+spasmotic muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of
+the walls of the urethra, ejected from that tube through the mouth of
+the urethra. Thus, in the act of emission, there is an intimate mixing
+together of the three contributions to the semen, i.e., the
+_testicular, vesicular and prostatic_.
+
+_Sub-conscious Sexual Stimulation._--Sub-conscious sexual stimulation
+is not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation
+of sexual excitement.
+
+When a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less
+intimate relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite
+sex under conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have
+free and unrestricted play, there can be no reasonable doubt that
+both individuals experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which
+will influence them both physically and psychically through
+sub-conscious response of their sexual apparatus. One can easily
+imagine, for example, that a young man may meet upon the skating rink
+in winter a young lady for whom he has a very sincere admiration and
+respect; she on the other hand entertains for him a similar admiration
+and respect. They may skate together the whole afternoon and converse
+upon politics, art or philosophy, the young woman feeling herself
+swung along--almost actually carried on her companion's strong arm.
+The whole experience is, in the highest degree, pleasurable and
+exhilarating to her, yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual
+stimulation. On the other hand, the young man experiences most exalted
+pleasure in the company of his young lady friend--through the pressure
+of her hand upon his arm, the lithe, graceful movement of body and
+limbs, the smile, the light in the eye and the soft voice. All of
+these give him an exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to
+analyze, even if he were inclined to do so.
+
+In his case, as in the case of the young woman, there has been
+absolutely no conscious sexual stimulation; in the case of neither
+individual has there been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual
+apparatus, yet without a shadow of doubt, the sexual organs of both
+individuals have been more or less active during this period--they
+have been subject to sub-conscious sexual stimulation.
+
+In the case of the male, his testes have been awakened into an
+activity of probably considerably less degree than in the case of
+conscious sexual stimulation, and during this activity of the gland a
+certain amount of the secretion has been formed.
+
+The most natural question at this point is--What becomes of this
+secretion? It is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are
+released, those that are probably make their way along the vasa
+deferentia to the ampullae. The liquid secretion of the testes probably
+does not leave the testes but is reabsorbed. While there are many
+features of this mysterious influence of the testes which have never
+yet been cleared up, this seems certain, that the testes elaborate
+what may be called an internal secretion, and that the elaboration of
+this internal secretion is influenced by such stimulation as has just
+been described above, under the head of sub-conscious sexual
+stimulation.
+
+An _internal secretion_ is a secretion formed by a gland, to be poured
+into the blood or lymph system, while an _external secretion_ is
+poured out through ducts to the exterior. The thyroid and adrenal
+glands form internal secretions only, which secretions, poured into
+the blood and lymph, profoundly affect the nutrition of the body. The
+salivary glands and gastric glands form external secretions only;
+which, when poured upon the food, digest it. The liver, pancreas and
+testes form both external and internal secretions. The external
+secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in a sexual
+emission, as described above; the internal secretion of the testes
+consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature
+individuals, which substances, poured into the blood, profoundly
+affect the development of the individual and his whole physical and
+psychical character.
+
+
+VIRILITY.
+
+The best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal
+secretion is the male of the horse kind.
+
+Most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or
+ranches pedigreed stallions. No person can see one of these splendid
+animals without admiring, if not actually standing in awe of his
+inimitable physical force, beauty of form and grace and power of
+action. He is a physical ideal of the horse kind. What is the source
+of his strength and beauty?
+
+The physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are,
+first, the great breadth and depth of chest, great mass of shoulder
+and hip muscles, and the high arched neck, fiery eye and luxuriant
+mane and tail. Second, the functional features next noticeable are
+the greater alertness and evident physical exuberance as manifested
+especially in the gait and the frequent whinnying. The thoughtful
+observer at the horse show or on the ranch cannot but compare these
+animals with the gelding.
+
+Two colts on the ranch may be full brothers,--from the same pedigreed
+stallion and the same pedigreed dam. At the age of two years these two
+young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod. One of these
+promising young animals is chosen, because of some commendable
+peculiarity of temperament or action, to remain unmutilated, as a
+procreator of his kind upon the ranch. The other is subjected to the
+veterinarian's knife and ecraseur and deprived of the testes,--the
+male sexual glands. From the day of this operation these two animals
+(in every respect alike, except that one is unmutilated while the
+other is deprived of the glands mentioned above) develop along
+radically different lines. The stallion develops during his third year
+into the noble animal described above. This third year is his period
+of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and
+psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human
+subject undergoes during his period of puberty. The gelding, on the
+other hand, develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter.
+Physically this animal develops a body almost identical with that of
+the female of the same species. Temperamentally the gelding is a
+patient, plodding, beast of burden, and though under good grooming he
+may show considerable life, while under the control of his driver, he
+seldom shows any interest in other members of the horse family, either
+male or female, and in the pasture or on the ranch his neutral sex
+temperament is ever apparent. While he may contend mildly for a place
+at the feeding trough, he never essays the defense of any weaker
+members of the herd, and one stallion would put a hundred like him to
+flight.
+
+The thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what
+has made this radical difference in the development of these two
+animals. The solution is not far to seek. From the beginning of
+puberty to the beginning of senile decay, the stallion derives from
+the testes what is referred to above as an internal secretion.
+
+Physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance
+formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood. It may be
+a substance called _spermin_, but whatever the substance is, the
+physiologists agree that _the testes form some substance which is
+absorbed by the blood and lymph, is carried to the brain and spinal
+cord and there produces these profound effects indicated above_. So we
+have discovered the source of the stallion's strength and beauty.
+
+What is true of the horse is true of man. The young man at puberty
+begins to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads
+to the development of his full manly powers. The sum total of the
+qualities peculiar to manhood has been called VIRILITY. For want of a
+better word, this term has been applied to the sum total of the male
+qualities of any animal whatsoever, so that the male qualities of the
+stallion are also compassed in the term virility.
+
+The thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at
+this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied
+in all its details to the human subject; if man, without any
+artificial or unnatural means would develop a full and complete
+virility; if like the horse, he can maintain a strict continence for
+months or even years without suffering any abatement of virility and
+of physical powers in general. The unequivocal answer of the medical
+profession to these questions would be in the affirmative.
+
+An exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the
+eunuch of the Orient. If the human male is castrated before puberty he
+develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is
+different from the stallion;--a being whose physique resembles in many
+respects that of a woman, and whose temperament manifests qualities of
+cringing servility and lack of initiative.
+
+The external secretion of the testes differs from the internal
+secretion in containing spermatozoa; it may be that there are other
+differences. It is, however, generally believed that one or more of
+the substances found in the external secretion appear in the internal
+secretion. If this is true, it must be evident that excessive sexual
+indulgence or masturbation can draw away from the system this precious
+vital substance that is necessary to produce or maintain the virility.
+
+It cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will
+necessarily always continue--it must be maintained. To be maintained,
+this vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously
+absorbed into the blood. When once the man or boy understands this, it
+must be evident to him that he has, to a certain extent, the making or
+marring of his own virility; that it is not simply an inexhaustible
+endowment of nature; but, like such a natural resource as a forest or
+a coal mine, may be exhausted and will be exhausted if not husbanded
+carefully.
+
+It is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of
+the female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that
+which the testes exert on the development of the male. For that
+reason, a surgeon should, under no condition, remove both ovaries
+(sexual glands) unless they are diseased in such a way as to
+necessitate their complete removal in order to save the life of the
+individual. If a woman of twenty-five were to suffer the loss of both
+ovaries, she would go very early into a condition of senile decay. If
+a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries, it leads her to
+develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is
+wholly lacking in those characteristics which, summed up, might, for
+the want of a better term, be called FEMININITY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
+
+
+No rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male
+can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the
+mammalian class and to primitive social conditions.
+
+In our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of
+the human male, it must have become evident that man has many things
+in common with other mammals, and that no adequate knowledge of man's
+physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of
+similar phases of life among related animals.
+
+All of the changes which Nature introduced into the physical and
+psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to
+equip the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and
+children. This development has been reached by the time the young man
+is twenty-one to twenty-three years of age, when, in the average case,
+he would be able, so far as concerns his physique and temperament, to
+establish and maintain a home. The fact that his adolescent
+development is complete by the age of twenty-five, and that he has, by
+the time he arrives at that age, grown into the full stature of all
+his physical and mental powers, may certainly be interpreted as
+nature's indication that his home-building should be begun not later
+than the twenty-fifth year. This means, then, that young men ought, if
+possible, to marry as young as twenty-five.
+
+But the conditions of society at the present time are such that a
+large proportion of the young men, particularly those who are
+preparing for any of the learned professions (theology, medicine, law,
+pedagogy, etc.) are hardly through their professional courses by the
+time they reach that age, and most of them feel that they must make a
+start in their profession before they assume the responsibilities of
+supporting a home. This means that a large proportion of them marry as
+late as thirty years of age.
+
+If we consider now those commercial, financial and industrial
+vocations which involve considerable preparation in technical
+institutions or a long apprenticeship (engineering, pharmacy,
+manufacturing chemists, banking, journalism, etc., etc.) we find that
+the young man is hardly able to establish such a home as most such
+young men feel that they must maintain on any salary that they receive
+before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old. This consideration
+applies particularly to college and university men, as, almost without
+exception, these men are preparing for some of the above mentioned
+professions or vocations.
+
+Now the conditions of college life, the field sports and athletics,
+together with the social conditions, tend to develop in college
+circles a body of most virile young men. The problem which now
+confronts us is: How may these young men live a hygienic life under
+these unnatural circumstances?
+
+If a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly
+able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what
+his attitude shall be regarding matters of sex. The earlier this
+problem is solved the better it is for the young man. Unfortunately, a
+large proportion of young men do not realize that they have any
+problem in this field to solve until circumstances, more or less
+accidental, have already established in them a mental attitude and,
+perhaps, a habit of life that may not be either wholesome or wise.
