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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Our Fathers Have Told Us
+       Part I. The Bible of Amiens
+
+Author: John Ruskin
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2008 [EBook #24428]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Library Edition
+
+THE COMPLETE WORKS
+
+OF
+
+JOHN RUSKIN
+
+  ARROWS OF THE CHACE
+  OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US
+  THE STORM-CLOUD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
+  HORTUS INCLUSUS
+
+  NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
+  NEW YORK             CHICAGO
+
+
+"Our Fathers Have Told Us"
+
+SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTENDOM
+
+FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
+
+WHO HAVE BEEN HELD AT ITS FONTS
+
+PART I.
+
+THE BIBLE OF AMIENS
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+PREFACE                                                  iii
+
+CHAPTER I.--BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS                        1
+
+  "    II.--UNDER THE DRACHENFELS                         26
+
+  "   III.--THE LION TAMER                                58
+
+  "    IV.--INTERPRETATIONS                               88
+
+APPENDIX I.--CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS
+               REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS'      143
+
+  "     II.--REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF PHOTOGRAPHS TO
+               CHAPTER IV                                144
+
+  "    III.--GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US'  153
+
+INDEX                                                    155
+
+
+PLATES.
+
+ST. MARY (_Frontispiece_)                    _see page_  131
+
+                                               _To face page_
+
+PLATE I.--THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE                          8
+
+  "  II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS, NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE
+            RESTORATION                                   26
+
+  " III.--AMIENS, JOUR DES TRESPASSES, 1880               58
+
+PLAN OF THE WEST PORCHES                                 140
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1. Italic characters have been represented by _xxxxx_
+
+2. Superscript characters have been represented by xxx^yy
+
+3. A macron, or bar over a letter, is shown as [=letter]
+
+4. In the paragraph that begins, "Sketch for yourself, first, a map of
+   France" there are images in the paragraph. I have represented
+   back-slanting diagonal shading with "\\\" and forward-slanting
+   diagonal shading with "///" and horizontal shading with "=".
+
+5. In the original text, footnotes in Chapter I are represented with
+   numbers, and footnotes in all the rest of the text, including the
+   notes on Chapter I, are represented with symbols. I have converted
+   all of them to numbers, since there is no overlap, and they seem to
+   be used in the same way in the text.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The long abandoned purpose, of which the following pages begin some
+attempt at fulfilment, has been resumed at the request of a young
+English governess, that I would write some pieces of history which her
+pupils could gather some good out of;--the fruit of historical
+documents placed by modern educational systems at her disposal, being
+to them labour only, and sorrow.
+
+What else may be said for the book, if it ever become one, it must say
+for itself: preface, more than this, I do not care to write: and the
+less, because some passages of British history, at this hour under
+record, call for instant, though brief, comment.
+
+I am told that the Queen's Guards have gone to Ireland; playing "God
+save the Queen." And being, (as I have declared myself in the course
+of some letters to which public attention has been lately more than
+enough directed,) to the best of my knowledge, the staunchest
+Conservative in England, I am disposed gravely to question the
+propriety of the mission of the Queen's Guards on the employment
+commanded them. My own Conservative notion of the function of the
+Guards is that they should guard the Queen's throne and life, when
+threatened either by domestic or foreign enemy: but not that they
+should become a substitute for her inefficient police force, in the
+execution of her domiciliary laws.
+
+And still less so, if the domiciliary laws which they are sent to
+execute, playing "God save the Queen," be perchance precisely contrary
+to that God the Saviour's law; and therefore, such as, in the long run,
+no quantity either of Queens, or Queen's men, _could_ execute. Which is
+a question I have for these ten years been endeavouring to get the
+British public to consider--vainly enough hitherto; and will not at
+present add to my own many words on the matter. But a book has just been
+published by a British officer, who, if he had not been otherwise and
+more actively employed, could not only have written all my books about
+landscape and picture, but is very singularly also of one mind with me,
+(God knows of how few Englishmen I can now say so,) on matters regarding
+the Queen's safety, and the Nation's honour. Of whose book ("Far out:
+Rovings retold"), since various passages will be given in my subsequent
+terminal notes, I will content myself with quoting for the end of my
+Preface, the memorable words which Colonel Butler himself quotes, as
+spoken to the British Parliament by its last Conservative leader, a
+British officer who had also served with honour and success.
+
+The Duke of Wellington said: "It is already well known to your
+Lordships that of the troops which our gracious Sovereign did me the
+honour to entrust to my command at various periods during the war--a
+war undertaken for the express purpose of securing the happy
+institutions and independence of the country--at least one half were
+Roman Catholics. My Lords, when I call your recollection to this fact,
+I am sure all further eulogy is unnecessary. Your Lordships are well
+aware for what length of period and under what difficult circumstances
+they maintained the Empire buoyant upon the flood which overwhelmed
+the thrones and wrecked the institutions of every other people;--how
+they kept alive the only spark of freedom which was left
+unextinguished in Europe.... My Lords, it is mainly to the Irish
+Catholics that we all owe our proud predominance in our military
+career, and that I personally am indebted for the laurels with which
+you have been pleased to decorate my brow.... We must confess, my
+Lords, that without Catholic blood and Catholic valour no victory
+could ever have been obtained, and the first military talents might
+have been exerted in vain."
+
+Let these noble words of tender Justice be the first example to my
+young readers of what all History ought to be. It has been told them,
+in the Laws of Fesole, that all great Art is Praise. So is all
+faithful History, and all high Philosophy. For these three, Art,
+History, and Philosophy, are each but one part of the Heavenly Wisdom,
+which sees not as man seeth, but with Eternal Charity; and because she
+rejoices not in Iniquity, _therefore_ rejoices in the Truth.
+
+For true knowledge is of Virtues only; of poisons and vices, it is
+Hecate who teaches, not Athena. And of all wisdom, chiefly the
+Politician's must consist in this divine Prudence; it is not, indeed,
+always necessary for men to know the virtues of their friends, or
+their masters; since the friend will still manifest, and the master
+use. But woe to the Nation which is too cruel to cherish the virtue of
+its subjects, and too cowardly to recognize that of its enemies!
+
+
+
+
+THE BIBLE OF AMIENS.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS.
+
+
+The intelligent English traveller, in this fortunate age for him, is
+aware that, half-way between Boulogne and Paris, there is a complex
+railway-station, into which his train, in its relaxing speed, rolls
+him with many more than the average number of bangs and bumps
+prepared, in the access of every important French _gare_, to startle
+the drowsy or distrait passenger into a sense of his situation.
+
+He probably also remembers that at this halting-place in mid-journey
+there is a well-served buffet, at which he has the privilege of "Dix
+minutes d'arret."
+
+He is not, however, always so distinctly conscious that these ten
+minutes of arrest are granted to him within not so many minutes' walk
+of the central square of a city which was once the Venice of France.
+
+Putting the lagoon islands out of question, the French River-Queen was
+nearly as large in compass as Venice herself; and divided, not by slow
+currents of ebbing and returning tide, but by eleven beautiful trout
+streams, of which some four or five are as large, each separately, as
+our Surrey Wandle, or as Isaac Walton's Dove; and which, branching out
+of one strong current above the city, and uniting again after they have
+eddied through its streets, are bordered, as they flow down, (fordless
+except where the two Edwards rode them, the day before Crecy,) to the
+sands of St. Valery, by groves of aspen, and glades of poplar, whose
+grace and gladness seem to spring in every stately avenue instinct with
+the image of the just man's life,--"Erit tanquam lignum quod plantatum
+est secus decursus aquarum."
+
+But the Venice of Picardy owed her name, not to the beauty of her
+streams merely, but to their burden. She was a worker, like the
+Adriatic princes, in gold and glass, in stone, wood, and ivory; she
+was skilled like an Egyptian in the weaving of fine linen; dainty as
+the maids of Judah in divers colours of needlework. And of these, the
+fruits of her hands, praising her in her own gates, she sent also
+portions to stranger nations, and her fame went out into all lands.
+
+"Un reglement de l'echevinage, du 12^me avril 1566, fait voir qu'on
+fabriquait a cette epoque, des velours de toutes couleurs pour
+meubles, des colombettes a grands et petits carreaux, des burailles
+croises, qu'on expediait en Allemagne--en Espagne, en Turquie, et en
+Barbarie!"[1]
+
+All-coloured velvets, pearl-iridescent colombettes! (I wonder what
+they may be?) and sent to vie with the variegated carpet of the Turk,
+and glow upon the arabesque towers of Barbary![2] Was not this a phase
+of provincial Picard life which an intelligent English traveller might
+do well to inquire into? Why should this fountain of rainbows leap up
+suddenly here by Somme; and a little Frankish maid write herself the
+sister of Venice, and the servant of Carthage and of Tyre?
+
+[Footnote 1: M. H. Dusevel, Histoire de la Ville d'Amiens. Amiens,
+Caron et Lambert, 1848; p. 305.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Carpaccio trusts for the chief splendour of any festa in
+cities to the patterns of the draperies hung out of windows.]
+
+And if she, why not others also of our northern villages? Has the
+intelligent traveller discerned anything, in the country, or in its
+shores, on his way from the gate of Calais to the _gare_ of Amiens, of
+special advantage for artistic design, or for commercial enterprise? He
+has seen league after league of sandy dunes. We also, we, have our sands
+by Severn, by Lune, by Solway. He has seen extensive plains of useful
+and not unfragrant peat,--an article sufficiently accessible also to
+our Scotch and Irish industries. He has seen many a broad down and
+jutting cliff of purest chalk; but, opposite, the perfide Albion gleams
+no whit less blanche beyond the blue. Pure waters he has seen, issuing
+out of the snowy rock; but are ours less bright at Croydon, at
+Guildford, or at Winchester? And yet one never heard of treasures sent
+from Solway sands to African; nor that the builders at Romsey could give
+lessons in colour to the builders at Granada? What can it be, in the air
+or the earth--in her stars or in her sunlight--that fires the heart and
+quickens the eyes of the little white-capped Amienoise soubrette, till
+she can match herself against Penelope?
+
+The intelligent English traveller has of course no time to waste on
+any of these questions. But if he has bought his ham-sandwich, and is
+ready for the "En voiture, messieurs," he may perhaps condescend for
+an instant to hear what a lounger about the place, neither wasteful of
+his time, nor sparing of it, can suggest as worth looking at, when his
+train glides out of the station.
+
+He will see first, and doubtless with the respectful admiration which an
+Englishman is bound to bestow upon such objects, the coal-sheds and
+carriage-sheds of the station itself, extending in their ashy and oily
+splendours for about a quarter of a mile out of the town; and then, just
+as the train gets into speed, under a large chimney tower, which he
+cannot see to nearly the top of, but will feel overcast by the shadow of
+its smoke, he _may_ see, if he will trust his intelligent head out of
+the window, and look back, fifty or fifty-one (I am not sure of my count
+to a unit) similar chimneys, all similarly smoking, all with similar
+works attached, oblongs of brown brick wall, with portholes numberless
+of black square window. But in the midst of these fifty tall things that
+smoke, he will see one, a little taller than any, and more delicate,
+that does not smoke; and in the midst of these fifty masses of blank
+wall enclosing 'works'--and doubtless producing works profitable and
+honourable to France and the world--he will see _one_ mass of wall--not
+blank, but strangely wrought by the hands of foolish men of long ago,
+for the purpose of enclosing or producing no manner of profitable work
+whatsoever, but one--
+
+"This is the work of God; that ye should believe on Him whom He hath
+sent"!
+
+Leaving the intelligent traveller now to fulfil his vow of pilgrimage
+to Paris,--or wherever else God may be sending him,--I will suppose
+that an intelligent Eton boy or two, or thoughtful English girl, may
+care quietly to walk with me as far as this same spot of commanding
+view, and to consider what the workless--shall we say also
+worthless?--building, and its unshadowed minaret, may perhaps farther
+mean.
+
+Minaret I have called it, for want of better English word.
+Fleche--arrow--is its proper name; vanishing into the air you know not
+where, by the mere fineness of it. Flameless--motionless--hurtless--the
+fine arrow; unplumed, unpoisoned, and unbarbed; aimless--shall we say
+also, readers young and old, travelling or abiding? It, and the walls it
+rises from--what have they once meant? What meaning have they left in
+them yet, for you, or for the people that live round them, and never
+look up as they pass by?
+
+Suppose we set ourselves first to learn how they came there.
+
+At the birth of Christ, all this hillside, and the brightly-watered
+plain below, with the corn-yellow champaign above, were inhabited by a
+Druid-taught race, wild enough in thoughts and ways, but under Roman
+government, and gradually becoming accustomed to hear the names, and
+partly to confess the power, of Roman gods. For three hundred years
+after the birth of Christ they heard the name of no other God.
+
+Three hundred years! and neither apostles nor inheritors of
+apostleship had yet gone into all the world and preached the gospel to
+every creature. Here, on their peaty ground, the wild people, still
+trusting in Pomona for apples, in Silvanus for acorns, in Ceres for
+bread, and in Proserpina for rest, hoped but the season's blessing
+from the Gods of Harvest, and feared no eternal anger from the Queen
+of Death.
+
+But at last, three hundred years being past and gone, in the
+year of Christ 301, there came to this hillside of Amiens, on the
+sixth day of the Ides of October, the Messenger of a new Life.
+
+His name, Firminius (I suppose) in Latin, Firmin in French,--so to be
+remembered here in Picardy. Firmin, not Firminius; as Denis, not
+Dionysius; coming out of space--no one tells what part of space. But
+received by the pagan Amienois with surprised welcome, and seen of
+them--forty days--many days, we may read--preaching acceptably, and
+binding with baptismal vows even persons in good society: and that in
+such numbers, that at last he is accused to the Roman governor, by the
+priests of Jupiter and Mercury, as one turning the world upside-down.
+And in the last day of the Forty--or of the indefinite many meant by
+Forty--he is beheaded, as martyrs ought to be, and his ministrations
+in a mortal body ended.
+
+The old, old story, you say? Be it so; you will the more easily
+remember it. The Amienois remembered it so carefully, that, twelve
+hundred years afterwards, in the sixteenth century, they thought good
+to carve and paint the four stone pictures Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of our
+first choice photographs. (N. B.--This series is not yet arranged, but
+is distinct from that referred to in Chapter IV. See Appendix II.).
+Scene 1st, St. Firmin arriving; scene 2nd, St. Firmin preaching; scene
+3rd, St. Firmin baptizing; and scene 4th, St. Firmin beheaded, by an
+executioner with very red legs, and an attendant dog of the character
+of the dog in 'Faust,' of whom we may have more to say presently.
+
+Following in the meantime the tale of St. Firmin, as of old time
+known, his body was received, and buried, by a Roman senator, his
+disciple, (a kind of Joseph of Arimathea to St. Firmin,) in the Roman
+senator's own garden. Who also built a little oratory over his grave.
+The Roman senator's son built a church to replace the oratory,
+dedicated it to Our Lady of Martyrs, and established it as an
+episcopal seat--the first of the French nation's. A very notable spot
+for the French nation, surely? One deserving, perhaps, some little
+memory or monument,--cross, tablet, or the like? Where, therefore,
+do you suppose this first cathedral of French Christianity stood, and
+with what monument has it been honoured?
+
+It stood where we now stand, companion mine, whoever you may be; and
+the monument wherewith it has been honoured is this--chimney, whose
+gonfalon of smoke overshadows us--the latest effort of modern art in
+Amiens, the chimney of St. Acheul.
+
+The first cathedral, you observe, of the _French_ nation; more
+accurately, the first germ of cathedral _for_ the French nation--who
+are not yet here; only this grave of a martyr is here, and this church
+of Our Lady of Martyrs, abiding on the hillside, till the Roman power
+pass away.
+
+Falling together with it, and trampled down by savage tribes, alike
+the city and the shrine; the grave forgotten,--when at last the Franks
+themselves pour from the north, and the utmost wave of them, lapping
+along these downs of Somme, is _here_ stayed, and the Frankish
+standard planted, and the French kingdom throned.
+
+Here their first capital, here the first footsteps[3] of the Frank in
+his France! Think of it. All over the south are Gauls, Burgundians,
+Bretons, heavier-hearted nations of sullen mind: at their outmost brim
+and border, here at last are the Franks, the source of all Franchise,
+for this our Europe. You have heard the word in England, before now,
+but English word for it is none! _Honesty_ we have of our own; but
+_Frankness_ we must learn of these: nay, all the western nations of us
+are in a few centuries more to be known by this name of Frank. Franks,
+of Paris that is to be, in time to come; but French of Paris is in
+year of grace 500 an unknown tongue in Paris, as much as in
+Stratford-att-ye-Bowe. French of Amiens is the kingly and courtly form
+of Christian speech, Paris lying yet in Lutetian clay, to develope
+into tile-field, perhaps, in due time. Here, by soft-glittering Somme,
+reign Clovis and his Clotilde.
+
+[Footnote 3: The first fixed and set-down footsteps; wandering tribes
+called Franks, had overswept the country, and recoiled, again and
+again. But _this_ invasion of the so-called Salian Franks, never
+retreats again.]
+
+And by St. Firmin's grave speaks now another gentle evangelist, and
+the first Frank king's prayer to the King of kings is made to Him,
+known only as "the God of Clotilde."
+
+I must ask the reader's patience now with a date or two, and stern
+facts--two--three--or more.
+
+Clodion, the leader of the first Franks who reach irrevocably beyond
+the Rhine, fights his way through desultory Roman cohorts as far as
+Amiens, and takes it, in 445.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: See note at end of chapter, as also for the allusions in
+p. 8, to the battle of Soissons.]
+
+Two years afterwards, at his death, the scarcely asserted throne is
+seized--perhaps inevitably--by the tutor of his children, Merovee,
+whose dynasty is founded on the defeat of Attila at Chalons.
+
+He died in 457. His son Childeric, giving himself up to the love of
+women, and scorned by the Frank soldiery, is driven into exile, the
+Franks choosing rather to live under the law of Rome than under a base
+chief of their own. He receives asylum at the court of the king of
+Thuringia, and abides there. His chief officer in Amiens, at his
+departure, breaks a ring in two, and, giving him the half of it, tells
+him, when the other half is sent, to return.
+
+And, after many days, the half of the broken ring is sent, and he
+returns, and is accepted king by his Franks.
+
+The Thuringian queen follows him, (I cannot find if her husband is
+first dead--still less, if dead, how dying,) and offers herself to him
+for his wife.
+
+"I have known thy usefulness, and that thou art very strong; and I
+have come to live with thee. Had I known, in parts beyond sea, any one
+more useful than thou, I should have sought to live with _him_."
+
+He took her for his wife, and their son is Clovis.
+
+A wonderful story; how far in literalness true is of no manner of moment
+to us; the myth, and power of it, _do_ manifest the nature of the French
+kingdom, and prophesy its future destiny. Personal valour, personal
+beauty, loyalty to kings, love of women, disdain of unloving marriage,
+note all these things for true, and that in the corruption of these will
+be the last death of the Frank, as in their force was his first glory.
+
+Personal valour, worth. _Utilitas_, the keystone of all. Birth
+nothing, except as gifting with valour;--Law of primogeniture
+unknown;--Propriety of conduct, it appears, for the present, also
+nowhere! (but we are all pagans yet, remember).
+
+Let us get our dates and our geography, at any rate, gathered out of
+the great 'nowhere' of confused memory, and set well together, thus
+far.
+
+457. Merovee dies. The useful Childeric, counting his exile, and reign
+in Amiens, together, is King altogether twenty-four years, 457 to 481,
+and during his reign Odoacer ends the Roman empire in Italy, 476.
+
+481. Clovis is only fifteen when he succeeds his father, as King of
+the Franks in Amiens. At this time a fragment of Roman power remains
+isolated in central France, while four strong and partly savage
+nations form a cross round this dying centre: the Frank on the north,
+the Breton on the west, the Burgundian on the east, the Visigoth
+strongest of all and gentlest, in the south, from Loire to the sea.
+
+Sketch for yourself, first, a map of France, as large as you like, as
+in Plate I., fig. 1, marking only the courses of the five rivers,
+Somme, Seine, Loire, Saone, Rhone; then, rudely, you find it was
+divided at the time thus, fig. 2: Fleur-de-lysee part, Frank; \\\,
+Breton; ///, Burgundian; =, Visigoth. I am not sure how far these last
+reached across Rhone into Provence, but I think best to indicate
+Provence as semee with roses.
+
+Now, under Clovis, the Franks fight three great battles. The first,
+with the Romans, near Soissons, which they win, and become masters of
+France as far as the Loire. Copy the rough map fig. 2, and put the
+fleur-de-lys all over the middle of it, extinguishing the Romans (fig.
+3). This battle was won by Clovis, I believe, before he married
+Clotilde. He wins his princess by it: cannot get his pretty vase,
+however, to present to her. Keep that story well in your mind, and the
+battle of Soissons, as winning mid-France for the French, and ending the
+Romans there, for ever. Secondly, after he marries Clotilde, the wild
+Germans attack _him_ from the north, and he has to fight for life and
+throne at Tolbiac. This is the battle in which he prays to the God of
+Clotilde, and quits himself of the Germans by His help. Whereupon he is
+crowned in Rheims by St. Remy.
+
+[Illustration: Plate I. THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE.]
+
+And now, in the new strength of his Christianity, and his twin victory
+over Rome and Germany, and his love for his queen, and his ambition
+for his people, he looks south on that vast Visigothic power, between
+Loire and the snowy mountains. Shall Christ, and the Franks, not be
+stronger than villainous Visigoths 'who are Arians also'? All his
+Franks are with him, in that opinion. So he marches against the
+Visigoths, meets them and their Alaric at Poitiers, ends their Alaric
+and their Arianism, and carries his faithful Franks to the Pic du
+Midi.
+
+And so now you must draw the map of France once more, and put the
+fleur-de-lys all over its central mass from Calais to the Pyrenees:
+only Brittany still on the west, Burgundy in the east, and the white
+Provence rose beyond Rhone. And now poor little Amiens has become a
+mere border town like our Durham, and Somme a border streamlet like
+our Tyne. Loire and Seine have become the great French rivers, and men
+will be minded to build cities by these; where the well-watered
+plains, not of peat, but richest pasture, may repose under the guard
+of saucy castles on the crags, and moated towers on the islands. But
+now let us think a little more closely what our changed symbols in the
+map may mean--five fleur-de-lys for level bar.
+
+They don't mean, certainly, that all the Goths are gone, and nobody but
+Franks in France? The Franks have not massacred Visigothic man, woman,
+and child, from Loire to Garonne. Nay, where their own throne is still
+set by the Somme, the peat-bred people whom they found there, live there
+still, though subdued. Frank, or Goth, or Roman may fluctuate hither and
+thither, in chasing or flying troops: but, unchanged through all the
+gusts of war, the rural people whose huts they pillage, whose farms they
+ravage, and over whose arts they reign, must still be diligently,
+silently, and with no time for lamentation, ploughing, sowing,
+cattle-breeding!
+
+Else how could Frank or Hun, Visigoth or Roman, live for a month, or
+fight for a day?
+
+Whatever the name, or the manners, of their masters, the ground
+delvers must be the same; and the goatherd of the Pyrenees, and the
+vine-dresser of Garonne, and the milkmaid of Picardy, give them what
+lords you may, abide in their land always, blossoming as the trees of
+the field, and enduring as the crags of the desert. And these, the
+warp and first substance of the nation, are divided, not by dynasties,
+but by climates; and are strong here, and helpless there, by
+privileges which no invading tyrants can abolish, and through faults
+which no preaching hermit can repress. Now, therefore, please let us
+leave our history a minute or two, and read the lessons of constant
+earth and sky.
+
+In old times, when one posted from Calais to Paris, there was about
+half an hour's trot on the level, from the gate of Calais to the long
+chalk hill, which had to be climbed before arriving at the first
+post-house in the village of Marquise.
+
+That chalk rise, virtually, is the front of France; that last bit of
+level north of it, virtually the last of Flanders; south of it,
+stretches now a district of chalk and fine building limestone,--(if you
+keep your eyes open, you may see a great quarry of it on the west of the
+railway, half-way between Calais and Boulogne, where once was a blessed
+little craggy dingle opening into velvet lawns;)--this high, but never
+mountainous, calcareous tract, sweeping round the chalk basin of Paris
+away to Caen on one side, and Nancy on the other, and south as far as
+Bourges, and the Limousin. This limestone tract, with its keen fresh
+air, everywhere arable surface, and quarriable banks above well-watered
+meadow, is the real country of the French. Here only are their arts
+clearly developed. Farther south they are Gascons, or Limousins, or
+Auvergnats, or the like. Westward, grim-granitic Bretons; eastward,
+Alpine-bearish Burgundians: here only, on the chalk and finely-knit
+marble, between, say, Amiens and Chartres one way, and between Caen and
+Rheims on the other, have you real _France_.
+
+Of which, before we carry on the farther vital history, I must ask the
+reader to consider with me, a little, how history, so called, has been
+for the most part written, and of what particulars it usually
+consists.
+
+Suppose that the tale of King Lear were a true one; and that a modern
+historian were giving the abstract of it in a school manual,
+purporting to contain all essential facts in British history valuable
+to British youth in competitive examination. The story would be
+related somewhat after this manner:--
+
+"The reign of the last king of the seventy-ninth dynasty closed in a
+series of events with the record of which it is painful to pollute the
+pages of history. The weak old man wished to divide his kingdom into
+dowries for his three daughters; but on proposing this arrangement to
+them, finding it received by the youngest with coldness and reserve,
+he drove her from his court, and divided the kingdom between his two
+elder children.
+
+"The youngest found refuge at the court of France, where ultimately
+the prince royal married her. But the two elder daughters, having
+obtained absolute power, treated their father at first with
+disrespect, and soon with contumely. Refused at last even the comforts
+necessary to his declining years, the old king, in a transport of
+rage, left the palace, with, it is said, only the court fool for an
+attendant, and wandered, frantic and half naked, during the storms of
+winter, in the woods of Britain.
+
+"Hearing of these events, his youngest daughter hastily collected an
+army, and invaded the territory of her ungrateful sisters, with the
+object of restoring her father to his throne; but, being met by a well
+disciplined force, under the command of her eldest sister's paramour,
+Edmund, bastard son of the Earl of Gloucester, was herself defeated,
+thrown into prison, and soon afterwards strangled by the adulterer's
+order. The old king expired on receiving the news of her death; and the
+participators in these crimes soon after received their reward; for the
+two wicked queens being rivals for the affections of the bastard, the
+one of them who was regarded by him with less favour poisoned the other,
+and afterwards killed herself. Edmund afterwards met his death at the
+hand of his brother, the legitimate son of Gloucester, under whose rule,
+with that of the Earl of Kent, the kingdom remained for several
+succeeding years."
+
+Imagine this succinctly graceful recital of what the historian
+conceived to be the facts, adorned with violently black and white
+woodcuts, representing the blinding of Gloucester, the phrenzy of
+Lear, the strangling of Cordelia, and the suicide of Goneril, and you
+have a type of popular history in the nineteenth century; which is,
+you may perceive after a little reflection, about as profitable
+reading for young persons (so far as regards the general colour and
+purity of their thoughts) as the Newgate Calendar would be; with this
+farther condition of incalculably greater evil, that, while the
+calendar of prison-crime would teach a thoughtful youth the dangers of
+low life and evil company, the calendar of kingly crime overthrows his
+respect for any manner of government, and his faith in the ordinances
+of Providence itself.
+
+Books of loftier pretence, written by bankers, members of Parliament,
+or orthodox clergymen, are of course not wanting; and show that the
+progress of civilization consists in the victory of usury over
+ecclesiastical prejudice, or in the establishment of the Parliamentary
+privileges of the borough of Puddlecombe, or in the extinction of the
+benighted superstitions of the Papacy by the glorious light of
+Reformation. Finally, you have the broadly philosophical history,
+which proves to you that there is no evidence whatever of any
+overruling Providence in human affairs; that all virtuous actions have
+selfish motives; and that a scientific selfishness, with proper
+telegraphic communications, and perfect knowledge of all the species
+of Bacteria, will entirely secure the future well-being of the upper
+classes of society, and the dutiful resignation of those beneath them.
+
+Meantime, the two ignored powers--the Providence of Heaven, and the
+virtue of men--have ruled, and rule, the world, not invisibly; and
+they are the only powers of which history has ever to tell any
+profitable truth. Under all sorrow, there is the force of virtue; over
+all ruin, the restoring charity of God. To these alone we have to
+look; in these alone we may understand the past, and predict the
+future, destiny of the ages.
+
+I return to the story of Clovis, king now of all central France. Fix
+the year 500 in your minds as the approximate date of his baptism at
+Rheims, and of St. Remy's sermon to him, telling him of the sufferings
+and passion of Christ, till Clovis sprang from his throne, grasping
+his spear, and crying, "Had I been there with my brave Franks, I would
+have avenged His wrongs."
+
+"There is little doubt," proceeds the cockney historian, "that the
+conversion of Clovis was as much a matter of policy as of faith." But
+the cockney historian had better limit his remarks on the characters
+and faiths of men to those of the curates who have recently taken
+orders in his fashionable neighbourhood, or the bishops who have
+lately preached to the population of its manufacturing suburbs.
+Frankish kings were made of other clay.
+
+The Christianity of Clovis does not indeed produce any fruits of the
+kind usually looked for in a modern convert. We do not hear of his
+repenting ever so little of any of his sins, nor resolving to lead a new
+life in any the smallest particular. He had not been impressed with
+convictions of sin at the battle of Tolbiac; nor, in asking for the help
+of the God of Clotilde, had he felt or professed the remotest intention
+of changing his character, or abandoning his projects. What he was,
+before he believed in his queen's God, he only more intensely afterwards
+became, in the confidence of that before unknown God's supernatural
+help. His natural gratitude to the Delivering Power, and pride in its
+protection, added only fierceness to his soldiership, and deepened his
+political enmities with the rancour of religions indignation. No more
+dangerous snare is set by the fiends for human frailty than the belief
+that our own enemies are also the enemies of God; and it is perfectly
+conceivable to me that the conduct of Clovis might have been the more
+unscrupulous, precisely in the measure that his faith was more sincere.
+
+Had either Clovis or Clotilde fully understood the precepts of their
+Master, the following history of France, and of Europe, would have
+been other than it is. What they could understand, or in any wise were
+taught, you will find that they obeyed, and were blessed in obeying.
+But their history is complicated with that of several other persons,
+respecting whom we must note now a few too much forgotten particulars.
+
+If from beneath the apse of Amiens Cathedral we take the street
+leading due south, leaving the railroad station on the left, it brings
+us to the foot of a gradually ascending hill, some half a mile long--a
+pleasant and quiet walk enough, terminating on the level of the
+highest land near Amiens; whence, looking back, the Cathedral is seen
+beneath us, all but the fleche, our gained hill-top being on a level
+with its roof-ridge: and, to the south, the plain of France.
+
+Somewhere about this spot, or in the line between it and St. Acheul,
+stood the ancient Roman gate of the Twins, whereon were carved Romulus
+and Remus being suckled by the wolf; and out of which, one bitter
+winter's day, a hundred and seventy years ago when Clovis was
+baptized--had ridden a Roman soldier, wrapped in his horseman's
+cloak,[5] on the causeway which was part of the great Roman road from
+Lyons to Boulogne.
+
+[Footnote 5: More properly, his knight's cloak; in all likelihood the
+trabea, with purple and white stripes, dedicate to the kings of Rome,
+and chiefly to Romulus.]
+
+And it is well worth your while also, some frosty autumn or winter day
+when the east wind is high, to feel the sweep of it at this spot,
+remembering what chanced here, memorable to all men, and serviceable,
+in that winter of the year 332, when men were dying for cold in Amiens
+streets:--namely, that the Roman horseman, scarce gone out of the city
+gate, was met by a naked beggar, shivering with cold; and that, seeing
+no other way of shelter for him, he drew his sword, divided his own
+cloak in two, and gave him half of it.
+
+No ruinous gift, nor even enthusiastically generous: Sydney's cup of
+cold water needed more self-denial; and I am well assured that many a
+Christian child of our day, himself well warmed and clad, meeting one
+naked and cold, would be ready enough to give the _whole_ cloak off
+his own shoulders to the necessitous one, if his better-advised nurse,
+or mamma, would let him. But this Roman soldier was no Christian, and
+did his serene charity in simplicity, yet with prudence.
+
+Nevertheless, that same night, he beheld in a dream the Lord Jesus,
+who stood before him in the midst of angels, having on his shoulders
+the half of the cloak he had bestowed on the beggar.
+
+And Jesus said to the angels that were around him, "Know ye who hath
+thus arrayed me? My servant Martin, though yet unbaptized, has done
+this." And Martin after this vision hastened to receive baptism, being
+then in his twenty-third year.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mrs. Jameson, Legendary Art, Vol. II., p. 721.]
+
+Whether these things ever were so, or how far so, credulous or
+incredulous reader, is no business whatever of yours or mine. What is,
+and shall be, everlastingly, _so_,--namely, the infallible truth of
+the lesson herein taught, and the actual effect of the life of St.
+Martin on the mind of Christendom,--is, very absolutely, the business
+of every rational being in any Christian realm.
+
+You are to understand, then, first of all, that the especial character
+of St. Martin is a serene and meek charity to all creatures. He is not a
+preaching saint--still less a persecuting one: not even an anxious one.
+Of his prayers we hear little--of his wishes, nothing. What he does
+always, is merely the right thing at the right moment;--rightness and
+kindness being in his mind one: an extremely exemplary saint, to my
+notion.
+
+Converted and baptized--and conscious of having seen Christ--he
+nevertheless gives his officers no trouble whatever--does not try to
+make proselytes in his cohort. "It is Christ's business, surely!--if
+He wants them, He may appear to them as He has to me," seems the
+feeling of his first baptized days. He remains seventeen years in the
+army, on those tranquil terms.
+
+At the end of that time, thinking it might be well to take other
+service, he asks for his dismissal from the Emperor Julian,--on whose
+accusation of faintheartedness, Martin offers, unarmed, to lead his
+cohort into battle, bearing only the sign of the cross. Julian takes
+him at his word,--keeps him in ward till time of battle comes; but,
+the day before he counts on putting him to that war ordeal, the
+barbarian enemy sends embassy with irrefusable offers of submission
+and peace.
+
+The story is not often dwelt upon: how far literally true, again
+observe, does not in the least matter;--here _is_ the lesson for ever
+given of the way in which a Christian soldier should meet his enemies.
+Which, had John Bunyan's Mr. Great-heart understood, the Celestial
+gates had opened by this time to many a pilgrim who has failed to hew
+his path up to them with the sword of sharpness.
+
+But true in some practical and effectual way the story _is_; for after
+a while, without any oratorizing, anathematizing, or any manner of
+disturbance, we find the Roman Knight made Bishop of Tours, and
+becoming an influence of unmixed good to all mankind, then, and
+afterwards. And virtually the same story is repeated of his bishop's
+robe as of his knight's cloak--not to be rejected because so probable
+an invention; for it is just as probable an act.
+
+Going, in his full robes, to say prayers in church, with one of his
+deacons, he came across some unhappily robeless person by the wayside;
+for whom he forthwith orders his deacon to provide some manner of
+coat, or gown.
+
+The deacon objecting that no apparel of that profane nature is under
+his hand, St. Martin, with his customary serenity, takes off his own
+episcopal stole, or whatsoever flowing stateliness it might be, throws
+it on the destitute shoulders, and passes on to perform indecorous
+public service in his waistcoat, or such mediaeval nether attire as
+remained to him.
+
+But, as he stood at the altar, a globe of light appeared above his
+head; and when he raised his bare arms with the Host--the angels were
+seen round him, hanging golden chains upon them, and jewels, not of
+the earth.
+
+Incredible to you in the nature of things, wise reader, and too
+palpably a gloss of monkish folly on the older story?
+
+Be it so: yet in this fable of monkish folly, understood with the
+heart, would have been the chastisement and check of every form of the
+church's pride and sensuality, which in our day have literally sunk
+the service of God and His poor into the service of the clergyman and
+his rich; and changed what was once the garment of praise for the
+spirit of heaviness, into the spangling of Pantaloons in an
+ecclesiastical Masquerade.
+
+But one more legend,--and we have enough to show us the roots of this
+saint's strange and universal power over Christendom.
+
+"What peculiarly distinguished St. Martin was his sweet, serious,
+unfailing serenity; no one had ever seen him angry, or sad, or, gay;
+there was nothing in his heart but piety to God and pity for men. The
+Devil, who was particularly envious of his virtues, detested above all
+his exceeding charity, because it was the most inimical to his own
+power, and one day reproached him mockingly that he so soon received
+into favour the fallen and the repentant. But St. Martin answered him
+sorrowfully, saying, 'Oh most miserable that thou art! if _thou_ also
+couldst cease to persecute and seduce wretched men, if thou also
+couldst repent, thou also shouldst find mercy and forgiveness through
+Jesus Christ.'"[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: Mrs. Jameson, Vol. II., p. 722.]
+
+In this gentleness was his strength; and the issue of it is
+best to be estimated by comparing its scope with that of the work of
+St. Firmin. The impatient missionary riots and rants about Amiens'
+streets--insults, exhorts, persuades, baptizes,--turns everything, as
+aforesaid, upside down for forty days: then gets his head cut off, and
+is never more named, _out_ of Amiens. St. Martin teazes nobody, spends
+not a breath in unpleasant exhortation, understands, by Christ's first
+lesson to himself, that undipped people may be as good as dipped if
+their hearts are clean; helps, forgives, and cheers, (companionable
+even to the loving-cup,) as readily the clown as the king; he is the
+patron of honest drinking; the stuffing of your Martinmas goose is
+fragrant in his nostrils, and sacred to him the last kindly rays of
+departing summer. And somehow--the idols totter before him far and
+near--the Pagan gods fade, _his_ Christ becomes all men's Christ--his
+name is named over new shrines innumerable in all lands; high on the
+Roman hills, lowly in English fields;--St. Augustine baptized his
+first English converts in St. Martin's church at Canterbury; and the
+Charing Cross station itself has not yet effaced wholly from London
+minds his memory or his name.
+
+That story of the Episcopal Robe is the last of St. Martin respecting
+which I venture to tell you that it is wiser to suppose it literally
+true, than a _mere_ myth; myth, however, of the deepest value and
+beauty it remains assuredly: and this really last story I have to
+tell, which I admit you will be wiser in thinking a fable than exactly
+true, nevertheless had assuredly at its root some grain of fact
+(sprouting a hundred-fold) cast on good ground by a visible and
+unforgettable piece of St. Martin's actual behaviour in high company;
+while, as a myth, it is every whit and for ever valuable and
+comprehensive.
+
+St. Martin, then, as the tale will have it, was dining one day at the
+highest of tables in the terrestrial globe--namely, with the Emperor and
+Empress of Germany! You need not inquire what Emperor, or which of the
+Emperor's wives! The Emperor of Germany is, in all early myths, the
+expression for the highest sacred power of the State, as the Pope is the
+highest sacred power of the Church. St. Martin was dining then, as
+aforesaid, with the Emperor, of course sitting next him on his
+left--Empress opposite on his right: everything orthodox. St. Martin
+much enjoying his dinner, and making himself generally agreeable to the
+company: not in the least a John Baptist sort of a saint. You are aware
+also that in Royal feasts in those days persons of much inferior rank in
+society were allowed in the hall: got behind people's chairs, and saw
+and heard what was going on, while they unobtrusively picked up crumbs,
+and licked trenchers.
+
+When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the
+Emperor fills his own cup--fills the Empress's--fills St.
+Martin's,--affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. The equally loving,
+and yet more truly believing, Empress, looks across the table, humbly,
+but also royally, expecting St. Martin, of course, next to hobnob with
+_her_. St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately; becomes aware of a
+tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side,
+who has managed to get _his_ cup filled somehow, also--by a charitable
+lacquey.
+
+St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with _him_!
+
+For which charity--mythic if you like, but evermore exemplary--he
+remains, as aforesaid, the patron of good-Christian topers to this
+hour.
+
+As gathering years told upon him, he seems to have felt that he had
+carried weight of crozier long enough--that busy Tours must now find a
+busier Bishop--that, for himself, he might innocently henceforward take
+his pleasure and his rest where the vine grew and the lark sang. For his
+episcopal palace, he takes a little cave in the chalk cliffs of the
+up-country river: arranges all matters therein, for bed and board, at
+small cost. Night by night the stream murmurs to him, day by day the
+vine-leaves give their shade; and, daily by the horizon's breadth so
+much nearer Heaven, the fore-running sun goes down for him beyond the
+glowing water;--there, where now the peasant woman trots homewards
+between her panniers, and the saw rests in the half-cleft wood, and the
+village spire rises grey against the farthest light, in Turner's
+'Loireside.'[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: Modern Painters, Plate 73.]
+
+All which things, though not themselves without profit, my special
+reason for telling you now, has been that you might understand the
+significance of what chanced first on Clovis' march south against the
+Visigoths.
+
+"Having passed the Loire at Tours, he traversed the lands of the abbey
+of St. Martin, which he declared inviolate, and refused permission to
+his soldiers to touch anything, save water and grass for their horses.
+So rigid were his orders, and the obedience he exacted in this
+respect, that a Frankish soldier having taken, without the consent of
+the owner, some hay, which belonged to a poor man, saying in raillery
+"that it was but grass," he caused the aggressor to be put to death,
+exclaiming that "Victory could not be expected, if St. Martin should
+be offended."
+
+Now, mark you well, this passage of the Loire at Tours is virtually
+the fulfilment of the proper bounds of the French kingdom, and the
+sign of its approved and securely set power is "Honour to the poor!"
+Even a little grass is not to be stolen from a poor man, on pain of
+Death. So wills the Christian knight of Roman armies; throned now high
+with God. So wills the first Christian king of far victorious
+Franks;--here baptized to God in Jordan of his goodly land, as he goes
+over to possess it.
+
+How long?
+
+Until that same Sign should be read backwards from a degenerate
+throne;--until, message being brought that the poor of the French
+people had no bread to eat, answer should be returned to them "They
+may eat grass." Whereupon--by St. Martin's faubourg, and St. Martin's
+gate--there go forth commands from the Poor Man's Knight against the
+King--which end _his_ Feasting.
+
+And be this much remembered by you, of the power over French souls,
+past and to come, of St. Martin of Tours.
+
+
+NOTES TO CHAPTER I.
+
+
+The reader will please observe that notes immediately necessary to the
+understanding of the text will be given, with _numbered_ references,
+under the text itself; while questions of disputing authorities, or
+quotations of supporting documents will have _lettered_ references,
+and be thrown together at the end of each chapter.[9] One good of this
+method will be that, after the numbered notes are all right, if I see
+need of farther explanation, as I revise the press, I can insert a
+letter referring to a _final_ note without confusion of the standing
+types. There will be some use also in the final notes, in summing the
+chapters, or saying what is to be more carefully remembered of them.
+Thus just now it is of no consequence to remember that the first
+taking of Amiens was in 445, because that is not the founding of the
+Merovingian dynasty; neither that Merovaeus seized the throne in 447
+and died ten years later. The real date to be remembered is 481, when
+Clovis himself comes to the throne, a boy of fifteen; and the three
+battles of Clovis' reign to be remembered are Soissons, Tolbiac, and
+Poitiers--remembering also that this was the first of the three great
+battles of Poitiers;--how the Poitiers district came to have such
+importance as a battle-position, we must afterwards discover if we
+can. Of Queen Clotilde and her flight from Burgundy to her Frank lover
+we must hear more in next chapter,--the story of the vase at Soissons
+is given in "The Pictorial History of France," but must be deferred
+also, with such comment as it needs, to next chapter; for I wish the
+reader's mind, in the close of this first number, to be left fixed on
+two descriptions of the modern 'Frank' (taking that word in its
+Saracen sense), as distinguished from the modern Saracen. The first
+description is by Colonel Butler, entirely true and admirable, except
+in the implied extension of the contrast to olden time: for the Saxon
+soul under Alfred, the Teutonic under Charlemagne, and the Frank under
+St. Louis, were quite as religious as any Asiatic's, though more
+practical; it is only the modern mob of kingless miscreants in the
+West, who have sunk themselves by gambling, swindling, machine-making,
+and gluttony, into the scurviest louts that have ever fouled the Earth
+with the carcases she lent them.
