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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/24428-8.txt b/24428-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..311bbea --- /dev/null +++ b/24428-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8408 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Our Fathers Have Told Us + Part I. The Bible of Amiens + +Author: John Ruskin + +Release Date: January 26, 2008 [EBook #24428] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + + + + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +Library Edition + +THE COMPLETE WORKS + +OF + +JOHN RUSKIN + + ARROWS OF THE CHACE + OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US + THE STORM-CLOUD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY + HORTUS INCLUSUS + + NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION + NEW YORK CHICAGO + + +"Our Fathers Have Told Us" + +SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTENDOM + +FOR BOYS AND GIRLS + +WHO HAVE BEEN HELD AT ITS FONTS + +PART I. + +THE BIBLE OF AMIENS + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + +PREFACE iii + +CHAPTER I.--BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS 1 + + " II.--UNDER THE DRACHENFELS 26 + + " III.--THE LION TAMER 58 + + " IV.--INTERPRETATIONS 88 + +APPENDIX I.--CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS + REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS' 143 + + " II.--REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF PHOTOGRAPHS TO + CHAPTER IV 144 + + " III.--GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US' 153 + +INDEX 155 + + +PLATES. + +ST. MARY (_Frontispiece_) _see page_ 131 + + _To face page_ + +PLATE I.--THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE 8 + + " II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS, NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE + RESTORATION 26 + + " III.--AMIENS, JOUR DES TRÉSPASSÉS, 1880 58 + +PLAN OF THE WEST PORCHES 140 + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. Italic characters have been represented by _xxxxx_ + +2. Superscript characters have been represented by xxx^yy + +3. A macron, or bar over a letter, is shown as [=letter] + +4. In the paragraph that begins, "Sketch for yourself, first, a map of + France" there are images in the paragraph. I have represented + back-slanting diagonal shading with "\\\" and forward-slanting + diagonal shading with "///" and horizontal shading with "=". + +5. In the original text, footnotes in Chapter I are represented with + numbers, and footnotes in all the rest of the text, including the + notes on Chapter I, are represented with symbols. I have converted + all of them to numbers, since there is no overlap, and they seem to + be used in the same way in the text. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The long abandoned purpose, of which the following pages begin some +attempt at fulfilment, has been resumed at the request of a young +English governess, that I would write some pieces of history which her +pupils could gather some good out of;--the fruit of historical +documents placed by modern educational systems at her disposal, being +to them labour only, and sorrow. + +What else may be said for the book, if it ever become one, it must say +for itself: preface, more than this, I do not care to write: and the +less, because some passages of British history, at this hour under +record, call for instant, though brief, comment. + +I am told that the Queen's Guards have gone to Ireland; playing "God +save the Queen." And being, (as I have declared myself in the course +of some letters to which public attention has been lately more than +enough directed,) to the best of my knowledge, the staunchest +Conservative in England, I am disposed gravely to question the +propriety of the mission of the Queen's Guards on the employment +commanded them. My own Conservative notion of the function of the +Guards is that they should guard the Queen's throne and life, when +threatened either by domestic or foreign enemy: but not that they +should become a substitute for her inefficient police force, in the +execution of her domiciliary laws. + +And still less so, if the domiciliary laws which they are sent to +execute, playing "God save the Queen," be perchance precisely contrary +to that God the Saviour's law; and therefore, such as, in the long run, +no quantity either of Queens, or Queen's men, _could_ execute. Which is +a question I have for these ten years been endeavouring to get the +British public to consider--vainly enough hitherto; and will not at +present add to my own many words on the matter. But a book has just been +published by a British officer, who, if he had not been otherwise and +more actively employed, could not only have written all my books about +landscape and picture, but is very singularly also of one mind with me, +(God knows of how few Englishmen I can now say so,) on matters regarding +the Queen's safety, and the Nation's honour. Of whose book ("Far out: +Rovings retold"), since various passages will be given in my subsequent +terminal notes, I will content myself with quoting for the end of my +Preface, the memorable words which Colonel Butler himself quotes, as +spoken to the British Parliament by its last Conservative leader, a +British officer who had also served with honour and success. + +The Duke of Wellington said: "It is already well known to your +Lordships that of the troops which our gracious Sovereign did me the +honour to entrust to my command at various periods during the war--a +war undertaken for the express purpose of securing the happy +institutions and independence of the country--at least one half were +Roman Catholics. My Lords, when I call your recollection to this fact, +I am sure all further eulogy is unnecessary. Your Lordships are well +aware for what length of period and under what difficult circumstances +they maintained the Empire buoyant upon the flood which overwhelmed +the thrones and wrecked the institutions of every other people;--how +they kept alive the only spark of freedom which was left +unextinguished in Europe.... My Lords, it is mainly to the Irish +Catholics that we all owe our proud predominance in our military +career, and that I personally am indebted for the laurels with which +you have been pleased to decorate my brow.... We must confess, my +Lords, that without Catholic blood and Catholic valour no victory +could ever have been obtained, and the first military talents might +have been exerted in vain." + +Let these noble words of tender Justice be the first example to my +young readers of what all History ought to be. It has been told them, +in the Laws of Fésole, that all great Art is Praise. So is all +faithful History, and all high Philosophy. For these three, Art, +History, and Philosophy, are each but one part of the Heavenly Wisdom, +which sees not as man seeth, but with Eternal Charity; and because she +rejoices not in Iniquity, _therefore_ rejoices in the Truth. + +For true knowledge is of Virtues only; of poisons and vices, it is +Hecate who teaches, not Athena. And of all wisdom, chiefly the +Politician's must consist in this divine Prudence; it is not, indeed, +always necessary for men to know the virtues of their friends, or +their masters; since the friend will still manifest, and the master +use. But woe to the Nation which is too cruel to cherish the virtue of +its subjects, and too cowardly to recognize that of its enemies! + + + + +THE BIBLE OF AMIENS. + +CHAPTER I. + +BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS. + + +The intelligent English traveller, in this fortunate age for him, is +aware that, half-way between Boulogne and Paris, there is a complex +railway-station, into which his train, in its relaxing speed, rolls +him with many more than the average number of bangs and bumps +prepared, in the access of every important French _gare_, to startle +the drowsy or distrait passenger into a sense of his situation. + +He probably also remembers that at this halting-place in mid-journey +there is a well-served buffet, at which he has the privilege of "Dix +minutes d'arrêt." + +He is not, however, always so distinctly conscious that these ten +minutes of arrest are granted to him within not so many minutes' walk +of the central square of a city which was once the Venice of France. + +Putting the lagoon islands out of question, the French River-Queen was +nearly as large in compass as Venice herself; and divided, not by slow +currents of ebbing and returning tide, but by eleven beautiful trout +streams, of which some four or five are as large, each separately, as +our Surrey Wandle, or as Isaac Walton's Dove; and which, branching out +of one strong current above the city, and uniting again after they have +eddied through its streets, are bordered, as they flow down, (fordless +except where the two Edwards rode them, the day before Crecy,) to the +sands of St. Valery, by groves of aspen, and glades of poplar, whose +grace and gladness seem to spring in every stately avenue instinct with +the image of the just man's life,--"Erit tanquam lignum quod plantatum +est secus decursus aquarum." + +But the Venice of Picardy owed her name, not to the beauty of her +streams merely, but to their burden. She was a worker, like the +Adriatic princes, in gold and glass, in stone, wood, and ivory; she +was skilled like an Egyptian in the weaving of fine linen; dainty as +the maids of Judah in divers colours of needlework. And of these, the +fruits of her hands, praising her in her own gates, she sent also +portions to stranger nations, and her fame went out into all lands. + +"Un règlement de l'échevinage, du 12^me avril 1566, fait voir qu'on +fabriquait à cette epoque, des velours de toutes couleurs pour +meubles, des colombettes à grands et petits carreaux, des burailles +croises, qu'on expédiait en Allemagne--en Espagne, en Turquie, et en +Barbarie!"[1] + +All-coloured velvets, pearl-iridescent colombettes! (I wonder what +they may be?) and sent to vie with the variegated carpet of the Turk, +and glow upon the arabesque towers of Barbary![2] Was not this a phase +of provincial Picard life which an intelligent English traveller might +do well to inquire into? Why should this fountain of rainbows leap up +suddenly here by Somme; and a little Frankish maid write herself the +sister of Venice, and the servant of Carthage and of Tyre? + +[Footnote 1: M. H. Dusevel, Histoire de la Ville d'Amiens. Amiens, +Caron et Lambert, 1848; p. 305.] + +[Footnote 2: Carpaccio trusts for the chief splendour of any festa in +cities to the patterns of the draperies hung out of windows.] + +And if she, why not others also of our northern villages? Has the +intelligent traveller discerned anything, in the country, or in its +shores, on his way from the gate of Calais to the _gare_ of Amiens, of +special advantage for artistic design, or for commercial enterprise? He +has seen league after league of sandy dunes. We also, we, have our sands +by Severn, by Lune, by Solway. He has seen extensive plains of useful +and not unfragrant peat,--an article sufficiently accessible also to +our Scotch and Irish industries. He has seen many a broad down and +jutting cliff of purest chalk; but, opposite, the perfide Albion gleams +no whit less blanche beyond the blue. Pure waters he has seen, issuing +out of the snowy rock; but are ours less bright at Croydon, at +Guildford, or at Winchester? And yet one never heard of treasures sent +from Solway sands to African; nor that the builders at Romsey could give +lessons in colour to the builders at Granada? What can it be, in the air +or the earth--in her stars or in her sunlight--that fires the heart and +quickens the eyes of the little white-capped Amienoise soubrette, till +she can match herself against Penelope? + +The intelligent English traveller has of course no time to waste on +any of these questions. But if he has bought his ham-sandwich, and is +ready for the "En voiture, messieurs," he may perhaps condescend for +an instant to hear what a lounger about the place, neither wasteful of +his time, nor sparing of it, can suggest as worth looking at, when his +train glides out of the station. + +He will see first, and doubtless with the respectful admiration which an +Englishman is bound to bestow upon such objects, the coal-sheds and +carriage-sheds of the station itself, extending in their ashy and oily +splendours for about a quarter of a mile out of the town; and then, just +as the train gets into speed, under a large chimney tower, which he +cannot see to nearly the top of, but will feel overcast by the shadow of +its smoke, he _may_ see, if he will trust his intelligent head out of +the window, and look back, fifty or fifty-one (I am not sure of my count +to a unit) similar chimneys, all similarly smoking, all with similar +works attached, oblongs of brown brick wall, with portholes numberless +of black square window. But in the midst of these fifty tall things that +smoke, he will see one, a little taller than any, and more delicate, +that does not smoke; and in the midst of these fifty masses of blank +wall enclosing 'works'--and doubtless producing works profitable and +honourable to France and the world--he will see _one_ mass of wall--not +blank, but strangely wrought by the hands of foolish men of long ago, +for the purpose of enclosing or producing no manner of profitable work +whatsoever, but one-- + +"This is the work of God; that ye should believe on Him whom He hath +sent"! + +Leaving the intelligent traveller now to fulfil his vow of pilgrimage +to Paris,--or wherever else God may be sending him,--I will suppose +that an intelligent Eton boy or two, or thoughtful English girl, may +care quietly to walk with me as far as this same spot of commanding +view, and to consider what the workless--shall we say also +worthless?--building, and its unshadowed minaret, may perhaps farther +mean. + +Minaret I have called it, for want of better English word. +Flêche--arrow--is its proper name; vanishing into the air you know not +where, by the mere fineness of it. Flameless--motionless--hurtless--the +fine arrow; unplumed, unpoisoned, and unbarbed; aimless--shall we say +also, readers young and old, travelling or abiding? It, and the walls it +rises from--what have they once meant? What meaning have they left in +them yet, for you, or for the people that live round them, and never +look up as they pass by? + +Suppose we set ourselves first to learn how they came there. + +At the birth of Christ, all this hillside, and the brightly-watered +plain below, with the corn-yellow champaign above, were inhabited by a +Druid-taught race, wild enough in thoughts and ways, but under Roman +government, and gradually becoming accustomed to hear the names, and +partly to confess the power, of Roman gods. For three hundred years +after the birth of Christ they heard the name of no other God. + +Three hundred years! and neither apostles nor inheritors of +apostleship had yet gone into all the world and preached the gospel to +every creature. Here, on their peaty ground, the wild people, still +trusting in Pomona for apples, in Silvanus for acorns, in Ceres for +bread, and in Proserpina for rest, hoped but the season's blessing +from the Gods of Harvest, and feared no eternal anger from the Queen +of Death. + +But at last, three hundred years being past and gone, in the +year of Christ 301, there came to this hillside of Amiens, on the +sixth day of the Ides of October, the Messenger of a new Life. + +His name, Firminius (I suppose) in Latin, Firmin in French,--so to be +remembered here in Picardy. Firmin, not Firminius; as Denis, not +Dionysius; coming out of space--no one tells what part of space. But +received by the pagan Amienois with surprised welcome, and seen of +them--forty days--many days, we may read--preaching acceptably, and +binding with baptismal vows even persons in good society: and that in +such numbers, that at last he is accused to the Roman governor, by the +priests of Jupiter and Mercury, as one turning the world upside-down. +And in the last day of the Forty--or of the indefinite many meant by +Forty--he is beheaded, as martyrs ought to be, and his ministrations +in a mortal body ended. + +The old, old story, you say? Be it so; you will the more easily +remember it. The Amienois remembered it so carefully, that, twelve +hundred years afterwards, in the sixteenth century, they thought good +to carve and paint the four stone pictures Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of our +first choice photographs. (N. B.--This series is not yet arranged, but +is distinct from that referred to in Chapter IV. See Appendix II.). +Scene 1st, St. Firmin arriving; scene 2nd, St. Firmin preaching; scene +3rd, St. Firmin baptizing; and scene 4th, St. Firmin beheaded, by an +executioner with very red legs, and an attendant dog of the character +of the dog in 'Faust,' of whom we may have more to say presently. + +Following in the meantime the tale of St. Firmin, as of old time +known, his body was received, and buried, by a Roman senator, his +disciple, (a kind of Joseph of Arimathea to St. Firmin,) in the Roman +senator's own garden. Who also built a little oratory over his grave. +The Roman senator's son built a church to replace the oratory, +dedicated it to Our Lady of Martyrs, and established it as an +episcopal seat--the first of the French nation's. A very notable spot +for the French nation, surely? One deserving, perhaps, some little +memory or monument,--cross, tablet, or the like? Where, therefore, +do you suppose this first cathedral of French Christianity stood, and +with what monument has it been honoured? + +It stood where we now stand, companion mine, whoever you may be; and +the monument wherewith it has been honoured is this--chimney, whose +gonfalon of smoke overshadows us--the latest effort of modern art in +Amiens, the chimney of St. Acheul. + +The first cathedral, you observe, of the _French_ nation; more +accurately, the first germ of cathedral _for_ the French nation--who +are not yet here; only this grave of a martyr is here, and this church +of Our Lady of Martyrs, abiding on the hillside, till the Roman power +pass away. + +Falling together with it, and trampled down by savage tribes, alike +the city and the shrine; the grave forgotten,--when at last the Franks +themselves pour from the north, and the utmost wave of them, lapping +along these downs of Somme, is _here_ stayed, and the Frankish +standard planted, and the French kingdom throned. + +Here their first capital, here the first footsteps[3] of the Frank in +his France! Think of it. All over the south are Gauls, Burgundians, +Bretons, heavier-hearted nations of sullen mind: at their outmost brim +and border, here at last are the Franks, the source of all Franchise, +for this our Europe. You have heard the word in England, before now, +but English word for it is none! _Honesty_ we have of our own; but +_Frankness_ we must learn of these: nay, all the western nations of us +are in a few centuries more to be known by this name of Frank. Franks, +of Paris that is to be, in time to come; but French of Paris is in +year of grace 500 an unknown tongue in Paris, as much as in +Stratford-att-ye-Bowe. French of Amiens is the kingly and courtly form +of Christian speech, Paris lying yet in Lutetian clay, to develope +into tile-field, perhaps, in due time. Here, by soft-glittering Somme, +reign Clovis and his Clotilde. + +[Footnote 3: The first fixed and set-down footsteps; wandering tribes +called Franks, had overswept the country, and recoiled, again and +again. But _this_ invasion of the so-called Salian Franks, never +retreats again.] + +And by St. Firmin's grave speaks now another gentle evangelist, and +the first Frank king's prayer to the King of kings is made to Him, +known only as "the God of Clotilde." + +I must ask the reader's patience now with a date or two, and stern +facts--two--three--or more. + +Clodion, the leader of the first Franks who reach irrevocably beyond +the Rhine, fights his way through desultory Roman cohorts as far as +Amiens, and takes it, in 445.[4] + +[Footnote 4: See note at end of chapter, as also for the allusions in +p. 8, to the battle of Soissons.] + +Two years afterwards, at his death, the scarcely asserted throne is +seized--perhaps inevitably--by the tutor of his children, Merovée, +whose dynasty is founded on the defeat of Attila at Chalons. + +He died in 457. His son Childeric, giving himself up to the love of +women, and scorned by the Frank soldiery, is driven into exile, the +Franks choosing rather to live under the law of Rome than under a base +chief of their own. He receives asylum at the court of the king of +Thuringia, and abides there. His chief officer in Amiens, at his +departure, breaks a ring in two, and, giving him the half of it, tells +him, when the other half is sent, to return. + +And, after many days, the half of the broken ring is sent, and he +returns, and is accepted king by his Franks. + +The Thuringian queen follows him, (I cannot find if her husband is +first dead--still less, if dead, how dying,) and offers herself to him +for his wife. + +"I have known thy usefulness, and that thou art very strong; and I +have come to live with thee. Had I known, in parts beyond sea, any one +more useful than thou, I should have sought to live with _him_." + +He took her for his wife, and their son is Clovis. + +A wonderful story; how far in literalness true is of no manner of moment +to us; the myth, and power of it, _do_ manifest the nature of the French +kingdom, and prophesy its future destiny. Personal valour, personal +beauty, loyalty to kings, love of women, disdain of unloving marriage, +note all these things for true, and that in the corruption of these will +be the last death of the Frank, as in their force was his first glory. + +Personal valour, worth. _Utilitas_, the keystone of all. Birth +nothing, except as gifting with valour;--Law of primogeniture +unknown;--Propriety of conduct, it appears, for the present, also +nowhere! (but we are all pagans yet, remember). + +Let us get our dates and our geography, at any rate, gathered out of +the great 'nowhere' of confused memory, and set well together, thus +far. + +457. Merovée dies. The useful Childeric, counting his exile, and reign +in Amiens, together, is King altogether twenty-four years, 457 to 481, +and during his reign Odoacer ends the Roman empire in Italy, 476. + +481. Clovis is only fifteen when he succeeds his father, as King of +the Franks in Amiens. At this time a fragment of Roman power remains +isolated in central France, while four strong and partly savage +nations form a cross round this dying centre: the Frank on the north, +the Breton on the west, the Burgundian on the east, the Visigoth +strongest of all and gentlest, in the south, from Loire to the sea. + +Sketch for yourself, first, a map of France, as large as you like, as +in Plate I., fig. 1, marking only the courses of the five rivers, +Somme, Seine, Loire, Saone, Rhone; then, rudely, you find it was +divided at the time thus, fig. 2: Fleur-de-lysée part, Frank; \\\, +Breton; ///, Burgundian; =, Visigoth. I am not sure how far these last +reached across Rhone into Provence, but I think best to indicate +Provence as semée with roses. + +Now, under Clovis, the Franks fight three great battles. The first, +with the Romans, near Soissons, which they win, and become masters of +France as far as the Loire. Copy the rough map fig. 2, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over the middle of it, extinguishing the Romans (fig. +3). This battle was won by Clovis, I believe, before he married +Clotilde. He wins his princess by it: cannot get his pretty vase, +however, to present to her. Keep that story well in your mind, and the +battle of Soissons, as winning mid-France for the French, and ending the +Romans there, for ever. Secondly, after he marries Clotilde, the wild +Germans attack _him_ from the north, and he has to fight for life and +throne at Tolbiac. This is the battle in which he prays to the God of +Clotilde, and quits himself of the Germans by His help. Whereupon he is +crowned in Rheims by St. Remy. + +[Illustration: Plate I. THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE.] + +And now, in the new strength of his Christianity, and his twin victory +over Rome and Germany, and his love for his queen, and his ambition +for his people, he looks south on that vast Visigothic power, between +Loire and the snowy mountains. Shall Christ, and the Franks, not be +stronger than villainous Visigoths 'who are Arians also'? All his +Franks are with him, in that opinion. So he marches against the +Visigoths, meets them and their Alaric at Poitiers, ends their Alaric +and their Arianism, and carries his faithful Franks to the Pic du +Midi. + +And so now you must draw the map of France once more, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over its central mass from Calais to the Pyrenees: +only Brittany still on the west, Burgundy in the east, and the white +Provence rose beyond Rhone. And now poor little Amiens has become a +mere border town like our Durham, and Somme a border streamlet like +our Tyne. Loire and Seine have become the great French rivers, and men +will be minded to build cities by these; where the well-watered +plains, not of peat, but richest pasture, may repose under the guard +of saucy castles on the crags, and moated towers on the islands. But +now let us think a little more closely what our changed symbols in the +map may mean--five fleur-de-lys for level bar. + +They don't mean, certainly, that all the Goths are gone, and nobody but +Franks in France? The Franks have not massacred Visigothic man, woman, +and child, from Loire to Garonne. Nay, where their own throne is still +set by the Somme, the peat-bred people whom they found there, live there +still, though subdued. Frank, or Goth, or Roman may fluctuate hither and +thither, in chasing or flying troops: but, unchanged through all the +gusts of war, the rural people whose huts they pillage, whose farms they +ravage, and over whose arts they reign, must still be diligently, +silently, and with no time for lamentation, ploughing, sowing, +cattle-breeding! + +Else how could Frank or Hun, Visigoth or Roman, live for a month, or +fight for a day? + +Whatever the name, or the manners, of their masters, the ground +delvers must be the same; and the goatherd of the Pyrenees, and the +vine-dresser of Garonne, and the milkmaid of Picardy, give them what +lords you may, abide in their land always, blossoming as the trees of +the field, and enduring as the crags of the desert. And these, the +warp and first substance of the nation, are divided, not by dynasties, +but by climates; and are strong here, and helpless there, by +privileges which no invading tyrants can abolish, and through faults +which no preaching hermit can repress. Now, therefore, please let us +leave our history a minute or two, and read the lessons of constant +earth and sky. + +In old times, when one posted from Calais to Paris, there was about +half an hour's trot on the level, from the gate of Calais to the long +chalk hill, which had to be climbed before arriving at the first +post-house in the village of Marquise. + +That chalk rise, virtually, is the front of France; that last bit of +level north of it, virtually the last of Flanders; south of it, +stretches now a district of chalk and fine building limestone,--(if you +keep your eyes open, you may see a great quarry of it on the west of the +railway, half-way between Calais and Boulogne, where once was a blessed +little craggy dingle opening into velvet lawns;)--this high, but never +mountainous, calcareous tract, sweeping round the chalk basin of Paris +away to Caen on one side, and Nancy on the other, and south as far as +Bourges, and the Limousin. This limestone tract, with its keen fresh +air, everywhere arable surface, and quarriable banks above well-watered +meadow, is the real country of the French. Here only are their arts +clearly developed. Farther south they are Gascons, or Limousins, or +Auvergnats, or the like. Westward, grim-granitic Bretons; eastward, +Alpine-bearish Burgundians: here only, on the chalk and finely-knit +marble, between, say, Amiens and Chartres one way, and between Caen and +Rheims on the other, have you real _France_. + +Of which, before we carry on the farther vital history, I must ask the +reader to consider with me, a little, how history, so called, has been +for the most part written, and of what particulars it usually +consists. + +Suppose that the tale of King Lear were a true one; and that a modern +historian were giving the abstract of it in a school manual, +purporting to contain all essential facts in British history valuable +to British youth in competitive examination. The story would be +related somewhat after this manner:-- + +"The reign of the last king of the seventy-ninth dynasty closed in a +series of events with the record of which it is painful to pollute the +pages of history. The weak old man wished to divide his kingdom into +dowries for his three daughters; but on proposing this arrangement to +them, finding it received by the youngest with coldness and reserve, +he drove her from his court, and divided the kingdom between his two +elder children. + +"The youngest found refuge at the court of France, where ultimately +the prince royal married her. But the two elder daughters, having +obtained absolute power, treated their father at first with +disrespect, and soon with contumely. Refused at last even the comforts +necessary to his declining years, the old king, in a transport of +rage, left the palace, with, it is said, only the court fool for an +attendant, and wandered, frantic and half naked, during the storms of +winter, in the woods of Britain. + +"Hearing of these events, his youngest daughter hastily collected an +army, and invaded the territory of her ungrateful sisters, with the +object of restoring her father to his throne; but, being met by a well +disciplined force, under the command of her eldest sister's paramour, +Edmund, bastard son of the Earl of Gloucester, was herself defeated, +thrown into prison, and soon afterwards strangled by the adulterer's +order. The old king expired on receiving the news of her death; and the +participators in these crimes soon after received their reward; for the +two wicked queens being rivals for the affections of the bastard, the +one of them who was regarded by him with less favour poisoned the other, +and afterwards killed herself. Edmund afterwards met his death at the +hand of his brother, the legitimate son of Gloucester, under whose rule, +with that of the Earl of Kent, the kingdom remained for several +succeeding years." + +Imagine this succinctly graceful recital of what the historian +conceived to be the facts, adorned with violently black and white +woodcuts, representing the blinding of Gloucester, the phrenzy of +Lear, the strangling of Cordelia, and the suicide of Goneril, and you +have a type of popular history in the nineteenth century; which is, +you may perceive after a little reflection, about as profitable +reading for young persons (so far as regards the general colour and +purity of their thoughts) as the Newgate Calendar would be; with this +farther condition of incalculably greater evil, that, while the +calendar of prison-crime would teach a thoughtful youth the dangers of +low life and evil company, the calendar of kingly crime overthrows his +respect for any manner of government, and his faith in the ordinances +of Providence itself. + +Books of loftier pretence, written by bankers, members of Parliament, +or orthodox clergymen, are of course not wanting; and show that the +progress of civilization consists in the victory of usury over +ecclesiastical prejudice, or in the establishment of the Parliamentary +privileges of the borough of Puddlecombe, or in the extinction of the +benighted superstitions of the Papacy by the glorious light of +Reformation. Finally, you have the broadly philosophical history, +which proves to you that there is no evidence whatever of any +overruling Providence in human affairs; that all virtuous actions have +selfish motives; and that a scientific selfishness, with proper +telegraphic communications, and perfect knowledge of all the species +of Bacteria, will entirely secure the future well-being of the upper +classes of society, and the dutiful resignation of those beneath them. + +Meantime, the two ignored powers--the Providence of Heaven, and the +virtue of men--have ruled, and rule, the world, not invisibly; and +they are the only powers of which history has ever to tell any +profitable truth. Under all sorrow, there is the force of virtue; over +all ruin, the restoring charity of God. To these alone we have to +look; in these alone we may understand the past, and predict the +future, destiny of the ages. + +I return to the story of Clovis, king now of all central France. Fix +the year 500 in your minds as the approximate date of his baptism at +Rheims, and of St. Remy's sermon to him, telling him of the sufferings +and passion of Christ, till Clovis sprang from his throne, grasping +his spear, and crying, "Had I been there with my brave Franks, I would +have avenged His wrongs." + +"There is little doubt," proceeds the cockney historian, "that the +conversion of Clovis was as much a matter of policy as of faith." But +the cockney historian had better limit his remarks on the characters +and faiths of men to those of the curates who have recently taken +orders in his fashionable neighbourhood, or the bishops who have +lately preached to the population of its manufacturing suburbs. +Frankish kings were made of other clay. + +The Christianity of Clovis does not indeed produce any fruits of the +kind usually looked for in a modern convert. We do not hear of his +repenting ever so little of any of his sins, nor resolving to lead a new +life in any the smallest particular. He had not been impressed with +convictions of sin at the battle of Tolbiac; nor, in asking for the help +of the God of Clotilde, had he felt or professed the remotest intention +of changing his character, or abandoning his projects. What he was, +before he believed in his queen's God, he only more intensely afterwards +became, in the confidence of that before unknown God's supernatural +help. His natural gratitude to the Delivering Power, and pride in its +protection, added only fierceness to his soldiership, and deepened his +political enmities with the rancour of religions indignation. No more +dangerous snare is set by the fiends for human frailty than the belief +that our own enemies are also the enemies of God; and it is perfectly +conceivable to me that the conduct of Clovis might have been the more +unscrupulous, precisely in the measure that his faith was more sincere. + +Had either Clovis or Clotilde fully understood the precepts of their +Master, the following history of France, and of Europe, would have +been other than it is. What they could understand, or in any wise were +taught, you will find that they obeyed, and were blessed in obeying. +But their history is complicated with that of several other persons, +respecting whom we must note now a few too much forgotten particulars. + +If from beneath the apse of Amiens Cathedral we take the street +leading due south, leaving the railroad station on the left, it brings +us to the foot of a gradually ascending hill, some half a mile long--a +pleasant and quiet walk enough, terminating on the level of the +highest land near Amiens; whence, looking back, the Cathedral is seen +beneath us, all but the flêche, our gained hill-top being on a level +with its roof-ridge: and, to the south, the plain of France. + +Somewhere about this spot, or in the line between it and St. Acheul, +stood the ancient Roman gate of the Twins, whereon were carved Romulus +and Remus being suckled by the wolf; and out of which, one bitter +winter's day, a hundred and seventy years ago when Clovis was +baptized--had ridden a Roman soldier, wrapped in his horseman's +cloak,[5] on the causeway which was part of the great Roman road from +Lyons to Boulogne. + +[Footnote 5: More properly, his knight's cloak; in all likelihood the +trabea, with purple and white stripes, dedicate to the kings of Rome, +and chiefly to Romulus.] + +And it is well worth your while also, some frosty autumn or winter day +when the east wind is high, to feel the sweep of it at this spot, +remembering what chanced here, memorable to all men, and serviceable, +in that winter of the year 332, when men were dying for cold in Amiens +streets:--namely, that the Roman horseman, scarce gone out of the city +gate, was met by a naked beggar, shivering with cold; and that, seeing +no other way of shelter for him, he drew his sword, divided his own +cloak in two, and gave him half of it. + +No ruinous gift, nor even enthusiastically generous: Sydney's cup of +cold water needed more self-denial; and I am well assured that many a +Christian child of our day, himself well warmed and clad, meeting one +naked and cold, would be ready enough to give the _whole_ cloak off +his own shoulders to the necessitous one, if his better-advised nurse, +or mamma, would let him. But this Roman soldier was no Christian, and +did his serene charity in simplicity, yet with prudence. + +Nevertheless, that same night, he beheld in a dream the Lord Jesus, +who stood before him in the midst of angels, having on his shoulders +the half of the cloak he had bestowed on the beggar. + +And Jesus said to the angels that were around him, "Know ye who hath +thus arrayed me? My servant Martin, though yet unbaptized, has done +this." And Martin after this vision hastened to receive baptism, being +then in his twenty-third year.[6] + +[Footnote 6: Mrs. Jameson, Legendary Art, Vol. II., p. 721.] + +Whether these things ever were so, or how far so, credulous or +incredulous reader, is no business whatever of yours or mine. What is, +and shall be, everlastingly, _so_,--namely, the infallible truth of +the lesson herein taught, and the actual effect of the life of St. +Martin on the mind of Christendom,--is, very absolutely, the business +of every rational being in any Christian realm. + +You are to understand, then, first of all, that the especial character +of St. Martin is a serene and meek charity to all creatures. He is not a +preaching saint--still less a persecuting one: not even an anxious one. +Of his prayers we hear little--of his wishes, nothing. What he does +always, is merely the right thing at the right moment;--rightness and +kindness being in his mind one: an extremely exemplary saint, to my +notion. + +Converted and baptized--and conscious of having seen Christ--he +nevertheless gives his officers no trouble whatever--does not try to +make proselytes in his cohort. "It is Christ's business, surely!--if +He wants them, He may appear to them as He has to me," seems the +feeling of his first baptized days. He remains seventeen years in the +army, on those tranquil terms. + +At the end of that time, thinking it might be well to take other +service, he asks for his dismissal from the Emperor Julian,--on whose +accusation of faintheartedness, Martin offers, unarmed, to lead his +cohort into battle, bearing only the sign of the cross. Julian takes +him at his word,--keeps him in ward till time of battle comes; but, +the day before he counts on putting him to that war ordeal, the +barbarian enemy sends embassy with irrefusable offers of submission +and peace. + +The story is not often dwelt upon: how far literally true, again +observe, does not in the least matter;--here _is_ the lesson for ever +given of the way in which a Christian soldier should meet his enemies. +Which, had John Bunyan's Mr. Great-heart understood, the Celestial +gates had opened by this time to many a pilgrim who has failed to hew +his path up to them with the sword of sharpness. + +But true in some practical and effectual way the story _is_; for after +a while, without any oratorizing, anathematizing, or any manner of +disturbance, we find the Roman Knight made Bishop of Tours, and +becoming an influence of unmixed good to all mankind, then, and +afterwards. And virtually the same story is repeated of his bishop's +robe as of his knight's cloak--not to be rejected because so probable +an invention; for it is just as probable an act. + +Going, in his full robes, to say prayers in church, with one of his +deacons, he came across some unhappily robeless person by the wayside; +for whom he forthwith orders his deacon to provide some manner of +coat, or gown. + +The deacon objecting that no apparel of that profane nature is under +his hand, St. Martin, with his customary serenity, takes off his own +episcopal stole, or whatsoever flowing stateliness it might be, throws +it on the destitute shoulders, and passes on to perform indecorous +public service in his waistcoat, or such mediæval nether attire as +remained to him. + +But, as he stood at the altar, a globe of light appeared above his +head; and when he raised his bare arms with the Host--the angels were +seen round him, hanging golden chains upon them, and jewels, not of +the earth. + +Incredible to you in the nature of things, wise reader, and too +palpably a gloss of monkish folly on the older story? + +Be it so: yet in this fable of monkish folly, understood with the +heart, would have been the chastisement and check of every form of the +church's pride and sensuality, which in our day have literally sunk +the service of God and His poor into the service of the clergyman and +his rich; and changed what was once the garment of praise for the +spirit of heaviness, into the spangling of Pantaloons in an +ecclesiastical Masquerade. + +But one more legend,--and we have enough to show us the roots of this +saint's strange and universal power over Christendom. + +"What peculiarly distinguished St. Martin was his sweet, serious, +unfailing serenity; no one had ever seen him angry, or sad, or, gay; +there was nothing in his heart but piety to God and pity for men. The +Devil, who was particularly envious of his virtues, detested above all +his exceeding charity, because it was the most inimical to his own +power, and one day reproached him mockingly that he so soon received +into favour the fallen and the repentant. But St. Martin answered him +sorrowfully, saying, 'Oh most miserable that thou art! if _thou_ also +couldst cease to persecute and seduce wretched men, if thou also +couldst repent, thou also shouldst find mercy and forgiveness through +Jesus Christ.'"