+
+From what has preceded, it must be evident that from the early months
+of the period of puberty, through the adolescent and adult period,
+even until some progress is made in the senile period, every normal
+male will experience sexual desires. It has been shown that these
+particular experiences are linked, more or less intimately, with the
+condition of the sexual apparatus; but whatever the cause, we are
+confronted with the question, What shall be done about it?
+
+When a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that
+the desire must be satisfied? Some have reasoned that the muscles of
+the arm, if not exercised, wither and become weak, therefore the
+sexual desires, if not exercised will become weak, and the sexual
+apparatus, if it does not exercise its function, must become withered
+and atrophied. While this course of reasoning may seem rational and
+the conclusion may seem tenable, it is well known to physiologists and
+sociologists that the reasoning is fallacious; the fallacy rests in
+the premises. It was assumed above that the activity of the sexual
+glands was comparable with that of muscles.
+
+We must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are
+continuously active, and in this continuous activity get their
+exercise. This activity develops them and keeps them physically
+perfect after the onset of the period of puberty. Their activity
+consists very largely in the formation of an internal secretion, the
+office of which is to develop in the male the highest possible state
+of virility. Nor must we lose sight of the fact that every procreative
+act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid on the
+part of the male. A wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act
+of self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any
+consideration; nor may these acts, under any circumstances, be looked
+upon as sustaining to the gland a relation similar to that which
+muscular exercise sustains to muscle tissue.
+
+In the light of these facts every normal man would admit that
+frequent masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse, in wedlock or
+out, should certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the
+sexual apparatus.
+
+Most men, however, raise the question: "Is any indulgence or any
+artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be
+discouraged?" This inclination comes to us in the course of nature.
+Man in the primitive state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this
+inclination; would fight for the possession of her as soon as he had
+reached a sufficient stage of muscular development, and once in
+possession of his mate, would take her to his perch in the trees or to
+his cave. In his primitive home he would follow his sexual
+inclination, impregnate his wife and protect her against all dangers.
+
+Under our present social conditions the young man experiences all
+these desires the same as his primitive ancestor, but he may not be
+able to choose a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a
+whole decade after he experiences the desire to do so. What is the
+solution?
+
+It must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or
+another of three alternatives--either the young man may seek illicit
+intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire, or he may adopt
+some artificial measure, such as masturbation (self abuse) or,
+finally, he may lead what is known as a continent life. By continence
+we mean to adopt neither one of the first two alternatives mentioned,
+but to leave the care of the sexual apparatus wholly with Nature.
+
+We may now consider these three alternatives in turn.
+
+
+1. ILLICIT INTERCOURSE WITH WOMEN.
+
+By illicit intercourse with women we mean, sexual intercourse out of
+wedlock. The term applies either to intercourse between any man and a
+prostitute, between an unmarried man and a married woman, between an
+unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a
+married woman not his wife. The term, illicit intercourse, applies to
+all sexual intercourse that is illegal.
+
+In our discussion of the young man's problem, we may confine our
+consideration particularly to intercourse with professional
+prostitutes and with clandestines, or women who are willing to accept
+the sexual embrace for their own gratification or for money.
+
+In this phase of sexual gratification, it is assumed that the woman
+has these relations with various men. We purposely eliminate from this
+discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of
+sexual gratification, as such seduction is a heinous offense against
+the victim and against society, for which offense the man is legally
+responsible. We are here discussing not the crimes of men, but their
+vices.
+
+The question that the young man naturally asks is--"Why should society
+hold these relations as a vice when the woman, who is party to the
+act, gives her free consent, perhaps even soliciting the relation, and
+has given herself up to this sort of a life, either as a sole
+occupation (prostitute) or as an auxiliary occupation (clandestine) to
+supplement a wage on which she may not be able to live in luxury?"
+
+The answer to this question is not far to seek. Women so occupied
+have, as a rule, made themselves incapable of maternity. They are
+outcasts from society, unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence
+on all those who come into relation with them. Furthermore, they are
+centers for the dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the
+health of all those who become infected. But for the uncontrolled
+passions of men, there would be no such women. So while we,
+individually, as men, may not be responsible for the ruin of any one
+woman, we must confess that men as a class are responsible for this
+condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse. An overwhelming
+majority of women would, if following their inclinations, seek these
+relations in wedlock only and for procreation only. But many a young
+woman, under promise of marriage, sometimes even under a bogus
+marriage, is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental
+state that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and
+respects. If he deceives her and betrays her, continuing such betrayal
+until the victim becomes pregnant, he will, in the average case, leave
+her to bear her child in shame, while he slips away to other scenes of
+activity. We cannot wonder then, that the girl--deserted, humiliated,
+crushed by the one in whom she reposed absolute confidence; cast out
+of society, perhaps thrust from the protection of her own father's
+roof--gives up the struggle and says--"_What's the use?_"
+
+A vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill
+fame and give themselves over to a life of prostitution. Hardly one of
+these women, if married by the man who brought her to this condition,
+would have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother. So
+society, while it casts these women out, has come to recognize that
+men are the real sinners in such cases.
+
+It may be added here, that an occasional girl goes wrong through
+temperamental shortcomings within herself--perhaps she may even be a
+degenerate; but the proportion of women who would willingly and
+deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared
+with the proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice
+their virtue. This is probably in part due to their training.
+Mothers, as a rule, instruct their daughters carefully regarding their
+relations with boys and men. It is in part due to the instinctive and
+inherent purity of mind of the normal woman.
+
+Nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form
+of venereal disease. If the parties observe fidelity to the marriage
+vows venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare
+occasions, and then through some accidental infection, as from contact
+with some public utensils, as a public water closet, a public towel or
+drinking cup. So rare is this unfortunate accident, however, that we
+may say, that intercourse in undefiled wedlock results normally in
+pleasure and gratification to both parties, while intercourse out of
+wedlock, or illicit intercourse, is destined, as a rule, to be visited
+with retribution.
+
+What form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of
+illicit intercourse take? Besides the various psychic punishments, the
+principal of which are remorse, and impure thoughts, there are
+physical punishments in the form of venereal diseases. So prevalent
+are these venereal diseases among lewd women, whether prostitutes or
+clandestines, that specialists in this field say that "_all lewd women
+are diseased part of the time and some lewd women are diseased all the
+time_."
+
+These sexual diseases are contagious--that is, transmitted by contact.
+They are all germ diseases; one of them is practically local, one is
+capable of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is
+systemic.
+
+a. =Chancroid or Soft Chancre.=--This is the least dangerous of the
+venereal diseases. It is a contagious disease of purely local type,
+usually acquired during the sexual act, the infection taking place
+through a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane.
+
+Chancroid may be single, though most often is multiple. It makes its
+appearance in from one to five days after exposure, anywhere on the
+penis, but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the
+fraenulum as a small red spot. This rapidly takes the form of a blister
+containing serum and pus, and in a few days may become the size of a
+ten-cent piece. When the roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance
+of having been punched out, the floor being covered with pus. It is
+surrounded by a zone of inflammation and is painful.
+
+If uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five
+weeks. The most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands
+of the groin on one or both sides. This condition is termed _bubo_ or
+"blue ball" in common language.
+
+Sometimes serious complications arise which may prove dangerous and
+require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks.
+
+b. =Gonorrhea.=--This is incomparably more serious than chancroid.
+This disease is very prevalent among the incontinent, and it is
+claimed by some specialists in this field that from sixty to
+seventy-five per cent. of men have had gonorrhea before the age of
+thirty.
+
+It is a contagious disease, acquired usually during intercourse,
+though the individual may become infected innocently from water
+closets, bath tubs, etc.
+
+To become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of
+the mucous membrane.
+
+The disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after
+exposure by swelling of the orifice of the urethra, peculiar
+sensations between tickling and itching, and smarting or burning
+during urination. The peculiar sensations fix the attention to the
+genitals, thus causing frequent passage of urine.
+
+These symptoms increase for about a week, when the disease reaches its
+maximum degree of severity, which is maintained a variable time, the
+discharge from the urethra being thick, creamy and of a greenish
+yellow color.
+
+In the majority of carefully treated cases, the discharge ceases in
+from three to six weeks with apparent recovery. Unfortunately,
+however, there is frequently a tendency for the disease to become
+chronic. The discharge becomes thin and more watery and persists for
+an indefinite period. This condition--chronic gonorrhea--is commonly
+known as "gleet."
+
+c. =Syphilis=, popularly termed the "pox," is a constitutional
+affection of the type known as "blood diseases."
+
+It is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the
+venereal diseases. No disease has been so wide-spread in its
+dissemination or more potent in its influence upon humanity.
+
+It has been known for centuries, having been mentioned by Japanese
+historians and in Chinese writings two thousand years ago.
+
+Syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation. The
+infectious material enters the broken surface of either the skin or
+mucous membrane, called "contact" or "acquired" syphilis. When it is
+transmitted by the mother to the embryo, it is called "hereditary" or
+"inherited" syphilis.
+
+The disease manifests itself first in a "_primary lesion_" which is a
+local ulcer (hard chancre) at the point or points of inoculation at a
+period ranging from ten to thirty days after exposure. It may appear
+as an erosion or as a dry scaling and indurated papule, varying in
+size from a pin-head to a silver dollar. The base of the ulcer is
+indurated. It is oval in shape, perhaps somewhat irregular, with a raw
+surface and red colored base devoid of pus.
+
+Immediately following the appearance of the chancre, the glands in
+direct connection with it become enlarged, hard and rarely painful,
+but they have no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of
+chancroid.
+
+The chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when
+the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease. In about
+six weeks after the chancre the so-called _secondary symptoms_ make
+their appearance. They are heralded by headache, pains in the limbs
+and back, nausea, sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever,
+followed by the appearance of a rash upon the face and body, falling
+out of the hair, sore throat and mouth. These symptoms disappear to be
+again followed by a period free from symptoms. After a longer or
+shorter time the so-called _tertiary symptoms_ make their appearance,
+which are many and varied.
+
+The disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional
+disturbances, appearing at variable intervals, and pursues a chronic
+course.