+
+[Footnote 9: The plan for numbered and lettered references is not
+followed after the first chapter.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Of the features of English character brought to light by the spread
+of British dominion in Asia, there is nothing more observable than the
+contrast between the religious bias of Eastern thought and the innate
+absence of religion in the Anglo-Saxon mind. Turk and Greek, Buddhist
+and Armenian, Copt and Parsee, all manifest in a hundred ways of daily
+life the great fact of their belief in a God. In their vices as well
+as in their virtues the recognition of Deity is dominant.
+
+"With the Western, on the contrary, the outward form of practising
+belief in a God is a thing to be half-ashamed of--something to hide. A
+procession of priests in the Strada Reale would probably cause an
+average Briton to regard it with less tolerant eye than he would cast
+upon a Juggernaut festival in Orissa: but to each alike would he
+display the same iconoclasm of creed, the same idea, not the less
+fixed because it is seldom expressed in words: "You pray; therefore I
+do not think much of you." But there is a deeper difference between
+East and West lying beneath this incompatibility of temper on the part
+of modern Englishmen to accept the religious habit of thought in the
+East. All Eastern peoples possess this habit of thought. It is the one
+tie which links together their widely differing races. Let us give an
+illustration of our meaning. On an Austrian Lloyd's steamboat in the
+Levant a traveller from Beyrout will frequently see strange groups of
+men crowded together on the quarter-deck. In the morning the missal
+books of the Greek Church will be laid along the bulwarks of the ship,
+and a couple of Russian priests, coming from Jerusalem, will be busy
+muttering mass. A yard to right or left a Turkish pilgrim, returning
+from Mecca, sits a respectful observer of the scene. It is prayer, and
+therefore it is holy in his sight. So, too, when the evening hour has
+come, and the Turk spreads out his bit of carpet for the sunset
+prayers and obeisance towards Mecca, the Greek looks on in silence,
+without trace of scorn in his face, for it is again the worship of the
+Creator by the created. They are both fulfilling the _first_ law of
+the East--prayer to God; and whether the shrine be Jerusalem, Mecca,
+or Lhassa, the sanctity of worship surrounds the votary, and protects
+the pilgrim.
+
+"Into this life comes the Englishman, frequently destitute of one
+touch of sympathy with the prayers of any people, or the faith of any
+creed; hence our rule in the East has ever rested, and will ever rest,
+upon the bayonet. We have never yet got beyond the stage of conquest;
+never assimilated a people to our ways, never even civilized a single
+tribe around the wide dominion of our empire. It is curious how
+frequently a well-meaning Briton will speak of a foreign church or
+temple as though it had presented itself to his mind in the same light
+in which the City of London appeared to Blucher--as something to loot.
+The other idea, that a priest was a person to hang, is one which is
+also often observable in the British brain. On one occasion, when we
+were endeavouring to enlighten our minds on the Greek question, as it
+had presented itself to a naval officer whose vessel had been
+stationed in Greek and Adriatic waters during our occupation of Corfu
+and the other Ionian Isles, we could only elicit from our informant
+the fact that one morning before breakfast he had hanged seventeen
+priests."
+
+The second passage which I store in these notes for future use, is the
+supremely magnificent one, out of a book full of magnificence,--if truth
+be counted as having in it the strength of deed: Alphonse Karr's "Grains
+de Bon Sens." I cannot praise either this or his more recent
+"Bourdonnements" to my own heart's content, simply because they are by a
+man utterly after my own heart, who has been saying in France, this
+many a year, what I also, this many a year, have been saying in England,
+neither of us knowing of the other, and both of us vainly. (See pages 11
+and 12 of "Bourdonnements.") The passage here given is the sixty-third
+clause in "Grains de Bon Sens."
+
+"Et tout cela, monsieur, vient de ce qu'il n'y a plus de croyances--de
+ce qu'on ne croit plus a rien.
+
+"Ah! saperlipopette, monsieur, vous me la baillez belle! Vous dites
+qu'on ne croit plus a rien! Mais jamais, a aucune epoque, on n'a cru a
+tant de billevesees, de bourdes, de mensonges, de sottises,
+d'absurdites qu'aujourd'hui.
+
+"D'abord, on _croit_ a l'incredulite--l'incredulite est une croyance,
+une religion tres exigeante, qui a ses dogmes, sa liturgie, ses
+pratiques, ses rites! ...son intolerance, ses superstitions. Nous
+avons des incredules et des impies jesuites, et des incredules et des
+impies jansenistes; des impies molinistes, et des impies quietistes;
+des impies pratiquants, et non pratiquants; des impies indifferents et
+des impies fanatiques; des incredules cagots et des impies hypocrites
+et tartuffes.--La religion de l'incredulite ne se refuse meme pas le
+luxe des heresies.
+
+"On ne croit plus a la bible, je le veux bien, mais on _croit_ aux
+'ecritures' des journaux, on croit au 'sacerdoce' des gazettes et
+carres de papier, et a leurs 'oracles' quotidiens.
+
+"On _croit_ au 'bapteme' de la police correctionnelle et de la Cour
+d'assises--on appelle 'martyrs' et 'confesseurs' les 'absents' a
+Noumea et les 'freres' de Suisse, d'Angleterre et de Belgique--et,
+quand on parle des 'martyrs de la Commune' ca ne s'entend pas des
+assassines, mais des assassins.
+
+"On se fait enterrer 'civilement,' on ne veut plus sur son cercueil
+des prieres de l'Eglise, on ne veut ni cierges, ni chants
+religieux,--mais on veut un cortege portant derriere la biere des
+immortelles rouges;--on veut une 'oraison,' une 'predication' de
+Victor Hugo qui a ajoute cette specialite a ses autres specialites, si
+bien qu'un de ces jours derniers, comme il suivait un convoi en
+amateur, un croque-mort s'approcha de lui, le poussa du coude, et lui
+dit en souriant: 'Est-ce que nous n'aurons pas quelque chose de vous,
+aujourd'hui?'--Et cette predication il la lit ou la recite--ou, s'il
+ne juge pas a propos 'd'officier' lui-meme, s'il s'agit d'un mort de
+plus, il envoie pour la psalmodier M. Meurice ou tout autre 'pretre'
+ou 'enfant de coeur' du 'Dieu,'--A defaut de M. Hugo, s'il s'agit
+d'un citoyen obscur, on se contente d'une homelie improvisee pour la
+dixieme fois par n'importe quel depute intransigeant--et le _Miserere_
+est remplace par les cris de 'Vive la Republique!' pousses dans le
+cimetiere.
+
+"On n'entre plus dans les eglises, mais on frequente les brasseries et
+les cabarets; on y officie, on y celebre les mysteres, on y chante les
+louanges d'une pretendue republique _sacro-sainte_, une, indivisible,
+democratique, sociale, athenienne, intransigeante, despotique, invisible
+quoique etant partout. On y communie sous differentes especes; le matin
+(_matines_) on 'tue le ver' avec le vin blanc,--il y a plus tard les
+vepres de l'absinthe, auxquelles on se ferait un crime de manquer
+d'assiduite.
+
+"On ne croit plus en Dieu, mais on _croit_ pieusement en M. Gambetta,
+en MM. Marcou, Naquet, Barodet, Tartempion, etc., et en toute une
+longue litanie de saints et de _dii minores_ tels que Goutte-Noire,
+Polosse, Boriasse et Silibat, le heros lyonnais.
+
+"On _croit_ a 'l'immuabilite' de M. Thiers, qui a dit avec aplomb 'Je
+ne change jamais,' et qui aujourd'hui est a la fois le protecteur et
+le protege de ceux qu'il a passe une partie de sa vie a fusilier, et
+qu'il fusillait encore hier.
+
+'On _croit_ au republicanisme 'immacule' de l'avocat de Cahors qui a
+jete par-dessus bord tous les principes republicains,--qui est a la
+fois de son cote le protecteur et le protege de M. Thiers, qui hier
+l'appelait 'fou furieux,' deportait et fusillait ses amis.
+
+"Tous deux, il est vrai, en meme temps protecteurs hypocrites, et
+proteges dupes.
+
+"On ne croit plus aux miracles anciens, mais on _croit_ a des miracles
+nouveaux.
+
+"On _croit_ a une republique sans le respect religieux et presque
+fanatique des lois.
+
+"On _croit_ qu'on peut s'enrichir en restant imprevoyants, insouciants
+et paresseux, et autrement que par le travail et l'economie.
+
+"On se _croit_ libre en obeissant aveuglement et betement a deux ou
+trois coteries.
+
+"On se _croit_ independant parce qu'on a tue ou chasse un lion et
+qu'on l'a remplace par deux douzaines de caniches teints en jaune.
+
+"On _croit_ avoir conquis le 'suffrage universel' en votant par des
+mots d'ordre qui en font le contraire du suffrage universel,--mene au
+vote comme on mene un troupeau au paturage, avec cette difference que
+ca ne nourrit pas.--D'ailleurs, par ce suffrage universel qu'on croit
+avoir et qu'on n'a pas,--il faudrait _croire_ que les soldats doivent
+commander au general, les chevaux mener le cocher;--_croire_ que deux
+radis valent mieux qu'une truffe, deux cailloux mieux qu'un diamant,
+deux crottins mieux qu'une rose.
+
+"On se _croit_ en Republique, parce que quelques demi-quarterons de
+farceurs occupent les memes places, emargent les memes appointements,
+pratiquent les memes abus, que ceux qu'on a renverses a leur benefice.
+
+"On se _croit_ un peuple opprime, heroique, que brise ses fers, et
+n'est qu'un domestique capricieux qui aime a changer de maitres.
+
+"On _croit_ au genie d'avocats de sixieme ordre, qui ne se sont jetes
+dans la politique et n'aspirent au gouvernement despotique de la
+France que faute d'avoir pu gagner honnetement, sans grand travail,
+dans l'exercice d'un profession correcte, une vie obscure humectee de
+chopes.
+
+"On _croit_ que des hommes devoyes, declasses, decaves, fruits secs,
+etc., qui n'ont etudie que le 'domino a quatre' et le 'bezigue en
+quinze cents' se reveillent un matin,--apres un sommeil alourdi par le
+tabac et la biere--possedant la science de la politique, et l'art de
+la guerre; et aptes a etre dictateurs, generaux, ministres, prefets,
+sous-prefets, etc.
+
+"Et les soi-disant conservateurs eux-memes _croient_ que la France
+peut se relever et vivre tant qu'on n'aura pas fait justice de ce
+pretendu suffrage universel qui est le contraire du suffrage
+universel.
+
+"Les croyances out subi le sort de ce serpent de la fable--coupe,
+hache par morceaux, dont chaque troncon devenait un serpent.
+
+"Les croyances se sont changees en monnaie--en billon de credulites.
+
+"Et pour finir la liste bien incomplete des croyances et des
+credulites--vous _croyez_, vous, qu'on ne croit a rien!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+UNDER THE DRACHENFELS.
+
+
+1. Without ignobly trusting the devices of artificial memory--far less
+slighting the pleasure and power of resolute and thoughtful memory--my
+younger readers will find it extremely useful to note any coincidences
+or links of number which may serve to secure in their minds what may
+be called Dates of Anchorage, round which others, less important, may
+swing at various cables' lengths.
+
+Thus, it will be found primarily a most simple and convenient
+arrangement of the years since the birth of Christ, to divide them by
+fives of centuries,--that is to say, by the marked periods of the
+fifth, tenth, fifteenth, and, now fast nearing us, twentieth
+centuries.
+
+And this--at first seemingly formal and arithmetical--division, will
+be found, as we use it, very singularly emphasized by signs of most
+notable change in the knowledge, disciplines, and morals of the human
+race.
+
+2. All dates, it must farther be remembered, falling within the fifth
+century, begin with the number 4 (401, 402, etc.); and all dates in
+the tenth century with the number 9 (901, 902, etc.); and all dates in
+the fifteenth century with the number 14 (1401, 1402, etc.)
+
+In our immediate subject of study, we are concerned with the first of
+these marked centuries--the fifth--of which I will therefore ask you
+to observe two very interesting divisions.
+
+All dates of years in that century, we said, must begin with the
+number 4.
+
+If you halve it for the second figure, you get 42.
+
+And if you double it for the second figure, you get 48.
+
+[Illustration: Plate II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS. NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE
+RESTORATION.]
+
+Add 1, for the third figure, to each of these numbers, and you get 421
+and 481, which two dates you will please fasten well down, and let
+there be no drifting about of them in your heads.
+
+For the first is the date of the birth of Venice herself, and her
+dukedom, (see 'St. Mark's Rest,' Part I., p. 30); and the second is
+the date of birth of the French Venice, and her kingdom; Clovis being
+in that year crowned in Amiens.
+
+3. These are the great Birthdays--Birthdates--in the fifth century, of
+Nations. Its Deathdays we will count, at another time.
+
+Since, not for dark Rialto's dukedom, nor for fair France's kingdom,
+only, are these two years to be remembered above all others in the
+wild fifth century; but because they are also the birth-years of a
+great Lady, and greater Lord, of all future Christendom--St.
+Genevieve, and St. Benedict.
+
+Genevieve, the 'white wave' (Laughing water)--the purest of all the
+maids that have been named from the sea-foam or the rivulet's ripple,
+unsullied,--not the troubled and troubling Aphrodite, but the
+Leucothea of Ulysses, the guiding wave of deliverance.
+
+White wave on the blue--whether of pure lake or sunny
+sea--(thenceforth the colours of France, blue field with white
+lilies), she is always the type of purity, in active brightness of the
+entire soul and life--(so distinguished from the quieter and
+restricted innocence of St. Agnes),--and all the traditions of sorrow
+in the trial or failure of noble womanhood are connected with her
+name; Ginevra, in Italian, passing into Shakespeare's Imogen; and
+Guinevere, the torrent wave of the British mountain streams, of whose
+pollution your modern sentimental minstrels chant and moan to you,
+lugubriously useless;--but none tell you, that I hear, of the victory
+and might of this white wave of France.
+
+4. A shepherd maid she was--a tiny thing, barefooted,
+bare-headed--such as you may see running wild and innocent, less
+cared for now than their sheep, over many a hillside of France and
+Italy. Tiny enough;--seven years old, all told, when first
+one hears of her: "Seven times one are seven, (I am old, you may trust
+me, linnet, linnet[10])," and all around her--fierce as the Furies, and
+wild as the winds of heaven--the thunder of the Gothic armies,
+reverberate over the ruins of the world.
+
+5. Two leagues from Paris, (_Roman_ Paris, soon to pass away with Rome
+herself,) the little thing keeps her flock, not even her own, nor her
+father's flock, like David; she is the hired servant of a richer
+farmer of Nanterre. Who can tell me anything about Nanterre?--which of
+our pilgrims of this omni-speculant, omni-nescient age has thought of
+visiting what shrine may be there? I don't know even on what side of
+Paris it lies,[11] nor under which heap of railway cinders and iron one
+is to conceive the sheep-walks and blossomed fields of fairy St.
+Phyllis. There were such left, even in my time, between Paris and St.
+Denis, (see the prettiest chapter in all the "Mysteries of Paris,"
+where Fleur de Marie runs wild in them for the first time), but now, I
+suppose, St. Phyllis's native earth is all thrown up into bastion and
+glacis, (profitable and blessed of all saints, and her, as _these_
+have since proved themselves!) or else are covered with manufactories
+and cabarets. Seven years old she was, then, when on his way to
+_England_ from Auxerre, St. Germain passed a night in her village, and
+among the children who brought him on his way in the morning in more
+kindly manner than Elisha's convoy, noticed this one--wider-eyed in
+reverence than the rest; drew her to him, questioned her, and was
+sweetly answered: That she would fain be Christ's handmaid. And he
+hung round her neck a small copper coin, marked with the cross.
+Thencefoward Genevieve held herself as "separated from the world."
+
+[Footnote 10: Miss Ingelow.]
+
+[Footnote 11: On inquiry, I find in the flat between Paris and Sevres.]
+
+6. It did not turn out so, however. Far the contrary. You must think of
+her, instead, as the first of Parisiennes. Queen of Vanity Fair, that
+was to be, sedately poor St. Phyllis, with her copper-crossed farthing
+about her neck! More than Nitocris was to Egypt, more than Semiramis to
+Nineveh, more than Zenobia to the city of palm trees--this
+seven-years-old shepherd maiden became to Paris and her France. You have
+not heard of her in that kind?--No: how should you?--for she did not
+lead armies, but stayed them, and all her power was in peace.
+
+7. There are, however, some seven or eight and twenty lives of her, I
+believe; into the literature of which I cannot enter, nor need, all
+having been ineffective in producing any clear picture of her to the
+modern French or English mind; and leaving one's own poor sagacities
+and fancy to gather and shape the sanctity of her into an
+intelligible, I do not say a _credible_, form; for there is no
+question here about belief,--the creature is as real as Joan of Arc,
+and far more powerful;--she is separated, just as St. Martin is, by
+his patience, from too provocative prelates--by her quietness of
+force, from the pitiable crowd of feminine martyr saints.
+
+There are thousands of religious girls who have never got themselves
+into any calendars, but have wasted and wearied away their
+lives--heaven knows why, for _we_ cannot; but here is one, at any
+rate, who neither scolds herself to martyrdom, nor frets herself into
+consumption, but becomes a tower of the Flock, and builder of folds
+for them all her days.
+
+8. The first thing, then, you have to note of her, is that she is a
+pure native _Gaul_. She does not come as a missionary out of Hungary,
+or Illyria, or Egypt, or ineffable space; but grows at Nanterre, like
+a marguerite in the dew, the first "Reine Blanche" of Gaul.
+
+I have not used this ugly word 'Gaul' before, and we must be quite
+sure what it means, at once, though it will cost us a long
+parenthesis.
+
+9. During all the years of the rising power of Rome, her people called
+everybody a Gaul who lived north of the sources of Tiber. If you are not
+content with that general statement, you may read the article "Gallia"
+in Smith's dictionary, which consists of seventy-one columns of close
+print, containing each as much as three of my pages; and tells you at
+the end of it, that "though long, it is not complete." You may however,
+gather from it, after an attentive perusal, as much as I have above told
+you.
+
+But, as early as the second century after Christ, and much more
+distinctly in the time with which we are ourselves concerned--the
+fifth--the wild nations opposed to Rome, and partially subdued, or
+held at bay by her, had resolved themselves into two distinct masses,
+belonging to two distinct _latitudes_. One, _fixed_ in habitation of
+the pleasant temperate zone of Europe--England with her western
+mountains, the healthy limestone plateaux and granite mounts of
+France, the German labyrinths of woody hill and winding thal, from the
+Tyrol to the Hartz, and all the vast enclosed basin and branching
+valleys of the Carpathians. Think of these four districts, briefly and
+clearly, as 'Britain,' 'Gaul,' 'Germany,' and 'Dacia.'
+
+10. North of these rudely but patiently _resident_ races, possessing
+fields and orchards, quiet herds, homes of a sort, moralities and
+memories not ignoble, dwelt, or rather drifted, and shook, a shattered
+chain of gloomier tribes, piratical mainly, and predatory, nomad
+essentially; homeless, of necessity, finding no stay nor comfort in
+earth, or bitter sky: desperately wandering along the waste sands and
+drenched morasses of the flat country stretching from the mouths of
+the Rhine to those of the Vistula, and beyond Vistula nobody knows
+where, nor needs to know. Waste sands and rootless bogs their portion,
+ice-fastened and cloud-shadowed, for many a day of the rigorous year:
+shallow pools and oozings and windings of retarded streams, black
+decay of neglected woods, scarcely habitable, never loveable; to this
+day the inner main-lands little changed for good[12]--and their
+inhabitants now fallen even on sadder times.
+
+[Footnote 12: See generally any description that Carlyle has had
+occasion to give of Prussian or Polish ground, or edge of Baltic
+shore.]
+
+11. For in the fifth century they had herds of cattle[13] to drive and
+kill, unpreserved hunting-grounds full of game and wild deer, tameable
+reindeer also then, even so far in the south; spirited hogs, good for
+practice of fight as in Meleager's time, and afterwards for bacon;
+furry creatures innumerable, all good for meat or skin. Fish of the
+infinite sea breaking their bark-fibre nets; fowl innumerable, migrant
+in the skies, for their flint-headed arrows; bred horses for their own
+riding; ships of no mean size, and of all sorts, flat-bottomed for the
+oozy puddles, keeled and decked for strong Elbe stream and furious
+Baltic on the one side, for mountain-cleaving Danube and the black
+lake of Colchos on the south.
+
+[Footnote 13: Gigantic--and not yet fossilized! See Gibbon's note on
+the death of Theodebert: "The King pointed his spear--the Bull
+_overturned a tree on his head_,--he died the same day."--vii. 255.
+The Horn of Uri and her shield, with the chiefly towering crests of
+the German helm, attest the terror of these Aurochs herds.]
+
+12. And they were, to all outward aspect, and in all _felt_ force, the
+living powers of the world, in that long hour of its transfiguration.
+All else known once for awful, had become formalism, folly, or
+shame:--the Roman armies, a mere sworded mechanism, fast falling
+confused, every sword against its fellow;--the Roman civil multitude,
+mixed of slaves, slave-masters, and harlots; the East, cut off from
+Europe by the intervening weakness of the Greek. These starving troops
+of the Black forests and White seas, themselves half wolf, half
+drift-wood, (as _we_ once called ourselves Lion-hearts, and
+Oak-hearts, so they), merciless as the herded hound, enduring as the
+wild birch-tree and pine. You will hear of few beside them for five
+centuries yet to come: Visigoths, west of Vistula;--Ostrogoths, east
+of Vistula; radiant round little Holy Island (Heligoland), our own
+Saxons, and Hamlet the Dane, and his foe the sledded Polack on the
+ice,--all these south of Baltic; and pouring _across_ Baltic,
+constantly, her mountain-ministered strength, Scandinavia, until at
+last _she_ for a time rules all, and the Norman name is of disputeless
+dominion, from the North Cape to Jerusalem.
+
+13. _This_ is the apparent, this the only recognised world history, as
+I have said, for five centuries to come. And yet the real history is
+underneath all this. The wandering armies are, in the heart of them,
+only living hail, and thunder, and fire along the ground. But the
+Suffering Life, the rooted heart of native humanity, growing up in
+eternal gentleness, howsoever wasted, forgotten, or spoiled,--itself
+neither wasting, nor wandering, nor slaying, but unconquerable by
+grief or death, became the seed ground of all love, that was to be
+born in due time; giving, then, to mortality, what hope, joy, or
+genius it could receive; and--if there be immortality--rendering out
+of the grave to the Church her fostering Saints, and to Heaven her
+helpful Angels.
+
+14. Of this low-nestling, speechless, harmless, infinitely submissive,
+infinitely serviceable order of being, no Historian ever takes the
+smallest notice, except when it is robbed or slain. I can give you no
+picture of it, bring to your ears no murmur of it, nor cry. I can only
+show you the absolute 'must have been' of its unrewarded past, and the
+way in which all we have thought of, or been told, is founded on the
+deeper facts in its history, unthought of, and untold.
+
+15. The main mass of this innocent and invincible peasant life is, as I
+have above told you, grouped in the fruitful and temperate districts of
+(relatively) mountainous Europe,--reaching, west to east, from the
+Cornish Land's End to the mouth of the Danube. Already, in the times we
+are now dealing with, it was full of native passion--generosity--and
+intelligence capable of all things. Dacia gave to Rome the four last of
+her great Emperors,[14]--Britain to Christianity the first deeds, and
+the final legends, of her chivalry,--Germany, to all manhood, the truth
+and the fire of the Frank,--Gaul, to all womanhood, the patience and
+strength of St. Genevieve.
+
+[Footnote 14: Claudius, Aurelian, Probus, Constantius; and after the
+division of the empire, to the East, Justinian. "The emperor Justinian
+was born of an obscure race of Barbarians, the inhabitants of a wild and
+desolate country, to which the names of Dardania, of Dacia, and of
+Bulgaria have been successively applied. The names of these Dardanian
+peasants are Gothic, and almost English. Justinian is a translation of
+Uprauder (upright); his father, Sabatius,--in Graeco-barbarous language,
+Stipes--was styled in his village 'Istock' (Stock)."--Gibbon, beginning
+of chap. xl. and note.]
+
+16. The _truth_, and the fire, of the Frank,--I must repeat with
+insistence,--for my younger readers have probably been in the habit of
+thinking that the French were more polite than true. They will find,
+if they examine into the matter, that only Truth _can_ be polished:
+and that all we recognize of beautiful, subtle, or constructive, in
+the manners, the language, or the architecture of the French, comes of
+a pure veracity in their nature, which you will soon feel in the
+living creatures themselves if you love them: if you understand even
+their worst rightly, their very Revolution was a revolt against lies;
+and against the betrayal of Love. No people had ever been so loyal in
+vain.
+
+17. That they were originally Germans, they themselves I suppose would
+now gladly forget; but how they shook the dust of Germany off their
+feet--and gave themselves a new name--is the first of the phenomena
+which we have now attentively to observe respecting them.
+
+"The most rational critics," says Mr. Gibbon in his tenth chapter,
+"_suppose_ that _about_ the year 240" (_suppose_ then, we, for our
+greater comfort, say _about_ the year 250, half-way to end of fifth
+century, where we are,--ten years less or more, in cases of 'supposing
+about,' do not much matter, but some floating buoy of a date will be
+handy here.)
+
+'About' A.D. 250, then, "a new confederacy was formed, under the name
+of Franks, by the old inhabitants of the lower Rhine and the Weser."
+
+18. My own impression, concerning the old inhabitants of the lower
+Rhine and the Weser, would have been that they consisted mostly of
+fish, with superficial frogs and ducks; but Mr. Gibbon's note on the
+passage informs us that the new confederation composed itself of human
+creatures, in these items following.
+
+1. The Chauci, who lived we are not told where.
+
+2. The Sicambri   "      in the Principality of Waldeck.
+
+3. The Attuarii   "      in the Duchy of Berg.
+
+4. The Bructeri   "      on the banks of the Lippe.
+
+5. The Chamavii   "      in the country of the Bructeri.
+
+6. The Catti      "      in Hessia.
+
+All this I believe you will be rather easier in your minds if you
+forget than if you remember; but if it please you to read, or re-read,
+(or best of all, get read to you by some real Miss Isabella Wardour,)
+the story of Martin Waldeck in the 'Antiquary,' you will gain from it
+a sufficient notion of the central character of "the Principality of
+_Waldeck_" connected securely with that important German word;
+'woody'--or 'wood_ish_,' I suppose?--descriptive of rock and
+half-grown forest; together with some wholesome reverence for Scott's
+instinctively deep foundations of nomenclature.
+
+19. But for our present purpose we must also take seriously to our
+maps again, and get things within linear limits of space.
+
+All the maps of Germany which I have myself the privilege of possessing,
+diffuse themselves, just north of Frankfort, into the likeness of a
+painted window broken small by Puritan malice, and put together again by
+ingenious churchwardens with every bit of it wrong side upwards;--this
+curious vitrerie purporting to represent the sixty, seventy, eighty, or
+ninety dukedoms, marquisates, counties, baronies, electorates, and the
+like, into which hereditary Alemannia cracked itself in that latitude.
+But under the mottling colours, and through the jotted and jumbled
+alphabets of distracted dignities--besides a chain-mail of black
+railroads over all, the chains of it not in links, but bristling
+with legs, like centipedes,--a hard forenoon's work with good
+magnifying-glass enables one approximately to make out the course of the
+Weser, and the names of certain towns near its sources, deservedly
+memorable.
+
+20. In case you have not a forenoon to spare, nor eyesight to waste,
+this much of merely necessary abstract must serve you,--that from the
+Drachenfels and its six brother felsen, eastward, trending to the north,
+there runs and spreads a straggling company of gnarled and mysterious
+craglets, jutting and scowling above glens fringed by coppice, and
+fretful or musical with stream; the crags, in pious ages, mostly
+castled, for distantly or fancifully Christian purposes;--the glens,
+resonant of woodmen, or burrowed at the sides by miners, and invisibly
+tenanted farther, underground, by gnomes, and above by forest and other
+demons. The entire district, clasping crag to crag, and guiding dell to
+dell, some hundred and fifty miles (with intervals) between the Dragon
+mountain above Rhine, and the Rosin mountain, 'Hartz' shadowy still to
+the south of the riding grounds of Black Brunswickers of indisputable
+bodily presence;--shadowy anciently with 'Hercynian' (hedge, or fence)
+forest, corrupted or coinciding into Hartz, or Rosin forest, haunted by
+obscurely apparent foresters of at least resinous, not to say
+sulphurous, extraction.
+
+21. A hundred and fifty miles east to west, say half as much north to
+south--about a thousand square miles in whole--of metalliferous,
+coniferous, and Ghostiferous mountain, fluent, and diffluent for us,
+both in mediaeval and recent times, with the most Essential oil of
+Turpentine, and Myrrh or Frankincense of temper and imagination, which
+may be typified by it, producible in Germany; especially if we think
+how the more delicate uses of Rosin, as indispensable to the
+Fiddle-bow, have developed themselves, from the days of St. Elizabeth
+of Marburg to those of St. Mephistopheles of Weimar.
+
+22. As far as I know, this cluster of wayward cliff and dingle has no
+common name as a group of hills; and it is quite impossible to make
+out the diverse branching of it in any maps I can lay hand on: but we
+may remember easily, and usefully, that it is _all_ north of the
+Maine,--that it rests on the Drachenfels at one end, and tosses itself
+away to the morning light with a concave swoop, up to the Hartz,
+(Brocken summit, 3700 feet above sea, nothing higher): with one
+notable interval for Weser stream, of which presently.
+
+23. We will call this, in future, the chain, or company, of
+the Enchanted mountains; and then we shall all the more easily join on
+the Giant mountains, Riesen-Gebirge, when we want them; but these are
+altogether higher, sterner, and not yet to be invaded; the nearer
+ones, through which our road lies, we might perhaps more aptly call
+the Goblin mountains; but that would be scarcely reverent to St.
+Elizabeth, nor to the numberless pretty chatelaines of towers, and
+princesses of park and glen, who have made German domestic manners
+sweet and exemplary, and have led their lightly rippling and
+translucent lives down the glens of ages, until enchantment becomes,
+perhaps, too canonical in the Almanach de Gotha.
+
+We will call them therefore the Enchanted Mountains, not the Goblin;
+perceiving gratefully also that the Rock spirits of them have really
+much more of the temper of fairy physicians than of gnomes: each--as
+it were with sensitive hazel wand instead of smiting rod--beckoning,
+out of sparry caves, effervescent Brunnen, beneficently salt and warm.
+
+24. At the very heart of this Enchanted chain, then--(and the
+beneficentest, if one use it and guide it rightly, of all the Brunnen
+there,) sprang the fountain of the earliest Frank race; "in the
+principality of Waldeck,"--you can trace their current to no farther
+source; there it rises out of the earth.
+
+'Frankenberg' (Burg), on right bank of the Eder, nineteen miles north of
+Marburg, you may find marked clearly in the map No. 18 of Black's
+General Atlas, wherein the cluster of surrounding bewitched mountains,
+and the valley of Eder-stream otherwise (as the village higher up the
+dell still calls itself) "Engel-Bach," "Angel Brook," joining that of
+the Fulda, just above Cassel, are also delineated in a way intelligible
+to attentive mortal eyes. I should be plagued with the names in trying a
+woodcut; but a few careful pen-strokes, or wriggles, of your own
+off-hand touching, would give you the concurrence of the actual sources
+of Weser in a comfortably extricated form, with the memorable towns on
+them, or just south of them, on the other slope of the watershed,
+towards Maine. Frankenberg and Waldeck on Eder, Fulda and Cassel on
+Fulda, Eisenach on Werra, who accentuates himself into Weser after
+taking Fulda for bride, as Tees the Greta, beyond Eisenach, under the
+Wartzburg, (of which you have heard as a castle employed on Christian
+mission and Bible Society purposes), town-streets below hard paved with
+basalt--name of it, Iron-ach, significant of Thuringian armouries in the
+old time,--it is active with mills for many things yet.
+
+25. The rocks all the way from Rhine, thus far, are jets and spurts of
+basalt through irony sandstone, with a strip of coal or two northward,
+by the grace of God not worth digging for; at Frankenberg even a gold
+mine; also, by Heaven's mercy, poor of its ore; but wood and iron
+always to be had for the due trouble; and, of softer wealth above
+ground,--game, corn, fruit, flax, wine, wool, and hemp! Monastic care
+over all, in Fulda's and Walter's houses--which I find marked by a
+cross as built by some pious Walter, Knight of Meiningen on the Boden
+wasser, Bottom water, as of water having found its way well down at
+last: so "Boden-See," of Rhine well got down out of Via Mala.
+
+26. And thus, having got your springs of Weser clear from the rock;
+and, as it were, gathered up the reins of your river, you can draw for
+yourself, easily enough, the course of its farther stream, flowing
+virtually straight north, to the North Sea. And mark it strongly on
+your sketched map of Europe, next to the border Vistula, leaving out
+Elbe yet for a time. For now, you may take the whole space between
+Weser and Vistula (north of the mountains), as wild barbarian (Saxon
+or Goth); but, piercing the source of the Franks at Waldeck, you will
+find them gradually, but swiftly, filling all the space between Weser
+and the mouths of Rhine, passing from mountain foam into calmer
+diffusion over the Netherland, where their straying forest and
+pastoral life has at last to embank itself into muddy agriculture, and
+in bleak-flying sea mist, forget the sunshine on its basalt crags.
+
+27. Whereupon, _we_ must also pause, to embank ourselves somewhat; and
+before other things, try what we can understand in this name of Frank,
+concerning which Gibbon tells us, in his sweetest tones of satisfied
+moral serenity--"The love of liberty was the ruling passion of these
+Germans. They deserved, they assumed, they maintained, the honourable
+epithet of Franks, or Freemen." He does not, however, tell us in what
+language of the time--Chaucian, Sicambrian, Chamavian, or
+Cattian,--'Frank' ever meant Free: nor can I find out myself what tongue
+of any time it first belongs to; but I doubt not that Miss Yonge
+('History of Christian Names,' Articles on Frey and Frank), gives the
+true root, in what she calls the High German "Frang," Free _Lord_. Not
+by any means a Free _Commoner_, or anything of the sort! but a person
+whose nature and name implied the existence around him, and beneath, of
+a considerable number of other persons who were by no means 'Frang,' nor
+Frangs. His title is one of the proudest then maintainable;--ratified at
+last by the dignity of age added to that of valour, into the Seigneur,
+or Monseigneur, not even yet in the last cockney form of it, 'Mossoo,'
+wholly understood as a republican term!
+
+28. So that, accurately thought of, the quality of Frankness glances
+only with the flat side of it into any meaning of 'Libre,' but with all
+its cutting edge, determinedly, and to all time, it signifies Brave,
+strong, and honest, above other men.[15] The old woodland race were
+never in any wolfish sense 'free,' but in a most human sense Frank,
+outspoken, meaning what they had said, and standing to it, when they had
+got it out. Quick and clear in word and act, fearless utterly and
+restless always;--but idly lawless, or weakly lavish, neither in deed
+nor word. Their frankness, if you read it as a scholar and a Christian,
+and not like a modern half-bred, half-brained infidel, knowing no tongue
+of all the world but in the slang of it, is really opposed, not to
+Servitude,--but to Shyness![16] It is to this day the note of the
+sweetest and Frenchiest of French character, that it makes simply
+perfect _Servants_. Unwearied in protective friendship, in meekly
+dextrous omnificence, in latent tutorship; the lovingly availablest of
+valets,--the mentally and personally bonniest of bonnes. But in no
+capacity shy of you! Though you be the Duke or Duchess of Montaltissimo,
+you will not find them abashed at your altitude. They will speak 'up' to
+you, when they have a mind.
+
+[Footnote 15: Gibbon touches the facts more closely in a sentence of
+his 22nd chapter. "The independent warriors of Germany, _who
+considered truth as the noblest of their virtues_, and freedom as the
+most valuable of their possessions." He is speaking especially of the
+Frankish tribe of the Attuarii, against whom the Emperor Julian had to
+re-fortify the Rhine from Cleves to Basle: but the first letters of
+the Emperor Jovian, after Julian's death, "delegated the military
+command of _Gaul_ and Illyrium (what a vast one it was, we shall see
+hereafter), to Malarich, a _brave and faithful_ officer of the nation
+of the Franks;" and they remain the loyal allies of Rome in her last
+struggle with Alaric. Apparently for the sake only of an interesting
+variety of language,--and at all events without intimation of any
+causes of so great a change in the national character,--we find Mr.
+Gibbon in his next volume suddenly adopting the abusive epithets of
+Procopius, and calling the Franks "a light and perfidious nation"
+(vii. 251). The only traceable grounds for this unexpected description
+of them are that they refuse to be bribed either into friendship or
+activity, by Rome or Ravenna; and that in his invasion of Italy, the
+grandson of Clovis did not previously send exact warning of his
+proposed route, nor even entirely signify his intentions till he had
+secured the bridge of the Po at Pavia; afterwards declaring his mind
+with sufficient distinctness by "assaulting, almost at the same
+instant, the hostile camps of the Goths and Romans, who, instead of
+uniting their arms, fled with equal precipitation."]
+
+[Footnote 16: For detailed illustration of the word, see 'Val d'Arno,'
+Lecture VIII.; 'Fors Clavigera,' Letters XLVI. 231, LXXVII. 137; and
+Chaucer, 'Romaunt of Rose,' 1212--"Next _him_" (the knight sibbe to
+Arthur) "daunced dame Franchise;"--the English lines are quoted and
+commented on in the first lecture of 'Ariadne Florentina'; I give the
+French here:--
+
+          "Apres tous ceulx estoit Franchise
+          Que ne fut ne brune ne bise.
+          Ains fut comme la neige blanche
+          _Courtoyse_ estoit, _joyeuse_, et _franche_.
+          Le nez avoit long et tretis,
+          Yeulx vers, riants; sourcilz faitis;
+          Les cheveulx eut tres-blons et longs
+          Simple fut comme les coulons
+          Le coeur eut doulx et debonnaire.
+          _Elle n'osait dire ne faire
+          Nulle riens que faire ne deust._"
+
+And I hope my girl readers will never more confuse Franchise with
+'Liberty.']
+
+29. Best of servants: best of _subjects_, also, when they have
+an equally frank King, or Count, or Captal, to lead them; of which we
+shall see proof enough in due time;--but, instantly, note this
+farther, that, whatever side-gleam of the thing they afterwards called
+Liberty may be meant by the Frank name, you must at once now, and
+always in future, guard yourself from confusing their Liberties with
+their Activities. What the temper of the army may be towards its
+chief, is _one_ question--whether either chief or army can be kept six
+months quiet,--another, and a totally different one. That they must
+either be fighting somebody or going somewhere, else, their life isn't
+worth living to them; the activity and mercurial flashing and
+flickering hither and thither, which in the soul of it is set neither
+on war nor rapine, but only on change of place, mood--tense, and
+tension;--which never needs to see its spurs in the dish, but has them
+always bright, and on, and would ever choose rather to ride fasting
+than sit feasting,--this childlike dread of being put in a corner, and
+continual want of something to do, is to be watched by us with
+wondering sympathy in all its sometimes splendid, but too often
+unlucky or disastrous consequences to the nation itself as well as to
+its neighbours.
+
+30. And this activity, which we stolid beef-eaters, before we had been
+taught by modern science that we were no better than baboons
+ourselves, were wont discourteously to liken to that of the livelier
+tribes of Monkey, did in fact so much impress the Hollanders, when
+first the irriguous Franks gave motion and current to their marshes,
+that the earliest heraldry in which we find the Frank power blazoned
+seems to be founded on a Dutch endeavour to give some distantly
+satirical presentment of it. "For," says a most ingenious historian,
+Mons. Andre Favine,--'Parisian, and Advocate in the High Court of the
+French Parliament in the year 1620'--"those people who bordered on the
+river Sala, called 'Salts,' by the Allemaignes, were on their descent
+into Dutch lands called by the Romans 'Franci Salici'" (whence
+'Salique' law to come, you observe) "and by abridgment 'Salii,' as if
+of the verb 'salire,' that is to say 'saulter,' to leap"--(and in
+future therefore--duly also to dance--in an incomparable manner) "to
+be quicke and nimble of foot, to leap and mount well, a quality most
+notably requisite for such as dwell in watrie and marshy places; So
+that while such of the French as dwelt on the great course of the
+river" (Rhine) "were called 'Nageurs,' Swimmers, they of the marshes
+were called 'Saulteurs,' Leapers, so that it was a nickname given to
+the French in regard both of their natural disposition and of their
+dwelling; as, yet to this day, their enemies call them French Toades,
+(or Frogs, more properly) from whence grew the fable that their
+ancient Kings carried such creatures in their Armes."
+
+31. Without entering at present into debate whether fable or not, you
+will easily remember the epithet 'Salian' of these fosse-leaping and
+river-swimming folk (so that, as aforesaid, all the length of Rhine
+must be refortified against them)--epithet however, it appears, in its
+origin delicately Saline, so that we may with good discretion, as we
+call our seasoned Mariners, '_old_ Salts,' think of these more brightly
+sparkling Franks as 'Young Salts,'--but this equivocated presently by
+the Romans, with natural respect to their martial fire and 'elan,' into
+'Salii'--exsultantes,[17]--such as their own armed priests of war: and
+by us now with some little farther, but slight equivocation, into
+useful meaning, to be thought of as here first Salient, as a beaked
+promontory, towards the France we know of; and evermore, in brilliant
+elasticities of temper, a salient or out-sallying nation; lending to us
+English presently--for this much of heraldry we may at once glance on
+to--their 'Leopard,' not as a spotted or blotted creature, but as an
+inevitably springing and pouncing one, for our own kingly and princely
+shields.
+
+[Footnote 17: Their first mischievous exsultation into Alsace being
+invited by the Romans themselves, (or at least by Constantius in his
+jealousy of Julian,)--with "presents and promises,--the hopes of
+spoil, and a perpetual grant of all the territories they were able to
+subdue." Gibbon, chap. xix. (3, 208.) By any other historian than
+Gibbon, who has really no fixed opinion on any character, or question,
+but, safe in the general truism that the worst men sometimes do right,
+and the best often do wrong, praises when he wants to round a
+sentence, and blames when he cannot otherwise edge one--it might have
+startled us to be here told of the nation which "deserved, assumed,
+and maintained the _honourable_ name of freemen," that "_these
+undisciplined robbers_ treated as their natural enemies all the
+subjects of the empire who possessed any property which they were
+desirous of acquiring." The first campaign of Julian, which throws
+both Franks and Alemanni back across the Rhine, but grants the Salian
+Franks, under solemn oath, their established territory in the
+Netherlands, must be traced at another time.]
+
+Thus much, of their 'Salian' epithet may be enough; but from the
+interpretation of the Frankish one we are still as far as ever, and
+must be content, in the meantime, to stay so, noting however two ideas
+afterwards entangled with the name, which are of much descriptive
+importance to us.
+
+32. "The French poet in the first book of his Franciades" (says Mons.