[7] + +[Footnote 7: Mrs. Jameson, Vol. II., p. 722.] + +In this gentleness was his strength; and the issue of it is +best to be estimated by comparing its scope with that of the work of +St. Firmin. The impatient missionary riots and rants about Amiens' +streets--insults, exhorts, persuades, baptizes,--turns everything, as +aforesaid, upside down for forty days: then gets his head cut off, and +is never more named, _out_ of Amiens. St. Martin teazes nobody, spends +not a breath in unpleasant exhortation, understands, by Christ's first +lesson to himself, that undipped people may be as good as dipped if +their hearts are clean; helps, forgives, and cheers, (companionable +even to the loving-cup,) as readily the clown as the king; he is the +patron of honest drinking; the stuffing of your Martinmas goose is +fragrant in his nostrils, and sacred to him the last kindly rays of +departing summer. And somehow--the idols totter before him far and +near--the Pagan gods fade, _his_ Christ becomes all men's Christ--his +name is named over new shrines innumerable in all lands; high on the +Roman hills, lowly in English fields;--St. Augustine baptized his +first English converts in St. Martin's church at Canterbury; and the +Charing Cross station itself has not yet effaced wholly from London +minds his memory or his name. + +That story of the Episcopal Robe is the last of St. Martin respecting +which I venture to tell you that it is wiser to suppose it literally +true, than a _mere_ myth; myth, however, of the deepest value and +beauty it remains assuredly: and this really last story I have to +tell, which I admit you will be wiser in thinking a fable than exactly +true, nevertheless had assuredly at its root some grain of fact +(sprouting a hundred-fold) cast on good ground by a visible and +unforgettable piece of St. Martin's actual behaviour in high company; +while, as a myth, it is every whit and for ever valuable and +comprehensive. + +St. Martin, then, as the tale will have it, was dining one day at the +highest of tables in the terrestrial globe--namely, with the Emperor and +Empress of Germany! You need not inquire what Emperor, or which of the +Emperor's wives! The Emperor of Germany is, in all early myths, the +expression for the highest sacred power of the State, as the Pope is the +highest sacred power of the Church. St. Martin was dining then, as +aforesaid, with the Emperor, of course sitting next him on his +left--Empress opposite on his right: everything orthodox. St. Martin +much enjoying his dinner, and making himself generally agreeable to the +company: not in the least a John Baptist sort of a saint. You are aware +also that in Royal feasts in those days persons of much inferior rank in +society were allowed in the hall: got behind people's chairs, and saw +and heard what was going on, while they unobtrusively picked up crumbs, +and licked trenchers. + +When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the +Emperor fills his own cup--fills the Empress's--fills St. +Martin's,--affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. The equally loving, +and yet more truly believing, Empress, looks across the table, humbly, +but also royally, expecting St. Martin, of course, next to hobnob with +_her_. St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately; becomes aware of a +tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, +who has managed to get _his_ cup filled somehow, also--by a charitable +lacquey. + +St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with _him_! + +For which charity--mythic if you like, but evermore exemplary--he +remains, as aforesaid, the patron of good-Christian topers to this +hour. + +As gathering years told upon him, he seems to have felt that he had +carried weight of crozier long enough--that busy Tours must now find a +busier Bishop--that, for himself, he might innocently henceforward take +his pleasure and his rest where the vine grew and the lark sang. For his +episcopal palace, he takes a little cave in the chalk cliffs of the +up-country river: arranges all matters therein, for bed and board, at +small cost. Night by night the stream murmurs to him, day by day the +vine-leaves give their shade; and, daily by the horizon's breadth so +much nearer Heaven, the fore-running sun goes down for him beyond the +glowing water;--there, where now the peasant woman trots homewards +between her panniers, and the saw rests in the half-cleft wood, and the +village spire rises grey against the farthest light, in Turner's +'Loireside.'[8] + +[Footnote 8: Modern Painters, Plate 73.] + +All which things, though not themselves without profit, my special +reason for telling you now, has been that you might understand the +significance of what chanced first on Clovis' march south against the +Visigoths. + +"Having passed the Loire at Tours, he traversed the lands of the abbey +of St. Martin, which he declared inviolate, and refused permission to +his soldiers to touch anything, save water and grass for their horses. +So rigid were his orders, and the obedience he exacted in this +respect, that a Frankish soldier having taken, without the consent of +the owner, some hay, which belonged to a poor man, saying in raillery +"that it was but grass," he caused the aggressor to be put to death, +exclaiming that "Victory could not be expected, if St. Martin should +be offended." + +Now, mark you well, this passage of the Loire at Tours is virtually +the fulfilment of the proper bounds of the French kingdom, and the +sign of its approved and securely set power is "Honour to the poor!" +Even a little grass is not to be stolen from a poor man, on pain of +Death. So wills the Christian knight of Roman armies; throned now high +with God. So wills the first Christian king of far victorious +Franks;--here baptized to God in Jordan of his goodly land, as he goes +over to possess it. + +How long? + +Until that same Sign should be read backwards from a degenerate +throne;--until, message being brought that the poor of the French +people had no bread to eat, answer should be returned to them "They +may eat grass." Whereupon--by St. Martin's faubourg, and St. Martin's +gate--there go forth commands from the Poor Man's Knight against the +King--which end _his_ Feasting. + +And be this much remembered by you, of the power over French souls, +past and to come, of St. Martin of Tours. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER I. + + +The reader will please observe that notes immediately necessary to the +understanding of the text will be given, with _numbered_ references, +under the text itself; while questions of disputing authorities, or +quotations of supporting documents will have _lettered_ references, +and be thrown together at the end of each chapter.[9] One good of this +method will be that, after the numbered notes are all right, if I see +need of farther explanation, as I revise the press, I can insert a +letter referring to a _final_ note without confusion of the standing +types. There will be some use also in the final notes, in summing the +chapters, or saying what is to be more carefully remembered of them. +Thus just now it is of no consequence to remember that the first +taking of Amiens was in 445, because that is not the founding of the +Merovingian dynasty; neither that Merovæus seized the throne in 447 +and died ten years later. The real date to be remembered is 481, when +Clovis himself comes to the throne, a boy of fifteen; and the three +battles of Clovis' reign to be remembered are Soissons, Tolbiac, and +Poitiers--remembering also that this was the first of the three great +battles of Poitiers;--how the Poitiers district came to have such +importance as a battle-position, we must afterwards discover if we +can. Of Queen Clotilde and her flight from Burgundy to her Frank lover +we must hear more in next chapter,--the story of the vase at Soissons +is given in "The Pictorial History of France," but must be deferred +also, with such comment as it needs, to next chapter; for I wish the +reader's mind, in the close of this first number, to be left fixed on +two descriptions of the modern 'Frank' (taking that word in its +Saracen sense), as distinguished from the modern Saracen. The first +description is by Colonel Butler, entirely true and admirable, except +in the implied extension of the contrast to olden time: for the Saxon +soul under Alfred, the Teutonic under Charlemagne, and the Frank under +St. Louis, were quite as religious as any Asiatic's, though more +practical; it is only the modern mob of kingless miscreants in the +West, who have sunk themselves by gambling, swindling, machine-making, +and gluttony, into the scurviest louts that have ever fouled the Earth +with the carcases she lent them. + +[Footnote 9: The plan for numbered and lettered references is not +followed after the first chapter.] + + * * * * * + +"Of the features of English character brought to light by the spread +of British dominion in Asia, there is nothing more observable than the +contrast between the religious bias of Eastern thought and the innate +absence of religion in the Anglo-Saxon mind. Turk and Greek, Buddhist +and Armenian, Copt and Parsee, all manifest in a hundred ways of daily +life the great fact of their belief in a God. In their vices as well +as in their virtues the recognition of Deity is dominant. + +"With the Western, on the contrary, the outward form of practising +belief in a God is a thing to be half-ashamed of--something to hide. A +procession of priests in the Strada Reale would probably cause an +average Briton to regard it with less tolerant eye than he would cast +upon a Juggernaut festival in Orissa: but to each alike would he +display the same iconoclasm of creed, the same idea, not the less +fixed because it is seldom expressed in words: "You pray; therefore I +do not think much of you." But there is a deeper difference between +East and West lying beneath this incompatibility of temper on the part +of modern Englishmen to accept the religious habit of thought in the +East. All Eastern peoples possess this habit of thought. It is the one +tie which links together their widely differing races. Let us give an +illustration of our meaning. On an Austrian Lloyd's steamboat in the +Levant a traveller from Beyrout will frequently see strange groups of +men crowded together on the quarter-deck. In the morning the missal +books of the Greek Church will be laid along the bulwarks of the ship, +and a couple of Russian priests, coming from Jerusalem, will be busy +muttering mass. A yard to right or left a Turkish pilgrim, returning +from Mecca, sits a respectful observer of the scene. It is prayer, and +therefore it is holy in his sight. So, too, when the evening hour has +come, and the Turk spreads out his bit of carpet for the sunset +prayers and obeisance towards Mecca, the Greek looks on in silence, +without trace of scorn in his face, for it is again the worship of the +Creator by the created. They are both fulfilling the _first_ law of +the East--prayer to God; and whether the shrine be Jerusalem, Mecca, +or Lhassa, the sanctity of worship surrounds the votary, and protects +the pilgrim. + +"Into this life comes the Englishman, frequently destitute of one +touch of sympathy with the prayers of any people, or the faith of any +creed; hence our rule in the East has ever rested, and will ever rest, +upon the bayonet. We have never yet got beyond the stage of conquest; +never assimilated a people to our ways, never even civilized a single +tribe around the wide dominion of our empire. It is curious how +frequently a well-meaning Briton will speak of a foreign church or +temple as though it had presented itself to his mind in the same light +in which the City of London appeared to Blucher--as something to loot. +The other idea, that a priest was a person to hang, is one which is +also often observable in the British brain. On one occasion, when we +were endeavouring to enlighten our minds on the Greek question, as it +had presented itself to a naval officer whose vessel had been +stationed in Greek and Adriatic waters during our occupation of Corfu +and the other Ionian Isles, we could only elicit from our informant +the fact that one morning before breakfast he had hanged seventeen +priests." + +The second passage which I store in these notes for future use, is the +supremely magnificent one, out of a book full of magnificence,--if truth +be counted as having in it the strength of deed: Alphonse Karr's "Grains +de Bon Sens." I cannot praise either this or his more recent +"Bourdonnements" to my own heart's content, simply because they are by a +man utterly after my own heart, who has been saying in France, this +many a year, what I also, this many a year, have been saying in England, +neither of us knowing of the other, and both of us vainly. (See pages 11 +and 12 of "Bourdonnements.") The passage here given is the sixty-third +clause in "Grains de Bon Sens." + +"Et tout cela, monsieur, vient de ce qu'il n'y a plus de croyances--de +ce qu'on ne croit plus à rien. + +"Ah! saperlipopette, monsieur, vous me la baillez belle! Vous dites +qu'on ne croit plus à rien! Mais jamais, à aucune époque, on n'a cru à +tant de billevesées, de bourdes, de mensonges, de sottises, +d'absurdités qu'aujourd'hui. + +"D'abord, on _croit_ a l'incrédulité--l'incrédulité est une croyance, +une religion très exigeante, qui a ses dogmes, sa liturgie, ses +pratiques, ses rites! ...son intolérance, ses superstitions. Nous +avons des incrédules et des impies jésuites, et des incrédules et des +impies jansénistes; des impies molinistes, et des impies quiétistes; +des impies pratiquants, et non pratiquants; des impies indifférents et +des impies fanatiques; des incrédules cagots et des impies hypocrites +et tartuffes.--La religion de l'incrédulité ne se refuse même pas le +luxe des hérésies. + +"On ne croit plus à la bible, je le veux bien, mais on _croit_ aux +'écritures' des journaux, on croit au 'sacerdoce' des gazettes et +carrés de papier, et à leurs 'oracles' quotidiens. + +"On _croit_ au 'baptême' de la police correctionnelle et de la Cour +d'assises--on appelle 'martyrs' et 'confesseurs' les 'absents' à +Nouméa et les 'frères' de Suisse, d'Angleterre et de Belgique--et, +quand on parle des 'martyrs de la Commune' ça ne s'entend pas des +assassinés, mais des assassins. + +"On se fait enterrer 'civilement,' on ne veut plus sur son cercueil +des priéres de l'Eglise, on ne veut ni cierges, ni chants +religieux,--mais on veut un cortége portant derrière la bière des +immortelles rouges;--on veut une 'oraison,' une 'prédication' de +Victor Hugo qui a ajouté cette spécialité à ses autres spécialités, si +bien qu'un de ces jours derniers, comme il suivait un convoi en +amateur, un croque-mort s'approcha de lui, le poussa du coude, et lui +dit en souriant: 'Est-ce que nous n'aurons pas quelque chose de vous, +aujourd'hui?'--Et cette prédication il la lit ou la récite--ou, s'il +ne juge pas à propos 'd'officier' lui-même, s'il s'agit d'un mort de +plus, il envoie pour la psalmodier M. Meurice ou tout autre 'prêtre' +ou 'enfant de coeur' du 'Dieu,'--A défaut de M. Hugo, s'il s'agit +d'un citoyen obscur, on se contente d'une homélie improvisée pour la +dixième fois par n'importe quel député intransigeant--et le _Miserere_ +est remplacé par les cris de 'Vive la République!' poussés dans le +cimetière. + +"On n'entre plus dans les églises, mais on fréquente les brasseries et +les cabarets; on y officie, on y célèbre les mystères, on y chante les +louanges d'une prétendue république _sacro-sainte_, une, indivisible, +démocratique, sociale, athénienne, intransigeante, despotique, invisible +quoique étant partout. On y communie sous différentes espèces; le matin +(_matines_) on 'tue le ver' avec le vin blanc,--il y a plus tard les +vêpres de l'absinthe, auxquelles on se ferait un crime de manquer +d'assiduité. + +"On ne croit plus en Dieu, mais on _croit_ pieusement en M. Gambetta, +en MM. Marcou, Naquet, Barodet, Tartempion, etc., et en toute une +longue litanie de saints et de _dii minores_ tels que Goutte-Noire, +Polosse, Boriasse et Silibat, le héros lyonnais. + +"On _croit_ à 'l'immuabilité' de M. Thiers, qui a dit avec aplomb 'Je +ne change jamais,' et qui aujourd'hui est à la fois le protecteur et +le protégé de ceux qu'il a passé une partie de sa vie à fusilier, et +qu'il fusillait encore hier. + +'On _croit_ au républicanisme 'immaculé' de l'avocat de Cahors qui a +jeté par-dessus bord tous les principes républicains,--qui est à la +fois de son côté le protecteur et le protégé de M. Thiers, qui hier +l'appelait 'fou furieux,' déportait et fusillait ses amis. + +"Tous deux, il est vrai, en même temps protecteurs hypocrites, et +protégés dupés. + +"On ne croit plus aux miracles anciens, mais on _croit_ à des miracles +nouveaux. + +"On _croit_ à une république sans le respect religieux et presque +fanatique des lois. + +"On _croit_ qu'on peut s'enrichir en restant imprévoyants, insouciants +et paresseux, et autrement que par le travail et l'économie. + +"On se _croit_ libre en obéissant aveuglément et bêtement à deux ou +trois coteries. + +"On se _croit_ indépendant parce qu'on a tué ou chassé un lion et +qu'on l'a remplacé par deux douzaines de caniches teints en jaune. + +"On _croit_ avoir conquis le 'suffrage universel' en votant par des +mots d'ordre qui en font le contraire du suffrage universel,--mené au +vote comme on mène un troupeau au pâturage, avec cette différence que +ça ne nourrit pas.--D'ailleurs, par ce suffrage universel qu'on croit +avoir et qu'on n'a pas,--il faudrait _croire_ que les soldats doivent +commander au général, les chevaux mener le cocher;--_croire_ que deux +radis valent mieux qu'une truffe, deux cailloux mieux qu'un diamant, +deux crottins mieux qu'une rose. + +"On se _croit_ en République, parce que quelques demi-quarterons de +farceurs occupent les mêmes places, émargent les mêmes appointements, +pratiquent les mêmes abus, que ceux qu'on a renversés a leur bénéfice. + +"On se _croit_ un peuple opprimé, heroïque, que brise ses fers, et +n'est qu'un domestique capricieux qui aime à changer de maîtres. + +"On _croit_ au génie d'avocats de sixième ordre, qui ne se sont jetés +dans la politique et n'aspirent au gouvernement despotique de la +France que faute d'avoir pu gagner honnêtement, sans grand travail, +dans l'exercice d'un profession correcte, une vie obscure humectée de +chopes. + +"On _croit_ que des hommes dévoyés, déclassés, décavés, fruits secs, +etc., qui n'ont étudié que le 'domino à quatre' et le 'bezigue en +quinze cents' se réveillent un matin,--après un sommeil alourdi par le +tabac et la bière--possédant la science de la politique, et l'art de +la guerre; et aptes à être dictateurs, généraux, ministres, préfets, +sous-préfets, etc. + +"Et les soi-disant conservateurs eux-mêmes _croient_ que la France +peut se relever et vivre tant qu'on n'aura pas fait justice de ce +prétendu suffrage universel qui est le contraire du suffrage +universel. + +"Les croyances out subi le sort de ce serpent de la fable--coupé, +haché par morceaux, dont chaque tronçon devenait un serpent. + +"Les croyances se sont changées en monnaie--en billon de crédulités. + +"Et pour finir la liste bien incomplète des croyances et des +crédulités--vous _croyez_, vous, qu'on ne croit à rien!" + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +UNDER THE DRACHENFELS. + + +1. Without ignobly trusting the devices of artificial memory--far less +slighting the pleasure and power of resolute and thoughtful memory--my +younger readers will find it extremely useful to note any coincidences +or links of number which may serve to secure in their minds what may +be called Dates of Anchorage, round which others, less important, may +swing at various cables' lengths. + +Thus, it will be found primarily a most simple and convenient +arrangement of the years since the birth of Christ, to divide them by +fives of centuries,--that is to say, by the marked periods of the +fifth, tenth, fifteenth, and, now fast nearing us, twentieth +centuries. + +And this--at first seemingly formal and arithmetical--division, will +be found, as we use it, very singularly emphasized by signs of most +notable change in the knowledge, disciplines, and morals of the human +race. + +2. All dates, it must farther be remembered, falling within the fifth +century, begin with the number 4 (401, 402, etc.); and all dates in +the tenth century with the number 9 (901, 902, etc.); and all dates in +the fifteenth century with the number 14 (1401, 1402, etc.) + +In our immediate subject of study, we are concerned with the first of +these marked centuries--the fifth--of which I will therefore ask you +to observe two very interesting divisions. + +All dates of years in that century, we said, must begin with the +number 4. + +If you halve it for the second figure, you get 42. + +And if you double it for the second figure, you get 48. + +[Illustration: Plate II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS. NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE +RESTORATION.] + +Add 1, for the third figure, to each of these numbers, and you get 421 +and 481, which two dates you will please fasten well down, and let +there be no drifting about of them in your heads. + +For the first is the date of the birth of Venice herself, and her +dukedom, (see 'St. Mark's Rest,' Part I., p. 30); and the second is +the date of birth of the French Venice, and her kingdom; Clovis being +in that year crowned in Amiens. + +3. These are the great Birthdays--Birthdates--in the fifth century, of +Nations. Its Deathdays we will count, at another time. + +Since, not for dark Rialto's dukedom, nor for fair France's kingdom, +only, are these two years to be remembered above all others in the +wild fifth century; but because they are also the birth-years of a +great Lady, and greater Lord, of all future Christendom--St. +Genevieve, and St. Benedict. + +Genevieve, the 'white wave' (Laughing water)--the purest of all the +maids that have been named from the sea-foam or the rivulet's ripple, +unsullied,--not the troubled and troubling Aphrodite, but the +Leucothea of Ulysses, the guiding wave of deliverance. + +White wave on the blue--whether of pure lake or sunny +sea--(thenceforth the colours of France, blue field with white +lilies), she is always the type of purity, in active brightness of the +entire soul and life--(so distinguished from the quieter and +restricted innocence of St. Agnes),--and all the traditions of sorrow +in the trial or failure of noble womanhood are connected with her +name; Ginevra, in Italian, passing into Shakespeare's Imogen; and +Guinevere, the torrent wave of the British mountain streams, of whose +pollution your modern sentimental minstrels chant and moan to you, +lugubriously useless;--but none tell you, that I hear, of the victory +and might of this white wave of France. + +4. A shepherd maid she was--a tiny thing, barefooted, +bare-headed--such as you may see running wild and innocent, less +cared for now than their sheep, over many a hillside of France and +Italy. Tiny enough;--seven years old, all told, when first +one hears of her: "Seven times one are seven, (I am old, you may trust +me, linnet, linnet[10])," and all around her--fierce as the Furies, and +wild as the winds of heaven--the thunder of the Gothic armies, +reverberate over the ruins of the world. + +5. Two leagues from Paris, (_Roman_ Paris, soon to pass away with Rome +herself,) the little thing keeps her flock, not even her own, nor her +father's flock, like David; she is the hired servant of a richer +farmer of Nanterre. Who can tell me anything about Nanterre?--which of +our pilgrims of this omni-speculant, omni-nescient age has thought of +visiting what shrine may be there? I don't know even on what side of +Paris it lies,[11] nor under which heap of railway cinders and iron one +is to conceive the sheep-walks and blossomed fields of fairy St. +Phyllis. There were such left, even in my time, between Paris and St. +Denis, (see the prettiest chapter in all the "Mysteries of Paris," +where Fleur de Marie runs wild in them for the first time), but now, I +suppose, St. Phyllis's native earth is all thrown up into bastion and +glacis, (profitable and blessed of all saints, and her, as _these_ +have since proved themselves!) or else are covered with manufactories +and cabarets. Seven years old she was, then, when on his way to +_England_ from Auxerre, St. Germain passed a night in her village, and +among the children who brought him on his way in the morning in more +kindly manner than Elisha's convoy, noticed this one--wider-eyed in +reverence than the rest; drew her to him, questioned her, and was +sweetly answered: That she would fain be Christ's handmaid. And he +hung round her neck a small copper coin, marked with the cross. +Thencefoward Genevieve held herself as "separated from the world." + +[Footnote 10: Miss Ingelow.] + +[Footnote 11: On inquiry, I find in the flat between Paris and Sèvres.] + +6. It did not turn out so, however. Far the contrary. You must think of +her, instead, as the first of Parisiennes. Queen of Vanity Fair, that +was to be, sedately poor St. Phyllis, with her copper-crossed farthing +about her neck! More than Nitocris was to Egypt, more than Semiramis to +Nineveh, more than Zenobia to the city of palm trees--this +seven-years-old shepherd maiden became to Paris and her France. You have +not heard of her in that kind?--No: how should you?--for she did not +lead armies, but stayed them, and all her power was in peace. + +7. There are, however, some seven or eight and twenty lives of her, I +believe; into the literature of which I cannot enter, nor need, all +having been ineffective in producing any clear picture of her to the +modern French or English mind; and leaving one's own poor sagacities +and fancy to gather and shape the sanctity of her into an +intelligible, I do not say a _credible_, form; for there is no +question here about belief,--the creature is as real as Joan of Arc, +and far more powerful;--she is separated, just as St. Martin is, by +his patience, from too provocative prelates--by her quietness of +force, from the pitiable crowd of feminine martyr saints. + +There are thousands of religious girls who have never got themselves +into any calendars, but have wasted and wearied away their +lives--heaven knows why, for _we_ cannot; but here is one, at any +rate, who neither scolds herself to martyrdom, nor frets herself into +consumption, but becomes a tower of the Flock, and builder of folds +for them all her days. + +8. The first thing, then, you have to note of her, is that she is a +pure native _Gaul_. She does not come as a missionary out of Hungary, +or Illyria, or Egypt, or ineffable space; but grows at Nanterre, like +a marguerite in the dew, the first "Reine Blanche" of Gaul. + +I have not used this ugly word 'Gaul' before, and we must be quite +sure what it means, at once, though it will cost us a long +parenthesis. + +9. During all the years of the rising power of Rome, her people called +everybody a Gaul who lived north of the sources of Tiber. If you are not +content with that general statement, you may read the article "Gallia" +in Smith's dictionary, which consists of seventy-one columns of close +print, containing each as much as three of my pages; and tells you at +the end of it, that "though long, it is not complete." You may however, +gather from it, after an attentive perusal, as much as I have above told +you. + +But, as early as the second century after Christ, and much more +distinctly in the time with which we are ourselves concerned--the +fifth--the wild nations opposed to Rome, and partially subdued, or +held at bay by her, had resolved themselves into two distinct masses, +belonging to two distinct _latitudes_. One, _fixed_ in habitation of +the pleasant temperate zone of Europe--England with her western +mountains, the healthy limestone plateaux and granite mounts of +France, the German labyrinths of woody hill and winding thal, from the +Tyrol to the Hartz, and all the vast enclosed basin and branching +valleys of the Carpathians. Think of these four districts, briefly and +clearly, as 'Britain,' 'Gaul,' 'Germany,' and 'Dacia.' + +10. North of these rudely but patiently _resident_ races, possessing +fields and orchards, quiet herds, homes of a sort, moralities and +memories not ignoble, dwelt, or rather drifted, and shook, a shattered +chain of gloomier tribes, piratical mainly, and predatory, nomad +essentially; homeless, of necessity, finding no stay nor comfort in +earth, or bitter sky: desperately wandering along the waste sands and +drenched morasses of the flat country stretching from the mouths of +the Rhine to those of the Vistula, and beyond Vistula nobody knows +where, nor needs to know. Waste sands and rootless bogs their portion, +ice-fastened and cloud-shadowed, for many a day of the rigorous year: +shallow pools and oozings and windings of retarded streams, black +decay of neglected woods, scarcely habitable, never loveable; to this +day the inner main-lands little changed for good[12]--and their +inhabitants now fallen even on sadder times. + +[Footnote 12: See generally any description that Carlyle has had +occasion to give of Prussian or Polish ground, or edge of Baltic +shore.] + +11. For in the fifth century they had herds of cattle[13] to drive and +kill, unpreserved hunting-grounds full of game and wild deer, tameable +reindeer also then, even so far in the south; spirited hogs, good for +practice of fight as in Meleager's time, and afterwards for bacon; +furry creatures innumerable, all good for meat or skin. Fish of the +infinite sea breaking their bark-fibre nets; fowl innumerable, migrant +in the skies, for their flint-headed arrows; bred horses for their own +riding; ships of no mean size, and of all sorts, flat-bottomed for the +oozy puddles, keeled and decked for strong Elbe stream and furious +Baltic on the one side, for mountain-cleaving Danube and the black +lake of Colchos on the south. + +[Footnote 13: Gigantic--and not yet fossilized! See Gibbon's note on +the death of Theodebert: "The King pointed his spear--the Bull +_overturned a tree on his head_,--he died the same day."--vii. 255. +The Horn of Uri and her shield, with the chiefly towering crests of +the German helm, attest the terror of these Aurochs herds.] + +12. And they were, to all outward aspect, and in all _felt_ force, the +living powers of the world, in that long hour of its transfiguration. +All else known once for awful, had become formalism, folly, or +shame:--the Roman armies, a mere sworded mechanism, fast falling +confused, every sword against its fellow;--the Roman civil multitude, +mixed of slaves, slave-masters, and harlots; the East, cut off from +Europe by the intervening weakness of the Greek. These starving troops +of the Black forests and White seas, themselves half wolf, half +drift-wood, (as _we_ once called ourselves Lion-hearts, and +Oak-hearts, so they), merciless as the herded hound, enduring as the +wild birch-tree and pine. You will hear of few beside them for five +centuries yet to come: Visigoths, west of Vistula;--Ostrogoths, east +of Vistula; radiant round little Holy Island (Heligoland), our own +Saxons, and Hamlet the Dane, and his foe the sledded Polack on the +ice,--all these south of Baltic; and pouring _across_ Baltic, +constantly, her mountain-ministered strength, Scandinavia, until at +last _she_ for a time rules all, and the Norman name is of disputeless +dominion, from the North Cape to Jerusalem. + +13. _This_ is the apparent, this the only recognised world history, as +I have said, for five centuries to come. And yet the real history is +underneath all this. The wandering armies are, in the heart of them, +only living hail, and thunder, and fire along the ground. But the +Suffering Life, the rooted heart of native humanity, growing up in +eternal gentleness, howsoever wasted, forgotten, or spoiled,--itself +neither wasting, nor wandering, nor slaying, but unconquerable by +grief or death, became the seed ground of all love, that was to be +born in due time; giving, then, to mortality, what hope, joy, or +genius it could receive; and--if there be immortality--rendering out +of the grave to the Church her fostering Saints, and to Heaven her +helpful Angels. + +14. Of this low-nestling, speechless, harmless, infinitely submissive, +infinitely serviceable order of being, no Historian ever takes the +smallest notice, except when it is robbed or slain. I can give you no +picture of it, bring to your ears no murmur of it, nor cry. I can only +show you the absolute 'must have been' of its unrewarded past, and the +way in which all we have thought of, or been told, is founded on the +deeper facts in its history, unthought of, and untold. + +15. The main mass of this innocent and invincible peasant life is, as I +have above told you, grouped in the fruitful and temperate districts of +(relatively) mountainous Europe,--reaching, west to east, from the +Cornish Land's End to the mouth of the Danube. Already, in the times we +are now dealing with, it was full of native passion--generosity--and +intelligence capable of all things. Dacia gave to Rome the four last of +her great Emperors,[14]--Britain to Christianity the first deeds, and +the final legends, of her chivalry,--Germany, to all manhood, the truth +and the fire of the Frank,--Gaul, to all womanhood, the patience and +strength of St. Genevieve. + +[Footnote 14: Claudius, Aurelian, Probus, Constantius; and after the +division of the empire, to the East, Justinian. "The emperor Justinian +was born of an obscure race of Barbarians, the inhabitants of a wild and +desolate country, to which the names of Dardania, of Dacia, and of +Bulgaria have been successively applied. The names of these Dardanian +peasants are Gothic, and almost English. Justinian is a translation of +Uprauder (upright); his father, Sabatius,--in Græco-barbarous language, +Stipes--was styled in his village 'Istock' (Stock)."--Gibbon, beginning +of chap. xl. and note.] + +16. The _truth_, and the fire, of the Frank,--I must repeat with +insistence,--for my younger readers have probably been in the habit of +thinking that the French were more polite than true. They will find, +if they examine into the matter, that only Truth _can_ be polished: +and that all we recognize of beautiful, subtle, or constructive, in +the manners, the language, or the architecture of the French, comes of +a pure veracity in their nature, which you will soon feel in the +living creatures themselves if you love them: if you understand even +their worst rightly, their very Revolution was a revolt against lies; +and against the betrayal of Love. No people had ever been so loyal in +vain. + +17. That they were originally Germans, they themselves I suppose would +now gladly forget; but how they shook the dust of Germany off their +feet--and gave themselves a new name--is the first of the phenomena +which we have now attentively to observe respecting them. + +"The most rational critics," says Mr. Gibbon in his tenth chapter, +"_suppose_ that _about_ the year 240" (_suppose_ then, we, for our +greater comfort, say _about_ the year 250, half-way to end of fifth +century, where we are,--ten years less or more, in cases of 'supposing +about,' do not much matter, but some floating buoy of a date will be +handy here.) + +'About' A.D. 250, then, "a new confederacy was formed, under the name +of Franks, by the old inhabitants of the lower Rhine and the Weser." + +18. My own impression, concerning the old inhabitants of the lower +Rhine and the Weser, would have been that they consisted mostly of +fish, with superficial frogs and ducks; but Mr. Gibbon's note on the +passage informs us that the new confederation composed itself of human +creatures, in these items following. + +1. The Chauci, who lived we are not told where. + +2. The Sicambri " in the Principality of Waldeck. + +3. The Attuarii " in the Duchy of Berg. + +4. The Bructeri " on the banks of the Lippe. + +5. The Chamavii " in the country of the Bructeri. + +6. The Catti " in Hessia. + +All this I believe you will be rather easier in your minds if you +forget than if you remember; but if it please you to read, or re-read, +(or best of all, get read to you by some real Miss Isabella Wardour,) +the story of Martin Waldeck in the 'Antiquary,' you will gain from it +a sufficient notion of the central character of "the Principality of +_Waldeck_" connected securely with that important German word; +'woody'--or 'wood_ish_,' I suppose?--descriptive of rock and +half-grown forest; together with some wholesome reverence for Scott's +instinctively deep foundations of nomenclature. + +19. But for our present purpose we must also take seriously to our +maps again, and get things within linear limits of space. + +All the maps of Germany which I have myself the privilege of possessing, +diffuse themselves, just north of Frankfort, into the likeness of a +painted window broken small by Puritan malice, and put together again by +ingenious churchwardens with every bit of it wrong side upwards;--this +curious vitrerie purporting to represent the sixty, seventy, eighty, or +ninety dukedoms, marquisates, counties, baronies, electorates, and the +like, into which hereditary Alemannia cracked itself in that latitude. +But under the mottling colours, and through the jotted and jumbled +alphabets of distracted dignities--besides a chain-mail of black +railroads over all, the chains of it not in links, but bristling +with legs, like centipedes,--a hard forenoon's work with good +magnifying-glass enables one approximately to make out the course of the +Weser, and the names of certain towns near its sources, deservedly +memorable. + +20. In case you have not a forenoon to spare, nor eyesight to waste, +this much of merely necessary abstract must serve you,--that from the +Drachenfels and its six brother felsen, eastward, trending to the north, +there runs and spreads a straggling company of gnarled and mysterious +craglets, jutting and scowling above glens fringed by coppice, and +fretful or musical with stream; the crags, in pious ages, mostly +castled, for distantly or fancifully Christian purposes;--the glens, +resonant of woodmen, or burrowed at the sides by miners, and invisibly +tenanted farther, underground, by gnomes, and above by forest and other +demons. The entire district, clasping crag to crag, and guiding dell to +dell, some hundred and fifty miles (with intervals) between the Dragon +mountain above Rhine, and the Rosin mountain, 'Hartz' shadowy still to +the south of the riding grounds of Black Brunswickers of indisputable +bodily presence;--shadowy anciently with 'Hercynian' (hedge, or fence) +forest, corrupted or coinciding into Hartz, or Rosin forest, haunted by +obscurely apparent foresters of at least resinous, not to say +sulphurous, extraction. + +21. A hundred and fifty miles east to west, say half as much north to +south--about a thousand square miles in whole--of metalliferous, +coniferous, and Ghostiferous mountain, fluent, and diffluent for us, +both in mediæval and recent times, with the most Essential oil of +Turpentine, and Myrrh or Frankincense of temper and imagination, which +may be typified by it, producible in Germany; especially if we think +how the more delicate uses of Rosin, as indispensable to the +Fiddle-bow, have developed themselves, from the days of St. Elizabeth +of Marburg to those of St. Mephistopheles of Weimar. + +22. As far as I know, this cluster of wayward cliff and dingle has no +common name as a group of hills; and it is quite impossible to make +out the diverse branching of it in any maps I can lay hand on: but we +may remember easily, and usefully, that it is _all_ north of the +Maine,--that it rests on the Drachenfels at one end, and tosses itself +away to the morning light with a concave swoop, up to the Hartz, +(Brocken summit, 3700 feet above sea, nothing higher): with one +notable interval for Weser stream, of which presently. + +23. We will call this, in future, the chain, or company, of +the Enchanted mountains; and then we shall all the more easily join on +the Giant mountains, Riesen-Gebirge, when we want them; but these are +altogether higher, sterner, and not yet to be invaded; the nearer +ones, through which our road lies, we might perhaps more aptly call +the Goblin mountains; but that would be scarcely reverent to St. +Elizabeth, nor to the numberless pretty chatelaines of towers, and +princesses of park and glen, who have made German domestic manners +sweet and exemplary, and have led their lightly rippling and +translucent lives down the glens of ages, until enchantment becomes, +perhaps, too canonical in the Almanach de Gotha. + +We will call them therefore the Enchanted Mountains, not the Goblin; +perceiving gratefully also that the Rock spirits of them have really +much more of the temper of fairy physicians than of gnomes: each--as +it were with sensitive hazel wand instead of smiting rod--beckoning, +out of sparry caves, effervescent Brunnen, beneficently salt and warm. + +24. At the very heart of this Enchanted chain, then--(and the +beneficentest, if one use it and guide it rightly, of all the Brunnen +there,) sprang the fountain of the earliest Frank race; "in the +principality of Waldeck,"--you can trace their current to no farther +source; there it rises out of the earth. + +'Frankenberg' (Burg), on right bank of the Eder, nineteen miles north of +Marburg, you may find marked clearly in the map No. 18 of Black's +General Atlas, wherein the cluster of surrounding bewitched mountains, +and the valley of Eder-stream otherwise (as the village higher up the +dell still calls itself) "Engel-Bach," "Angel Brook," joining that of +the Fulda, just above Cassel, are also delineated in a way intelligible +to attentive mortal eyes. I should be plagued with the names in trying a +woodcut; but a few careful pen-strokes, or wriggles, of your own +off-hand touching, would give you the concurrence of the actual sources +of Weser in a comfortably extricated form, with the memorable towns on +them, or just south of them, on the other slope of the watershed, +towards Maine. Frankenberg and Waldeck on Eder, Fulda and Cassel on +Fulda, Eisenach on Werra, who accentuates himself into Weser after +taking Fulda for bride, as Tees the Greta, beyond Eisenach, under the +Wartzburg, (of which you have heard as a castle employed on Christian +mission and Bible Society purposes), town-streets below hard paved with +basalt--name of it, Iron-ach, significant of Thuringian armouries in the +old time,--it is active with mills for many things yet. + +25. The rocks all the way from Rhine, thus far, are jets and spurts of +basalt through irony sandstone, with a strip of coal or two northward, +by the grace of God not worth digging for; at Frankenberg even a gold +mine; also, by Heaven's mercy, poor of its ore; but wood and iron +always to be had for the due trouble; and, of softer wealth above +ground,--game, corn, fruit, flax, wine, wool, and hemp! Monastic care +over all, in Fulda's and Walter's houses--which I find marked by a +cross as built by some pious Walter, Knight of Meiningen on the Boden +wasser, Bottom water, as of water having found its way well down at +last: so "Boden-See," of Rhine well got down out of Via Mala. + +26. And thus, having got your springs of Weser clear from the rock; +and, as it were, gathered up the reins of your river, you can draw for +yourself, easily enough, the course of its farther stream, flowing +virtually straight north, to the North Sea. And mark it strongly on +your sketched map of Europe, next to the border Vistula, leaving out +Elbe yet for a time. For now, you may take the whole space between +Weser and Vistula (north of the mountains), as wild barbarian (Saxon +or Goth); but, piercing the source of the Franks at Waldeck, you will +find them gradually, but swiftly, filling all the space between Weser +and the mouths of Rhine, passing from mountain foam into calmer +diffusion over the Netherland, where their straying forest and +pastoral life has at last to embank itself into muddy agriculture, and +in bleak-flying sea mist, forget the sunshine on its basalt crags. + +27. Whereupon, _we_ must also pause, to embank ourselves somewhat; and +before other things, try what we can understand in this name of Frank, +concerning which Gibbon tells us, in his sweetest tones of satisfied +moral serenity--"The love of liberty was the ruling passion of these +Germans. They deserved, they assumed, they maintained, the honourable +epithet of Franks, or Freemen." He does not, however, tell us in what +language of the time--Chaucian, Sicambrian, Chamavian, or +Cattian,--'Frank' ever meant Free: nor can I find out myself what tongue +of any time it first belongs to; but I doubt not that Miss Yonge +('History of Christian Names,' Articles on Frey and Frank), gives the +true root, in what she calls the High German "Frang," Free _Lord_. Not +by any means a Free _Commoner_, or anything of the sort! but a person +whose nature and name implied the existence around him, and beneath, of +a considerable number of other persons who were by no means 'Frang,' nor +Frangs. His title is one of the proudest then maintainable;--ratified at +last by the dignity of age added to that of valour, into the Seigneur, +or Monseigneur, not even yet in the last cockney form of it, 'Mossoo,' +wholly understood as a republican term! + +28. So that, accurately thought of, the quality of Frankness glances +only with the flat side of it into any meaning of 'Libre,' but with all +its cutting edge, determinedly, and to all time, it signifies Brave, +strong, and honest, above other men.