+
+This disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital
+organs, particularly the brain and spinal cord.
+
+When one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of
+a reputable physician. The treatment of this extends over a long
+period, usually about three years, and must be strictly and
+conscientiously carried out. Marriage upon the part of an individual
+once infected should be only upon the approval of a physician.
+
+After having detailed, as above, the terrible consequences of the
+venereal diseases, it is hardly necessary to add that the young man
+who deliberately seeks any of the usual chances for illicit
+intercourse, is more than taking his life in his hands. If infection
+with a venereal disease meant simply the death of the infected
+individual, it would really be very much less deleterious to society
+than is the present condition. When the young man "sows wild oats" and
+catches incidently gonorrhea, that twenty years ago was considered a
+sort of a "good joke," he will, in a large proportion of cases, lay
+the foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of
+transmitting the disease to an innocent, pure wife.
+
+When a woman catches this disease, particularly from her husband, she
+is very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea, may say
+nothing about it to her husband or her physician, but adopt simple
+home treatment with antiseptic and astringent douches. Such treatment
+will usually result in allaying the inflammation in the superficial
+organs, but will not eradicate it from the deeper organs. It spreads
+to the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries and may even affect
+peritoneal tissues, first of the pelvis, then of the abdomen--may even
+finally affect the heart and joints. Of course, these are rather the
+extreme limit, but they are not at all rare cases. Once this terrible
+disease gets into a woman's organs, it is very likely to lead to a
+sojourn in a hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a
+sacrifice to this mogul of gonorrhea.
+
+It is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five
+per cent. of the operations that women are subjected to in the
+hospitals for diseases of the pelvic organs are the results of
+gonorrheal infection. Besides the cases that require operation, a
+large proportion of cases of sterility is due to gonorrheal infection,
+either in the man or woman, or both.
+
+If we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of
+operations, and progeny of scrofulous children, it would seem to make
+the natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh
+any brief pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits.
+
+It hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth
+about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could
+be tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse.
+
+
+2. MASTURBATION.
+
+The vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in
+boyhood, perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through
+their associations with obscene playmates. It not infrequently
+happens, however, that the habit is learned independent of these evil
+associations. It has been explained above that secretions frequently
+accumulate under the prepuce and accumulating there serve as a local
+irritation, causing itching of the organ. This local irritation leads
+the boy to attempt to allay the irritation through rubbing. Such
+manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it and to lead to
+the discovery on the part of the boy that such local manipulation may
+lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration. If he has not
+been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the
+uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during
+childhood, he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a
+more or less fixed habit.
+
+While it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in
+this habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the
+habit is stopped at puberty, it must be perfectly evident that if a
+boy enters puberty with this habit, the psychical and physical
+conditions of puberty are such as to make the habit very difficult to
+stop. If it is not stopped a serious injury may result. So the
+necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to young boys
+that these organs should not be handled.
+
+After the boy enters puberty, the habit of masturbation either
+acquired during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood,
+begins to have a distinctly deleterious effect.
+
+Let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious
+effect. From what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus,
+it must be evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during
+waking hours only through strong stimulation of the activity of the
+testes, accompanied by liberation of spermatozoa and of the other
+elements of the vital fluid. Let us not forget in this connection, the
+statement made above: that the testis produces two forms of secretion,
+the internal secretion and the external secretion, the internal
+secretion being absorbed, produces those male characteristics which we
+group together under virility, while the external secretion is used
+for procreation. Spermatozoa do not make any part of the internal
+secretion. One reason for this must be evident, i.e., that being
+cellular elements, they could not pass through the vessel walls and be
+absorbed into the blood current, and if they could, by some special
+adaptation, get into the blood current, there is no conceivable action
+which they could perform in the body. We must then look upon the
+internal secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the
+testicular secretion.
+
+So far as physiologists know at present, the external secretion
+differs from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa.
+When we say that the testes form their external secretion under sexual
+excitement only, we simply mean that they liberate or release
+spermatozoa under sexual excitement. The spermatozoa must be looked
+upon as the fertilizing element of the semen, while the liquid portion
+of the semen probably contains that mysterious element which, absorbed
+into the body, produces virility and which, passed out with the
+spermatozoa, may have an important role to perform in the fertilizing
+function.
+
+If the adolescent young man is leading a continent life, we may assume
+that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as
+strong sexual stimuli, arousing in him a definite desire for sexual
+intercourse; but leading a continent life, he curbs his desire and
+fixes his thoughts upon other subjects. In this way, though the sexual
+excitement is brought quickly under abeyance, we can rest assured that
+a certain number of spermatozoa have been released from the testes;
+and that the other secretions have been increased in volume. The
+excitement may be sufficient even to cause an erection, and produce a
+few drops of the secretion of Cowper's glands. The spermatozoa,
+together with a small amount of the liquid secretion, will make their
+way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the ampullae.
+The bulk of the liquid secretion, however, will, in the course of the
+following hours or days, be reabsorbed, thus making for virility. The
+small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the
+ampullae will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity, as
+the days go by. On the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the
+ampullae will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these
+spermatozoa pass out. If they be examined under the microscope as a
+part of a normal nocturnal emission, they will be found to be almost
+motionless or very greatly lacking in typical spermatozoon activity.
+
+Now let us suppose that the young man, instead of curbing his sexual
+appetite, resorts, after a season of erotic imaginations, to the act
+of masturbation. We may picture the seminal ducts, vasa deferentia and
+ampullae as being gorged with the secretion of the testes, including,
+of course, myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa, together
+with several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular
+secretion. The act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a
+complete emptying of all these ducts. Thus we note that in this case
+the virile fluid is wasted, not being used in the procreative act or
+reabsorbed to exert its influence on virility. Nature's ends have been
+defeated. The system suffers a certain degree of depletion from which
+it recovers only after hours or even days. It must be evident from
+this picture of the processes that go on in the male sexual apparatus
+incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be performed
+repeatedly, as it naturally is when it becomes a habit, without
+interfering with the virility of the adolescent male.
+
+In the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the
+principal _physical_ changes that occur in a young man as the result
+of this habit are, flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands. The
+really virile man possesses firm muscles and clear, direct eyes and a
+strong grip; usually also a warm grip.
+
+It has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of
+masturbation in the youth, but such is not the case. They are a sign
+of lack of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to
+be interpreted as having any essential relation to masturbation. There
+may possibly be an incidental relation growing out of the fact that in
+some cases of masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition
+and that in turn may cause the appearance of pimples on the face of
+the adolescent. However, one must be very slow to pass judgment in
+these cases.
+
+Not the least important among the results of masturbation is the
+attitude of the victim to society in general. This _psychical_ change
+is noticed in immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of
+disinclination to enter into any physical contests, or games; and
+disinclination to cultivate the society of the opposite sex. Here
+again one must be conservative in his judgment, because there are
+individuals who possess a very retiring temperament naturally, and who
+may become so engrossed in study or productive work that they take
+little share in the society of either sex, so that individuals who may
+be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual apparatus would suffer
+a very grave injustice if they were classed among the masturbators. So
+allow the author at this place to emphasize the importance of never
+passing judgment on anybody in these matters on circumstantial
+evidence.
+
+While the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of
+masturbation may not be very serious, in many cases that have come
+under the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme
+limits, very serious, sometimes irretrievable damage has been done,
+yet the encouraging feature of this whole matter is, that if the
+adolescent youth, who is practicing this habit, is warned of its
+danger and stops at once absolutely, nature comes to his rescue, and
+gradually, step by step, but surely, rebuilds the whole fabric of his
+virility, bringing back gradually the flush of perfect health into his
+cheek, the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone of
+perfect virility into his muscles.
+
+This change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute
+continence. Nature, like a loving mother, heals the wounds of her
+child with a kiss.
+
+
+3. CONTINENCE.
+
+Such frequent reference has been made above to continence in
+antithesis to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be
+said in addition to that which has preceded. The young man who holds
+before his mental vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to
+establish--in which a pure wife reigns as queen, sovereign of his
+life, and gently hovers over a brood of lusty boys and fair
+girls--cannot for a moment consider as a sane solution of his sexual
+problem, periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the periodic
+lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines; nor can he expect to
+develop his powers, physically or intellectually to the highest
+possible degree if he permits himself to contract that habit
+[masturbation] which, step by step, undermines his development. There
+is open to the young man only one of the three alternatives mentioned
+above, i.e., TO LEAD THE "CONTINENT LIFE."
+
+The continent life is a goal which every healthy young man should
+strive to reach. To arrive at a goal that is before us and above us
+requires sacrifice and brings compensation. The sacrifice takes the
+form of the exertion of the whole will power of the man and the
+painstaking observance of those rules of hygiene which make continent
+living more easily attainable. The compensations of continence are
+those that come from the assurance that the young man has of his
+virility, of his worthiness to take the hand of a pure wife in
+wedlock, of the consciousness of his ability to establish and maintain
+a home, and to protect this home against all dangers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+
+
+
+HYGIENE.
+
+
+It is proposed in this chapter to outline, very briefly, a few simple
+rules of hygiene, the observance of which will tend to bring the young
+man into the highest possible state of physical development. Assuming
+that he wishes to lead a continent life, the observance of these rules
+will make that much desired condition more easily attainable.
+
+
+1. DIET.
+
+a. =Choice of Food.=--The young man who is boarding at a restaurant or
+in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the
+menu provided. Fortunately, the young man can observe the most
+important rule of diet, i.e., _to eat abstemiously_. Wherever one is
+boarding he can eat temperately; he can avoid highly spiced foods, tea
+and coffee. The observance of these simple rules will go a long way
+towards simplifying his sexual problem. It has been discovered by the
+study of the influence of diet upon sexual appetite, that the heavy
+eating of rich and highly spiced foods, indulgence in stimulants and
+narcotics, all tend to excite the sexual desires.
+
+The author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate
+one for a student:
+
+Breakfast.
+
+Fruit
+Well cooked cereal breakfast food with cream or a slice of bacon, an
+egg, with bread and butter
+Glass of milk, cocoa or cereal coffee
+
+Dinner.