+Favine; but what poet I know not, nor can enquire) "encounters" (in the
+sense of en-quarters, or depicts as a herald) certain fables on the name
+of the French by the adoption and composure of two _Gaulish_ words
+joyned together, Phere-Encos which signifieth 'Beare-_Launce_,'
+(--Shake-Lance, we might perhaps venture to translate,) a lighter weapon
+than the Spear beginning here to quiver in the hand of its chivalry--and
+Fere-encos then passing swiftly on the tongue into Francos;"--a
+derivation not to be adopted, but the idea of the weapon most
+carefully,--together with this following--that "among the arms of the
+ancient French, over and beside the Launce, was the Battaile-Axe, which
+they called _Anchon_, and moreover, yet to this day, in many Provinces
+of France, it is termed an _Achon_, wherewith they served themselves in
+warre, by throwing it a farre off at joyning with the enemy, onely to
+discover the man and to cleave his shield. Because this _Achon_ was
+darted with such violence, as it would cleave the Shield, and compell
+the Maister thereof to hold down his arm, and being so discovered, as
+naked or unarmed; it made way for the sooner surprizing of him. It
+seemeth, that this weapon was proper and particuler to the French
+Souldior, as well him on foote, as on horsebacke. For this cause they
+called it _Franciscus_. Francisca, _securis oblonga, quam Franci
+librabant in Hostes_. For the Horseman, beside his shield and Francisca
+(Armes common, as wee have said, to the Footman), had also the Lance,
+which being broken, and serving to no further effect, he laid hand on
+his Francisca, as we learn the use of that weapon in the Archbishop of
+Tours, his second book, and twenty-seventh chapter."
+
+33. It is satisfactory to find how respectfully these lessons of the
+Archbishop of Tours were received by the French knights; and curious
+to see the preferred use of the Francisca by all the best of
+them--down, not only to Coeur de Lion's time, but even to the day of
+Poitiers. In the last wrestle of the battle at Poitiers gate, "La, fit
+le Roy Jehan de sa main, merveilles d'armes, et tenoit une hache de
+guerre dont bien se deffendoit et combattoit,--si la quartre partie de
+ses gens luy eussent ressemble, la journee eust ete pour eux." Still
+more notably, in the episode of fight which Froissart stops to tell
+just before, between the Sire de Verclef, (on Severn) and the Picard
+squire Jean de Helennes: the Englishman, losing his sword, dismounts
+to recover it, on which Helennes _casts_ his own at him with such aim
+and force "qu'il acconsuit l'Anglois es cuisses, tellement que l'espee
+entra dedans et le cousit tout parmi, jusqu'au hans."
+
+On this the knight rendering himself, the squire binds his wound, and
+nurses him, staying fifteen days 'pour l'amour de lui' at
+Chasteleraut, while his life was in danger; and afterwards carrying
+him in a litter all the way to his own chastel in Picardy. His ransom
+however is 6000 nobles--I suppose about 25,000 pounds, of our present
+estimate; and you may set down for one of the fatallest signs that the
+days of chivalry are near their darkening, how "devint celuy Escuyer,
+Chevalier, pour le grand profit qu'il eut du Seigneur de Verclef."
+
+I return gladly to the dawn of chivalry, when, every hour and year,
+men were becoming more gentle and more wise; while, even through their
+worst cruelty and error, native qualities of noblest cast may be seen
+asserting themselves for primal motive, and submitting themselves for
+future training.
+
+34. We have hitherto got no farther in our notion of a Salian Frank than
+a glimpse of his two principal weapons,--the shadow of him, however,
+begins to shape itself to us on the mist of the Brocken, bearing the
+lance light, passing into the javelin,--but the axe, his woodman's
+weapon, heavy;--for economical reasons, in scarcity of iron,
+preferablest of all weapons, giving the fullest swing and weight of blow
+with least quantity of actual metal, and roughest forging. Gibbon gives
+them also a 'weighty' sword, suspended from a 'broad' belt: but Gibbon's
+epithets are always gratis, and the belted sword, whatever its measure,
+was probably for the leaders only; the belt, itself of gold, the
+distinction of the Roman Counts, and doubtless adopted from them by the
+allied Frank leaders, afterwards taking the Pauline mythic meaning of
+the girdle of Truth--and so finally; the chief mark of Belted
+Knighthood.
+
+35. The Shield, for all, was round, wielded like a Highlander's
+target:--armour, presumably, nothing but hard-tanned leather, or
+patiently close knitted hemp; "Their close apparel," says Mr. Gibbon,
+"accurately expressed the figure of their limbs," but 'apparel' is
+only Miltonic-Gibbonian for 'nobody knows what.' He is more
+intelligible of their persons. "The lofty stature of the Franks, and
+their blue eyes, denoted a Germanic origin; the warlike barbarians
+were trained from their earliest youth to run, to leap, to swim, to
+dart the javelin and battle-axe with unerring aim, to advance without
+hesitation against a superior enemy, and to maintain either in life or
+death, the invincible reputation of their ancestors' (vi. 95). For the
+first time, in 358, appalled by the Emperor Julian's victory at
+Strasburg, and besieged by him upon the Meuse, a body of six hundred
+Franks "dispensed with the ancient law which commanded them to conquer
+or die." "Although they were strongly actuated by the allurements of
+rapine, they professed a disinterested love of war, which they
+considered as the supreme honour and felicity of human nature; and
+their minds and bodies were so hardened by perpetual action that,
+according to the lively expression of an orator, the snows of winter
+were as pleasant to them as the flowers of spring" (iii. 220).
+
+36. These mental and bodily virtues, or indurations, were probably
+universal in the military rank of the nation: but we learn presently,
+with surprise, of so remarkably 'free' a people, that nobody but the
+King and royal family might wear their hair to their own liking. The
+kings wore theirs in flowing ringlets on the back and shoulders,--the
+Queens, in tresses rippling to their feet,--but all the rest of the
+nation "were obliged, either by law or custom, to shave the hinder
+part of their head, to comb their short hair over their forehead, and
+to content themselves with the ornament of two small whiskers."
+
+37. Moustaches,--Mr. Gibbon means, I imagine: and I take leave also to
+suppose that the nobles, and noble ladies, might wear such tress and
+ringlet as became them. But again, we receive unexpectedly
+embarrassing light on the democratic institutions of the Franks, in
+being told that "the various trades, the labours of agriculture, and
+the arts of hunting and fishing, were _exercised by servile_ hands for
+the _emolument_ of the Sovereign."
+
+'Servile' and 'Emolument,' however, though at first they sound very
+dreadful and very wrong, are only Miltonic-Gibbonian expressions of
+the general fact that the Frankish Kings had ploughmen in their
+fields, employed weavers and smiths to make their robes and swords,
+hunted with huntsmen, hawked with falconers, and were in other
+respects tyrannical to the ordinary extent that an English Master of
+Hounds may be. "The mansion of the long-haired Kings was surrounded
+with convenient yards and stables for poultry and cattle; the garden
+was planted with useful vegetables; the magazines filled with corn and
+wine either for sale or consumption; and the whole administration
+conducted by the strictest rules of private economy."
+
+38. I have collected these imperfect, and not always extremely
+consistent, notices of the aspect and temper of the Franks out of Mr.
+Gibbon's casual references to them during a period of more than two
+centuries,--and the last passage quoted, which he accompanies with the
+statement that "one hundred and sixty of these rural palaces were
+scattered through the provinces of their kingdom," without telling us
+what kingdom, or at what period, must I think be held descriptive of the
+general manner and system of their monarchy after the victories of
+Clovis. But, from the first hour you hear of him, the Frank, closely
+considered, is always an extremely ingenious, well meaning, and
+industrious personage;--if eagerly acquisitive, also intelligently
+conservative and constructive; an element of order and crystalline
+edification, which is to consummate itself one day, in the aisles of
+Amiens; and things generally insuperable and impregnable, if the
+inhabitants of them had been as sound-hearted as their builders, for
+many a day beyond.
+
+39. But for the present, we must retrace our ground a little; for
+indeed I have lately observed with compunction, in rereading some of
+my books for revised issue, that if ever I promise, in one number or
+chapter, careful consideration of any particular point in the next,
+the next never _does_ touch upon the promised point at all, but is
+sure to fix itself passionately on some antithetic, antipathic, or
+antipodic, point in the opposite hemisphere. This manner of conducting
+a treatise I find indeed extremely conducive to impartiality and
+largeness of view; but can conceive it to be--to the general
+reader--not only disappointing, (if indeed I may flatter myself that I
+ever interest enough to disappoint), but even liable to confirm in his
+mind some of the fallacious and extremely absurd insinuations of
+adverse critics respecting my inconsistency, vacillation, and
+liability to be affected by changes of the weather in my principles or
+opinions. I purpose, therefore, in these historical sketches, at least
+to watch, and I hope partly to correct myself in this fault of promise
+breaking, and at whatever sacrifice of my variously fluent or
+re-fluent humour, to tell in each successive chapter in some measure
+what the reader justifiably expects to be told.
+
+40. I left, merely glanced at, in my opening chapter, the story of the
+vase of Soissons. It may be found (and it is very nearly the only thing
+that _is_ to be found respecting the personal life or character of the
+first Louis) in every cheap popular history of France; with cheap
+popular moralities engrafted thereon. Had I time to trace it to its
+first sources, perhaps it might take another aspect. But I give it as
+you may anywhere find it--asking you only to consider whether even as so
+read--it may not properly bear a somewhat different moral.
+
+41. The story is, then, that after the battle of Soissons, in the
+division of Roman, or Gallic spoil, the king wished to have a
+beautifully wrought silver vase for--'himself,' I was going to
+write--and in my last chapter _did_ mistakenly infer that he wanted it
+for his better self,--his Queen. But he wanted it for neither;--it was
+to restore to St. Remy, that it might remain among the consecrated
+treasures of Rheims. That is the first point on which the popular
+histories do not insist, and which one of his warriors claiming equal
+division of treasure, chose also to ignore. The vase was asked by the
+King in addition to his own portion, and the Frank knights, while they
+rendered true obedience to their king as a leader, had not the
+smallest notion of allowing him what more recent kings call
+'Royalties'--taxes on everything they touch. And one of these Frank
+knights or Counts--a little franker than the rest--and as incredulous
+of St. Remy's saintship as a Protestant Bishop, or Positivist
+Philosopher--took upon him to dispute the King's and the Church's
+claim, in the manner, suppose, of a Liberal opposition in the House of
+Commons; and disputed it with such security of support by the public
+opinion of the fifth century, that--the king persisting in his
+request--the fearless soldier dashed the vase to pieces with his
+war-axe, exclaiming "Thou shalt have no more than thy portion by lot."
+
+42. It is the first clear assertion of French 'Liberte, Fraternite and
+Egalite,' supported, then, as now, by the destruction, which is the
+only possible active operation of "free" personages, on the art they
+cannot produce.
+
+The king did not continue the quarrel. Cowards will think that he paused
+in cowardice, and malicious persons, that he paused in malignity. He
+_did_ pause in anger assuredly; but biding its time, which the anger of
+a strong man always can, and burn hotter for the waiting, which is one
+of the chief reasons for Christians being told not to let the sun go
+down upon it. Precept which Christians now-a-days are perfectly ready to
+obey, if it is somebody else who has been injured; and indeed, the
+difficulty in such cases is usually to get them to think of the injury
+even while the Sun rises on their wrath.[18]
+
+[Footnote 18: Read Mr. Plimsoll's article on coal mines for instance.]
+
+43. The sequel is very shocking indeed--to modern sensibility. I give
+it in the, if not polished, at least delicately varnished, language of
+the Pictorial History.
+
+"About a year afterwards, on reviewing his troops, he went to the man
+who had struck the vase, and _examining his arms, complained_ that
+_they_ were in bad condition!" (Italics mine) "and threw them" (What?
+shield and sword?) on the ground. The soldier stooped to recover them;
+and at that moment the King struck him on the head with his
+battle-axe, crying 'Thus didst thou to the vase at Soissons.'" The
+Moral modern historian proceeds to reflect that "this--as an evidence
+of the condition of the Franks, and of the ties by which they were
+united, gives but the idea of a band of Robbers and their chief."
+Which is, indeed, so far as I can myself look into and decipher the
+nature of things, the Primary idea to be entertained respecting most
+of the kingly and military organizations in this world, down to our
+own day; and, (unless perchance it be the Afghans and Zulus who are
+stealing our lands in England--instead of we theirs, in their several
+countries.) But concerning the _manner_ of this piece of military
+execution, I must for the present leave the reader to consider with
+himself, whether indeed it be less Kingly, or more savage, to strike
+an uncivil soldier on the head with one's own battle-axe, than, for
+instance, to strike a person like Sir Thomas More on the neck with an
+executioner's,--using for the mechanism, and as it were guillotine bar
+and rope to the blow--the manageable forms of National Law, and the
+gracefully twined intervention of a polite group of noblemen and
+bishops.
+
+44. Far darker things have to be told of him than this, as his proud
+life draws towards the close,--things which, if any of us could see
+clear _through_ darkness, you should be told in all the truth of them.
+But we never can know the truth of Sin; for its nature is to deceive
+alike on the one side the Sinner, on the other the Judge.
+Diabolic--betraying whether we yield to it, or condemn: Here is
+Gibbon's sneer--if you care for it; but I gather first from the
+confused paragraphs which conduct to it, the sentences of praise, less
+niggard than the Sage of Lausanne usually grants to any hero who has
+confessed the influence of Christianity.
+
+45. "Clovis, when he was no more than fifteen years of age, succeeded,
+by his father's death, to the command of the Salian tribe. The narrow
+limits of his kingdom were confined to the island of the Batavians,
+with the ancient dioceses of Tournay and Arras; and at the baptism of
+Clovis, the number of his warriors could not exceed five thousand. The
+kindred tribes of the Franks who had seated themselves along the
+Scheldt, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Rhine, were governed by their
+independent kings, of the Merovingian race, the equals, the allies,
+and sometimes the enemies of the Salic Prince. When he first took the
+field he had neither gold nor silver in his coffers, nor wine and corn
+in his magazines; but he imitated the example of Caesar, who in the
+same country had acquired wealth by the sword, and purchased soldiers
+with the fruits of conquest. The untamed spirit of the Barbarians was
+taught to acknowledge the advantages of regular discipline. At the
+annual review of the month of March, their arms were diligently
+inspected; and when they traversed a peaceful territory they were
+prohibited from touching a blade of grass. The justice of Clovis was
+inexorable; and his careless or disobedient soldiers were punished
+with instant death. It would be superfluous to praise the valour of a
+Frank; but the valour of Clovis was directed by cool and consummate
+prudence. In all his transactions with mankind he calculated the
+weight of interest, of passion, and of opinion; and his measures were
+sometimes adapted to the sanguinary manners of the Germans,
+and sometimes moderated by the milder genius of Rome, and
+Christianity.
+
+46. "But the savage conqueror of Gaul was incapable of examining the
+proofs of a religion, which depends on the laborious investigation of
+historic evidence, and speculative theology. He was still more
+incapable of feeling the mild influence of the Gospel, which persuades
+and purifies the heart of a genuine convert. His ambitious reign was a
+perpetual violation of moral and Christian duties: his hands were
+stained with blood, in peace as well as in war; and, as soon as Clovis
+had dismissed a synod of the Gallican Church, he calmly assassinated
+_all_ the princes of the Merovingian race."
+
+47. It is too true; but rhetorically put, in the first place--for we
+ought to be told how many 'all' the princes were;--in the second
+place, we must note that, supposing Clovis had in any degree "searched
+the Scriptures" as presented to the Western world by St. Jerome, he
+was likely, as a soldier-king, to have thought more of the mission of
+Joshua[19] and Jehu than of the patience of Christ, whose sufferings he
+thought rather of avenging than imitating: and the question whether
+the other Kings of the Franks should either succeed him, or, in envy
+of his enlarged kingdom, attack and dethrone, was easily in his mind
+convertible from a personal danger into the chance of the return of
+the whole nation to idolatry. And, in the last place, his faith in the
+Divine protection of his cause had been shaken by his defeat before
+Aries by the Ostrogoths; and the Frank leopard had not so wholly
+changed his spots as to surrender to an enemy the opportunity of a
+first spring.
+
+[Footnote 19: The likeness was afterwards taken up by legend, and the
+walls of Angouleme, after the battle of Poitiers, are said to have
+fallen at the sound of the trumpets of Clovis. "A miracle," says
+Gibbon, "which may be reduced to the supposition that some clerical
+engineer had secretly undermined the foundations of the rampart." I
+cannot too often warn my honest readers against the modern habit of
+"reducing" all history whatever to 'the supposition that' ... etc.,
+etc. The legend is of course the natural and easy expression of a
+metaphor.]
+
+48. Finally, and beyond all these personal questions, the forms of
+cruelty and subtlety--the former, observe, arising much out of a scorn
+of pain which was a condition of honour in their women as well as men,
+are in these savage races all founded on their love of glory in war,
+which can only be understood by comparing what remains of the same
+temper in the higher castes of the North American Indians; and, before
+tracing in final clearness the actual events of the reign of Clovis to
+their end, the reader will do well to learn this list of the personages
+of the great Drama, taking to heart the meaning of the _name_ of each,
+both in its probable effect on the mind of its bearer, and in its
+fateful expression of the course of their acts, and the consequences of
+it to future generations.
+
+1. Clovis. Frank form, Hluodoveh. 'Glorious Holiness,' or
+      consecration. Latin Chlodovisus, when baptized by St.
+      Remy, softening afterwards through the centuries into
+      Lhodovisus, Ludovicus, Louis.
+
+2. Albofleda. 'White household fairy'? His youngest sister;
+      married Theodoric (Theutreich, 'People's ruler'),
+      the great King of the Ostrogoths.
+
+3. Clotilde. Hlod-hilda. 'Glorious Battle-maid.' His wife.
+      'Hilda' first meaning Battle, pure; and then passing
+      into Queen or Maid of Battle. Christianized to Ste
+      Clotilde in France, and Ste Hilda of Whitby cliff.
+
+3. Clotilde. His only daughter. Died for the Catholic faith,
+      under Arian persecution.
+
+4. Childebert. His eldest son by Clotilde, the first Frank
+      King in Paris. 'Battle Splendour,' softening into
+      Hildebert, and then Hildebrandt, as in the Nibelung.
+
+5. Chlodomir. 'Glorious Fame.' His second son by Clotilde.
+
+6. Clotaire. His youngest son by Clotilde; virtually the destroyer
+      of his father's house. 'Glorious Warrior.'
+
+7. Chlodowald. Youngest son of Chlodomir. 'Glorious
+      Power,' afterwards 'St. Cloud.'
+
+49. I will now follow straight, through their light and shadow, the
+course of Clovis' reign and deeds.
+
+A.D. 481. Crowned, when he was only fifteen. Five years afterwards, he
+challenges, "in the spirit, and almost in the language of chivalry,"
+the Roman governor Syagrius, holding the district of Rheims and
+Soissons. "Campum sibi praeparari jussit--he commanded his antagonist
+to prepare him a battle-field"--see Gibbon's note and reference, chap.
+xxxviii. (6, 297). The Benedictine abbey of Nogent was afterwards
+built on the field, marked by a circle of Pagan sepulchres. "Clovis
+bestowed the adjacent lands of Leuilly and Coucy on the church of
+Rheims."[20]
+
+[Footnote 20: When?--for this tradition, as well as that of the vase,
+points to a friendship between Clovis and St. Remy, and a singular
+respect on the King's side for the Christians of Gaul, though he was
+not yet himself converted.]
+
+A.D. 485. The Battle of Soissons. Not dated by Gibbon: the subsequent
+death of Syagrius at the court of (the younger) Alaric, was in
+486--take 485 for the battle.
+
+50. A.D. 493. I cannot find any account of the relations between Clovis
+and the King of Burgundy, the uncle of Clotilde, which preceded his
+betrothal to the orphan princess. Her uncle, according to the common
+history, had killed both her father and mother, and compelled her sister
+to take the veil--motives none assigned, nor authorities. Clotilde
+herself was pursued on her way to France,[21] and the litter in which
+she travelled captured, with part of her marriage portion. But the
+princess herself mounted on horseback, and rode with part of her escort,
+forward into France, "ordering her attendants to set fire to everything
+that pertained to her uncle and his subjects which they might meet with
+on the way."
+
+[Footnote 21: It is a curious proof of the want in vulgar historians of
+the slightest sense of the vital interest of anything they tell, that
+neither in Gibbon, nor in Messrs. Bussey and Gaspey, nor in the
+elaborate 'Histoire des Villes de France,' can I find, with the best
+research my winter's morning allows, what city was at this time the
+capital of Burgundy, or at least in which of its four nominal
+capitals,--Dijon, Besancon, Geneva, and Vienne,--Clotilde was brought
+up. The evidence seems to me in favour of Vienne--(called always by
+Messrs. B. and G., 'Vienna,' with what effect on the minds of their
+dimly geographical readers I cannot say)--the rather that Clotilde's
+mother is said to have been "thrown into the _Rhone_ with a stone
+round her neck." The author of the introduction to 'Bourgogne' in the
+'Histoire des Villes' is so eager to get his little spiteful snarl at
+anything like religion anywhere, that he entirely forgets the
+existence of the first queen of France,--never names her, nor, as
+such, the place of her birth,--but contributes only to the knowledge
+of the young student this beneficial quota, that Gondeband, "plus
+politique que guerrier, trouva au milieu de ses controverses
+theologiques avec Avitus, eveque de _Vienne_, le temps de faire mourir
+ses trois freres et de recueillir leur heritage."
+
+The one broad fact which my own readers will find it well to remember
+is that Burgundy, at this time, by whatever king or victor tribe its
+inhabitants may be subdued, does practically include the whole of
+French Switzerland, and even of the German, as far east as
+Vindonissa:--the Reuss, from Vindonissa through Lucerne to the St.
+Gothard being its effective eastern boundary; that westward--it meant
+all Jura, and the plains of the Saone; and southward, included all
+Savoy and Dauphine. According to the author of 'La Suisse Historique'
+Clotilde was first addressed by Clovis's herald disguised as a beggar,
+while she distributed alms at the gate of St. Pierre at Geneva; and
+her departure and pursued flight into France were from Dijon.]
+
+51. The fact is not chronicled, usually, among the sayings or doings
+of the Saints: but the punishment of Kings by destroying the property
+of their subjects, is too well recognized a method of modern Christian
+warfare to allow our indignation to burn hot against Clotilde; driven,
+as she was, hard by grief and wrath. The years of her youth are not
+counted to us; Clovis was already twenty-seven, and for three years
+maintained the faith of his ancestral religion against all the
+influence of his queen.
+
+52. A.D. 496. I did not in the opening chapter attach nearly enough
+importance to the battle of Tolbiac, thinking of it as merely
+compelling the Alemanni to recross the Rhine, and establishing the
+Frank power on its western bank. But infinitely wider results are
+indicated in the short sentence with which Gibbon closes his account
+of the battle. "After the conquest of the western provinces, the
+Franks _alone_ retained their ancient possessions beyond the Rhine.
+They gradually subdued and _civilized_ the exhausted countries as far
+as the Elbe and the mountains of Bohemia; and the _peace of Europe_
+was secured by the obedience of Germany."
+
+53. For, in the south, Theodoric had already "sheathed the sword in
+the pride of victory and the vigour of his age--and his farther reign
+of three and thirty years was consecrated to the duties of civil
+government." Even when his son-in-law, Alaric, fell by Clovis' hand in
+the battle of Poitiers, Theodoric was content to check the Frank power
+at Arles, without pursuing his success, and to protect his infant
+grandchild, correcting at the same time some abuses in the civil
+government of Spain. So that the healing sovereignty of the great Goth
+was established from Sicily to the Danube--and from Sirmium to the
+Atlantic ocean.
+
+54. Thus, then, at the close of the fifth century, you have Europe
+divided simply by her watershed; and two Christian kings reigning,
+with entirely beneficent and healthy power--one in the north--one in
+the south--the mightiest and worthiest of them married to the other's
+youngest sister: a saint queen in the north--and a devoted and earnest
+Catholic woman, queen mother in the south. It is a conjunction of
+things memorable enough in the Earth's history,--much to be thought
+of, O fast whirling reader, if ever, out of the crowd of pent up
+cattle driven across Rhine, or Adige, you can extricate yourself for
+an hour, to walk peacefully out of the south gate of Cologne, or
+across Fra Giocondo's bridge at Verona--and so pausing look through
+the clear air across the battlefield of Tolbiac to the blue
+Drachenfels, or across the plain of St. Ambrogio to the mountains of
+Garda. For there were fought--if you will think closely--the two
+victor-battles of the Christian world. Constantine's only gave changed
+form and dying colour to the falling walls of Rome; but the Frank and
+Gothic races, thus conquering and thus ruled, founded the arts and
+established the laws which gave to all future Europe her joy, and her
+virtue. And it is lovely to see how, even thus early, the Feudal
+chivalry depended for its life on the nobleness of its womanhood.
+There was no _vision_ seen, or alleged, at Tolbiac. The King prayed
+simply to the God of Clotilde. On the morning of the battle of Verona,
+Theodoric visited the tent of his mother and his sister,
+"and requested that on the most illustrious festival of his life, they
+would adorn him with the rich garments which they had worked with
+their own hands."
+
+55. But over Clovis, there was extended yet another influence--greater
+than his queen's. When his kingdom was first extended to the Loire,
+the shepherdess of Nanterre was already aged,--no torch-bearing maid
+of battle, like Clotilde, no knightly leader of deliverance like
+Jeanne, but grey in meekness of wisdom, and now "filling more and more
+with crystal light." Clovis's father had known her; he himself made
+her his friend, and when he left Paris on the campaign of Poitiers,
+vowed that if victorious, he would build a Christian church on the
+hills of Seine. He returned in victory, and with St. Genevieve at his
+side, stood on the site of the ruined Roman Thermae, just above the
+"Isle" of Paris, to fulfil his vow: and to design the limits of the
+foundations of the first metropolitan church of Frankish Christendom.
+
+The King "gave his battle-axe the swing," and tossed it with his full
+force.
+
+Measuring with its flight also, the place of his own grave, and of
+Clotilde's, and St. Genevieve's.
+
+There they rested, and rest,--in soul,--together. "La Colline tout
+entiere porte encore le nom de la patronne de Paris; une petite rue
+obscure a garde celui du Roi Conquerant."
+
+
+
+
+"OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US."
+
+ADVICE.
+
+
+The three chapters[22] of "Our Fathers have told us," now submitted to
+the public, are enough to show the proposed character and tendencies
+of the work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite
+subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its
+usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known
+number of its supporters.
+
+[Footnote 22: Viz., Chapters I. and II., and the separate travellers'
+edition of Chapter IV.]
+
+I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to
+fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry,
+than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of
+which, however, enough remains in me, to warrant my readers against
+the abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years.
+
+The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each
+taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering,
+towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the
+Church in the Thirteenth Century.
+
+The next chapter, which I hope to issue soon after Christmas,
+completes the first part, descriptive of the early Frank power, and of
+its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens.
+
+The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for
+Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the
+first capital of France.
+
+The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power.
+
+The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with
+much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered
+materials respecting Pisa and Florence.
+
+The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic
+architecture of England and Wales.
+
+The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the
+cathedral of Chartres.
+
+The eighth, "Domremy," to that of Rouen and the schools of
+architecture which it represents.
+
+The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the pastoral forms of Catholicism,
+reaching to our own times.
+
+And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of
+Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish Border.
+
+Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the
+fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or
+cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined
+in the preparatory chapters.
+
+One illustration at least will be given with each chapter,[23] and
+drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the
+Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support,
+or opportunity for binding with the completed work.
+
+[Footnote 23: The first plate for the Bible of Amiens, curiously
+enough, failed in the engraving; and I shall probably have to etch it
+myself. It will be issued with the fourth, in the full-size edition of
+the fourth chapter.]
+
+As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller
+edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in
+reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I
+intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE LION TAMER.
+
+
+1. It has been often of late announced as a new discovery, that man is
+a creature of circumstances; and the fact has been pressed upon our
+notice, in the hope, which appears to some people so pleasing, of
+being able at last to resolve into a succession of splashes in mud, or
+whirlwinds in air, the circumstances answerable for his creation. But
+the more important fact, that his nature is not levelled, like a
+mosquito's, to the mists of a marsh, nor reduced, like a mole's,
+beneath the crumblings of a burrow, but has been endowed with sense to
+discern, and instinct to adopt, the conditions which will make of it
+the best that can be, is very necessarily ignored by philosophers who
+propose, as a beautiful fulfilment of human destinies, a life
+entertained by scientific gossip, in a cellar lighted by electric
+sparks, warmed by tubular inflation, drained by buried rivers, and
+fed, by the ministry of less learned and better provisioned races,
+with extract of beef, and potted crocodile.
+
+2. From these chemically analytic conceptions of a Paradise in
+catacombs, undisturbed in its alkaline or acid virtues by the dread of
+Deity, or hope of futurity, I know not how far the modern reader may
+willingly withdraw himself for a little time, to hear of men who, in
+their darkest and most foolish day, sought by their labour to make the
+desert as the garden of the Lord, and by their love to become worthy of
+permission to live with Him for ever. It has nevertheless been only by
+such toil, and in such hope, that, hitherto, the happiness, skill, or
+virtue of man have been possible: and even on the verge of the new
+dispensation, and promised Canaan, rich in beatitudes of iron, steam,
+and fire, there are some of us, here and there, who may pause in filial
+piety to look back towards that wilderness of Sinai in which their
+fathers worshipped and died.
+
+[Illustration: Plate III.--AMIENS. JOUR DES TREPASSES. 1880.]
+
+3. Admitting then, for the moment, that the main streets of
+Manchester, the district immediately surrounding the Bank in London,
+and the Bourse and Boulevards of Paris, are already part of the future
+kingdom of Heaven, when Earth shall be all Bourse and Boulevard,--the
+world of which our fathers tell us was divided to them, as you already
+know, partly by climates, partly by races, partly by times; and the
+'circumstances' under which a man's soul was given to him, had to be
+considered under these three heads:--In what climate is he? Of what
+race? At what time?
+
+He can only be what these conditions permit. With appeal to these, he
+is to be heard;--understood, if it may be;--judged, by our love,
+first--by our pity, if he need it--by our humility, finally and
+always.
+
+4. To this end, it is needful evidently that we should have truthful
+maps of the world to begin with, and truthful maps of our own hearts
+to end with; neither of these maps being easily drawn at any time, and
+perhaps least of all now--when the use of a map is chiefly to exhibit
+hotels and railroads; and humility is held the disagreeablest and
+meanest of the Seven mortal Sins.
+
+5. Thus, in the beginning of Sir Edward Creasy's History of England,
+you find a map purporting to exhibit the possessions of the British
+Nation--illustrating the extremely wise and courteous behaviour of Mr.
+Fox to a Frenchman of Napoleon's suite, in "advancing to a terrestrial
+globe of unusual magnitude and distinctness, spreading his arms round
+it, over both the oceans and both the Indies," and observing, in this
+impressive attitude, that "while Englishmen live, they overspread the
+whole world, and clasp it in the circle of their power."
+
+6. Fired by Mr. Fox's enthusiasm,--the otherwise seldom fiery--Sir
+Edward proceeds to tell us that "our island home is the favourite
+domicile of freedom, empire and glory," without troubling himself, or
+his readers, to consider how long the nations over whom our freedom is
+imperious, and in whose shame is our glory, may be satisfied in that
+arrangement of the globe and its affairs; or may be even at present
+convinced of their degraded position in it by his method of its
+delineation.
+
+For, the map being drawn on Mercator's projection, represents
+therefore the British dominions in North America as twice the size of
+the States, and considerably larger than all South America put
+together: while the brilliant crimson with which all our landed
+property is coloured cannot but impress the innocent reader with the
+idea of a universal flush of freedom and glory throughout all those
+acres and latitudes. So that he is scarcely likely to cavil at results
+so marvellous by inquiring into the nature and completeness of our
+government at any particular place,--for instance in Ireland, in the
+Hebrides, or at the Cape.
+
+7. In the closing chapter of the first volume of 'The Laws of Fesole'
+I have laid down the mathematical principles of rightly drawing
+maps;--principles which for many reasons it is well that my young
+readers should learn; the fundamental one being that you cannot
+flatten the skin of an orange without splitting it, and must not, if
+you draw countries on the unsplit skin, stretch them afterwards to
+fill the gaps.
+
+The British pride of wealth which does not deny itself the magnificent
+convenience of penny Walter Scotts and penny Shakespeares, may
+assuredly, in its future greatness, possess itself also of penny
+universes, conveniently spinnable on their axes. I shall therefore
+assume that my readers can look at a round globe, while I am talking
+of the world; and at a properly reduced drawing of its surfaces, when
+I am talking of a country.
+
+8. Which, if my reader can at present do--or at least refer to a
+fairly drawn double-circle map of the globe with converging
+meridians--I will pray him next to observe, that, although the
+old division of the world into four quarters is now nearly
+effaced by emigration and Atlantic cable, yet the great historic
+question about the globe is not how it is divided, here and there, by
+ins and outs of land or sea; but how it is divided into zones all
+round, by irresistible laws of light and air. It is often a matter of
+very minor interest to know whether a man is an American or African, a
+European or an Asiatic. But it is a matter of extreme and final
+interest to know if he be a Brazilian or a Patagonian, a Japanese or a
+Samoyede.
+
+9. In the course of the last chapter, I asked the reader to hold
+firmly the conception of the great division of climate, which
+separated the wandering races of Norway and Siberia from the calmly
+resident nations of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia.
+
+Fasten now that division well home in your mind, by drawing, however
+rudely, the course of the two rivers, little thought of by common
+geographers, but of quite unspeakable importance in human history, the
+Vistula and the Dniester.
+
+10. They rise within thirty miles of each other,[24] and each runs, not
+counting ins and outs, its clear three hundred miles,--the Vistula to
+the north-east, the Dniester to the south-west: the two of them together
+cut Europe straight across, at the broad neck of it,--and, more deeply
+looking at the thing, they divide Europe, properly so called--Europa's
+own, and Jove's,--the small educationable, civilizable, and more or less
+mentally rational fragment of the globe, from the great Siberian
+wilderness, Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural; the inconceivable chaotic space,
+occupied datelessly by Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Cossacks, Bears,
+Ermines, and Mammoths, in various thickness of hide, frost of brain, and
+woe of abode--or of unabiding. Nobody's history worth making out, has
+anything to do with them; for the force of Scandinavia never came round
+by Finland at all, but always sailed or paddled itself across the
+Baltic, or down the rocky west coast; and the Siberian and Russian
+ice-pressure merely drives the really memorable races into greater
+concentration, and kneads them up in fiercer and more necessitous
+exploring masses. But by those exploring masses, of true European birth,
+our own history was fashioned for ever; and, therefore, these two
+truncating and guarding rivers are to be marked on your map of Europe
+with supreme clearness: the Vistula, with Warsaw astride of it half way
+down, and embouchure in Baltic,--the Dniester, in Euxine, flowing each
+of them, measured arrow-straight, as far as from Edinburgh to London,
+with windings,[25] the Vistula six hundred miles, and the Dniester
+five--count them together for a thousand miles of _moat_, between Europe
+and the Desert, reaching from Dantzic to Odessa.
+
+[Footnote 24: Taking the 'San' branch of upper Vistula.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Note, however, generally that the strength of a river,
+caeteris paribus, is to be estimated by its straight course, windings
+being almost always caused by flats in which it can receive no
+tributaries.]
+
+11. Having got your Europe moated off into this manageable and
+comprehensible space, you are next to fix the limits which divide the
+four Gothic countries, Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia, from the
+four Classic countries, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Lydia.
+
+There is no other generally opponent term to 'Gothic' but 'Classic':
+and I am content to use it, for the sake of practical breadth and
+clearness, though its precise meaning for a little while remains
+unascertained. Only get the geography well into your mind, and the
+nomenclature will settle itself at its leisure.
+
+12. Broadly, then, you have sea between Britain and Spain--Pyrenees
+between Gaul and Spain--Alps between Germany and Italy--Danube between
+Dacia and Greece. You must consider everything south of the Danube as
+Greek, variously influenced from Athens on one side, Byzantium on the
+other: then, across the AEgean, you have the great country absurdly
+called Asia Minor, (for we might just as well call Greece, Europe Minor,
+or Cornwall, England Minor,) but which is properly to be remembered as
+'Lydia,' the country which infects with passion, and tempts with wealth;
+which taught the Lydian measure in music and softened the Greek language
+on its border into Ionic; which gave to ancient history the tale of
+Troy, and to Christian history, the glow, and the decline, of the Seven
+Churches.
+
+13. Opposite to these four countries in the south, but separated from
+them either by sea or desert, are another four, as easily
+remembered--Morocco, Libya, Egypt, and Arabia.
+
+Morocco, virtually consisting of the chain of Atlas and the coasts
+depending on it, may be most conveniently thought of as including the
+modern Morocco and Algeria, with the Canaries as a dependent group of
+islands.
+
+Libya, in like manner, will include the modern Tunis and Tripoli: it
+will begin on the west with St. Augustine's town of Hippo; and its
+coast is colonized from Tyre and Greece, dividing it into the two
+districts of Carthage and Cyrene. Egypt, the country of the River, and
+Arabia, the country of _no_ River, are to be thought of as the two
+great southern powers of separate Religion.
+
+14. You have thus, easily and clearly memorable, twelve countries,
+distinct evermore by natural laws, and forming three zones from north
+to south, all healthily habitable--but the races of the northernmost,
+disciplined in endurance of cold; those of the central zone, perfected
+by the enjoyable suns alike of summer and winter; those of the
+southern zone, trained to endurance of heat. Writing them now in
+tabular view,
+
+     Britain       Gaul       Germany       Dacia
+     Spain         Italy      Greece        Lydia
+     Morocco       Libya      Egypt         Arabia,
+
+you have the ground of all useful profane history mapped out in the
+simplest terms; and then, as the fount of inspiration, for all these
+countries, with the strength which every soul that has possessed, has
+held sacred and supernatural, you have last to conceive perfectly the
+small hill district of the Holy Land, with Philistia and Syria on its
+flanks, both of them chastising forces; but Syria, in the beginning,
+herself the origin of the chosen race--"A Syrian ready to perish was
+my father"--and the Syrian Rachel being thought of always as the true
+mother of Israel.
+
+15. And remember, in all future study of the relations of these
+countries, you must never allow your mind to be disturbed by the
+accidental changes of political limit. No matter who rules a country,
+no matter what it is officially called, or how it is formally divided,
+eternal bars and doors are set to it by the mountains and seas,
+eternal laws enforced over it by the clouds and stars. The people that
+are born on it are its people, be they a thousand times again and
+again conquered, exiled, or captive. The stranger cannot be its king,
+the invader cannot be its possessor; and, although just laws,
+maintained whether by the people or their conquerors, have always the
+appointed good and strength of justice, nothing is permanently helpful
+to any race or condition of men but the spirit that is in their own
+hearts, kindled by the love of their native land.
+
+16. Of course, in saying that the invader cannot be the possessor of
+any country, I speak only of invasion such as that by the Vandals of
+Libya, or by ourselves of India; where the conquering race does not
+become permanently inhabitant. You are not to call Libya Vandalia, nor
+India England, because these countries are temporarily under the rule
+of Vandals and English; neither Italy Gothland under Ostrogoths, nor
+England Denmark under Canute. National character varies as it fades
+under invasion or in corruption; but if ever it glows again into a new
+life, that life must be tempered by the earth and sky of the country
+itself. Of the twelve names of countries now given in their order,
+only one will be changed as we advance in our history;--Gaul will
+properly become France when the Franks become her abiding inhabitants.
+The other eleven primary names will serve us to the end.
+
+17. With a moment's more patience, therefore, glancing to the far East,
+we shall have laid the foundations of all our own needful geography. As
+the northern kingdoms are moated from the Scythian desert by the
+Vistula, so the southern are moated from the dynasties properly called
+'Oriental' by the Euphrates; which, "partly sunk beneath the Persian
+Gulf, reaches from the shores of Beloochistan and Oman to the mountains
+of Armenia, and forms a huge hot-air funnel, the base" (or mouth) "of
+which is on the tropics, while its extremity reaches thirty-seven
+degrees of northern latitude. Hence it comes that the Semoom itself (the
+specific and gaseous Semoom) pays occasional visits to Mosoul and
+Djezeerat Omer, while the thermometer at Bagdad attains in summer an
+elevation capable of staggering the belief of even an old Indian."[26]
+
+[Footnote 26: Sir F. Palgrave, 'Arabia,' vol. ii., p. 155. I gratefully
+adopt in the next paragraph his division of Asiatic nations, p. 160.]
+
+18. This valley in ancient days formed the kingdom of Assyria, as the
+valley of the Nile formed that of Egypt. In the work now before us, we
+have nothing to do with its people, who were to the Jews merely a
+hostile power of captivity, inexorable as the clay of their walls, or
+the stones of their statues; and, after the birth of Christ, the
+marshy valley is no more than a field of battle between West and East.
+Beyond the great river,--Persia, India, and China, form the southern
+'Oriens.' Persia is properly to be conceived as reaching from the
+Persian Gulf to the mountain chains which flank and feed the Indus;
+and is the true vital power of the East in the days of Marathon: but
+it has no influence on Christian history except through Arabia; while,
+of the northern Asiatic tribes, Mede, Bactrian, Parthian, and
+Scythian, changing into Turk and Tartar, we need take no heed until
+they invade us in our own historic territory.
+
+19. Using therefore the terms 'Gothic' and 'Classic' for broad
+distinction of the northern and central zones of this our own territory,
+we may conveniently also use the word 'Arab'[27] for the whole southern
+zone. The influence of Egypt vanishes soon after the fourth century,
+while that of Arabia, powerful from the beginning, rises in the sixth
+into an empire whose end we have not seen. And you may most rightly
+conceive the religious principle which is the base of that empire, by
+remembering, that while the Jews forfeited their prophetic power by
+taking up the profession of usury over the whole earth, the Arabs
+returned to the simplicity of prophecy in its beginning by the well of
+Hagar, and are not opponents to Christianity; but only to the faults or
+follies of Christians. They keep still their faith in the one God who
+spoke to Abraham their father; and are His children in that simplicity,
+far more truly than the nominal Christians who lived, and live, only to
+dispute in vociferous council, or in frantic schism, the relations of
+the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
+
+[Footnote 27: Gibbon's fifty-sixth chapter begins with a sentence which
+may be taken as the epitome of the entire history we have to
+investigate: "The three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the
+Saracens, and the Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of
+Italy." I use the more general word, Goths, instead of Franks; and the
+more accurate word, Arab, for Saracen; but otherwise, the reader will
+observe that the division is the same as mine. Gibbon does not
+recognize the Roman people as a nation--but only the Roman power as an
+empire.]
+
+20. Trusting my reader then in future to retain in his mind without
+confusion the idea of the three zones, Gothic, Classic, and Arab, each
+divided into four countries, clearly recognizable through all ages of
+remote or recent history;--I must farther, at once, simplify for him the
+idea of the Roman _Empire_ (see note to last paragraph,) in the manner
+of its affecting them. Its nominal extent, temporary conquests, civil
+dissensions, or internal vices, are scarcely of any historical moment at
+all; the real Empire is effectual only as an exponent of just law,
+military order, and mechanical art, to untrained races, and as a
+translation of Greek thought into less diffused and more tenable scheme
+for them. The Classic zone, from the beginning to the end of its visible
+authority, is composed of these two elements--Greek imagination, with
+Roman order: and the divisions or dislocations of the third and fourth
+century are merely the natural apparitions of their differences, when
+the political system which concealed them was tested by Christianity. It
+seems almost wholly lost sight of by ordinary historians, that, in the
+wars of the last Romans with the Goths, the great Gothic captains were
+all Christians; and that the vigorous and naive form which the dawning
+faith took in their minds is a more important subject of investigation,
+by far, than the inevitable wars which followed the retirement of
+Diocletian, or the confused schisms and crimes of the lascivious court
+of Constantine. I am compelled, however, to notice the terms in which
+the last arbitrary dissolutions of the empire took place, that they may
+illustrate, instead of confusing, the arrangement of the nations which I
+would fasten in your memory.