[15] The old woodland race were +never in any wolfish sense 'free,' but in a most human sense Frank, +outspoken, meaning what they had said, and standing to it, when they had +got it out. Quick and clear in word and act, fearless utterly and +restless always;--but idly lawless, or weakly lavish, neither in deed +nor word. Their frankness, if you read it as a scholar and a Christian, +and not like a modern half-bred, half-brained infidel, knowing no tongue +of all the world but in the slang of it, is really opposed, not to +Servitude,--but to Shyness![16] It is to this day the note of the +sweetest and Frenchiest of French character, that it makes simply +perfect _Servants_. Unwearied in protective friendship, in meekly +dextrous omnificence, in latent tutorship; the lovingly availablest of +valets,--the mentally and personally bonniest of bonnes. But in no +capacity shy of you! Though you be the Duke or Duchess of Montaltissimo, +you will not find them abashed at your altitude. They will speak 'up' to +you, when they have a mind. + +[Footnote 15: Gibbon touches the facts more closely in a sentence of +his 22nd chapter. "The independent warriors of Germany, _who +considered truth as the noblest of their virtues_, and freedom as the +most valuable of their possessions." He is speaking especially of the +Frankish tribe of the Attuarii, against whom the Emperor Julian had to +re-fortify the Rhine from Cleves to Basle: but the first letters of +the Emperor Jovian, after Julian's death, "delegated the military +command of _Gaul_ and Illyrium (what a vast one it was, we shall see +hereafter), to Malarich, a _brave and faithful_ officer of the nation +of the Franks;" and they remain the loyal allies of Rome in her last +struggle with Alaric. Apparently for the sake only of an interesting +variety of language,--and at all events without intimation of any +causes of so great a change in the national character,--we find Mr. +Gibbon in his next volume suddenly adopting the abusive epithets of +Procopius, and calling the Franks "a light and perfidious nation" +(vii. 251). The only traceable grounds for this unexpected description +of them are that they refuse to be bribed either into friendship or +activity, by Rome or Ravenna; and that in his invasion of Italy, the +grandson of Clovis did not previously send exact warning of his +proposed route, nor even entirely signify his intentions till he had +secured the bridge of the Po at Pavia; afterwards declaring his mind +with sufficient distinctness by "assaulting, almost at the same +instant, the hostile camps of the Goths and Romans, who, instead of +uniting their arms, fled with equal precipitation."] + +[Footnote 16: For detailed illustration of the word, see 'Val d'Arno,' +Lecture VIII.; 'Fors Clavigera,' Letters XLVI. 231, LXXVII. 137; and +Chaucer, 'Romaunt of Rose,' 1212--"Next _him_" (the knight sibbe to +Arthur) "daunced dame Franchise;"--the English lines are quoted and +commented on in the first lecture of 'Ariadne Florentina'; I give the +French here:-- + + "Apres tous ceulx estoit Franchise + Que ne fut ne brune ne bise. + Ains fut comme la neige blanche + _Courtoyse_ estoit, _joyeuse_, et _franche_. + Le nez avoit long et tretis, + Yeulx vers, riants; sourcilz faitis; + Les cheveulx eut très-blons et longs + Simple fut comme les coulons + Le coeur eut doulx et debonnaire. + _Elle n'osait dire ne faire + Nulle riens que faire ne deust._" + +And I hope my girl readers will never more confuse Franchise with +'Liberty.'] + +29. Best of servants: best of _subjects_, also, when they have +an equally frank King, or Count, or Captal, to lead them; of which we +shall see proof enough in due time;--but, instantly, note this +farther, that, whatever side-gleam of the thing they afterwards called +Liberty may be meant by the Frank name, you must at once now, and +always in future, guard yourself from confusing their Liberties with +their Activities. What the temper of the army may be towards its +chief, is _one_ question--whether either chief or army can be kept six +months quiet,--another, and a totally different one. That they must +either be fighting somebody or going somewhere, else, their life isn't +worth living to them; the activity and mercurial flashing and +flickering hither and thither, which in the soul of it is set neither +on war nor rapine, but only on change of place, mood--tense, and +tension;--which never needs to see its spurs in the dish, but has them +always bright, and on, and would ever choose rather to ride fasting +than sit feasting,--this childlike dread of being put in a corner, and +continual want of something to do, is to be watched by us with +wondering sympathy in all its sometimes splendid, but too often +unlucky or disastrous consequences to the nation itself as well as to +its neighbours. + +30. And this activity, which we stolid beef-eaters, before we had been +taught by modern science that we were no better than baboons +ourselves, were wont discourteously to liken to that of the livelier +tribes of Monkey, did in fact so much impress the Hollanders, when +first the irriguous Franks gave motion and current to their marshes, +that the earliest heraldry in which we find the Frank power blazoned +seems to be founded on a Dutch endeavour to give some distantly +satirical presentment of it. "For," says a most ingenious historian, +Mons. André Favine,--'Parisian, and Advocate in the High Court of the +French Parliament in the year 1620'--"those people who bordered on the +river Sala, called 'Salts,' by the Allemaignes, were on their descent +into Dutch lands called by the Romans 'Franci Salici'" (whence +'Salique' law to come, you observe) "and by abridgment 'Salii,' as if +of the verb 'salire,' that is to say 'saulter,' to leap"--(and in +future therefore--duly also to dance--in an incomparable manner) "to +be quicke and nimble of foot, to leap and mount well, a quality most +notably requisite for such as dwell in watrie and marshy places; So +that while such of the French as dwelt on the great course of the +river" (Rhine) "were called 'Nageurs,' Swimmers, they of the marshes +were called 'Saulteurs,' Leapers, so that it was a nickname given to +the French in regard both of their natural disposition and of their +dwelling; as, yet to this day, their enemies call them French Toades, +(or Frogs, more properly) from whence grew the fable that their +ancient Kings carried such creatures in their Armes." + +31. Without entering at present into debate whether fable or not, you +will easily remember the epithet 'Salian' of these fosse-leaping and +river-swimming folk (so that, as aforesaid, all the length of Rhine +must be refortified against them)--epithet however, it appears, in its +origin delicately Saline, so that we may with good discretion, as we +call our seasoned Mariners, '_old_ Salts,' think of these more brightly +sparkling Franks as 'Young Salts,'--but this equivocated presently by +the Romans, with natural respect to their martial fire and 'elan,' into +'Salii'--exsultantes,[17]--such as their own armed priests of war: and +by us now with some little farther, but slight equivocation, into +useful meaning, to be thought of as here first Salient, as a beaked +promontory, towards the France we know of; and evermore, in brilliant +elasticities of temper, a salient or out-sallying nation; lending to us +English presently--for this much of heraldry we may at once glance on +to--their 'Leopard,' not as a spotted or blotted creature, but as an +inevitably springing and pouncing one, for our own kingly and princely +shields. + +[Footnote 17: Their first mischievous exsultation into Alsace being +invited by the Romans themselves, (or at least by Constantius in his +jealousy of Julian,)--with "presents and promises,--the hopes of +spoil, and a perpetual grant of all the territories they were able to +subdue." Gibbon, chap. xix. (3, 208.) By any other historian than +Gibbon, who has really no fixed opinion on any character, or question, +but, safe in the general truism that the worst men sometimes do right, +and the best often do wrong, praises when he wants to round a +sentence, and blames when he cannot otherwise edge one--it might have +startled us to be here told of the nation which "deserved, assumed, +and maintained the _honourable_ name of freemen," that "_these +undisciplined robbers_ treated as their natural enemies all the +subjects of the empire who possessed any property which they were +desirous of acquiring." The first campaign of Julian, which throws +both Franks and Alemanni back across the Rhine, but grants the Salian +Franks, under solemn oath, their established territory in the +Netherlands, must be traced at another time.] + +Thus much, of their 'Salian' epithet may be enough; but from the +interpretation of the Frankish one we are still as far as ever, and +must be content, in the meantime, to stay so, noting however two ideas +afterwards entangled with the name, which are of much descriptive +importance to us. + +32. "The French poet in the first book of his Franciades" (says Mons. +Favine; but what poet I know not, nor can enquire) "encounters" (in the +sense of en-quarters, or depicts as a herald) certain fables on the name +of the French by the adoption and composure of two _Gaulish_ words +joyned together, Phere-Encos which signifieth 'Beare-_Launce_,' +(--Shake-Lance, we might perhaps venture to translate,) a lighter weapon +than the Spear beginning here to quiver in the hand of its chivalry--and +Fere-encos then passing swiftly on the tongue into Francos;"--a +derivation not to be adopted, but the idea of the weapon most +carefully,--together with this following--that "among the arms of the +ancient French, over and beside the Launce, was the Battaile-Axe, which +they called _Anchon_, and moreover, yet to this day, in many Provinces +of France, it is termed an _Achon_, wherewith they served themselves in +warre, by throwing it a farre off at joyning with the enemy, onely to +discover the man and to cleave his shield. Because this _Achon_ was +darted with such violence, as it would cleave the Shield, and compell +the Maister thereof to hold down his arm, and being so discovered, as +naked or unarmed; it made way for the sooner surprizing of him. It +seemeth, that this weapon was proper and particuler to the French +Souldior, as well him on foote, as on horsebacke. For this cause they +called it _Franciscus_. Francisca, _securis oblonga, quam Franci +librabant in Hostes_. For the Horseman, beside his shield and Francisca +(Armes common, as wee have said, to the Footman), had also the Lance, +which being broken, and serving to no further effect, he laid hand on +his Francisca, as we learn the use of that weapon in the Archbishop of +Tours, his second book, and twenty-seventh chapter." + +33. It is satisfactory to find how respectfully these lessons of the +Archbishop of Tours were received by the French knights; and curious +to see the preferred use of the Francisca by all the best of +them--down, not only to Coeur de Lion's time, but even to the day of +Poitiers. In the last wrestle of the battle at Poitiers gate, "Là, fit +le Roy Jehan de sa main, merveilles d'armes, et tenoit une hache de +guerre dont bien se deffendoit et combattoit,--si la quartre partie de +ses gens luy eussent ressemblé, la journée eust été pour eux." Still +more notably, in the episode of fight which Froissart stops to tell +just before, between the Sire de Verclef, (on Severn) and the Picard +squire Jean de Helennes: the Englishman, losing his sword, dismounts +to recover it, on which Helennes _casts_ his own at him with such aim +and force "qu'il acconsuit l'Anglois es cuisses, tellement que l'espée +entra dedans et le cousit tout parmi, jusqu'au hans." + +On this the knight rendering himself, the squire binds his wound, and +nurses him, staying fifteen days 'pour l'amour de lui' at +Chasteleraut, while his life was in danger; and afterwards carrying +him in a litter all the way to his own chastel in Picardy. His ransom +however is 6000 nobles--I suppose about 25,000 pounds, of our present +estimate; and you may set down for one of the fatallest signs that the +days of chivalry are near their darkening, how "devint celuy Escuyer, +Chevalier, pour le grand profit qu'il eut du Seigneur de Verclef." + +I return gladly to the dawn of chivalry, when, every hour and year, +men were becoming more gentle and more wise; while, even through their +worst cruelty and error, native qualities of noblest cast may be seen +asserting themselves for primal motive, and submitting themselves for +future training. + +34. We have hitherto got no farther in our notion of a Salian Frank than +a glimpse of his two principal weapons,--the shadow of him, however, +begins to shape itself to us on the mist of the Brocken, bearing the +lance light, passing into the javelin,--but the axe, his woodman's +weapon, heavy;--for economical reasons, in scarcity of iron, +preferablest of all weapons, giving the fullest swing and weight of blow +with least quantity of actual metal, and roughest forging. Gibbon gives +them also a 'weighty' sword, suspended from a 'broad' belt: but Gibbon's +epithets are always gratis, and the belted sword, whatever its measure, +was probably for the leaders only; the belt, itself of gold, the +distinction of the Roman Counts, and doubtless adopted from them by the +allied Frank leaders, afterwards taking the Pauline mythic meaning of +the girdle of Truth--and so finally; the chief mark of Belted +Knighthood. + +35. The Shield, for all, was round, wielded like a Highlander's +target:--armour, presumably, nothing but hard-tanned leather, or +patiently close knitted hemp; "Their close apparel," says Mr. Gibbon, +"accurately expressed the figure of their limbs," but 'apparel' is +only Miltonic-Gibbonian for 'nobody knows what.' He is more +intelligible of their persons. "The lofty stature of the Franks, and +their blue eyes, denoted a Germanic origin; the warlike barbarians +were trained from their earliest youth to run, to leap, to swim, to +dart the javelin and battle-axe with unerring aim, to advance without +hesitation against a superior enemy, and to maintain either in life or +death, the invincible reputation of their ancestors' (vi. 95). For the +first time, in 358, appalled by the Emperor Julian's victory at +Strasburg, and besieged by him upon the Meuse, a body of six hundred +Franks "dispensed with the ancient law which commanded them to conquer +or die." "Although they were strongly actuated by the allurements of +rapine, they professed a disinterested love of war, which they +considered as the supreme honour and felicity of human nature; and +their minds and bodies were so hardened by perpetual action that, +according to the lively expression of an orator, the snows of winter +were as pleasant to them as the flowers of spring" (iii. 220). + +36. These mental and bodily virtues, or indurations, were probably +universal in the military rank of the nation: but we learn presently, +with surprise, of so remarkably 'free' a people, that nobody but the +King and royal family might wear their hair to their own liking. The +kings wore theirs in flowing ringlets on the back and shoulders,--the +Queens, in tresses rippling to their feet,--but all the rest of the +nation "were obliged, either by law or custom, to shave the hinder +part of their head, to comb their short hair over their forehead, and +to content themselves with the ornament of two small whiskers." + +37. Moustaches,--Mr. Gibbon means, I imagine: and I take leave also to +suppose that the nobles, and noble ladies, might wear such tress and +ringlet as became them. But again, we receive unexpectedly +embarrassing light on the democratic institutions of the Franks, in +being told that "the various trades, the labours of agriculture, and +the arts of hunting and fishing, were _exercised by servile_ hands for +the _emolument_ of the Sovereign." + +'Servile' and 'Emolument,' however, though at first they sound very +dreadful and very wrong, are only Miltonic-Gibbonian expressions of +the general fact that the Frankish Kings had ploughmen in their +fields, employed weavers and smiths to make their robes and swords, +hunted with huntsmen, hawked with falconers, and were in other +respects tyrannical to the ordinary extent that an English Master of +Hounds may be. "The mansion of the long-haired Kings was surrounded +with convenient yards and stables for poultry and cattle; the garden +was planted with useful vegetables; the magazines filled with corn and +wine either for sale or consumption; and the whole administration +conducted by the strictest rules of private economy." + +38. I have collected these imperfect, and not always extremely +consistent, notices of the aspect and temper of the Franks out of Mr. +Gibbon's casual references to them during a period of more than two +centuries,--and the last passage quoted, which he accompanies with the +statement that "one hundred and sixty of these rural palaces were +scattered through the provinces of their kingdom," without telling us +what kingdom, or at what period, must I think be held descriptive of the +general manner and system of their monarchy after the victories of +Clovis. But, from the first hour you hear of him, the Frank, closely +considered, is always an extremely ingenious, well meaning, and +industrious personage;--if eagerly acquisitive, also intelligently +conservative and constructive; an element of order and crystalline +edification, which is to consummate itself one day, in the aisles of +Amiens; and things generally insuperable and impregnable, if the +inhabitants of them had been as sound-hearted as their builders, for +many a day beyond. + +39. But for the present, we must retrace our ground a little; for +indeed I have lately observed with compunction, in rereading some of +my books for revised issue, that if ever I promise, in one number or +chapter, careful consideration of any particular point in the next, +the next never _does_ touch upon the promised point at all, but is +sure to fix itself passionately on some antithetic, antipathic, or +antipodic, point in the opposite hemisphere. This manner of conducting +a treatise I find indeed extremely conducive to impartiality and +largeness of view; but can conceive it to be--to the general +reader--not only disappointing, (if indeed I may flatter myself that I +ever interest enough to disappoint), but even liable to confirm in his +mind some of the fallacious and extremely absurd insinuations of +adverse critics respecting my inconsistency, vacillation, and +liability to be affected by changes of the weather in my principles or +opinions. I purpose, therefore, in these historical sketches, at least +to watch, and I hope partly to correct myself in this fault of promise +breaking, and at whatever sacrifice of my variously fluent or +re-fluent humour, to tell in each successive chapter in some measure +what the reader justifiably expects to be told. + +40. I left, merely glanced at, in my opening chapter, the story of the +vase of Soissons. It may be found (and it is very nearly the only thing +that _is_ to be found respecting the personal life or character of the +first Louis) in every cheap popular history of France; with cheap +popular moralities engrafted thereon. Had I time to trace it to its +first sources, perhaps it might take another aspect. But I give it as +you may anywhere find it--asking you only to consider whether even as so +read--it may not properly bear a somewhat different moral. + +41. The story is, then, that after the battle of Soissons, in the +division of Roman, or Gallic spoil, the king wished to have a +beautifully wrought silver vase for--'himself,' I was going to +write--and in my last chapter _did_ mistakenly infer that he wanted it +for his better self,--his Queen. But he wanted it for neither;--it was +to restore to St. Remy, that it might remain among the consecrated +treasures of Rheims. That is the first point on which the popular +histories do not insist, and which one of his warriors claiming equal +division of treasure, chose also to ignore. The vase was asked by the +King in addition to his own portion, and the Frank knights, while they +rendered true obedience to their king as a leader, had not the +smallest notion of allowing him what more recent kings call +'Royalties'--taxes on everything they touch. And one of these Frank +knights or Counts--a little franker than the rest--and as incredulous +of St. Remy's saintship as a Protestant Bishop, or Positivist +Philosopher--took upon him to dispute the King's and the Church's +claim, in the manner, suppose, of a Liberal opposition in the House of +Commons; and disputed it with such security of support by the public +opinion of the fifth century, that--the king persisting in his +request--the fearless soldier dashed the vase to pieces with his +war-axe, exclaiming "Thou shalt have no more than thy portion by lot." + +42. It is the first clear assertion of French 'Liberté, Fraternité and +Egalité,' supported, then, as now, by the destruction, which is the +only possible active operation of "free" personages, on the art they +cannot produce. + +The king did not continue the quarrel. Cowards will think that he paused +in cowardice, and malicious persons, that he paused in malignity. He +_did_ pause in anger assuredly; but biding its time, which the anger of +a strong man always can, and burn hotter for the waiting, which is one +of the chief reasons for Christians being told not to let the sun go +down upon it. Precept which Christians now-a-days are perfectly ready to +obey, if it is somebody else who has been injured; and indeed, the +difficulty in such cases is usually to get them to think of the injury +even while the Sun rises on their wrath.[18] + +[Footnote 18: Read Mr. Plimsoll's article on coal mines for instance.] + +43. The sequel is very shocking indeed--to modern sensibility. I give +it in the, if not polished, at least delicately varnished, language of +the Pictorial History. + +"About a year afterwards, on reviewing his troops, he went to the man +who had struck the vase, and _examining his arms, complained_ that +_they_ were in bad condition!" (Italics mine) "and threw them" (What? +shield and sword?) on the ground. The soldier stooped to recover them; +and at that moment the King struck him on the head with his +battle-axe, crying 'Thus didst thou to the vase at Soissons.'" The +Moral modern historian proceeds to reflect that "this--as an evidence +of the condition of the Franks, and of the ties by which they were +united, gives but the idea of a band of Robbers and their chief." +Which is, indeed, so far as I can myself look into and decipher the +nature of things, the Primary idea to be entertained respecting most +of the kingly and military organizations in this world, down to our +own day; and, (unless perchance it be the Afghans and Zulus who are +stealing our lands in England--instead of we theirs, in their several +countries.) But concerning the _manner_ of this piece of military +execution, I must for the present leave the reader to consider with +himself, whether indeed it be less Kingly, or more savage, to strike +an uncivil soldier on the head with one's own battle-axe, than, for +instance, to strike a person like Sir Thomas More on the neck with an +executioner's,--using for the mechanism, and as it were guillotine bar +and rope to the blow--the manageable forms of National Law, and the +gracefully twined intervention of a polite group of noblemen and +bishops. + +44. Far darker things have to be told of him than this, as his proud +life draws towards the close,--things which, if any of us could see +clear _through_ darkness, you should be told in all the truth of them. +But we never can know the truth of Sin; for its nature is to deceive +alike on the one side the Sinner, on the other the Judge. +Diabolic--betraying whether we yield to it, or condemn: Here is +Gibbon's sneer--if you care for it; but I gather first from the +confused paragraphs which conduct to it, the sentences of praise, less +niggard than the Sage of Lausanne usually grants to any hero who has +confessed the influence of Christianity. + +45. "Clovis, when he was no more than fifteen years of age, succeeded, +by his father's death, to the command of the Salian tribe. The narrow +limits of his kingdom were confined to the island of the Batavians, +with the ancient dioceses of Tournay and Arras; and at the baptism of +Clovis, the number of his warriors could not exceed five thousand. The +kindred tribes of the Franks who had seated themselves along the +Scheldt, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Rhine, were governed by their +independent kings, of the Merovingian race, the equals, the allies, +and sometimes the enemies of the Salic Prince. When he first took the +field he had neither gold nor silver in his coffers, nor wine and corn +in his magazines; but he imitated the example of Cæsar, who in the +same country had acquired wealth by the sword, and purchased soldiers +with the fruits of conquest. The untamed spirit of the Barbarians was +taught to acknowledge the advantages of regular discipline. At the +annual review of the month of March, their arms were diligently +inspected; and when they traversed a peaceful territory they were +prohibited from touching a blade of grass. The justice of Clovis was +inexorable; and his careless or disobedient soldiers were punished +with instant death. It would be superfluous to praise the valour of a +Frank; but the valour of Clovis was directed by cool and consummate +prudence. In all his transactions with mankind he calculated the +weight of interest, of passion, and of opinion; and his measures were +sometimes adapted to the sanguinary manners of the Germans, +and sometimes moderated by the milder genius of Rome, and +Christianity. + +46. "But the savage conqueror of Gaul was incapable of examining the +proofs of a religion, which depends on the laborious investigation of +historic evidence, and speculative theology. He was still more +incapable of feeling the mild influence of the Gospel, which persuades +and purifies the heart of a genuine convert. His ambitious reign was a +perpetual violation of moral and Christian duties: his hands were +stained with blood, in peace as well as in war; and, as soon as Clovis +had dismissed a synod of the Gallican Church, he calmly assassinated +_all_ the princes of the Merovingian race." + +47. It is too true; but rhetorically put, in the first place--for we +ought to be told how many 'all' the princes were;--in the second +place, we must note that, supposing Clovis had in any degree "searched +the Scriptures" as presented to the Western world by St. Jerome, he +was likely, as a soldier-king, to have thought more of the mission of +Joshua[19] and Jehu than of the patience of Christ, whose sufferings he +thought rather of avenging than imitating: and the question whether +the other Kings of the Franks should either succeed him, or, in envy +of his enlarged kingdom, attack and dethrone, was easily in his mind +convertible from a personal danger into the chance of the return of +the whole nation to idolatry. And, in the last place, his faith in the +Divine protection of his cause had been shaken by his defeat before +Aries by the Ostrogoths; and the Frank leopard had not so wholly +changed his spots as to surrender to an enemy the opportunity of a +first spring. + +[Footnote 19: The likeness was afterwards taken up by legend, and the +walls of Angoulême, after the battle of Poitiers, are said to have +fallen at the sound of the trumpets of Clovis. "A miracle," says +Gibbon, "which may be reduced to the supposition that some clerical +engineer had secretly undermined the foundations of the rampart." I +cannot too often warn my honest readers against the modern habit of +"reducing" all history whatever to 'the supposition that' ... etc., +etc. The legend is of course the natural and easy expression of a +metaphor.] + +48. Finally, and beyond all these personal questions, the forms of +cruelty and subtlety--the former, observe, arising much out of a scorn +of pain which was a condition of honour in their women as well as men, +are in these savage races all founded on their love of glory in war, +which can only be understood by comparing what remains of the same +temper in the higher castes of the North American Indians; and, before +tracing in final clearness the actual events of the reign of Clovis to +their end, the reader will do well to learn this list of the personages +of the great Drama, taking to heart the meaning of the _name_ of each, +both in its probable effect on the mind of its bearer, and in its +fateful expression of the course of their acts, and the consequences of +it to future generations. + +1. Clovis. Frank form, Hluodoveh. 'Glorious Holiness,' or + consecration. Latin Chlodovisus, when baptized by St. + Remy, softening afterwards through the centuries into + Lhodovisus, Ludovicus, Louis. + +2. Albofleda. 'White household fairy'? His youngest sister; + married Theodoric (Theutreich, 'People's ruler'), + the great King of the Ostrogoths. + +3. Clotilde. Hlod-hilda. 'Glorious Battle-maid.' His wife. + 'Hilda' first meaning Battle, pure; and then passing + into Queen or Maid of Battle. Christianized to Ste + Clotilde in France, and Ste Hilda of Whitby cliff. + +3. Clotilde. His only daughter. Died for the Catholic faith, + under Arian persecution. + +4. Childebert. His eldest son by Clotilde, the first Frank + King in Paris. 'Battle Splendour,' softening into + Hildebert, and then Hildebrandt, as in the Nibelung. + +5. Chlodomir. 'Glorious Fame.' His second son by Clotilde. + +6. Clotaire. His youngest son by Clotilde; virtually the destroyer + of his father's house. 'Glorious Warrior.' + +7. Chlodowald. Youngest son of Chlodomir. 'Glorious + Power,' afterwards 'St. Cloud.' + +49. I will now follow straight, through their light and shadow, the +course of Clovis' reign and deeds. + +A.D. 481. Crowned, when he was only fifteen. Five years afterwards, he +challenges, "in the spirit, and almost in the language of chivalry," +the Roman governor Syagrius, holding the district of Rheims and +Soissons. "Campum sibi præparari jussit--he commanded his antagonist +to prepare him a battle-field"--see Gibbon's note and reference, chap. +xxxviii. (6, 297). The Benedictine abbey of Nogent was afterwards +built on the field, marked by a circle of Pagan sepulchres. "Clovis +bestowed the adjacent lands of Leuilly and Coucy on the church of +Rheims."[20] + +[Footnote 20: When?--for this tradition, as well as that of the vase, +points to a friendship between Clovis and St. Remy, and a singular +respect on the King's side for the Christians of Gaul, though he was +not yet himself converted.] + +A.D. 485. The Battle of Soissons. Not dated by Gibbon: the subsequent +death of Syagrius at the court of (the younger) Alaric, was in +486--take 485 for the battle. + +50. A.D. 493. I cannot find any account of the relations between Clovis +and the King of Burgundy, the uncle of Clotilde, which preceded his +betrothal to the orphan princess. Her uncle, according to the common +history, had killed both her father and mother, and compelled her sister +to take the veil--motives none assigned, nor authorities. Clotilde +herself was pursued on her way to France,[21] and the litter in which +she travelled captured, with part of her marriage portion. But the +princess herself mounted on horseback, and rode with part of her escort, +forward into France, "ordering her attendants to set fire to everything +that pertained to her uncle and his subjects which they might meet with +on the way." + +[Footnote 21: It is a curious proof of the want in vulgar historians of +the slightest sense of the vital interest of anything they tell, that +neither in Gibbon, nor in Messrs. Bussey and Gaspey, nor in the +elaborate 'Histoire des Villes de France,' can I find, with the best +research my winter's morning allows, what city was at this time the +capital of Burgundy, or at least in which of its four nominal +capitals,--Dijon, Besancon, Geneva, and Vienne,--Clotilde was brought +up. The evidence seems to me in favour of Vienne--(called always by +Messrs. B. and G., 'Vienna,' with what effect on the minds of their +dimly geographical readers I cannot say)--the rather that Clotilde's +mother is said to have been "thrown into the _Rhone_ with a stone +round her neck." The author of the introduction to 'Bourgogne' in the +'Histoire des Villes' is so eager to get his little spiteful snarl at +anything like religion anywhere, that he entirely forgets the +existence of the first queen of France,--never names her, nor, as +such, the place of her birth,--but contributes only to the knowledge +of the young student this beneficial quota, that Gondeband, "plus +politique que guerrier, trouva au milieu de ses controverses +théologiques avec Avitus, évêque de _Vienne_, le temps de faire mourir +ses trois frères et de recueillir leur heritage." + +The one broad fact which my own readers will find it well to remember +is that Burgundy, at this time, by whatever king or victor tribe its +inhabitants may be subdued, does practically include the whole of +French Switzerland, and even of the German, as far east as +Vindonissa:--the Reuss, from Vindonissa through Lucerne to the St. +Gothard being its effective eastern boundary; that westward--it meant +all Jura, and the plains of the Saone; and southward, included all +Savoy and Dauphiné. According to the author of 'La Suisse Historique' +Clotilde was first addressed by Clovis's herald disguised as a beggar, +while she distributed alms at the gate of St. Pierre at Geneva; and +her departure and pursued flight into France were from Dijon.] + +51. The fact is not chronicled, usually, among the sayings or doings +of the Saints: but the punishment of Kings by destroying the property +of their subjects, is too well recognized a method of modern Christian +warfare to allow our indignation to burn hot against Clotilde; driven, +as she was, hard by grief and wrath. The years of her youth are not +counted to us; Clovis was already twenty-seven, and for three years +maintained the faith of his ancestral religion against all the +influence of his queen. + +52. A.D. 496. I did not in the opening chapter attach nearly enough +importance to the battle of Tolbiac, thinking of it as merely +compelling the Alemanni to recross the Rhine, and establishing the +Frank power on its western bank. But infinitely wider results are +indicated in the short sentence with which Gibbon closes his account +of the battle. "After the conquest of the western provinces, the +Franks _alone_ retained their ancient possessions beyond the Rhine. +They gradually subdued and _civilized_ the exhausted countries as far +as the Elbe and the mountains of Bohemia; and the _peace of Europe_ +was secured by the obedience of Germany." + +53. For, in the south, Theodoric had already "sheathed the sword in +the pride of victory and the vigour of his age--and his farther reign +of three and thirty years was consecrated to the duties of civil +government." Even when his son-in-law, Alaric, fell by Clovis' hand in +the battle of Poitiers, Theodoric was content to check the Frank power +at Arles, without pursuing his success, and to protect his infant +grandchild, correcting at the same time some abuses in the civil +government of Spain. So that the healing sovereignty of the great Goth +was established from Sicily to the Danube--and from Sirmium to the +Atlantic ocean. + +54. Thus, then, at the close of the fifth century, you have Europe +divided simply by her watershed; and two Christian kings reigning, +with entirely beneficent and healthy power--one in the north--one in +the south--the mightiest and worthiest of them married to the other's +youngest sister: a saint queen in the north--and a devoted and earnest +Catholic woman, queen mother in the south. It is a conjunction of +things memorable enough in the Earth's history,--much to be thought +of, O fast whirling reader, if ever, out of the crowd of pent up +cattle driven across Rhine, or Adige, you can extricate yourself for +an hour, to walk peacefully out of the south gate of Cologne, or +across Fra Giocondo's bridge at Verona--and so pausing look through +the clear air across the battlefield of Tolbiac to the blue +Drachenfels, or across the plain of St. Ambrogio to the mountains of +Garda. For there were fought--if you will think closely--the two +victor-battles of the Christian world. Constantine's only gave changed +form and dying colour to the falling walls of Rome; but the Frank and +Gothic races, thus conquering and thus ruled, founded the arts and +established the laws which gave to all future Europe her joy, and her +virtue. And it is lovely to see how, even thus early, the Feudal +chivalry depended for its life on the nobleness of its womanhood. +There was no _vision_ seen, or alleged, at Tolbiac. The King prayed +simply to the God of Clotilde. On the morning of the battle of Verona, +Theodoric visited the tent of his mother and his sister, +"and requested that on the most illustrious festival of his life, they +would adorn him with the rich garments which they had worked with +their own hands." + +55. But over Clovis, there was extended yet another influence--greater +than his queen's. When his kingdom was first extended to the Loire, +the shepherdess of Nanterre was already aged,--no torch-bearing maid +of battle, like Clotilde, no knightly leader of deliverance like +Jeanne, but grey in meekness of wisdom, and now "filling more and more +with crystal light." Clovis's father had known her; he himself made +her his friend, and when he left Paris on the campaign of Poitiers, +vowed that if victorious, he would build a Christian church on the +hills of Seine. He returned in victory, and with St. Genevieve at his +side, stood on the site of the ruined Roman Thermæ, just above the +"Isle" of Paris, to fulfil his vow: and to design the limits of the +foundations of the first metropolitan church of Frankish Christendom. + +The King "gave his battle-axe the swing," and tossed it with his full +force. + +Measuring with its flight also, the place of his own grave, and of +Clotilde's, and St. Genevieve's. + +There they rested, and rest,--in soul,--together. "La Colline tout +entière porte encore le nom de la patronne de Paris; une petite rue +obscure a gardé celui du Roi Conquerant." + + + + +"OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US." + +ADVICE. + + +The three chapters[22] of "Our Fathers have told us," now submitted to +the public, are enough to show the proposed character and tendencies +of the work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite +subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters. + +[Footnote 22: Viz., Chapters I. and II., and the separate travellers' +edition of Chapter IV.] + +I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me, to warrant my readers against +the abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years. + +The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century. + +The next chapter, which I hope to issue soon after Christmas, +completes the first part, descriptive of the early Frank power, and of +its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens. + +The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France. + +The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power. + +The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence. + +The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales. + +The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres. + +The eighth, "Domrémy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents. + +The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times. + +And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish Border. + +Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters. + +One illustration at least will be given with each chapter,[23] and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work. + +[Footnote 23: The first plate for the Bible of Amiens, curiously +enough, failed in the engraving; and I shall probably have to etch it +myself. It will be issued with the fourth, in the full-size edition of +the fourth chapter.] + +As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE LION TAMER. + + +1. It has been often of late announced as a new discovery, that man is +a creature of circumstances; and the fact has been pressed upon our +notice, in the hope, which appears to some people so pleasing, of +being able at last to resolve into a succession of splashes in mud, or +whirlwinds in air, the circumstances answerable for his creation. But +the more important fact, that his nature is not levelled, like a +mosquito's, to the mists of a marsh, nor reduced, like a mole's, +beneath the crumblings of a burrow, but has been endowed with sense to +discern, and instinct to adopt, the conditions which will make of it +the best that can be, is very necessarily ignored by philosophers who +propose, as a beautiful fulfilment of human destinies, a life +entertained by scientific gossip, in a cellar lighted by electric +sparks, warmed by tubular inflation, drained by buried rivers, and +fed, by the ministry of less learned and better provisioned races, +with extract of beef, and potted crocodile. + +2. From these chemically analytic conceptions of a Paradise in +catacombs, undisturbed in its alkaline or acid virtues by the dread of +Deity, or hope of futurity, I know not how far the modern reader may +willingly withdraw himself for a little time, to hear of men who, in +their darkest and most foolish day, sought by their labour to make the +desert as the garden of the Lord, and by their love to become worthy of +permission to live with Him for ever. It has nevertheless been only by +such toil, and in such hope, that, hitherto, the happiness, skill, or +virtue of man have been possible: and even on the verge of the new +dispensation, and promised Canaan, rich in beatitudes of iron, steam, +and fire, there are some of us, here and there, who may pause in filial +piety to look back towards that wilderness of Sinai in which their +fathers worshipped and died. + +[Illustration: Plate III.