+
+Soup
+Meat, potatoes and gravy
+One vegetable
+Dessert:
+(Custards, tapioca pudding, rice pudding, gelatin pudding or bread
+pudding)
+Water
+
+Supper.
+
+Creamed potatoes
+Salmon or sardines
+Bread and butter
+Canned or stewed fruit
+Cocoa or milk
+
+If lunch is served at noon and dinner at night, the supper and dinner
+as given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is
+served at night.
+
+If the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy
+athletics in which a training table is provided, he may eat a much
+heavier diet than the one above outlined, having either eggs or meat
+three times a day instead of once or twice and larger portions of each
+food. However, even the man in athletic training needs less food than
+is customary for men in training to take. If the foot ball teams would
+eat somewhat less than they do and a smaller proportion of meat, they
+would be much less likely to "train stale."
+
+b. =Stimulants and Narcotics.=--It will be noted that no provision is
+made for coffee or tea in the above menu. The general conditions of
+life in a student community serve as a sufficient stimulation. Tea and
+coffee are stimulants, and on general principles, it is not wise to
+use stimulants unless one needs them. The college student does not
+need any other stimulant than is afforded by the conditions in a
+college community.
+
+It may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does
+not need them. On the other hand, they may easily injure a person who
+does not need them. Coffee for example, or tea, not only does not
+assist digestion but actually retards it. All stimulants produce a
+quickening of brain activity which is uniformly followed by a reaction
+in which the brain activity is either slowed or confused. The coffee
+drinker is almost certain to experience within an hour after a cup of
+strong coffee an exhilaration, with heightened brain activity. If one
+could experience this stimulation without any reaction, it might be
+advisable, especially for those who need just such stimulation at
+just such a time. However, when one considers that he cannot
+experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression,
+he will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the
+expense of the other, except under unusual conditions.
+
+Now the question may naturally arise: What occasion would justify the
+drinking of a strong cup of coffee? Suppose that one were due in an
+examination and that he had only one examination in a day; suppose it
+came at 8 o'clock. Let the student retire early the night before, rise
+early, take a walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast. He
+may take a cup of strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast.
+He will find that this coffee proves a strong stimulant, particularly
+if he has not been using it regularly, and that it produces the
+stimulation just when he wants it. He will find that he is better able
+to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various facts that he may
+need to use in formulating his answers to the examination questions.
+Under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for a
+student to use coffee. But we must not forget that the coffee is a
+drug; used for its drug action; used to produce a physiological effect
+at a definite time. Having produced that effect, one may expect the
+depression to follow after the examination.
+
+Now the natural tendency, and a tendency which causes many people to
+pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation, is to
+relieve the depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking
+another cup and so on, taking coffee at each meal and perhaps
+occasionally between meals. While some people of phlegmatic
+temperament can stand such a drug habit for years without being very
+seriously injured, it is certainly a habit to be strongly discouraged.
+A person who does not use coffee or tea regularly, but wishes on rare
+occasions to get a stimulation, can resort to it to produce that
+effect, but after having gotten the effect let him get over the
+depression as best he can, and not relieve it by taking a second cup.
+
+If he has a week of examinations, it might be permissible to follow
+such a regime as suggested above throughout the week. On the whole,
+however, the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged.
+
+=Narcotics= are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the
+senses and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous
+system.
+
+One of the most common and typical narcotics is opium. Derived from
+opium is morphine. Cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the
+anaesthetics, such as chloroform, ether and common alcohol.
+
+It is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to
+intelligent college men. Very seldom do college and university
+students resort to alcoholic drinks, either for their drug effect or
+in a spirit of conviviality.
+
+The intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow
+the use of alcoholic beverages. It is very rare that educated people
+use any alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities,
+and usually, on special occasions.
+
+It is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the Bible
+dictum that, "Wine is a mocker" has been realized.
+
+Brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a
+cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the
+skin, only to cool down the temperature of the body later, so that
+instead of raising the temperature of the body, alcohol actually
+lowers the temperature of the body.
+
+Many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body, but if
+the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of
+the body, as is the case on excessively hot days in summer, the rush
+of blood to the surface would only have the effect desired in the
+first few minutes of the action of the alcohol. The skin would tend to
+become dry, the temperature of the blood to rise, subject to the
+influence of the hot air. This heated blood striking the vital organs
+accounts for the fact that on those excessively hot days, when there
+are many sunstrokes, most of them are among men who not only
+habitually take alcohol, but who are under the influence of alcohol at
+the time.
+
+Many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion, but scientific
+observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown
+that the digestion is actually retarded.
+
+Many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong, and one
+does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of
+alcohol, but many careful experiments on the part of numerous
+observers have shown that the muscles are really less strong and can
+do progressively less work the larger the dose of alcohol.
+
+Many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and
+have taken it for that purpose; but experiments have shown that while
+there is temporarily a greater activity of the brain, this activity is
+less under control of the higher brain centers. The after dinner
+champagne may loosen the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he
+may say many things which the judgment would not commend.
+
+So, in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through
+the ages, we find on careful examination, that in every case the
+alcohol actually has an effect opposite to that which has been
+attributed to it. How true then are the words of the Bible: "Wine is
+a mocker."
+
+If an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles, the brain or the
+glands, one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and
+coaches for preparation in athletic contests; one would find it
+commended by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their
+preparation and in the final encounter; one would find it recommended
+by mountain climbers and by Arctic explorers, to stimulate the muscles
+for the exhausting ordeal of mountain climbing or to protect the
+system from the penetrating cold of the northern latitudes; alcoholic
+beverages are, however, not only not advised by these men for these
+purposes, but on the other hand, all participants in these activities
+are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages, even in the
+smallest quantities.
+
+So the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound
+body must leave alcoholic beverages alone. Further, the young man who
+would have absolute control of his sexual desires, must leave alcohol
+alone, for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the
+lines of control. It is under the influence of alcohol that the young
+man is almost sure to make his first visit to the house of
+prostitution. If a girl lose her virtue, it takes place in a majority
+of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol; but for this
+influence lessening her control, she could not be seduced. _Hence one
+of the requirements of continence is_ TOTAL ABSTINENCE.
+
+Under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco, though
+tobacco has several other effects than the narcotic one. It exerts
+upon the mucous membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the
+mucous glands of the mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes,
+but the influence upon the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic
+character, and while tobacco is a mild narcotic, and while it can be
+used by the adult moderately without serious results; this is certain,
+that no man has ever been benefited by the use of tobacco. And while
+many men have been injured, even by the moderate use, all men are
+injured by the excessive use. Furthermore, boys and young men who have
+not attained the full stature of their physical development are very
+seriously injured and retarded in their development through even the
+moderate use of tobacco. There is not an educator in America who will
+not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form by young
+boys, retards both the physical and mental growth.
+
+So tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to
+leave alone, and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any
+grounds other than that it is a sense gratification. And while it
+must be admitted that it may serve as a sense gratification in the
+case of the individual who participates in it, it must also be
+remembered that tobacco smoke or the smell of tobacco is, in a very
+high degree distasteful if not actually loathsome, to a large
+proportion of society, and the young man who gratifies sense at the
+expense of his neighbors, certainly is on the defensive.
+
+In so far as tobacco is a narcotic, in just so far does it disarm and
+put to sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful
+in the maintenance of the continent life.
+
+c. =The Dietetic Control of the Bowels.=--A most important hygienic
+rule is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels. By regularity
+of the bowels we mean, a free, normal passage of the bowels at least
+once in twenty-four hours. Two or three passages in twenty-four hours
+are not too many.
+
+A tendency towards constipation may be hereditary. The writer finds
+that at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation
+among college men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency.
+
+Those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their
+whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from
+actual chronic constipation, find it exceedingly difficult to produce
+normal regular daily movements of the bowels. Whether constipation is
+chronic or occasional or whether it is hereditary or acquired, in any
+case, it should be corrected if possible through modification of the
+diet, and of daily habits.
+
+First of all, one must remember in this connection that the lower
+bowel or rectum is subject to education, and not by any means the
+least important factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation, is
+the regular morning visit to the water closet.
+
+The author would discourage the habit which some have of "straining at
+stool." This act of straining at stool together with the pressure
+which the hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels, increases the
+blood pressure in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that
+it is likely to cause hemorrhoids or piles. But if the position
+favorable to the passage of the bowels be taken regularly, every
+morning, and a reasonable time spent in that position, and if the
+daily passage is brought about at that time, the muscles of the rectum
+will be educated to the point of contracting upon its contents at that
+time and under those conditions regularly, and this will be a strong
+factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels.
+
+But the most important thing to consider in this condition is the
+dietetic regulation of the bowels. There are some foods that tend to
+constipate while others act as a laxative.
+
+Such foods for example, as contain a considerable portion of tannin,
+are always constipating. Strong teas have a constipating effect,
+particularly such as the bitter English Breakfast teas, in which there
+is a very large proportion of tannin. This large percentage of tannin
+accounts for the prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers.
+
+Unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which, in the
+ripening processes of the fruit, becomes changed into cellulose and
+sugar. Any fruit that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is
+exposed to the air and that stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly
+when the fruit is cut, possesses a high percentage of tannin, and is
+not in a wholesome condition to eat. Unripe peaches and apples possess
+this characteristic. These fruits should be eaten only when ripe.
+
+If one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp
+material, a tendency to constipation will be noticed. It has been
+found from investigation of this subject that the cellulose or
+undigested material of the cereals, vegetables and fruits, is an
+absolute essential to good bowel action. The cellulose makes bulk in
+the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk of undigested material
+stimulates the muscular contractions.