+
+21. In the middle of the fourth century you have, politically, what
+Gibbon calls "the final division of the _Eastern_ and _Western
+Empires_." This really means only that the Emperor Valentinian,
+yielding, though not without hesitation, to the feeling now confirmed in
+the legions that the Empire was too vast to be held by a single person,
+takes his brother for his colleague, and divides, not, truly speaking,
+their authority, but their attention, between the east and the west. To
+his brother Valens he assigns the extremely vague "Praefecture of the
+East, from the lower Danube to the confines of Persia," while for his
+own immediate government he reserves the "warlike praefectures of
+Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul, from the extremity of Greece to the
+Caledonian rampart, and from the rampart of Caledonia to the foot of
+Mount Atlas." That is to say, in less poetical cadence, (Gibbon had
+better have put his history into hexameters at once,) Valentinian kept
+under his own watch the whole of Roman Europe and Africa, and left Lydia
+and Caucasus to his brother. Lydia and Caucasus never did, and never
+could, form an Eastern Empire,--they were merely outside dependencies,
+useful for taxation in peace, dangerous by their multitudes in war.
+There never was, from the seventh century before Christ to the seventh
+after Christ, but _one_ Roman Empire, which meant, the power over
+humanity of such men as Cincinnatus and Agricola; it expires as the race
+and temper of these expire; the nominal extent of it, or brilliancy at
+any moment, is no more than the reflection, farther or nearer upon the
+clouds, of the flames of an altar whose fuel was of noble souls. There
+is no true date for its division; there is none for its destruction.
+Whether Dacian Probus or Noric Odoacer be on the throne of it, the force
+of its living principle alone is to be watched--remaining, in arts, in
+laws, and in habits of thought, dominant still in Europe down to the
+twelfth century;--in language and example, dominant over all educated
+men to this hour.
+
+22. But in the nominal division of it by Valentinian, let us note
+Gibbon's definition (I assume it to be his, not the Emperor's) of
+European Roman Empire into Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul. I have already
+said you must hold everything south of the Danube for Greek. The two
+chief districts immediately south of the stream are upper and lower
+Moesia, consisting of the slope of the Thracian mountains northward
+to the river, with the plains between it and them. This district you
+must notice for its importance in forming the Moeso-Gothic alphabet,
+in which "the Greek is by far the principal element",[28] giving
+sixteen letters out of the twenty-four. The Gothic invasion under the
+reign of Valens is the first that establishes a Teutonic nation within
+the frontier of the empire; but they only thereby bring themselves
+more directly under its spiritual power. Their bishop, Ulphilas,
+adopts this Moesian alphabet, two-thirds Greek, for his translation
+of the Bible, and it is universally disseminated and perpetuated by
+that translation, until the extinction or absorption of the Gothic
+race.
+
+[Footnote 28: Milman, 'Hist., of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 36.]
+
+23. South of the Thracian mountains you have Thrace herself, and the
+countries confusedly called Dalmatia and Illyria, forming the coast of
+the Adriatic, and reaching inwards and eastwards to the mountain
+watershed. I have never been able to form a clear notion myself of the
+real character of the people of these districts, in any given period;
+but they are all to be massed together as northern Greek, having more
+or less of Greek blood and dialect according to their nearness to
+Greece proper; though neither sharing in her philosophy, nor
+submitting to her discipline. But it is of course far more accurate,
+in broad terms, to speak of these Illyrian, Moesian, and Macedonian
+districts as all Greek, than with Gibbon or Valentinian to speak of
+Greece and Macedonia as all Illyrian.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: I find the same generalization expressed to the modern
+student under the term 'Balkan Peninsula,' extinguishing every ray and
+trace of past history at once.]
+
+24. In the same imperial or poetical generalization, we find England
+massed with France under the term Gaul, and bounded by the "Caledonian
+rampart." Whereas in our own division, Caledonia, Hibernia, and Wales,
+are from the first considered as essential parts of Britain,[30] and
+the link with the continent is to be conceived as formed by the
+settlement of Britons in Brittany, and not at all by Roman authority
+beyond the Humber.
+
+[Footnote 30: Gibbon's more deliberate statement its clear enough.
+"From the coast or the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory
+of Celtic origin was distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance
+of languages, religion, and manners, and the peculiar character of the
+British tribes might be naturally ascribed to the influence of
+accidental and local circumstances." The Lowland Scots, "wheat eaters"
+or Wanderers, and the Irish, are very positively identified by Gibbon
+at the time our own history begins. "It is _certain_" (italics his,
+not mine) "that in the declining age of the Roman Empire, Caledonia,
+Ireland, and the Isle of Man, were inhabited by the Scots."--Chap. 25,
+vol. iv., p. 279.
+
+The higher civilization and feebler courage of the Lowland _English_
+rendered them either the victims of Scotland, or the grateful subjects
+of Rome. The mountaineers, Pict among the Grampians, or of their own
+colour in Cornwall and Wales, have never been either instructed or
+subdued, and remain to this day the artless and fearless strength of
+the British race.]
+
+25. Thus, then, once more reviewing our order of countries, and noting
+only that the British Islands, though for the most part thrown by
+measured degree much north of the rest of the north zone, are brought
+by the influence of the Gulf stream into the same climate;--you have,
+at the time when our history of Christianity begins, the Gothic zone
+yet unconverted, and having not yet even heard of the new faith. You
+have the Classic zone variously and increasingly conscious of it,
+disputing with it, striving to extinguish it--and your Arab zone, the
+ground and sustenance of it, encompassing the Holy Land with the
+warmth of its own wings, and cherishing there--embers of phoenix
+fire over all the earth,--the hope of Resurrection.
+
+26. What would have been the course, or issue, of Christianity, had it
+been orally preached only, and unsupported by its poetical literature,
+might be the subject of deeply instructive speculation--if a
+historian's duty were to reflect instead of record. The power of the
+Christian faith was however, in the fact of it, always founded on the
+written prophecies and histories of the Bible; and on the
+interpretations of their meaning, given by the example, far more than
+by the precept, of the great monastic orders. The poetry and history
+of the Syrian Testaments were put within their reach by St. Jerome,
+while the virtue and efficiency of monastic life are all expressed,
+and for the most part summed, in the rule of St. Benedict. To
+understand the relation of the work of these two men to the general
+order of the Church, is quite the first requirement for its farther
+intelligible history.
+
+Gibbon's thirty-seventh chapter professes to give an account of the
+'Institution of the Monastic Life' in the third century. But the
+monastic life had been instituted somewhat earlier, and by many
+prophets and kings. By Jacob, when he laid the stone for his pillow;
+by Moses, when he drew aside to see the burning bush; by David, before
+he had left "those few sheep in the wilderness"; and by the prophet
+who "was in the deserts till the time of his showing unto Israel." Its
+primary "institution," for Europe, was Numa's, in that of the Vestal
+Virgins, and College of Augurs; founded on the originally Etrurian and
+derived Roman conception of pure life dedicate to the service of God,
+and practical wisdom dependent on His guidance.[31]
+
+[Footnote 31: I should myself mark as the fatallest instant in the
+decline of the Roman Empire, Julian's rejection of the counsel of the
+Augurs. "For the last time, the Etruscan Haruspices accompanied a
+Roman Emperor, but by a singular fatality their adverse interpretation
+by the signs of heaven was disdained, and Julian followed the advice
+of the philosophers, who coloured their predictions with the bright
+hues of the Emperor's ambition." (Milman, Hist. of Christianity, chap.
+vi.)]
+
+The form which the monastic spirit took in later times depended far more
+on the corruption of the common world, from which it was forced to
+recoil either in indignation or terror, than on any change brought
+about by Christianity in the ideal of human virtue and happiness.
+
+27. "Egypt" (Mr. Gibbon thus begins to account for the new
+Institution!), "the fruitful parent of superstition, afforded the
+first example of monastic life." Egypt had her superstitions, like
+other countries; but was so little the _parent_ of superstition that
+perhaps no faith among the imaginative races of the world has been so
+feebly missionary as hers. She never prevailed on even the nearest of
+her neighbours to worship cats or cobras with her; and I am alone, to
+my belief, among recent scholars, in maintaining Herodotus' statement
+of her influence on the archaic theology of Greece. But that
+influence, if any, was formative and delineative: not ritual: so that
+in no case, and in no country, was Egypt the parent of Superstition:
+while she was beyond all dispute, for all people and to all time, the
+parent of Geometry, Astronomy, Architecture, and Chivalry. She was, in
+its material and technic elements, the mistress of Literature, showing
+authors who before could only scratch on wax and wood, how to weave
+paper and engrave porphyry. She was the first exponent of the law of
+Judgment after Death for Sin. She was the Tutress of Moses; and the
+Hostess of Christ.
+
+28. It is both probable and natural that, in such a country, the
+disciples of any new spiritual doctrine should bring it to closer
+trial than was possible among the illiterate warriors, or in the
+storm-vexed solitudes of the North; yet it is a thoughtless error to
+deduce the subsequent power of cloistered fraternity from the lonely
+passions of Egyptian monachism. The anchorites of the first three
+centuries vanish like feverish spectres, when the rational, merciful,
+and laborious laws of Christian societies are established; and the
+clearly recognizable rewards of heavenly solitude are granted to those
+only who seek the Desert for its redemption.
+
+29. 'The clearly _recognizable_ rewards,' I repeat, and with cautious
+emphasis. No man has any data for estimating, far less right of judging,
+the results of a life of resolute self-denial, until he has had the
+courage to try it himself, at least for a time: but I believe no
+reasonable person will wish, and no honest person dare, to deny the
+benefits he has occasionally felt both in mind and body, during periods
+of accidental privation from luxury, or exposure to danger. The extreme
+vanity of the modern Englishman in making a momentary Stylites of
+himself on the top of a Horn or an Aiguille, and his occasional
+confession of a charm in the solitude of the rocks, of which he modifies
+nevertheless the poignancy with his pocket newspaper, and from the
+prolongation of which he thankfully escapes to the nearest table-d'hote,
+ought to make us less scornful of the pride, and more intelligent of the
+passion, in which the mountain anchorites of Arabia and Palestine
+condemned themselves to lives of seclusion and suffering, which were
+comforted only by supernatural vision, or celestial hope. That phases of
+mental disease are the necessary consequence of exaggerated and
+independent emotion of any kind must, of course, be remembered in
+reading the legends of the wilderness; but neither physicians nor
+moralists have yet attempted to distinguish the morbid states of
+intellect[32] which are extremities of noble passion, from those which
+are the punishments of ambition, avarice, or lasciviousness.
+
+[Footnote 32: Gibbon's hypothetical conclusion respecting the effects
+of self-mortification, and his following historical statement, must be
+noted as in themselves containing the entire views of the modern
+philosophies and policies which have since changed the monasteries of
+Italy into barracks, and the churches of France into magazines. "This
+voluntary martyrdom _must_ have gradually destroyed the sensibility,
+both of mind and body; nor _can it be presumed_ that the fanatics who
+torment themselves, are capable of any lively affection for the rest
+of mankind. _A cruel unfeeling temper has characterized the monks of
+every age and country._"
+
+How much of penetration, or judgment, this sentence exhibits, I hope
+will become manifest to the reader as I unfold before him the actual
+history of his faith; but being, I suppose, myself one of the last
+surviving witnesses of the character of recluse life as it still
+existed in the beginning of this century, I can point to the
+portraiture of it given by Scott in the introduction to 'The
+Monastery' as one perfect and trustworthy, to the letter and to the
+spirit; and for myself can say, that the most gentle, refined, and in
+the deepest sense amiable, phases of character I have ever known, have
+been either those of monks, or of servants trained in the Catholic
+Faith.]
+
+30. Setting all questions of this nature aside for the moment, my
+younger readers need only hold the broad fact that during the whole of
+the fourth century, multitudes of self-devoted men led lives of
+extreme misery and poverty in the effort to obtain some closer
+knowledge of the Being and Will of God. We know, in any available
+clearness, neither what they suffered, nor what they learned. We
+cannot estimate the solemnizing or reproving power of their examples
+on the less zealous Christian world; and only God knows how far their
+prayers for it were heard, or their persons accepted. This only we may
+observe with reverence, that among all their numbers, none seemed to
+have repented their chosen manner of existence; none perish by
+melancholy or suicide; their self-adjudged sufferings are never
+inflicted in the hope of shortening the lives they embitter or purify;
+and the hours of dream or meditation, on mountain or in cave, appear
+seldom to have dragged so heavily as those which, without either
+vision or reflection, we pass ourselves, on the embankment and in the
+tunnel.
+
+31. But whatever may be alleged, after ultimate and honest scrutiny,
+of the follies or virtues of anchorite life, we are unjust to Jerome
+if we think of him as its introducer into the West of Europe. He
+passed through it himself as a phase of spiritual discipline; but he
+represents, in his total nature and final work, not the vexed
+inactivity of the Eremite, but the eager industry of a benevolent
+tutor and pastor. His heart is in continual fervour of admiration or
+of hope--remaining to the last as impetuous as a child's, but as
+affectionate; and the discrepancies of Protestant objection by which
+his character has been confused, or concealed, may be gathered into
+some dim picture of his real self when once we comprehend the
+simplicity of his faith, and sympathise a little with the eager
+charity which can so easily be wounded into indignation, and is never
+repressed by policy.
+
+32. The slight trust which can be placed in modern readings of him, as
+they now stand, may be at once proved by comparing the two passages in
+which Milman has variously guessed at the leading principles of his
+political conduct. "Jerome began (!) and ended his career as a monk of
+Palestine; he attained, _he aspired to_, no dignity in the Church.
+Though ordained a presbyter against his will, he escaped the episcopal
+dignity which was forced upon his distinguished contemporaries."
+('History of Christianity,' Book III.)
+
+"Jerome cherished the secret hope, if it was not the avowed object of
+his ambition, to succeed Damasus as Bishop of Rome. Is the rejection
+of an aspirant so singularly unfit for the station, from his violent
+passions, his insolent treatment of his adversaries, his utter want of
+self-command, his almost unrivalled faculty of awakening hatred, to be
+attributed to the sagacious and intuitive wisdom of Rome?" ('History
+of Latin Christianity,' Book I., chap. ii.)
+
+33. You may observe, as an almost unexceptional character in the
+"sagacious wisdom" of the Protestant clerical mind, that it
+instinctively assumes the desire of power and place not only to be
+universal in Priesthood, but to be always _purely selfish_ in the ground
+of it. The idea that power might possibly be desired for the sake of its
+benevolent use, so far as I remember, does not once occur in the pages
+of any ecclesiastical historian of recent date. In our own reading of
+past ages we will, with the reader's permission, very calmly put out of
+court all accounts of "hopes cherished in secret"; and pay very small
+attention to the reasons for mediaeval conduct which appear logical to
+the rationalist, and probable to the politician.[33] We concern
+ourselves only with what these singular and fantastic Christians of the
+past really said, and assuredly did.
+
+[Footnote 33: The habit of assuming, for the conduct of men of sense
+and feeling, motives intelligible to the foolish, and probable to the
+base, gains upon every vulgar historian, partly in the ease of it,
+partly in the pride; and it is horrible to contemplate the quantity of
+false witness against their neighbours which commonplace writers
+commit, in the mere rounding and enforcing of their shallow sentences.
+"Jerome admits, indeed, with _specious but doubtful humility_, the
+inferiority of the unordained monk to the ordained priest," says Dean
+Milman in his eleventh chapter, following up his gratuitous doubt of
+Jerome's humility with no less gratuitous asseveration of the ambition
+of his opponents. "The clergy, _no doubt_, had the sagacity to foresee
+the _dangerous_ rival as to influence and authority, which was rising
+up in Christian society."]
+
+34. Jerome's life by no means "began as a monk of Palestine." Dean
+Milman has not explained to us how any man's could; but Jerome's
+childhood, at any rate, was extremely other than recluse, or
+precociously religious. He was born of rich parents living on their
+own estate, the name of his native town in North Illyria, Stridon,
+perhaps now softened into Strigi, near Aquileia. In Venetian climate,
+at all events, and in sight of Alps and sea. He had a brother and
+sister, a kind grandfather, and a disagreeable private tutor, and was
+a youth still studying grammar at Julian's death in 363.
+
+35. A youth of eighteen, and well begun in all institutes of the
+classic schools; but, so far from being a monk, not yet a
+Christian;--nor at all disposed towards the severer offices even of
+Roman life! or contemplating with aversion the splendours, either
+worldly or sacred, which shone on him in the college days spent in its
+Capital city.
+
+For the "power and majesty of Paganism were still concentrated at Rome;
+the deities of the ancient faith found their last refuge in the capital
+of the empire. To the stranger, Rome still offered the appearance of a
+Pagan city. It contained one hundred and fifty-two temples, and one
+hundred and eighty smaller chapels or shrines, still sacred to their
+tutelary God, and used for public worship. Christianity had neither
+ventured to usurp those few buildings which might be converted to her
+use, still less had she the power to destroy them. The religious
+edifices were under the protection of the praefect of the city, and the
+praefect was usually a Pagan; at all events he would not permit any
+breach of the public peace, or violation of public property. Above all
+still towered the Capitol, in its unassailed and awful majesty, with its
+fifty temples or shrines, bearing the most sacred names in the religious
+and civil annals of Rome, those of Jove, of Mars, of Janus, of Romulus,
+of Caesar, of Victory. Some years after the accession of Theodosius to
+the Eastern Empire, the sacrifices were still performed as national
+rites at the public cost,--_the pontiffs made their offerings in the
+name of the whole human race_. The Pagan orator ventures to assert that
+the Emperor dared not to endanger the safety of the empire by their
+abolition. The Emperor still bore the title and insignia of the Supreme
+Pontiff; the Consuls, before they entered upon their functions, ascended
+the Capitol; the religious processions passed along the crowded streets,
+and the people thronged to the festivals and theatres which still formed
+part of the Pagan worship."[34]
+
+[Footnote 34: Milman, 'History of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 162. Note
+the sentence in italics, for it relates the true origin of the
+Papacy.]
+
+36. Here, Jerome must have heard of what by all the Christian sects
+was held the judgment of God, between them and their chief enemy--the
+death of the Emperor Julian. But I have no means of tracing, and will
+not conjecture, the course of his own thoughts, until the tenor of all
+his life was changed at his baptism. The candour which lies at the
+basis of his character has given us one sentence of his own,
+respecting that change, which is worth some volumes of ordinary
+confessions. "I left, not only parents and kindred, but _the
+accustomed luxuries of delicate life_." The words throw full light on
+what, to our less courageous temper, seems the exaggerated reading by
+the early converts of Christ's words to them--"He that loveth father
+or mother more than me, is not worthy of me." We are content to leave,
+for much lower interests, either father or mother, and do not see the
+necessity of any farther sacrifice: we should know more of ourselves
+and of Christianity if we oftener sustained what St. Jerome found the
+more searching trial. I find scattered indications of contempt among
+his biographers, because he could not resign one indulgence--that of
+scholarship; and the usual sneers at monkish ignorance and indolence
+are in his case transferred to the weakness of a pilgrim who carried
+his library in his wallet. It is a singular question (putting, as it
+is the modern fashion to do, the idea of Providence wholly aside),
+whether, but for the literary enthusiasm, which was partly a weakness,
+of this old man's character, the Bible would ever have become the
+library of Europe.
+
+37. For that, observe, is the real meaning, in its first power, of the
+word _Bible_. Not book, merely; but 'Bibliotheca,' Treasury of Books:
+and it is, I repeat, a singular question, how far, if Jerome, at the
+very moment when Rome, his tutress, ceased from her material power,
+had not made her language the oracle of Hebrew prophecy, a literature
+of their own, and a religion unshadowed by the terrors of the Mosaic
+law, might have developed itself in the hearts of the Goth, the Frank,
+and the Saxon, under Theodoric, Clovis, and Alfred.
+
+38. Fate had otherwise determined, and Jerome was so passive an
+instrument in her hands that he began the study of Hebrew as a
+discipline only, and without any conception of the task he was to
+fulfil, still less of the scope of its fulfilment. I could joyfully
+believe that the words of Christ, "If they hear not Moses and the
+Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the
+dead," had haunted the spirit of the recluse, until he resolved that
+the voices of immortal appeal should be made audible to the Churches
+of all the earth. But so far as we have evidence, there was no such
+will or hope to exalt the quiet instincts of his natural industry; and
+partly as a scholar's exercise, partly as an old man's recreation, the
+severity of the Latin language was softened, like Venetian crystal, by
+the variable fire of Hebrew thought, and the "Book of Books" took the
+abiding form of which all the future art of the Western nations was to
+be an hourly expanding interpretation.
+
+39. And in this matter you have to note that the gist of it lies, not in
+the translation of the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures into an easier and a
+common language, but in their presentation to the Church as of common
+authority. The earlier Gentile Christians had naturally a tendency to
+carry out in various oral exaggeration or corruption, the teaching of
+the Apostle of the Gentiles, until their freedom from the bondage of the
+Jewish law passed into doubt of its inspiration; and, after the fall of
+Jerusalem, even into horror-stricken interdiction of its observance. So
+that, only a few years after the remnant of exiled Jews in Pella had
+elected the Gentile Marcus for their Bishop, and obtained leave to
+return to the AElia Capitolina built by Hadrian on Mount Zion, "it became
+a matter of doubt and controversy whether a man who sincerely
+acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah, but who still continued to observe
+the law of Moses, could possibly hope for salvation!"[35] While, on the
+other hand, the most learned and the most wealthy of the Christian name,
+under the generally recognised title of "knowing" (Gnostic), had more
+insidiously effaced the authority of the Evangelists by dividing
+themselves, during the course of the third century, "into more than
+fifty numerably distinct sects, and producing a multitude of histories,
+in which the actions and discourses of Christ and His Apostles were
+adapted to their several tenets."[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: Gibbon, chap. xv. (II. 277).]
+
+[Footnote 36: Ibid., II. 283. His expression "the most learned and most
+wealthy" should be remembered in confirmation of the evermore
+recurring fact of Christianity, that minds modest in attainment, and
+lives careless of gain, are fittest for the reception of every
+constant,--_i.e._ not local or accidental,--Christian principle.]
+
+40. It would be a task of great, and in nowise profitable difficulty
+to determine in what measure the consent of the general Church, and in
+what measure the act and authority of Jerome, contributed to fix in
+their ever since undisturbed harmony and majesty, the canons of Mosaic
+and Apostolic Scripture. All that the young reader need know is, that
+when Jerome died at Bethlehem, this great deed was virtually
+accomplished: and the series of historic and didactic books which form
+our present Bible, (including the Apocrypha) were established in and
+above the nascent thought of the noblest races of men living on the
+terrestrial globe, as a direct message to them from its Maker,
+containing whatever it was necessary for them to learn of His purposes
+towards them, and commanding, or advising, with divine authority and
+infallible wisdom, all that was best for them to do, and happiest to
+desire.
+
+41. And it is only for those who have obeyed the law sincerely,
+to say how far the hope held out to them by the law-giver has been
+fulfilled. The worst "children of disobedience" are those who accept,
+of the Word, what they like, and refuse what they hate: nor is this
+perversity in them always conscious, for the greater part of the sins
+of the Church have been brought on it by enthusiasm which, in
+passionate contemplation and advocacy of parts of the Scripture easily
+grasped, neglected the study, and at last betrayed the balance, of the
+rest. What forms and methods of self-will are concerned in the
+wresting of the Scriptures to a man's destruction, is for the keepers
+of consciences to examine, not for us. The history we have to learn
+must be wholly cleared of such debate, and the influence of the Bible
+watched exclusively on the persons who receive the Word with joy, and
+obey it in truth.
+
+42. There has, however, been always a farther difficulty in examining
+the power of the Bible, than that of distinguishing honest from
+dishonest readers. The hold of Christianity on the souls of men must
+be examined, when we come to close dealing with it, under these three
+several heads: there is first, the power of the Cross itself, and of
+the theory of salvation, upon the heart,--then, the operation of the
+Jewish and Greek Scriptures on the intellect,--then, the influence on
+morals of the teaching and example of the living hierarchy. And in the
+comparison of men as they are and as they might have been, there are
+these three questions to be separately kept in mind,--first, what
+would have been the temper of Europe without the charity and labour
+meant by 'bearing the cross'; then, secondly, what would the intellect
+of Europe have become without Biblical literature; and lastly, what
+would the social order of Europe have become without its hierarchy.
+
+43. You see I have connected the words 'charity' and 'labour' under
+the general term of 'bearing the cross.' "If any man will come after
+me, let him deny himself, (for charity) and take up his cross (of
+pain) and follow me."
+
+The idea has been _exactly_ reversed by modern Protestantism, which
+sees, in the cross, not a furca to which it is to be nailed;
+but a raft on which it, and all its valuable properties,[37] are to be
+floated into Paradise.
+
+[Footnote 37: Quite one of the most curious colours of modern
+Evangelical thought is its pleasing connection of Gospel truth with
+the extension of lucrative commerce! See farther the note at p. 83.]
+
+44. Only, therefore, in days when the Cross was received with courage,
+the Scripture searched with honesty, and the Pastor heard in faith,
+can the pure word of God, and the bright sword of the Spirit, be
+recognised in the heart and hand of Christianity. The effect of
+Biblical poetry and legend on its intellect, must be traced farther,
+through decadent ages, and in unfenced fields;--producing 'Paradise
+Lost' for us, no less than the 'Divina Commedia';--Goethe's 'Faust,'
+and Byron's 'Cain,' no less than the 'Imitatio Christi.'
+
+45. Much more, must the scholar, who would comprehend in any degree
+approaching to completeness, the influence of the Bible on mankind, be
+able to read the interpretations of it which rose into the great arts of
+Europe at their culmination. In every province of Christendom, according
+to the degree of art-power it possessed, a series of illustrations of
+the Bible were produced as time went on; beginning with vignetted
+illustrations of manuscript, advancing into life-size sculpture, and
+concluding in perfect power of realistic painting. These teachings and
+preachings of the Church, by means of art, are not only a most important
+part of the general Apostolic Acts of Christianity; but their study is a
+necessary part of Biblical scholarship, so that no man can in any large
+sense understand the Bible itself until he has learned also to read
+these national commentaries upon it, and been made aware of their
+collective weight. The Protestant reader, who most imagines himself
+independent in his thought, and private in his study, of Scripture, is
+nevertheless usually at the mercy of the nearest preacher who has a
+pleasant voice and ingenious fancy; receiving from him thankfully, and
+often reverently, whatever interpretation of texts the agreeable voice
+or ready wit may recommend: while, in the meantime, he remains entirely
+ignorant of, and if left to his own will, invariably destroys as
+injurious, the deeply meditated interpretations of Scripture which, in
+their matter, have been sanctioned by the consent of all the Christian
+Church for a thousand years; and in their treatment, have been exalted
+by the trained skill and inspired imagination of the noblest souls ever
+enclosed in mortal clay.
+
+46. There are few of the fathers of the Christian Church whose
+commentaries on the Bible, or personal theories of its gospel, have
+not been, to the constant exultation of the enemies of the Church,
+fretted and disgraced by angers of controversy, or weakened and
+distracted by irreconcilable heresy. On the contrary, the scriptural
+teaching, through their art, of such men as Orcagna, Giotto, Angelico,
+Luca della Robbia, and Luini, is, literally, free from all earthly
+taint of momentary passion; its patience, meekness, and quietness are
+incapable of error through either fear or anger; they are able,
+without offence, to say all that they wish; they are bound by
+tradition into a brotherhood which represents unperverted doctrines by
+unchanging scenes; and they are compelled by the nature of their work
+to a deliberation and order of method which result in the purest state
+and frankest use of all intellectual power.
+
+47. I may at once, and without need of returning to this question,
+illustrate the difference in dignity and safety between the mental
+actions of literature and art, by referring to a passage, otherwise
+beautifully illustrative of St. Jerome's sweetness and simplicity of
+character, though quoted, in the place where we find it, with no such
+favouring intention,--namely, in the pretty letter of Queen Sophie
+Charlotte, (father's mother of Frederick the Great,) to the Jesuit
+Vota, given in part by Carlyle in his first volume, ch. iv.
+
+"'How can St. Jerome, for example, be a key to Scripture?' she
+insinuates; citing from Jerome this remarkable avowal of his method of
+composing books;--especially of his method in that book, _Commentary on
+the Galatians_, where he accuses both Peter and Paul of simulation, and
+even of hypocrisy. The great St. Augustine has been charging him with
+this sad fact, (says her Majesty, who gives chapter and verse,) and
+Jerome answers, 'I followed the commentaries of Origen, of'--five or
+six different persons, who turned out mostly to be heretics before
+Jerome had quite done with them, in coming years, 'And to confess the
+honest truth to you,' continues Jerome, 'I read all that, and after
+having crammed my head with a great many things, I sent for my
+amanuensis, and dictated to him, now my own thoughts, now those of
+others, without much recollecting the order, nor sometimes the words,
+nor even the sense'! In another place, (in the book itself further
+on[38]) he says, 'I do not myself write; I have an amanuensis, and I
+dictate to him what comes into my mouth. If I wish to reflect a little,
+or to say the thing better, or a better thing, he knits his brows, and
+the whole look of him tells me sufficiently that he cannot endure to
+wait.' Here is a sacred old gentleman whom it is not safe to depend upon
+for interpreting the Scriptures,--thinks her Majesty, but does not say
+so,--leaving Father Vota to his reflections." Alas, no, Queen Sophie,
+neither old St. Jerome's, nor any other human lips nor mind, may be
+depended upon in that function; but only the Eternal Sophia, the Power
+of God and the Wisdom of God: yet this you may see of your old
+interpreter, that he is wholly open, innocent, and true, and that,
+through such a person, whether forgetful of his author, or hurried by
+his scribe, it is more than probable you may hear what Heaven knows to
+be best for you; and extremely improbable you should take the least
+harm,--while by a careful and cunning master in the literary art,
+reticent of his doubts, and dexterous in his sayings, any number of
+prejudices or errors might be proposed to you acceptably, or even
+fastened in you fatally, though all the while you were not the least
+required to confide in his inspiration.
+
+[Footnote 38: 'Commentary on the Galatians,' Chap. iii.]
+
+48. For indeed, the only confidence, and the only safety which in such
+matters we can either hold or hope, are in our own desire to be rightly
+guided, and willingness to follow in simplicity the guidance granted.
+But all our conceptions and reasonings on the subject of inspiration
+have been disordered by our habit, first of distinguishing falsely--or
+at least needlessly--between inspiration of words and of acts; and
+secondly by our attribution of inspired strength or wisdom to some
+persons or some writers only, instead of to the whole body of believers,
+in so far as they are partakers of the Grace of Christ, the Love of God,
+and the Fellowship of the Holy Ghost. In the degree in which every
+Christian receives, or refuses, the several gifts expressed by that
+general benediction, he enters or is cast out from the inheritance of
+the saints,--in the exact degree in which he denies the Christ, angers
+the Father, and grieves the Holy Spirit, he becomes uninspired or
+unholy,--and in the measure in which he trusts Christ, obeys the Father,
+and consents with the Spirit, he becomes inspired in feeling, act, word,
+and reception of word, according to the capacities of his nature. He is
+not gifted with higher ability, nor called into new offices, but enabled
+to use his granted natural powers, in their appointed place, to the best
+purpose. A child is inspired as a child, and a maiden as a maiden; the
+weak, even in their weakness, and the wise, only in their hour.
+
+That is the simply determinable _theory_ of the inspiration of all
+true members of the Church; its truth can only be known by proving it
+in trial: but I believe there is no record of any man's having tried
+and declared it vain.[39]
+
+[Footnote 39: Compare the closing paragraph in p. 45 of 'The Shrine of
+the Slaves.' Strangely, as I revise _this_ page for press, a slip is
+sent me from 'The Christian' newspaper, in which the comment of the
+orthodox evangelical editor may be hereafter representative to us of
+the heresy of his sect; in its last audacity, actually _opposing_ the
+power of the Spirit to the work of Christ. (I only wish I had been at
+Matlock, and heard the kind physician's sermon.)
+
+"An interesting and somewhat unusual sight was seen in Derbyshire on
+Saturday last--two old fashioned Friends, dressed in the original garb
+of the Quakers, preaching on the roadside to a large and attentive
+audience in Matlock. One of them, who is a doctor in good practice in
+the county, by name Dr. Charles A. Fox, made a powerful and effective
+appeal to his audience to see to it that each one was living in
+obedience to the light of the Holy Spirit within. Christ _within_ was
+the hope of glory, and it was as He was followed in the ministry of
+the Spirit that we were saved by Him, who became thus to each the
+author and finisher of faith. He cautioned his hearers against
+building their house on the sand by believing in the free and easy
+Gospel so commonly preached to the wayside hearers, as if we were
+saved by 'believing' this or that. Nothing short of the work of the
+Holy Ghost in the soul of each one could save us, and to preach
+anything short of this was simply to delude the simple and unwary in
+the most terrible form.
+
+"[It would be unfair to criticise an address from so brief an
+abstract, but we must express our conviction that the obedience of
+Christ unto death, the death of the Cross, _rather_ than the work of
+the Spirit in us, is the good tidings for sinful men.--Ed.]"
+
+In juxtaposition with this editorial piece of modern British press
+theology, I will simply place the 4th, 6th, and 13th verses of Romans
+viii., italicising the expressions which are of deepest import, and
+always neglected. "That the _righteousness of the_ LAW might be
+fulfilled _in us_, who walk not after the flesh, but after the
+Spirit.... For to be carnally _minded_, is death, but to be
+spiritually _minded_, is life, and peace.... For if ye live after the
+flesh, ye shall die; but if _ye through the Spirit_ do mortify the
+_deeds_ of the body, ye shall live."
+
+It would be well for Christendom if the Baptismal service explained
+what it professes to abjure.]
+
+49. Beyond this theory of general inspiration, there is that of
+special call and command, with actual dictation of the deeds to be
+done or words to be said. I will enter at present into no examination
+of the evidences of such separating influence; it is not claimed by
+the Fathers of the Church, either for themselves, or even for the
+entire body of the Sacred writers, but only ascribed to certain
+passages dictated at certain times for special needs: and there is no
+possibility of attaching the idea of infallible truth to any form of
+human language in which even these exceptional passages have been
+delivered to us. But this is demonstrably true of the entire volume of
+them as we have it, and read,--each of us as it may be rendered in his
+native tongue; that, however mingled with mystery which we are not
+required to unravel, or difficulties which we should be insolent in
+desiring to solve, it contains plain teaching for men of every rank of
+soul and state of life, which so far as they honestly and implicitly
+obey, they will be happy and innocent to the utmost powers of their
+nature, and capable of victory over all adversities, whether of
+temptation or pain.
+
+50. Indeed, the Psalter alone, which practically was the service book of
+the Church for many ages, contains merely in the first half of it the
+sum of personal and social wisdom. The 1st, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th,
+19th, 23rd, and 24th psalms, well learned and believed, are enough for
+all personal guidance; the 48th, 72nd, and 75th, have in them the law
+and the prophecy of all righteous government; and every real triumph of
+natural science is anticipated in the 104th.
+
+51. For the contents of the entire volume, consider what other group
+of historic and didactic literature has a range comparable with it.
+There are--
+
+I. The stories of the Fall and of the Flood, the grandest human
+traditions founded on a true horror of sin.
+
+II. The story of the Patriarchs, of which the effective truth is
+visible to this day in the polity of the Jewish and Arab races.
+
+III. The story of Moses, with the results of that tradition in the
+moral law of all the civilized world.
+
+IV. The story of the Kings--virtually that of all Kinghood, in David,
+and of all Philosophy, in Solomon: culminating in the Psalms and
+Proverbs, with the still more close and practical wisdom of
+Ecclesiasticus and the Son of Sirach.
+
+V. The story of the Prophets--virtually that of the deepest mystery,
+tragedy, and permanent fate, of national existence.
+
+VI. The story of Christ.
+
+VII. The moral law of St. John, and his closing Apocalypse of its
+fulfilment.
+
+Think, if you can match that table of contents in any other--I do not
+say 'book' but 'literature.' Think, so far as it is possible for any
+of us--either adversary or defender of the faith--to extricate his
+intelligence from the habit and the association of moral sentiment
+based upon the Bible, what literature could have taken its place, or
+fulfilled its function, though every library in the world had remained
+unravaged, and every teacher's truest words had been written down?
+
+52. I am no despiser of profane literature. So far from it that I
+believe no interpretations of Greek religion have ever been so
+affectionate, none of Roman religion so reverent, as those which will be
+found at the base of my art teaching, and current through the entire
+body of my works. But it was from the Bible that I learned the symbols
+of Homer, and the faith of Horace; the duty enforced upon me in early
+youth of reading every word of the gospels and prophecies as if written
+by the hand of God, gave me the habit of awed attention which afterwards
+made many passages of the profane writers, frivolous to an irreligious
+reader, deeply grave to me. How far my mind has been paralysed by the
+faults and sorrow of life,--how far short its knowledge may be of what I
+might have known, had I more faithfully walked in the light I had, is
+beyond my conjecture or confession: but as I never wrote for my own
+pleasure or self-proclaiming, I have been guarded, as men who so write
+always will be, from errors dangerous to others; and the fragmentary
+expressions of feeling or statements of doctrine, which from time to
+time I have been able to give, will be found now by an attentive reader
+to bind themselves together into a general system of interpretation of
+Sacred literature,--both classic and Christian, which will enable him
+without injustice to sympathize in the faiths of candid and generous
+souls, of every age and every clime.
+
+53. That there _is_ a Sacred classic literature, running parallel with
+that of the Hebrews, and coalescing in the symbolic legends of
+mediaeval Christendom, is shown in the most tender and impressive way
+by the independent, yet similar, influence of Virgil upon Dante, and
+upon Bishop Gawaine Douglas. At earlier dates, the teaching of every
+master trained in the Eastern schools was necessarily grafted on the
+wisdom of the Greek mythology; and thus the story of the Nemean Lion,
+with the aid of Athena in its conquest, is the real root-stock of the
+legend of St. Jerome's companion, conquered by the healing gentleness
+of the Spirit of Life.
+
+54. I call it a legend only. Whether Heracles ever slew, or St. Jerome
+ever cherished, the wild or wounded creature, is of no moment to us in
+learning what the Greeks meant by their vase-outlines of the great
+contest, or the Christian painters by their fond insistence on the
+constancy of the Lion-friend. Former tradition, in the story of
+Samson,--of the disobedient prophet,--of David's first inspired victory,
+and finally of the miracle wrought in the defence of the most favoured
+and most faithful of the greater Prophets, runs always parallel in
+symbolism with the Dorian fable: but the legend of St. Jerome takes up
+the prophecy of the Millennium, and foretells, with the Cumaean Sibyl,
+and with Isaiah, a day when the Fear of Man shall be laid in
+benediction, not enmity, on inferior beings,--when they shall not hurt
+nor destroy in all the holy Mountain, and the Peace of the Earth shall
+be as far removed from its present sorrow, as the present gloriously
+animate universe from the nascent desert, whose deeps were the place of
+dragons, and its mountains, domes of fire.
+
+Of that day knoweth no man; but the Kingdom of God is already come to
+those who have tamed in their own hearts what was rampant of the lower
+nature, and have learned to cherish what is lovely and human, in the
+wandering children of the clouds and fields.
+
+AVALLON, _28th August_, 1882.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+INTERPRETATIONS.
+
+
+1. It is the admitted privilege of a custode who loves his cathedral
+to depreciate, in its comparison, all the other cathedrals of his
+country that resemble, and all the edifices on the globe that differ
+from it. But I love too many cathedrals--though I have never had the
+happiness of becoming the custode of even one--to permit myself the
+easy and faithful exercise of the privilege in question; and I must
+vindicate my candour, and my judgment, in the outset, by confessing
+that the cathedral of AMIENS has nothing to boast of in the way of
+towers,--that its central fleche is merely the pretty caprice of a
+village carpenter,--that the total structure is in dignity inferior to
+Chartres, in sublimity to Beauvais, in decorative splendour to Rheims,
+and in loveliness of figure-sculpture to Bourges. It has nothing like
+the artful pointing and moulding of the arcades of Salisbury--nothing
+of the might of Durham;--no Daedalian inlaying like Florence, no glow
+of mythic fantasy like Verona. And yet, in all, and more than these,
+ways, outshone or overpowered, the cathedral of Amiens deserves the
+name given it by M. Viollet le Duc--
+
+         "The Parthenon of Gothic Architecture."[40]
+
+2. Of Gothic, mind you; Gothic clear of Roman tradition, and of
+Arabian taint; Gothic pure, authoritative, unsurpassable, and
+unaccusable;--its proper principles of structure being once understood
+and admitted.
+
+[Footnote 40: Of French Architecture, accurately, in the place quoted,
+"Dictionary of Architecture," vol. i. p. 71; but in the article
+"Cathedrale," it is called (vol. ii. p. 330) "l'eglise _ogivale_ par
+excellence."]
+
+No well-educated traveller is now without some consciousness of the
+meaning of what is commonly and rightly called "purity of style," in
+the modes of art which have been practised by civilized nations; and
+few are unaware of the distinctive aims and character of Gothic. The
+purpose of a good Gothic builder was to raise, with the native stone
+of the place he had to build in, an edifice as high and as spacious as
+he could, with calculable and visible security, in no protracted and
+wearisome time, and with no monstrous or oppressive compulsion of
+human labour.
+
+He did not wish to exhaust in the pride of a single city the energies of
+a generation, or the resources of a kingdom; he built for Amiens with
+the strength and the exchequer of Amiens; with chalk from the cliffs of
+the Somme,[41] and under the orders of two successive bishops, one of
+whom directed the foundations of the edifice, and the other gave thanks
+in it for its completion. His object, as a designer, in common with all
+the sacred builders of his time in the North, was to admit as much light
+into the building as was consistent with the comfort of it; to make its
+structure intelligibly admirable, but not curious or confusing; and to
+enrich and enforce the understood structure with ornament sufficient for
+its beauty, yet yielding to no wanton enthusiasm in expenditure, nor
+insolent in giddy or selfish ostentation of skill; and finally, to make
+the external sculpture of its walls and gates at once an alphabet and
+epitome of the religion, by the knowledge and inspiration of which an
+acceptable worship might be rendered, within those gates, to the Lord
+whose Fear was in His Holy Temple, and whose seat was in Heaven.
+
+[Footnote 41: It was a universal principle with the French builders of
+the great ages to use the stones of their quarries as they lay in the
+bed; if the beds were thick, the stones were used of their full
+thickness--if thin, of their necessary thinness, adjusting them with
+beautiful care to directions of thrust and weight. The natural blocks
+were never sawn, only squared into fitting, the whole native strength
+and crystallization of the stone being thus kept unflawed--"_ne
+dedoublant jamais_ une pierre. Cette methode est excellente, elle
+conserve a la pierre toute sa force naturelle,--tous ses moyens de
+resistance." See M. Viollet le Duc, Article "Construction"
+(Materiaux), vol. iv. p. 129. He adds the very notable fact that, _to
+this day, in seventy departments of France, the use of the stone-saw
+is unknown_.]
+
+3. It is not easy for the citizen of the modern aggregate of bad
+building, and ill-living held in check by constables, which we call a
+town,--of which the widest streets are devoted by consent to the
+encouragement of vice, and the narrow ones to the concealment of
+misery,--not easy, I say, for the citizen of any such mean city to
+understand the feeling of a burgher of the Christian ages to his
+cathedral. For him, the quite simply and frankly-believed text, "Where
+two or three are gathered in My name, there am I in the midst of
+them," was expanded into the wider promise to many honest and
+industrious persons gathered in His name--"They shall be my people and
+I will be their God";--deepened in his reading of it, by some lovely
+local and simply affectionate faith that Christ, as he was a Jew among
+Jews, and a Galilean among Galileans, was also, in His nearness to
+any--even the poorest--group of disciples, as one of their nation; and
+that their own "Beau Christ d'Amiens" was as true a compatriot to them
+as if He had been born of a Picard maiden.