--AMIENS. JOUR DES TRÉPASSÉS. 1880.] + +3. Admitting then, for the moment, that the main streets of +Manchester, the district immediately surrounding the Bank in London, +and the Bourse and Boulevards of Paris, are already part of the future +kingdom of Heaven, when Earth shall be all Bourse and Boulevard,--the +world of which our fathers tell us was divided to them, as you already +know, partly by climates, partly by races, partly by times; and the +'circumstances' under which a man's soul was given to him, had to be +considered under these three heads:--In what climate is he? Of what +race? At what time? + +He can only be what these conditions permit. With appeal to these, he +is to be heard;--understood, if it may be;--judged, by our love, +first--by our pity, if he need it--by our humility, finally and +always. + +4. To this end, it is needful evidently that we should have truthful +maps of the world to begin with, and truthful maps of our own hearts +to end with; neither of these maps being easily drawn at any time, and +perhaps least of all now--when the use of a map is chiefly to exhibit +hotels and railroads; and humility is held the disagreeablest and +meanest of the Seven mortal Sins. + +5. Thus, in the beginning of Sir Edward Creasy's History of England, +you find a map purporting to exhibit the possessions of the British +Nation--illustrating the extremely wise and courteous behaviour of Mr. +Fox to a Frenchman of Napoleon's suite, in "advancing to a terrestrial +globe of unusual magnitude and distinctness, spreading his arms round +it, over both the oceans and both the Indies," and observing, in this +impressive attitude, that "while Englishmen live, they overspread the +whole world, and clasp it in the circle of their power." + +6. Fired by Mr. Fox's enthusiasm,--the otherwise seldom fiery--Sir +Edward proceeds to tell us that "our island home is the favourite +domicile of freedom, empire and glory," without troubling himself, or +his readers, to consider how long the nations over whom our freedom is +imperious, and in whose shame is our glory, may be satisfied in that +arrangement of the globe and its affairs; or may be even at present +convinced of their degraded position in it by his method of its +delineation. + +For, the map being drawn on Mercator's projection, represents +therefore the British dominions in North America as twice the size of +the States, and considerably larger than all South America put +together: while the brilliant crimson with which all our landed +property is coloured cannot but impress the innocent reader with the +idea of a universal flush of freedom and glory throughout all those +acres and latitudes. So that he is scarcely likely to cavil at results +so marvellous by inquiring into the nature and completeness of our +government at any particular place,--for instance in Ireland, in the +Hebrides, or at the Cape. + +7. In the closing chapter of the first volume of 'The Laws of Fésole' +I have laid down the mathematical principles of rightly drawing +maps;--principles which for many reasons it is well that my young +readers should learn; the fundamental one being that you cannot +flatten the skin of an orange without splitting it, and must not, if +you draw countries on the unsplit skin, stretch them afterwards to +fill the gaps. + +The British pride of wealth which does not deny itself the magnificent +convenience of penny Walter Scotts and penny Shakespeares, may +assuredly, in its future greatness, possess itself also of penny +universes, conveniently spinnable on their axes. I shall therefore +assume that my readers can look at a round globe, while I am talking +of the world; and at a properly reduced drawing of its surfaces, when +I am talking of a country. + +8. Which, if my reader can at present do--or at least refer to a +fairly drawn double-circle map of the globe with converging +meridians--I will pray him next to observe, that, although the +old division of the world into four quarters is now nearly +effaced by emigration and Atlantic cable, yet the great historic +question about the globe is not how it is divided, here and there, by +ins and outs of land or sea; but how it is divided into zones all +round, by irresistible laws of light and air. It is often a matter of +very minor interest to know whether a man is an American or African, a +European or an Asiatic. But it is a matter of extreme and final +interest to know if he be a Brazilian or a Patagonian, a Japanese or a +Samoyede. + +9. In the course of the last chapter, I asked the reader to hold +firmly the conception of the great division of climate, which +separated the wandering races of Norway and Siberia from the calmly +resident nations of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia. + +Fasten now that division well home in your mind, by drawing, however +rudely, the course of the two rivers, little thought of by common +geographers, but of quite unspeakable importance in human history, the +Vistula and the Dniester. + +10. They rise within thirty miles of each other,[24] and each runs, not +counting ins and outs, its clear three hundred miles,--the Vistula to +the north-east, the Dniester to the south-west: the two of them together +cut Europe straight across, at the broad neck of it,--and, more deeply +looking at the thing, they divide Europe, properly so called--Europa's +own, and Jove's,--the small educationable, civilizable, and more or less +mentally rational fragment of the globe, from the great Siberian +wilderness, Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural; the inconceivable chaotic space, +occupied datelessly by Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Cossacks, Bears, +Ermines, and Mammoths, in various thickness of hide, frost of brain, and +woe of abode--or of unabiding. Nobody's history worth making out, has +anything to do with them; for the force of Scandinavia never came round +by Finland at all, but always sailed or paddled itself across the +Baltic, or down the rocky west coast; and the Siberian and Russian +ice-pressure merely drives the really memorable races into greater +concentration, and kneads them up in fiercer and more necessitous +exploring masses. But by those exploring masses, of true European birth, +our own history was fashioned for ever; and, therefore, these two +truncating and guarding rivers are to be marked on your map of Europe +with supreme clearness: the Vistula, with Warsaw astride of it half way +down, and embouchure in Baltic,--the Dniester, in Euxine, flowing each +of them, measured arrow-straight, as far as from Edinburgh to London, +with windings,[25] the Vistula six hundred miles, and the Dniester +five--count them together for a thousand miles of _moat_, between Europe +and the Desert, reaching from Dantzic to Odessa. + +[Footnote 24: Taking the 'San' branch of upper Vistula.] + +[Footnote 25: Note, however, generally that the strength of a river, +cæteris paribus, is to be estimated by its straight course, windings +being almost always caused by flats in which it can receive no +tributaries.] + +11. Having got your Europe moated off into this manageable and +comprehensible space, you are next to fix the limits which divide the +four Gothic countries, Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia, from the +four Classic countries, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Lydia. + +There is no other generally opponent term to 'Gothic' but 'Classic': +and I am content to use it, for the sake of practical breadth and +clearness, though its precise meaning for a little while remains +unascertained. Only get the geography well into your mind, and the +nomenclature will settle itself at its leisure. + +12. Broadly, then, you have sea between Britain and Spain--Pyrenees +between Gaul and Spain--Alps between Germany and Italy--Danube between +Dacia and Greece. You must consider everything south of the Danube as +Greek, variously influenced from Athens on one side, Byzantium on the +other: then, across the Ægean, you have the great country absurdly +called Asia Minor, (for we might just as well call Greece, Europe Minor, +or Cornwall, England Minor,) but which is properly to be remembered as +'Lydia,' the country which infects with passion, and tempts with wealth; +which taught the Lydian measure in music and softened the Greek language +on its border into Ionic; which gave to ancient history the tale of +Troy, and to Christian history, the glow, and the decline, of the Seven +Churches. + +13. Opposite to these four countries in the south, but separated from +them either by sea or desert, are another four, as easily +remembered--Morocco, Libya, Egypt, and Arabia. + +Morocco, virtually consisting of the chain of Atlas and the coasts +depending on it, may be most conveniently thought of as including the +modern Morocco and Algeria, with the Canaries as a dependent group of +islands. + +Libya, in like manner, will include the modern Tunis and Tripoli: it +will begin on the west with St. Augustine's town of Hippo; and its +coast is colonized from Tyre and Greece, dividing it into the two +districts of Carthage and Cyrene. Egypt, the country of the River, and +Arabia, the country of _no_ River, are to be thought of as the two +great southern powers of separate Religion. + +14. You have thus, easily and clearly memorable, twelve countries, +distinct evermore by natural laws, and forming three zones from north +to south, all healthily habitable--but the races of the northernmost, +disciplined in endurance of cold; those of the central zone, perfected +by the enjoyable suns alike of summer and winter; those of the +southern zone, trained to endurance of heat. Writing them now in +tabular view, + + Britain Gaul Germany Dacia + Spain Italy Greece Lydia + Morocco Libya Egypt Arabia, + +you have the ground of all useful profane history mapped out in the +simplest terms; and then, as the fount of inspiration, for all these +countries, with the strength which every soul that has possessed, has +held sacred and supernatural, you have last to conceive perfectly the +small hill district of the Holy Land, with Philistia and Syria on its +flanks, both of them chastising forces; but Syria, in the beginning, +herself the origin of the chosen race--"A Syrian ready to perish was +my father"--and the Syrian Rachel being thought of always as the true +mother of Israel. + +15. And remember, in all future study of the relations of these +countries, you must never allow your mind to be disturbed by the +accidental changes of political limit. No matter who rules a country, +no matter what it is officially called, or how it is formally divided, +eternal bars and doors are set to it by the mountains and seas, +eternal laws enforced over it by the clouds and stars. The people that +are born on it are its people, be they a thousand times again and +again conquered, exiled, or captive. The stranger cannot be its king, +the invader cannot be its possessor; and, although just laws, +maintained whether by the people or their conquerors, have always the +appointed good and strength of justice, nothing is permanently helpful +to any race or condition of men but the spirit that is in their own +hearts, kindled by the love of their native land. + +16. Of course, in saying that the invader cannot be the possessor of +any country, I speak only of invasion such as that by the Vandals of +Libya, or by ourselves of India; where the conquering race does not +become permanently inhabitant. You are not to call Libya Vandalia, nor +India England, because these countries are temporarily under the rule +of Vandals and English; neither Italy Gothland under Ostrogoths, nor +England Denmark under Canute. National character varies as it fades +under invasion or in corruption; but if ever it glows again into a new +life, that life must be tempered by the earth and sky of the country +itself. Of the twelve names of countries now given in their order, +only one will be changed as we advance in our history;--Gaul will +properly become France when the Franks become her abiding inhabitants. +The other eleven primary names will serve us to the end. + +17. With a moment's more patience, therefore, glancing to the far East, +we shall have laid the foundations of all our own needful geography. As +the northern kingdoms are moated from the Scythian desert by the +Vistula, so the southern are moated from the dynasties properly called +'Oriental' by the Euphrates; which, "partly sunk beneath the Persian +Gulf, reaches from the shores of Beloochistan and Oman to the mountains +of Armenia, and forms a huge hot-air funnel, the base" (or mouth) "of +which is on the tropics, while its extremity reaches thirty-seven +degrees of northern latitude. Hence it comes that the Semoom itself (the +specific and gaseous Semoom) pays occasional visits to Mosoul and +Djezeerat Omer, while the thermometer at Bagdad attains in summer an +elevation capable of staggering the belief of even an old Indian."[26] + +[Footnote 26: Sir F. Palgrave, 'Arabia,' vol. ii., p. 155. I gratefully +adopt in the next paragraph his division of Asiatic nations, p. 160.] + +18. This valley in ancient days formed the kingdom of Assyria, as the +valley of the Nile formed that of Egypt. In the work now before us, we +have nothing to do with its people, who were to the Jews merely a +hostile power of captivity, inexorable as the clay of their walls, or +the stones of their statues; and, after the birth of Christ, the +marshy valley is no more than a field of battle between West and East. +Beyond the great river,--Persia, India, and China, form the southern +'Oriens.' Persia is properly to be conceived as reaching from the +Persian Gulf to the mountain chains which flank and feed the Indus; +and is the true vital power of the East in the days of Marathon: but +it has no influence on Christian history except through Arabia; while, +of the northern Asiatic tribes, Mede, Bactrian, Parthian, and +Scythian, changing into Turk and Tartar, we need take no heed until +they invade us in our own historic territory. + +19. Using therefore the terms 'Gothic' and 'Classic' for broad +distinction of the northern and central zones of this our own territory, +we may conveniently also use the word 'Arab'[27] for the whole southern +zone. The influence of Egypt vanishes soon after the fourth century, +while that of Arabia, powerful from the beginning, rises in the sixth +into an empire whose end we have not seen. And you may most rightly +conceive the religious principle which is the base of that empire, by +remembering, that while the Jews forfeited their prophetic power by +taking up the profession of usury over the whole earth, the Arabs +returned to the simplicity of prophecy in its beginning by the well of +Hagar, and are not opponents to Christianity; but only to the faults or +follies of Christians. They keep still their faith in the one God who +spoke to Abraham their father; and are His children in that simplicity, +far more truly than the nominal Christians who lived, and live, only to +dispute in vociferous council, or in frantic schism, the relations of +the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. + +[Footnote 27: Gibbon's fifty-sixth chapter begins with a sentence which +may be taken as the epitome of the entire history we have to +investigate: "The three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the +Saracens, and the Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of +Italy." I use the more general word, Goths, instead of Franks; and the +more accurate word, Arab, for Saracen; but otherwise, the reader will +observe that the division is the same as mine. Gibbon does not +recognize the Roman people as a nation--but only the Roman power as an +empire.] + +20. Trusting my reader then in future to retain in his mind without +confusion the idea of the three zones, Gothic, Classic, and Arab, each +divided into four countries, clearly recognizable through all ages of +remote or recent history;--I must farther, at once, simplify for him the +idea of the Roman _Empire_ (see note to last paragraph,) in the manner +of its affecting them. Its nominal extent, temporary conquests, civil +dissensions, or internal vices, are scarcely of any historical moment at +all; the real Empire is effectual only as an exponent of just law, +military order, and mechanical art, to untrained races, and as a +translation of Greek thought into less diffused and more tenable scheme +for them. The Classic zone, from the beginning to the end of its visible +authority, is composed of these two elements--Greek imagination, with +Roman order: and the divisions or dislocations of the third and fourth +century are merely the natural apparitions of their differences, when +the political system which concealed them was tested by Christianity. It +seems almost wholly lost sight of by ordinary historians, that, in the +wars of the last Romans with the Goths, the great Gothic captains were +all Christians; and that the vigorous and naïve form which the dawning +faith took in their minds is a more important subject of investigation, +by far, than the inevitable wars which followed the retirement of +Diocletian, or the confused schisms and crimes of the lascivious court +of Constantine. I am compelled, however, to notice the terms in which +the last arbitrary dissolutions of the empire took place, that they may +illustrate, instead of confusing, the arrangement of the nations which I +would fasten in your memory. + +21. In the middle of the fourth century you have, politically, what +Gibbon calls "the final division of the _Eastern_ and _Western +Empires_." This really means only that the Emperor Valentinian, +yielding, though not without hesitation, to the feeling now confirmed in +the legions that the Empire was too vast to be held by a single person, +takes his brother for his colleague, and divides, not, truly speaking, +their authority, but their attention, between the east and the west. To +his brother Valens he assigns the extremely vague "Præfecture of the +East, from the lower Danube to the confines of Persia," while for his +own immediate government he reserves the "warlike præfectures of +Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul, from the extremity of Greece to the +Caledonian rampart, and from the rampart of Caledonia to the foot of +Mount Atlas." That is to say, in less poetical cadence, (Gibbon had +better have put his history into hexameters at once,) Valentinian kept +under his own watch the whole of Roman Europe and Africa, and left Lydia +and Caucasus to his brother. Lydia and Caucasus never did, and never +could, form an Eastern Empire,--they were merely outside dependencies, +useful for taxation in peace, dangerous by their multitudes in war. +There never was, from the seventh century before Christ to the seventh +after Christ, but _one_ Roman Empire, which meant, the power over +humanity of such men as Cincinnatus and Agricola; it expires as the race +and temper of these expire; the nominal extent of it, or brilliancy at +any moment, is no more than the reflection, farther or nearer upon the +clouds, of the flames of an altar whose fuel was of noble souls. There +is no true date for its division; there is none for its destruction. +Whether Dacian Probus or Noric Odoacer be on the throne of it, the force +of its living principle alone is to be watched--remaining, in arts, in +laws, and in habits of thought, dominant still in Europe down to the +twelfth century;--in language and example, dominant over all educated +men to this hour. + +22. But in the nominal division of it by Valentinian, let us note +Gibbon's definition (I assume it to be his, not the Emperor's) of +European Roman Empire into Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul. I have already +said you must hold everything south of the Danube for Greek. The two +chief districts immediately south of the stream are upper and lower +Moesia, consisting of the slope of the Thracian mountains northward +to the river, with the plains between it and them. This district you +must notice for its importance in forming the Moeso-Gothic alphabet, +in which "the Greek is by far the principal element",[28] giving +sixteen letters out of the twenty-four. The Gothic invasion under the +reign of Valens is the first that establishes a Teutonic nation within +the frontier of the empire; but they only thereby bring themselves +more directly under its spiritual power. Their bishop, Ulphilas, +adopts this Moesian alphabet, two-thirds Greek, for his translation +of the Bible, and it is universally disseminated and perpetuated by +that translation, until the extinction or absorption of the Gothic +race. + +[Footnote 28: Milman, 'Hist., of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 36.] + +23. South of the Thracian mountains you have Thrace herself, and the +countries confusedly called Dalmatia and Illyria, forming the coast of +the Adriatic, and reaching inwards and eastwards to the mountain +watershed. I have never been able to form a clear notion myself of the +real character of the people of these districts, in any given period; +but they are all to be massed together as northern Greek, having more +or less of Greek blood and dialect according to their nearness to +Greece proper; though neither sharing in her philosophy, nor +submitting to her discipline. But it is of course far more accurate, +in broad terms, to speak of these Illyrian, Moesian, and Macedonian +districts as all Greek, than with Gibbon or Valentinian to speak of +Greece and Macedonia as all Illyrian.[29] + +[Footnote 29: I find the same generalization expressed to the modern +student under the term 'Balkan Peninsula,' extinguishing every ray and +trace of past history at once.] + +24. In the same imperial or poetical generalization, we find England +massed with France under the term Gaul, and bounded by the "Caledonian +rampart." Whereas in our own division, Caledonia, Hibernia, and Wales, +are from the first considered as essential parts of Britain,[30] and +the link with the continent is to be conceived as formed by the +settlement of Britons in Brittany, and not at all by Roman authority +beyond the Humber. + +[Footnote 30: Gibbon's more deliberate statement its clear enough. +"From the coast or the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory +of Celtic origin was distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance +of languages, religion, and manners, and the peculiar character of the +British tribes might be naturally ascribed to the influence of +accidental and local circumstances." The Lowland Scots, "wheat eaters" +or Wanderers, and the Irish, are very positively identified by Gibbon +at the time our own history begins. "It is _certain_" (italics his, +not mine) "that in the declining age of the Roman Empire, Caledonia, +Ireland, and the Isle of Man, were inhabited by the Scots."--Chap. 25, +vol. iv., p. 279. + +The higher civilization and feebler courage of the Lowland _English_ +rendered them either the victims of Scotland, or the grateful subjects +of Rome. The mountaineers, Pict among the Grampians, or of their own +colour in Cornwall and Wales, have never been either instructed or +subdued, and remain to this day the artless and fearless strength of +the British race.] + +25. Thus, then, once more reviewing our order of countries, and noting +only that the British Islands, though for the most part thrown by +measured degree much north of the rest of the north zone, are brought +by the influence of the Gulf stream into the same climate;--you have, +at the time when our history of Christianity begins, the Gothic zone +yet unconverted, and having not yet even heard of the new faith. You +have the Classic zone variously and increasingly conscious of it, +disputing with it, striving to extinguish it--and your Arab zone, the +ground and sustenance of it, encompassing the Holy Land with the +warmth of its own wings, and cherishing there--embers of phoenix +fire over all the earth,--the hope of Resurrection. + +26. What would have been the course, or issue, of Christianity, had it +been orally preached only, and unsupported by its poetical literature, +might be the subject of deeply instructive speculation--if a +historian's duty were to reflect instead of record. The power of the +Christian faith was however, in the fact of it, always founded on the +written prophecies and histories of the Bible; and on the +interpretations of their meaning, given by the example, far more than +by the precept, of the great monastic orders. The poetry and history +of the Syrian Testaments were put within their reach by St. Jerome, +while the virtue and efficiency of monastic life are all expressed, +and for the most part summed, in the rule of St. Benedict. To +understand the relation of the work of these two men to the general +order of the Church, is quite the first requirement for its farther +intelligible history. + +Gibbon's thirty-seventh chapter professes to give an account of the +'Institution of the Monastic Life' in the third century. But the +monastic life had been instituted somewhat earlier, and by many +prophets and kings. By Jacob, when he laid the stone for his pillow; +by Moses, when he drew aside to see the burning bush; by David, before +he had left "those few sheep in the wilderness"; and by the prophet +who "was in the deserts till the time of his showing unto Israel." Its +primary "institution," for Europe, was Numa's, in that of the Vestal +Virgins, and College of Augurs; founded on the originally Etrurian and +derived Roman conception of pure life dedicate to the service of God, +and practical wisdom dependent on His guidance.[31] + +[Footnote 31: I should myself mark as the fatallest instant in the +decline of the Roman Empire, Julian's rejection of the counsel of the +Augurs. "For the last time, the Etruscan Haruspices accompanied a +Roman Emperor, but by a singular fatality their adverse interpretation +by the signs of heaven was disdained, and Julian followed the advice +of the philosophers, who coloured their predictions with the bright +hues of the Emperor's ambition." (Milman, Hist. of Christianity, chap. +vi.)] + +The form which the monastic spirit took in later times depended far more +on the corruption of the common world, from which it was forced to +recoil either in indignation or terror, than on any change brought +about by Christianity in the ideal of human virtue and happiness. + +27. "Egypt" (Mr. Gibbon thus begins to account for the new +Institution!), "the fruitful parent of superstition, afforded the +first example of monastic life." Egypt had her superstitions, like +other countries; but was so little the _parent_ of superstition that +perhaps no faith among the imaginative races of the world has been so +feebly missionary as hers. She never prevailed on even the nearest of +her neighbours to worship cats or cobras with her; and I am alone, to +my belief, among recent scholars, in maintaining Herodotus' statement +of her influence on the archaic theology of Greece. But that +influence, if any, was formative and delineative: not ritual: so that +in no case, and in no country, was Egypt the parent of Superstition: +while she was beyond all dispute, for all people and to all time, the +parent of Geometry, Astronomy, Architecture, and Chivalry. She was, in +its material and technic elements, the mistress of Literature, showing +authors who before could only scratch on wax and wood, how to weave +paper and engrave porphyry. She was the first exponent of the law of +Judgment after Death for Sin. She was the Tutress of Moses; and the +Hostess of Christ. + +28. It is both probable and natural that, in such a country, the +disciples of any new spiritual doctrine should bring it to closer +trial than was possible among the illiterate warriors, or in the +storm-vexed solitudes of the North; yet it is a thoughtless error to +deduce the subsequent power of cloistered fraternity from the lonely +passions of Egyptian monachism. The anchorites of the first three +centuries vanish like feverish spectres, when the rational, merciful, +and laborious laws of Christian societies are established; and the +clearly recognizable rewards of heavenly solitude are granted to those +only who seek the Desert for its redemption. + +29. 'The clearly _recognizable_ rewards,' I repeat, and with cautious +emphasis. No man has any data for estimating, far less right of judging, +the results of a life of resolute self-denial, until he has had the +courage to try it himself, at least for a time: but I believe no +reasonable person will wish, and no honest person dare, to deny the +benefits he has occasionally felt both in mind and body, during periods +of accidental privation from luxury, or exposure to danger. The extreme +vanity of the modern Englishman in making a momentary Stylites of +himself on the top of a Horn or an Aiguille, and his occasional +confession of a charm in the solitude of the rocks, of which he modifies +nevertheless the poignancy with his pocket newspaper, and from the +prolongation of which he thankfully escapes to the nearest table-d'hôte, +ought to make us less scornful of the pride, and more intelligent of the +passion, in which the mountain anchorites of Arabia and Palestine +condemned themselves to lives of seclusion and suffering, which were +comforted only by supernatural vision, or celestial hope. That phases of +mental disease are the necessary consequence of exaggerated and +independent emotion of any kind must, of course, be remembered in +reading the legends of the wilderness; but neither physicians nor +moralists have yet attempted to distinguish the morbid states of +intellect[32] which are extremities of noble passion, from those which +are the punishments of ambition, avarice, or lasciviousness. + +[Footnote 32: Gibbon's hypothetical conclusion respecting the effects +of self-mortification, and his following historical statement, must be +noted as in themselves containing the entire views of the modern +philosophies and policies which have since changed the monasteries of +Italy into barracks, and the churches of France into magazines. "This +voluntary martyrdom _must_ have gradually destroyed the sensibility, +both of mind and body; nor _can it be presumed_ that the fanatics who +torment themselves, are capable of any lively affection for the rest +of mankind. _A cruel unfeeling temper has characterized the monks of +every age and country._" + +How much of penetration, or judgment, this sentence exhibits, I hope +will become manifest to the reader as I unfold before him the actual +history of his faith; but being, I suppose, myself one of the last +surviving witnesses of the character of recluse life as it still +existed in the beginning of this century, I can point to the +portraiture of it given by Scott in the introduction to 'The +Monastery' as one perfect and trustworthy, to the letter and to the +spirit; and for myself can say, that the most gentle, refined, and in +the deepest sense amiable, phases of character I have ever known, have +been either those of monks, or of servants trained in the Catholic +Faith.] + +30. Setting all questions of this nature aside for the moment, my +younger readers need only hold the broad fact that during the whole of +the fourth century, multitudes of self-devoted men led lives of +extreme misery and poverty in the effort to obtain some closer +knowledge of the Being and Will of God. We know, in any available +clearness, neither what they suffered, nor what they learned. We +cannot estimate the solemnizing or reproving power of their examples +on the less zealous Christian world; and only God knows how far their +prayers for it were heard, or their persons accepted. This only we may +observe with reverence, that among all their numbers, none seemed to +have repented their chosen manner of existence; none perish by +melancholy or suicide; their self-adjudged sufferings are never +inflicted in the hope of shortening the lives they embitter or purify; +and the hours of dream or meditation, on mountain or in cave, appear +seldom to have dragged so heavily as those which, without either +vision or reflection, we pass ourselves, on the embankment and in the +tunnel. + +31. But whatever may be alleged, after ultimate and honest scrutiny, +of the follies or virtues of anchorite life, we are unjust to Jerome +if we think of him as its introducer into the West of Europe. He +passed through it himself as a phase of spiritual discipline; but he +represents, in his total nature and final work, not the vexed +inactivity of the Eremite, but the eager industry of a benevolent +tutor and pastor. His heart is in continual fervour of admiration or +of hope--remaining to the last as impetuous as a child's, but as +affectionate; and the discrepancies of Protestant objection by which +his character has been confused, or concealed, may be gathered into +some dim picture of his real self when once we comprehend the +simplicity of his faith, and sympathise a little with the eager +charity which can so easily be wounded into indignation, and is never +repressed by policy. + +32. The slight trust which can be placed in modern readings of him, as +they now stand, may be at once proved by comparing the two passages in +which Milman has variously guessed at the leading principles of his +political conduct. "Jerome began (!) and ended his career as a monk of +Palestine; he attained, _he aspired to_, no dignity in the Church. +Though ordained a presbyter against his will, he escaped the episcopal +dignity which was forced upon his distinguished contemporaries." +('History of Christianity,' Book III.) + +"Jerome cherished the secret hope, if it was not the avowed object of +his ambition, to succeed Damasus as Bishop of Rome. Is the rejection +of an aspirant so singularly unfit for the station, from his violent +passions, his insolent treatment of his adversaries, his utter want of +self-command, his almost unrivalled faculty of awakening hatred, to be +attributed to the sagacious and intuitive wisdom of Rome?" ('History +of Latin Christianity,' Book I., chap. ii.) + +33. You may observe, as an almost unexceptional character in the +"sagacious wisdom" of the Protestant clerical mind, that it +instinctively assumes the desire of power and place not only to be +universal in Priesthood, but to be always _purely selfish_ in the ground +of it. The idea that power might possibly be desired for the sake of its +benevolent use, so far as I remember, does not once occur in the pages +of any ecclesiastical historian of recent date. In our own reading of +past ages we will, with the reader's permission, very calmly put out of +court all accounts of "hopes cherished in secret"; and pay very small +attention to the reasons for mediæval conduct which appear logical to +the rationalist, and probable to the politician.[33] We concern +ourselves only with what these singular and fantastic Christians of the +past really said, and assuredly did. + +[Footnote 33: The habit of assuming, for the conduct of men of sense +and feeling, motives intelligible to the foolish, and probable to the +base, gains upon every vulgar historian, partly in the ease of it, +partly in the pride; and it is horrible to contemplate the quantity of +false witness against their neighbours which commonplace writers +commit, in the mere rounding and enforcing of their shallow sentences. +"Jerome admits, indeed, with _specious but doubtful humility_, the +inferiority of the unordained monk to the ordained priest," says Dean +Milman in his eleventh chapter, following up his gratuitous doubt of +Jerome's humility with no less gratuitous asseveration of the ambition +of his opponents. "The clergy, _no doubt_, had the sagacity to foresee +the _dangerous_ rival as to influence and authority, which was rising +up in Christian society."] + +34. Jerome's life by no means "began as a monk of Palestine." Dean +Milman has not explained to us how any man's could; but Jerome's +childhood, at any rate, was extremely other than recluse, or +precociously religious. He was born of rich parents living on their +own estate, the name of his native town in North Illyria, Stridon, +perhaps now softened into Strigi, near Aquileia. In Venetian climate, +at all events, and in sight of Alps and sea. He had a brother and +sister, a kind grandfather, and a disagreeable private tutor, and was +a youth still studying grammar at Julian's death in 363. + +35. A youth of eighteen, and well begun in all institutes of the +classic schools; but, so far from being a monk, not yet a +Christian;--nor at all disposed towards the severer offices even of +Roman life! or contemplating with aversion the splendours, either +worldly or sacred, which shone on him in the college days spent in its +Capital city. + +For the "power and majesty of Paganism were still concentrated at Rome; +the deities of the ancient faith found their last refuge in the capital +of the empire. To the stranger, Rome still offered the appearance of a +Pagan city. It contained one hundred and fifty-two temples, and one +hundred and eighty smaller chapels or shrines, still sacred to their +tutelary God, and used for public worship. Christianity had neither +ventured to usurp those few buildings which might be converted to her +use, still less had she the power to destroy them. The religious +edifices were under the protection of the præfect of the city, and the +præfect was usually a Pagan; at all events he would not permit any +breach of the public peace, or violation of public property. Above all +still towered the Capitol, in its unassailed and awful majesty, with its +fifty temples or shrines, bearing the most sacred names in the religious +and civil annals of Rome, those of Jove, of Mars, of Janus, of Romulus, +of Cæsar, of Victory. Some years after the accession of Theodosius to +the Eastern Empire, the sacrifices were still performed as national +rites at the public cost,--_the pontiffs made their offerings in the +name of the whole human race_. The Pagan orator ventures to assert that +the Emperor dared not to endanger the safety of the empire by their +abolition. The Emperor still bore the title and insignia of the Supreme +Pontiff; the Consuls, before they entered upon their functions, ascended +the Capitol; the religious processions passed along the crowded streets, +and the people thronged to the festivals and theatres which still formed +part of the Pagan worship."