+
+If one were to choose for example, a diet of meat, eggs, nuts, corn
+starch, tapioca, sugar, fats and oils, i.e., diets which will be
+almost completely digested and absorbed, leaving a very small amount
+of undigested material in the intestines, the bulk of the material in
+the intestines would be so small that they would not be stimulated to
+contract. Therefore this small bulk of material, together with certain
+excretions from the liver and other organs, would be retained in the
+bowel and undergo fermentation there. Injurious substances which
+result from the fermentation would be absorbed, causing what is known
+as autointoxication, complicated with constipation. If one, however,
+mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion of
+cereals, fruits and vegetables, all of which possess a considerable
+percentage of undigestible material, the presence of this undigestible
+material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements,
+causing the passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the
+rectum, which will be periodically evacuated. In such cereal foods as
+the coarser meals (like oatmeal, various wheat preparations and corn
+meal), the proportion of bran substance serves as a local stimulation
+to the intestinal activity. The little bran scales being
+sharp-cornered and rough, serve as a local irritant or mechanical
+stimulation.
+
+What has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some
+coarser cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not
+wholesome. On the other hand, white bread made from the roller process
+flour is in a high degree nutritious and wholesome, and may well make
+an important part of any dietary.
+
+It is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven.
+These hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost
+completely impervious to the digestive juices, and while they are
+eventually digested, it takes a very much longer time to do so than
+would be the case with stale bread, which is so readily masticated
+into a creamy consistency. If one is subjected to conditions where he
+must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps embarrass a most hospitable
+hostess, there is only one thing for him to do, i.e., to eat the
+biscuits.
+
+It is possible, though difficult, to masticate hot bread so perfectly
+that it is reduced to a smooth, creamy consistency, and no one should
+ever swallow any bread which has not been so masticated.
+
+Among the fruits, figs, prunes and apples seem to have the most
+clearly marked laxative effect, though all ripe fruits generally, and
+especially those that are taken uncooked, have a moderate laxative
+effect. Belonging to this class of foods is rhubarb which, though not
+a fruit, is usually served as a fruit either stewed or in puddings or
+pies. There is no doubt that it exerts its laxative effect better if
+taken stewed rather than with pastry.
+
+If one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to
+correct it, a rational change of diet would be, _to eat freely of
+cereals and coarse breads and of various fruits, particularly apples,
+figs and prunes_.
+
+The most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely
+of them just before retiring. The apples and figs may be eaten just as
+they are received from the market. Prunes may be soaked in cold water
+for twenty-four hours, then taken directly from the cold water and
+eaten.
+
+If this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is
+only in part dietetic, i.e., _to rise_ ONE HOUR BEFORE BREAKFAST,
+_drink two glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk of fifteen to
+thirty minutes_. The cold water has a tonic effect upon the stomach,
+preparing it for a rapid digestion of the breakfast. It also washes
+out the accumulation of mucus in the stomach, which may easily equal a
+pint in volume. This pint of mucous plus the pint of water, making a
+quart of liquid altogether, pours through the pylorus, and during the
+rapid walk, works its way rapidly down through the alimentary tract,
+washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive and rapidly to
+digest the next meal. This slimy water, having washed out the stomach
+and small intestine, then passes into the large intestine, moistening
+and lubricating its contents and causing it to move gradually towards
+the rectum, where it stimulates a normal free passage of the bowels
+after breakfast.
+
+Any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment. Such a
+treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines.
+
+d. =The Dietetic Control of Sleep.=--Most students study evenings. If
+their heavy meal is a dinner at 5:30 or 6 p.m. they are likely to feel
+very drowsy by 7:30 or 8 o'clock. This is a perfectly natural
+experience, all animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal.
+If one could lie down and sleep for an hour while his dinner is
+digesting, he could probably rise at 9 o'clock and put in two or three
+hours of good hard work. He would find himself at 11 or 12 o'clock so
+thoroughly awake, however, that he might have difficulty in getting to
+sleep if he retired at that hour. If, on the other hand, one has his
+dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night, he is
+able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up
+until he is ready to retire. In this case also, he is likely to be so
+wide awake at the time of retiring that he may have difficulty in
+getting to sleep. In either of these cases, it is altogether proper
+and advisable to take a light lunch before retiring. A double purpose
+can be served by this lunch. In the first place, the taking of
+anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete the
+circulation from other organs (brain in this case) to the stomach. In
+the second place, the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite
+_somnolent_ effect. Such foods are, _celery_, _lettuce_, _onions_,
+_warm milk_. It may not be convenient to get warm milk at midnight,
+but it would hardly be inconvenient to provide one's self with two or
+three graham crackers and a stalk of celery. These with a drink of
+water and a little brisk exercise before an open window ought so far
+to divert the circulation from the brain as to enable one to fall
+asleep quickly.
+
+e. =The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin.=--The stimulation of
+excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important
+thing, particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to
+establish free excretion. The food which has a most clearly marked
+effect upon both kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits.
+These fruits, as they appear in our markets, are _lemons_, _oranges_
+and _grape fruit_. All of these fruits are in a high degree wholesome
+as an addition to the dietary. Lemon juice is far more wholesome than
+vinegar in salads. The juices of lemons and oranges make most
+refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer, and on occasions
+where one wishes _to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and skin,
+he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade_.
+
+f. =The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold.=--A whole _quart of hot
+lemonade_ may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold. The
+effect in such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious
+urination. Both the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to
+carry away from the system the effete materials that have been
+retained as a result of the cold.
+
+It is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be
+taken that during the sweating or immediately following it, the _body
+should not be exposed to catch more cold_. In this method of treating
+a cold, one should _take a strong cathartic_ such as two or three
+teaspoonfuls of castor oil, and should remain in bed twenty-four
+hours. During this twenty-four hours _no other food than a little
+light broth should be taken_. This treatment usually completely breaks
+up a cold and one is able, in two or three days, to make good the loss
+of the twenty-four hours, during which time he was confined to his
+room.
+
+This dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is
+incomparably wiser and more economical than to drag around, hoping to
+"wear out the cold," only to be worn out by it.
+
+
+2. BATHS.
+
+a. =The Bath for Cleanliness.=--Little need be said regarding the bath
+for cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week
+during the colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as
+once a day during that portion of the year when there is free
+perspiration.
+
+Where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm
+water over the whole surface of the body. If he takes this bath just
+before retiring, it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge
+at the end of the bath. If, however, one takes a warm soap bath in the
+morning the relaxing effect of the bath upon the skin makes it
+necessary to take a cold shower or a cold sponge after the warm bath
+in order to secure the tonic effect upon the skin and fortify one
+against catching cold.
+
+During the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he
+should guard against an excessive use of soap, as a daily soap bath
+may have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as
+to make the skin rough. With the daily bath for cleanliness it is
+possible that warm water and soap need not be used more frequently
+than once or twice a week and that a laving of the whole surface with
+cold water followed by a vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may
+serve the double purpose of insuring absolute cleanliness, and at the
+same time serving as a skin tonic.
+
+In this connection the author would emphasize the importance of
+insuring absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus. In primeval
+conditions less attention was necessary as these organs were more or
+less exposed, but the present method of dress is such as to permit the
+accumulation of the skin secretions. While these may in part be
+removed by the friction against the clothing, it is advisable to wash
+the external genitals and all neighboring surfaces as a regular part
+of the daily toilet.
+
+b. =The Tonic Bath.=--In warm weather when one takes a daily bath to
+insure cleanliness, at least five of these baths each week may be in
+cold water, sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described
+above. In cold weather, when one takes not more than one or two warm
+soap baths a week, the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most
+important purpose in the hygiene.
+
+Some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a
+tub of cold water. This method of taking the cold bath is not to be
+recommended except for those who are in the most robust health, and in
+these cases, so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly
+beneficial. The author has seen many people who were injured by this
+method of taking the tonic bath.
+
+There are two methods to be recommended: Those who have access to a
+cold shower may stand for a moment, and for a moment only, under the
+cold shower, then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole
+surface of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole
+surface of the body glows with the warmth of the reaction. If one does
+not have access to the cold shower, he may take a most effective
+tonic bath in his room, using cold water, the coldest obtainable, and
+a bath sponge, or even a wash cloth, dipping the sponge into the cold
+water, then pressing out enough of the water so that there will be no
+excess of water to run over the surface of the body from the sponge.
+Begin by sponging face, neck, shoulders, arms and chest, then wipe
+these parts dry, subject them to vigorous friction with the crash
+towel until the arms, shoulders and chest particularly glow with the
+warmth of the reaction. While the upper half of the body is receiving
+its bath the lower half may be kept covered, and conversely.
+
+This tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the
+morning, and as a part of the morning toilet.
+
+If one takes such a tonic bath on arising, then dresses hurriedly and
+takes a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes, the regime quickly
+brings his body into the most vigorous and robust state of health;
+unless there is something wrong with his digestion or his excretion,
+and even moderate derangements of these will be very likely to be
+corrected by the regime just suggested.
+
+
+3. EXERCISE.
+
+Incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning
+walk before breakfast. This has a most salutary tonic effect besides
+the influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements. Not the least
+important result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the
+lungs are repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door
+air. This naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the
+development of the lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their
+vigor in middle age.
+
+The increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to
+hastened circulation through the muscles, glands and brain. This
+hurrying blood current not only carries nutriment to these organs, but
+carries away their accumulations of effete material to the excretory
+glands.
+
+The student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning
+exercise. The mile run, the mile row or any other strenuous exercise
+is strongly to be discouraged at this time of the day. If one overdoes
+morning exercise, he is likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued,
+throughout the remainder of the forenoon, and his ability to do a high
+grade of mental work is decreased rather than increased.
+
+Besides the morning exercise, every person who wishes to live a
+vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier
+exercise during the latter part of the day or evening. This exercise
+may take any one of many forms. It may be golf, tennis, foot-ball,
+base-ball, cricket, rowing, lacrosse, basket-ball, cross country
+running, track or gymnasium work, etc., etc. The immediate results of
+this exercise should be largely to increase lung and heart action and
+to cause a sufficient fatigue of the muscular system so that rest is
+sought and may be followed by dreamless, recuperative sleep.
+
+It might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we
+must first fatigue them, but that seems to be Nature's plan. The only
+way to build up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it
+to its maximum capacity.