+
+4. It is to be remembered, however--and this is a theological point on
+which depended much of the structural development of the northern
+basilicas--that the part of the building in which the Divine presence
+was believed to be constant, as in the Jewish Holy of Holies, was only
+the enclosed choir; in front of which the aisles and transepts might
+become the King's Hall of Justice, as in the presence-chamber of Christ;
+and whose high altar was guarded always from the surrounding eastern
+aisles by a screen of the most finished workmanship; while from those
+surrounding aisles branched off a series of radiating chapels or cells,
+each dedicated to some separate saint. This conception of the company of
+Christ with His saints, (the eastern chapel of all being the Virgin's,)
+was at the root of the entire disposition of the apse with its
+supporting and dividing buttresses and piers; and the architectural form
+can never be well delighted in, unless in some sympathy with the
+spiritual imagination out of which it rose. We talk foolishly and
+feebly of symbols and types: in old Christian architecture, every part
+is _literal_: the cathedral _is_ for its builders the House of God;--it
+is surrounded, like an earthly king's, with minor lodgings for the
+servants; and the glorious carvings of the exterior walls and interior
+wood of the choir, which an English rector would almost instinctively
+think of as done for the glorification of the canons, was indeed the
+Amienois carpenter's way of making his Master-carpenter
+comfortable,[42]--nor less of showing his own native and insuperable
+virtue of carpenter, before God and man.
+
+[Footnote 42: The philosophic reader is quite welcome to 'detect' and
+'expose' as many carnal motives as he pleases, besides the good
+ones,--competition with neighbour Beauvais--comfort to sleepy
+heads--solace to fat sides, and the like. He will find at last that no
+quantity of competition or comfort-seeking will do anything the like
+of this carving now;--still less his own philosophy, whatever its
+species: and that it was indeed the little mustard seed of faith in
+the heart, with a very notable quantity of honesty besides in the
+habit and disposition, that made all the rest grow together for good.]
+
+5. Whatever you wish to see, or are forced to leave unseen, at Amiens,
+if the overwhelming responsibilities of your existence, and the
+inevitable necessities of precipitate locomotion in their fulfilment,
+have left you so much as one quarter of an hour, not out of
+breath--for the contemplation of the capital of Picardy, give it
+wholly to the cathedral choir. Aisles and porches, lancet windows and
+roses, you can see elsewhere as well as here--but such carpenter's
+work, you cannot. It is late,--fully developed flamboyant just past
+the fifteenth century--and has some Flemish stolidity mixed with the
+playing French fire of it; but wood-carving was the Picard's joy from
+his youth up, and, so far as I know, there is nothing else so
+beautiful cut out of the goodly trees of the world.
+
+Sweet and young-grained wood it is: oak, _trained_ and chosen for such
+work, sound now as four hundred years since. Under the carver's hand it
+seems to cut like clay, to fold like silk, to grow like living branches,
+to leap like living flame. Canopy crowning canopy, pinnacle piercing
+pinnacle--it shoots and wreathes itself into an enchanted glade,
+inextricable, imperishable, fuller of leafage than any forest, and
+fuller of story than any book.[43]
+
+[Footnote 43: Arnold Boulin, master-joiner (menuisier) at Amiens,
+solicited the enterprise, and obtained it in the first months of the
+year 1508. A contract was drawn and an agreement made with him for the
+construction of one hundred and twenty stalls with historical
+subjects, high backings, crownings, and pyramidal canopies. It was
+agreed that the principal executor should have seven sous of Tournay
+(a little less than the sou of France) a day, for himself and his
+apprentice, (threepence a day the two--say a shilling a week the
+master, and sixpence a week the man,) and for the superintendence of
+the whole work, twelve crowns a year, at the rate of twenty-four sous
+the crown; (_i.e._, twelve shillings a year). The salary of the simple
+workman was only to be three sous a day. For the sculptures and
+histories of the seats, the bargain was made separately with Antoine
+Avernier, image-cutter, residing at Amiens, at the rate of thirty-two
+sous (sixteen pence) the piece. Most of the wood came from Clermont en
+Beauvoisis, near Amiens; the finest, for the bas-reliefs, from
+Holland, by St. Valery and Abbeville. The Chapter appointed four of
+its own members to superintend the work: Jean Dumas, Jean Fabres,
+Pierre Vuaille, and Jean Lenglache, to whom my authors (canons both)
+attribute the choice of subjects, the placing of them, and the
+initiation of the workmen 'au sens veritable et plus eleve de la Bible
+ou des legendes, et portant quelque fois le simple savoir-faire de
+l'ouvrier jusqu'a la hauteur du genie du theologien.'
+
+Without pretending to apportion the credit of savoir-faire and
+theology in the business, we have only to observe that the whole
+company, master, apprentices, workmen, image-cutter, and four canons,
+got well into traces, and set to work on the 3rd of July, 1508, in the
+great hall of the eveche, which was to be the workshop and studio
+during the whole time of the business. In the following year, another
+menuisier, Alexander Huet, was associated with the body, to carry on
+the stalls on the right hand of the choir, while Arnold Boulin went on
+with those on the left. Arnold, leaving his new associate in command
+for a time, went to Beauvais and St. Riquier, to see the woodwork
+there; and in July of 1511 both the masters went to Rouen together,
+'pour etudier les chaires de la cathedrale.' The year before, also,
+two Franciscans, monks of Abbeville, 'expert and renowned in working
+in wood,' had been called by the Amiens chapter to give their opinion
+on things in progress, and had each twenty sous for his opinion, and
+travelling expenses.
+
+In 1516, another and an important name appears on the accounts,--that
+of Jean Trupin, 'a simple workman at the wages of three sous a day,'
+but doubtless a good and spirited carver, whose true portrait it is
+without doubt, and by his own hand, that forms the elbow-rest, of the
+85th stall (right hand, nearest apse), beneath which is cut his name
+JHAN TRUPIN, and again under the 92nd stall, with the added wish, 'Jan
+Trupin, God take care of thee' (_Dieu te pourvoie_).
+
+The entire work was ended on St. John's Day, 1522, without (so far as
+we hear) any manner of interruption by dissension, death, dishonesty,
+or incapacity, among its fellow-workmen, master or servant. And the
+accounts being audited by four members of the Chapter, it was found
+that the total expense was 9488 livres, 11 sous, and 3 obols
+(decimes), or 474 napoleons, 11 sous, 3 decimes of modern French
+money, or roughly four hundred sterling English pounds.
+
+For which sum, you perceive, a company of probably six or eight good
+workmen, old and young, had been kept merry and busy for fourteen
+years; and this that you see--left for substantial result and gift to
+you.
+
+I have not examined the carvings so as to assign, with any decision, the
+several masters' work; but in general the flower and leaf design in the
+traceries will be by the two head menuisiers, and their apprentices; the
+elaborate Scripture histories by Avernier, with variously completing
+incidental grotesque by Trupin; and the joining and fitting by the
+common workmen. No nails are used,--all is morticed, and so beautifully
+that the joints have not moved to this day, and are still almost
+imperceptible. The four terminal pyramids 'you might take for giant
+pines forgotten for six centuries on the soil where the church was
+built; they might be looked on at first as a wild luxury of sculpture
+and hollow traceries--but examined in analysis they are marvels of order
+and system in construction, uniting all the lightness, strength, and
+grace of the most renowned spires in the last epoch of the Middle ages.'
+
+The above particulars are all extracted--or simply translated, out of
+the excellent description of the "Stalles et les Clotures du Choeur"
+of the Cathedral of Amiens, by MM. les Chanoines Jourdain et Duval
+(Amiens, Vv. Alfred Caron, 1867). The accompanying lithographic
+outlines are exceedingly good, and the reader will find the entire
+series of subjects indicated with precision and brevity, both for the
+woodwork and the external veil of the choir, of which I have no room
+to speak in this traveller's summary.]
+
+6. I have never been able to make up my mind which was really the best
+way of approaching the cathedral for the first time. If you have plenty
+of leisure, and the day is fine, and you are not afraid of an hour's
+walk, the really right thing to do is to walk down the main street of
+the old town, and across the river, and quite out to the chalk hill[44]
+out of which the citadel is half quarried--half walled;--and walk to the
+top of that, and look down into the citadel's dry 'ditch,'--or, more
+truly, dry valley of death, which is about as deep as a glen in
+Derbyshire, (or, more precisely, the upper part of the 'Happy Valley'
+at Oxford, above Lower Hincksey,) and thence across to the cathedral and
+ascending slopes of the city; so, you will understand the real height
+and relation of tower and town:--then, returning, find your way to the
+Mount Zion of it by any narrow cross streets and chance bridges you
+can--the more winding and dirty the streets, the better; and whether you
+come first on west front or apse, you will think them worth all the
+trouble you have had to reach them.
+
+[Footnote 44: The strongest and finally to be defended part of the
+earliest city was on this height.]
+
+7. But if the day be dismal, as it may sometimes be, even in France,
+of late years,--or if you cannot or will not walk, which may also
+chance, for all our athletics and lawn-tennis,--or if you must really
+go to Paris this afternoon, and only mean to see all you can in an
+hour or two,--then, supposing that, notwithstanding these weaknesses,
+you are still a nice sort of person, for whom it is of some
+consequence which way you come at a pretty thing, or begin to look at
+it--I _think_ the best way is to walk from the Hotel de France or the
+Place de Perigord, up the Street of Three Pebbles, towards the railway
+station--stopping a little as you go, so as to get into a cheerful
+temper, and buying some bonbons or tarts for the children in one of
+the charming patissiers' shops on the left. Just past them, ask for
+the theatre; and just past that, you will find, also on the left,
+three open arches, through which you can turn, passing the Palais de
+Justice, and go straight up to the south transept, which has really
+something about it to please everybody. It is simple and severe at the
+bottom, and daintily traceried and pinnacled at the top, and yet seems
+all of a piece--though it isn't--and everybody _must_ like the taper
+and transparent fretwork of the fleche above, which seems to bend to
+the west wind,--though it doesn't--at least, the bending is a long
+habit, gradually yielded into, with gaining grace and submissiveness,
+during the last three hundred years. And, coming quite up to the
+porch, everybody must like the pretty French Madonna in the middle of
+it, with her head a little aside, and her nimbus switched a little
+aside too, like a becoming bonnet. A Madonna in decadence she is,
+though, for all, or rather by reason of all, her prettiness, and
+her gay soubrette's smile; and she has no business there, neither, for
+this is St. Honore's porch, not hers; and grim and grey St. Honore
+used to stand there to receive you,--he is banished now to the north
+porch, where nobody ever goes in. This was done long ago, in the
+fourteenth-century days, when the people first began to find
+Christianity too serious, and devised a merrier faith for France, and
+would have bright-glancing, soubrette Madonnas everywhere--letting
+their own dark-eyed Joan of Arc be burned for a witch. And
+thenceforward, things went their merry way, straight on, 'ca allait,
+ca ira,' to the merriest days of the guillotine.
+
+But they could still carve, in the fourteenth century, and the Madonna
+and her hawthorn-blossom lintel are worth your looking at,--much more
+the field above, of sculpture as delicate and more calm, which tells
+St. Honore's own story, little talked of now in his Parisian faubourg.
+
+8. I will not keep you just now to tell St. Honore's story--(only too
+glad to leave you a little curious about it, if it were
+possible)[45]--for certainly you will be impatient to go into the
+church; and cannot enter it to better advantage than by this door. For
+all cathedrals of any mark have nearly the same effect when you enter at
+the west door; but I know no other which shows so much of its nobleness
+from the south interior transept; the opposite rose being of exquisite
+fineness in tracery, and lovely in lustre; and the shafts of the
+transept aisles forming wonderful groups with those of the choir and
+nave; also, the apse shows its height better, as it opens to you when
+you advance from the transept into the mid-nave, than when it is seen at
+once from the west end of the nave; where it is just possible for an
+irreverent person rather to think the nave narrow, than the apse high.
+Therefore, if you let me guide you, go in at this south transept door,
+(and put a sou into every beggar's box who asks it there,--it is none of
+your business whether they should be there or not, nor whether they
+deserve to have the sou,--be sure only that you yourself deserve to have
+it to give; and give it prettily, and not as if it burnt your fingers).
+Then, being once inside, take what first sensation and general glimpse
+of it pleases you--promising the custode to come back to _see_ it
+properly; (only then mind you keep the promise;) and in this first
+quarter of an hour, seeing only what fancy bid you--but at least, as I
+said, the apse from mid-nave, and all the traverses of the building,
+from its centre. Then you will know, when you go outside again, what the
+architect was working for, and what his buttresses and traceries mean.
+For the outside of a French cathedral, except for its sculpture, is
+always to be thought of as the wrong side of the stuff, in which you
+find how the threads go that produce the inside or right-side pattern.
+And if you have no wonder in you for that choir and its encompassing
+circlet of light, when you look up into it from the cross-centre, you
+need not travel farther in search of cathedrals, for the waiting-room of
+any station is a better place for you;--but, if it amaze you and delight
+you at first, then, the more you know of it, the more it will amaze. For
+it is not possible for imagination and mathematics together, to do
+anything nobler or stronger than that procession of window, with
+material of glass and stone--nor anything which shall look loftier, with
+so temperate and prudent measure of actual loftiness.
+
+[Footnote 45: See, however, pages 32 and 130 (Sec.Sec. 36, 112-114) of the
+octavo edition of 'The Two Paths.']
+
+9. From the pavement to the keystone of its vault is but 132 French
+feet--about 150 English. Think only--you who have been in
+Switzerland,--the Staubbach falls _nine_ hundred! Nay, Dover cliff
+under the castle, just at the end of the Marine Parade, is twice as
+high; and the little cockneys parading to military polka on the
+asphalt below, think themselves about as tall as it, I suppose,--nay,
+what with their little lodgings and stodgings and podgings about it,
+they have managed to make it look no bigger than a moderate-sized
+limekiln. Yet it is twice the height of Amiens' apse!--and it takes
+good building, with only such bits of chalk as one can quarry beside
+Somme, to make your work stand half that height, for six hundred
+years.
+
+10. It takes good building, I say, and you may even aver the
+best--that ever was, or is again likely for many a day to be, on the
+unquaking and fruitful earth, where one could calculate on a pillar's
+standing fast, once well set up; and where aisles of aspen, and
+orchards of apple, and clusters of vine, gave type of what might be
+most beautifully made sacred in the constancy of sculptured stone.
+From the unhewn block set on end in the Druid's Bethel, to _this_
+Lord's House and blue-vitrailed gate of Heaven, you have the entire
+course and consummation of the Northern Religious Builder's passion
+and art.
+
+11. But, note further--and earnestly,--this apse of Amiens is not only
+the best, but the very _first_ thing done _perfectly_ in its manner,
+by Northern Christendom. In pages 323 and 327 of the sixth volume of
+M. Viollet le Duc, you will find the exact history of the development
+of these traceries through which the eastern light shines on you as
+you stand, from the less perfect and tentative forms of Rheims: and so
+momentary was the culmination of the exact rightness, that here, from
+nave to transept--built only ten years later,--there is a little
+change, not towards decline, but to a not quite necessary precision.
+Where decline begins, one cannot, among the lovely fantasies that
+succeeded, exactly say--but exactly, and indisputably, we know that
+this apse of Amiens is the first virgin perfect work,--Parthenon also
+in that sense,--of Gothic Architecture.
+
+12. Who built it, shall we ask? God, and Man,--is the first and most
+true answer. The stars in their courses built it, and the Nations.
+Greek Athena labours here--and Roman Father Jove, and Guardian Mars.
+The Gaul labours here, and the Frank: knightly Norman,--mighty
+Ostrogoth,--and wasted anchorite of Idumea.
+
+The actual Man who built it scarcely cared to tell you he did so; nor do
+the historians brag of him. Any quantity of heraldries of knaves and
+faineants you may find in what they call their 'history': but this is
+probably the first time you ever read the name of Robert of Luzarches. I
+say he 'scarcely cared'--we are not sure that he cared at all. He
+signed his name nowhere, that I can hear of. You may perhaps find some
+recent initials cut by English remarkable visitors desirous of
+immortality, here and there about the edifice, but Robert the
+builder--or at least the Master of building, cut _his_ on no stone of
+it. Only when, after his death, the headstone had been brought forth
+with shouting, Grace unto it, this following legend was written,
+recording all who had part or lot in the labour, within the middle of
+the labyrinth then inlaid in the pavement of the nave. You must read it
+trippingly on the tongue: it was rhymed gaily for you by pure French
+gaiety, not the least like that of the Theatre de Folies.
+
+     "En l'an de Grace mil deux cent
+     Et vingt, fu l'oeuvre de cheens
+     Premierement encomenchie.
+     A donc y ert de cheste evesquie
+     Evrart, eveque benis;
+     Et, Roy de France, Loys
+       Qui fut fils Phelippe le Sage.
+     Qui maistre y ert de l'oeuvre
+     Maistre Robert estoit nomes
+     Et de Luzarches surnomes.
+     Maistre Thomas fu apres lui
+     De Cormont. Et apres, son filz
+     Maistre Regnault, qui mestre
+     Fist a chest point chi cheste lectre
+     Que l'incarnation valoit
+     Treize cent, moins douze, en faloit."
+
+13. I have written the numerals in letters, else the metre would not
+have come clear: they were really in figures thus, "II C. et XX,"
+"XIII C. moins XII". I quote the inscription from M. l'Abbe Roze's
+admirable little book, "Visite a la Cathedrale d'Amiens,"--Sup. Lib.
+de Mgr l'Eveque d'Amiens, 1877,--which every grateful traveller should
+buy, for I am only going to steal a little bit of it here and there. I
+only wish there had been a translation of the legend to steal, too;
+for there are one or two points, both of idea and chronology, in it,
+that I should have liked the Abbe's opinion of.
+
+The main purport of the rhyme, however, we perceive to be, line for
+line, as follows:--
+
+     "In the year of Grace, Twelve Hundred
+     And twenty, the work, then falling to ruin,
+     Was first begun again.
+     Then was, of this Bishopric
+     Everard the blessed Bishop.
+     And, King of France, Louis,
+     Who was son to Philip the Wise.
+     He who was Master of the Work
+     Was called Master Robert,
+     And called, beyond that, of Luzarches.
+     Master Thomas was after him,
+     Of Cormont. And after him, his son,
+     Master Reginald, who to be put
+     Made--at this point--this reading.
+     When the Incarnation was of account
+     Thirteen hundred, less twelve, which it failed of."
+
+In which legend, while you stand where once it was written (it was
+removed--to make the old pavement more polite--in the year, I
+sorrowfully observe, of my own earliest tour on the Continent, 1825,
+when I had not yet turned my attention to Ecclesiastical
+Architecture), these points are noticeable--if you have still a little
+patience.
+
+14. 'The work'--_i.e._, the Work of Amiens in especial, her cathedral,
+was 'decheant,' falling to ruin, for the--I cannot at once say--fourth,
+fifth, or what time,--in the year 1220. For it was a wonderfully
+difficult matter for little Amiens to get this piece of business fairly
+done, so hard did the Devil pull against her. She built her first
+Bishop's church (scarcely more than St. Firmin's tomb-chapel) about the
+year 350, just outside the railway station on the road to Paris;[46]
+then, after being nearly herself destroyed, chapel and all, by the Frank
+invasion, having recovered, and converted her Franks, she built another
+and a properly called cathedral, where this one stands now, under
+Bishop St. Save (St. Sauve, or Salve). But even this proper cathedral
+was only of wood, and the Normans burnt it in 881. Rebuilt, it stood for
+200 years; but was in great part destroyed by lightning in 1019. Rebuilt
+again, it and the town were more or less burnt together by lightning, in
+1107,--my authority says calmly, "un incendie provoque par la meme cause
+detruisit _la ville_, et une partie de la cathedrale." The 'partie'
+being rebuilt once more, the whole was again reduced to ashes, "reduite
+en cendre par le feu de ciel en 1218, ainsi que tous les titres, les
+martyrologies, les calendriers, et les Archives de l'Eveche et du
+Chapitre."
+
+[Footnote 46: At St. Acheul. See the first chapter of this book, and
+the "Description Historique de la Cathedrale d'Amiens," by A. P. M.
+Gilbert. 8vo, Amiens, 1833, pp. 5-7.]
+
+15. It was the fifth cathedral, I count, then, that lay in 'ashes,'
+according to Mons. Gilbert--in ruin certainly--decheant;--and ruin of
+a very discouraging completeness it would have been, to less lively
+townspeople--in 1218. But it was rather of a stimulating completeness
+to Bishop Everard and his people--the ground well cleared for them, as
+it were: and lightning (feu de l'enfer, not du ciel, recognized for a
+diabolic plague, as in Egypt), was to be defied to the pit. They only
+took two years, you see, to pull themselves together; and to work they
+went, in 1220, they, and their bishop, and their king, and their
+Robert of Luzarches. And this, that roofs you, was what their hands
+found to do with their might.
+
+16. Their king was 'a-donc,' 'at that time,' Louis VIII., who is
+especially further called the son of Philip of August, or Philip the
+Wise, because his father was not dead in 1220; but must have resigned
+the practical kingdom to his son, as his own father had done to him;
+the old and wise king retiring to his chamber, and thence silently
+guiding his son's hands, very gloriously, yet for three years.
+
+But, farther--and this is the point on which chiefly I would have
+desired the Abbe's judgment--Louis VIII. died of fever at Montpensier in
+1226. And the entire conduct of the main labour of the cathedral, and
+the chief glory of its service, as we shall hear presently, was _Saint_
+Louis's; for a time of forty-four years. And the inscription was put "a
+ce point ci" by the last architect, six years after St. Louis's death.
+How is it that the great and holy king is not named?
+
+17. I must not, in this traveller's brief, lose time in conjectural
+answers to the questions which every step here will raise from the
+ravaged shrine. But this is a very solemn one; and must be kept in our
+hearts, till we may perhaps get clue to it. One thing only we are sure
+of,--that at least the _due_ honour--alike by the sons of Kings and
+sons of Craftsmen--is given always to their fathers; and that
+apparently the chief honour of all is given here to Philip the Wise.
+From whose house, not of parliament but of peace, came, in the years
+when this temple was first in building, an edict indeed of
+peace-making: "That it should be criminal for any man to take
+vengeance for an insult or injury till forty days after the commission
+of the offence--and then only with the approbation of the Bishop of
+the Diocese." Which was perhaps a wiser effort to end the Feudal
+system in its Saxon sense,[47] than any of our recent projects for
+ending it in the Norman one.
+
+[Footnote 47: Feud, Saxon faedh, low Latin Faida (Scottish 'fae,'
+English 'foe,' derivative), Johnson. Remember also that the root of
+Feud, in its Norman sense of land-allotment, is _foi_, not _fee_,
+which Johnson, old Tory as he was, did not observe--neither in general
+does the modern Antifeudalist.]
+
+18. "A ce point ci." The point, namely, of the labyrinth inlaid in the
+cathedral floor; a recognized emblem of many things to the people, who
+knew that the ground they stood on was holy, as the roof over their
+head. Chiefly, to them, it was an emblem of noble human
+life--strait-gated, narrow-walled, with infinite darknesses and the
+"inextricabilis error" on either hand--and in the depth of it, the
+brutal nature to be conquered.
+
+19. This meaning, from the proudest heroic, and purest legislative, days
+of Greece, the symbol had borne for all men skilled in her traditions:
+to the schools of craftsmen the sign meant further their craft's
+noblesse, and pure descent from the divinely-terrestrial skill of
+Daedalus, the labyrinth-builder, and the first sculptor of imagery
+_pathetic_[48] with human life and death.
+
+[Footnote 48:
+
+                      "Tu quoque, magnam
+     Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes,
+     Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro,--
+     Bis patriae cecidere manus."
+
+There is, advisedly, no pathos allowed in primary sculpture. Its heroes
+conquer without exultation, and die without sorrow.]
+
+20. Quite the most beautiful sign of the power of true
+Christian-Catholic faith is this continual acknowledgment by it of the
+brotherhood--nay, more, the fatherhood, of the elder nations who had
+not seen Christ; but had been filled with the Spirit of God; and
+obeyed, according to their knowledge, His unwritten law. The pure
+charity and humility of this temper are seen in all Christian art,
+according to its strength and purity of race; but best, to the full,
+seen and interpreted by the three great Christian-Heathen poets,
+Dante, Douglas of Dunkeld,[49] and George Chapman. The prayer with
+which the last ends his life's work is, so far as I know, the
+perfectest and deepest expression of Natural Religion given us in
+literature; and if you can, pray it here--standing on the spot where
+the builder once wrote the history of the Parthenon of Christianity.
+
+[Footnote 49: See 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXI., p. 22.]
+
+21. "I pray thee, Lord, the Father, and the Guide of our reason, that
+we may remember the nobleness with which Thou hast adorned us; and
+that Thou wouldst be always on our right hand and on our left,[50] in
+the motion of our own Wills: that so we may be purged from the
+contagion of the Body and the Affections of the Brute, and overcome
+them and rule; and use, as it becomes men to use them, for
+instruments. And then, that Thou wouldst be in Fellowship with us for
+the careful correction of our reason, and for its conjunction by the
+light of truth with the things that truly are.
+
+[Footnote 50: Thus, the command to the children of Israel "that they go
+forward" is to their own wills. They obeying, the sea retreats, _but not
+before_ they dare to advance into it. _Then_, the waters are a wall unto
+them, on their right hand and their left.]
+
+"And in the third place, I pray to Thee the Saviour, that
+Thou wouldst utterly cleanse away the closing gloom from
+the eyes of our souls, that we may know well who is to be held
+for God, and who for mortal. Amen."[51]
+
+[Footnote 51: The original is written in Latin only. "Supplico tibi,
+Domine, Pater et Dux rationis nostrae, ut nostrae Nobilitatis
+recordemur, qua tu nos ornasti: et ut tu nobis presto sis, ut iis qui
+per sese moventur; ut et a Corporis contagio, Brutorumque affectuum
+repurgemur, eosque superemus, atque regamus; et, sicut decet, pro
+instruments iis utamur. Deinde, ut nobis adjuncto sis; ad accuratam
+rationis nostrae correctionem, et conjunctionem cum iis qui vere sunt,
+per lucem veritatis. Et tertium, Salvatori supplex oro, ut ab oculis
+animorum nostrorum caliginem prorsus abstergas; ut norimus bene, qui
+Deus, aut Mortalis habendus. Amen."]
+
+22. And having prayed this prayer, or at least, read it with honest
+wishing, (which if you cannot, there is no hope of your at present
+taking pleasure in any human work of large faculty, whether poetry,
+painting, or sculpture,) we may walk a little farther westwards down
+the nave, where, in the middle of it, but only a few yards from its
+end, two flat stones (the custode will show you them), one a little
+farther back than the other, are laid over the graves of the two great
+bishops, all whose strength of life was given, with the builder's, to
+raise this temple. Their actual graves have not been disturbed; but
+the tombs raised over them, once and again removed, are now set on
+your right and left hand as you look back to the apse, under the third
+arch between the nave and aisles.
+
+23. Both are of bronze, cast at one flow--and with insuperable, in
+some respects inimitable, skill in the caster's art.
+
+"Chefs-d'oeuvre de fonte,--le tout fondu d'un seul jet, et
+admirablement."[52] There are only two other such tombs left in
+France, those of the children of St. Louis. All others of their
+kind--and they were many in every great cathedral of France--were
+first torn from the graves they covered, to destroy the memory of
+France's dead; and then melted down into sous and centimes, to buy
+gunpowder and absinthe with for her living,--by the Progressive Mind
+of Civilization in her first blaze of enthusiasm and new light, from
+1789 to 1800.
+
+[Footnote 52: Viollet le Duc, vol. viii., p. 256. He adds: "L'une
+d'elles est comme art" (meaning general art of sculpture), "un
+monument du premier ordre;" but this is only partially true--also I
+find a note in M. Gilbert's account of them, p. 126: "Les deux doigts
+qui manquent, a la main droite de l'eveque Gaudefroi paraissent etre
+un defaut survenu a la fonte." See further, on these monuments, and
+those of St. Louis' children, Viollet le Duc, vol, ix., pp. 61, 62.]
+
+The children's tombs, one on each side of the altar of St. Denis, are
+much smaller than these, though wrought more beautifully. These beside
+you are the _only two Bronze tombs of her Men of the great ages_, left
+in France!
+
+24. And they are the tombs of the pastors of her people, who built for
+her the first perfect temple to her God. The Bishop Everard's is on
+your right, and has engraved round the border of it this
+inscription:[53]--
+
+"Who fed the people, who laid the foundations of this
+  Structure, to whose care the City was given,
+ Here, in ever-breathing balm of fame, rests Everard.
+ A man compassionate to the afflicted, the widow's protector, the orphan's
+ Guardian. Whom he could, he recreated with gifts.
+                To words of men,
+ If gentle, a lamb; if violent, a lion; if proud, biting steel."
+
+[Footnote 53: I steal again from the Abbe Roze the two
+inscriptions,--with his introductory notice of the evilly-inspired
+interference with them.
+
+"La tombe d'Evrard de Fouilloy, (died 1222,) coulee en bronze en
+plein-relief, etait supportee des le principe, par des monstres
+engages dans une maconnerie remplissant le dessous du monument, pour
+indiquer que cet eveque avait pose les fondements de la Cathedrale. Un
+_architecte malheureusement inspire_ a ose arracher la maconnerie,
+pour qu'on ne vit plus la main du prelat fondateur, a la base de
+l'edifice.
+
+"On lit, sur la bordure, l'inscription suivante en beaux caracteres du
+XIII^e siecle:
+
+     "'Qui populum pavit, qui fundam[=e]ta locavit
+       Hui[=u]s structure, cuius fuit urbs data cure
+       Hic redolens nardus, fama requiescit Ewardus,
+       Vir pius ahflictis, vidvis tutela, relictis
+       Custos, quos poterat recreabat munere; vbis,
+       Mitib agnus erat, tumidis leo, lima supbis.'
+
+"Geoffrey d'Eu (died 1237) est represente comme son predecesseur en
+habits episcopaux, mais le dessous du bronze supporte par des chimeres
+est evide, ce prelat ayant eleve l'edifice jusqu'aux voutes. Voici la
+legende gravee sur la bordure:
+
+     "'Ecce premunt humile Gaufridi membra cubile.
+       Seu minus aut simile nobis parat omnibus ille;
+       Quem laurus gemina decoraverat, in medicina
+       Lege q[=u] divina, decuerunt cornua bina;
+       Clare vir Augensis, quo sedes Ambianensis
+       Crevit in imensis; in coelis auctus, Amen, sis.'
+
+Tout est a etudier dans ces deux monuments; tout y est d'un haut
+interet, quant au dessin, a la sculpture, a l'agencement des ornements
+et des draperies."
+
+In saying above that Geoffroy of Eu returned thanks in the Cathedral
+for its completion, I meant only that he had brought at least the
+choir into condition for service: "Jusqu'aux voutes" may or may not
+mean that the vaulting was closed.]
+
+English, at its best, in Elizabethan days, is a nobler language than
+ever Latin was; but its virtue is in colour and tone, not in what may
+be called metallic or crystalline condensation. And it is impossible
+to translate the last line of this inscription in as few English
+words. Note in it first that the Bishop's friends and enemies are
+spoken of as in word, not act; because the swelling, or mocking, or
+flattering, words of men are indeed what the meek of the earth must
+know how to bear and to welcome;--their deeds, it is for kings and
+knights to deal with: not but that the Bishops often took deeds in
+hand also; and in actual battle they were permitted to strike with the
+mace, but not with sword or lance--_i.e._, not to "shed blood"! For it
+was supposed that a man might always recover from a mace-blow; (which,
+however, would much depend on the bishop's mind who gave it). The
+battle of Bouvines, quite one of the most important in mediaeval
+history, was won against the English, and against odds besides of
+Germans, under their Emperor Otho, by two French bishops (Senlis and
+Bayeux)--who both generalled the French King's line, and led its
+charges. Our Earl of Salisbury surrendered to the Bishop of Bayeux in
+person.
+
+25. Note farther, that quite one of the deadliest and most diabolic
+powers of evil words, or, rightly so called, blasphemy, has been
+developed in modern days in the effect of sometimes quite innocently
+meant and enjoyed 'slang.' There are two kinds of slang, in the essence
+of it: one 'Thieves' Latin'--the special language of rascals, used for
+concealment; the other, one might perhaps best call Louts' Latin!--the
+lowering or insulting words invented by vile persons to bring good
+things, in their own estimates, to their own level, or beneath it. The
+really worst power of this kind of blasphemy is in its often making it
+impossible to use plain words without a degrading or ludicrous attached
+sense:--thus I could not end my translation of this epitaph, as the old
+Latinist could, with the exactly accurate image "to the proud, a
+file"--because of the abuse of the word in lower English, retaining,
+however, quite shrewdly, the thirteenth-century idea. But the _exact_
+force of the symbol here is in its allusion to jewellers' work, filing
+down facets. A proud man is often also a precious one: and may be made
+brighter in surface, and the purity of his inner self shown, by good
+_filing_.
+
+26. Take it all in all, the perfect duty of a Bishop is expressed in
+these six Latin lines,--au mieux mieux--beginning with his pastoral
+office--_Feed_ my sheep--qui _pavit_ populum. And be assured, good
+reader, these ages never could have told you what a Bishop's, or any
+other man's, duty was, unless they had each man in his place both done
+it well--and seen it well done. The Bishop Geoffroy's tomb is on your
+left, and its inscription is:
+
+     "Behold, the limbs of Godfrey press their lowly bed,
+      Whether He is preparing for us all one less than, or like it.
+      Whom the twin laurels adorned, in medicine
+      And in divine law, the dual crests became him.
+      Bright-shining man of Eu, by whom the throne of Amiens
+      Rose into immensity, be _thou_ increased in Heaven."
+
+                                                     Amen.
+
+And now at last--this reverence done and thanks paid--we will turn
+from these tombs, and go out at one of the western doors--and so see
+gradually rising above us the immensity of the three porches, and of
+the thoughts engraved in them.
+
+27. What disgrace or change has come upon them, I will not tell you
+to-day--except only the 'immeasurable' loss of the great old
+foundation-steps, open, sweeping broad from side to side for all who
+came; unwalled, undivided, sunned all along by the westering day,
+lighted only by the moon and the stars at night; falling steep and many
+down the hillside--ceasing one by one, at last wide and few towards the
+level--and worn by pilgrim feet, for six hundred years. So I once saw
+them, and twice,--such things can now be never seen more.
+
+Nor even of the west front itself, above, is much of the old masonry
+left: but in the porches nearly all,--except the actual outside
+facing, with its rose moulding, of which only a few flowers have been
+spared here and there.[54] But the sculpture has been carefully and
+honourably kept and restored to its place--pedestals or niches
+restored here and there with clay; or some which you see white and
+crude, re-carved entirely; nevertheless the impression you may receive
+from the whole is still what the builder meant; and I will tell you
+the order of its theology without further notices of its decay.
+
+[Footnote 54: The horizontal lowest part of the moulding between the
+northern and central porch is old. Compare its roses with the new ones
+running round the arches above--and you will know what 'Restoration'
+means.]
+
+28. You will find it always well, in looking at any cathedral, to make
+your quarters of the compass sure, in the beginning; and to remember
+that, as you enter it, you are looking and advancing eastward; and
+that if it has three entrance porches, that on your left in entering
+is the northern, that on your right the southern. I shall endeavour in
+all my future writing of architecture, to observe the simple law of
+always calling the door of the north transept the north door; and that
+on the same side of the west front, the northern door, and so of their
+opposites. This will save, in the end, much printing and much
+confusion, for a Gothic cathedral has, almost always, these five great
+entrances; which may be easily, if at first attentively, recognized
+under the titles of the Central door (or porch), the Northern door,
+the Southern door, the North door, and the South door.
+
+But when we use the terms right and left, we ought always
+to use them as in going _out_ of the cathedral, or walking down the
+nave,--the entire north side and aisles of the building being its
+right side, and the south, its left,--these terms being only used well
+and authoritatively, when they have reference either to the image of
+Christ in the apse or on the rood, or else to the central statue,
+whether of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, in the west front. At
+Amiens, this central statue, on the 'trumeau' or supporting and
+dividing pillar of the central porch, is of Christ Immanuel,--God
+_with_ us. On His right hand and His left, occupying the entire walls
+of the central porch, are the apostles and the four greater prophets.
+The twelve minor prophets stand side by side on the front, three on
+each of its great piers.[55]
+
+[Footnote 55: See now the plan at the end of this chapter.]
+
+The northern porch is dedicated to St. Firmin, the first Christian
+missionary to Amiens.
+
+The southern porch, to the Virgin.
+
+But these are both treated as withdrawn behind the great foundation of
+Christ and the Prophets; and their narrow recesses partly conceal
+their sculpture, until you enter them. What you have first to think
+of, and read, is the scripture of the great central porch, and the
+facade itself.
+
+29. You have then in the centre of the front, the image of Christ
+Himself, receiving you: "I am the Way, the truth and the life." And the
+order of the attendant powers may be best understood by thinking of them
+as placed on Christ's right and left hand: this being also the order
+which the builder adopts in his Scripture history on the facade--so that
+it is to be read from left to right--_i.e._ from Christ's left to
+Christ's right, as _He_ sees it. Thus, therefore, following the order of
+the great statues: first in the central porch, there are six apostles on
+Christ's right hand, and six on His left. On His left hand, next to Him,
+Peter; then in receding order, Andrew, James, John, Matthew, Simon; on
+His right hand, next Him, Paul; and in receding order, James the Bishop,
+Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas and Jude. These opposite ranks of the
+Apostles occupy what may be called the apse or curved bay of the porch,
+and form a nearly semicircular group, clearly visible as we approach.
+But on the sides of the porch, outside the lines of apostles, and not
+seen clearly till we enter the porch, are the four greater prophets. On
+Christ's left, Isaiah and Jeremiah, on His right, Ezekiel and Daniel.
+
+30. Then in front, along the whole facade--read in order from Christ's
+left to His right--come the series of the twelve minor prophets, three
+to each of the four piers of the temple, beginning at the south angle
+with Hosea, and ending with Malachi.
+
+As you look full at the facade in front, the statues which fill the
+minor porches are either obscured in their narrower recesses or
+withdrawn behind each other so as to be unseen. And the entire mass of
+the front is seen, literally, as built on the foundation of the
+Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief
+corner-stone. Literally _that_; for the receding Porch is a deep
+'angulus,' and its mid-pillar is the 'Head of the Corner.'
+
+Built on the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, that is to say
+of the Prophets who foretold _Christ_, and the Apostles who declared
+Him. Though Moses was an Apostle, of _God_, he is not here--though
+Elijah was a Prophet, of _God_, he is not here. The voice of the
+entire building is that of the Heaven at the Transfiguration, "This is
+my beloved Son, hear ye Him."
+
+31. There is yet another and a greater prophet still, who, as it seems
+at first, is not here. Shall the people enter the gates of the temple,
+singing "Hosanna to the Son of _David_"; and see no image of His
+father, then?--Christ Himself declare, "I am the root and the
+offspring of David"; and yet the Root have no sign near it of its
+Earth?
+
+Not so. David and his Son are together. David is the pedestal of the
+Christ.
+
+32. We will begin our examination of the Temple front, therefore, with
+this its goodly pedestal stone. The statue of David is only two-thirds
+life-size, occupying the niche in front of the pedestal. He holds his
+sceptre in his right hand, the scroll in his left. King and Prophet,
+type of all Divinely right doing, and right claiming, and right
+proclaiming, kinghood, for ever.
+
+The pedestal of which this statue forms the fronting or Western
+sculpture, is square, and on the two sides of it are two flowers in
+vases, on its north side the lily, and on its south the rose. And the
+entire monolith is one of the noblest pieces of Christian sculpture in
+the world.
+
+Above this pedestal comes a minor one, bearing in front of it a
+tendril of vine which completes the floral symbolism of the whole. The
+plant which I have called a lily is not the Fleur de Lys, nor the
+Madonna's, but an ideal one with bells like the crown Imperial
+(Shakespeare's type of 'lilies of all kinds'), representing the _mode
+of growth_ of the lily of the valley, which could not be sculptured so
+large in its literal form without appearing monstrous, and is exactly
+expressed in this tablet--as it fulfils, together with the rose and
+vine, its companions, the triple saying of Christ, "I am the Rose of
+Sharon, and the Lily of the Valley." "I am the true Vine."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+33. On the side of the upper stone are supporters of a different
+character. Supporters,--not captives nor victims; the Cockatrice and
+Adder. Representing the most active evil principles of the earth, as
+in their utmost malignity; still, Pedestals of Christ, and even in
+their deadly life, accomplishing His final will.
+
+Both creatures are represented accurately in the mediaeval traditional
+form, the cockatrice half dragon, half cock; the deaf adder laying one
+ear against the ground and stopping the other with her tail.
+
+The first represents the infidelity of Pride. The cockatrice--king
+serpent or highest serpent--saying that he _is_ God, and _will be_
+God.
+
+The second, the infidelity of Death. The adder (nieder or nether
+snake) saying that he _is_ mud, and _will be_ mud.
+
+34. Lastly, and above all, set under the feet of the statue
+of Christ Himself, are the lion and dragon; the images of Carnal sin,
+or _Human sin_, as distinguished from the Spiritual and Intellectual
+sin of Pride, by which the angels also fell.
+
+To desire kingship rather than servantship--the Cockatrice's sin, or
+deaf Death rather than hearkening Life--the Adder's sin,--these are
+both possible to all the intelligences of the universe. But the
+distinctively Human sins, anger and lust, seeds in our race of their
+perpetual sorrow--Christ in His own humanity, conquered; and conquers
+in His disciples. Therefore His foot is on the heads of these; and the
+prophecy, "Inculcabis super Leonem et Aspidem," is recognized always
+as fulfilled in Him, and in all His true servants, according to the
+height of their authority, and the truth of their power.
+
+35. In this mystic sense, Alexander III. used the words, in restoring
+peace to Italy, and giving forgiveness to her deadliest enemy, under
+the porch of St. Mark's.[56] But the meaning of every act, as of every
+art, of the Christian ages, lost now for three hundred years, cannot
+but be in our own times read reversed, if at all, through the
+counter-spirit which we now have reached; glorifying Pride and Avarice
+as the virtues by which all things move and have their being--walking
+after our own lusts as our sole guides to salvation, and foaming out
+our own shame for the sole earthly product of our hands and lips.
+
+[Footnote 56: See my abstract of the history of Barbarossa and
+Alexander, in 'Fiction, Fair and Foul,' '_Nineteenth Century_,'
+November, 1880, pp. 752 _seq._]
+
+36. Of the statue of Christ, itself, I will not speak here at any
+length, as no sculpture would satisfy, or ought to satisfy, the hope of
+any loving soul that has learned to trust in Him; but at the time, it
+was beyond what till then had been reached in sculptured tenderness; and
+was known far and near as the "Beau Dieu d'Amiens."[57] Yet understood,
+observe, just as clearly to be no more than a symbol of the Heavenly
+Presence, as the poor coiling worms below were no more than symbols of
+the demoniac ones. No _idol_, in our sense of the word--only a letter,
+or sign of the Living Spirit,--which, however, was indeed conceived by
+every worshipper as here meeting him at the temple gate: the Word of
+Life, the King of Glory, and the Lord of Hosts.
+
+[Footnote 57: See account, and careful drawing of it, in Viollet le
+Duc--article "Christ," Dict. of Architecture, iii. 245.]