[34] + +[Footnote 34: Milman, 'History of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 162. Note +the sentence in italics, for it relates the true origin of the +Papacy.] + +36. Here, Jerome must have heard of what by all the Christian sects +was held the judgment of God, between them and their chief enemy--the +death of the Emperor Julian. But I have no means of tracing, and will +not conjecture, the course of his own thoughts, until the tenor of all +his life was changed at his baptism. The candour which lies at the +basis of his character has given us one sentence of his own, +respecting that change, which is worth some volumes of ordinary +confessions. "I left, not only parents and kindred, but _the +accustomed luxuries of delicate life_." The words throw full light on +what, to our less courageous temper, seems the exaggerated reading by +the early converts of Christ's words to them--"He that loveth father +or mother more than me, is not worthy of me." We are content to leave, +for much lower interests, either father or mother, and do not see the +necessity of any farther sacrifice: we should know more of ourselves +and of Christianity if we oftener sustained what St. Jerome found the +more searching trial. I find scattered indications of contempt among +his biographers, because he could not resign one indulgence--that of +scholarship; and the usual sneers at monkish ignorance and indolence +are in his case transferred to the weakness of a pilgrim who carried +his library in his wallet. It is a singular question (putting, as it +is the modern fashion to do, the idea of Providence wholly aside), +whether, but for the literary enthusiasm, which was partly a weakness, +of this old man's character, the Bible would ever have become the +library of Europe. + +37. For that, observe, is the real meaning, in its first power, of the +word _Bible_. Not book, merely; but 'Bibliotheca,' Treasury of Books: +and it is, I repeat, a singular question, how far, if Jerome, at the +very moment when Rome, his tutress, ceased from her material power, +had not made her language the oracle of Hebrew prophecy, a literature +of their own, and a religion unshadowed by the terrors of the Mosaic +law, might have developed itself in the hearts of the Goth, the Frank, +and the Saxon, under Theodoric, Clovis, and Alfred. + +38. Fate had otherwise determined, and Jerome was so passive an +instrument in her hands that he began the study of Hebrew as a +discipline only, and without any conception of the task he was to +fulfil, still less of the scope of its fulfilment. I could joyfully +believe that the words of Christ, "If they hear not Moses and the +Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the +dead," had haunted the spirit of the recluse, until he resolved that +the voices of immortal appeal should be made audible to the Churches +of all the earth. But so far as we have evidence, there was no such +will or hope to exalt the quiet instincts of his natural industry; and +partly as a scholar's exercise, partly as an old man's recreation, the +severity of the Latin language was softened, like Venetian crystal, by +the variable fire of Hebrew thought, and the "Book of Books" took the +abiding form of which all the future art of the Western nations was to +be an hourly expanding interpretation. + +39. And in this matter you have to note that the gist of it lies, not in +the translation of the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures into an easier and a +common language, but in their presentation to the Church as of common +authority. The earlier Gentile Christians had naturally a tendency to +carry out in various oral exaggeration or corruption, the teaching of +the Apostle of the Gentiles, until their freedom from the bondage of the +Jewish law passed into doubt of its inspiration; and, after the fall of +Jerusalem, even into horror-stricken interdiction of its observance. So +that, only a few years after the remnant of exiled Jews in Pella had +elected the Gentile Marcus for their Bishop, and obtained leave to +return to the Ælia Capitolina built by Hadrian on Mount Zion, "it became +a matter of doubt and controversy whether a man who sincerely +acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah, but who still continued to observe +the law of Moses, could possibly hope for salvation!"[35] While, on the +other hand, the most learned and the most wealthy of the Christian name, +under the generally recognised title of "knowing" (Gnostic), had more +insidiously effaced the authority of the Evangelists by dividing +themselves, during the course of the third century, "into more than +fifty numerably distinct sects, and producing a multitude of histories, +in which the actions and discourses of Christ and His Apostles were +adapted to their several tenets."[36] + +[Footnote 35: Gibbon, chap. xv. (II. 277).] + +[Footnote 36: Ibid., II. 283. His expression "the most learned and most +wealthy" should be remembered in confirmation of the evermore +recurring fact of Christianity, that minds modest in attainment, and +lives careless of gain, are fittest for the reception of every +constant,--_i.e._ not local or accidental,--Christian principle.] + +40. It would be a task of great, and in nowise profitable difficulty +to determine in what measure the consent of the general Church, and in +what measure the act and authority of Jerome, contributed to fix in +their ever since undisturbed harmony and majesty, the canons of Mosaic +and Apostolic Scripture. All that the young reader need know is, that +when Jerome died at Bethlehem, this great deed was virtually +accomplished: and the series of historic and didactic books which form +our present Bible, (including the Apocrypha) were established in and +above the nascent thought of the noblest races of men living on the +terrestrial globe, as a direct message to them from its Maker, +containing whatever it was necessary for them to learn of His purposes +towards them, and commanding, or advising, with divine authority and +infallible wisdom, all that was best for them to do, and happiest to +desire. + +41. And it is only for those who have obeyed the law sincerely, +to say how far the hope held out to them by the law-giver has been +fulfilled. The worst "children of disobedience" are those who accept, +of the Word, what they like, and refuse what they hate: nor is this +perversity in them always conscious, for the greater part of the sins +of the Church have been brought on it by enthusiasm which, in +passionate contemplation and advocacy of parts of the Scripture easily +grasped, neglected the study, and at last betrayed the balance, of the +rest. What forms and methods of self-will are concerned in the +wresting of the Scriptures to a man's destruction, is for the keepers +of consciences to examine, not for us. The history we have to learn +must be wholly cleared of such debate, and the influence of the Bible +watched exclusively on the persons who receive the Word with joy, and +obey it in truth. + +42. There has, however, been always a farther difficulty in examining +the power of the Bible, than that of distinguishing honest from +dishonest readers. The hold of Christianity on the souls of men must +be examined, when we come to close dealing with it, under these three +several heads: there is first, the power of the Cross itself, and of +the theory of salvation, upon the heart,--then, the operation of the +Jewish and Greek Scriptures on the intellect,--then, the influence on +morals of the teaching and example of the living hierarchy. And in the +comparison of men as they are and as they might have been, there are +these three questions to be separately kept in mind,--first, what +would have been the temper of Europe without the charity and labour +meant by 'bearing the cross'; then, secondly, what would the intellect +of Europe have become without Biblical literature; and lastly, what +would the social order of Europe have become without its hierarchy. + +43. You see I have connected the words 'charity' and 'labour' under +the general term of 'bearing the cross.' "If any man will come after +me, let him deny himself, (for charity) and take up his cross (of +pain) and follow me." + +The idea has been _exactly_ reversed by modern Protestantism, which +sees, in the cross, not a furca to which it is to be nailed; +but a raft on which it, and all its valuable properties,[37] are to be +floated into Paradise. + +[Footnote 37: Quite one of the most curious colours of modern +Evangelical thought is its pleasing connection of Gospel truth with +the extension of lucrative commerce! See farther the note at p. 83.] + +44. Only, therefore, in days when the Cross was received with courage, +the Scripture searched with honesty, and the Pastor heard in faith, +can the pure word of God, and the bright sword of the Spirit, be +recognised in the heart and hand of Christianity. The effect of +Biblical poetry and legend on its intellect, must be traced farther, +through decadent ages, and in unfenced fields;--producing 'Paradise +Lost' for us, no less than the 'Divina Commedia';--Goethe's 'Faust,' +and Byron's 'Cain,' no less than the 'Imitatio Christi.' + +45. Much more, must the scholar, who would comprehend in any degree +approaching to completeness, the influence of the Bible on mankind, be +able to read the interpretations of it which rose into the great arts of +Europe at their culmination. In every province of Christendom, according +to the degree of art-power it possessed, a series of illustrations of +the Bible were produced as time went on; beginning with vignetted +illustrations of manuscript, advancing into life-size sculpture, and +concluding in perfect power of realistic painting. These teachings and +preachings of the Church, by means of art, are not only a most important +part of the general Apostolic Acts of Christianity; but their study is a +necessary part of Biblical scholarship, so that no man can in any large +sense understand the Bible itself until he has learned also to read +these national commentaries upon it, and been made aware of their +collective weight. The Protestant reader, who most imagines himself +independent in his thought, and private in his study, of Scripture, is +nevertheless usually at the mercy of the nearest preacher who has a +pleasant voice and ingenious fancy; receiving from him thankfully, and +often reverently, whatever interpretation of texts the agreeable voice +or ready wit may recommend: while, in the meantime, he remains entirely +ignorant of, and if left to his own will, invariably destroys as +injurious, the deeply meditated interpretations of Scripture which, in +their matter, have been sanctioned by the consent of all the Christian +Church for a thousand years; and in their treatment, have been exalted +by the trained skill and inspired imagination of the noblest souls ever +enclosed in mortal clay. + +46. There are few of the fathers of the Christian Church whose +commentaries on the Bible, or personal theories of its gospel, have +not been, to the constant exultation of the enemies of the Church, +fretted and disgraced by angers of controversy, or weakened and +distracted by irreconcilable heresy. On the contrary, the scriptural +teaching, through their art, of such men as Orcagna, Giotto, Angelico, +Luca della Robbia, and Luini, is, literally, free from all earthly +taint of momentary passion; its patience, meekness, and quietness are +incapable of error through either fear or anger; they are able, +without offence, to say all that they wish; they are bound by +tradition into a brotherhood which represents unperverted doctrines by +unchanging scenes; and they are compelled by the nature of their work +to a deliberation and order of method which result in the purest state +and frankest use of all intellectual power. + +47. I may at once, and without need of returning to this question, +illustrate the difference in dignity and safety between the mental +actions of literature and art, by referring to a passage, otherwise +beautifully illustrative of St. Jerome's sweetness and simplicity of +character, though quoted, in the place where we find it, with no such +favouring intention,--namely, in the pretty letter of Queen Sophie +Charlotte, (father's mother of Frederick the Great,) to the Jesuit +Vota, given in part by Carlyle in his first volume, ch. iv. + +"'How can St. Jerome, for example, be a key to Scripture?' she +insinuates; citing from Jerome this remarkable avowal of his method of +composing books;--especially of his method in that book, _Commentary on +the Galatians_, where he accuses both Peter and Paul of simulation, and +even of hypocrisy. The great St. Augustine has been charging him with +this sad fact, (says her Majesty, who gives chapter and verse,) and +Jerome answers, 'I followed the commentaries of Origen, of'--five or +six different persons, who turned out mostly to be heretics before +Jerome had quite done with them, in coming years, 'And to confess the +honest truth to you,' continues Jerome, 'I read all that, and after +having crammed my head with a great many things, I sent for my +amanuensis, and dictated to him, now my own thoughts, now those of +others, without much recollecting the order, nor sometimes the words, +nor even the sense'! In another place, (in the book itself further +on[38]) he says, 'I do not myself write; I have an amanuensis, and I +dictate to him what comes into my mouth. If I wish to reflect a little, +or to say the thing better, or a better thing, he knits his brows, and +the whole look of him tells me sufficiently that he cannot endure to +wait.' Here is a sacred old gentleman whom it is not safe to depend upon +for interpreting the Scriptures,--thinks her Majesty, but does not say +so,--leaving Father Vota to his reflections." Alas, no, Queen Sophie, +neither old St. Jerome's, nor any other human lips nor mind, may be +depended upon in that function; but only the Eternal Sophia, the Power +of God and the Wisdom of God: yet this you may see of your old +interpreter, that he is wholly open, innocent, and true, and that, +through such a person, whether forgetful of his author, or hurried by +his scribe, it is more than probable you may hear what Heaven knows to +be best for you; and extremely improbable you should take the least +harm,--while by a careful and cunning master in the literary art, +reticent of his doubts, and dexterous in his sayings, any number of +prejudices or errors might be proposed to you acceptably, or even +fastened in you fatally, though all the while you were not the least +required to confide in his inspiration. + +[Footnote 38: 'Commentary on the Galatians,' Chap. iii.] + +48. For indeed, the only confidence, and the only safety which in such +matters we can either hold or hope, are in our own desire to be rightly +guided, and willingness to follow in simplicity the guidance granted. +But all our conceptions and reasonings on the subject of inspiration +have been disordered by our habit, first of distinguishing falsely--or +at least needlessly--between inspiration of words and of acts; and +secondly by our attribution of inspired strength or wisdom to some +persons or some writers only, instead of to the whole body of believers, +in so far as they are partakers of the Grace of Christ, the Love of God, +and the Fellowship of the Holy Ghost. In the degree in which every +Christian receives, or refuses, the several gifts expressed by that +general benediction, he enters or is cast out from the inheritance of +the saints,--in the exact degree in which he denies the Christ, angers +the Father, and grieves the Holy Spirit, he becomes uninspired or +unholy,--and in the measure in which he trusts Christ, obeys the Father, +and consents with the Spirit, he becomes inspired in feeling, act, word, +and reception of word, according to the capacities of his nature. He is +not gifted with higher ability, nor called into new offices, but enabled +to use his granted natural powers, in their appointed place, to the best +purpose. A child is inspired as a child, and a maiden as a maiden; the +weak, even in their weakness, and the wise, only in their hour. + +That is the simply determinable _theory_ of the inspiration of all +true members of the Church; its truth can only be known by proving it +in trial: but I believe there is no record of any man's having tried +and declared it vain.[39] + +[Footnote 39: Compare the closing paragraph in p. 45 of 'The Shrine of +the Slaves.' Strangely, as I revise _this_ page for press, a slip is +sent me from 'The Christian' newspaper, in which the comment of the +orthodox evangelical editor may be hereafter representative to us of +the heresy of his sect; in its last audacity, actually _opposing_ the +power of the Spirit to the work of Christ. (I only wish I had been at +Matlock, and heard the kind physician's sermon.) + +"An interesting and somewhat unusual sight was seen in Derbyshire on +Saturday last--two old fashioned Friends, dressed in the original garb +of the Quakers, preaching on the roadside to a large and attentive +audience in Matlock. One of them, who is a doctor in good practice in +the county, by name Dr. Charles A. Fox, made a powerful and effective +appeal to his audience to see to it that each one was living in +obedience to the light of the Holy Spirit within. Christ _within_ was +the hope of glory, and it was as He was followed in the ministry of +the Spirit that we were saved by Him, who became thus to each the +author and finisher of faith. He cautioned his hearers against +building their house on the sand by believing in the free and easy +Gospel so commonly preached to the wayside hearers, as if we were +saved by 'believing' this or that. Nothing short of the work of the +Holy Ghost in the soul of each one could save us, and to preach +anything short of this was simply to delude the simple and unwary in +the most terrible form. + +"[It would be unfair to criticise an address from so brief an +abstract, but we must express our conviction that the obedience of +Christ unto death, the death of the Cross, _rather_ than the work of +the Spirit in us, is the good tidings for sinful men.--Ed.]" + +In juxtaposition with this editorial piece of modern British press +theology, I will simply place the 4th, 6th, and 13th verses of Romans +viii., italicising the expressions which are of deepest import, and +always neglected. "That the _righteousness of the_ LAW might be +fulfilled _in us_, who walk not after the flesh, but after the +Spirit.... For to be carnally _minded_, is death, but to be +spiritually _minded_, is life, and peace.... For if ye live after the +flesh, ye shall die; but if _ye through the Spirit_ do mortify the +_deeds_ of the body, ye shall live." + +It would be well for Christendom if the Baptismal service explained +what it professes to abjure.] + +49. Beyond this theory of general inspiration, there is that of +special call and command, with actual dictation of the deeds to be +done or words to be said. I will enter at present into no examination +of the evidences of such separating influence; it is not claimed by +the Fathers of the Church, either for themselves, or even for the +entire body of the Sacred writers, but only ascribed to certain +passages dictated at certain times for special needs: and there is no +possibility of attaching the idea of infallible truth to any form of +human language in which even these exceptional passages have been +delivered to us. But this is demonstrably true of the entire volume of +them as we have it, and read,--each of us as it may be rendered in his +native tongue; that, however mingled with mystery which we are not +required to unravel, or difficulties which we should be insolent in +desiring to solve, it contains plain teaching for men of every rank of +soul and state of life, which so far as they honestly and implicitly +obey, they will be happy and innocent to the utmost powers of their +nature, and capable of victory over all adversities, whether of +temptation or pain. + +50. Indeed, the Psalter alone, which practically was the service book of +the Church for many ages, contains merely in the first half of it the +sum of personal and social wisdom. The 1st, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th, +19th, 23rd, and 24th psalms, well learned and believed, are enough for +all personal guidance; the 48th, 72nd, and 75th, have in them the law +and the prophecy of all righteous government; and every real triumph of +natural science is anticipated in the 104th. + +51. For the contents of the entire volume, consider what other group +of historic and didactic literature has a range comparable with it. +There are-- + +I. The stories of the Fall and of the Flood, the grandest human +traditions founded on a true horror of sin. + +II. The story of the Patriarchs, of which the effective truth is +visible to this day in the polity of the Jewish and Arab races. + +III. The story of Moses, with the results of that tradition in the +moral law of all the civilized world. + +IV. The story of the Kings--virtually that of all Kinghood, in David, +and of all Philosophy, in Solomon: culminating in the Psalms and +Proverbs, with the still more close and practical wisdom of +Ecclesiasticus and the Son of Sirach. + +V. The story of the Prophets--virtually that of the deepest mystery, +tragedy, and permanent fate, of national existence. + +VI. The story of Christ. + +VII. The moral law of St. John, and his closing Apocalypse of its +fulfilment. + +Think, if you can match that table of contents in any other--I do not +say 'book' but 'literature.' Think, so far as it is possible for any +of us--either adversary or defender of the faith--to extricate his +intelligence from the habit and the association of moral sentiment +based upon the Bible, what literature could have taken its place, or +fulfilled its function, though every library in the world had remained +unravaged, and every teacher's truest words had been written down? + +52. I am no despiser of profane literature. So far from it that I +believe no interpretations of Greek religion have ever been so +affectionate, none of Roman religion so reverent, as those which will be +found at the base of my art teaching, and current through the entire +body of my works. But it was from the Bible that I learned the symbols +of Homer, and the faith of Horace; the duty enforced upon me in early +youth of reading every word of the gospels and prophecies as if written +by the hand of God, gave me the habit of awed attention which afterwards +made many passages of the profane writers, frivolous to an irreligious +reader, deeply grave to me. How far my mind has been paralysed by the +faults and sorrow of life,--how far short its knowledge may be of what I +might have known, had I more faithfully walked in the light I had, is +beyond my conjecture or confession: but as I never wrote for my own +pleasure or self-proclaiming, I have been guarded, as men who so write +always will be, from errors dangerous to others; and the fragmentary +expressions of feeling or statements of doctrine, which from time to +time I have been able to give, will be found now by an attentive reader +to bind themselves together into a general system of interpretation of +Sacred literature,--both classic and Christian, which will enable him +without injustice to sympathize in the faiths of candid and generous +souls, of every age and every clime. + +53. That there _is_ a Sacred classic literature, running parallel with +that of the Hebrews, and coalescing in the symbolic legends of +mediæval Christendom, is shown in the most tender and impressive way +by the independent, yet similar, influence of Virgil upon Dante, and +upon Bishop Gawaine Douglas. At earlier dates, the teaching of every +master trained in the Eastern schools was necessarily grafted on the +wisdom of the Greek mythology; and thus the story of the Nemean Lion, +with the aid of Athena in its conquest, is the real root-stock of the +legend of St. Jerome's companion, conquered by the healing gentleness +of the Spirit of Life. + +54. I call it a legend only. Whether Heracles ever slew, or St. Jerome +ever cherished, the wild or wounded creature, is of no moment to us in +learning what the Greeks meant by their vase-outlines of the great +contest, or the Christian painters by their fond insistence on the +constancy of the Lion-friend. Former tradition, in the story of +Samson,--of the disobedient prophet,--of David's first inspired victory, +and finally of the miracle wrought in the defence of the most favoured +and most faithful of the greater Prophets, runs always parallel in +symbolism with the Dorian fable: but the legend of St. Jerome takes up +the prophecy of the Millennium, and foretells, with the Cumæan Sibyl, +and with Isaiah, a day when the Fear of Man shall be laid in +benediction, not enmity, on inferior beings,--when they shall not hurt +nor destroy in all the holy Mountain, and the Peace of the Earth shall +be as far removed from its present sorrow, as the present gloriously +animate universe from the nascent desert, whose deeps were the place of +dragons, and its mountains, domes of fire. + +Of that day knoweth no man; but the Kingdom of God is already come to +those who have tamed in their own hearts what was rampant of the lower +nature, and have learned to cherish what is lovely and human, in the +wandering children of the clouds and fields. + +AVALLON, _28th August_, 1882. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +INTERPRETATIONS. + + +1. It is the admitted privilege of a custode who loves his cathedral +to depreciate, in its comparison, all the other cathedrals of his +country that resemble, and all the edifices on the globe that differ +from it. But I love too many cathedrals--though I have never had the +happiness of becoming the custode of even one--to permit myself the +easy and faithful exercise of the privilege in question; and I must +vindicate my candour, and my judgment, in the outset, by confessing +that the cathedral of AMIENS has nothing to boast of in the way of +towers,--that its central flèche is merely the pretty caprice of a +village carpenter,--that the total structure is in dignity inferior to +Chartres, in sublimity to Beauvais, in decorative splendour to Rheims, +and in loveliness of figure-sculpture to Bourges. It has nothing like +the artful pointing and moulding of the arcades of Salisbury--nothing +of the might of Durham;--no Dædalian inlaying like Florence, no glow +of mythic fantasy like Verona. And yet, in all, and more than these, +ways, outshone or overpowered, the cathedral of Amiens deserves the +name given it by M. Viollet le Duc-- + + "The Parthenon of Gothic Architecture."[40] + +2. Of Gothic, mind you; Gothic clear of Roman tradition, and of +Arabian taint; Gothic pure, authoritative, unsurpassable, and +unaccusable;--its proper principles of structure being once understood +and admitted. + +[Footnote 40: Of French Architecture, accurately, in the place quoted, +"Dictionary of Architecture," vol. i. p. 71; but in the article +"Cathédrale," it is called (vol. ii. p. 330) "l'église _ogivale_ par +excellence."] + +No well-educated traveller is now without some consciousness of the +meaning of what is commonly and rightly called "purity of style," in +the modes of art which have been practised by civilized nations; and +few are unaware of the distinctive aims and character of Gothic. The +purpose of a good Gothic builder was to raise, with the native stone +of the place he had to build in, an edifice as high and as spacious as +he could, with calculable and visible security, in no protracted and +wearisome time, and with no monstrous or oppressive compulsion of +human labour. + +He did not wish to exhaust in the pride of a single city the energies of +a generation, or the resources of a kingdom; he built for Amiens with +the strength and the exchequer of Amiens; with chalk from the cliffs of +the Somme,[41] and under the orders of two successive bishops, one of +whom directed the foundations of the edifice, and the other gave thanks +in it for its completion. His object, as a designer, in common with all +the sacred builders of his time in the North, was to admit as much light +into the building as was consistent with the comfort of it; to make its +structure intelligibly admirable, but not curious or confusing; and to +enrich and enforce the understood structure with ornament sufficient for +its beauty, yet yielding to no wanton enthusiasm in expenditure, nor +insolent in giddy or selfish ostentation of skill; and finally, to make +the external sculpture of its walls and gates at once an alphabet and +epitome of the religion, by the knowledge and inspiration of which an +acceptable worship might be rendered, within those gates, to the Lord +whose Fear was in His Holy Temple, and whose seat was in Heaven. + +[Footnote 41: It was a universal principle with the French builders of +the great ages to use the stones of their quarries as they lay in the +bed; if the beds were thick, the stones were used of their full +thickness--if thin, of their necessary thinness, adjusting them with +beautiful care to directions of thrust and weight. The natural blocks +were never sawn, only squared into fitting, the whole native strength +and crystallization of the stone being thus kept unflawed--"_ne +dédoublant jamais_ une pierre. Cette méthode est excellente, elle +conserve à la pierre toute sa force naturelle,--tous ses moyens de +résistance." See M. Viollet le Duc, Article "Construction" +(Matériaux), vol. iv. p. 129. He adds the very notable fact that, _to +this day, in seventy departments of France, the use of the stone-saw +is unknown_.] + +3. It is not easy for the citizen of the modern aggregate of bad +building, and ill-living held in check by constables, which we call a +town,--of which the widest streets are devoted by consent to the +encouragement of vice, and the narrow ones to the concealment of +misery,--not easy, I say, for the citizen of any such mean city to +understand the feeling of a burgher of the Christian ages to his +cathedral. For him, the quite simply and frankly-believed text, "Where +two or three are gathered in My name, there am I in the midst of +them," was expanded into the wider promise to many honest and +industrious persons gathered in His name--"They shall be my people and +I will be their God";--deepened in his reading of it, by some lovely +local and simply affectionate faith that Christ, as he was a Jew among +Jews, and a Galilean among Galileans, was also, in His nearness to +any--even the poorest--group of disciples, as one of their nation; and +that their own "Beau Christ d'Amiens" was as true a compatriot to them +as if He had been born of a Picard maiden. + +4. It is to be remembered, however--and this is a theological point on +which depended much of the structural development of the northern +basilicas--that the part of the building in which the Divine presence +was believed to be constant, as in the Jewish Holy of Holies, was only +the enclosed choir; in front of which the aisles and transepts might +become the King's Hall of Justice, as in the presence-chamber of Christ; +and whose high altar was guarded always from the surrounding eastern +aisles by a screen of the most finished workmanship; while from those +surrounding aisles branched off a series of radiating chapels or cells, +each dedicated to some separate saint. This conception of the company of +Christ with His saints, (the eastern chapel of all being the Virgin's,) +was at the root of the entire disposition of the apse with its +supporting and dividing buttresses and piers; and the architectural form +can never be well delighted in, unless in some sympathy with the +spiritual imagination out of which it rose. We talk foolishly and +feebly of symbols and types: in old Christian architecture, every part +is _literal_: the cathedral _is_ for its builders the House of God;--it +is surrounded, like an earthly king's, with minor lodgings for the +servants; and the glorious carvings of the exterior walls and interior +wood of the choir, which an English rector would almost instinctively +think of as done for the glorification of the canons, was indeed the +Amienois carpenter's way of making his Master-carpenter +comfortable,[42]--nor less of showing his own native and insuperable +virtue of carpenter, before God and man. + +[Footnote 42: The philosophic reader is quite welcome to 'detect' and +'expose' as many carnal motives as he pleases, besides the good +ones,--competition with neighbour Beauvais--comfort to sleepy +heads--solace to fat sides, and the like. He will find at last that no +quantity of competition or comfort-seeking will do anything the like +of this carving now;--still less his own philosophy, whatever its +species: and that it was indeed the little mustard seed of faith in +the heart, with a very notable quantity of honesty besides in the +habit and disposition, that made all the rest grow together for good.] + +5. Whatever you wish to see, or are forced to leave unseen, at Amiens, +if the overwhelming responsibilities of your existence, and the +inevitable necessities of precipitate locomotion in their fulfilment, +have left you so much as one quarter of an hour, not out of +breath--for the contemplation of the capital of Picardy, give it +wholly to the cathedral choir. Aisles and porches, lancet windows and +roses, you can see elsewhere as well as here--but such carpenter's +work, you cannot. It is late,--fully developed flamboyant just past +the fifteenth century--and has some Flemish stolidity mixed with the +playing French fire of it; but wood-carving was the Picard's joy from +his youth up, and, so far as I know, there is nothing else so +beautiful cut out of the goodly trees of the world. + +Sweet and young-grained wood it is: oak, _trained_ and chosen for such +work, sound now as four hundred years since. Under the carver's hand it +seems to cut like clay, to fold like silk, to grow like living branches, +to leap like living flame. Canopy crowning canopy, pinnacle piercing +pinnacle--it shoots and wreathes itself into an enchanted glade, +inextricable, imperishable, fuller of leafage than any forest, and +fuller of story than any book.[43] + +[Footnote 43: Arnold Boulin, master-joiner (menuisier) at Amiens, +solicited the enterprise, and obtained it in the first months of the +year 1508. A contract was drawn and an agreement made with him for the +construction of one hundred and twenty stalls with historical +subjects, high backings, crownings, and pyramidal canopies. It was +agreed that the principal executor should have seven sous of Tournay +(a little less than the sou of France) a day, for himself and his +apprentice, (threepence a day the two--say a shilling a week the +master, and sixpence a week the man,) and for the superintendence of +the whole work, twelve crowns a year, at the rate of twenty-four sous +the crown; (_i.e._, twelve shillings a year). The salary of the simple +workman was only to be three sous a day. For the sculptures and +histories of the seats, the bargain was made separately with Antoine +Avernier, image-cutter, residing at Amiens, at the rate of thirty-two +sous (sixteen pence) the piece. Most of the wood came from Clermont en +Beauvoisis, near Amiens; the finest, for the bas-reliefs, from +Holland, by St. Valery and Abbeville. The Chapter appointed four of +its own members to superintend the work: Jean Dumas, Jean Fabres, +Pierre Vuaille, and Jean Lenglaché, to whom my authors (canons both) +attribute the choice of subjects, the placing of them, and the +initiation of the workmen 'au sens véritable et plus élevé de la Bible +ou des legendes, et portant quelque fois le simple savoir-faire de +l'ouvrier jusqu'à la hauteur du génie du théologien.' + +Without pretending to apportion the credit of savoir-faire and +theology in the business, we have only to observe that the whole +company, master, apprentices, workmen, image-cutter, and four canons, +got well into traces, and set to work on the 3rd of July, 1508, in the +great hall of the évêché, which was to be the workshop and studio +during the whole time of the business. In the following year, another +menuisier, Alexander Huet, was associated with the body, to carry on +the stalls on the right hand of the choir, while Arnold Boulin went on +with those on the left. Arnold, leaving his new associate in command +for a time, went to Beauvais and St. Riquier, to see the woodwork +there; and in July of 1511 both the masters went to Rouen together, +'pour étudier les chaires de la cathédrale.' The year before, also, +two Franciscans, monks of Abbeville, 'expert and renowned in working +in wood,' had been called by the Amiens chapter to give their opinion +on things in progress, and had each twenty sous for his opinion, and +travelling expenses. + +In 1516, another and an important name appears on the accounts,--that +of Jean Trupin, 'a simple workman at the wages of three sous a day,' +but doubtless a good and spirited carver, whose true portrait it is +without doubt, and by his own hand, that forms the elbow-rest, of the +85th stall (right hand, nearest apse), beneath which is cut his name +JHAN TRUPIN, and again under the 92nd stall, with the added wish, 'Jan +Trupin, God take care of thee' (_Dieu te pourvoie_). + +The entire work was ended on St. John's Day, 1522, without (so far as +we hear) any manner of interruption by dissension, death, dishonesty, +or incapacity, among its fellow-workmen, master or servant. And the +accounts being audited by four members of the Chapter, it was found +that the total expense was 9488 livres, 11 sous, and 3 obols +(décimes), or 474 napoleons, 11 sous, 3 décimes of modern French +money, or roughly four hundred sterling English pounds. + +For which sum, you perceive, a company of probably six or eight good +workmen, old and young, had been kept merry and busy for fourteen +years; and this that you see--left for substantial result and gift to +you. + +I have not examined the carvings so as to assign, with any decision, the +several masters' work; but in general the flower and leaf design in the +traceries will be by the two head menuisiers, and their apprentices; the +elaborate Scripture histories by Avernier, with variously completing +incidental grotesque by Trupin; and the joining and fitting by the +common workmen. No nails are used,--all is morticed, and so beautifully +that the joints have not moved to this day, and are still almost +imperceptible. The four terminal pyramids 'you might take for giant +pines forgotten for six centuries on the soil where the church was +built; they might be looked on at first as a wild luxury of sculpture +and hollow traceries--but examined in analysis they are marvels of order +and system in construction, uniting all the lightness, strength, and +grace of the most renowned spires in the last epoch of the Middle ages.' + +The above particulars are all extracted--or simply translated, out of +the excellent description of the "Stalles et les Clôtures du Choeur" +of the Cathedral of Amiens, by MM. les Chanoines Jourdain et Duval +(Amiens, Vv. Alfred Caron, 1867). The accompanying lithographic +outlines are exceedingly good, and the reader will find the entire +series of subjects indicated with precision and brevity, both for the +woodwork and the external veil of the choir, of which I have no room +to speak in this traveller's summary.] + +6. I have never been able to make up my mind which was really the best +way of approaching the cathedral for the first time. If you have plenty +of leisure, and the day is fine, and you are not afraid of an hour's +walk, the really right thing to do is to walk down the main street of +the old town, and across the river, and quite out to the chalk hill[44] +out of which the citadel is half quarried--half walled;--and walk to the +top of that, and look down into the citadel's dry 'ditch,'--or, more +truly, dry valley of death, which is about as deep as a glen in +Derbyshire, (or, more precisely, the upper part of the 'Happy Valley' +at Oxford, above Lower Hincksey,) and thence across to the cathedral and +ascending slopes of the city; so, you will understand the real height +and relation of tower and town:--then, returning, find your way to the +Mount Zion of it by any narrow cross streets and chance bridges you +can--the more winding and dirty the streets, the better; and whether you +come first on west front or apse, you will think them worth all the +trouble you have had to reach them. + +[Footnote 44: The strongest and finally to be defended part of the +earliest city was on this height.] + +7. But if the day be dismal, as it may sometimes be, even in France, +of late years,--or if you cannot or will not walk, which may also +chance, for all our athletics and lawn-tennis,--or if you must really +go to Paris this afternoon, and only mean to see all you can in an +hour or two,--then, supposing that, notwithstanding these weaknesses, +you are still a nice sort of person, for whom it is of some +consequence which way you come at a pretty thing, or begin to look at +it--I _think_ the best way is to walk from the Hotel de France or the +Place de Perigord, up the Street of Three Pebbles, towards the railway +station--stopping a little as you go, so as to get into a cheerful +temper, and buying some bonbons or tarts for the children in one of +the charming patissiers' shops on the left. Just past them, ask for +the theatre; and just past that, you will find, also on the left, +three open arches, through which you can turn, passing the Palais de +Justice, and go straight up to the south transept, which has really +something about it to please everybody. It is simple and severe at the +bottom, and daintily traceried and pinnacled at the top, and yet seems +all of a piece--though it isn't--and everybody _must_ like the taper +and transparent fretwork of the flèche above, which seems to bend to +the west wind,--though it doesn't--at least, the bending is a long +habit, gradually yielded into, with gaining grace and submissiveness, +during the last three hundred years. And, coming quite up to the +porch, everybody must like the pretty French Madonna in the middle of +it, with her head a little aside, and her nimbus switched a little +aside too, like a becoming bonnet. A Madonna in decadence she is, +though, for all, or rather by reason of all, her prettiness, and +her gay soubrette's smile; and she has no business there, neither, for +this is St. Honoré's porch, not hers; and grim and grey St. Honoré +used to stand there to receive you,--he is banished now to the north +porch, where nobody ever goes in. This was done long ago, in the +fourteenth-century days, when the people first began to find +Christianity too serious, and devised a merrier faith for France, and +would have bright-glancing, soubrette Madonnas everywhere--letting +their own dark-eyed Joan of Arc be burned for a witch. And +thenceforward, things went their merry way, straight on, 'ça allait, +ça ira,' to the merriest days of the guillotine. + +But they could still carve, in the fourteenth century, and the Madonna +and her hawthorn-blossom lintel are worth your looking at,--much more +the field above, of sculpture as delicate and more calm, which tells +St. Honoré's own story, little talked of now in his Parisian faubourg. + +8. I will not keep you just now to tell St. Honoré's story--(only too +glad to leave you a little curious about it, if it were +possible)[45]--for certainly you will be impatient to go into the +church; and cannot enter it to better advantage than by this door. For +all cathedrals of any mark have nearly the same effect when you enter at +the west door; but I know no other which shows so much of its nobleness +from the south interior transept; the opposite rose being of exquisite +fineness in tracery, and lovely in lustre; and the shafts of the +transept aisles forming wonderful groups with those of the choir and +nave; also, the apse shows its height better, as it opens to you when +you advance from the transept into the mid-nave, than when it is seen at +once from the west end of the nave; where it is just possible for an +irreverent person rather to think the nave narrow, than the apse high. +Therefore, if you let me guide you, go in at this south transept door, +(and put a sou into every beggar's box who asks it there,--it is none of +your business whether they should be there or not, nor whether they +deserve to have the sou,--be sure only that you yourself deserve to have +it to give; and give it prettily, and not as if it burnt your fingers). +Then, being once inside, take what first sensation and general glimpse +of it pleases you--promising the custode to come back to _see_ it +properly; (only then mind you keep the promise;) and in this first +quarter of an hour, seeing only what fancy bid you--but at least, as I +said, the apse from mid-nave, and all the traverses of the building, +from its centre. Then you will know, when you go outside again, what the +architect was working for, and what his buttresses and traceries mean. +For the outside of a French cathedral, except for its sculpture, is +always to be thought of as the wrong side of the stuff, in which you +find how the threads go that produce the inside or right-side pattern. +And if you have no wonder in you for that choir and its encompassing +circlet of light, when you look up into it from the cross-centre, you +need not travel farther in search of cathedrals, for the waiting-room of +any station is a better place for you;--but, if it amaze you and delight +you at first, then, the more you know of it, the more it will amaze. For +it is not possible for imagination and mathematics together, to do +anything nobler or stronger than that procession of window, with +material of glass and stone--nor anything which shall look loftier, with +so temperate and prudent measure of actual loftiness. + +[Footnote 45: See, however, pages 32 and 130 (§§ 36, 112-114) of the +octavo edition of 'The Two Paths.'] + +9. From the pavement to the keystone of its vault is but 132 French +feet--about 150 English. Think only--you who have been in +Switzerland,--the Staubbach falls _nine_ hundred! Nay, Dover cliff +under the castle, just at the end of the Marine Parade, is twice as +high; and the little cockneys parading to military polka on the +asphalt below, think themselves about as tall as it, I suppose,--nay, +what with their little lodgings and stodgings and podgings about it, +they have managed to make it look no bigger than a moderate-sized +limekiln. Yet it is twice the height of Amiens' apse!