+
+If one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay
+on fat. If he does lay on fat, he may know that he is eating more than
+he needs and he should make his diet more temperate. The youth of
+eighteen or nineteen who is tall and rather spare, and whose muscular
+system has not reached its full development would, of course, increase
+his weight incident to the growth of his muscular system. This
+increase in weight must not be confused with increase of weight
+through fat deposit. The latter should be avoided--the former should
+be encouraged.
+
+Not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical
+exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise.
+The courage, nerve control, quick judgment, agility and strength
+required on the foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's
+equipment to fight the battles of life. The conditions of these games
+give frequent opportunities for the young man to cultivate the spirit
+of honesty and fair play--the spirit, without which, no man can reach
+his highest success in the real contests of life.
+
+
+4. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEP.
+
+The personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic,
+though it may be briefly treated.
+
+The amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can
+only be determined by the individual. Some seem to require ten hours,
+others eight, others six, while rarely individuals are found who seem
+to thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four.
+The average requirement seems to be about eight hours. If one has by
+experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he
+requires, he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that
+amount of sleep. While a brief departure from this regime may be
+without serious results, any prolonged departure from it will
+certainly bring its natural retribution. So, the young man having
+determined how much sleep he needs, should adopt a daily program that
+will provide for just that many hours in bed, and he should early
+establish the habit of going to sleep at once upon retiring, and of
+arising at once upon awakening. Dallying in bed has led many a young
+man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that are in a high
+degree deleterious, morally and physically.
+
+So far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment, he
+should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be
+comfortable.
+
+One should never retire with cold feet. A most effective way to warm
+the feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them
+vigorously with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth.
+Furthermore, no more effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be
+devised than this nightly tonic bath.
+
+One will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of
+taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room
+slippers, which should always be worn during one's excursions to the
+bath room, and during his tonic sponge bath.
+
+As to posture in bed, the experience of men in general is, that the
+most comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the
+side. The right side is to be preferred to the left because in this
+position, the heart being on the upper side, is not embarrassed in its
+free movement by the superincumbent lung tissue. Furthermore, this
+position facilitates the passage of digesting foods from the stomach.
+To maintain comfortably this side position, requires that the knees
+be at least moderately drawn up. This posture when asleep is
+practically identical with that of nearly all higher animals, and is
+unquestionably the most hygienic one for man. No animal but man ever
+lies upon its back unless it is dead. Furthermore, the dorsal position
+puts tendons, nerves and muscles on a stretch, while the flexed
+lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position, which
+is most favorable to rest.
+
+It goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly
+ventilated. The occupant should take care that he does not lie in a
+direct draught from a window or door, because it has been found by
+experience that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of
+doors than he is if he sleeps in a direct draught from a window or
+door. Just why this is has not been satisfactorily accounted for, but
+the fact remains. So if you must sleep in the house, secure perfect
+ventilation without direct draughts.
+
+
+5. THE CONTROL OF THE THOUGHTS.
+
+There is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a
+continent life than the control of the thoughts. It goes without
+saying that the man who thinks about sexual matters, especially the
+one whose imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually
+stimulating images, is only inviting temptation to relax his
+continence. If he controls his thoughts during those times when he is
+less amenable to temptation, he is far more likely to be able to
+control his acts at those times when his physical condition makes him
+most amenable to temptation.
+
+The most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's
+work as to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs
+that are wholly independent of sexual experiences or considerations.
+One should set a mark for himself so high above his present position
+that he is compelled to put forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in
+order to accomplish his aim. The old saying that, "Satan finds work
+for idle hands to do" is all too true. Anyone may observe the
+influence of idleness or even the influence of a partially occupied
+program upon the habits of the youth and young man. Beard and
+Rockwell, in their valuable work on this subject say: "Go to work;
+develop your muscles and brain; resolve to become at least useful if
+not famous. The activity which will be necessary in carrying out these
+ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils, if they are
+imaginary, and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+
+
+DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+The development of the child within the uterus of the mother
+represents a chapter in the life history of every individual so
+important in its relations to maternity and paternity that every young
+man should be acquainted with at least its general features.
+
+As stated in the chapter on Reproduction, every living organism begins
+life as a single cell, or globule of protoplasm. In the case of the
+human subject, the cell from which each child begins its development
+is formed by the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm, one
+furnished by the mother, and called the ovum, or egg; the other
+furnished by the father, and called the spermatozoon. The egg is very
+much larger than the spermatozoon, and contains enough yolk material
+to afford nourishment for the embryo for a number of days.
+
+When the ovum reaches the finished state, which is called "maturity,"
+it leaves the ovary, and is carried along the fallopian tube (see
+accompanying figure) into the uterus, where it usually finds a
+lodgment in the upper part, as shown in Figure I. Once the minute ovum
+has been caught in the projections of the velvety inner surface of the
+uterus, this thick velvety lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of
+the ovum begins a rapid growth, gradually enveloping the rapidly
+expanding ovum, as shown in Figures I and II of the accompanying
+plate.
+
+Within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous
+changes in the whole life history of the individual. The nucleus of
+the fertilized egg, and the protoplasm which surrounds it, divide into
+two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, etc. These divisions follow
+each other in such rapid succession that there are many hundreds of
+cells by the end of the first twenty-four hours. These cells soon
+begin to arrange themselves into layers and groups, which, step by
+step, develop the different tissues and organs of the body.
+
+By the end of thirty days the little embryo, about as large as one
+inch of the end of a lead pencil, would be recognized as the embryo of
+some mammalian animal, but it would be quite impossible to say whether
+it would develop into a human being or some other animal, if it were
+seen quite apart from its immediate surroundings. By the end of
+another thirty days, however, the little embryo has multiplied its
+size several times, and has reached a form instantly recognizable as
+the young of the human kind, as shown in Figure IV. It still, however,
+retains the vestige of a little tail, which within the next thirty
+days will have been completely absorbed.
+
+    [Illustration: THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION]
+
+Note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen
+a large structure which is labeled "cord." This cord is a part of what
+is called the umbilical cord, and it is this that joins the embryo
+to the mother. Note in Figure III the large stalk of this cord passing
+upward from the body of the embryo and merging into the structures in
+the top of the uterus. Note further that there are little branching
+structures passing from the base of this stalk up into the base of the
+uterus. These branching structures are loops of blood-vessels, and
+they form part of the placenta, or "afterbirth." Through this cord the
+embryo receives its nourishment from the mother. The blood of the
+mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels, and the embryo absorbs
+from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones,
+muscles, brain, spinal-cord, and glands. From the same source the
+embryo receives the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life.
+
+From the third month on to the end of the nine months, the amount of
+material which the mother must provide for the development of the
+child within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical
+resources. It is not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months
+of pregnancy to become quite pale, her blood having been impoverished
+to provide material for the development of her child.
+
+
+MATERNITY.
+
+What has been said above regarding the contributions which the
+maternal organism must make toward the development of the offspring
+must have impressed on the mind of the reader that _maternity means,
+first of all, sacrifice_.
+
+This sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood.
+
+With the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes, each month, a week of
+special physical drain, when work must be lightened and vigorous
+exercise curtailed, when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of
+health.
+
+Under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the
+pleasure of dancing; of skating or swimming; of sleigh-rides or
+cross-country walks and the young man should make it less difficult
+for her by acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be
+excused from such recreation.
+
+It is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the
+more highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of
+aboriginal peoples, or among the lower animals. Conditions of modern
+life, and particularly urban life, leave the female organism less able
+to endure the drafts made upon the system by maternity, so that to
+bear a child may mean not only the sacrifice of comfort, but even the
+sacrifice of health.
+
+The highly sensitive, delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman
+is perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her
+being. This manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of
+sensitiveness. It goes without saying that the pregnant woman
+deserves at the hands of all who come in contact with her, and
+particularly at the hands of her husband, most considerate and
+sympathetic treatment. Her little whims and vagaries, however
+unreasonable, must always be treated seriously, and with delicate and
+tactful consideration. The members of her family, particularly the
+husband, owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a
+frame of mind as possible.
+
+When we consider the real significance of maternity to the race, to
+society, and to the family, we must feel that, of all human relations,
+maternity is the most sacred, and that no condition should be allowed
+to mar it, and no consideration to take precedence of it.
+
+
+PATERNITY.
+
+After the husband had contributed the male sexual cells, or
+spermatozoa, in this wonderful process above outlined, it might seem
+that there is little he can do, except to wait, while nature carries
+on the process. The reader will remember, however, from the chapter on
+Reproduction, that the contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates
+the sacrifices that the paternal organism must make in this process.
+Are there any demands on paternity between the time of conception of
+the new life and its birth?
+
+As already mentioned under the preceding topic, the pregnant mother
+needs gentle and loving care. She needs to have her little whims and
+foibles overlooked. She needs to be protected, so far as possible,
+from every influence that might depress or make her unhappy. She needs
+to be guarded against any unusual physical exertion, and above all,
+she needs at this time more than at any other time, the manifested
+affection and sympathy of her husband.
+
+There is another sacrifice, if it may be so called, which the husband
+is called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife, namely, _to
+abstain absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of
+pregnancy and for two or three months following_. This means
+practically one year of continent living. All other animals observe
+this period of continence. Nature demands that man observe it in
+common with other animals. Man is the only animal that has
+transgressed this fundamental law of nature. The retribution which
+nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various.
+Sometimes, but rarely, the sexual excitement on the part of the woman
+may cause an abortion, or a miscarriage. The more usual result makes
+itself manifest in the drain on the nervous energy of the woman. When
+we consider that maternity in the human race involves greater
+sacrifice than in any other animal, it would seem that the addition of
+this last demand, namely, of satisfying the sexual desires of the
+husband during the period of pregnancy, might prove "the straw that
+breaks the camel's back," and result in the more or less complete
+nervous breakdown of the woman. The author submits this question to
+all fair-minded men: Is it not due to the wife that she be not asked
+to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the
+period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race, to
+society, and to the family?