+
+"Dominus Virtutum," "Lord of Virtues,"[58] is the best single rendering
+of the idea conveyed to a well-taught disciple in the thirteenth
+century by the words of the twenty-fourth Psalm.
+
+[Footnote 58: See the circle of the Powers of the Heavens in the
+Byzantine rendering. I. Wisdom; II. Thrones; III. Dominations; IV.
+Angels; V. Archangels; VI. Virtues; VII. Potentates; VIII. Princes;
+IX. Seraphim. In the Gregorian order, (Dante, Par. xxviii., Cary's
+note,) the Angels and Archangels are separated, giving altogether nine
+orders, but not ranks. Note that in the Byzantine circle the cherubim
+are first, and that it is the strength of the Virtues which calls on
+the dead to rise ('St. Mark's Rest,' p. 97, and pp. 158-159).]
+
+37. Under the feet of His apostles, therefore, in the quatrefoil
+medallions of the foundation, are represented the virtues which each
+Apostle taught, or in his life manifested;--it may have been, sore
+tried, and failing in the very strength of the character which he
+afterwards perfected. Thus St. Peter, denying in fear, is afterwards
+the Apostle of courage; and St. John, who, with his brother, would
+have burnt the inhospitable village, is afterwards the Apostle of
+love. Understanding this, you see that in the sides of the porch, the
+apostles with their special virtues stand thus in opposite ranks.
+
+Now you see how these virtues answer to each other in their opposite
+ranks. Remember the left-hand side is always the first, and see how
+the left-hand virtues lead to the right hand:--
+
+                   Courage        to Faith.
+                   Patience       to Hope.
+                   Gentillesse    to Charity.
+                   Love           to Chastity.
+                   Obedience      to Wisdom.
+                   Perseverance   to Humility.
+
+38. Note farther that the Apostles are all tranquil, nearly all with
+books, some with crosses, but all with the same message,--"Peace be to
+this house. And if the Son of Peace be there," etc.[59]
+
+[Footnote 59: The modern slang name for a priest, among the mob of
+France, is a 'Pax Vobiscum,' or shortly, a Vobiscum.]
+
+ST. PAUL,              Faith.     Courage,      ST. PETER.
+
+ST. JAMES THE BISHOP,  Hope.      Patience,     ST. ANDREW.
+
+ST. PHILIP,            Charity.   Gentillesse,  ST. JAMES.
+
+ST. BARTHOLOMEW,       Chastity.  Love,         ST. JOHN.
+
+ST. THOMAS,            Wisdom.    Obedience,    ST. MATTHEW.
+
+ST. JUDE,              Humility.  Perseverance, ST. SIMON.
+
+But the Prophets--all seeking, or wistful, or tormented, or wondering,
+or praying, except only Daniel. The _most_ tormented is Isaiah;
+spiritually sawn asunder. No scene of his martyrdom below, but his
+seeing the Lord in His temple, and yet feeling he had unclean lips.
+Jeremiah also carries his cross--but more serenely.
+
+39. And now, I give in clear succession, the order of the statues of
+the whole front, with the subjects of the quatrefoils beneath each of
+them, marking the upper quatrefoil A, the lower B. The six prophets
+who stand at the angles of the porches, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Nahum,
+Zephaniah, and Haggai, have each of them four quatrefoils, marked, A
+and C the upper ones, B and D the lower.
+
+Beginning, then, on the left-hand side of the central porch, and
+reading outwards, you have--
+
+         1. ST. PETER.
+
+                             A. Courage.
+                             B. Cowardice.
+
+         2. ST. ANDREW.
+
+                             A. Patience.
+                             B. Anger.
+
+         3. ST. JAMES.
+
+                             A. Gentillesse.
+                             B. Churlishness.
+
+         4. ST. JOHN.
+
+                             A. Love.
+                             B. Discord.
+
+         5. ST. MATTHEW.
+
+                             A. Obedience.
+                             B. Rebellion.
+
+         6. ST. SIMON.
+
+                             A. Perseverance.
+                             B. Atheism.
+
+Now, right-hand side of porch, reading outwards:
+
+         7. ST. PAUL.
+
+                             A. Faith.
+                             B. Idolatry.
+
+         8. ST. JAMES, BISHOP.
+
+                             A. Hope.
+                             B. Despair.
+
+         9. ST. PHILIP.
+
+                             A. Charity.
+                             B. Avarice.
+
+        10. ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
+
+                             A. Chastity.
+                             B. Lust.
+
+        11. ST. THOMAS.
+
+                             A. Wisdom.
+                             B. Folly.
+
+        12. ST. JUDE.
+
+                             A. Humility.
+                             B. Pride.
+
+Now, left-hand side again--the two outermost statues:
+
+        13. ISAIAH.
+
+          A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne."        vi. 1.
+          B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips."              vi. 7.
+
+        14. JEREMIAH.
+
+          A. The Burial of the Girdle.                 xiii. 4, 5.
+          B. The Breaking of the Yoke.               xxviii.   10.
+
+Right-hand side:
+
+        15. EZEKIEL.
+
+          A. Wheel within wheel.                            i. 16.
+          B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem." xxi.  2.
+
+        16. DANIEL.
+
+          A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths."             vi. 22.
+          B. "In the same hour came forth fingers
+               of a man's hand."                             v. 5.
+
+40. Now, beginning on the left-hand side (southern side)
+of the entire facade, and reading it straight across, not turning into
+the porches at all except for the paired quatrefoils:
+
+        17. HOSEA.
+
+          A. "So I bought her to me with fifteen
+                pieces of silver."                         iii. 2.
+          B. "So will I also be for thee."                 iii. 3.
+
+        18. JOEL.
+
+          A. The Sun and Moon lightless.                   ii. 10.
+          B. The Fig-tree and Vine leafless.                i.  7.
+
+        19. AMOS.
+
+  To The {A. "The Lord will cry from Zion."                  i. 2.
+  front  {B. "The habitations of the shepherds
+                shall mourn."                                i. 2.
+
+  Inside {C. The Lord with the mason's line.               vii. 8.
+  porch  {D. The place where it rained not.                 iv. 7.
+
+        20. OBADIAH.
+
+  Inside {A. "I hid them in a cave."            2 Kings xviii. 13.
+  porch  {B. He fell on his face.                      xviii.   7.
+
+  To the {C. The captain of fifty.
+  front  {D. The messenger.
+
+        21. JONAH.
+
+          A. Escaped from the sea.
+          B. Under the gourd.
+
+        22. MICAH.
+
+  To the {A. The Tower of the Flock.                        iv. 8.
+  front  {B. Each shall rest, and "none shall make
+              them afraid."                                 iv. 4.
+
+  Inside {C. Swords into ploughshares.                      iv. 3.
+  porch  {D. Spears into pruning-hooks.                     iv. 3.
+
+        23. NAHUM.
+
+  Inside {A. None shall look back.                          ii. 8.
+  porch  {B. The burden of Nineveh.                          i. 1.
+
+  To the {C. Thy princes and thy great ones.              iii. 17.
+  front  {D. Untimely figs.                               iii. 12.
+
+        24. HABAKKUK.
+
+          A. "I will watch to see what he will say,"        ii. 1.
+          B. The ministry to Daniel.
+
+        25. ZEPHANIAH.
+
+  To the {A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia.                    ii. 12.
+  front  {B. The Beasts in Nineveh.                        ii. 15.
+
+  Inside {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem.                     i. 12.
+  porch  {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern.[60]                 ii. 14.
+
+        26. HAGGAI.
+
+  Inside {A. The houses of the princes, _ornees de
+  porch       lambris_.                                     i.  4.
+         {B. The heaven is stayed from dew.                 i. 10.
+
+  To the {C. The Lord's temple desolate.                     i. 4.
+  front  {D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts."                 i. 7.
+
+        27. ZECHARIAH.
+
+          A. The lifting up of iniquity.                   v. 6-9.
+          B. The angel that spake to me.                  iv.   1.
+
+        28. MALACHI.
+
+          A. "Ye have wounded the Lord."                   ii. 17.
+          B. This commandment is to _you_.                 ii.  1.
+
+[Footnote 60: See the Septuagint version.]
+
+41. Having thus put the sequence of the statues and their quatrefoils
+briefly before the spectator--(in case the railway time presses, it
+may be a kindness to him to note that if he walks from the east end of
+the cathedral down the street to the south, Rue St. Denis, it takes
+him by the shortest line to the station)--I will begin again with St.
+Peter, and interpret the sculptures in the quatrefoils a little more
+fully. Keeping the fixed numerals for indication of the statues, St.
+Peter's quatrefoils will be 1 A and 1 B, and Malachi's 28 A and 28 B.
+
+1, A. COURAGE, with a leopard on his shield; the French and
+       English agreeing in the reading of that symbol, down
+       to the time of the Black Prince's leopard coinage in
+       Aquitaine.[61]
+
+[Footnote 61: For a list of the photographs of the quatrefoils
+described in this chapter, see the appendices at the end of this
+volume.]
+
+2, B. COWARDICE, a man frightened at an animal darting out
+       of a thicket, while a bird sings on. The coward has
+       not the heart of a thrush.
+
+2, A. PATIENCE, holding a shield with a bull on it (never giving
+       back).[62]
+
+[Footnote 62: In the cathedral of Laon there is a pretty compliment
+paid to the oxen who carried the stones of its tower to the hill-top
+it stands on. The tradition is that they harnessed themselves,--but
+tradition does not say how an ox can harness himself even if he had a
+mind. Probably the first form of the story was only that they went
+joyfully, "lowing as they went." But at all events their statues are
+carved on the height of the tower, eight, colossal, looking from its
+galleries across the plains of France. See drawing in Viollet le Duc,
+under article "Clocher."]
+
+2, B. ANGER, a woman stabbing a man with a sword. Anger
+       is essentially a feminine vice--a man, worth calling so,
+       may be driven to fury or insanity by _indignation_,
+       (compare the Black Prince at Limoges,) but not by
+       anger. Fiendish enough, often so--"Incensed with
+       indignation, Satan stood, _unterrified_--" but in that last
+       word is the difference, there is as much fear in Anger,
+       as there is in Hatred.
+
+3, A. GENTILLESSE, bearing shield with a lamb.
+
+3, B. CHURLISHNESS, again a woman, kicking over her cup-bearer.
+       The final forms of ultimate French churlishness
+       being in the feminine gestures of the Cancan.
+       See the favourite prints in shops of Paris.
+
+4, A. LOVE; the Divine, not human love: "I in them, and
+       Thou in me." Her shield bears a tree with many
+       branches grafted into its cut-off stem: "In those days
+       shall Messiah be cut off, but not for Himself."
+
+4, B. DISCORD, a wife and husband quarrelling. She has
+       dropped her distaff (Amiens wool manufacture, see farther
+       on--9, A.)
+
+5, A. OBEDIENCE, bears shield with camel. Actually the most
+       disobedient and ill-tempered of all serviceable beasts,--yet
+       passing his life in the most painful service. I do
+       not know how far his character was understood by the
+       northern sculptor; but I believe he is taken as a type
+       of burden-bearing, without joy or sympathy, such as
+       the horse has, and without power of offence, such as the
+       ox has. His bite is bad enough, (see Mr. Palgrave's
+       account of him,) but presumably little known of at
+       Amiens, even by Crusaders, who would always ride
+       their own war-horses, or nothing.
+
+5, B. REBELLION, a man snapping his fingers at his Bishop.
+       (As Henry the Eighth at the Pope,--and the modern
+       French and English cockney at all priests whatever.)
+
+6, A. PERSEVERENCE, the grandest spiritual form of the virtue
+       commonly called 'Fortitude.' Usually, overcoming
+       or tearing a lion; here, _caressing_ one, and _holding_ her
+       crown. "Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man
+       take thy crown."
+
+6, B. ATHEISM, leaving his shoes at the church door. The infidel
+       fool is always represented in twelfth and thirteenth
+       century MS. as barefoot--the Christian having "his
+       feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of Peace."
+       Compare "How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O
+       Prince's Daughter!"
+
+7, A. FAITH, holding cup with cross above it, her accepted
+       symbol throughout ancient Europe. It is also an enduring
+       one, for, all differences of Church put aside, the
+       words, "Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and
+       Drink His blood, ye have no life in you," remain in
+       their mystery, to be understood only by those who have
+       learned the sacredness of food, in all times and places,
+       and the laws of life and spirit, dependent on its acceptance,
+       refusal, and distribution.
+
+7, B. IDOLATRY, kneeling to a monster. The _contrary_ of
+       Faith--not _want_ of Faith. Idolatry is faith in the
+       wrong thing, and quite distinct from Faith in _No_ thing
+       (6, B), the "Dixit Insipiens." Very wise men may be
+       idolaters, but they cannot be atheists.
+
+8, A. HOPE, with Gonfalon Standard and _distant_ crown; as
+       opposed to the constant crown of Fortitude (6, A).
+
+        The Gonfalon (Gund, war, fahr, standard, according
+      to Poitevin's dictionary), is the pointed ensign of forward
+      battle; essentially sacred; hence the constant
+      name "Gonfaloniere" of the battle standard-bearers of
+      the Italian republics.
+
+        Hope has it, because she fights forward always to her
+      aim, or at least has the joy of seeing it draw nearer.
+      Faith and Fortitude wait, as St. John in prison, but unoffended.
+      Hope is, however, put under St. James, because
+      of the 7th and 8th verses of his last chapter, ending
+      "Stablish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord
+      draweth nigh." It is he who examines Dante on the
+      nature of Hope. 'Par.,' c. xxv., and compare Cary's
+      notes.
+
+8, B. DESPAIR, stabbing himself. Suicide not thought heroic
+       or sentimental in the 13th century; and no Gothic
+       Morgue built beside Somme.
+
+9, A. CHARITY, bearing shield with woolly ram, and giving a
+       mantle to a naked beggar. The old wool manufacture
+       of Amiens having this notion of its purpose--namely,
+       to clothe the poor first, the rich afterwards. No nonsense
+       talked in those days about the evil consequences
+       of indiscriminate charity.
+
+9, B. AVARICE, with coffer and money. The modern, alike
+       English and Amienois, notion of the Divine consummation
+       of the wool manufacture.
+
+10, A. CHASTITY, shield with the Phoenix.[63]
+
+[Footnote 63: For the sake of comparing the pollution, and reversal of
+its once glorious religion, in the modern French mind, it is worth the
+reader's while to ask at M. Goyer's (Place St. Denis) for the 'Journal
+de St. Nicholas' for 1880, and look at the 'Phenix,' as drawn on p.
+610. The story is meant to be moral, and the Phoenix there
+represents Avarice, but the entire destruction of all sacred and
+poetical tradition in a child's mind by such a picture is an
+immorality which would neutralize a year's preaching. To make it worth
+M. Goyer's while to show you the number, buy the one with 'les
+conclusions de Jeanie' in it, p. 337: the church scene (with dialogue)
+in the text is lovely.]
+
+10, B. LUST, a too violent kiss.
+
+11, A. WISDOM, shield with, I think, an eatable root; meaning
+        temperance, as the beginning of wisdom.
+
+11, B. FOLLY, the ordinary type used in all early Psalters, of
+        a glutton, armed with a club. Both this vice and
+        virtue are the earthly wisdom and folly, completing
+        the spiritual wisdom and folly opposite under St.
+        Matthew. Temperance, the complement of Obedience,
+        and Covetousness, with violence, that of Atheism.
+
+12, A. HUMILITY, shield with dove.
+
+12, B. PRIDE, falling from his horse.
+
+42. All these quatrefoils are rather symbolic than representative;
+and, since their purpose was answered enough if their sign was
+understood, they have been entrusted to a more inferior workman than
+the one who carved the now sequent series under the Prophets. Most of
+these subjects represent an historical fact, or a scene spoken of by
+the prophet as a real vision; and they have in general been executed
+by the ablest hands at the architect's command.
+
+With the interpretation of these, I have given again the name of the
+prophet whose life or prophecy they illustrate.
+
+13. ISAIAH.
+
+13, A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne" (vi. I).
+
+           The vision of the throne "high and lifted up"
+         between seraphim.
+
+13, B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips" (vi. 7).
+
+           The Angel stands before the prophet, and holds,
+         or rather held, the coal with tongs, which have been
+         finely undercut, but are now broken away, only a
+         fragment remaining in his hand.
+
+14. JEREMIAH.
+
+14, A. The burial of the girdle (xiii. 4, 5).
+
+           The prophet is digging by the shore of Euphrates,
+         represented by vertically winding furrows down the
+         middle of the tablet. Note, the translation should be
+         "hole in the ground," not "rock."
+
+14, B. The breaking of the yoke (xxviii. 10).
+
+           From the prophet Jeremiah's neck; it is here
+         represented as a doubled and redoubled chain.
+
+15. EZEKIEL.
+
+15, A. Wheel within wheel (i. 16).
+
+           The prophet sitting; before him two wheels of
+         equal size, one involved in the ring of the other.
+
+15, B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem" (xxi. 2).
+
+           The prophet before the gate of Jerusalem.
+
+16. DANIEL.
+
+16, A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths" (vi. 22).
+
+           Daniel holding a book, the lions treated as heraldic
+         supporters. The subject is given with more
+         animation farther on in the series (24, B).
+
+16, B. "In the same hour came forth fingers of a Man's hand" (v. 5).
+
+           Belshazzar's feast represented by the king alone,
+         seated at a small oblong table. Beside him the youth
+         Daniel, looking only fifteen or sixteen, graceful and
+         gentle, interprets. At the side of the quatrefoil,
+         out of a small wreath of cloud, comes a small bent
+         hand, writing, as if with a pen upside down on a piece
+         of Gothic wall.[64]
+
+           For modern bombast as opposed to old simplicity,
+         compare the Belshazzar's feast of John Martin!
+
+[Footnote 64: I fear this hand has been broken since I described it; at
+all events, it is indistinguishably shapeless in the photograph (No. 9
+of the series).]
+
+  43. The next subject begins the series of the minor prophets.
+
+17. HOSEA.
+
+17, A. "So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver and
+         an homer of barley" (iii. 2).
+
+           The prophet pouring the grain and the silver into
+         the lap of the woman, "beloved of her friend." The
+         carved coins are each wrought with the cross, and, I
+         believe, legend of the French contemporary coin.
+
+17, B. "So will I also be for thee" (iii. 3).
+
+           He puts a ring on her finger.
+
+18. JOEL.
+
+18, A. The sun and moon lightless (ii. 10).
+
+           The sun and moon as two small flat pellets, up in
+         the external moulding.
+
+18, B. The barked fig-tree and waste vine (i. 7).
+
+           Note the continual insistance on the blight of vegetation
+         as a Divine punishment, 19 D.
+
+19. AMOS.
+
+_To the front._
+
+19, A. "The Lord will cry from Zion" (i. 2).
+
+          Christ appears with crossletted nimbus.
+
+19, B. "The habitations of the shepherds shall mourn" (i. 2).
+
+          Amos with the shepherd's hooked or knotted staff,
+        and wicker-worked bottle, before his tent. (Architecture
+        in right-hand foil restored.)
+
+_Inside Porch._
+
+19, C. The Lord with the mason's line (vii. 8).
+
+           Christ, again here, and henceforward always, with
+         crosslet nimbus, has a large trowel in His hand, which
+         He lays on the top of a half-built wall. There seems
+         a line twisted round the handle.
+
+19, D. The place where it rained not (iv. 7).
+
+           Amos is gathering the leaves of the fruitless vine,
+         to feed the sheep, who find no grass. One of the
+         finest of the reliefs.
+
+20. OBADIAH.
+
+_Inside Porch._
+
+20, A. "I hid them in a cave" (1 Kings xviii. 13).
+
+            Three prophets at the mouth of a well, to whom
+          Obadiah brings loaves.
+
+20, B. "He fell on his face" (xviii. 7).
+
+           He kneels before Elijah, who wears his rough
+         mantle.
+
+_To the front._
+
+20, C. The captain of fifty.
+
+           Elijah (?) speaking to an armed man under a tree.
+
+20, D. The Messenger.
+
+           A messenger on his knees before a king. I cannot
+         interpret these two scenes (20, C and 20, D).
+         The uppermost _may_ mean the dialogue of Elijah
+         with the captains (2 Kings i. 2), and the lower one,
+         the return of the messengers (2 Kings i. 5).
+
+21. JONAH.
+
+21, A. Escaped from the sea.
+
+21, B. Under the gourd. A small grasshopper-like beast
+         gnawing the gourd stem. I should like to know
+         what insects _do_ attack the Amiens gourds. This may
+         be an entomological study, for aught we know.
+
+22. MICAH.
+
+_To the front._
+
+22, A. The Tower of the Flock (iv. 8).
+
+           The tower is wrapped in clouds, God appearing
+         above it.
+
+22, B. Each shall rest and "none shall make them afraid" (iv. 4).
+
+            A man and his wife "under his vine and fig-tree."
+
+_Inside Porch._
+
+22, C. "Swords into ploughshares" (iv. 3).
+
+          Nevertheless, two hundred years after these medallions
+        were cut, the sword manufacture had become a
+        staple in Amiens! Not to her advantage.
+
+22, D. "Spears into pruning-hooks" (iv. 3).
+
+23. NAHUM.
+
+_Inside Porch._
+
+23, A. "None shall look back" (ii. 8).
+
+23, B. The Burden of Nineveh (i. I).[65]
+
+[Footnote 65: The statue of the prophet, above, is the grandest of the
+entire series; and note especially the "diadema" of his own luxuriant
+hair plaited like a maiden's, indicating the Achillean force of this
+most terrible of the prophets. (Compare 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXV.,
+page 157.) For the rest, this long flowing hair was always one of the
+insignia of the Frankish kings, and their way of dressing both hair
+and beard may be seen more nearly and definitely in the
+angle-sculptures of the long font in the north transept, the most
+interesting piece of work in the whole cathedral, in an antiquarian
+sense, and of much artistic value also. (See ante chap. ii. p. 45.)]
+
+_To the front._
+
+23, C. "Thy Princes and thy great ones" (iii. 17).
+
+  23, A, B, and C, are all incapable of sure interpretation. The
+         prophet in A is pointing down to a little hill, said by
+         the Pere Roze to be covered with grasshoppers. I
+         can only copy what he says of them.
+
+23, D. "Untimely figs" (iii. 12).
+
+          Three people beneath a fig-tree catch its falling
+        fruit in their mouths.
+
+24. HABAKKUK.
+
+24, A. "I will watch to see what he will say unto me" (ii. 1).
+
+           The prophet is writing on his tablet to Christ's
+         dictation.
+
+24, B. The ministry to Daniel.
+
+           The traditional visit to Daniel. An angel carries
+         Habakkuk by the hair of his head; the prophet
+         has a loaf of bread in each hand. They break
+         through the roof of the cave. Daniel is stroking one
+         young lion on the back; the head of another is thrust
+         carelessly under his arm. Another is gnawing
+         bones in the bottom of the cave.
+
+25. ZEPHANIAH.
+
+_To the front._
+
+25, A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia (ii. 12).
+
+           Christ striking a city with a sword. Note that all
+         violent actions are in these bas-reliefs feebly or ludicrously
+         expressed; quiet ones always right.
+
+25, B. The beasts in Nineveh (ii. 15).
+
+           Very fine. All kinds of crawling things among
+         the tottering walls, and peeping out of their rents
+         and crannies. A monkey sitting squat, developing
+         into a demon, reverses the Darwinian theory.
+
+_Inside porch._
+
+25, C. The Lord visits Jerusalem (i. 12).
+
+           Christ passing through the streets of Jerusalem,
+         with a lantern in each hand.
+
+25, D. The Hedgehog and Bittern[66] (ii. 14).
+
+           With a singing bird in a cage in the window.
+
+[Footnote 66: See ante p. 117, note.]
+
+26. HAGGAI.
+
+_Inside Porch._
+
+26, A. The houses of the princes, _ornees de lambris_ (i. 4).
+
+           A perfectly built house of square stones gloomily
+         strong, the grating (of a prison?) in front of foundation.
+
+26, B. The Heaven is stayed from dew (i. 10).
+
+           The heavens as a projecting mass, with stars, sun,
+         and moon on surface. Underneath, two withered
+         trees.
+
+_To the front._
+
+26, C. The Lord's temple desolate (i. 4).
+
+           The falling of the temple, "not one stone left on
+         another," grandly loose. Square stones again. Examine
+         the text (i. 6).
+
+26, D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts" (i. 7).
+
+          Christ pointing up to His ruined temple.
+
+27. ZECHARIAH.
+
+27, A. The lifting up of Iniquity (v. 6 to 9).
+
+          Wickedness in the Ephah.
+
+27, B. "The angel that spake to me" (iv. 1).
+
+          The prophet almost reclining, a glorious winged
+        angel hovering out of cloud.
+
+28. MALACHI.
+
+28, A. "Ye have wounded the Lord" (ii. 17).
+
+          The priests are thrusting Christ through with a
+        barbed lance, whose point comes out at His back.
+
+28, B. "This commandment is to _you_" (ii. 1).
+
+          In these panels, the undermost is often introductory
+        to the one above, an illustration of it. It is perhaps
+        chapter i. verse 6, that is meant to be spoken here by
+        the sitting figure of Christ, to the indignant priests.
+
+44. With this bas-relief terminates the series of sculpture in
+illustration of Apostolic and Prophetic teaching, which constitutes
+what I mean by the "Bible" of Amiens. But the two lateral porches
+contain supplementary subjects necessary for completion of the
+pastoral and traditional teaching addressed to her people in that day.
+
+The Northern Porch, dedicated to her first missionary St. Firmin, has
+on its central pier his statue; above, on the flat field of the back
+of the arch, the story of the finding of his body; on the sides of the
+porch, companion saints and angels in the following order:--
+
+CENTRAL STATUE.
+
+ST. FIRMIN.
+
+  _Southern (left) side._
+
+  41. St. Firmin the Confessor.
+  42. St. Domice.
+  43. St. Honore.
+  44. St. Salve.
+  45. St. Quentin.
+  46. St. Gentian.
+
+  _Northern (right) side._
+
+  47. St. Geoffroy.
+  48. An angel.
+  49. St. Fuscien, martyr.
+  50. St. Victoric, martyr.
+  51. An angel.
+  52. St. Ulpha.
+
+45. Of these saints, excepting St. Firmin and St. Honore, of whom I have
+already spoken,[67] St. Geoffroy is more real for us than the rest; he
+was born in the year of the battle of Hastings, at Molincourt in the
+Soissonais, and was Bishop of Amiens from 1104 to 1150. A man of
+entirely simple, pure, and right life: one of the severest of ascetics,
+but without gloom--always gentle and merciful. Many miracles are
+recorded of him, but all indicating a tenour of life which was chiefly
+miraculous by its justice and peace. Consecrated at Rheims, and attended
+by a train of other bishops and nobles to his diocese, he dismounts from
+his horse at St. Acheul, the place of St. Firmin's first tomb, and walks
+barefoot to his cathedral, along the causeway now so defaced: at another
+time he walks barefoot from Amiens to Picquigny to ask from the Vidame
+of Amiens the freedom of the Chatelain Adam. He maintained the
+privileges of the citizens, with the help of Louis le Gros, against the
+Count of Amiens, defeated him, and razed his castle; nevertheless, the
+people not enough obeying him in the order of their life, he blames his
+own weakness, rather than theirs, and retires to the Grande Chartreuse,
+holding himself unfit to be their bishop. The Carthusian superior
+questioning him on his reasons for retirement, and asking if he had ever
+sold the offices of the Church, the Bishop answered, "My father, my
+hands are pure of simony, but I have a thousand times allowed myself to
+be seduced by praise."
+
+[Footnote 67: See ante Chap. I., pp. 5-6, for the history of St.
+Firmin, and for St. Honore p. 95, Sec. 8 of this chapter, with the
+reference there given.]
+
+46. St. Firmin the Confessor was the son of the Roman senator who
+received St. Firmin himself. He preserved the tomb of the martyr in
+his father's garden, and at last built a church over it, dedicated to
+our Lady of martyrs, which was the first episcopal seat of Amiens, at
+St. Acheul, spoken of above. St. Ulpha was an Amienoise girl, who
+lived in a chalk cave above the marshes of the Somme;--if ever Mr.
+Murray provides you with a comic guide to Amiens, no doubt the
+enlightened composer of it will count much on your enjoyment of the
+story of her being greatly disturbed at her devotions by the frogs,
+and praying them silent. You are now, of course, wholly superior to
+such follies, and are sure that God cannot, or will not, so much as
+shut a frog's mouth for you. Remember, therefore, that as He also now
+leaves open the mouth of the liar, blasphemer, and betrayer, you must
+shut your own ears against _their_ voices as you can.
+
+Of her name, St. Wolf--or Guelph--see again Miss Yonge's Christian
+names. Our tower of Wolf's stone, Ulverstone, and Kirk of Ulpha, are,
+I believe, unconscious of Picard relatives.
+
+47. The other saints in this porch are all in like manner provincial,
+and, as it were, personal friends of the Amienois; and under them, the
+quatrefoils represent the pleasant order of the guarded and hallowed
+year--the zodiacal signs above, and labours of the months below; little
+differing from the constant representations of them--except in the May:
+see below. The Libra also is a little unusual in the female figure
+holding the scales; the lion especially good-tempered--and the 'reaping'
+one of the most beautiful figures in the whole series of sculptures;
+several of the others peculiarly refined and far-wrought. In Mr.
+Kaltenbacher's photographs, as I have arranged them, the bas-reliefs may
+be studied nearly as well as in the porch itself. Their order is as
+follows, beginning with December, in the left-hand inner corner of the
+porch:--
+
+41. DECEMBER.--Killing and scalding swine. Above, Capricorn
+      with quickly diminishing tail; I cannot make out
+      the accessories.
+
+42. JANUARY.--Twin-headed, obsequiously served. Aquarius
+      feebler than most of the series.
+
+43. FEBRUARY.--Very fine; warming his feet and putting coals
+      on fire. Fish above, elaborate but uninteresting.
+
+44. MARCH.--At work in vine-furrows. Aries careful, but
+      rather stupid.
+
+45. APRIL.--Feeding his hawk--very pretty. Taurus above
+      with charming leaves to eat.
+
+46. MAY.--Very singularly, a middle-aged man sitting under
+      the trees to hear the birds sing; and Gemini above, a
+      bridegroom and bride. This quatrefoil joins the interior
+      angle ones of Zephaniah.
+
+52. JUNE.--Opposite, joining the interior angle ones of Haggai.
+      Mowing. Note the lovely flowers sculptured all
+      through the grass. Cancer above, with his shell superbly
+      modelled.
+
+51. JULY.--Reaping. Extremely beautiful. The smiling lion
+      completes the evidence that all the seasons and signs
+      are regarded as alike blessing and providentially kind.
+
+50. AUGUST.--Threshing. Virgo above, holding a flower, her
+      drapery very modern and confused for thirteenth-century
+      work.
+
+49. SEPTEMBER.--I am not sure of his action, whether pruning,
+      or in some way gathering fruit from the full-leaved
+      tree. Libra above; charming.
+
+[Illustration: ST. MARY.]
+
+48. OCTOBER.--Treading grapes. Scorpio, a very traditional
+      and gentle form--forked in the tail indeed, but stingless.
+
+47. NOVEMBER.--Sowing, with Sagittarius, half concealed
+      when this photograph was taken by the beautiful
+      arrangements always now going on for some job or
+      other in French cathedrals:--they never can let them
+      alone for ten minutes.
+
+48. And now, last of all, if you care to see it, we will go into the
+Madonna's porch--only, if you come at all, good Protestant feminine
+reader--come civilly: and be pleased to recollect, if you have, in
+known history, material for recollection, this (or if you cannot
+recollect--be you very solemnly assured of this): that neither
+Madonna-worship, nor Lady-worship of any sort, whether of dead ladies
+or living ones, ever did any human creature any harm,--but that Money
+worship, Wig worship, Cocked-Hat-and-Feather worship, Plate worship,
+Pot worship and Pipe worship, have done, and are doing, a great
+deal,--and that any of these, and all, are quite million-fold more
+offensive to the God of Heaven and Earth and the Stars, than all the
+absurdest and lovingest mistakes made by any generations of His simple
+children, about what the Virgin-mother could, or would, or might do,
+or feel for them.
+
+49. And next, please observe this broad historical fact about the
+three sorts of Madonnas.
+
+There is first the Madonna Dolorosa; the Byzantine type, and
+Cimabue's. It is the noblest of all; and the earliest, in distinct
+popular influence.[68]
+
+[Footnote 68: See the description of the Madonna of Murano, in second
+volume of 'Stones of Venice.']
+
+Secondly. The Madone Reine, who is essentially the Frank and Norman
+one; crowned, calm, and full of power and gentleness. She is the one
+represented in this porch.
+
+Thirdly. The Madone Nourrice, who is the Raphaelesque and generally
+late and decadence one. She is seen here in a good French type in the
+south transept porch, as before noticed.
+
+An admirable comparison will be found instituted by M. Viollet le Duc
+(the article 'Vierge,' in his dictionary, is altogether deserving of
+the most attentive study) between this statue of the Queen-Madonna of
+the southern porch and the Nurse-Madonna of the transept. I may
+perhaps be able to get a photograph made of his two drawings, side by
+side: but, if I can, the reader will please observe that he has a
+little flattered the Queen, and a little vulgarized the Nurse, which
+is not fair. The statue in this porch is in thirteenth-century style,
+extremely good: but there is no reason for making any fuss about
+it--the earlier Byzantine types being far grander.
+
+50. The Madonna's story, in its main incidents, is told in the series
+of statues round the porch, and in the quatrefoils below--several of
+which refer, however, to a legend about the Magi to which I have not
+had access, and I am not sure of their interpretation.
+
+The large statues are on the left hand, reading outwards as usual.
+
+          29. The Angel Gabriel.
+          30. Virgin Annunciate.
+          31. Virgin Visitant.
+          32. St. Elizabeth.
+          33. Virgin in Presentation.
+          34. St. Simeon.
+
+On the right hand, reading outward,
+
+          35, 36, 37, The three Kings.
+          38. Herod.
+          39. Solomon.
+          40. The Queen of Sheba.
+
+51. I am not sure of rightly interpreting the introduction of these two
+last statues: but I believe the idea of the designer was that virtually
+the Queen Mary visited Herod when she sent, or had sent for her, the
+Magi to tell him of her presence at Bethlehem: and the contrast between
+Solomon's reception of the Queen of Sheba, and Herod's driving out the
+Madonna into Egypt, is dwelt on throughout this side of the porch, with
+their several consequences to the two Kings and to the world.
+
+The quatrefoils underneath the great statues run as follows:
+
+29. Under Gabriel--
+      A. Daniel seeing the stone cut out without hands.
+      B. Moses and the burning bush.
+
+30. Under Virgin Annunciate--
+      A. Gideon and the dew on the fleece.
+      B. Moses with written law, retiring; Aaron, dominant, points to
+         his budding rod.
+
+31. Under Virgin Visitant--
+      A. The message to Zacharias: "Fear not, for thy prayer is heard."
+      B. The dream of Joseph: "Fear not to take unto thee Mary thy
+         wife." (?)
+
+32. Under St. Elizabeth--
+      A. The silence of Zacharias: "They perceived that he had seen a
+         vision in the temple."
+      B. "There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name."
+         "He wrote saying, His name is John."
+
+33. Under Virgin in Presentation--
+      A. Flight into Egypt.
+      B. Christ with the Doctors.
+
+34. Under St. Simeon--
+      A. Fall of the idols in Egypt.
+      B. The return to Nazareth.
+
+  These two last quatrefoils join the beautiful C and D of Amos.
+
+Then on the opposite side, under the Queen of Sheba, and
+joining the A and B of Obadiah--
+
+40.   A. Solomon entertains the Queen of Sheba. The Grace cup.
+      B. Solomon teaches the Queen of Sheba, "God is above."
+
+39. Under Solomon--
+      A. Solomon on his throne of judgment.
+      B. Solomon praying before his temple-gate.
+
+38. Under Herod--
+      A. Massacre of Innocents.
+      B. Herod orders the ship of the Kings to be burned.
+
+37. Under the third King--
+      A. Herod inquires of the Kings.
+      B. Burning of the ship.
+
+36. Under the second King--
+      A. Adoration in Bethlehem?--not certain.
+      B. The voyage of the Kings.
+
+35. Under the first King--
+      A. The Star in the East.
+      B. "Being warned in a dream that they should not return to Herod."
+
+I have no doubt of finding out in time the real sequence of these
+subjects: but it is of little import,--this group of quatrefoils being
+of less interest than the rest, and that of the Massacre of the
+Innocents curiously illustrative of the incapability of the sculptor
+to give strong action or passion.
+
+But into questions respecting the art of these bas-reliefs I do not
+here attempt to enter. They were never intended to serve as more than
+signs, or guides to thought. And if the reader follows this guidance
+quietly, he may create for himself better pictures in his heart; and
+at all events may recognize these following general truths, as their
+united message.
+
+52. First, that throughout the Sermon on this Amiens Mount, Christ
+never appears, or is for a moment thought of, as the Crucified, nor as
+the Dead: but as the Incarnate Word--as the present Friend--as the
+Prince of Peace on Earth,--and as the Everlasting King in Heaven. What
+His life _is_, what His commands _are_, and what His judgment _will
+be_, are the things here taught: not what He once did, nor what He
+once suffered, but what He is now doing--and what He requires us to
+do. That is the pure, joyful, beautiful lesson of Christianity; and
+the fall from that faith, and all the corruptions of its abortive
+practice, may be summed briefly as the habitual contemplation of
+Christ's death instead of His Life, and the substitution of His past
+suffering for our present duty.
+
+53. Then, secondly, though Christ bears not _His_ cross, the mourning
+prophets,--the persecuted apostles--and the martyred disciples _do_
+bear theirs. For just as it is well for you to remember what your
+undying Creator is _doing_ for you--it is well for you to remember
+what your dying fellow-creatures _have done_: the Creator you may at
+your pleasure deny or defy--the Martyr you can only forget; deny, you
+cannot. Every stone of this building is cemented with his blood, and
+there is no furrow of its pillars that was not ploughed by his pain.
+
+54. Keeping, then, these things in your heart, look back now to the
+central statue of Christ, and hear His message with understanding. He
+holds the Book of the Eternal Law in His left hand; with His right He
+blesses,--but blesses on condition. "This do, and thou shalt live";
+nay, in stricter and more piercing sense, This _be_ and thou shalt
+live: to show Mercy is nothing--thy soul must be full of mercy; to be
+pure in act is nothing--thou shalt be pure in heart also.
+
+And with this further word of the unabolished law--"This if thou do
+_not_, this if thou art not, thou shalt die."
+
+55. Die (whatever Death means)--totally and irrevocably. There is no
+word in thirteenth-century Theology of the pardon (in our modern
+sense) of sins; and there is none of the Purgatory of them. Above that
+image of Christ with us, our Friend, is set the image of Christ over
+us, our Judge. For this present life--here is His helpful Presence.
+After this life--there is His coming to take account of our deeds, and
+of our desires in them; and the parting asunder of the Obedient from
+the Disobedient, of the Loving from the Unkind, with no hope given to
+the last of recall or reconciliation. I do not know what commenting or
+softening doctrines were written in frightened minuscule by the
+Fathers, or hinted in hesitating whispers by the prelates of the early
+Church. But I know that the language of every graven stone and every
+glowing window,--of things daily seen and universally understood by
+the people, was absolutely and alone, this teaching of Moses from
+Sinai in the beginning, and of St. John from Patmos in the end, of the
+Revelation of God to Israel.
+
+This it was, simply--sternly--and continually, for the great three
+hundred years of Christianity in her strength (eleventh, twelfth, and
+thirteenth centuries), and over the whole breadth and depth of her
+dominion, from Iona to Cyrene,--and from Calpe to Jerusalem. At what
+time the doctrine of Purgatory was openly accepted by Catholic
+Doctors, I neither know nor care to know. It was first formalized by
+Dante, but never accepted for an instant by the sacred artist teachers
+of his time--or by those of any great school or time whatsoever.[69]
+
+[Footnote 69: The most authentic foundations of the Purgatorial scheme
+in art-teaching are in the renderings, subsequent to the thirteenth
+century, of the verse "by which also He went and preached unto the
+spirits in prison," forming gradually into the idea of the deliverance
+of the waiting saints from the power of the grave.
+
+In literature and tradition, the idea is originally, I believe,
+Platonic; certainly not Homeric. Egyptian possibly--but I have read
+nothing yet of the recent discoveries in Egypt. Not, however, quite
+liking to leave the matter in the complete emptiness of my own
+resources, I have appealed to my general investigator, Mr. Anderson
+(James R.), who writes as follows:--
+
+"There is no possible question about the doctrine and universal
+inculcation of it, ages before Dante. Curiously enough, though, the
+statement of it in the Summa Theologiae as we have it is a later
+insertion; but I find by references that St. Thomas teaches it
+elsewhere. Albertus Magnus developes it at length. If you refer to the
+'Golden Legend' under All Souls' Day, you will see how the idea is
+assumed as a commonplace in a work meant for popular use in the
+thirteenth century. St. Gregory (the Pope) argues for it (Dial. iv.
+38) on two scriptural quotations: (1), the sin that is forgiven
+neither in hoc saeculo _nor in that which is to come_, and (2), the
+fire which shall try every man's work. I think Platonic philosophy and
+the Greek mysteries must have had a good deal to do with introducing
+the idea originally; but with them--as to Virgil--it was part of the
+Eastern vision of a circling stream of life from which only a few
+drops were at intervals tossed to a definitely permanent Elysium or a
+definitely permanent Hell. It suits that scheme better than it does
+the Christian one, which attaches ultimately in all cases infinite
+importance to the results of life in hoc saeculo.
+
+"Do you know any representation of Heaven or Hell unconnected with the
+Last Judgment? I don't remember any, and as Purgatory is by that time
+past, this would account for the absence of pictures of it.
+
+"Besides, Purgatory precedes the Resurrection--there is continual
+question among divines what manner of purgatorial fire it may be that
+affects spirits separate from the body--perhaps Heaven and Hell, as
+opposed to Purgatory, were felt to be picturable because not only
+spirits, but the risen bodies too are conceived in them.
+
+"Bede's account of the Ayrshire seer's vision gives Purgatory in words
+very like Dante's description of the second stormy circle in Hell; and
+the angel which ultimately saves the Scotchman from the fiends comes
+through hell, 'quasi fulgor stellae micantis inter tenebras'--'qual sul
+presso del mattino Per gli grossi vapor Marte rosseggia.' Bede's name
+was great in the middle ages. Dante meets him in Heaven, and, I like
+to hope, may have been helped by the vision of my fellow-countryman
+more than six hundred years before."]
+
+56. Neither do I know nor care to know--at what time the notion of
+Justification by Faith, in the modern sense, first got itself
+distinctively fixed in the minds of the heretical sects and schools of
+the North. Practically its strength was founded by its first authors
+on an asceticism which differed from monastic rule in being only able
+to destroy, never to build; and in endeavouring to force what severity
+it thought proper for itself on everybody else also; and so striving
+to make one artless, letterless, and merciless monastery of all the
+world. Its virulent effort broke down amidst furies of reactionary
+dissoluteness and disbelief, and remains now the basest of popular
+solders and plasters for every condition of broken law and bruised
+conscience which interest can provoke, or hypocrisy disguise.
+
+57. With the subsequent quarrels between the two great sects of the
+corrupted church, about prayers for the Dead, Indulgences to the
+Living, Papal supremacies, or Popular liberties, no man, woman, or
+child need trouble themselves in studying the history of Christianity:
+they are nothing but the squabbles of men, and laughter of fiends
+among its ruins. The Life, and Gospel, and Power of it, are all
+written in the mighty works of its true believers: in Normandy and
+Sicily, on river islets of France and in the river glens of England,
+on the rocks of Orvieto, and by the sands of Arno. But of all, the
+simplest, completest, and most authoritative in its lessons to the
+active mind of North Europe, is this on the foundation stones of
+Amiens.