--and it takes +good building, with only such bits of chalk as one can quarry beside +Somme, to make your work stand half that height, for six hundred +years. + +10. It takes good building, I say, and you may even aver the +best--that ever was, or is again likely for many a day to be, on the +unquaking and fruitful earth, where one could calculate on a pillar's +standing fast, once well set up; and where aisles of aspen, and +orchards of apple, and clusters of vine, gave type of what might be +most beautifully made sacred in the constancy of sculptured stone. +From the unhewn block set on end in the Druid's Bethel, to _this_ +Lord's House and blue-vitrailed gate of Heaven, you have the entire +course and consummation of the Northern Religious Builder's passion +and art. + +11. But, note further--and earnestly,--this apse of Amiens is not only +the best, but the very _first_ thing done _perfectly_ in its manner, +by Northern Christendom. In pages 323 and 327 of the sixth volume of +M. Viollet le Duc, you will find the exact history of the development +of these traceries through which the eastern light shines on you as +you stand, from the less perfect and tentative forms of Rheims: and so +momentary was the culmination of the exact rightness, that here, from +nave to transept--built only ten years later,--there is a little +change, not towards decline, but to a not quite necessary precision. +Where decline begins, one cannot, among the lovely fantasies that +succeeded, exactly say--but exactly, and indisputably, we know that +this apse of Amiens is the first virgin perfect work,--Parthenon also +in that sense,--of Gothic Architecture. + +12. Who built it, shall we ask? God, and Man,--is the first and most +true answer. The stars in their courses built it, and the Nations. +Greek Athena labours here--and Roman Father Jove, and Guardian Mars. +The Gaul labours here, and the Frank: knightly Norman,--mighty +Ostrogoth,--and wasted anchorite of Idumea. + +The actual Man who built it scarcely cared to tell you he did so; nor do +the historians brag of him. Any quantity of heraldries of knaves and +fainéants you may find in what they call their 'history': but this is +probably the first time you ever read the name of Robert of Luzarches. I +say he 'scarcely cared'--we are not sure that he cared at all. He +signed his name nowhere, that I can hear of. You may perhaps find some +recent initials cut by English remarkable visitors desirous of +immortality, here and there about the edifice, but Robert the +builder--or at least the Master of building, cut _his_ on no stone of +it. Only when, after his death, the headstone had been brought forth +with shouting, Grace unto it, this following legend was written, +recording all who had part or lot in the labour, within the middle of +the labyrinth then inlaid in the pavement of the nave. You must read it +trippingly on the tongue: it was rhymed gaily for you by pure French +gaiety, not the least like that of the Théâtre de Folies. + + "En l'an de Grace mil deux cent + Et vingt, fu l'oeuvre de cheens + Premièrement encomenchie. + A donc y ert de cheste evesquie + Evrart, évêque bénis; + Et, Roy de France, Loys + Qui fut fils Phelippe le Sage. + Qui maistre y ert de l'oeuvre + Maistre Robert estoit només + Et de Luzarches surnomés. + Maistre Thomas fu après lui + De Cormont. Et après, son filz + Maistre Regnault, qui mestre + Fist a chest point chi cheste lectre + Que l'incarnation valoit + Treize cent, moins douze, en faloit." + +13. I have written the numerals in letters, else the metre would not +have come clear: they were really in figures thus, "II C. et XX," +"XIII C. moins XII". I quote the inscription from M. l'Abbé Rozé's +admirable little book, "Visite à la Cathédrale d'Amiens,"--Sup. Lib. +de Mgr l'Evêque d'Amiens, 1877,--which every grateful traveller should +buy, for I am only going to steal a little bit of it here and there. I +only wish there had been a translation of the legend to steal, too; +for there are one or two points, both of idea and chronology, in it, +that I should have liked the Abbé's opinion of. + +The main purport of the rhyme, however, we perceive to be, line for +line, as follows:-- + + "In the year of Grace, Twelve Hundred + And twenty, the work, then falling to ruin, + Was first begun again. + Then was, of this Bishopric + Everard the blessed Bishop. + And, King of France, Louis, + Who was son to Philip the Wise. + He who was Master of the Work + Was called Master Robert, + And called, beyond that, of Luzarches. + Master Thomas was after him, + Of Cormont. And after him, his son, + Master Reginald, who to be put + Made--at this point--this reading. + When the Incarnation was of account + Thirteen hundred, less twelve, which it failed of." + +In which legend, while you stand where once it was written (it was +removed--to make the old pavement more polite--in the year, I +sorrowfully observe, of my own earliest tour on the Continent, 1825, +when I had not yet turned my attention to Ecclesiastical +Architecture), these points are noticeable--if you have still a little +patience. + +14. 'The work'--_i.e._, the Work of Amiens in especial, her cathedral, +was 'déchéant,' falling to ruin, for the--I cannot at once say--fourth, +fifth, or what time,--in the year 1220. For it was a wonderfully +difficult matter for little Amiens to get this piece of business fairly +done, so hard did the Devil pull against her. She built her first +Bishop's church (scarcely more than St. Firmin's tomb-chapel) about the +year 350, just outside the railway station on the road to Paris;[46] +then, after being nearly herself destroyed, chapel and all, by the Frank +invasion, having recovered, and converted her Franks, she built another +and a properly called cathedral, where this one stands now, under +Bishop St. Save (St. Sauve, or Salve). But even this proper cathedral +was only of wood, and the Normans burnt it in 881. Rebuilt, it stood for +200 years; but was in great part destroyed by lightning in 1019. Rebuilt +again, it and the town were more or less burnt together by lightning, in +1107,--my authority says calmly, "un incendie provoqué par la même cause +détruisit _la ville_, et une partie de la cathédrale." The 'partie' +being rebuilt once more, the whole was again reduced to ashes, "réduite +en cendre par le feu de ciel en 1218, ainsi que tous les titres, les +martyrologies, les calendriers, et les Archives de l'Evêché et du +Chapitre." + +[Footnote 46: At St. Acheul. See the first chapter of this book, and +the "Description Historique de la Cathédrale d'Amiens," by A. P. M. +Gilbert. 8vo, Amiens, 1833, pp. 5-7.] + +15. It was the fifth cathedral, I count, then, that lay in 'ashes,' +according to Mons. Gilbert--in ruin certainly--déchéant;--and ruin of +a very discouraging completeness it would have been, to less lively +townspeople--in 1218. But it was rather of a stimulating completeness +to Bishop Everard and his people--the ground well cleared for them, as +it were: and lightning (feu de l'enfer, not du ciel, recognized for a +diabolic plague, as in Egypt), was to be defied to the pit. They only +took two years, you see, to pull themselves together; and to work they +went, in 1220, they, and their bishop, and their king, and their +Robert of Luzarches. And this, that roofs you, was what their hands +found to do with their might. + +16. Their king was 'à-donc,' 'at that time,' Louis VIII., who is +especially further called the son of Philip of August, or Philip the +Wise, because his father was not dead in 1220; but must have resigned +the practical kingdom to his son, as his own father had done to him; +the old and wise king retiring to his chamber, and thence silently +guiding his son's hands, very gloriously, yet for three years. + +But, farther--and this is the point on which chiefly I would have +desired the Abbé's judgment--Louis VIII. died of fever at Montpensier in +1226. And the entire conduct of the main labour of the cathedral, and +the chief glory of its service, as we shall hear presently, was _Saint_ +Louis's; for a time of forty-four years. And the inscription was put "à +ce point ci" by the last architect, six years after St. Louis's death. +How is it that the great and holy king is not named? + +17. I must not, in this traveller's brief, lose time in conjectural +answers to the questions which every step here will raise from the +ravaged shrine. But this is a very solemn one; and must be kept in our +hearts, till we may perhaps get clue to it. One thing only we are sure +of,--that at least the _due_ honour--alike by the sons of Kings and +sons of Craftsmen--is given always to their fathers; and that +apparently the chief honour of all is given here to Philip the Wise. +From whose house, not of parliament but of peace, came, in the years +when this temple was first in building, an edict indeed of +peace-making: "That it should be criminal for any man to take +vengeance for an insult or injury till forty days after the commission +of the offence--and then only with the approbation of the Bishop of +the Diocese." Which was perhaps a wiser effort to end the Feudal +system in its Saxon sense,[47] than any of our recent projects for +ending it in the Norman one. + +[Footnote 47: Feud, Saxon faedh, low Latin Faida (Scottish 'fae,' +English 'foe,' derivative), Johnson. Remember also that the root of +Feud, in its Norman sense of land-allotment, is _foi_, not _fee_, +which Johnson, old Tory as he was, did not observe--neither in general +does the modern Antifeudalist.] + +18. "A ce point ci." The point, namely, of the labyrinth inlaid in the +cathedral floor; a recognized emblem of many things to the people, who +knew that the ground they stood on was holy, as the roof over their +head. Chiefly, to them, it was an emblem of noble human +life--strait-gated, narrow-walled, with infinite darknesses and the +"inextricabilis error" on either hand--and in the depth of it, the +brutal nature to be conquered. + +19. This meaning, from the proudest heroic, and purest legislative, days +of Greece, the symbol had borne for all men skilled in her traditions: +to the schools of craftsmen the sign meant further their craft's +noblesse, and pure descent from the divinely-terrestrial skill of +Dædalus, the labyrinth-builder, and the first sculptor of imagery +_pathetic_[48] with human life and death. + +[Footnote 48: + + "Tu quoque, magnam + Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes, + Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro,-- + Bis patriæ cecidere manus." + +There is, advisedly, no pathos allowed in primary sculpture. Its heroes +conquer without exultation, and die without sorrow.] + +20. Quite the most beautiful sign of the power of true +Christian-Catholic faith is this continual acknowledgment by it of the +brotherhood--nay, more, the fatherhood, of the elder nations who had +not seen Christ; but had been filled with the Spirit of God; and +obeyed, according to their knowledge, His unwritten law. The pure +charity and humility of this temper are seen in all Christian art, +according to its strength and purity of race; but best, to the full, +seen and interpreted by the three great Christian-Heathen poets, +Dante, Douglas of Dunkeld,[49] and George Chapman. The prayer with +which the last ends his life's work is, so far as I know, the +perfectest and deepest expression of Natural Religion given us in +literature; and if you can, pray it here--standing on the spot where +the builder once wrote the history of the Parthenon of Christianity. + +[Footnote 49: See 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXI., p. 22.] + +21. "I pray thee, Lord, the Father, and the Guide of our reason, that +we may remember the nobleness with which Thou hast adorned us; and +that Thou wouldst be always on our right hand and on our left,[50] in +the motion of our own Wills: that so we may be purged from the +contagion of the Body and the Affections of the Brute, and overcome +them and rule; and use, as it becomes men to use them, for +instruments. And then, that Thou wouldst be in Fellowship with us for +the careful correction of our reason, and for its conjunction by the +light of truth with the things that truly are. + +[Footnote 50: Thus, the command to the children of Israel "that they go +forward" is to their own wills. They obeying, the sea retreats, _but not +before_ they dare to advance into it. _Then_, the waters are a wall unto +them, on their right hand and their left.] + +"And in the third place, I pray to Thee the Saviour, that +Thou wouldst utterly cleanse away the closing gloom from +the eyes of our souls, that we may know well who is to be held +for God, and who for mortal. Amen."[51] + +[Footnote 51: The original is written in Latin only. "Supplico tibi, +Domine, Pater et Dux rationis nostræ, ut nostræ Nobilitatis +recordemur, quâ tu nos ornasti: et ut tu nobis presto sis, ut iis qui +per sese moventur; ut et a Corporis contagio, Brutorumque affectuum +repurgemur, eosque superemus, atque regamus; et, sicut decet, pro +instruments iis utamur. Deinde, ut nobis adjuncto sis; ad accuratam +rationis nostræ correctionem, et conjunctionem cum iis qui verè sunt, +per lucem veritatis. Et tertium, Salvatori supplex oro, ut ab oculis +animorum nostrorum caliginem prorsus abstergas; ut norimus bene, qui +Deus, aut Mortalis habendus. Amen."] + +22. And having prayed this prayer, or at least, read it with honest +wishing, (which if you cannot, there is no hope of your at present +taking pleasure in any human work of large faculty, whether poetry, +painting, or sculpture,) we may walk a little farther westwards down +the nave, where, in the middle of it, but only a few yards from its +end, two flat stones (the custode will show you them), one a little +farther back than the other, are laid over the graves of the two great +bishops, all whose strength of life was given, with the builder's, to +raise this temple. Their actual graves have not been disturbed; but +the tombs raised over them, once and again removed, are now set on +your right and left hand as you look back to the apse, under the third +arch between the nave and aisles. + +23. Both are of bronze, cast at one flow--and with insuperable, in +some respects inimitable, skill in the caster's art. + +"Chefs-d'oeuvre de fonte,--le tout fondu d'un seul jet, et +admirablement."[52] There are only two other such tombs left in +France, those of the children of St. Louis. All others of their +kind--and they were many in every great cathedral of France--were +first torn from the graves they covered, to destroy the memory of +France's dead; and then melted down into sous and centimes, to buy +gunpowder and absinthe with for her living,--by the Progressive Mind +of Civilization in her first blaze of enthusiasm and new light, from +1789 to 1800. + +[Footnote 52: Viollet le Duc, vol. viii., p. 256. He adds: "L'une +d'elles est comme art" (meaning general art of sculpture), "un +monument du premier ordre;" but this is only partially true--also I +find a note in M. Gilbert's account of them, p. 126: "Les deux doigts +qui manquent, à la main droite de l'évêque Gaudefroi paraissent être +un défaut survenu à la fonte." See further, on these monuments, and +those of St. Louis' children, Viollet le Duc, vol, ix., pp. 61, 62.] + +The children's tombs, one on each side of the altar of St. Denis, are +much smaller than these, though wrought more beautifully. These beside +you are the _only two Bronze tombs of her Men of the great ages_, left +in France! + +24. And they are the tombs of the pastors of her people, who built for +her the first perfect temple to her God. The Bishop Everard's is on +your right, and has engraved round the border of it this +inscription:[53]-- + +"Who fed the people, who laid the foundations of this + Structure, to whose care the City was given, + Here, in ever-breathing balm of fame, rests Everard. + A man compassionate to the afflicted, the widow's protector, the orphan's + Guardian. Whom he could, he recreated with gifts. + To words of men, + If gentle, a lamb; if violent, a lion; if proud, biting steel." + +[Footnote 53: I steal again from the Abbé Rozé the two +inscriptions,--with his introductory notice of the evilly-inspired +interference with them. + +"La tombe d'Evrard de Fouilloy, (died 1222,) coulée en bronze en +plein-relief, était supportée dès le principe, par des monstres +engagés dans une maçonnerie remplissant le dessous du monument, pour +indiquer que cet évêque avait posé les fondements de la Cathédrale. Un +_architecte malheureusement inspiré_ a osé arracher la maçonnerie, +pour qu'on ne vit plus la main du prélat fondateur, à la base de +l'édifice. + +"On lit, sur la bordure, l'inscription suivante en beaux caractères du +XIII^e siècle: + + "'Qui populum pavit, qui fundam[=e]ta locavit + Hui[=u]s structure, cuius fuit urbs data cure + Hic redolens nardus, famâ requiescit Ewardus, + Vir pius ahflictis, vidvis tutela, relictis + Custos, quos poterat recreabat munere; vbis, + Mitib agnus erat, tumidis leo, lima supbis.' + +"Geoffrey d'Eu (died 1237) est représenté comme son prédécesseur en +habits épiscopaux, mais le dessous du bronze supporté par des chimères +est évidé, ce prélat ayant élevé l'édifice jusqu'aux voûtes. Voici la +légende gravée sur la bordure: + + "'Ecce premunt humile Gaufridi membra cubile. + Seu minus aut simile nobis parat omnibus ille; + Quem laurus gemina decoraverat, in medicinâ + Lege q[=u] divina, decuerunt cornua bina; + Clare vir Augensis, quo sedes Ambianensis + Crevit in imensis; in coelis auctus, Amen, sis.' + +Tout est à étudier dans ces deux monuments; tout y est d'un haut +intérêt, quant au dessin, à la sculpture, à l'agencement des ornements +et des draperies." + +In saying above that Geoffroy of Eu returned thanks in the Cathedral +for its completion, I meant only that he had brought at least the +choir into condition for service: "Jusqu'aux voûtes" may or may not +mean that the vaulting was closed.] + +English, at its best, in Elizabethan days, is a nobler language than +ever Latin was; but its virtue is in colour and tone, not in what may +be called metallic or crystalline condensation. And it is impossible +to translate the last line of this inscription in as few English +words. Note in it first that the Bishop's friends and enemies are +spoken of as in word, not act; because the swelling, or mocking, or +flattering, words of men are indeed what the meek of the earth must +know how to bear and to welcome;--their deeds, it is for kings and +knights to deal with: not but that the Bishops often took deeds in +hand also; and in actual battle they were permitted to strike with the +mace, but not with sword or lance--_i.e._, not to "shed blood"! For it +was supposed that a man might always recover from a mace-blow; (which, +however, would much depend on the bishop's mind who gave it). The +battle of Bouvines, quite one of the most important in mediæval +history, was won against the English, and against odds besides of +Germans, under their Emperor Otho, by two French bishops (Senlis and +Bayeux)--who both generalled the French King's line, and led its +charges. Our Earl of Salisbury surrendered to the Bishop of Bayeux in +person. + +25. Note farther, that quite one of the deadliest and most diabolic +powers of evil words, or, rightly so called, blasphemy, has been +developed in modern days in the effect of sometimes quite innocently +meant and enjoyed 'slang.' There are two kinds of slang, in the essence +of it: one 'Thieves' Latin'--the special language of rascals, used for +concealment; the other, one might perhaps best call Louts' Latin!--the +lowering or insulting words invented by vile persons to bring good +things, in their own estimates, to their own level, or beneath it. The +really worst power of this kind of blasphemy is in its often making it +impossible to use plain words without a degrading or ludicrous attached +sense:--thus I could not end my translation of this epitaph, as the old +Latinist could, with the exactly accurate image "to the proud, a +file"--because of the abuse of the word in lower English, retaining, +however, quite shrewdly, the thirteenth-century idea. But the _exact_ +force of the symbol here is in its allusion to jewellers' work, filing +down facets. A proud man is often also a precious one: and may be made +brighter in surface, and the purity of his inner self shown, by good +_filing_. + +26. Take it all in all, the perfect duty of a Bishop is expressed in +these six Latin lines,--au mieux mieux--beginning with his pastoral +office--_Feed_ my sheep--qui _pavit_ populum. And be assured, good +reader, these ages never could have told you what a Bishop's, or any +other man's, duty was, unless they had each man in his place both done +it well--and seen it well done. The Bishop Geoffroy's tomb is on your +left, and its inscription is: + + "Behold, the limbs of Godfrey press their lowly bed, + Whether He is preparing for us all one less than, or like it. + Whom the twin laurels adorned, in medicine + And in divine law, the dual crests became him. + Bright-shining man of Eu, by whom the throne of Amiens + Rose into immensity, be _thou_ increased in Heaven." + + Amen. + +And now at last--this reverence done and thanks paid--we will turn +from these tombs, and go out at one of the western doors--and so see +gradually rising above us the immensity of the three porches, and of +the thoughts engraved in them. + +27. What disgrace or change has come upon them, I will not tell you +to-day--except only the 'immeasurable' loss of the great old +foundation-steps, open, sweeping broad from side to side for all who +came; unwalled, undivided, sunned all along by the westering day, +lighted only by the moon and the stars at night; falling steep and many +down the hillside--ceasing one by one, at last wide and few towards the +level--and worn by pilgrim feet, for six hundred years. So I once saw +them, and twice,--such things can now be never seen more. + +Nor even of the west front itself, above, is much of the old masonry +left: but in the porches nearly all,--except the actual outside +facing, with its rose moulding, of which only a few flowers have been +spared here and there.[54] But the sculpture has been carefully and +honourably kept and restored to its place--pedestals or niches +restored here and there with clay; or some which you see white and +crude, re-carved entirely; nevertheless the impression you may receive +from the whole is still what the builder meant; and I will tell you +the order of its theology without further notices of its decay. + +[Footnote 54: The horizontal lowest part of the moulding between the +northern and central porch is old. Compare its roses with the new ones +running round the arches above--and you will know what 'Restoration' +means.] + +28. You will find it always well, in looking at any cathedral, to make +your quarters of the compass sure, in the beginning; and to remember +that, as you enter it, you are looking and advancing eastward; and +that if it has three entrance porches, that on your left in entering +is the northern, that on your right the southern. I shall endeavour in +all my future writing of architecture, to observe the simple law of +always calling the door of the north transept the north door; and that +on the same side of the west front, the northern door, and so of their +opposites. This will save, in the end, much printing and much +confusion, for a Gothic cathedral has, almost always, these five great +entrances; which may be easily, if at first attentively, recognized +under the titles of the Central door (or porch), the Northern door, +the Southern door, the North door, and the South door. + +But when we use the terms right and left, we ought always +to use them as in going _out_ of the cathedral, or walking down the +nave,--the entire north side and aisles of the building being its +right side, and the south, its left,--these terms being only used well +and authoritatively, when they have reference either to the image of +Christ in the apse or on the rood, or else to the central statue, +whether of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, in the west front. At +Amiens, this central statue, on the 'trumeau' or supporting and +dividing pillar of the central porch, is of Christ Immanuel,--God +_with_ us. On His right hand and His left, occupying the entire walls +of the central porch, are the apostles and the four greater prophets. +The twelve minor prophets stand side by side on the front, three on +each of its great piers.[55] + +[Footnote 55: See now the plan at the end of this chapter.] + +The northern porch is dedicated to St. Firmin, the first Christian +missionary to Amiens. + +The southern porch, to the Virgin. + +But these are both treated as withdrawn behind the great foundation of +Christ and the Prophets; and their narrow recesses partly conceal +their sculpture, until you enter them. What you have first to think +of, and read, is the scripture of the great central porch, and the +façade itself. + +29. You have then in the centre of the front, the image of Christ +Himself, receiving you: "I am the Way, the truth and the life." And the +order of the attendant powers may be best understood by thinking of them +as placed on Christ's right and left hand: this being also the order +which the builder adopts in his Scripture history on the façade--so that +it is to be read from left to right--_i.e._ from Christ's left to +Christ's right, as _He_ sees it. Thus, therefore, following the order of +the great statues: first in the central porch, there are six apostles on +Christ's right hand, and six on His left. On His left hand, next to Him, +Peter; then in receding order, Andrew, James, John, Matthew, Simon; on +His right hand, next Him, Paul; and in receding order, James the Bishop, +Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas and Jude. These opposite ranks of the +Apostles occupy what may be called the apse or curved bay of the porch, +and form a nearly semicircular group, clearly visible as we approach. +But on the sides of the porch, outside the lines of apostles, and not +seen clearly till we enter the porch, are the four greater prophets. On +Christ's left, Isaiah and Jeremiah, on His right, Ezekiel and Daniel. + +30. Then in front, along the whole façade--read in order from Christ's +left to His right--come the series of the twelve minor prophets, three +to each of the four piers of the temple, beginning at the south angle +with Hosea, and ending with Malachi. + +As you look full at the façade in front, the statues which fill the +minor porches are either obscured in their narrower recesses or +withdrawn behind each other so as to be unseen. And the entire mass of +the front is seen, literally, as built on the foundation of the +Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief +corner-stone. Literally _that_; for the receding Porch is a deep +'angulus,' and its mid-pillar is the 'Head of the Corner.' + +Built on the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, that is to say +of the Prophets who foretold _Christ_, and the Apostles who declared +Him. Though Moses was an Apostle, of _God_, he is not here--though +Elijah was a Prophet, of _God_, he is not here. The voice of the +entire building is that of the Heaven at the Transfiguration, "This is +my beloved Son, hear ye Him." + +31. There is yet another and a greater prophet still, who, as it seems +at first, is not here. Shall the people enter the gates of the temple, +singing "Hosanna to the Son of _David_"; and see no image of His +father, then?--Christ Himself declare, "I am the root and the +offspring of David"; and yet the Root have no sign near it of its +Earth? + +Not so. David and his Son are together. David is the pedestal of the +Christ. + +32. We will begin our examination of the Temple front, therefore, with +this its goodly pedestal stone. The statue of David is only two-thirds +life-size, occupying the niche in front of the pedestal. He holds his +sceptre in his right hand, the scroll in his left. King and Prophet, +type of all Divinely right doing, and right claiming, and right +proclaiming, kinghood, for ever. + +The pedestal of which this statue forms the fronting or Western +sculpture, is square, and on the two sides of it are two flowers in +vases, on its north side the lily, and on its south the rose. And the +entire monolith is one of the noblest pieces of Christian sculpture in +the world. + +Above this pedestal comes a minor one, bearing in front of it a +tendril of vine which completes the floral symbolism of the whole. The +plant which I have called a lily is not the Fleur de Lys, nor the +Madonna's, but an ideal one with bells like the crown Imperial +(Shakespeare's type of 'lilies of all kinds'), representing the _mode +of growth_ of the lily of the valley, which could not be sculptured so +large in its literal form without appearing monstrous, and is exactly +expressed in this tablet--as it fulfils, together with the rose and +vine, its companions, the triple saying of Christ, "I am the Rose of +Sharon, and the Lily of the Valley." "I am the true Vine." + + * * * * * + +33. On the side of the upper stone are supporters of a different +character. Supporters,--not captives nor victims; the Cockatrice and +Adder. Representing the most active evil principles of the earth, as +in their utmost malignity; still, Pedestals of Christ, and even in +their deadly life, accomplishing His final will. + +Both creatures are represented accurately in the mediæval traditional +form, the cockatrice half dragon, half cock; the deaf adder laying one +ear against the ground and stopping the other with her tail. + +The first represents the infidelity of Pride. The cockatrice--king +serpent or highest serpent--saying that he _is_ God, and _will be_ +God. + +The second, the infidelity of Death. The adder (nieder or nether +snake) saying that he _is_ mud, and _will be_ mud. + +34. Lastly, and above all, set under the feet of the statue +of Christ Himself, are the lion and dragon; the images of Carnal sin, +or _Human sin_, as distinguished from the Spiritual and Intellectual +sin of Pride, by which the angels also fell. + +To desire kingship rather than servantship--the Cockatrice's sin, or +deaf Death rather than hearkening Life--the Adder's sin,--these are +both possible to all the intelligences of the universe. But the +distinctively Human sins, anger and lust, seeds in our race of their +perpetual sorrow--Christ in His own humanity, conquered; and conquers +in His disciples. Therefore His foot is on the heads of these; and the +prophecy, "Inculcabis super Leonem et Aspidem," is recognized always +as fulfilled in Him, and in all His true servants, according to the +height of their authority, and the truth of their power. + +35. In this mystic sense, Alexander III. used the words, in restoring +peace to Italy, and giving forgiveness to her deadliest enemy, under +the porch of St. Mark's.[56] But the meaning of every act, as of every +art, of the Christian ages, lost now for three hundred years, cannot +but be in our own times read reversed, if at all, through the +counter-spirit which we now have reached; glorifying Pride and Avarice +as the virtues by which all things move and have their being--walking +after our own lusts as our sole guides to salvation, and foaming out +our own shame for the sole earthly product of our hands and lips. + +[Footnote 56: See my abstract of the history of Barbarossa and +Alexander, in 'Fiction, Fair and Foul,' '_Nineteenth Century_,' +November, 1880, pp. 752 _seq._] + +36. Of the statue of Christ, itself, I will not speak here at any +length, as no sculpture would satisfy, or ought to satisfy, the hope of +any loving soul that has learned to trust in Him; but at the time, it +was beyond what till then had been reached in sculptured tenderness; and +was known far and near as the "Beau Dieu d'Amiens."[57] Yet understood, +observe, just as clearly to be no more than a symbol of the Heavenly +Presence, as the poor coiling worms below were no more than symbols of +the demoniac ones. No _idol_, in our sense of the word--only a letter, +or sign of the Living Spirit,--which, however, was indeed conceived by +every worshipper as here meeting him at the temple gate: the Word of +Life, the King of Glory, and the Lord of Hosts. + +[Footnote 57: See account, and careful drawing of it, in Viollet le +Duc--article "Christ," Dict. of Architecture, iii. 245.] + +"Dominus Virtutum," "Lord of Virtues,"[58] is the best single rendering +of the idea conveyed to a well-taught disciple in the thirteenth +century by the words of the twenty-fourth Psalm. + +[Footnote 58: See the circle of the Powers of the Heavens in the +Byzantine rendering. I. Wisdom; II. Thrones; III. Dominations; IV. +Angels; V. Archangels; VI. Virtues; VII. Potentates; VIII. Princes; +IX. Seraphim. In the Gregorian order, (Dante, Par. xxviii., Cary's +note,) the Angels and Archangels are separated, giving altogether nine +orders, but not ranks. Note that in the Byzantine circle the cherubim +are first, and that it is the strength of the Virtues which calls on +the dead to rise ('St. Mark's Rest,' p. 97, and pp. 158-159).] + +37. Under the feet of His apostles, therefore, in the quatrefoil +medallions of the foundation, are represented the virtues which each +Apostle taught, or in his life manifested;--it may have been, sore +tried, and failing in the very strength of the character which he +afterwards perfected. Thus St. Peter, denying in fear, is afterwards +the Apostle of courage; and St. John, who, with his brother, would +have burnt the inhospitable village, is afterwards the Apostle of +love. Understanding this, you see that in the sides of the porch, the +apostles with their special virtues stand thus in opposite ranks. + +Now you see how these virtues answer to each other in their opposite +ranks. Remember the left-hand side is always the first, and see how +the left-hand virtues lead to the right hand:-- + + Courage to Faith. + Patience to Hope. + Gentillesse to Charity. + Love to Chastity. + Obedience to Wisdom. + Perseverance to Humility. + +38. Note farther that the Apostles are all tranquil, nearly all with +books, some with crosses, but all with the same message,--"Peace be to +this house. And if the Son of Peace be there," etc.[59] + +[Footnote 59: The modern slang name for a priest, among the mob of +France, is a 'Pax Vobiscum,' or shortly, a Vobiscum.] + +ST. PAUL, Faith. Courage, ST. PETER. + +ST. JAMES THE BISHOP, Hope. Patience, ST. ANDREW. + +ST. PHILIP, Charity. Gentillesse, ST. JAMES. + +ST. BARTHOLOMEW, Chastity. Love, ST. JOHN. + +ST. THOMAS, Wisdom. Obedience, ST. MATTHEW. + +ST. JUDE, Humility. Perseverance, ST. SIMON. + +But the Prophets--all seeking, or wistful, or tormented, or wondering, +or praying, except only Daniel. The _most_ tormented is Isaiah; +spiritually sawn asunder. No scene of his martyrdom below, but his +seeing the Lord in His temple, and yet feeling he had unclean lips. +Jeremiah also carries his cross--but more serenely. + +39. And now, I give in clear succession, the order of the statues of +the whole front, with the subjects of the quatrefoils beneath each of +them, marking the upper quatrefoil A, the lower B. The six prophets +who stand at the angles of the porches, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Nahum, +Zephaniah, and Haggai, have each of them four quatrefoils, marked, A +and C the upper ones, B and D the lower. + +Beginning, then, on the left-hand side of the central porch, and +reading outwards, you have-- + + 1. ST. PETER. + + A. Courage. + B. Cowardice. + + 2. ST. ANDREW. + + A. Patience. + B. Anger. + + 3. ST. JAMES. + + A. Gentillesse. + B. Churlishness. + + 4. ST. JOHN. + + A. Love. + B. Discord. + + 5. ST. MATTHEW. + + A. Obedience. + B. Rebellion. + + 6. ST. SIMON. + + A. Perseverance. + B. Atheism. + +Now, right-hand side of porch, reading outwards: + + 7. ST. PAUL. + + A. Faith. + B. Idolatry. + + 8. ST. JAMES, BISHOP. + + A. Hope. + B. Despair. + + 9. ST. PHILIP. + + A. Charity. + B. Avarice. + + 10. ST. BARTHOLOMEW. + + A. Chastity. + B. Lust. + + 11. ST. THOMAS. + + A. Wisdom. + B. Folly. + + 12. ST. JUDE. + + A. Humility. + B. Pride. + +Now, left-hand side again--the two outermost statues: + + 13. ISAIAH. + + A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne." vi. 1. + B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips." vi. 7. + + 14. JEREMIAH. + + A. The Burial of the Girdle. xiii. 4, 5. + B. The Breaking of the Yoke. xxviii. 