+
+The author submits this question because some men are known to
+transgress this law of nature. Fortunately the proportion of men who
+thus transgress is not large.
+
+Let us stand for these things: (1) _An equal standard of purity for
+men and women_, (2) _A strenuous, virile, continent manhood_, (3)
+_Sexual temperance in wedlock_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+Personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the
+solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are
+so frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of
+them would serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or
+doubts, more or less important in the minds of many young men. It has
+been decided to group these answers in an appendix rather than to
+incorporate them in the body of the book, as many of them seem not
+quite relevant to the topics outlined under the several chapters.
+
+1. _How do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of
+the testes are not present?_
+
+The spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission, if present at all,
+are found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen
+secreted during sexual excitement. The seminal vesicles are not
+receptacles for the testicular secretion. The ampullae seem to serve
+that purpose in a limited degree.
+
+Considering all these facts, it seems to be a tenable conclusion that
+the few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal
+emission are those that have, from time to time, collected in the
+ampullae, and that during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal
+emission the testes are not actively releasing nascent spermatozoa.
+This function of the testes seems to be reserved for periods of
+conscious sexual stimulation.
+
+2. _How may one control too frequent emissions?_
+
+If emissions are too frequent for the individual case, they are
+followed by depletion and malaise. Even if they occur as infrequently
+as once in two weeks and are followed by the above symptoms, they must
+be considered as too frequent, or abnormal in that case. On the other
+hand, they may occur as frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust
+individuals, and especially in men who have had frequent sexual
+intercourse, and who have for some reason discontinued it. And even
+though they occur as frequently as twice a week, if they are followed
+by a feeling of relief and wellbeing, they must not be considered as
+too frequent for that individual under the conditions.
+
+So the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less
+independent of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the
+individual to the emission. If, following the criterion above
+outlined, one finds that his emissions are too frequent, because of
+accompanying depletion and malaise, this frequency may be modified
+either by changes of the diet or by changes of hygiene.
+
+For a more extended discussion, see text above on nocturnal emissions.
+
+3. _Do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of
+seventeen or nineteen or even to the twenty-fifth year as is the
+case with the physical and mental powers?_
+
+The brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age.
+The brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the
+age of puberty, and then only under special conditions and this
+increase in weight and size is not due to the addition of any new
+cells, but simply to a slight increase in the bulk of those cells
+already present. In a similar way the sexual apparatus undergoes,
+during the period of puberty (fifteen to seventeen) a very rapid
+growth, reaching by the end of the period of puberty (seventeenth or
+nineteenth year) their full size.
+
+4. _Are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous?_
+
+Enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the
+epididymis. These are thin walled vessels that respond to any
+increased internal blood pressure, perhaps showing a special tendency
+in this direction during that period of rapid growth of the sexual
+apparatus in the early part of the adolescent period. If the
+enlargement is only moderate, it may disappear, or at least become
+spontaneously arrested in its growth, in which case it need cause no
+concern. If these veins, however, dilate until they form a
+considerable mass, known as VARICOCELE, they may affect the sexual
+apparatus deleteriously in two ways: (1) The increased weight in the
+scrotal sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to annoy the
+subject by its traction on the spermatic cord. This lengthened scrotum
+with its contents may also be exposed to mechanical pressure or even
+to injury from the clothing, etc., which would not occur if the
+scrotal sac were short, holding the testes close to the body. (2) Of
+far more importance is the danger of the varicocele gradually
+encroaching by pressure upon the testis, perhaps to cause a partial
+atrophy of that gland. This condition is a comparatively rare one, and
+inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes, the possibility of
+causing sterility on the part of a man is remote.
+
+The extension of the scrotum and the "bearing-down" sensation may be
+relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage. Such a bandage
+may be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house, and if
+properly fitted, will usually relieve any such discomfort as described
+above. If the varicocele is quite large, the subject will do well to
+consult a competent surgeon and to take his advice.
+
+5. _Is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a
+universal phenomenon among continent men?_
+
+The nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the
+seminal vesicles. Some continent men never have nocturnal emissions.
+The reason may be sought in one of two directions: (1) The usual cause
+of absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in
+the man in question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by
+_involuntary diurnal emissions_, occurring usually when the
+individual is at stool. These emissions are likely to occur once in
+two to four weeks and take the place of the nocturnal emission. (2)
+Rarely we find virile, continent men whose vesicular secretion is so
+scanty that they are never conscious of its emission.
+
+6. (a) _Should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood
+practiced masturbation think of wedlock?_
+
+(b) _If one has not lived a pure life but has reformed, may he ask a
+pure woman to be his wife?_
+
+Such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most
+serious motives. A vast majority of boys and young men who practice
+self-abuse, do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong
+or cognizant only in a vague way of the evil of the practice.
+
+To consign a man to the Hades of homelessness and the sorrow of
+childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a
+few months or years of his life, would be meting out a retribution far
+in excess of the sin. If nature intended such a retribution to be
+meted out she would have led the way by causing an atrophy or some
+other form of disease in the subject who had abused his sexual organs.
+But nature does not do that. If the young man who, from his twelfth to
+his eighteenth year, has practiced masturbation, is shown the error of
+his way and breaks the habit absolutely, nature quickly comes to his
+rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely, unless he has been
+guilty of extreme excess in the habit. This rehabilitation of virility
+after self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years,
+according to the case and the extent of the practice.
+
+The complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been
+forging its chains about the youth, is in itself no small victory and
+should go a long way towards extenuating his lapse. The young man who
+can conquer himself and learn to lead a pure life, free from his early
+habit and above reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but
+also in all his thoughts of woman deserves his well-earned reward. He
+deserves the respect of all pure women and should be able to win the
+love of one whom he may with clear conscience ask to be his wife, and
+with whom he may confidently expect to build a typical home.
+
+7. _Should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for
+procreation?_
+
+In the normal course of events, if intercourse is indulged in for
+procreation only, it would come as often as once, perhaps twice in a
+month; that is, either just before the menstrual period of the woman
+or just after, the woman being most easily impregnated at these two
+periods.
+
+A man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no
+difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent. If the
+sexual intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month,
+the man, by living thus continently, will find it much more easy to
+maintain his continence during the twelve-month period after his wife
+becomes pregnant before he can properly have intercourse with her
+again, than would be the case if he had had sexual relations much more
+frequently.
+
+That the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above
+outlined and that the woman, in the vast majority of cases, does not
+desire intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as
+above indicated is, without any reasonable doubt, due to hereditary
+tendencies. Under primeval conditions, and in fact, until
+comparatively recent times, the vast majority of mankind were
+polygamous, the strong men of the race--those who procreated their
+kind--having as many wives as they could support and protect, the weak
+men of the race being crowded aside, sometimes castrated, to become
+the burden bearers for the strong.
+
+Under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual
+intercourse for other than procreative purposes, and even granting
+that the man has intercourse for procreation only, if he had twelve
+wives, he would be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of
+them. That these experiences on the part of a long line of maternal
+ancestors should lead the women of today to desire sexual intercourse
+for procreation only, is easy to understand; that the impulses
+transmitted along the paternal line of ancestors should lead the men
+of today to desire intercourse far more frequently than this can,
+under monogamous conditions be indulged, is also easy to understand.
+
+8. _How frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged, in the marriage
+state?_
+
+If one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above, i.e., to indulge in
+sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and
+not at all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period, the
+limit is then set, not by strictly normal and anthropological
+considerations, but by the health of the individuals. The author has
+seen young married couples who had carried their sexual intercourse to
+such extremes as seriously to deplete the physical vigor and menace
+the health of both parties. Just how frequent indulgence will have
+this effect in any particular case is impossible to say. In some cases
+twice a week may have this effect; in other cases once in twenty-four
+hours might be borne for a considerable time. In any case the
+condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural
+retribution in some form--either broken health, or sterility of the
+wife, and depleted powers of the husband, or weak and sickly children,
+separated by long intervals.
+
+9. _How long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid
+and yet be able to raise healthy children?_
+
+This question cannot be answered in other than most general terms. The
+author has known one case of a young man who, for several years,
+practiced masturbation several times a day, so far depleting his
+powers that he could not walk erect, his muscles were flabby, his
+testes were very soft and small, his eyes shifty, his hands clammy and
+his mind incoherent in its working. He seemed to be a candidate for
+the asylum and would probably have gone there if radical means had not
+been adopted to break him of the habit. He was broken, however,
+absolutely, and never performed the act after his nineteenth birthday.
+Within three years he had completely recovered his virility. He had
+nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large part of his
+increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity--muscle
+which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch. His sexual
+organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt, their
+virility. He had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course
+of professional study and entered with great success upon the practice
+of his chosen profession.
+
+On the other hand, a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding
+the sterility of his wife. After examination, it was found that the
+husband had practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of
+puberty to his twenty-fourth year, when he was married. He assured the
+author that at the time of his marriage his testicles were, as far as
+he had known, similar to the testicles of other young men, and that
+during his married life he had never had intercourse with his wife
+more frequently than once in a month, but that during that time he had
+noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes. At the time of the
+examination only small atrophied remains of these testes could be
+discovered. The sterility of the wife was due, without any question,
+to the absolute impotence of the husband, and so far as the history of
+the case would suggest, there was no other assignable cause of this
+impotence than the eight years of masturbation.
+
+From these two cases, it must be evident that no rules can be laid
+down. In one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme
+masturbation; in the other-case, a habit that would not be called
+extreme resulted in impotence. It must be evident that the practice is
+a dangerous one after puberty, as no individual can tell to which of
+the above cases his may be similar.
+
+10. _Granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen, is
+there any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse
+with a woman?_
+
+There is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual
+excitement is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal. If
+this sexual excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the
+masturbator, the depletion seems to be more marked than is the case
+with the normal, natural stimulation incident to sexual intercourse.
+Some have suggested that the reciprocal influence of the woman can in
+some way compensate for the vital fluid contributed by the male. It
+is hardly likely that such a reciprocal influence is other than
+psychical, but that is certainly sufficient to account for any
+difference in these two forms of sexual gratification.