+
+58. Believe it or not, reader, as you will: understand only how
+thoroughly it _was_ once believed; and that all beautiful things were
+made, and all brave deeds done in the strength of it--until what we may
+call 'this present time,' in which it is gravely asked whether Religion
+has any effect on morals, by persons who have essentially no idea
+whatever of the meaning of either Religion or Morality.
+
+Concerning which dispute, this much perhaps you may have the patience
+finally to read, as the Fleche of Amiens fades in the distance, and
+your carriage rushes towards the Isle of France, which now exhibits
+the most admired patterns of European Art, intelligence, and
+behaviour.
+
+59. All human creatures, in all ages and places of the world, who have
+had warm affections, common sense, and self-command, have been, and
+are, Naturally Moral. Human nature in its fulness is necessarily
+Moral,--without Love, it is inhuman, without sense,[70]
+inhuman,--without discipline, inhuman.
+
+[Footnote 70: I don't mean aesthesis,--but [Greek: nous], if you _must_
+talk in Greek slang.]
+
+In the exact proportion in which men are bred capable of these things,
+and are educated to love, to think, and to endure, they become
+noble,--live happily--die calmly: are remembered with perpetual honour
+by their race, and for the perpetual good of it. All wise men know and
+have known these things, since the form of man was separated from the
+dust. The knowledge and enforcement of them have nothing to do with
+religion: a good and wise man differs from a bad and idiotic one,
+simply as a good dog from a cur, and as any manner of dog from a wolf
+or a weasel. And if you are to believe in, or preach without half
+believing in, a spiritual world or law--only in the hope that whatever
+you do, or anybody else does, that is foolish or beastly, may be in
+them and by them mended and patched and pardoned and worked up again
+as good as new--the less you believe in--and most solemnly, the less
+you talk about--a spiritual world, the better.
+
+60. But if, loving well the creatures that are like yourself, you feel
+that you would love still more dearly, creatures better than
+yourself--were they revealed to you;--if striving with all your might
+to mend what is evil, near you and around, you would fain look for a day
+when some Judge of all the Earth shall wholly do right, and the little
+hills rejoice on every side; if, parting with the companions that have
+given you all the best joy you had on Earth, you desire ever to meet
+their eyes again and clasp their hands,--where eyes shall no more be
+dim, nor hands fail;--if, preparing yourselves to lie down beneath the
+grass in silence and loneliness, seeing no more beauty, and feeling no
+more gladness--you would care for the promise to you of a time when you
+should see God's light again, and know the things you have longed to
+know, and walk in the peace of everlasting Love--_then_, the Hope of
+these things to you is religion, the Substance of them in your life is
+Faith. And in the power of them, it is promised us, that the kingdoms of
+this world shall yet become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ.
+
+[Illustration: Plan of West porches of Amiens Cathedral]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+I.   CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS REFERRED TO IN
+       THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.'
+
+II.  REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING
+       CHAPTER IV.
+
+III. GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.'
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+_CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS
+     REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.'_
+
+
+  A.D.                                                        PAGE
+
+  250. Rise of the Franks                                       33
+  301. St. Firmin comes to Amiens                                5
+  332. St. Martin                                               15
+  345. St. Jerome born                                          75
+  350. First church at Amiens, over St. Firmin's grave          99
+  358. Franks defeated by Julian near Strasburg                 44
+  405. St. Jerome's Bible                                       50
+  420. St. Jerome dies                                   78 _seq._
+  421. St. Genevieve born. Venice founded                       27
+  445. Franks cross the Rhine and take Amiens                    7
+  447. Merovee king at Amiens                                 7, 8
+  451. Battle of Chalons. Attila defeated by Aetius              7
+  457. Merovee dies. Childeric king at Amiens                    8
+  466. Clovis born                                               7
+  476. Roman Empire in Italy ended by Odoacer                    8
+  481. Roman Empire ended in France                              9
+       Clovis crowned at Amiens                              8, 27
+       St. Benedict born                                        27
+  485. Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius           8, 52
+  486. Syagrius dies at the court of Alaric                     52
+  489. Battle of Verona. Theodoric defeats Odoacer              54
+  493. Clovis marries Clotilde                                   8
+  496. Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis defeats the Alemanni           53
+       Clovis crowned at Rheims by St. Remy                      9
+       Clovis baptized by St. Remy                              13
+  508. Battle of Poitiers. Clovis defeats the Visigoths
+         under Alaric. Death of Alaric                           9
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+_REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS
+           ILLUSTRATING CHAPTER IV._
+
+
+The quatrefoils on the foundation of the west front of Amiens
+Cathedral, described in the course of the fourth chapter, had never
+been engraved or photographed in any form accessible to the public
+until last year, when I commissioned M. Kaltenbacher (6, Passage du
+Commerce), who had photographed them for M. Viollet le Duc, to obtain
+negatives of the entire series, with the central pedestal of the
+Christ.
+
+The proofs are entirely satisfactory to me, and extremely honourable
+to M. Kaltenbacher's skill: and it is impossible to obtain any more
+instructive and interesting, in exposition of the manner of central
+thirteenth-century sculpture.
+
+I directed their setting so that the entire succession of the
+quatrefoils might be included in eighteen plates; the front and two
+sides of the pedestal raise their number to twenty-one: the whole,
+unmounted, sold by my agent Mr. Ward (the negatives being my own
+property) for four guineas; or separately, each five shillings.
+
+Besides these of my own, I have chosen four general views of the
+cathedral from M. Kaltenbacher's formerly-taken negatives, which,
+together with the first-named series, (twenty-five altogether,) will
+form a complete body of illustrations for the fourth chapter of the
+'BIBLE OF AMIENS'; costing in all five guineas, forwarded free by post
+from Mr. Ward's (2, Church Terrace, Richmond, Surrey). In addition to
+these, Mr. Ward will supply the photograph of the four scenes from the
+life of St. Firmin, mentioned on page 5 of Chapter I.; price five
+shillings.
+
+For those who do not care to purchase the whole series, I have marked
+with an asterisk the plates which are especially desirable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The two following lists will enable readers who possess the plates to
+refer without difficulty both from the photographs to the text, and
+from the text to the photographs, which will be found to fall into the
+following groups:--
+
+  Photographs.
+
+          1-3. THE CENTRAL PEDESTAL.
+                      DAVID.
+
+          4-7. THE CENTRAL PORCH.
+                      VIRTUES AND VICES.
+
+          8-9. THE CENTRAL PORCH.
+                      THE MAJOR PROPHETS, WITH MICAH AND NAHUM.
+
+        10-13. THE FACADE.
+                      THE MINOR PROPHETS.
+
+        14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH.
+                      THE MONTHS AND ZODIACAL SIGNS, WITH ZEPHANIAH AND
+                      HAGGAI.
+
+        18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH.
+                      SCRIPTURAL HISTORY, WITH OBADIAH AND AMOS.
+
+        22-25. MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+
+PART I.
+
+LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THE QUATREFOILS, ETC.
+
+
+  Photographs.
+  1-3. CENTRAL PEDASTAL. See pp. 109-110, Sec.Sec. 32-33.
+
+        *1. FRONT        David. Lion and Dragon. Vine.
+        *2. NORTH SIDE   Lily and Cockatrice.
+        *3. SOUTH SIDE   Rose and Adder.
+
+  4-7. CENTRAL PORCH.
+        _Virtues and Vices_ (pp. 114, 117, Sec.Sec. 39 & 41).
+
+        4.  1 A. Courage.    2 A. Patience.   3 A. Gentillesse.
+            1 B. Cowardice.  2 B. Anger.      3 B. Churlishness.
+
+        5.  4 A. Love.       5 A. Obedience.  6 A. Perseverance.
+            4 B. Discord.    5 B. Rebellion.  6 B. Atheism.
+
+        6.  9 A. Charity.    8 A. Hope.       7 A. Faith.
+            9 B. Avarice     8 B. Despair.    7 B. Idolatry.
+
+        7. 12 A. Humility.  11 A. Wisdom.    10 A. Chastity.
+           12 B. Pride.     11 B. Folly.     10 B. Lust.
+
+  8-9. CENTRAL PORCH.
+        _The Major Prophets_ (pp. 114, 121, Sec.Sec. 39, 42), _with
+        Micah and Nahum_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43).
+
+       *8.   ISAIAH.     JEREMIAH.    MICAH.
+              13 A.       14 A.        22 C.
+              13 B.       14 B.        22 D.
+
+        9.   NAHUM.      DANIEL.      EZEKIEL.
+              23 A.       16 A.        15 A.
+              23 B.       16 B.        15 B.
+
+  10-13. THE FACADE.
+          _The Minor Prophets_ (pp. 114, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43).
+
+      *10.   AMOS.       JOEL.        HOSEA.
+              19 A.       18 A.        17 A.
+              19 B.       18 B.        17 B.
+
+      *11.   MICAH.      JONAH.       OBADIAH.
+              22 A.       21 A.        20 C.
+              22 B.       21 B.        20 D.
+
+      *12.   ZEPHANIAH.  HABAKKUK.    NAHUM.
+              25 A.       24 A.        23 C.
+              25 B.       24 B.        23 D.
+
+       13.   MALACHI.    ZECHARIAH.   HAGGAI.
+              28 A.       27 A.        26 C.
+              28 B.       27 B.        26 D.
+
+  14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH.
+          _The Months and Zodiacal Signs_ (pp. 129-131, Sec. 47),
+          _with Zephaniah and Haggai_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43).
+
+                 41.          42.        43.       44.
+         14.  CAPRICORN.   AQUARIUS.   PISCES.   ARIES.
+               December.   January.   February.  March.
+
+                45.              46.          25 C.
+         15.  TAURUS.          GEMINI.      ZEPHANIAH.
+               April.            May.         25 D.
+
+                26 A.            52.            51.
+         16.  HAGGAI.          CANCER.         LEO.
+                26 B.           June.          July.
+
+                50.          49.          48.        47.
+         17.  VIRGO.        LIBRA.     SCORPIO.  SAGITTARIUS.
+              August.     September.   October.   November.
+
+  18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH.
+          _Scriptural History_ (pp. 132-134, Sec. 51), _with Obadiah
+          and Amos_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 42, 43).
+
+        *18. 29 A. Daniel and the stone.       30 A. Gideon and the fleece.
+             29 B. Moses and the burning Bush. 30 B. Moses and Aaron.
+             31 A. The message to Zacharias.   32 A. The silence of Zacharias.
+             31 B. Dream of Joseph.            32 B. "His name is John."
+
+         19. 33 A. The Flight      34 A. The Fall of      19 C. Amos.
+                   into Egypt.           the Idols.
+             33 B. Christ and      34 B. Return to Nazareth.     19 D. Amos.
+                   the Doctors.
+
+         20. 20 A. Obadiah.     40 A. Solomon and the      39 A. Solomon
+                                      Queen of Sheba.            enthroned.
+                                      The Grace Cup.
+             20 B. Obadiah.     40 B. Solomon teaching     39 B. Solomon
+                                      the Queen of Sheba.        in prayer.
+                                      "God is above."
+
+         21. 38 A. Holy Innocents.             37 A. Herod and the Kings.
+             38 B. Herod orders the Kings'     37 B. The burning of the
+                    ship to be burnt.                  ship.
+             36 A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?)  35 A. The Star in the East.
+             36 B. The voyage of the Kings.    35 B. The Kings warned in a
+                                                       dream.
+
+  22-25. MISCELLANEOUS.
+        *22. THE WESTERN PORCHES.
+        *23. THE PORCH OF ST. HONORE.
+         24. THE SOUTH TRANSEPT AND FLECHE.
+         25. GENERAL VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE OTHER BANK
+                   OF THE SOMME.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PART II.--LIST OF QUATREFOILS WITH REFERENCE TO THE
+                    PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+Black                                                 Page and     No.
+letter   Name of Statue.   Subject of Quatrefoil.      Section     of
+No. in                                                  where     Photograph.
+text.                                                 described.
+
+       _The Apostles._   _Virtues and Vices._
+
+                        {A. Courage                p. 114, Sec. 39 }
+1.     ST. PETER        {                          p. 117, Sec. 41 }
+                        {B. Cowardice                  "     "  }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Patience               p. 114, Sec. 39 }
+2.     ST. ANDREW       {                          p. 118, Sec. 41 }   4
+                        {B. Anger                      "     "  }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Gentillesse                "     "  }
+3.     ST. JAMES        {                                       }
+                        {B. Churlishness               "     "  }
+
+                        {A. Love                       "     "  }
+4.     ST. JOHN         {                          p. 114, Sec. 39 }
+                        {B. Discord                p. 118, Sec. 41 }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Obedience              p. 114, Sec. 39 }
+5.     ST. MATTHEW      {                          p. 118, Sec. 41 }   5
+                        {B. Rebellion              p. 119,   "  }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Perseverance.              "     "  }
+6.     ST. SIMON        {                         {p. 114, Sec. 39 }
+                        {B. Atheism               {p. 119, Sec. 41 }
+
+                        {A. Faith                 {p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+7.     ST. PAUL         {                         {p. 119, Sec. 41 }
+                        {B. Idolatry                 "     "    }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Hope                   p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+8.     ST. JAMES THE    {                          p. 119, Sec. 41 }   6
+          BISHOP        {B. Despair                  "     "    }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Charity                  "     "    }
+9.     ST. PHILIP       {B. Avarice               {p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+                        {                         {p. 120, Sec. 41 }
+
+                        {A. Chastity                 "     "    }
+10.    ST. BARTHOLEMEW  {                                       }
+                        {B. Lust                     "     "    }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Wisdom                   "     "    }
+11.    ST. THOMAS       {                                       }   7
+                        {B. Folly                    "     "    }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. Humility               p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+12.    ST. JUDE         {                          p. 121, Sec. 41 }
+                        {B. Pride                    "     "    }
+
+
+       _The Major Prophets._
+
+                        {A. The Lord enthroned     p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+13.    ISAIAH           {B. Lo! this hath touched               }
+                            thy lips               p. 121, Sec. 42 }
+                                                                }   8
+                        {A. The burial of the girdle p.115, Sec. 39}
+14.    JEREMIAH         {                                       }
+                        {B. The breaking of the                 }
+                            yoke                   p. 122, Sec. 42 }
+
+                        {A. Wheel within wheel     p. 115, Sec. 39 }
+15.    EZEKIEL          {                                       }
+                        {B. Set thy face towards                }
+                            Jerusalem                "     "    }
+                                                                }
+                        {A. He hath shut the lions'             }
+                        {      mouths                "     "    }   9
+16.    DANIEL           {                                       }
+                        {B. Fingers of a man's hand p. 115, Sec. 39}
+                                                    p. 122, Sec. 42}
+
+
+       _The Minor Prophets._
+
+                        {A. So I bought her to     {p. 116, Sec. 40  }
+                        {      me                  {p. 122, Sec. 43  }
+17.    HOSEA            {                                         }
+                        {B. So will I also be for  {p. 116, Sec. 40  }
+                        {      thee                {p. 123, Sec. 43  }
+                                                                  }
+                        {A. The sun and moon        {p. 116, Sec. 40 }
+                        {      lightless            {p. 123, Sec. 48 }  10
+18.    JOEL             {                                         }
+                        {B. The fig-tree and vine                 }
+                        {      leafless                "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                        {A. The Lord will cry from                }
+                        {      Zion                    "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+           {Facade      {B. The habitations of the                }
+           {                shepherds                  "     "    }
+           {
+19.    AMOS{            {C. The Lord with the                     }
+           {Porch       {      mason's line          p. 116, Sec. 40 }
+           {            {D. The place where it                    }  19
+           {                   rained not            p. 123, Sec. 43 }
+
+                        {A. I hid them in a cave       "     "    }
+              {Porch    {B. He fell on his face      p. 124, "    }  20
+20.    OBADIAH{
+              {         {C. The captain of fifty       "     "    }  11
+              {Facade   {D. The messenger              "     "    }
+
+                        {A. Escaped from the sea     p. 124, Sec. 43 }
+21.    JONAH            {                           {p. 116, Sec. 40 }
+                        {B. Under the gourd         {p. 124, Sec. 43 }
+                                                                  }
+                        {A. The tower of the Flock     "     "    }  11
+             {Facade    {                                         }
+             {          {B. Each shall rest            "     "    }
+22.    MICAH {
+             {          {C. Swords into ploughshares              }
+             {Porch     {                            p. 116, Sec. 40 }   8
+             {          {D. Spears into pruning-hooks             }
+             {                                       p. 124, Sec. 43 }
+
+                        {A. None shall look back     p. 125, "    }   9
+             {Porch     {B. The Burden of Nineveh      "     "    }
+23.    NAHUM {          {
+             {          {C. Thy Princes and great   {p. 116, Sec.40  }
+             {Facade    {      ones                 {p. 125, Sec.43  }
+                        {D. Untimely figs              "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                        {A. I will watch               "     "    }
+24.    HABAKKUK         {                                         }  12
+                        {B. The ministry to Daniel     "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                        {A. The Lord strikes        {p. 117, Sec. 40 }
+                {Facade {      Ethiopia             {p. 126, Sec. 43 }
+                {       {B. The beasts in Nineveh     "     "     }
+25.    ZEPHANIAH{
+                {       {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem "     "     }
+                {Porch  {                                         }  15
+                        {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern  "     "     }
+
+                        {A. The houses of the                     }
+                        {      princes               p. 117, Sec. 40 }
+             { Porch    {                                         }
+             {          {B. The Heaven stayed                     }  16
+26.    HAGGAI{          {      from dew              p. 126, Sec. 43 }
+             {
+             {          {C. The temple desolate        "     "    }
+             { Facade   {                                         }
+                        {D. Thus saith the Lord.     p. 127, "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. The lifting up of Iniquity p. 127, Sec. 43}
+27.    ZECHARIAH       {                                          }  13
+                       {B. The angel that spake to me   "     "   }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Ye have wounded the      {p. 117, Sec. 40 }
+28.    MALACHI         {      Lord                  {p. 127, Sec. 43 }
+                       {B. This commandment is                    }
+                              to _you_                 "     "    }
+
+       SOUTHERN PORCH--_to the Virgin_.
+
+                       {A. Daniel and the stone                   }
+                       {      cut without hands      p. 133, Sec. 51 }
+29.    GABRIEL         {                                          }
+                       {B. Moses and the burning bush  "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Gideon and the fleece       "     "    }
+30.    VIRGIN          {                                          }
+       ANNUNCIATE      {B. Moses and the law                      }
+                            Aaron and his rod          "     "    }  13
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. The message to Zacharias!   "     "    }
+31.    VIRGIN VISITANT {                                          }
+                       {B. The dream of Joseph         "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. The silence of Zacharias    "     "    }
+32.    ST. ELIZABETH   {                                          }
+                       {B. "His name is John"          "     "    }
+
+                       {A. Flight into Egypt           "     "    }
+33.    VIRGIN IN       {                                          }
+       PRESENTATION    {B. Christ with the Doctors     "     "    }  19
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Fall of idols in Egypt      "     "    }
+34.    ST. SIMEON      {                                          }
+                       {B. The Return to Nazareth      "     "    }
+
+                       {A. The Star in the East.     p. 134, Sec. 51 }
+35.    THE FIRST KING  {                                          }
+                       {B. "Warned in a dream"         "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?)  "     "    }
+36.    THE SECOND KING {                                          }
+                       {B. The voyage of the Kings     "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Herod inquires of the                  }  21
+                       {      Kings                    "     "    }
+37.    THE THIRD KING  {                                          }
+                       {B. The burning of the ship     "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Massacre of the Innocents   "     "    }
+38.    HEROD           {                                          }
+                       {B. Herod orders the ship                  }
+                            to be burnt                "     "    }
+
+                       {A. Solomon enthroned         p. 133, Sec. 51 }
+39.    SOLOMON         {                                          }
+                       {B. Solomon in prayer           "     "    }
+                                                                  }  20
+                       {A. The Grace cup               "     "    }
+40.    QUEEN OF SHEBA  {                                          }
+                       {B. "God is above"              "     "    }
+
+
+       NORTHERN PORCH--_to St. Firmin_ (p. 127, Sec. 44).
+
+                       {A. Capricorn                 p. 130, Sec. 47 }
+41.    ST. FIRMIN      {                                          }
+        CONFESSOR      {                                          }
+                       {B. December                    "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Aquarius                    "     "    }
+42.    ST. DOMICE      {                                          }
+                       {B. January                     "     "    }
+                                                                  }  14
+                       {A. Pisces                      "     "    }
+43.    ST. HONORE      {                                          }
+                       {B. February                    "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Aries.                      "     "    }
+44.    ST. SALVE       {                                          }
+                       {B. March                       "     "    }
+
+                       {A. Taurus                      "     "    }
+45.    ST. QUENTIN     {                                          }
+                       {B. April                       "     "    }
+                                                                  }  15
+                       {A. Gemini                      "     "    }
+46.    ST. GENTIAN     {                                          }
+                       {B. May                         "     "    }
+
+                       {A. Sagittarius               p. 131, Sec. 47 }
+47.    ST. GEOFFREY    {                                          }
+                       {B. November                    "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Scorpio                     "     "    }
+48.    AN ANGEL        {                                          }
+                       {B. October                     "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Libra                       "     "    }  17
+49.    ST. FUSCIEN,    {                                          }
+        MARTYR         {B. September                   "     "    }
+                                                                  }
+                       {A. Virgo                       "     "    }
+50.    ST. VICTORIC,   {                                          }
+        MARTYR         {B. August                      "     "    }
+
+                       {A. Leo                       p. 130, Sec. 47 }
+51.    AN ANGEL        {                                          }
+                       {B. July                        "     "    }
+                                                                  }  16
+                       {A. Cancer                      "     "    }
+52.    ST. ULPHA       {                                          }
+                       {B. June                        "     "    }
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III.
+
+_GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.'_[71]
+
+
+[Footnote 71: Reprinted from the "Advice," issued with Chap. III
+(March, 1882).]
+
+The first part of 'Our Fathers have told us,' now submitted to the
+public, is enough to show the proposed character and tendencies of the
+work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite
+subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its
+usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known
+number of its supporters.
+
+I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to
+fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry,
+than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of
+which, however, enough remains in me to warrant my readers against the
+abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years.
+
+The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each
+taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering,
+towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the
+Church in the Thirteenth Century.
+
+The present volume completes the first part, descriptive of the early
+Frank power, and of its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens.
+
+The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for
+Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the
+first capital of France.
+
+The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power.
+
+The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with
+much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered
+materials respecting Pisa and Florence.
+
+The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic
+architecture of England and Wales.
+
+The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the
+cathedral of Chartres.
+
+The eighth, "Domremy," to that of Rouen and the schools of
+architecture which it represents.
+
+The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the Pastoral forms of Catholicism,
+reaching to our own times.
+
+And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of
+Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish border.
+
+Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the
+fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or
+cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined
+in the preparatory chapters.
+
+One illustration at least will be given with each chapter, and
+drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the
+Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support,
+or opportunity for binding with the completed work.
+
+As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller
+edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in
+reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I
+intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+[_Except in the case of Chapter 1., which is not divided into numbered
+sections, the references in this index are to both page and section.
+Thus_ 206. iv. 51 _is to page_ 206, _Chapter_ IV., Sec. 51.]
+
+
+Aaron's rod, 133. iv. 51.
+
+Adder, the deaf, 110. iv. 33-4.
+
+Admiration, test of, 96. iv. 8.
+
+Afghan war, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Agricola, 67. iii. 21.
+
+Aisles of aspen and of stone, 97. iv. 10.
+
+Alaric (son-in-law of Theodoric), defeated and killed by Clovis at
+           Poitiers, 9; 52. ii. 49.
+
+---- the younger, 52, ii. 49.
+
+Albofleda, sister of Clovis, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Alemannia (Germany) 34. ii. 19.
+
+Alexander III. and Barbarossa, 111. iv. 35.
+
+Alfred, King, of England, religious feeling under, 21.
+
+Algeria, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Alphabet, the, and Moesia, 68. iii. 22.
+
+Alps, the, and climbing, 72. iii. 29.
+
+Amiens. (1) History; (2) Town; (3) Cathedral.
+
+  (1) _History of_:--
+         early people of, and Roman gods, 4.
+         taken by the Franks under Clodion, 445 A.D., 7.
+         manufactures of, early, 2, 3.
+               "   swords, 124. iv. 43.
+               "   woollen, 118, 120. iv. 41.
+         religion, and Christianity:--
+           the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90, 111. iv. 3, 36.
+           S. Firmin the first to preach there, 300 A.D., 5.
+           the first bishopric of France, 6.
+           the first church there, 350 A.D., 5, 6; 99. iv. 14.
+           under S. Geoffroy, 1104-50 A.D., 128-9. iv. 45.
+
+  (2) _The Town_:--
+         country round, 2.
+         highest land near, 14.
+         manufactory chimneys, 3.
+         railway station, 1, 3.
+         Roman gate near, 15.
+         S. Acheul, chimney of, 6, 14.
+         streams and rivers of, 1.
+         the "Venice of France," 1.
+
+  (3) _The Cathedral_:--
+         (a) History,--
+               books on, 93 n. iv. 1. 2. n.
+               building of, 89. iv. 1. 2.
+                  "  by whom? 97-8, iv. 12.
+               completion of, rhyme on the, 99. sq. iv. 12.
+               history of successive churches on its site, 99. iv. 14.
+         (b) General aspect of,--
+               as compared with other cathedrals, 88. iv. 1.
+               the consummation of Frankish character, 46. ii. 38.
+               the "Parthenon of Gothic architecture," 88. iv. 1.
+         (c) Detailed examination of,--
+               approaches to, which best, 92. sq. iv. 6.
+               apse, the, its height, 96. iv. 9
+                 " the first perfect piece of Northern architecture, 97.
+                       iv. 11.
+               choir, the, and wood-carving, 91 & n. iv. 5 & n.
+               facade, 108 sq. iv. 28 sq.
+                 " the central porch,
+                 "       " apostles of, 108. iv. 29.
+                 "       " Christ-Immanuel, David, 108. iv. 28.
+                 "       " prophets of, 108. iv. 29.
+                 " the northern porch (S. Firmin), 127 sq. iv. 44.
+                 " the southern porch (Madonna), 131 sq. iv. 48.
+               fleche, from station, 3, 4; 94. iv. 7; 138. iv. 58.
+               foundation steps, the old, removed, 107. iv. 27.
+               restoration of, 107. iv. 27; 123. iv. 43.
+               rose moulding of, 107. iv. 27.
+               sculptures of, 133-4. iv. 51.
+                   "  of virtues less good than of prophets, 121. iv. 42.
+               transepts of; North, rose window, 95-6. iv. 8.
+                   "           "  sculpture of, 125. n. iv. 43 n.
+                   "         South, Madonna on, 94. iv. 7.
+
+Amos, figure and quatrefoils, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43.
+
+Anchorites, early, 72, 73. iii. 29, 30.
+
+Anderson, J. R., on purgatory, 136 n. iv. 55 n.
+
+Angelico, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46.
+
+Anger, bides its time, 48. ii. 42.
+
+Anger, a feminine vice, 118. iv. 41.
+  "  sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41.
+
+Angouleme, legend of its walls falling, 50 n. ii. 47.
+
+Aphrodite, 27. ii. 3.
+
+Apocrypha, the, received by the Church, 78. iii. 40.
+
+Apostles, the, and virtues, Amiens Cathedral, 112. iv. 37 sq.
+
+Arab, Gothic and Classic, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Arabia, 63. iii. 13.
+  "  power of, 65. iii. 19.
+  "  religion of, 66. iii. 19.
+  "  Sir F. Palgrave's book on, 64-65. iii. 17-18.
+
+Architecture, Egyptian, origin of, 71. iii. 27.
+  "  literal character of early Christian, 90. iv. 4.
+  "  and nature, 97. iv. 10.
+  "  Northern gets as much light as possible, 89. iv. 2.
+  "      "  passion of, 97. iv. 10.
+  "  "Purity of style" in, 88. iv. 2.
+
+Arianism of Visigoths, 9.
+
+Arles, defeat of Clovis by Theodoric at, 50, 54. ii. 47, 53.
+
+Armour, early Frankish, 43. ii. 33.
+
+Art, the Bible as influencing and influenced by Christian, 80-81.
+         iii. 45-6.
+  "  all great, praise, pref. v.
+  "  and literature, mental action of, 81. iii. 47.
+
+Asceticism, our power of rightly estimating, 72. iii. 29.
+
+Asia, seven churches of, 63. iii. 12.
+  "  Minor, a misnomer, 62. iii. 12.
+  "  religious feeling of Asiatics, 21 n.
+
+Assyria, ancient kingdom of, and the Jews, 65. iii. 18.
+
+Astronomy from Egypt, 71. iii. 27.
+
+Atheism, barefoot figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+  "  very wise men may be idolaters, cannot be atheists, 119. iv. 41.
+  "  Modern: see "Infidelity."
+
+Athena, 86. iii. 53.
+
+Athens, influence of, on Europe, 62. iii. 12.
+
+Atlantic cable, 61. iii. 8.
+
+Attila, defeated at Chalons, 7.
+
+Attuarii, 34, 38 n. ii. 18, 28 n.
+
+Augurs, college of, 70 n. iii. 26 n.
+
+Aurelian, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15.
+
+Auroch herds, of Scythia, 31 n. ii. 11.
+
+Author, the:--
+        art teaching of, 85. iii. 52.
+        Bible training of, 86. iii. 52.
+        on his own books, 85. iii. 52.
+        cathedrals, his love of, 88. iv. 1.
+        conservative, pref. iii.
+
+Author, the:
+        discursiveness of, 47. ii. 40.
+        on Greek myths, 86. iii. 52.
+        on Homer and Horace, 86. iii. 52.
+        religion of, 135 sq. iv. 55 sq.
+        on Roman religion, 86. iii. 52.
+        travels abroad; earliest tour on Continent, 99. iv. 13.
+           "  at Amiens, in early life, 107. iv. 27.
+           "  at Avallon, Aug. 28, 82. 87. iii. 54.
+        books of quoted or referred to:--
+        Ariadne Florentina, on "franchise," 39 n. ii. 28.
+        Arrows of the Chace, letters to Glasgow, pref. iii.
+        Fiction Fair and Foul, 111. iv. 35 n.
+        Fors Clavigera, Letter 61, Vol. VI., p. --, 102 n. iv. 20 n.
+          "    "          "    65, Vol. VI., p. --, 125 n. iv. 43 n.
+        Laws of Fesole, pref. v.
+          "       "       "     60. iii. 7.
+        Modern Painters, plate 73, 20.
+        St. Mark's Rest, 27. ii. 2.
+         "         "    83 n. iii. 48 n.
+         "         "    113 n. iv. 36.
+        Stones of Venice, 131 n. iv. 49 n.
+        Two Paths, 95 n. iv. 8 n.
+        Val d'Arno, 39 n. ii. 28 n.
+
+Auvergnats, 10.
+
+Avarice, modern, 111. iv. 35; 120. iv. 41.
+  "  figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41.
+
+
+Bacteria, the, 13.
+
+Baltic, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11, 12.
+
+Baptism, not essential to salvation, 18.
+
+Barbarossa, in the porch of St. Mark's, 111. iv. 35.
+
+Batavians, 49. ii. 45.
+
+Battle-axe, French, or Achon, 42. ii. 32.
+
+Bayeux, Bishop of, surrender of Lord Salisbury to, 105. iv. 24.
+
+Beauvais, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1.
+
+Beggars, how to give to, 95. iv. 8.
+
+Belshazzar's feast, 122. iv. 42.
+
+"Bible of Amiens," meaning of title, 127. iv. 44
+
+----, the Holy--
+  art, as influenced by, 80. iii. 45.
+  and Clovis, 50. ii. 47.
+  contents and matchless compass of, 85. iii. 51.
+  disobedience of accepting only what we like in it, 79. iii. 41.
+  history of, and acceptance by the Church, 77-8. iii. 39, 40.
+  influence of, sentimental, intellectual, moral, 79. iii. 42.
+
+Bible, inspiration of the, 82. iii. 48.
+  the "library of Europe," 76. iii. 36.
+  literature and, 80. iii. 44.
+  St. Jerome's, 70. iii. 26.
+  study of, by the author as a child, 86. iii. 52.
+    "  honest and dishonest, 79. iii. 42.
+    "  one-sided, and its results, 79. iii. 41.
+  teaching of, general and special, 84. iii. 49.
+  Ulphilas' Gothic, 68. iii. 22.
+  the word 'Bible,' its meaning, 77. iii. 37.
+  quoted or referred to:--[72]
+    Gen. xviii. 25, Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? 139.
+        iv. 60.
+    Ex. xiv. 15, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward,
+        102 n. iv. 21 n.
+    Deut. xxvi. 5, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, 63. iii. 14.
+    1 Sam. xvii. 28, With whom hast thou left those few sheep in the
+        wilderness? 70. iii. 26.
+    Ps. xi. 4, The Lord is in His holy temple, 90. iv. 2.
+    Ps. xiv. 1, The fool hath said (_Dixit insipiens_), 119, iv. 41.
+    Ps. xxiv. Who is the King of Glory? 112. iv. 36.
+    Ps. lxv. 12, The little hills rejoice on every side, 139. iv. 60.
+    Song of Solomon vii. 1, How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, 119.
+        iv. 41.
+    Isa. xi. 9, Hurt nor destroy in all the holy mountain, 87. iii. 54.
+    Matt. x. 37, He that loveth father or mother more than me, 76. iii. 36.
+      "  xvi. 24, Let him take up his cross and follow me, 79. iii. 43.
+      "  xvii. 5, This is my beloved Son ... hear ye Him, 109, iv. 30.
+      "  xviii. 20, Where two or three are gathered together, 90. iv, 3.
+      "  xxi. 9, Hosanna to the Son of David, 109. iv. 31.
+    Luke i. 80, The child grew ... and was in the deserts, 70. iii. 26.
+      "  x. 5, Peace be to this house, 114. iv. 38.
+      "  x. 28, This do, and thou shalt live, 135. iv. 54.
+      "  xvi. 31, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, 177. iii. 38.
+    John vi. 29, This is the work of God, that ye believe him, 4.
+      "  vi. 55, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, 119. iv. 41.
+      "  xvii. 23, I in them, and thou in me, 118. iv. 41.
+      "  xxi. 16, Feed my sheep, 106. iv. 26.
+    Rom. viii. 4, 6, 13, The righteousness of the law ... for to be
+         carnally minded, is death, 84 n. iii. 48 n.
+    1 Cor. xiii. 6, Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in the truth, pref. v.
+    2 Cor. vi. 16, I will be their God and they shall be my people, 90.
+         iv. 3.
+    Eph. iv. 26, Let not the sun go down upon your wrath, 48. iii. 42.
+      "  vi. 15, Your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of
+         peace, 119. iv. 41.
+    James v. 7, 8, Be ye also patient, 120. iv. 41.
+    Rev. iii. 11, Hold fast that which thou hast, 119. iv. 41.
+      "  xi. 15, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our
+         Lord and of his Christ, 139. iv. 60.
+
+[Footnote 72: References merely descriptive of one of the sculptures of the
+        facade of Amiens Cathedral are omitted in this index.]
+
+Bibliotheca, 77. iii. 37.
+
+Bishops, French, in battle, 105. iv. 24. _See_ Everard and S. Geoffrey.
+
+Bittern and hedgehog, 126. iv. 43.
+
+Black's atlas, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Black Prince, the, his leopard coinage, 117. iv. 41.
+  "    "       "  at Limoges, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Blasphemy and slang, 105. iv. 25.
+
+Blight, as a type of punishment, 123. iv. 43.
+
+Boden see, the, 37. ii. 25.
+
+Boulin, Arnold, carves choir of Amiens Cathedral, 92 n. iv. 5.
+
+Bourges, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1.
+
+Bouvines, battle of, 105. iv. 24.
+
+Bretons, in France, 6, 8, 11.
+
+Britain, gives Christianity its first deeds and final legends, 32. ii. 15.
+  "  divisions of, 69. iii. 24.
+  "  and Roman Empire, 29-30. ii. 9.
+
+Brocken summit, the, 35. ii. 22.
+
+Bructeri, 34. ii. 18.
+
+Bunyan, John, 16.
+
+Burgundy, and France distinct, 6, 8, 11.
+  "  extent of kingdom, _temp._ Clotilde, 52 n. ii 49.
+  "  king of, uncle of Clotilde, 52. ii. 50.
+
+Bussey and Gaspey's History of France, 52 n. ii. 50.
+
+Butler, Colonel, "Far out Rovings retold," pref. iv., 35.
+
+Byron's "Cain," 80. iii. 44.
+
+Byzantine Madonna, 131. iv. 49.
+  "  scheme of the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36.
+
+Byzantium, influence of on Europe, 62. iii. 12.
+
+
+Calais, road from, to Paris, 10.
+
+Callousness of modern public opinion, 48. ii. 42.
+
+Camels, disobedient and ill-tempered, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Canary Islands, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Cancan, the, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Canterbury, S. Martin's church at, and S. Augustine, 18.
+
+Canute, 64. iii. 16.
+
+Carlyle, T., description of Poland and Prussia, 30 n. ii. 10.
+  "          "Frederick the Great" quoted, 81. iii. 47.
+
+Carpaccio, draperies in the pictures of, 2.
+
+Carthage, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Cary's Dante, 112 n. iv. 36.
+  "      "    120. iv. 41.
+  "      "    See "Dante," 120.
+
+Cassel, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Cathedrals, author's love of, 88. iv. 1.
+  "  custodians of, 88. iv. 1.
+  "  different, French and English, compared with that of Amiens, 88.
+         iv. 1.
+  "  plan of mediaeval, and its religious meaning, 91. iv. 4.
+  "  points of compass in, 107. iv. 28.
+
+Catti, the, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27.
+
+Cattle, huge, of nomad tribes, 31 n. ii. 11.
+
+Centuries, division of the, into four periods, 26. ii. 1.
+
+Chalons, defeat of Attila at, 7.
+
+Chamavi, 34. ii. 18.
+
+Chapman, George, his last prayer, 102. iv. 20-21.
+
+Charity, giving to beggars, 95. iv. 8.
+  "  indiscriminate, 121. iv. 41.
+
+Charlemagne, religion under, 21 n.
+
+Chartres cathedral, 88. iv. 1.
+
+Chastity, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Chaucer, "Romaunt of Rose" quoted on franchise, 39 n. ii. 28.
+
+Chauci, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27.
+
+Childebert (son of Clovis), first Frank king of Paris, 51. ii. 48.
+  "  meaning of the word, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Childeric, son of Merovee, king of Franks, exiled 447 A.D., 7.
+
+Chivalry, its dawn and darkening, 43 ii. 33.
+  "  its Egyptian origin, 71. iii. 27.
+  "  feudal, 54. ii. 54.
+
+Chlodomir, second son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Chlodowald, son of Chlodomir, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Christ, the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90. 111. iv. 3, 36.
+  "  and the doctors, 133. iv. 51.
+  "  His life, not His death, to be mainly contemplated, 134. iv. 52.
+  "  His return to Nazareth, 133. iv. 51.
+  "  realization of His presence by mediaeval burghers, 90. iv. 3.
+  "  statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 108. iv. 28.
+  "    "          "      "        111. iv. 36.
+  "    "          "      "        its conception and meaning, 134. iv. 52.
+
+Christian," "The (newspaper), 83. iii. 48.
+
+Christianity and the Bible, 70. iii. 26.
+  "  of Clovis, 13.
+  "  early, share of Britain, Gaul and Germany in, 33. ii. 15.
+  "  fifth century, at end of, 54. ii. 54.
+  "  Gentile, 77. iii 39.
+  "  Gothic, Classic, Arab, 69. iii. 25.
+  "  literature as influencing, 70. iii. 26.
+  "  mediaeval, Saxon and Frank, 21.
+  "  modern, 17.
+  "  modest minds, the best recipients of, 77. iii. 39.
+  "  monastic life, 70. iii. 26.
+  "  S. Jerome's Bible, and, 77. iii. 37.
+  "  true, defined, 136. iv. 55.
+  "    "      "     137. iv. 57.
+  "  See "Religion."
+
+Church, the first French, at Amiens, 5, 6.
+
+Churlishness, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Cimabue's Madonna, 131. iv. 49.
+
+Cincinnatus, 67. iii. 21.
+
+Circumstances, man the creature of, 58, 59. iii. 1, 3.
+
+Classic countries of Europe, (Gothic, and Arab,) 62 sq. iii. 11.
+  "  literature, there is a _sacred_, 86. iii. 53.
+
+Claudius, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15.
+
+Clergymen, modern, 17.
+  "        protestant, 74. iii. 33.
+
+Climate, and nationality, 9.
+  "      races divided by, 61. iii. 9.
+  "      and race, their influence on man, 61. iii. 9.
+
+Cloak, legend of S. Martin's, 14, 15.
+
+Clodion, leads Franks over Rhine and takes Amiens, 445 A.D., 7.
+
+Clotaire, son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Clotilde (wife of Clovis, daughter of Chilperic), 6, 21.
+  "  education of, 52 n. ii. 49.
+  "  the god of, 7, 9, 13.
+  "    "  "  "   54. ii. 54.
+  "  journeys to France, 52. ii. 50.
+  "  marriage of, 13; 51. ii. 48.
+  "  mother of, 52 n. ii. 49.
+  "  name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48.
+
+----, daughter of Clovis and Clotilde, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Clovis, King of the Franks, 7.
+  "  birth of, 466 A.D., 52. ii. 49.
+  "  character of, 13.
+  "  death and last years of, 49 sq. ii. 44.
+  "  family of, 51. ii. 48.
+  "  name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48.
+  "  reign of, 13.
+  "    crowned at Amiens, 481 A.D., 27. ii. 2.
+  "      "     at Rheims, 9.
+  "    defeat of by Ostrogoths, at Arles, 50. ii. 47.
+  "    passes the Loire, at Tours, 20.
+  "    and the Soissons vase, 47-8. ii. 41-3.
+  "    summary of its events, 51. ii. 49.
+  "    victories of, (Soissons, Poitiers, Tolbiac,) 9. 21. i. n.
+  "       "      the Franks after his, 46. ii. 38.
+  "  religion of:--
+  "    prays to the God of Clotilde, 7, 9, 13; 54. ii. 54.
+  "    conversion to Christianity by S. Remy, 13, 14.
+  "    his previous respect for Christianity, 52 n. ii. 49 n.
+  "    "      "        "    "   S. Martin's Abbey, 20.
+  "    his Christianity, analysed, 50. ii. 47.
+  "  Rheims enriched by, 52. ii. 49.
+  "  S. Genevieve, Paris, founded by, 55. ii. 55.
+
+----, son of Childeric, 7.
+  "    "  "      "      invades Italy, 38 n. ii. 28 n.
+  "    "  "      "      reign of, 7.
+
+Cockatrice, sculpture of the, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 33-4.
+
+Cockneyism, history writing and, 13.
+
+Cockneyism, 'Mossoo,' 38. ii. 27.
+  "  priests and, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Coinage, the Black Prince's leopard, 117. iv. 41.
+
+Colchos, tribes of the lake of, 31. ii. 11.
+
+Cologne, battlefield of Tolbiac from, 54. ii. 54.
+
+Commerce and protestantism, 79. iii. 43.
+
+Competition will not produce art, 90 n. iv. 4.
+     "           "      and the Franks, 41 n. ii. 31.
+
+Constantine, Emperor, power of, 54. ii. 54.
+     "           "      lascivious court of, 67. iii. 20.
+
+Constantius, Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15.
+
+Courage, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41.