+
+Nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for
+procreation, which contribution is, always has been, and, in the very
+nature of the case, always must be a certain tax upon the powers of
+the male animal. When the intercourse is indulged for procreation
+only, the male animal can well afford to make the contribution. Even
+with that, the contribution which the male makes to procreation is
+incomparably less depleting for him than are the contributions which
+the female makes for her.
+
+11. _Will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse?_
+
+If vital fluid is present, and if the sexual intercourse is carried to
+the point of causing an orgasm, there would, in all normal conditions,
+be an emission of semen or "vital fluid."
+
+12. _Is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex
+of the offspring?_
+
+While there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is
+generally accepted by medical men.
+
+13. _Will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man
+for sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid?_
+
+An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without
+question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an
+increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active
+secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands.
+The secretion from Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra
+and appear at the opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of
+the subject. The accumulated semen from the other glands will tend
+rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires. Such a condition of
+the sexual apparatus is likely to cause a nocturnal emission,
+relieving this tension and emptying the gorged gland ducts. If the
+nocturnal emission does not occur, the sexual desires are certain to
+return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely. If the
+nocturnal emission does occur, it will carry away not alone the
+vesicular secretion, but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa
+and other constituents of the vital fluid. Seasons of intense and
+prolonged sexual excitement are in a high degree inimical to
+continence, and even though the subject does not fully submit to his
+inclination, his nocturnal emissions, which are likely to come
+frequently, carry away the product of the testicular secretion,
+thereby depleting to a certain extent, his virility. It is hardly
+necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of
+sexual passion in their very incipiency.
+
+14. _How may the habit of masturbation best be brought under
+control?_
+
+The first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts. The
+most effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure
+and strictly non-sexual subject--e.g., _pure mathematics_. The young
+man who is trying to break this habit will do well to follow very
+closely the rather strenuous regime outlined under hygiene in the body
+of the book. If his condition is complicated because of the presence
+of a very long loose foreskin, he will be wise to have this removed by
+the simple operation of _circumcision_. If he should awake in the
+night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit, he should
+resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on
+some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus. If he does not
+succeed by force of will in diverting his mind from himself, the best
+thing to do is to arise, dress and walk. If walking will not do it let
+him run, and keep moving in the open air, under God's blue sky until
+he is so tired he can hardly put one foot before the other. Then if he
+will retire to his room, he will probably have no further difficulty
+at that time.
+
+15. _What influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his
+sexual problems?_
+
+It hardly seems possible that a virile, husky young man, in his early
+twenties, could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of
+the modern dance hall, where he is brought into very close physical
+contact with young women, dressed to expose their secondary sexual
+features, perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual
+instincts; held so close to his partner in the round dance that he is
+conscious of every movement of her limbs, and all of these under the
+influence of artificial light and music--I say, it is hardly possible
+for a virile young man to be subjected to all these conditions without
+experiencing an extreme sexual excitement. That such an experience
+often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's problem, but
+seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of
+anyone who has studied these problems. All specialists in this field,
+without a single exception, concur in the belief that the dance is a
+device of the devil so far as the young man is concerned. That the
+young women are, for the most part, quite innocent of the effect of
+all these conditions upon their young men friends is also believed by
+those who have studied the problem. If they were conscious of it, a
+large majority of them would not longer consent to be the party to
+such unfortunate conditions. The Square Dance, the Virginia Reel and
+similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not remotely to be
+compared in this matter with the modern Round Dance.
+
+16. _May lost Virility be regained by use of "Remedies" or medicines
+of any kind?_
+
+No. Positively and absolutely, _No_. Many such nostrums are advertised
+in the public prints. Many are sold by charlatans and quacks. No
+reputable physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any
+drug could bring back lost manhood.
+
+_Lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only._
+The prescription for right living is as follows: _Live a continent
+life_ and follow _a strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene_,
+such as outlined in chapter V above.
+
+17. _Is the production of semen modified by nutrition?_
+
+The production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition.
+Remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes
+(Spermatozoa) and partly from the vesicles and prostate. The formation
+and release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition
+of nutrition; while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly
+modified in quantity. This accounts for the fact that well nourished
+men who eat heavily are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal
+emissions, when living continently.
+
+
+
+
+  LECTURES
+  by the
+  Author of Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.
+
+  THE YOUNG MAN'S PROBLEM.
+
+  Heard by 20,000 men last year.
+
+  WHAT IS SAID ABOUT IT.
+
+
+The Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia.
+Walter M. Wood, General Secretary
+
+                                           October 17, 1908.
+To Whom it May Concern:
+
+    It is with great pleasure that I pay a tribute of appreciation
+    to the excellent service of Dr. Winfield S. Hall, in his
+    presentation to audiences of young men of the vital problems of
+    sexual hygiene.
+
+    With the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician,
+    with the thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and
+    with the delicacy and motive of a Christian gentleman, he
+    presents the "Young Man's Problem" in such a way as to make him,
+    in my judgment, one of the most helpful counselors of young men
+    on the American platform today.
+
+                                             Sincerely,
+                                                 W.M. WOOD.
+
+
+University of Notre Dame.
+
+Winfield Scott Hall, M.D.,
+Northwestern University Medical School.
+
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    In your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem" and in your book on
+    "Sexual Hygiene" you are doing a great service for the rising
+    generation. I am convinced that one great source of vice is
+    ignorance about the matters touched upon in your lecture and
+    book. Priests are constantly giving instruction on these same
+    points, but it is a distinct advantage to have their teaching
+    reinforced by a distinguished physician, expressing himself with
+    the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most
+    reverential spirit. For students seventeen years of age or more
+    your presentation of this difficult subject will be a God-send,
+    for it abates curiosity, dissipates ignorance, warns of perils
+    and arouses a manly desire for a clean life.
+
+                             Very sincerely yours,
+                                    JOHN CAVANAUGH, C.S.C.,
+                                                  President.
+
+
+Central Department, Young Men's Christian Association, Chicago.
+
+                                           October 21, 1908.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern University Medical School.
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    Our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you
+    this year to deliver your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem."
+    I also want some more of your books on Reproduction and Sexual
+    Hygiene.
+
+    I cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the
+    splendid service you have done and are doing to the young
+    manhood of our country in this lecture and this book. I have
+    never heard a presentation of the subject which takes hold so
+    deeply upon thoughtful men, and your book is by all odds the
+    best thing in print on this subject. Your scientific, yet
+    popular method and the absence of vague moralizing are
+    convincing and inspiring in their effects. I trust we may hear
+    you this year.
+
+                                 Very truly yours,
+                                      HERBERT W. GATES,
+                                      Secy., Religious Work.
+
+
+THE SECRET OF MANHOOD
+
+Given to many audiences of boys in High-School, Academy, Y.M.C.A. and
+Summer Camp.
+
+
+The Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian
+Associations, Chicago and Lake Geneva.
+
+                                            October 7, 1908.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Ill.
+
+My Dear Dr. Hall:
+
+    I want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on Sexual
+    Hygiene. I listened with the greatest of interest to your
+    presentation before the Boys' Conference at Lake Geneva the past
+    summer and it seemed to me that both in substance and in form of
+    presentation you hit the nail on the head in a way I had never
+    before seen it done. I believe that your contribution to boys in
+    this direction is to be even greater than that which you have
+    been making to young men.
+
+                                       Sincerely yours,
+                                              FRANK H. BURT,
+                                                  President.
+
+
+State Agricultural College of Colorado.
+
+Dr. Winfield S. Hall,
+  Fort Collins, Colo., October 27, 1908.
+    Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.
+
+Dear Doctor:
+
+    I wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from 12
+    to 16 years of age. You have touched a vital subject in a most
+    original way that impresses every boy that hears you. You lead
+    up to your "Secret of Manhood" in a manner that holds the
+    attention, impresses the truth you want to teach, so that it is
+    sure to be of lasting good.
+
+    This lecture I regard as the very best of its kind, which I have
+    ever heard.
+
+                                       Sincerely yours,
+                                                 W.H. OLIN.
+          Vice Dean, State Agricultural College of Colorado.
+
+
+Princeton Township High School.
+
+                           Princeton, Ill., October 6, 1908.
+
+    Dr. Winfield S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical
+    School recently gave a talk to our high school boys along
+    physiological lines, setting forth very scientifically but
+    plainly many delicate and important truths which every boy
+    should know. Dr. Hall is a master of his subject and his manner
+    is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect and
+    holds the closest attention. I feel sure that such a talk given
+    to boys and young men does a great amount of good.
+
+                                             Sincerely,
+                                          H.S. MAGILL, JR.,
+                                                  Principal.
+
+
+International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association.
+
+W.S. Hall, M.D., Chicago, Ill.
+  Chicago, Ill., October 4, 1908.
+
+My dear Doctor:
+
+    I am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your
+    lecture to boys on the "Secret of Manhood." To me it is the most
+    sane, safe and logical presentation of a much avoided subject
+    that I have ever heard. The boys at the Lake Geneva Conference
+    were strongly impressed without the undue excitement and morbid
+    curiosity that so often accompany the presentation of the
+    subject of "Personal Purity." And not only were the boys
+    benefited, but all the fifty boy workers present, representing
+    the entire Central West, had nothing but words of highest praise
+    for the way you handled the subject before two hundred older
+    boys.
+
+    I am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the
+    "Secret of Manhood," and shall be pleased to see the manuscript.
+    We are much in need of such a thing and believe the
+    International Committee can aid you in getting it out if
+    necessary. Yours cordially,
+
+                                                F.A. CROSBY,
+         Boys' Work Secy., International Committee. Y.M.C.A.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page   6: Spermatazoon replaced with Spermatozoon         |
+    | Page  44: spermatazoon replaced with spermatozoon         |
+    | Page  87: spermatozoan replaced with spermatozoon         |
+    | Page 132: trangress replaced with transgress              |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND
+SOCIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION***
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