+
+Covetousness, and atheism, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Cowardice, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41.
+
+Creasy, Sir E., "History of England," 59 iii. 5, 6.
+
+Crecy, battle of, Edward II. fords the, 1.
+
+Crime, the history of, its possible lessons, 12.
+
+Cross, the power of the, in history, 79. iii. 42.
+  "  protestant view of the, as a raft of salvation, 80. iii. 43.
+
+Crown, the, of Hope, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Cyrene, 63. iii. 13.
+
+
+Dacia, contest of, with Rome, 30. ii. 9.
+  "  five Roman emperors from, 32 n. ii. 15 n.
+
+Daedalus, 101, iv. 19.
+
+Dalmatia, 68. iii. 23.
+
+Danes, the, 31. ii. 12.
+
+Daniel, statue, etc., of, Amiens Cathedral, 114. iv. 38; 121. iv. 42.
+        quatrefoils: 'traditional visit of Habakkuk to,' 125. iv. 43.
+             "  the stone cut without hands, 133. iv. 51.
+
+Dante, as a result of the Bible, 80. iii. 44.
+  "  Christian-heathen poet, 102. iv. 20.
+  "  Virgil's influence on, 86. iii. 53.
+  "  quoted: "Paradise" (28), 111 n. iv. 36.
+  "      "         "    (125), 120. iv. 41.
+
+Danube, tribes of the, 31. ii. 1.
+
+Darwinism, 40. ii. 30; 126. iv. 43.
+
+Dates, recollection of exact, 26, 33. ii. 1, 2, 17.
+
+David and monastic life, 70. iii. 26.
+  "  statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 109 sq. iv. 31.
+
+Dead, recognition of the, in a future life, 139. iv. 60.
+
+Denmark, under Canute, 64. iii. 16.
+
+Despair, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Devil, St. Martin's answer to the, 17.
+
+Diocletian, retirement of, 66. iii. 20.
+
+Discipline, essential to man, 108. iv. 29.
+
+Dniester, importance of the, 61. iii. 9-10.
+
+Doctor, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48 n.
+
+Douglas, Bishop, translation of Virgil, 135; 86. iii. 53; 102. iv. 20.
+
+Dove, the, a type of humility, 120. iv. 41.
+ "     "   Isaac Walton's river, 1.
+
+Dover cliff and parade, 96. iv. 9.
+
+Drachenfels, district of the, 35. ii. 20, 22.
+
+Dragon, under feet of the Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34.
+
+Druids, in France, 4.
+
+Durham Cathedral, 89. iv. 1.
+
+Dusevel's history of Amiens, 2 n.
+
+
+East, geography of the, 64, 65. iii. 17, 18.
+
+Eder, the, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Egypt, 63. iii. 13.
+  "    The Flight into, 132. iv. 51.
+  "    Idols, the fall of, in, 133. iv. 51.
+  "    influence of, 65. iii. 19.
+  "    and the origin of learning, 71. iii. 27.
+  "    theology of, and Greece, 71. iii. 27.
+
+Eisenach, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Elbe, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11.
+
+Elijah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43.
+
+Engel-bach, 36. ii. 24.
+
+England, dominions of (story of C. Fox and Frenchman), 59. iii. 5-6.
+    "    modern politics of: Afghan war, 48. ii. 43.
+    "      "         "       Ireland, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii. 6.
+    "      "         "       Scotch crofters, 6. iii. 6.
+    "      "         "       Zulu land, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6.
+    "    pride of wealth, 60. iii. 7.
+    "    St. Germain comes to, 28. ii. 5.
+    "    streams of (Croydon, Guildford, Winchester), 3.
+
+English cathedrals, 88. iv. 1.
+    "   character, stolid, French active, 40. ii. 30.
+    "   language, its virtues, nobler than Latin, 105. iv. 24.
+    "   tourist, the, 72. iii. 29.
+    "      "      "   initial-cutting by, 98. iv. 12.
+
+Ethiopia, the Lord striking, 126. iv. 43.
+
+Europe, condition and history of, 1-500 A.D., 31. 54. ii. 13, 54.
+   "    countries of, twelve, 63. iii. 14.
+   "    division of, into Gothic and Classic, 62 sq. iii. 11 sq.
+   "       "     by Vistula and Dniester, 61. iii. 9-10.
+   "    geography of, 61-65, 68, 69. iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq.
+   "    Greek part of, 62. iii. 12.
+   "       "  imagination, and Roman order, influence of, 66. iii. 20.
+   "    nomad tribes of, 31 & n. ii. 11.
+
+Europe, peasant life of early, 82. ii. 13.
+
+Evangelical doctrine and commerce, 79. iii. 43.
+
+Everard, Bishop of Amiens, his tomb, 104. iv. 24.
+
+Executions, ancient and modern, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Ezekiel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 122. iv. 42.
+
+
+Faith, justification by, 137. iv. 56.
+  "    mediaeval, 90. iv. 3.
+  "    sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+  "    "the substance of things hoped for," 138. iv. 60.
+  "    symbolism of, with cup and cross, 119. iv. 41.
+  "    and works, 134. iv. 52 sq.
+
+Fanaticism, and the Bible, 79. iii. 41.
+
+Fathers, the, Scriptural commentaries of, 81. iii. 46.
+  "      theology of the, 135. iv. 55.
+
+Faust, Goethe's, 8; 35. ii. 21; 80. iii. 44.
+
+Favine, Andre (historian, 1620) on Frankish character, 40. ii. 30, 32.
+
+Feud, etymology of, 101 n. iv. 17 n.
+
+Florence, Duomo of, 88. iv. 1.
+
+Folly, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41.
+
+Fortitude, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Fox, Charles, his boast of England, 59. iii. 5.
+ "   Dr., quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48.
+
+France, Amiens and Calais, country between, 2.
+  "     architecture of, no stone saw used, 89. iv. 2 n.
+  "     books on: Pictorial History of, 48. ii. 43.
+  "         "    "Villes de France," 52 n. ii. 50.
+  "     cathedrals of, the, 88. iv. 1.
+  "       their outside "the wrong side of the stuff," 96. iv. 8.
+  "       restoration of, 130. iv. 47.
+  "     churches of, the first, at Amiens, 6.
+  "     colours of the shield of, 43. ii. 48.
+  "     early tribes of, 6, 8.
+  "     and the Franks, 7.
+  "     geography and geology of northern, 10.
+  "     the Isle of, Paris, 138. iv. 58.
+  "     Kings of (Philip the Wise, Louis VIII., St. Louis), 100. iv. 16.
+  "     map of, showing early divisions, 8.
+  "     Merovingian dynasty, 21.
+  "     peoples of, divided by climates, 10.
+  "     provinces of, 10, 11.
+  "     Prussia, war with, 33. ii. 17.
+  "     rivers of, the five, 8.
+                           (See below, "French").
+
+Franchise, 38 n. ii. 28.
+
+Francisca (Frankish weapon), 42. ii. 32.
+
+Frank, meaning of the word, 'brave' rather than 'free,' 37-8. ii. 27-8.
+
+Frankenberg, 36. ii. 24-5.
+
+Frankness, meaning of, 6; 38. ii. 28.
+  "        opposite of shyness, 39. ii. 28.
+
+Franks, the, agriculture, sport, and trade of, 45. ii. 37.
+  "     appearance of, 43. ii.
+  "     character of, 32, 44, 45, ii. 15, 35, 38.
+  "     etymology of word, 42. ii. 32.
+  "     hair, manner of wearing the, by, 45, 125 n. ii. 36, iv. 43 n.
+  "     and Holland, 40. ii. 30.
+  "     and Julian (defeated by him, 358 A.D.), 41 n. 44. ii. 31, 35.
+  "     Kings of the, 7.
+  "     modern, 21.
+  "     race of, originally German, from Waldeck, 33, 36. ii. 15, 17, 24.
+  "     religion of, under S. Louis, 21.
+  "     rise of, 250 A.D., 7, 8; 33. ii. 17.
+  "       settled in France, 6.
+  "       extension of power, to the Loire, 8.
+  "          "          "    to the Pyrenees, 8.
+  "       Gaul becomes France, 64. iii. 16.
+  "       the Rhine refortified against them, 38 n., 41. ii. 28, 31.
+  "     tribes of, Gibbon on the, 33-4. ii. 18.
+  "     weapons of the, Achon and Francisca, 42. ii. 32, 33.
+
+French character, early, 8.
+  "        "      its activity, 40. ii. 29.
+  "        "      its loyalty, "good subjects of a good king," 40. ii. 29.
+  "        "      makes perfect servants, 39. ii. 28.
+  "        "      its innate truth, 52. ii. 33.
+  "  frogs, 41. ii. 30.
+  "  liberty and activity, 30. ii. 29.
+  "     "    equality, and fraternity, under Clovis, 47. ii. 42.
+  "  politeness, 32. ii. 15.
+  "  religion, old and new, 117. iv. 41.
+  "  Revolution, "They may eat grass," 20.
+  "     "       a revolt against lies, 33. ii. 16.
+  "     "       and irreligion, 95-104. iv. 7, 23.
+
+Froissart, quoted, 43. ii. 33.
+
+Fulda, towns on the, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Future life, recognition of the dead in a, 139. iv. 60.
+
+
+Gabriel, the Angel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 132. iv. 50.
+
+Gascons, the, not really French, 10.
+
+Gauls, the, in France, 6.
+  "  become French, 64. iii. 16.
+  "  meaning of the word, 29 sq. ii. 8.
+  "  and Rome, 29. ii. 9.
+
+Gentillesse, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Geoffrey, Bishop (see "S. Geoffrey").
+
+Geometry, from Egypt, 71. iii. 27.
+
+Germany, Alemannia, 34. ii. 19.
+   "     and the Franks, 9; 32 n. 33. ii. 15, 17.
+   "     and Rome, 29. ii. 9.
+   "     domestic manners of, 38. ii. 23.
+   "     dukedoms of, small, 34. ii. 19.
+   "     geography of, 35. ii. 20.
+   "     geology of, 37. ii. 25.
+   "     maps of, 34. ii. 19.
+   "     mountains of, 36. ii. 23.
+   "     railroads of, 34. ii. 19.
+   "     S. Martin, and the Emperor of, 19
+   "     tribes, Germanic, 33. ii. 18.
+
+Gibbon's "Roman Empire." (_a_) its general character; (_b_) references
+              to it
+    (_a_) its general character:--
+         contempt for Christianity, 49. ii. 44.
+         its errors, 72 n. iii. 29 n.
+         inaccurate generalization, 66 n. iii. 23-4.
+         its epithets always gratis, 44. ii. 34.
+         no fixed opinion on anything, 41 n. ii. 31 n.
+         not always consistent, 45. ii. 38.
+         satisfied moral serenity of, 37. ii. 27.
+         sneers of, 50. ii. 48.
+         style, rhetorical, 44, 45, 50; 67. ii. 35, 37; 47. iii. 21.
+    (_b_) references to, in present book:--
+         on Angouleme, its walls falling (xxxviii. 53),[73] 50 n. ii. 47.
+         on asceticism (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29.
+         Christianity (xv. 23, 33), 77. iii. 39.
+         Clovis (xxxviii. 17), 49, 51. ii. 45-6, 49.
+         Egypt and monasticism (xxxvii. 6), 71. iii. 27.
+         Europe, divisions of (xxv.), 68. iii. 23.
+           "     nations of (lvi.), 65 n. iii. 19.
+         Franks, the:--
+           "     their armour (xxxv. 18), 43. ii. 34-5.
+           "       "   aspect (xxxv. 18), 45-46. ii. 36-8.
+           "       "   character (xix. 79, 80), 45-46. ii. 36-8.
+           "       "   freemen (x. 73), 41 n. ii. 31.
+           "       "   rise (x. 69), 33. ii. 17.
+           "     crossing the Rhine (xix. 64), 41 n. ii. 31.
+         after Tolbiac (xxxviii. 24), 50. ii. 52.
+         Gnostics (xv. 23, 33), 78 n. iii. 39.
+
+[Footnote 73: The references to Gibbon in this index are to the chapters of
+             his history, together with the number of the note nearest to
+             which the quotation occurs.]
+
+Gibbon's Justinian (xl. 2), 32 n. ii. 15.
+         miracles (xxxviii. 53), 50 n. ii. 47,
+         monasticism (xxxvii.), 70 sq. iii. 26.
+         monkish character (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29.
+         Roman Empire and its divisions (xxv. 29), 67. iii. 21-2.
+         Scots and Celts (xxv. 109, 111), 69 n. iii. 24 n.
+         Theodobert's death (xli. 103), 31 n. ii. 11 n.
+         Theodoric, government of (xxxix. 43), 54. ii. 53.
+             "  at Verona (xxxix. 19), 54. ii. 54.
+         Tolbiac, battle of (xxxviii. 24), 53. ii. 52.
+
+Gideon and the dewy fleece, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 133. iv. 51.
+
+Gilbert, Mons., on Amiens Cathedral, 99. iv. 14.
+   "       "         "        "  the bronze tombs in, 103. iv. 23.
+
+Ginevra and Imogen, 27. ii. 3.
+
+Giotto, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46.
+
+Globe, divisions of the, 61. iii. 8.
+
+Gnostics, 78. iii. 39.
+
+God's kingdom in our hearts, 87. iii. 54.
+
+Godfrey (see "S. Geoffroy").
+
+Gonfalon standard, the, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Gothic architecture, aim of a builder of, 89. iv. 2.
+   " cathedral, the five doors of a, 107. iv. 28.
+   " classic and Arab, 63. iii. 19.
+   " and Classic Europe, 62. iii. 11.
+   " wars with Rome, 66. iii. 20.
+
+Goths, the: see "Ostrogoths," "Visigoths."
+
+Gourds, of Amiens, 124. iv. 43.
+
+Government, and nationality, 64. iii. 15.
+
+Goyer, Mons. (bookseller), Amiens, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Grass, pillage of, and Clovis, 20.
+
+Greek, the alphabet how far, 68. iii. 22.
+  " all Europe south of Danube is, 62, 68. iii. 12, 22.
+  " imagination in Europe, 66. iii. 20.
+  " myths and Christian legends, 86. iii. 53.
+
+Greeks, the, and Roman Empire, 31. ii. 12.
+
+Greta and Tees, 36. ii. 24.
+
+Guards, the Queen's (in Ireland, 1880), pref. i.
+
+Guelph, etymology of, 129. iv. 46.
+
+Guinevere, 27. ii. 3.
+
+
+Habakkuk, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. iv. 43.
+
+Haggai,     "          "        "   126. iv. 43.
+
+Hair, Frankish manner of wearing the, 45. ii. 36; 125 n. iv. 43.
+
+Hartz mountains, 35. ii. 20.
+
+Hedgehog and bittern, 126. iv. 43.
+
+Heligoland, 31. ii. 12.
+
+Henry VIII. and the Pope, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Heraldry, English leopard from France, 42. ii. 31.
+   "      Frankish, early, 40, ii. 30
+   "      French colours, 27. ii. 3.
+   "        "       "     42. ii. 32.
+   "      Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11.
+
+Hercules and the Nemean Lion, 87. iii. 54.
+
+Herod, and the three Kings (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1.
+
+Herodotus on Egyptian influence in Greece, 71. iii. 27.
+
+Hilda, derivation of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Hildebert, derivation of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Hildebrandt, derivation of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+History, division of, into four periods of 500 years each, 26. ii. 1.
+   "     how it is usually written, 12-13.
+   "     how it should be written, pref. i. 12.
+   "     popular, its effect on youthful minds, 12.
+   "     should record facts, not make reflections, 70. iii. 26.
+   "       "      "     "      "   or suppositions, 74 n. iii. 33.
+
+Holy Land, 63. iii. 14.
+
+Honour, of son to father, 101. iv. 17.
+
+Hope, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Hosea,   "          "       "      122. iv. 43.
+
+Huet. Alexander, and Amiens Cathedral choir, 91 n. iv. 5.
+
+Humanity, its essentials (love, sense, discipline), 138. iv. 59.
+
+Humility, no longer a virtue, 59. iii. 4.
+    "     sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41.
+
+Huns, the, in France, 10.
+
+
+Idolatry and Atheism, 119. iv. 41.
+    "    figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+    "    and symbolism, distinct, 112. iv. 36.
+
+Illyria, 68. iii. 23.
+
+Immortality, 32. ii. 13.
+
+India and England, 64. iii. 16.
+
+Indians, North American, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Infidelity, modern, 20, 39. ii. 28.
+     "         "    58. iii. 2.
+
+Ingelow, Miss, quoted, "Songs of Seven," 28. ii. 4.
+
+Innocents, the Holy (Amiens Cathedral), 134. iv. 51.
+
+Inscription on tombs of Bishops Everard and Geoffroy, 104. iv. 24, 26.
+
+Inspiration of acts and words, not distinct, 83. iii. 48.
+    "       of Scripture, modern views of, 83. iii. 48.
+
+Invasion is not possession of a country, 66. iii. 16.
+
+Ireland and England, 1880, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii 6.
+    "   tribes of, in early Britain, 69 n. iii. 24.
+
+Isaiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42.
+
+Italy, under the Ostrogoths, 64. iii. 16.
+
+
+Jacob's pillow, 70. iii. 26.
+
+Jameson, Mrs., "Legendary Art" quoted, 17, 20.
+
+Jeremiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42.
+
+Jerusalem, fall of, 77. iii. 39.
+
+Jews, the, and Assyria, 65. iii. 18.
+
+Jews, the, return to Jerusalem, 77, iii. 39.
+  "    "   substitute usury for prophecy, 66. iii. 19.
+
+Joan of Arc, 29. ii. 7; 55. ii. 55; 95. iv. 7.
+
+Joel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43.
+
+Johnson, Dr., 101 n. iv. 17.
+
+Jonah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43.
+
+Julian, the Emperor, rejects auguries, 70 n. iii. 26.
+  "      "  and Constantius, 41 n. ii. 31.
+  "      "  death of, 363 A.D., 75, 76. iii. 34, 36.
+  "      "  defeats the Franks, 358 A.D., 44. ii. 35.
+  "      "  refortifies the Rhine against the Franks, 38 n. ii. 28.
+  "      "  and S. Martin, 16.
+  "      victory of, at Strasbourg, 44. ii. 35.
+
+Justinian, a Dacian by birth, 32 n. ii. 15.
+  "        means "upright," 32 n. ii. 15.
+
+
+Kaltenbacher, Mons., photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47.
+
+Karr, Alphonse, his work and the author's sympathy with it, 22.
+  "       "     his 'Grains de Bons Sens,' 'Bourdonnements,' 33.
+
+Kempis, Thomas a, 80. iii, 44.
+
+Kingliness, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Kings, the three (Amiens Cathedral), 132-4. iv. 50-51.
+
+Knighthood, belted, meaning of, 44. ii. 34.
+
+Knowledge, true, is of virtue, pref. v.
+
+
+Laon cathedral, legend of, and oxen, 118 n. iv. 41. n.
+
+Latin and English compared, 104. iv. 24 sq.
+
+Law, the force of, and government, 64. iii. 15.
+ "   old and new forms of, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Lear, King, story of, reduced to its bare facts, 11-12.
+
+Legends, whether true or not, immaterial, 15, 16, 18; 86-87. iii. 54.
+   "     modern contempt for, 129. iv. 46.
+   "     rationalization of, its value, 50. n. ii. 47.
+
+Leopard, English heraldic, 42. ii. 31.
+
+Leucothea, 27. ii. 3.
+
+Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, 47. ii, 42.
+
+Liberty, and activity, 40. ii. 29.
+   "     and "franchise," 38, 38 n. ii. 27, 28 n.
+
+Libya, 63. iii. 13.
+  "    and Vandal invasion, 64. iii. 16.
+
+Lily on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32.
+
+Limousins, 10.
+
+Lion, under feet of Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34.
+
+Literature and art, distinct mental actions, 82. iii. 47.
+    "      and the Bible, 85. iii. 51.
+    "      cheap (penny edition of Scott), 60. iii. 7.
+
+Louis, derivation of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+---- I., of France, 47. ii. 40.
+
+---- VIII., 100. iv. 16.
+                 (See "St. Louis.")
+
+Love, divine and human (Amiens Cathedral), 118. iv. 41.
+  "   no humanity without it, 138. iv. 59.
+
+Luca della Robbia, 81. iii. 46.
+
+Luini, 81. iii. 46.
+
+Lune, the river, 2.
+
+Lust (Amiens Cathedral), 120. iv. 41.
+
+Lydia, 62. iii. 12.
+
+
+Madonna, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 94. iv. 7.
+   "     porch to,     "       "   107. iv. 28.
+   "     three types of (Dolorosa, Reine, Nourrice), 131. iv. 49.
+   "     worship of, and its modern substitutes, 131. iv. 48.
+
+Malachi, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43.
+
+Man, races of, divided by climate, 61. iii. 8.
+
+Man's nature, 58. iii. 1.
+
+Manchester, 59. iii. 3.
+
+Map-drawing, 60. iii 7.
+ "  of English dominions (Sir E. Creasy), 59-60. iii. 5-6.
+ "  of France, 8.
+ "  on Mercator's projection, 59-60. iii. 6.
+
+Marquise, village near Calais, 10.
+
+Martin's, John, "Belshazzar's feast," 122. iv. 42.
+
+Martinmas, 18.
+
+Martyrdom, the lessons of, 135. iv. 53.
+
+Martyrs, female, many not in calendar, 29. ii. 7.
+
+Meleager, 31. ii. 11.
+
+Memory, "Memoria technica," 26. ii. 1.
+
+Mercator, 60. iii. 6.
+
+Merovee, seizes Amiens, on death of Clodion, 447 A.D., 7, 21.
+
+Micah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43.
+
+Millennium, the, 86. iii. 54.
+
+Milman's History of Christianity, 68-70 n., 73. iii. 22, 26, 32.
+   "        "            "        on Rome in time of St. Jerome, 75-76.
+                                      iii. 35.
+
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," and the Bible, 80. iii. 44.
+   "         "       "    quoted, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Mind, disease of, noble and ignoble passion, 72. iii. 29.
+
+Mines, coal, Plimsoll on, 48. ii. 42.
+
+Missals, atheism represented as barefoot in, of 1100-1300, 119. ii. 41.
+
+Modernism, avarice and pride of, 111. iv. 35. See "Christianity,"
+  "Commerce," "England," "History," "Humility," "Infidelity,"
+  "Philosophy," "Public Opinion," "Science."
+
+Moesia, and the alphabet, 68. iii. 22.
+
+Monasteries of Italy, made barracks of, 72 n. iii. 29.
+
+Monasticism, its rise, 70-71. iii. 26-8.
+
+Monks, type of character of, 72 n. iii. 29; 137. iv. 56.
+  "    orders of, the main, 137. iii. 26.
+
+Months, the, quatrefoils illustrative of (Amiens Cathedral), 130. iv. 47.
+
+Morality, natural to man, 138. iv. 59.
+   "      and religion, 138. iv. 58.
+
+More, Sir Thomas, execution of, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Morocco, extent of, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Moses, 70. iii. 26.
+  "    and Aaron, 133. iv. 51.
+  "    and the burning bush, 133. iv. 51.
+
+"Mysteries of Paris," 28. ii. 5.
+
+
+Nahum, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. & n. iv. 43 & n.
+
+Names, Frankish, etymology of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Nanterre, village of S. Genevieve, 28, 29. ii. 5, 8.
+
+Nationality, depends on race and climate, not on rule, 64. iii. 15-16.
+
+Nemean Lion, 86. iii. 53.
+
+Netherlands, the, 37. ii. 26.
+
+Nineveh, the beasts in, 126. iv. 43.
+   "     the burden of, 125. iv. 43.
+
+Nitocris, 29. ii. 6.
+
+Nogent, Benedictine abbey of, 52. ii. 49.
+
+Nomad tribes of northern Europe, 30. ii. 10.
+
+Normans, rise of the, 31. ii. 12.
+
+[Greek: Nous], 138 n. iv. 59 n.
+
+
+Obadiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43.
+
+Obedience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Odoacer, ends Roman Empire in Italy, 8; 67. iii. 21.
+
+Orcagna, 81. iii. 46.
+
+Origen, 81. iii. 47.
+
+Ostrogoths, 3. ii. 12.
+    "       defeat Clovis at Aries, 50. ii. 47.
+
+"Our Fathers have told us," how begun, its aim and plan, pref. iii.
+        "        "          general plan of, Appendix iii.
+        "        "          plan for notes to, 21.
+
+Oxen, story of, and Laon Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+  "   patience of, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Oxford, the "happy valley," 92-93. iv. 6.
+
+
+Palestine, 63. iii. 14.
+
+Palgrave, Sir F., on Arabia, 64-65 & n. iii. 17-18 & n.
+    "        "    on the camel, 118-119. iv. 41.
+
+Papacy, origin of the, 76. n. iii. 35.
+
+Paris, church of S. Genevieve at, 55. ii. 55.
+  "    the Isle of France, 138. iv. 58.
+  "    the model of manners, 138. iv. 58.
+  "    print-shops at, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Patience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41.
+
+Peasant life of early Europe, 32, sq. ii. 13.
+
+Perseverance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Persia, the real power of the East, 65. iii. 18.
+
+Philip the Wise, of France, 100-101. iv. 16-17.
+
+Philistia, 63. iii. 14.
+
+Philosophy, modern, its manner of history, 12.
+
+Phoenix, the, and chastity, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 117 n. iv. 41 n.; 122 n. iv. 43 n.; 130.
+      iv. 130. And see Appendix II.
+
+"Pilgrim's Progress," 16.
+
+Pillage of subjects, to punish kings, 53. ii. 51.
+
+Plimsoll, on coal mines, 48. ii. 42.
+
+Poets, the three Christian-heathen, 102. iv. 20.
+
+Poitiers, battle of, 508 A.D., Clovis and Alaric, 9, 21.
+    "        "       and the walls of Angouleme, 50 n. ii. 47.
+    "        "       1356 A.D., Froissart on, 43. ii. 33.
+
+Polacks, the, 31. ii. 12.
+
+Politicians, their proper knowledge, pref. v.
+
+Politics: see "England."
+
+Posting days, Calais to Paris, 10.
+
+Power, motive of desire for, 74. iii. 33.
+
+Praise, all great art, act, and thought is, pref. v.
+
+Prayer, George Chapman's last, 102. iv. 20.
+
+Pride, and avarice, 111. iv. 35.
+  "    faults and virtues of, 104-105. iv. 24.
+  "    infidelity of, and the cockatrice, 110. iv. 33; 121. iv. 41.
+
+Priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33.
+
+Probus, the Emperor, 32 n. ii. 15; 67. iii, 21.
+
+Prophets, figures of the, Amiens Cathedral, general view of, 114. iv. 39.
+   "             "           "       "      in detail, 121-122. iv. 42-3.
+
+Protestantism, and the study of the Bible, 80. iii. 45.
+       "       and popular histories, 12.
+       "       and priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33.
+       "       and Roman Catholicism, 137. iv. 57.
+       "       views of S. Jerome, 73. iii. 31.
+
+Provence, early, 8, 9.
+
+Providence, God's, and history, 13.
+
+Psalms, the scope of the, 85, iii. 50.
+
+Public opinion, callousness of modern, 48. ii. 42.
+
+Purgatory, doctrine of, 136 n. iv. 55 n.
+
+Puritan malice, 34. ii. 19.
+
+
+Quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48.
+
+Queen's Guards, in Ireland, 1880, pref. iii.
+
+
+Races of Europe, divided by climate, 61. iii. 9. See "Climate."
+
+Rachel, the Syrian, 63. iii. 14.
+
+Railroads, modern, of Germany, 59. iii. 4.
+    "      travelling by, I, 3.
+
+Raphael's Madonnas, 131. iv. 49.
+
+Rebellion, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41.
+
+Religion, definition of true, 138-139. iv. 60. (And see "Bible,"
+          "Christianity,"  "Inspiration," "Protestantism.")
+    "     to desire the right, 82. iii. 48.
+    "     common idea that our own enemies are God's also, 14.
+    "     and morality, 138. iv. 58.
+    "     natural, 102. iv. 20.
+    "     of Arabia, 65. iii. 19.
+    "     of Egypt, 63. iii. 13.
+    "     Eastern and Western, Col. Butler on, 21 n.
+
+Restoration, modern, 107 n. iv. 27 n.
+
+Rheims, Clovis crowned at, 9.
+   "       "   enriches church of, 52. ii. 49.
+
+Rheims Cathedral, 88. iv. 1.
+   "       "      its traceries, 97. iv. 11.
+
+Rhine, the, refortified by Julian, 38 n., 41. ii. 31.
+  "     "   tribes from Vistula to, 30. ii. 10.
+
+Right and left, in description of cathedrals, 107. iv. 28.
+
+Rivers, strength and straightness, 61 n. iii. 10.
+
+Robert, of Luzarches, builder of Amiens Cathedral, 97. iv. 12.
+
+Roman Catholics, half Wellington's army Irish, pref. iv.
+  "      "       and Protestantism, 137. iv. 57.
+  "      "       servants, 72. iii. 29.
+
+Roman Emperors, five, from Dacia, 32 n. ii. 15.
+  "      "      as supreme Pontiffs, 75. iii. 35.
+
+Roman Empire, divisions of (Illyria, Italy, Gaul), 67. iii. 21-2.
+  "     "     Eastern and Western division, 67. iii. 21.
+  "     "     end of the, 66-67. iii. 20-21.
+  "     "     fall of, 31. ii. 12.
+  "     "         "    and Julian and the augurs, 70. iii. 26.
+  "     "     its main foes, 30. ii. 9.
+  "     "     its true importance, 66. iii. 20.
+  "     "     a power, not a nation, 65. iii. 19 n.
+
+Roman Empire, power of, in France, ended, 481 A.D., 4, 6-8 sq.
+  "     "        "      in Italy, ended, 476 A.D., 8.
+
+Roman gate of Twins, at Amiens, 14.
+
+"Romaunt of Rose," quoted, 39. ii. 28 n.
+
+Rome, aspect of the city, in time of S. Jerome, 75. iii. 35.
+  "   gives order to Europe, as Greece imagination, 66. iii. 20.
+  "   wild nations opposed to, 30. ii. 9.
+
+Romsey, 3.
+
+Rose, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 109-110. iv. 32.
+
+Rosin forest, 35. ii. 20-1.
+
+Royalties, taxes and, 47. ii. 41.
+
+Roze, Pere, on Amiens Cathedral, 98. iv. 13; 104 n. iv. 24 n.; 125. iv. 43.
+
+
+S. Acheul, near Amiens, 128-129. iv. 45-6.
+
+S. Agnes, character of, 27. ii. 3.
+
+S. Ambrogio, Verona, plain of, 54, ii. 54.
+
+S. Augustine, his first converts, 18.
+      "       and S. Jerome, 81. iii. 47.
+      "       town of Hippo, 63. iii. 13.
+
+S. Benedict, born 481 A.D., 27. ii. 3; 70. iii. 26.
+
+S. Clotilde, of France, 51. ii. 48.
+
+S. Cloud, etymology of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+S. Domice, 128. iv. 44.
+
+S. Elizabeth, 132. iv. 50.
+
+S. Elizabeth, of Marburg, 35-6. ii. 21-3.
+
+S. Firmin, his history, 5; 99. iv. 14; 128. iv. 45.
+     "     beheaded and buried, 5.
+     "     his Roman disciple, 5.
+     "     his grave, 5-6; 129. iv. 46.
+     "     and S. Martin, compared, 17, 18.
+     "     porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 107. iv. 28; 127 sq. iv. 44.
+     "     sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 5.
+
+---- Confessor, 128. iv. 44-6.
+
+S. Fuscien, 128. iv. 44.
+
+S. Genevieve, actually existed, 29. ii. 7.
+      "       biographies of her, numerous, 29. ii. 7.
+      "       birth of, 421 A.D., 27. ii. 3.
+      "       birthplace of, Nanterre, 28. ii. 5.
+      "       character of, 28, 29. ii. 5-7.
+      "       church to, at Paris, 55. ii. 55.
+      "       and Clovis and his father, 55. ii. 55.
+      "       conversion of, by S. Germain, 28. ii. 5.
+      "       a pure Gaul, 29, 33. ii. 8, 15.
+      "       of what typical, 27. ii. 3.
+      "           peacefulness, 29. ii. 6.
+      "           quiet force, 29. ii. 7.
+
+S. Genevieve, S. Phyllis, 28. ii. 5.
+
+S. Gentian, 128. iv. 44.
+
+S. Geoffroy, Bishop of Amiens, history of, 128. iv. 44-5.
+       "        "         "    tomb of (Amiens), 104-105; iv. 24, 26.
+
+S. Germain converts S. Genevieve, on his way to England, 28. ii. 6.
+
+S. Hilda (Whitby Cliff), 51. ii. 48.
+
+S. Honore, 128. iv. 44-5.
+     "     porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 95. iv. 7.
+
+S. James, apostle of hope, 120. iv. 41.
+
+S. Jerome, his Bible, 70, 76, 77, 78. iii. 26, 36, 37-40.
+      "    gives the Bible to the West, 50. ii. 47.
+      "    Galatians, commentary on Epistle to the, 81. iii. 47.
+      "    character of, candour its basis, 76. iii. 36.
+      "    childhood and early studies, 75. iii. 34-5.
+      "    death of, at Bethlehem, 78. iii. 40.
+      "    Hebrew, studied by, 77. iii. 38.
+      "    not a mere hermit, 73. iii. 31.
+      "    his lion, 86. iii. 53.
+      "    Milman, Dean, on, 74. iii. 32 sq.
+      "    protestant view of, 73. iii. 31.
+      "    Queen Sophia's letter to Vota on, 81. iii. 47.
+      "    scholarship, will not give up his, 76. iii. 36.
+      "    style of writing shown, 81. iii. 47.
+
+S. John, the apostle of love, 112. iv. 37.
+     "   his greatness, 101. iv. 16.
+
+S. Louis, religion under, 21 n.
+
+S. Mark's, Venice, Baptistery of and the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36 n.
+
+S. Martin, baptism and conversion of, 15.
+     "     character of, gentle and cheerful, 17, 19.
+     "         "         patient, 29. ii. 7.
+     "         "         serene and sweet, 17.
+     "     cloak given to the beggar by, 332 A.D., 15.
+     "     Clovis and, 20.
+     "     Devil, answer to the, 17.
+     "     drinks to a beggar, 19.
+     "     fame of, universal (places called after), 18.
+     "     history of, how relevant to this book, 20.
+     "     's Lane, London, 18.
+     "     and Julian, 16.
+     "     Tours, his abbey there, 20.
+     "       "    and bishopric, 16, 20.
+     "     vision of, 15.
+     "     wine, the patron of, 18, 19.
+
+S. Nicholas," "Journal de, 120 n. iv. 41.
+
+S. Peter, Apostle of courage, 112. iv. 37.
+
+S. Quentin, 128. iv. 44.
+
+S. Remy crowns Clovis, 9.
+    "   preaches to Clovis, 13.
+    "   and the Soissons vase, 47. ii. 41.
+
+S. Sauve 100, 128. iv. 14, 44.
+
+S. Simeon, 132. iv. 50.
+
+S. Ulpha, 128, 129. iv. 44, 46.
+
+S. Victoric, 128. iv. 44.
+
+Salian, epithet of the French, 40, 41. ii. 30-31.
+
+Salii, the, 40. ii. 30.
+
+Salique law, 40. ii. 30.
+
+Salisbury Cathedral, 88. iv. 1.
+
+"Salts," old and young, 41. ii. 31.
+
+Salvation, Protestant theory of, 79. iii. 43.
+
+Sands, English, 2.
+
+Savage races, love of war in, 51. ii. 48.
+   "   women, endurance a point of honour with, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Saxons, the, 31, ii. 12.
+   "    religion of, 21.
+
+Scandinavia, 61. iii. 10.
+      "      becomes Norman, 31. ii. 12.
+
+Scepticism, modern, 13. See "Infidelity."
+
+Science, modern, its view of man, 58. iii. 1.
+
+Scotch crofters and England, 60. iii. 6.
+
+Scots, Picts and, 69 n. iii. 24.
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, his nomenclature deeply founded, 34. ii. 18.
+  "         "      novels of, "Antiquary" (Martin Waldeck), 34. ii. 18.
+  "         "      "Monastery," 72 n. iii. 29.
+  "         "      penny edition of, 60. iii. 7.
+
+Sculpture, of a Gothic cathedral, 89. iv. 2.
+    "      no pathos in primary, 101 n. iv. 19 n.
+
+Scythia, tribes of, 61, 65. iii. 10, 17.
+
+Semiramis, 29. ii. 6.
+
+Sense ([Greek: nous]), essential to humanity, 138. iv. 59.
+
+Servants, catholic, character of, 72 n. iii. 29.
+    "     French, perfect, 39. ii. 28.
+
+Severn, the, 2.
+
+Shakspeare's Imogen, 27. ii. 3.
+      "      "King Lear," reduced to its bare facts, 11.
+      "      "Winter's Tale"--"lilies of all kinds," 110. iv. 32.
+
+Sheba, Queen of, and Solomon, Amiens sculptures, 132 sq. iv. 50-51.
+
+Shield, the, of the Franks, 44. ii. 35. See "Heraldry," "Uri."
+
+Shyness and frankness, 39 & n. ii. 28.
+
+Siberian wilderness, 61. iii. 9, 10.
+
+Sicambri, 34, 38. ii. 18. 27.
+
+Sidney, Sir Philip, 15.
+
+Sin, carnal, the most distinctly human, 111. iv. 34.
+
+Sin, deceit, its essence, 49. ii. 44.
+ "   pardon of, doctrine of, 135. iv. 55.
+
+Slang, 105. iv. 25.
+  "    Greek, 138. iv. 59.
+
+Smith's Dictionary, _s_, "Gallia," 29. ii. 9.
+
+Soissons, battle of, 485 A.D., 7 n.; 9, 20, 52. ii. 49.
+    "     vase of, 47 sq. ii. 40 sq.
+    "        "     and Clovis' revenge, 48. ii. 43.
+
+Solomon and Queen of Sheba (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1.
+
+Solway, the, 2.
+
+Sons, honour of fathers by, 101. iv. 17.
+
+Spain, Theodoric in, 54. ii. 53.
+
+Spiritual world, the, 138. iv. 59.
+
+Staubbach, the, 96. iv. 9.
+
+Stone saw, not used in France, 88 n. iv. 2 n.
+
+Strigi, S. Jerome born at, 75. iii. 34.
+
+Suicide and heroism, 120. iv. 41.
+
+"Suisse Historique" quoted, 53 n. ii. 49.
+
+Sword, belted, meaning of, 43. ii. 34.
+  "    manufacture, Amiens, 124. iv. 43.
+
+Syagrius defeated by Clovis, 52. ii. 49.
+    "    dies, 486 A.D., 52. ii. 49.
+
+Syria, 63. iii. 14.
+
+
+Temperance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Teutonic nations and Roman Empire, 68. iii. 22.
+
+Theodobert, the death of, 31 n. ii. 11.
+
+Theodoric, king of Ostrogoths, 51. ii. 48.
+    "      defeats Franks at Aries, 54. ii. 53.
+    "      power of, in Europe, 54. ii. 53.
+    "      at Verona, 54. ii. 54.
+
+Thrace, 68. iii. 23.
+
+Thuringia, 7.
+
+Tolbiac, battle of, 9, 21 n.
+   "     field of, 54. ii. 54.
+   "     its real importance, 53. ii. 52.
+
+Tombs, bronze, Amiens Cathedral, 103 sq. iv. 23.
+  "       "    only two left in France, 103. iv. 23.
+
+Tours, archbishop of, on war, 43. ii. 33.
+  "    S. Martin, bishop of, 16.
+
+Town, a modern, defined, 90. iv. 3.
+
+Tripoli, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Troy, 62. iii. 12.
+
+Trupin, Jean, and choir of Amiens Cathedral, 91 n. iv. 5 n.
+
+Truth, only, can be polished, 33. ii, 16.
+  "    of French character, 33. ii. 16.
+
+Tunis, 63. iii. 13.
+
+Turner's "Loire side," 20.
+
+Tyre, 63. iii. 13.
+
+
+Ulphilas, Bible of, 68. iii. 22.
+
+Ulverstone, etymology of, 129. iv. 46.
+
+Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11.
+
+Usury and the church, 12.
+  "   and the Jews, 66. iii. 19.
+
+Utilitas, 8.
+
+
+Valens, his prefecture of the East, 67. iii. 21.
+
+Valentinian, and the division of the Empire, 67. iii. 21.
+
+Vandals, invasion of Libya by, 64. iii. 16.
+
+Venice, founded 421 A.D., 2.
+
+Verona, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1.
+   "    battle of, Theodoric defeats Odoacer, 490 A.D., 54. ii. 54.
+   "    field of, from Fra Giocondo's bridge, 54. ii. 54.
+
+Vestal Virgins, 70. iii. 26.
+
+Violence, expression of, in sculptures of Amiens, 126. iv. 43.
+
+Viollet le Duc, quoted, 88 n. iv. 1; 88 & n. iv. 2; 97. iv. 11; 103 n.
+  iv. 23. n.; 111. iv. 36; 118 n. iv. 41 n.; 132. iv. 49.
+
+Vine, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32.
+
+Virgil's influence on Dante, 110. iii. 53.
+
+Virgil quoted (AEneid vi. 27 sq.), 101 n. iv. 18-19 n.
+
+Virgin, the: _see_ Madonna.
+
+Virtue, to be known and recognized, pref. v.
+
+Virtues, of Apostles (Amiens Cathedral), 112 sq. iv. 37 sq.
+   "     Byzantine, rank of, 111. iv. 36 n.
+
+Visigoths, the, 31. ii. 12.
+     "      "   in France, 9, 10.
+     "      "   at Poitiers, defeated by Clovis, 9.
+
+Vistula, the, its importance, 61. iii. 9, 10.
+   "       "  tribes of, from Rhine to, 30, 31. ii. 10, 12.
+   "       "    "          "  Weser to, 37. ii. 26.
+
+Vobiscum," a "Pax, 114 n. iv. 38 n.
+
+Vota, the Jesuit, letter of Queen Sophia of Prussia to, on S. Jerome,
+      81. iii. 47. (See Carlyle's "Frederick," Bk. I., cap. iv.)
+
+Vulgate, Ps. xci. 13, "Inculcabis super leonem," 111. iv. 34.
+
+
+Waldeck, 34, ii. 18.
+
+Walter's houses, Germany, 37. ii. 25.
+
+Walton, Isaac, 1.
+
+Wandle, the, 1.
+
+War, savage love of, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Wartzburg, 37. ii. 24.
+
+Wellington, Duke of, on Roman Catholic valour, pref. iv.
+
+Weser, the course of the, 34, 37. ii. 19, 26.
+  "    sources of the (Eder, Fulda, Werra), 36. ii. 24.
+  "    tribes of the, up to Rhine and Vistula, 37. ii. 26.
+
+Whitby Cliff, 51. ii. 48.
+
+Wisdom, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41.
+
+Women, endurance a point of honour with savage, 51. ii. 48.
+  "    respect for, by Franks and Goths, 54. ii. 54.
+
+Wood-carving of Picardy (Amiens Cathedral), 91 sq. iv. 5 sq.
+
+Wool manufacture, Amiens, see _s_. "Amiens."
+
+Wordsworth quoted, "Filling more and more with crystal light," 55. ii. 55.
+
+
+Yonge, Miss, "History of Christian Names," Franks, 38. ii. 27.
+  "      "      "            "       "     Ulpha, 129. iv. 46.
+
+
+Zacharias, 133, iv. 51.
+
+Zechariah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43.
+
+Zenobia, 29. ii. 6.
+
+Zephaniah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 126. iv. 43.
+
+Zodiac, signs of, sculptures, Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47.
+
+Zulu war, the, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin
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