10. + +Right-hand side: + + 15. EZEKIEL. + + A. Wheel within wheel. i. 16. + B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem." xxi. 2. + + 16. DANIEL. + + A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths." vi. 22. + B. "In the same hour came forth fingers + of a man's hand." v. 5. + +40. Now, beginning on the left-hand side (southern side) +of the entire façade, and reading it straight across, not turning into +the porches at all except for the paired quatrefoils: + + 17. HOSEA. + + A. "So I bought her to me with fifteen + pieces of silver." iii. 2. + B. "So will I also be for thee." iii. 3. + + 18. JOEL. + + A. The Sun and Moon lightless. ii. 10. + B. The Fig-tree and Vine leafless. i. 7. + + 19. AMOS. + + To The {A. "The Lord will cry from Zion." i. 2. + front {B. "The habitations of the shepherds + shall mourn." i. 2. + + Inside {C. The Lord with the mason's line. vii. 8. + porch {D. The place where it rained not. iv. 7. + + 20. OBADIAH. + + Inside {A. "I hid them in a cave." 2 Kings xviii. 13. + porch {B. He fell on his face. xviii. 7. + + To the {C. The captain of fifty. + front {D. The messenger. + + 21. JONAH. + + A. Escaped from the sea. + B. Under the gourd. + + 22. MICAH. + + To the {A. The Tower of the Flock. iv. 8. + front {B. Each shall rest, and "none shall make + them afraid." iv. 4. + + Inside {C. Swords into ploughshares. iv. 3. + porch {D. Spears into pruning-hooks. iv. 3. + + 23. NAHUM. + + Inside {A. None shall look back. ii. 8. + porch {B. The burden of Nineveh. i. 1. + + To the {C. Thy princes and thy great ones. iii. 17. + front {D. Untimely figs. iii. 12. + + 24. HABAKKUK. + + A. "I will watch to see what he will say," ii. 1. + B. The ministry to Daniel. + + 25. ZEPHANIAH. + + To the {A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia. ii. 12. + front {B. The Beasts in Nineveh. ii. 15. + + Inside {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem. i. 12. + porch {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern.[60] ii. 14. + + 26. HAGGAI. + + Inside {A. The houses of the princes, _ornées de + porch lambris_. i. 4. + {B. The heaven is stayed from dew. i. 10. + + To the {C. The Lord's temple desolate. i. 4. + front {D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts." i. 7. + + 27. ZECHARIAH. + + A. The lifting up of iniquity. v. 6-9. + B. The angel that spake to me. iv. 1. + + 28. MALACHI. + + A. "Ye have wounded the Lord." ii. 17. + B. This commandment is to _you_. ii. 1. + +[Footnote 60: See the Septuagint version.] + +41. Having thus put the sequence of the statues and their quatrefoils +briefly before the spectator--(in case the railway time presses, it +may be a kindness to him to note that if he walks from the east end of +the cathedral down the street to the south, Rue St. Denis, it takes +him by the shortest line to the station)--I will begin again with St. +Peter, and interpret the sculptures in the quatrefoils a little more +fully. Keeping the fixed numerals for indication of the statues, St. +Peter's quatrefoils will be 1 A and 1 B, and Malachi's 28 A and 28 B. + +1, A. COURAGE, with a leopard on his shield; the French and + English agreeing in the reading of that symbol, down + to the time of the Black Prince's leopard coinage in + Aquitaine.[61] + +[Footnote 61: For a list of the photographs of the quatrefoils +described in this chapter, see the appendices at the end of this +volume.] + +2, B. COWARDICE, a man frightened at an animal darting out + of a thicket, while a bird sings on. The coward has + not the heart of a thrush. + +2, A. PATIENCE, holding a shield with a bull on it (never giving + back).[62] + +[Footnote 62: In the cathedral of Laon there is a pretty compliment +paid to the oxen who carried the stones of its tower to the hill-top +it stands on. The tradition is that they harnessed themselves,--but +tradition does not say how an ox can harness himself even if he had a +mind. Probably the first form of the story was only that they went +joyfully, "lowing as they went." But at all events their statues are +carved on the height of the tower, eight, colossal, looking from its +galleries across the plains of France. See drawing in Viollet le Duc, +under article "Clocher."] + +2, B. ANGER, a woman stabbing a man with a sword. Anger + is essentially a feminine vice--a man, worth calling so, + may be driven to fury or insanity by _indignation_, + (compare the Black Prince at Limoges,) but not by + anger. Fiendish enough, often so--"Incensed with + indignation, Satan stood, _unterrified_--" but in that last + word is the difference, there is as much fear in Anger, + as there is in Hatred. + +3, A. GENTILLESSE, bearing shield with a lamb. + +3, B. CHURLISHNESS, again a woman, kicking over her cup-bearer. + The final forms of ultimate French churlishness + being in the feminine gestures of the Cancan. + See the favourite prints in shops of Paris. + +4, A. LOVE; the Divine, not human love: "I in them, and + Thou in me." Her shield bears a tree with many + branches grafted into its cut-off stem: "In those days + shall Messiah be cut off, but not for Himself." + +4, B. DISCORD, a wife and husband quarrelling. She has + dropped her distaff (Amiens wool manufacture, see farther + on--9, A.) + +5, A. OBEDIENCE, bears shield with camel. Actually the most + disobedient and ill-tempered of all serviceable beasts,--yet + passing his life in the most painful service. I do + not know how far his character was understood by the + northern sculptor; but I believe he is taken as a type + of burden-bearing, without joy or sympathy, such as + the horse has, and without power of offence, such as the + ox has. His bite is bad enough, (see Mr. Palgrave's + account of him,) but presumably little known of at + Amiens, even by Crusaders, who would always ride + their own war-horses, or nothing. + +5, B. REBELLION, a man snapping his fingers at his Bishop. + (As Henry the Eighth at the Pope,--and the modern + French and English cockney at all priests whatever.) + +6, A. PERSEVERENCE, the grandest spiritual form of the virtue + commonly called 'Fortitude.' Usually, overcoming + or tearing a lion; here, _caressing_ one, and _holding_ her + crown. "Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man + take thy crown." + +6, B. ATHEISM, leaving his shoes at the church door. The infidel + fool is always represented in twelfth and thirteenth + century MS. as barefoot--the Christian having "his + feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of Peace." + Compare "How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O + Prince's Daughter!" + +7, A. FAITH, holding cup with cross above it, her accepted + symbol throughout ancient Europe. It is also an enduring + one, for, all differences of Church put aside, the + words, "Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and + Drink His blood, ye have no life in you," remain in + their mystery, to be understood only by those who have + learned the sacredness of food, in all times and places, + and the laws of life and spirit, dependent on its acceptance, + refusal, and distribution. + +7, B. IDOLATRY, kneeling to a monster. The _contrary_ of + Faith--not _want_ of Faith. Idolatry is faith in the + wrong thing, and quite distinct from Faith in _No_ thing + (6, B), the "Dixit Insipiens." Very wise men may be + idolaters, but they cannot be atheists. + +8, A. HOPE, with Gonfalon Standard and _distant_ crown; as + opposed to the constant crown of Fortitude (6, A). + + The Gonfalon (Gund, war, fahr, standard, according + to Poitevin's dictionary), is the pointed ensign of forward + battle; essentially sacred; hence the constant + name "Gonfaloniere" of the battle standard-bearers of + the Italian republics. + + Hope has it, because she fights forward always to her + aim, or at least has the joy of seeing it draw nearer. + Faith and Fortitude wait, as St. John in prison, but unoffended. + Hope is, however, put under St. James, because + of the 7th and 8th verses of his last chapter, ending + "Stablish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord + draweth nigh." It is he who examines Dante on the + nature of Hope. 'Par.,' c. xxv., and compare Cary's + notes. + +8, B. DESPAIR, stabbing himself. Suicide not thought heroic + or sentimental in the 13th century; and no Gothic + Morgue built beside Somme. + +9, A. CHARITY, bearing shield with woolly ram, and giving a + mantle to a naked beggar. The old wool manufacture + of Amiens having this notion of its purpose--namely, + to clothe the poor first, the rich afterwards. No nonsense + talked in those days about the evil consequences + of indiscriminate charity. + +9, B. AVARICE, with coffer and money. The modern, alike + English and Amienois, notion of the Divine consummation + of the wool manufacture. + +10, A. CHASTITY, shield with the Phoenix.[63] + +[Footnote 63: For the sake of comparing the pollution, and reversal of +its once glorious religion, in the modern French mind, it is worth the +reader's while to ask at M. Goyer's (Place St. Denis) for the 'Journal +de St. Nicholas' for 1880, and look at the 'Phénix,' as drawn on p. +610. The story is meant to be moral, and the Phoenix there +represents Avarice, but the entire destruction of all sacred and +poetical tradition in a child's mind by such a picture is an +immorality which would neutralize a year's preaching. To make it worth +M. Goyer's while to show you the number, buy the one with 'les +conclusions de Jeanie' in it, p. 337: the church scene (with dialogue) +in the text is lovely.] + +10, B. LUST, a too violent kiss. + +11, A. WISDOM, shield with, I think, an eatable root; meaning + temperance, as the beginning of wisdom. + +11, B. FOLLY, the ordinary type used in all early Psalters, of + a glutton, armed with a club. Both this vice and + virtue are the earthly wisdom and folly, completing + the spiritual wisdom and folly opposite under St. + Matthew. Temperance, the complement of Obedience, + and Covetousness, with violence, that of Atheism. + +12, A. HUMILITY, shield with dove. + +12, B. PRIDE, falling from his horse. + +42. All these quatrefoils are rather symbolic than representative; +and, since their purpose was answered enough if their sign was +understood, they have been entrusted to a more inferior workman than +the one who carved the now sequent series under the Prophets. Most of +these subjects represent an historical fact, or a scene spoken of by +the prophet as a real vision; and they have in general been executed +by the ablest hands at the architect's command. + +With the interpretation of these, I have given again the name of the +prophet whose life or prophecy they illustrate. + +13. ISAIAH. + +13, A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne" (vi. I). + + The vision of the throne "high and lifted up" + between seraphim. + +13, B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips" (vi. 7). + + The Angel stands before the prophet, and holds, + or rather held, the coal with tongs, which have been + finely undercut, but are now broken away, only a + fragment remaining in his hand. + +14. JEREMIAH. + +14, A. The burial of the girdle (xiii. 4, 5). + + The prophet is digging by the shore of Euphrates, + represented by vertically winding furrows down the + middle of the tablet. Note, the translation should be + "hole in the ground," not "rock." + +14, B. The breaking of the yoke (xxviii. 10). + + From the prophet Jeremiah's neck; it is here + represented as a doubled and redoubled chain. + +15. EZEKIEL. + +15, A. Wheel within wheel (i. 16). + + The prophet sitting; before him two wheels of + equal size, one involved in the ring of the other. + +15, B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem" (xxi. 2). + + The prophet before the gate of Jerusalem. + +16. DANIEL. + +16, A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths" (vi. 22). + + Daniel holding a book, the lions treated as heraldic + supporters. The subject is given with more + animation farther on in the series (24, B). + +16, B. "In the same hour came forth fingers of a Man's hand" (v. 5). + + Belshazzar's feast represented by the king alone, + seated at a small oblong table. Beside him the youth + Daniel, looking only fifteen or sixteen, graceful and + gentle, interprets. At the side of the quatrefoil, + out of a small wreath of cloud, comes a small bent + hand, writing, as if with a pen upside down on a piece + of Gothic wall.[64] + + For modern bombast as opposed to old simplicity, + compare the Belshazzar's feast of John Martin! + +[Footnote 64: I fear this hand has been broken since I described it; at +all events, it is indistinguishably shapeless in the photograph (No. 9 +of the series).] + + 43. The next subject begins the series of the minor prophets. + +17. HOSEA. + +17, A. "So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver and + an homer of barley" (iii. 2). + + The prophet pouring the grain and the silver into + the lap of the woman, "beloved of her friend." The + carved coins are each wrought with the cross, and, I + believe, legend of the French contemporary coin. + +17, B. "So will I also be for thee" (iii. 3). + + He puts a ring on her finger. + +18. JOEL. + +18, A. The sun and moon lightless (ii. 10). + + The sun and moon as two small flat pellets, up in + the external moulding. + +18, B. The barked fig-tree and waste vine (i. 7). + + Note the continual insistance on the blight of vegetation + as a Divine punishment, 19 D. + +19. AMOS. + +_To the front._ + +19, A. "The Lord will cry from Zion" (i. 2). + + Christ appears with crossletted nimbus. + +19, B. "The habitations of the shepherds shall mourn" (i. 2). + + Amos with the shepherd's hooked or knotted staff, + and wicker-worked bottle, before his tent. (Architecture + in right-hand foil restored.) + +_Inside Porch._ + +19, C. The Lord with the mason's line (vii. 8). + + Christ, again here, and henceforward always, with + crosslet nimbus, has a large trowel in His hand, which + He lays on the top of a half-built wall. There seems + a line twisted round the handle. + +19, D. The place where it rained not (iv. 7). + + Amos is gathering the leaves of the fruitless vine, + to feed the sheep, who find no grass. One of the + finest of the reliefs. + +20. OBADIAH. + +_Inside Porch._ + +20, A. "I hid them in a cave" (1 Kings xviii. 13). + + Three prophets at the mouth of a well, to whom + Obadiah brings loaves. + +20, B. "He fell on his face" (xviii. 7). + + He kneels before Elijah, who wears his rough + mantle. + +_To the front._ + +20, C. The captain of fifty. + + Elijah (?) speaking to an armed man under a tree. + +20, D. The Messenger. + + A messenger on his knees before a king. I cannot + interpret these two scenes (20, C and 20, D). + The uppermost _may_ mean the dialogue of Elijah + with the captains (2 Kings i. 2), and the lower one, + the return of the messengers (2 Kings i. 5). + +21. JONAH. + +21, A. Escaped from the sea. + +21, B. Under the gourd. A small grasshopper-like beast + gnawing the gourd stem. I should like to know + what insects _do_ attack the Amiens gourds. This may + be an entomological study, for aught we know. + +22. MICAH. + +_To the front._ + +22, A. The Tower of the Flock (iv. 8). + + The tower is wrapped in clouds, God appearing + above it. + +22, B. Each shall rest and "none shall make them afraid" (iv. 4). + + A man and his wife "under his vine and fig-tree." + +_Inside Porch._ + +22, C. "Swords into ploughshares" (iv. 3). + + Nevertheless, two hundred years after these medallions + were cut, the sword manufacture had become a + staple in Amiens! Not to her advantage. + +22, D. "Spears into pruning-hooks" (iv. 3). + +23. NAHUM. + +_Inside Porch._ + +23, A. "None shall look back" (ii. 8). + +23, B. The Burden of Nineveh (i. I).[65] + +[Footnote 65: The statue of the prophet, above, is the grandest of the +entire series; and note especially the "diadema" of his own luxuriant +hair plaited like a maiden's, indicating the Achillean force of this +most terrible of the prophets. (Compare 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXV., +page 157.) For the rest, this long flowing hair was always one of the +insignia of the Frankish kings, and their way of dressing both hair +and beard may be seen more nearly and definitely in the +angle-sculptures of the long font in the north transept, the most +interesting piece of work in the whole cathedral, in an antiquarian +sense, and of much artistic value also. (See ante chap. ii. p. 45.)] + +_To the front._ + +23, C. "Thy Princes and thy great ones" (iii. 17). + + 23, A, B, and C, are all incapable of sure interpretation. The + prophet in A is pointing down to a little hill, said by + the Père Rozé to be covered with grasshoppers. I + can only copy what he says of them. + +23, D. "Untimely figs" (iii. 12). + + Three people beneath a fig-tree catch its falling + fruit in their mouths. + +24. HABAKKUK. + +24, A. "I will watch to see what he will say unto me" (ii. 1). + + The prophet is writing on his tablet to Christ's + dictation. + +24, B. The ministry to Daniel. + + The traditional visit to Daniel. An angel carries + Habakkuk by the hair of his head; the prophet + has a loaf of bread in each hand. They break + through the roof of the cave. Daniel is stroking one + young lion on the back; the head of another is thrust + carelessly under his arm. Another is gnawing + bones in the bottom of the cave. + +25. ZEPHANIAH. + +_To the front._ + +25, A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia (ii. 12). + + Christ striking a city with a sword. Note that all + violent actions are in these bas-reliefs feebly or ludicrously + expressed; quiet ones always right. + +25, B. The beasts in Nineveh (ii. 15). + + Very fine. All kinds of crawling things among + the tottering walls, and peeping out of their rents + and crannies. A monkey sitting squat, developing + into a demon, reverses the Darwinian theory. + +_Inside porch._ + +25, C. The Lord visits Jerusalem (i. 12). + + Christ passing through the streets of Jerusalem, + with a lantern in each hand. + +25, D. The Hedgehog and Bittern[66] (ii. 14). + + With a singing bird in a cage in the window. + +[Footnote 66: See ante p. 117, note.] + +26. HAGGAI. + +_Inside Porch._ + +26, A. The houses of the princes, _ornées de lambris_ (i. 4). + + A perfectly built house of square stones gloomily + strong, the grating (of a prison?) in front of foundation. + +26, B. The Heaven is stayed from dew (i. 10). + + The heavens as a projecting mass, with stars, sun, + and moon on surface. Underneath, two withered + trees. + +_To the front._ + +26, C. The Lord's temple desolate (i. 4). + + The falling of the temple, "not one stone left on + another," grandly loose. Square stones again. Examine + the text (i. 6). + +26, D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts" (i. 7). + + Christ pointing up to His ruined temple. + +27. ZECHARIAH. + +27, A. The lifting up of Iniquity (v. 6 to 9). + + Wickedness in the Ephah. + +27, B. "The angel that spake to me" (iv. 1). + + The prophet almost reclining, a glorious winged + angel hovering out of cloud. + +28. MALACHI. + +28, A. "Ye have wounded the Lord" (ii. 17). + + The priests are thrusting Christ through with a + barbed lance, whose point comes out at His back. + +28, B. "This commandment is to _you_" (ii. 1). + + In these panels, the undermost is often introductory + to the one above, an illustration of it. It is perhaps + chapter i. verse 6, that is meant to be spoken here by + the sitting figure of Christ, to the indignant priests. + +44. With this bas-relief terminates the series of sculpture in +illustration of Apostolic and Prophetic teaching, which constitutes +what I mean by the "Bible" of Amiens. But the two lateral porches +contain supplementary subjects necessary for completion of the +pastoral and traditional teaching addressed to her people in that day. + +The Northern Porch, dedicated to her first missionary St. Firmin, has +on its central pier his statue; above, on the flat field of the back +of the arch, the story of the finding of his body; on the sides of the +porch, companion saints and angels in the following order:-- + +CENTRAL STATUE. + +ST. FIRMIN. + + _Southern (left) side._ + + 41. St. Firmin the Confessor. + 42. St. Domice. + 43. St. Honoré. + 44. St. Salve. + 45. St. Quentin. + 46. St. Gentian. + + _Northern (right) side._ + + 47. St. Geoffroy. + 48. An angel. + 49. St. Fuscien, martyr. + 50. St. Victoric, martyr. + 51. An angel. + 52. St. Ulpha. + +45. Of these saints, excepting St. Firmin and St. Honoré, of whom I have +already spoken,[67] St. Geoffroy is more real for us than the rest; he +was born in the year of the battle of Hastings, at Molincourt in the +Soissonais, and was Bishop of Amiens from 1104 to 1150. A man of +entirely simple, pure, and right life: one of the severest of ascetics, +but without gloom--always gentle and merciful. Many miracles are +recorded of him, but all indicating a tenour of life which was chiefly +miraculous by its justice and peace. Consecrated at Rheims, and attended +by a train of other bishops and nobles to his diocese, he dismounts from +his horse at St. Acheul, the place of St. Firmin's first tomb, and walks +barefoot to his cathedral, along the causeway now so defaced: at another +time he walks barefoot from Amiens to Picquigny to ask from the Vidame +of Amiens the freedom of the Chatelain Adam. He maintained the +privileges of the citizens, with the help of Louis le Gros, against the +Count of Amiens, defeated him, and razed his castle; nevertheless, the +people not enough obeying him in the order of their life, he blames his +own weakness, rather than theirs, and retires to the Grande Chartreuse, +holding himself unfit to be their bishop. The Carthusian superior +questioning him on his reasons for retirement, and asking if he had ever +sold the offices of the Church, the Bishop answered, "My father, my +hands are pure of simony, but I have a thousand times allowed myself to +be seduced by praise." + +[Footnote 67: See ante Chap. I., pp. 5-6, for the history of St. +Firmin, and for St. Honoré p. 95, § 8 of this chapter, with the +reference there given.] + +46. St. Firmin the Confessor was the son of the Roman senator who +received St. Firmin himself. He preserved the tomb of the martyr in +his father's garden, and at last built a church over it, dedicated to +our Lady of martyrs, which was the first episcopal seat of Amiens, at +St. Acheul, spoken of above. St. Ulpha was an Amienoise girl, who +lived in a chalk cave above the marshes of the Somme;--if ever Mr. +Murray provides you with a comic guide to Amiens, no doubt the +enlightened composer of it will count much on your enjoyment of the +story of her being greatly disturbed at her devotions by the frogs, +and praying them silent. You are now, of course, wholly superior to +such follies, and are sure that God cannot, or will not, so much as +shut a frog's mouth for you. Remember, therefore, that as He also now +leaves open the mouth of the liar, blasphemer, and betrayer, you must +shut your own ears against _their_ voices as you can. + +Of her name, St. Wolf--or Guelph--see again Miss Yonge's Christian +names. Our tower of Wolf's stone, Ulverstone, and Kirk of Ulpha, are, +I believe, unconscious of Picard relatives. + +47. The other saints in this porch are all in like manner provincial, +and, as it were, personal friends of the Amienois; and under them, the +quatrefoils represent the pleasant order of the guarded and hallowed +year--the zodiacal signs above, and labours of the months below; little +differing from the constant representations of them--except in the May: +see below. The Libra also is a little unusual in the female figure +holding the scales; the lion especially good-tempered--and the 'reaping' +one of the most beautiful figures in the whole series of sculptures; +several of the others peculiarly refined and far-wrought. In Mr. +Kaltenbacher's photographs, as I have arranged them, the bas-reliefs may +be studied nearly as well as in the porch itself. Their order is as +follows, beginning with December, in the left-hand inner corner of the +porch:-- + +41. DECEMBER.--Killing and scalding swine. Above, Capricorn + with quickly diminishing tail; I cannot make out + the accessories. + +42. JANUARY.--Twin-headed, obsequiously served. Aquarius + feebler than most of the series. + +43. FEBRUARY.--Very fine; warming his feet and putting coals + on fire. Fish above, elaborate but uninteresting. + +44. MARCH.--At work in vine-furrows. Aries careful, but + rather stupid. + +45. APRIL.--Feeding his hawk--very pretty. Taurus above + with charming leaves to eat. + +46. MAY.--Very singularly, a middle-aged man sitting under + the trees to hear the birds sing; and Gemini above, a + bridegroom and bride. This quatrefoil joins the interior + angle ones of Zephaniah. + +52. JUNE.--Opposite, joining the interior angle ones of Haggai. + Mowing. Note the lovely flowers sculptured all + through the grass. Cancer above, with his shell superbly + modelled. + +51. JULY.--Reaping. Extremely beautiful. The smiling lion + completes the evidence that all the seasons and signs + are regarded as alike blessing and providentially kind. + +50. AUGUST.--Threshing. Virgo above, holding a flower, her + drapery very modern and confused for thirteenth-century + work. + +49. SEPTEMBER.--I am not sure of his action, whether pruning, + or in some way gathering fruit from the full-leaved + tree. Libra above; charming. + +[Illustration: ST. MARY.] + +48. OCTOBER.--Treading grapes. Scorpio, a very traditional + and gentle form--forked in the tail indeed, but stingless. + +47. NOVEMBER.--Sowing, with Sagittarius, half concealed + when this photograph was taken by the beautiful + arrangements always now going on for some job or + other in French cathedrals:--they never can let them + alone for ten minutes. + +48. And now, last of all, if you care to see it, we will go into the +Madonna's porch--only, if you come at all, good Protestant feminine +reader--come civilly: and be pleased to recollect, if you have, in +known history, material for recollection, this (or if you cannot +recollect--be you very solemnly assured of this): that neither +Madonna-worship, nor Lady-worship of any sort, whether of dead ladies +or living ones, ever did any human creature any harm,--but that Money +worship, Wig worship, Cocked-Hat-and-Feather worship, Plate worship, +Pot worship and Pipe worship, have done, and are doing, a great +deal,--and that any of these, and all, are quite million-fold more +offensive to the God of Heaven and Earth and the Stars, than all the +absurdest and lovingest mistakes made by any generations of His simple +children, about what the Virgin-mother could, or would, or might do, +or feel for them. + +49. And next, please observe this broad historical fact about the +three sorts of Madonnas. + +There is first the Madonna Dolorosa; the Byzantine type, and +Cimabue's. It is the noblest of all; and the earliest, in distinct +popular influence.[68] + +[Footnote 68: See the description of the Madonna of Murano, in second +volume of 'Stones of Venice.'] + +Secondly. The Madone Reine, who is essentially the Frank and Norman +one; crowned, calm, and full of power and gentleness. She is the one +represented in this porch. + +Thirdly. The Madone Nourrice, who is the Raphaelesque and generally +late and decadence one. She is seen here in a good French type in the +south transept porch, as before noticed. + +An admirable comparison will be found instituted by M. Viollet le Duc +(the article 'Vierge,' in his dictionary, is altogether deserving of +the most attentive study) between this statue of the Queen-Madonna of +the southern porch and the Nurse-Madonna of the transept. I may +perhaps be able to get a photograph made of his two drawings, side by +side: but, if I can, the reader will please observe that he has a +little flattered the Queen, and a little vulgarized the Nurse, which +is not fair. The statue in this porch is in thirteenth-century style, +extremely good: but there is no reason for making any fuss about +it--the earlier Byzantine types being far grander. + +50. The Madonna's story, in its main incidents, is told in the series +of statues round the porch, and in the quatrefoils below--several of +which refer, however, to a legend about the Magi to which I have not +had access, and I am not sure of their interpretation. + +The large statues are on the left hand, reading outwards as usual. + + 29. The Angel Gabriel. + 30. Virgin Annunciate. + 31. Virgin Visitant. + 32. St. Elizabeth. + 33. Virgin in Presentation. + 34. St. Simeon. + +On the right hand, reading outward, + + 35, 36, 37, The three Kings. + 38. Herod. + 39. Solomon. + 40. The Queen of Sheba. + +51. I am not sure of rightly interpreting the introduction of these two +last statues: but I believe the idea of the designer was that virtually +the Queen Mary visited Herod when she sent, or had sent for her, the +Magi to tell him of her presence at Bethlehem: and the contrast between +Solomon's reception of the Queen of Sheba, and Herod's driving out the +Madonna into Egypt, is dwelt on throughout this side of the porch, with +their several consequences to the two Kings and to the world. + +The quatrefoils underneath the great statues run as follows: + +29. Under Gabriel-- + A. Daniel seeing the stone cut out without hands. + B. Moses and the burning bush. + +30. Under Virgin Annunciate-- + A. Gideon and the dew on the fleece. + B. Moses with written law, retiring; Aaron, dominant, points to + his budding rod. + +31. Under Virgin Visitant-- + A. The message to Zacharias: "Fear not, for thy prayer is heard." + B. The dream of Joseph: "Fear not to take unto thee Mary thy + wife." (?) + +32. Under St. Elizabeth-- + A. The silence of Zacharias: "They perceived that he had seen a + vision in the temple." + B. "There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name." + "He wrote saying, His name is John." + +33. Under Virgin in Presentation-- + A. Flight into Egypt. + B. Christ with the Doctors. + +34. Under St. Simeon-- + A. Fall of the idols in Egypt. + B. The return to Nazareth. + + These two last quatrefoils join the beautiful C and D of Amos. + +Then on the opposite side, under the Queen of Sheba, and +joining the A and B of Obadiah-- + +40. A. Solomon entertains the Queen of Sheba. The Grace cup. + B. Solomon teaches the Queen of Sheba, "God is above." + +39. Under Solomon-- + A. Solomon on his throne of judgment. + B. Solomon praying before his temple-gate. + +38. Under Herod-- + A. Massacre of Innocents. + B. Herod orders the ship of the Kings to be burned. + +37. Under the third King-- + A. Herod inquires of the Kings. + B. Burning of the ship. + +36. Under the second King-- + A. Adoration in Bethlehem?--not certain. + B. The voyage of the Kings. + +35. Under the first King-- + A. The Star in the East. + B. "Being warned in a dream that they should not return to Herod." + +I have no doubt of finding out in time the real sequence of these +subjects: but it is of little import,--this group of quatrefoils being +of less interest than the rest, and that of the Massacre of the +Innocents curiously illustrative of the incapability of the sculptor +to give strong action or passion. + +But into questions respecting the art of these bas-reliefs I do not +here attempt to enter. They were never intended to serve as more than +signs, or guides to thought. And if the reader follows this guidance +quietly, he may create for himself better pictures in his heart; and +at all events may recognize these following general truths, as their +united message. + +52. First, that throughout the Sermon on this Amiens Mount, Christ +never appears, or is for a moment thought of, as the Crucified, nor as +the Dead: but as the Incarnate Word--as the present Friend--as the +Prince of Peace on Earth,--and as the Everlasting King in Heaven. What +His life _is_, what His commands _are_, and what His judgment _will +be_, are the things here taught: not what He once did, nor what He +once suffered, but what He is now doing--and what He requires us to +do. That is the pure, joyful, beautiful lesson of Christianity; and +the fall from that faith, and all the corruptions of its abortive +practice, may be summed briefly as the habitual contemplation of +Christ's death instead of His Life, and the substitution of His past +suffering for our present duty. + +53. Then, secondly, though Christ bears not _His_ cross, the mourning +prophets,--the persecuted apostles--and the martyred disciples _do_ +bear theirs. For just as it is well for you to remember what your +undying Creator is _doing_ for you--it is well for you to remember +what your dying fellow-creatures _have done_: the Creator you may at +your pleasure deny or defy--the Martyr you can only forget; deny, you +cannot. Every stone of this building is cemented with his blood, and +there is no furrow of its pillars that was not ploughed by his pain. + +54. Keeping, then, these things in your heart, look back now to the +central statue of Christ, and hear His message with understanding. He +holds the Book of the Eternal Law in His left hand; with His right He +blesses,--but blesses on condition. "This do, and thou shalt live"; +nay, in stricter and more piercing sense, This _be_ and thou shalt +live: to show Mercy is nothing--thy soul must be full of mercy; to be +pure in act is nothing--thou shalt be pure in heart also. + +And with this further word of the unabolished law--"This if thou do +_not_, this if thou art not, thou shalt die." + +55. Die (whatever Death means)--totally and irrevocably. There is no +word in thirteenth-century Theology of the pardon (in our modern +sense) of sins; and there is none of the Purgatory of them. Above that +image of Christ with us, our Friend, is set the image of Christ over +us, our Judge. For this present life--here is His helpful Presence. +After this life--there is His coming to take account of our deeds, and +of our desires in them; and the parting asunder of the Obedient from +the Disobedient, of the Loving from the Unkind, with no hope given to +the last of recall or reconciliation. I do not know what commenting or +softening doctrines were written in frightened minuscule by the +Fathers, or hinted in hesitating whispers by the prelates of the early +Church. But I know that the language of every graven stone and every +glowing window,--of things daily seen and universally understood by +the people, was absolutely and alone, this teaching of Moses from +Sinai in the beginning, and of St. John from Patmos in the end, of the +Revelation of God to Israel. + +This it was, simply--sternly--and continually, for the great three +hundred years of Christianity in her strength (eleventh, twelfth, and +thirteenth centuries), and over the whole breadth and depth of her +dominion, from Iona to Cyrene,--and from Calpe to Jerusalem. At what +time the doctrine of Purgatory was openly accepted by Catholic +Doctors, I neither know nor care to know. It was first formalized by +Dante, but never accepted for an instant by the sacred artist teachers +of his time--or by those of any great school or time whatsoever.[69] + +[Footnote 69: The most authentic foundations of the Purgatorial scheme +in art-teaching are in the renderings, subsequent to the thirteenth +century, of the verse "by which also He went and preached unto the +spirits in prison," forming gradually into the idea of the deliverance +of the waiting saints from the power of the grave. + +In literature and tradition, the idea is originally, I believe, +Platonic; certainly not Homeric. Egyptian possibly--but I have read +nothing yet of the recent discoveries in Egypt. Not, however, quite +liking to leave the matter in the complete emptiness of my own +resources, I have appealed to my general investigator, Mr. Anderson +(James R.), who writes as follows:-- + +"There is no possible question about the doctrine and universal +inculcation of it, ages before Dante. Curiously enough, though, the +statement of it in the Summa Theologiæ as we have it is a later +insertion; but I find by references that St. Thomas teaches it +elsewhere. Albertus Magnus developes it at length. If you refer to the +'Golden Legend' under All Souls' Day, you will see how the idea is +assumed as a commonplace in a work meant for popular use in the +thirteenth century. St. Gregory (the Pope) argues for it (Dial. iv. +38) on two scriptural quotations: (1), the sin that is forgiven +neither in hôc sæculo _nor in that which is to come_, and (2), the +fire which shall try every man's work. I think Platonic philosophy and +the Greek mysteries must have had a good deal to do with introducing +the idea originally; but with them--as to Virgil--it was part of the +Eastern vision of a circling stream of life from which only a few +drops were at intervals tossed to a definitely permanent Elysium or a +definitely permanent Hell. It suits that scheme better than it does +the Christian one, which attaches ultimately in all cases infinite +importance to the results of life in hôc sæculo. + +"Do you know any representation of Heaven or Hell unconnected with the +Last Judgment? I don't remember any, and as Purgatory is by that time +past, this would account for the absence of pictures of it. + +"Besides, Purgatory precedes the Resurrection--there is continual +question among divines what manner of purgatorial fire it may be that +affects spirits separate from the body--perhaps Heaven and Hell, as +opposed to Purgatory, were felt to be picturable because not only +spirits, but the risen bodies too are conceived in them. + +"Bede's account of the Ayrshire seer's vision gives Purgatory in words +very like Dante's description of the second stormy circle in Hell; and +the angel which ultimately saves the Scotchman from the fiends comes +through hell, 'quasi fulgor stellæ micantis inter tenebras'--'qual sul +presso del mattino Per gli grossi vapor Marte rosseggia.' Bede's name +was great in the middle ages. Dante meets him in Heaven, and, I like +to hope, may have been helped by the vision of my fellow-countryman +more than six hundred years before."] + +56. Neither do I know nor care to know--at what time the notion of +Justification by Faith, in the modern sense, first got itself +distinctively fixed in the minds of the heretical sects and schools of +the North. Practically its strength was founded by its first authors +on an asceticism which differed from monastic rule in being only able +to destroy, never to build; and in endeavouring to force what severity +it thought proper for itself on everybody else also; and so striving +to make one artless, letterless, and merciless monastery of all the +world. Its virulent effort broke down amidst furies of reactionary +dissoluteness and disbelief, and remains now the basest of popular +solders and plasters for every condition of broken law and bruised +conscience which interest can provoke, or hypocrisy disguise. + +57. With the subsequent quarrels between the two great sects of the +corrupted church, about prayers for the Dead, Indulgences to the +Living, Papal supremacies, or Popular liberties, no man, woman, or +child need trouble themselves in studying the history of Christianity: +they are nothing but the squabbles of men, and laughter of fiends +among its ruins. The Life, and Gospel, and Power of it, are all +written in the mighty works of its true believers: in Normandy and +Sicily, on river islets of France and in the river glens of England, +on the rocks of Orvieto, and by the sands of Arno. But of all, the +simplest, completest, and most authoritative in its lessons to the +active mind of North Europe, is this on the foundation stones of +Amiens. + +58. Believe it or not, reader, as you will: understand only how +thoroughly it _was_ once believed; and that all beautiful things were +made, and all brave deeds done in the strength of it--until what we may +call 'this present time,' in which it is gravely asked whether Religion +has any effect on morals, by persons who have essentially no idea +whatever of the meaning of either Religion or Morality. + +Concerning which dispute, this much perhaps you may have the patience +finally to read, as the Flèche of Amiens fades in the distance, and +your carriage rushes towards the Isle of France, which now exhibits +the most admired patterns of European Art, intelligence, and +behaviour. + +59. All human creatures, in all ages and places of the world, who have +had warm affections, common sense, and self-command, have been, and +are, Naturally Moral. Human nature in its fulness is necessarily +Moral,--without Love, it is inhuman, without sense,[70] +inhuman,--without discipline, inhuman. + +[Footnote 70: I don't mean æsthesis,--but [Greek: nous], if you _must_ +talk in Greek slang.] + +In the exact proportion in which men are bred capable of these things, +and are educated to love, to think, and to endure, they become +noble,--live happily--die calmly: are remembered with perpetual honour +by their race, and for the perpetual good of it. All wise men know and +have known these things, since the form of man was separated from the +dust. The knowledge and enforcement of them have nothing to do with +religion: a good and wise man differs from a bad and idiotic one, +simply as a good dog from a cur, and as any manner of dog from a wolf +or a weasel. And if you are to believe in, or preach without half +believing in, a spiritual world or law--only in the hope that whatever +you do, or anybody else does, that is foolish or beastly, may be in +them and by them mended and patched and pardoned and worked up again +as good as new--the less you believe in--and most solemnly, the less +you talk about--a spiritual world, the better. + +60. But if, loving well the creatures that are like yourself, you feel +that you would love still more dearly, creatures better than +yourself--were they revealed to you;--if striving with all your might +to mend what is evil, near you and around, you would fain look for a day +when some Judge of all the Earth shall wholly do right, and the little +hills rejoice on every side; if, parting with the companions that have +given you all the best joy you had on Earth, you desire ever to meet +their eyes again and clasp their hands,--where eyes shall no more be +dim, nor hands fail;--if, preparing yourselves to lie down beneath the +grass in silence and loneliness, seeing no more beauty, and feeling no +more gladness--you would care for the promise to you of a time when you +should see God's light again, and know the things you have longed to +know, and walk in the peace of everlasting Love--_then_, the Hope of +these things to you is religion, the Substance of them in your life is +Faith. And in the power of them, it is promised us, that the kingdoms of +this world shall yet become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ. + +[Illustration: Plan of West porches of Amiens Cathedral] + + + + +APPENDICES. + + +I. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS REFERRED TO IN + THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.' + +II. REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING + CHAPTER IV. + +III. GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.' + +APPENDIX I. + +_CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS + REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.'_ + + + A.D. PAGE + + 250. Rise of the Franks 33 + 301. St. Firmin comes to Amiens 5 + 332. St. Martin 15 + 345. St. Jerome born 75 + 350. First church at Amiens, over St. Firmin's grave 99 + 358. Franks defeated by Julian near Strasburg 44 + 405. St. Jerome's Bible 50 + 420. St. Jerome dies 78 _seq._ + 421. St. Genevieve born. Venice founded 27 + 445. Franks cross the Rhine and take Amiens 7 + 447. Merovée king at Amiens 7, 8 + 451. Battle of Chalons. Attila defeated by Aëtius 7 + 457. Merovée dies. Childeric king at Amiens 8 + 466. Clovis born 7 + 476. Roman Empire in Italy ended by Odoacer 8 + 481. Roman Empire ended in France 9 + Clovis crowned at Amiens 8, 27 + St. Benedict born 27 + 485. Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius 8, 52 + 486. Syagrius dies at the court of Alaric 52 + 489. Battle of Verona. Theodoric defeats Odoacer 54 + 493. Clovis marries Clotilde 8 + 496. Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis defeats the Alemanni 53 + Clovis crowned at Rheims by St. Rémy 9 + Clovis baptized by St. Rémy 13 + 508. Battle of Poitiers. Clovis defeats the Visigoths + under Alaric. Death of Alaric 9 + + + + +APPENDIX II. + +_REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS + ILLUSTRATING CHAPTER IV._ + + +The quatrefoils on the foundation of the west front of Amiens +Cathedral, described in the course of the fourth chapter, had never +been engraved or photographed in any form accessible to the public +until last year, when I commissioned M. Kaltenbacher (6, Passage du +Commerce), who had photographed them for M. Viollet le Duc, to obtain +negatives of the entire series, with the central pedestal of the +Christ. + +The proofs are entirely satisfactory to me, and extremely honourable +to M. Kaltenbacher's skill: and it is impossible to obtain any more +instructive and interesting, in exposition of the manner of central +thirteenth-century sculpture. + +I directed their setting so that the entire succession of the +quatrefoils might be included in eighteen plates; the front and two +sides of the pedestal raise their number to twenty-one: the whole, +unmounted, sold by my agent Mr. Ward (the negatives being my own +property) for four guineas; or separately, each five shillings. + +Besides these of my own, I have chosen four general views of the +cathedral from M. Kaltenbacher's formerly-taken negatives, which, +together with the first-named series, (twenty-five altogether,) will +form a complete body of illustrations for the fourth chapter of the +'BIBLE OF AMIENS'; costing in all five guineas, forwarded free by post +from Mr. Ward's (2, Church Terrace, Richmond, Surrey). In addition to +these, Mr. Ward will supply the photograph of the four scenes from the +life of St. Firmin, mentioned on page 5 of Chapter I.; price five +shillings. + +For those who do not care to purchase the whole series, I have marked +with an asterisk the plates which are especially desirable. + + * * * * * + +The two following lists will enable readers who possess the plates to +refer without difficulty both from the photographs to the text, and +from the text to the photographs, which will be found to fall into the +following groups:-- + + Photographs. + + 1-3. THE CENTRAL PEDESTAL. + DAVID. + + 4-7. THE CENTRAL PORCH. + VIRTUES AND VICES. + + 8-9. THE CENTRAL PORCH. + THE MAJOR PROPHETS, WITH MICAH AND NAHUM. + + 10-13. THE FAÇADE. + THE MINOR PROPHETS. + + 14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH. + THE MONTHS AND ZODIACAL SIGNS, WITH ZEPHANIAH AND + HAGGAI. + + 18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH. + SCRIPTURAL HISTORY, WITH OBADIAH AND AMOS. + + 22-25. MISCELLANEOUS. + + +PART I. + +LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THE QUATREFOILS, ETC. + + + Photographs. + 1-3. CENTRAL PEDASTAL. See pp. 109-110, §§ 32-33. + + *1. FRONT David. Lion and Dragon. Vine. + *2. NORTH SIDE Lily and Cockatrice. + *3. SOUTH SIDE Rose and Adder. + + 4-7. CENTRAL PORCH. + _Virtues and Vices_ (pp. 114, 117, §§ 39 & 41). + + 4. 1 A. Courage. 2 A. Patience. 3 A. Gentillesse. + 1 B. Cowardice. 2 B. Anger. 3 B. Churlishness. + + 5. 4 A. Love. 5 A. Obedience. 6 A. Perseverance. + 4 B. Discord. 5 B. Rebellion. 6 B. Atheism. + + 6. 9 A. Charity. 8 A. Hope. 7 A. Faith. + 9 B. Avarice 8 B. Despair. 7 B. Idolatry. + + 7. 12 A. Humility. 11 A. Wisdom. 10 A. Chastity. + 12 B. Pride. 11 B. Folly. 10 B. Lust. + + 8-9. CENTRAL PORCH. + _The Major Prophets_ (pp. 114, 121, §§ 39, 42), _with + Micah and Nahum_ (pp. 115, 127, §§ 40, 43). + + *8. ISAIAH. JEREMIAH. MICAH. + 13 A. 14 A. 22 C. + 13 B. 14 B. 22 D. + + 9. NAHUM. DANIEL. EZEKIEL. + 23 A. 16 A. 15 A. + 23 B. 16 B. 15 B. + + 10-13. THE FAÇADE. + _The Minor Prophets_ (pp. 114, 127, §§ 40, 43). + + *10. AMOS. JOEL. HOSEA. + 19 A. 18 A. 17 A. + 19 B. 18 B. 17 B. + + *11. MICAH. JONAH. OBADIAH. + 22 A. 21 A. 20 C. + 22 B. 21 B. 20 D. + + *12. ZEPHANIAH. HABAKKUK. NAHUM. + 25 A. 24 A. 23 C. + 25 B. 24 B. 23 D. + + 13. MALACHI. ZECHARIAH. HAGGAI. + 28 A. 27 A. 26 C. + 28 B. 27 B. 26 D. + + 14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH. + _The Months and Zodiacal Signs_ (pp. 129-131, § 47), + _with Zephaniah and Haggai_ (pp. 115, 127, §§ 40, 43). + + 41. 42. 43. 44. + 14. CAPRICORN. AQUARIUS. PISCES. ARIES. + December. January. February. March. + + 45. 46. 25 C. + 15. TAURUS. GEMINI. ZEPHANIAH. + April. May. 25 D. + + 26 A. 52. 51. + 16. HAGGAI. CANCER. LEO. + 26 B. June. July. + + 50. 49. 48. 47. + 17. VIRGO. LIBRA. SCORPIO. SAGITTARIUS. + August. September. October. November. + + 18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH. + _Scriptural History_ (pp. 132-134, § 51), _with Obadiah + and Amos_ (pp. 115, 127, §§ 40, 42, 43). + + *18. 29 A. Daniel and the stone. 30 A. Gideon and the fleece. + 29 B. Moses and the burning Bush. 30 B. Moses and Aaron. + 31 A. The message to Zacharias. 32 A. The silence of Zacharias. + 31 B. Dream of Joseph. 32 B. "His name is John." + + 19. 33 A. The Flight 34 A. The Fall of 19 C. Amos. + into Egypt. the Idols. + 33 B. Christ and 34 B. Return to Nazareth. 19 D. Amos. + the Doctors. + + 20. 20 A. Obadiah. 40 A. Solomon and the 39 A. Solomon + Queen of Sheba. enthroned. + The Grace Cup. + 20 B. Obadiah. 40 B. Solomon teaching 39 B. Solomon + the Queen of Sheba. in prayer. + "God is above." + + 21. 38 A. Holy Innocents. 37 A. Herod and the Kings. + 38 B. Herod orders the Kings' 37 B. The burning of the + ship to be burnt. ship. + 36 A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?) 35 A. The Star in the East. + 36 B. The voyage of the Kings. 35 B. The Kings warned in a + dream. + + 22-25. MISCELLANEOUS. + *22. THE WESTERN PORCHES. + *23. THE PORCH OF ST. HONORÉ. + 24. THE SOUTH TRANSEPT AND FLÈCHE. + 25. GENERAL VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE OTHER BANK + OF THE SOMME. + + * * * * * + +PART II.--LIST OF QUATREFOILS WITH REFERENCE TO THE + PHOTOGRAPHS. + +Black Page and No. +letter Name of Statue. Subject of Quatrefoil. Section of +No. in where Photograph. +text. described. + + _The Apostles._ _Virtues and Vices._ + + {A. Courage p. 114, § 39 } +1. ST. PETER { p. 117, § 41 } + {B. Cowardice " " } + } + {A. Patience p. 114, § 39 } +2. ST. ANDREW { p. 118, § 41 } 4 + {B. Anger " " } + } + {A. Gentillesse " " } +3. ST. JAMES { } + {B. Churlishness " " } + + {A. Love " " } +4. ST. JOHN { p. 114, § 39 } + {B. Discord p. 118, § 41 } + } + {A. Obedience p. 114, § 39 } +5. ST. MATTHEW { p. 118, § 41 } 5 + {B. Rebellion p. 119, " } + } + {A. Perseverance. " " } +6. ST. SIMON { {p. 114, § 39 } + {B. Atheism {p. 119, § 41 } + + {A. Faith {p. 115, § 39 } +7. ST. PAUL { {p. 119, § 41 } + {B. Idolatry " " } + } + {A. Hope p. 115, § 39 } +8. ST. JAMES THE { p. 119, § 41 } 6 + BISHOP {B. Despair " " } + } + {A. Charity " " } +9. ST. PHILIP {B. Avarice {p. 115, § 39 } + { {p. 120, § 41 } + + {A. Chastity " " } +10. ST. BARTHOLEMEW { } + {B. Lust " " } + } + {A. Wisdom " " } +11. ST. THOMAS { } 7 + {B. Folly " " } + } + {A. Humility p. 115, § 39 } +12. ST. JUDE { p. 121, § 41 } + {B. Pride " " } + + + _The Major Prophets._ + + {A. The Lord enthroned p. 115, § 39 } +13. ISAIAH {B. Lo! this hath touched } + thy lips p. 121, § 42 } + } 8 + {A. The burial of the girdle p.115, § 39} +14. JEREMIAH { } + {B. The breaking of the } + yoke p. 122, § 42 } + + {A. Wheel within wheel p. 115, § 39 } +15. EZEKIEL { } + {B. Set thy face towards } + Jerusalem " " } + } + {A. He hath shut the lions' } + { mouths " " } 9 +16. DANIEL { } + {B. Fingers of a man's hand p. 115, § 39} + p. 122, § 42} + + + _The Minor Prophets._ + + {A. So I bought her to {p. 116, § 40 } + { me {p. 122, § 43 } +17. HOSEA { } + {B. So will I also be for {p. 116, § 40 } + { thee {p. 123, § 43 } + } + {A. The sun and moon {p. 116, § 40 } + { lightless {p. 123, § 48 } 10 +18. JOEL { } + {B. The fig-tree and vine } + { leafless " " } + } + {A. The Lord will cry from } + { Zion " " } + } + {Façade {B. The habitations of the } + { shepherds " " } + { +19. AMOS{ {C. The Lord with the } + {Porch { mason's line p. 116, § 40 } + { {D. The place where it } 19 + { rained not p. 123, § 43 } + + {A. I hid them in a cave " " } + {Porch {B. He fell on his face p. 124, " } 20 +20. OBADIAH{ + { {C. The captain of fifty " " } 11 + {Façade {D. The messenger " " } + + {A. Escaped from the sea p. 124, § 43 } +21. JONAH { {p. 116, § 40 } + {B. Under the gourd {p. 124, § 43 } + } + {A. The tower of the Flock " " } 11 + {Façade { } + { {B. Each shall rest " " } +22. MICAH { + { {C. Swords into ploughshares } + {Porch { p. 116, § 40 } 8 + { {D. Spears into pruning-hooks } + { p. 124, § 43 } + + {A. None shall look back p. 125, " } 9 + {Porch {B. The Burden of Nineveh " " } +23. NAHUM { { + { {C. Thy Princes and great {p. 116, §40 } + {Façade { ones {p. 125, §43 } + {D. Untimely figs " " } + } + {A. I will watch " " } +24. HABAKKUK { } 12 + {B. The ministry to Daniel " " } + } + {A. The Lord strikes {p. 117, § 40 } + {Façade { Ethiopia {p. 126, § 43 } + { {B. The beasts in Nineveh " " } +25. ZEPHANIAH{ + { {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem " " } + {Porch { } 15 + {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern " " } + + {A. The houses of the } + { princes p. 117, § 40 } + { Porch { } + { {B. The Heaven stayed } 16 +26. HAGGAI{ { from dew p. 126, § 43 } + { + { {C. The temple desolate " " } + { Façade { } + {D. Thus saith the Lord. p. 127, " } + } + {A. The lifting up of Iniquity p. 127, § 43} +27. ZECHARIAH { } 13 + {B. The angel that spake to me " " } + } + {A. Ye have wounded the {p. 117, § 40 } +28. MALACHI { Lord {p. 127, § 43 } + {B. This commandment is } + to _you_ " " } + + SOUTHERN PORCH--_to the Virgin_. + + {A. Daniel and the stone } + { cut without hands p. 133, § 51 } +29. GABRIEL { } + {B. Moses and the burning bush " " } + } + {A. Gideon and the fleece " " } +30. VIRGIN { } + ANNUNCIATE {B. Moses and the law } + Aaron and his rod " " } 13 + } + {A. The message to Zacharias! " " } +31. VIRGIN VISITANT { } + {B. The dream of Joseph " " } + } + {A. The silence of Zacharias " " } +32. ST. ELIZABETH { } + {B. "His name is John" " " } + + {A. Flight into Egypt " " } +33. VIRGIN IN { } + PRESENTATION {B. Christ with the Doctors " " } 19 + } + {A. Fall of idols in Egypt " " } +34. ST. SIMEON { } + {B. The Return to Nazareth " " } + + {A. The Star in the East. p. 134, § 51 } +35. THE FIRST KING { } + {B. "Warned in a dream" " " } + } + {A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?) " " } +36. THE SECOND KING { } + {B. The voyage of the Kings " " } + } + {A. Herod inquires of the } 21 + { Kings " " } +37. THE THIRD KING { } + {B. The burning of the ship " " } + } + {A. Massacre of the Innocents " " } +38. HEROD { } + {B. Herod orders the ship } + to be burnt " " } + + {A. Solomon enthroned p. 133, § 51 } +39. SOLOMON { } + {B. Solomon in prayer " " } + } 20 + {A. The Grace cup " " } +40. QUEEN OF SHEBA { } + {B. "God is above" " " } + + + NORTHERN PORCH--_to St. Firmin_ (p. 127, § 44). + + {A. Capricorn p. 130, § 47 } +41. ST. FIRMIN { } + CONFESSOR { } + {B. December " " } + } + {A. Aquarius " " } +42. ST. DOMICE { } + {B. January " " } + } 14 + {A. Pisces " " } +43. ST. HONORÉ { } + {B. February " " } + } + {A. Aries. " " } +44. ST. SALVE { } + {B. March " " } + + {A. Taurus " " } +45. ST. QUENTIN { } + {B. April " " } + } 15 + {A. Gemini " " } +46. ST. GENTIAN { } + {B. May " " } + + {A. Sagittarius p. 131, § 47 } +47. ST. GEOFFREY { } + {B. November " " } + } + {A. Scorpio " " } +48. AN ANGEL { } + {B. October " " } + } + {A. Libra " " } 17 +49. ST. FUSCIEN, { } + MARTYR {B. September " " } + } + {A. Virgo " " } +50. ST. VICTORIC, { } + MARTYR {B. August " " } + + {A. Leo p. 130, § 47 } +51. AN ANGEL { } + {B. July " " } + } 16 + {A. Cancer " " } +52. ST. ULPHA { } + {B. June " " } + + + + +APPENDIX III. + +_GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.'_[71] + + +[Footnote 71: Reprinted from the "Advice," issued with Chap. III +(March, 1882).] + +The first part of 'Our Fathers have told us,' now submitted to the +public, is enough to show the proposed character and tendencies of the +work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite +subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters. + +I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me to warrant my readers against the +abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years. + +The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century. + +The present volume completes the first part, descriptive of the early +Frank power, and of its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens. + +The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France. + +The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power. + +The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence. + +The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales. + +The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres. + +The eighth, "Domrémy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents. + +The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the Pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times. + +And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish border. + +Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters. + +One illustration at least will be given with each chapter, and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work. + +As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only. + + + + +INDEX. + +[_Except in the case of Chapter 1., which is not divided into numbered +sections, the references in this index are to both page and section. +Thus_ 206. iv. 51 _is to page_ 206, _Chapter_ IV., § 51.] + + +Aaron's rod, 133. iv. 51. + +Adder, the deaf, 110. iv. 33-4. + +Admiration, test of, 96. iv. 8. + +Afghan war, 48. ii. 43. + +Agricola, 67. iii. 21. + +Aisles of aspen and of stone, 97. iv. 10. + +Alaric (son-in-law of Theodoric), defeated and killed by Clovis at + Poitiers, 9; 52. ii. 49. + +---- the younger, 52, ii. 49. + +Albofleda, sister of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Alemannia (Germany) 34. ii. 19. + +Alexander III. and Barbarossa, 111. iv. 35. + +Alfred, King, of England, religious feeling under, 21. + +Algeria, 63. iii. 13. + +Alphabet, the, and Moesia, 68. iii. 22. + +Alps, the, and climbing, 72. iii. 29. + +Amiens. (1) History; (2) Town; (3) Cathedral. + + (1) _History of_:-- + early people of, and Roman gods, 4. + taken by the Franks under Clodion, 445 A.D., 7. + manufactures of, early, 2, 3. + " swords, 124. iv. 43. + " woollen, 118, 120. iv. 41. + religion, and Christianity:-- + the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90, 111. iv. 3, 36. + S. Firmin the first to preach there, 300 A.D., 5. + the first bishopric of France, 6. + the first church there, 350 A.D., 5, 6; 99. iv. 14. + under S. Geoffroy, 1104-50 A.D., 128-9. iv. 45. + + (2) _The Town_:-- + country round, 2. + highest land near, 14. + manufactory chimneys, 3. + railway station, 1, 3. + Roman gate near, 15. + S. Acheul, chimney of, 6, 14. + streams and rivers of, 1. + the "Venice of France," 1. + + (3) _The Cathedral_:-- + (a) History,-- + books on, 93 n. iv. 1. 2. n. + building of, 89. iv. 1. 2. + " by whom? 97-8, iv. 12. + completion of, rhyme on the, 99. sq. iv. 12. + history of successive churches on its site, 99. iv. 14. + (b) General aspect of,-- + as compared with other cathedrals, 88. iv. 1. + the consummation of Frankish character, 46. ii. 38. + the "Parthenon of Gothic architecture," 88. iv. 1. + (c) Detailed examination of,-- + approaches to, which best, 92. sq. iv. 6. + apse, the, its height, 96. iv. 9 + " the first perfect piece of Northern architecture, 97. + iv. 11. + choir, the, and wood-carving, 91 & n. iv. 5 & n. + façade, 108 sq. iv. 28 sq. + " the central porch, + " " apostles of, 108. iv. 29. + " " Christ-Immanuel, David, 108. iv. 28. + " " prophets of, 108. iv. 29. + " the northern porch (S. Firmin), 127 sq. iv. 44. + " the southern porch (Madonna), 131 sq. iv. 48. + flêche, from station, 3, 4; 94. iv. 7; 138. iv. 58. + foundation steps, the old, removed, 107. iv. 27. + restoration of, 107. iv. 27; 123. iv. 43. + rose moulding of, 107. iv. 27. + sculptures of, 133-4. iv. 51. + " of virtues less good than of prophets, 121. iv. 42. + transepts of; North, rose window, 95-6. iv. 8. + " " sculpture of, 125. n. iv. 43 n. + " South, Madonna on, 94. iv. 7. + +Amos, figure and quatrefoils, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Anchorites, early, 72, 73. iii. 29, 30. + +Anderson, J. R., on purgatory, 136 n. iv. 55 n. + +Angelico, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46. + +Anger, bides its time, 48. ii. 42. + +Anger, a feminine vice, 118. iv. 41. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Angoulême, legend of its walls falling, 50 n. ii. 47. + +Aphrodite, 27. ii. 3. + +Apocrypha, the, received by the Church, 78. iii. 40. + +Apostles, the, and virtues, Amiens Cathedral, 112. iv. 37 sq. + +Arab, Gothic and Classic, 63. iii. 13. + +Arabia, 63. iii. 13. + " power of, 65. iii. 19. + " religion of, 66. iii. 19. + " Sir F. Palgrave's book on, 64-65. iii. 17-18. + +Architecture, Egyptian, origin of, 71. iii. 27. + " literal character of early Christian, 90. iv. 4. + " and nature, 97. iv. 10. + " Northern gets as much light as possible, 89. iv. 2. + " " passion of, 97. iv. 10. + " "Purity of style" in, 88. iv. 2. + +Arianism of Visigoths, 9. + +Arles, defeat of Clovis by Theodoric at, 50, 54. ii. 47, 53. + +Armour, early Frankish, 43. ii. 33. + +Art, the Bible as influencing and influenced by Christian, 80-81. + iii. 45-6. + " all great, praise, pref. v. + " and literature, mental action of, 81. iii. 47. + +Asceticism, our power of rightly estimating, 72. iii. 29. + +Asia, seven churches of, 63. iii. 12. + " Minor, a misnomer, 62. iii. 12. + " religious feeling of Asiatics, 21 n. + +Assyria, ancient kingdom of, and the Jews, 65. iii. 18. + +Astronomy from Egypt, 71. iii. 27. + +Atheism, barefoot figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " very wise men may be idolaters, cannot be atheists, 119. iv. 41. + " Modern: see "Infidelity." + +Athena, 86. iii. 53. + +Athens, influence of, on Europe, 62. iii. 12. + +Atlantic cable, 61. iii. 8. + +Attila, defeated at Chalons, 7. + +Attuarii, 34, 38 n. ii. 18, 28 n. + +Augurs, college of, 70 n. iii. 26 n. + +Aurelian, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Auroch herds, of Scythia, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Author, the:-- + art teaching of, 85. iii. 52. + Bible training of, 86. iii. 52. + on his own books, 85. iii. 52. + cathedrals, his love of, 88. iv. 1. + conservative, pref. iii. + +Author, the: + discursiveness of, 47. ii. 40. + on Greek myths, 86. iii. 52. + on Homer and Horace, 86. iii. 52. + religion of, 135 sq. iv. 55 sq. + on Roman religion, 86. iii. 52. + travels abroad; earliest tour on Continent, 99. iv. 13. + " at Amiens, in early life, 107. iv. 27. + " at Avallon, Aug. 28, 82. 87. iii. 54. + books of quoted or referred to:-- + Ariadne Florentina, on "franchise," 39 n. ii. 28. + Arrows of the Chace, letters to Glasgow, pref. iii. + Fiction Fair and Foul, 111. iv. 35 n. + Fors Clavigera, Letter 61, Vol. VI., p. --, 102 n. iv. 20 n. + " " " 65, Vol. VI., p. --, 125 n. iv. 43 n. + Laws of Fésolé, pref. v. + " " " 60. iii. 7. + Modern Painters, plate 73, 20. + St. Mark's Rest, 27. ii. 2. + " " 83 n. iii. 48 n. + " " 113 n. iv. 36. + Stones of Venice, 131 n. iv. 49 n. + Two Paths, 95 n. iv. 8 n. + Val d'Arno, 39 n. ii. 28 n. + +Auvergnats, 10. + +Avarice, modern, 111. iv. 35; 120. iv. 41. + " figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + + +Bacteria, the, 13. + +Baltic, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11, 12. + +Baptism, not essential to salvation, 18. + +Barbarossa, in the porch of St. Mark's, 111. iv. 35. + +Batavians, 49. ii. 45. + +Battle-axe, French, or Achon, 42. ii. 32. + +Bayeux, Bishop of, surrender of Lord Salisbury to, 105. iv. 24. + +Beauvais, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + +Beggars, how to give to, 95. iv. 8. + +Belshazzar's feast, 122. iv. 42. + +"Bible of Amiens," meaning of title, 127. iv. 44 + +----, the Holy-- + art, as influenced by, 80. iii. 45. + and Clovis, 50. ii. 47. + contents and matchless compass of, 85. iii. 51. + disobedience of accepting only what we like in it, 79. iii. 41. + history of, and acceptance by the Church, 77-8. iii. 39, 40. + influence of, sentimental, intellectual, moral, 79. iii. 42. + +Bible, inspiration of the, 82. iii. 48. + the "library of Europe," 76. iii. 36. + literature and, 80. iii. 44. + St. Jerome's, 70. iii. 26. + study of, by the author as a child, 86. iii. 52. + " honest and dishonest, 79. iii. 42. + " one-sided, and its results, 79. iii. 41. + teaching of, general and special, 84. iii. 49. + Ulphilas' Gothic, 68. iii. 22. + the word 'Bible,' its meaning, 77. iii. 37. + quoted or referred to:--[72] + Gen. xviii. 25, Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? 139. + iv. 60. + Ex. xiv. 15, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward, + 102 n. iv. 21 n. + Deut. xxvi. 5, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, 63. iii. 14. + 1 Sam. xvii. 28, With whom hast thou left those few sheep in the + wilderness? 70. iii. 26. + Ps. xi. 4, The Lord is in His holy temple, 90. iv. 2. + Ps. xiv. 1, The fool hath said (_Dixit insipiens_), 119, iv. 41. + Ps. xxiv. Who is the King of Glory? 112. iv. 36. + Ps. lxv. 12, The little hills rejoice on every side, 139. iv. 60. + Song of Solomon vii. 1, How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, 119. + iv. 41. + Isa. xi. 9, Hurt nor destroy in all the holy mountain, 87. iii. 54. + Matt. x. 37, He that loveth father or mother more than me, 76. iii. 36. + " xvi. 24, Let him take up his cross and follow me, 79. iii. 43. + " xvii. 5, This is my beloved Son ... hear ye Him, 109, iv. 30. + " xviii. 20, Where two or three are gathered together, 90. iv, 3. + " xxi. 9, Hosanna to the Son of David, 109. iv. 31. + Luke i. 80, The child grew ... and was in the deserts, 70. iii. 26. + " x. 5, Peace be to this house, 114. iv. 38. + " x. 28, This do, and thou shalt live, 135. iv. 54. + " xvi. 31, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, 177. iii. 38. + John vi. 29, This is the work of God, that ye believe him, 4. + " vi. 55, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, 119. iv. 41. + " xvii. 23, I in them, and thou in me, 118. iv. 41. + " xxi. 16, Feed my sheep, 106. iv. 26. + Rom. viii. 4, 6, 13, The righteousness of the law ... for to be + carnally minded, is death, 84 n. iii. 48 n. + 1 Cor. xiii. 6, Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in the truth, pref. v. + 2 Cor. vi. 16, I will be their God and they shall be my people, 90. + iv. 3. + Eph. iv. 26, Let not the sun go down upon your wrath, 48. iii. 42. + " vi. 15, Your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of + peace, 119. iv. 41. + James v. 7, 8, Be ye also patient, 120. iv. 41. + Rev. iii. 11, Hold fast that which thou hast, 119. iv. 41. + " xi. 15, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our + Lord and of his Christ, 139. iv. 60. + +[Footnote 72: References merely descriptive of one of the sculptures of the + façade of Amiens Cathedral are omitted in this index.] + +Bibliotheca, 77. iii. 37. + +Bishops, French, in battle, 105. iv. 24. _See_ Everard and S. Geoffrey. + +Bittern and hedgehog, 126. iv. 43. + +Black's atlas, 36. ii. 24. + +Black Prince, the, his leopard coinage, 117. iv. 41. + " " " at Limoges, 118. iv. 41. + +Blasphemy and slang, 105. iv. 25. + +Blight, as a type of punishment, 123. iv. 43. + +Boden see, the, 37. ii. 25. + +Boulin, Arnold, carves choir of Amiens Cathedral, 92 n. iv. 5. + +Bourges, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + +Bouvines, battle of, 105. iv. 24. + +Bretons, in France, 6, 8, 11. + +Britain, gives Christianity its first deeds and final legends, 32. ii. 15. + " divisions of, 69. iii. 24. + " and Roman Empire, 29-30. ii. 9. + +Brocken summit, the, 35. ii. 22. + +Bructeri, 34. ii. 18. + +Bunyan, John, 16. + +Burgundy, and France distinct, 6, 8, 11. + " extent of kingdom, _temp._ Clotilde, 52 n. ii 49. + " king of, uncle of Clotilde, 52. ii. 50. + +Bussey and Gaspey's History of France, 52 n. ii. 50. + +Butler, Colonel, "Far out Rovings retold," pref. iv., 35. + +Byron's "Cain," 80. iii. 44. + +Byzantine Madonna, 131. iv. 49. + " scheme of the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36. + +Byzantium, influence of on Europe, 62. iii. 12. + + +Calais, road from, to Paris, 10. + +Callousness of modern public opinion, 48. ii. 42. + +Camels, disobedient and ill-tempered, 118. iv. 41. + +Canary Islands, 63. iii. 13. + +Cancan, the, 118. iv. 41. + +Canterbury, S. Martin's church at, and S. Augustine, 18. + +Canute, 64. iii. 16. + +Carlyle, T., description of Poland and Prussia, 30 n. ii. 10. + " "Frederick the Great" quoted, 81. iii. 47. + +Carpaccio, draperies in the pictures of, 2. + +Carthage, 63. iii. 13. + +Cary's Dante, 112 n. iv. 36. + " " 120. iv. 41. + " " See "Dante," 120. + +Cassel, 36. ii. 24. + +Cathedrals, author's love of, 88. iv. 1. + " custodians of, 88. iv. 1. + " different, French and English, compared with that of Amiens, 88. + iv. 1. + " plan of mediæval, and its religious meaning, 91. iv. 4. + " points of compass in, 107. iv. 28. + +Catti, the, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27. + +Cattle, huge, of nomad tribes, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Centuries, division of the, into four periods, 26. ii. 1. + +Chalons, defeat of Attila at, 7. + +Chamavi, 34. ii. 18. + +Chapman, George, his last prayer, 102. iv. 20-21. + +Charity, giving to beggars, 95. iv. 8. + " indiscriminate, 121. iv. 41. + +Charlemagne, religion under, 21 n. + +Chartres cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + +Chastity, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Chaucer, "Romaunt of Rose" quoted on franchise, 39 n. ii. 28. + +Chauci, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27. + +Childebert (son of Clovis), first Frank king of Paris, 51. ii. 48. + " meaning of the word, 51. ii. 48. + +Childeric, son of Merovée, king of Franks, exiled 447 A.D., 7. + +Chivalry, its dawn and darkening, 43 ii. 33. + " its Egyptian origin, 71. iii. 27. + " feudal, 54. ii. 54. + +Chlodomir, second son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Chlodowald, son of Chlodomir, 51. ii. 48. + +Christ, the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90. 111. iv. 3, 36. + " and the doctors, 133. iv. 51. + " His life, not His death, to be mainly contemplated, 134. iv. 52. + " His return to Nazareth, 133. iv. 51. + " realization of His presence by mediæval burghers, 90. iv. 3. + " statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 108. iv. 28. + " " " " 111. iv. 36. + " " " " its conception and meaning, 134. iv. 52. + +Christian," "The (newspaper), 83. iii. 48. + +Christianity and the Bible, 70. iii. 26. + " of Clovis, 13. + " early, share of Britain, Gaul and Germany in, 33. ii. 15. + " fifth century, at end of, 54. ii. 54. + " Gentile, 77. iii 39. + " Gothic, Classic, Arab, 69. iii. 25. + " literature as influencing, 70. iii. 26. + " mediæval, Saxon and Frank, 21. + " modern, 17. + " modest minds, the best recipients of, 77. iii. 39. + " monastic life, 70. iii. 26. + " S. Jerome's Bible, and, 77. iii. 37. + " true, defined, 136. iv. 55. + " " " 137. iv. 57. + " See "Religion." + +Church, the first French, at Amiens, 5, 6. + +Churlishness, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Cimabue's Madonna, 131. iv. 49. + +Cincinnatus, 67. iii. 21. + +Circumstances, man the creature of, 58, 59. iii. 1, 3. + +Classic countries of Europe, (Gothic, and Arab,) 62 sq. iii. 11. + " literature, there is a _sacred_, 86. iii. 53. + +Claudius, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Clergymen, modern, 17. + " protestant, 74. iii. 33. + +Climate, and nationality, 9. + " races divided by, 61. iii. 9. + " and race, their influence on man, 61. iii. 9. + +Cloak, legend of S. Martin's, 14, 15. + +Clodion, leads Franks over Rhine and takes Amiens, 445 A.D., 7. + +Clotaire, son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Clotilde (wife of Clovis, daughter of Chilperic), 6, 21. + " education of, 52 n. ii. 49. + " the god of, 7, 9, 13. + " " " " 54. ii. 54. + " journeys to France, 52. ii. 50. + " marriage of, 13; 51. ii. 48. + " mother of, 52 n. ii. 49. + " name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48. + +----, daughter of Clovis and Clotilde, 51. ii. 48. + +Clovis, King of the Franks, 7. + " birth of, 466 A.D., 52. ii. 49. + " character of, 13. + " death and last years of, 49 sq. ii. 44. + " family of, 51. ii. 48. + " name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48. + " reign of, 13. + " crowned at Amiens, 481 A.D., 27. ii. 2. + " " at Rheims, 9. + " defeat of by Ostrogoths, at Arles, 50. ii. 47. + " passes the Loire, at Tours, 20. + " and the Soissons vase, 47-8. ii. 41-3. + " summary of its events, 51. ii. 49. + " victories of, (Soissons, Poitiers, Tolbiac,) 9. 21. i. n. + " " the Franks after his, 46. ii. 38. + " religion of:-- + " prays to the God of Clotilde, 7, 9, 13; 54. ii. 54. + " conversion to Christianity by S. Remy, 13, 14. + " his previous respect for Christianity, 52 n. ii. 49 n. + " " " " " S. Martin's Abbey, 20. + " his Christianity, analysed, 50. ii. 47. + " Rheims enriched by, 52. ii. 49. + " S. Genevieve, Paris, founded by, 55. ii. 55. + +----, son of Childeric, 7. + " " " " invades Italy, 38 n. ii. 28 n. + " " " " reign of, 7. + +Cockatrice, sculpture of the, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 33-4. + +Cockneyism, history writing and, 13. + +Cockneyism, 'Mossoo,' 38. ii. 27. + " priests and, 119. iv. 41. + +Coinage, the Black Prince's leopard, 117. iv. 41. + +Colchos, tribes of the lake of, 31. ii. 11. + +Cologne, battlefield of Tolbiac from, 54. ii. 54. + +Commerce and protestantism, 79. iii. 43. + +Competition will not produce art, 90 n. iv. 4. + " " and the Franks, 41 n. ii. 31. + +Constantine, Emperor, power of, 54. ii. 54. + " " lascivious court of, 67. iii. 20. + +Constantius, Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Courage, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Covetousness, and atheism, 119. iv. 41. + +Cowardice, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Creasy, Sir E., "History of England," 59 iii. 5, 6. + +Crecy, battle of, Edward II. fords the, 1. + +Crime, the history of, its possible lessons, 12. + +Cross, the power of the, in history, 79. iii. 42. + " protestant view of the, as a raft of salvation, 80. iii. 43. + +Crown, the, of Hope, 119. iv. 41. + +Cyrene, 63. iii. 13. + + +Dacia, contest of, with Rome, 30. ii. 9. + " five Roman emperors from, 32 n. ii. 15 n. + +Dædalus, 101, iv. 19. + +Dalmatia, 68. iii. 23. + +Danes, the, 31. ii. 12. + +Daniel, statue, etc., of, Amiens Cathedral, 114. iv. 38; 121. iv. 42. + quatrefoils: 'traditional visit of Habakkuk to,' 125. iv. 43. + " the stone cut without hands, 133. iv. 51. + +Dante, as a result of the Bible, 80. iii. 44. + " Christian-heathen poet, 102. iv. 20. + " Virgil's influence on, 86. iii. 53. + " quoted: "Paradise" (28), 111 n. iv. 36. + " " " (125), 120. iv. 41. + +Danube, tribes of the, 31. ii. 1. + +Darwinism, 40. ii. 30; 126. iv. 43. + +Dates, recollection of exact, 26, 33. ii. 1, 2, 17. + +David and monastic life, 70. iii. 26. + " statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 109 sq. iv. 31. + +Dead, recognition of the, in a future life, 139. iv. 60. + +Denmark, under Canute, 64. iii. 16. + +Despair, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Devil, St. Martin's answer to the, 17. + +Diocletian, retirement of, 66. iii. 20. + +Discipline, essential to man, 108. iv. 29. + +Dniester, importance of the, 61. iii. 9-10. + +Doctor, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48 n. + +Douglas, Bishop, translation of Virgil, 135; 86. iii. 53; 102. iv. 20. + +Dove, the, a type of humility, 120. iv. 41. + " " Isaac Walton's river, 1. + +Dover cliff and parade, 96. iv. 9. + +Drachenfels, district of the, 35. ii. 20, 22. + +Dragon, under feet of the Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34. + +Druids, in France, 4. + +Durham Cathedral, 89. iv. 1. + +Dusevel's history of Amiens, 2 n. + + +East, geography of the, 64, 65. iii. 17, 18. + +Eder, the, 36. ii. 24. + +Egypt, 63. iii. 13. + " The Flight into, 132. iv. 51. + " Idols, the fall of, in, 133. iv. 51. + " influence of, 65. iii. 19. + " and the origin of learning, 71. iii. 27. + " theology of, and Greece, 71. iii. 27. + +Eisenach, 36. ii. 24. + +Elbe, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11. + +Elijah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Engel-bach, 36. ii. 24. + +England, dominions of (story of C. Fox and Frenchman), 59. iii. 5-6. + " modern politics of: Afghan war, 48. ii. 43. + " " " Ireland, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii. 6. + " " " Scotch crofters, 6. iii. 6. + " " " Zulu land, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6. + " pride of wealth, 60. iii. 7. + " St. Germain comes to, 28. ii. 5. + " streams of (Croydon, Guildford, Winchester), 3. + +English cathedrals, 88. iv. 1. + " character, stolid, French active, 40. ii. 30. + " language, its virtues, nobler than Latin, 105. iv. 24. + " tourist, the, 72. iii. 29. + " " " initial-cutting by, 98. iv. 12. + +Ethiopia, the Lord striking, 126. iv. 43. + +Europe, condition and history of, 1-500 A.D., 31. 54. ii. 13, 54. + " countries of, twelve, 63. iii. 14. + " division of, into Gothic and Classic, 62 sq. iii. 11 sq. + " " by Vistula and Dniester, 61. iii. 9-10. + " geography of, 61-65, 68, 69. iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq. + " Greek part of, 62. iii. 12. + " " imagination, and Roman order, influence of, 66. iii. 20. + " nomad tribes of, 31 & n. ii. 11. + +Europe, peasant life of early, 82. ii. 13. + +Evangelical doctrine and commerce, 79. iii. 43. + +Everard, Bishop of Amiens, his tomb, 104. iv. 24. + +Executions, ancient and modern, 48. ii. 43. + +Ezekiel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 122. iv. 42. + + +Faith, justification by, 137. iv. 56. + " mediæval, 90. iv. 3. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " "the substance of things hoped for," 138. iv. 60. + " symbolism of, with cup and cross, 119. iv. 41. + " and works, 134. iv. 52 sq. + +Fanaticism, and the Bible, 79. iii. 41. + +Fathers, the, Scriptural commentaries of, 81. iii. 46. + " theology of the, 135. iv. 55. + +Faust, Goethe's, 8; 35. ii. 21; 80. iii. 44. + +Favine, André (historian, 1620) on Frankish character, 40. ii. 30, 32. + +Feud, etymology of, 101 n. iv. 17 n. + +Florence, Duomo of, 88. iv. 1. + +Folly, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41. + +Fortitude, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Fox, Charles, his boast of England, 59. iii. 5. + " Dr., quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48. + +France, Amiens and Calais, country between, 2. + " architecture of, no stone saw used, 89. iv. 2 n. + " books on: Pictorial History of, 48. ii. 43. + " " "Villes de France," 52 n. ii. 50. + " cathedrals of, the, 88. iv. 1. + " their outside "the wrong side of the stuff," 96. iv. 8. + " restoration of, 130. iv. 47. + " churches of, the first, at Amiens, 6. + " colours of the shield of, 43. ii. 48. + " early tribes of, 6, 8. + " and the Franks, 7. + " geography and geology of northern, 10. + " the Isle of, Paris, 138. iv. 58. + " Kings of (Philip the Wise, Louis VIII., St. Louis), 100. iv. 16. + " map of, showing early divisions, 8. + " Merovingian dynasty, 21. + " peoples of, divided by climates, 10. + " provinces of, 10, 11. + " Prussia, war with, 33. ii. 17. + " rivers of, the five, 8. + (See below, "French"). + +Franchise, 38 n. ii. 28. + +Francisca (Frankish weapon), 42. ii. 32. + +Frank, meaning of the word, 'brave' rather than 'free,' 37-8. ii. 27-8. + +Frankenberg, 36. ii. 24-5. + +Frankness, meaning of, 6; 38. ii. 28. + " opposite of shyness, 39. ii. 28. + +Franks, the, agriculture, sport, and trade of, 45. ii. 37. + " appearance of, 43. ii. + " character of, 32, 44, 45, ii. 15, 35, 38. + " etymology of word, 42. ii. 32. + " hair, manner of wearing the, by, 45, 125 n. ii. 36, iv. 43 n. + " and Holland, 40. ii. 30. + " and Julian (defeated by him, 358 A.D.), 41 n. 44. ii. 31, 35. + " Kings of the, 7. + " modern, 21. + " race of, originally German, from Waldeck, 33, 36. ii. 15, 17, 24. + " religion of, under S. Louis, 21. + " rise of, 250 A.D., 7, 8; 33. ii. 17. + " settled in France, 6. + " extension of power, to the Loire, 8. + " " " to the Pyrenees, 8. + " Gaul becomes France, 64. iii. 16. + " the Rhine refortified against them, 38 n., 41. ii. 28, 31. + " tribes of, Gibbon on the, 33-4. ii. 18. + " weapons of the, Achon and Francisca, 42. ii. 32, 33. + +French character, early, 8. + " " its activity, 40. ii. 29. + " " its loyalty, "good subjects of a good king," 40. ii. 29. + " " makes perfect servants, 39. ii. 28. + " " its innate truth, 52. ii. 33. + " frogs, 41. ii. 30. + " liberty and activity, 30. ii. 29. + " " equality, and fraternity, under Clovis, 47. ii. 42. + " politeness, 32. ii. 15. + " religion, old and new, 117. iv. 41. + " Revolution, "They may eat grass," 20. + " " a revolt against lies, 33. ii. 16. + " " and irreligion, 95-104. iv. 7, 23. + +Froissart, quoted, 43. ii. 33. + +Fulda, towns on the, 36. ii. 24. + +Future life, recognition of the dead in a, 139. iv. 60. + + +Gabriel, the Angel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 132. iv. 50. + +Gascons, the, not really French, 10. + +Gauls, the, in France, 6. + " become French, 64. iii. 16. + " meaning of the word, 29 sq. ii. 8. + " and Rome, 29. ii. 9. + +Gentillesse, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Geoffrey, Bishop (see "S. Geoffrey"). + +Geometry, from Egypt, 71. iii. 27. + +Germany, Alemannia, 34. ii. 19. + " and the Franks, 9; 32 n. 33. ii. 15, 17. + " and Rome, 29. ii. 9. + " domestic manners of, 38. ii. 23. + " dukedoms of, small, 34. ii. 19. + " geography of, 35. ii. 20. + " geology of, 37. ii. 25. + " maps of, 34. ii. 19. + " mountains of, 36. ii. 23. + " railroads of, 34. ii. 19. + " S. Martin, and the Emperor of, 19 + " tribes, Germanic, 33. ii. 18. + +Gibbon's "Roman Empire." (_a_) its general character; (_b_) references + to it + (_a_) its general character:-- + contempt for Christianity, 49. ii. 44. + its errors, 72 n. iii. 29 n. + inaccurate generalization, 66 n. iii. 23-4. + its epithets always gratis, 44. ii. 34. + no fixed opinion on anything, 41 n. ii. 31 n. + not always consistent, 45. ii. 38. + satisfied moral serenity of, 37. ii. 27. + sneers of, 50. ii. 48. + style, rhetorical, 44, 45, 50; 67. ii. 35, 37; 47. iii. 21. + (_b_) references to, in present book:-- + on Angoulême, its walls falling (xxxviii. 53),[73] 50 n. ii. 47. + on asceticism (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29. + Christianity (xv. 23, 33), 77. iii. 39. + Clovis (xxxviii. 17), 49, 51. ii. 45-6, 49. + Egypt and monasticism (xxxvii. 6), 71. iii. 27. + Europe, divisions of (xxv.), 68. iii. 23. + " nations of (lvi.), 65 n. iii. 19. + Franks, the:-- + " their armour (xxxv. 18), 43. ii. 34-5. + " " aspect (xxxv. 18), 45-46. ii. 36-8. + " " character (xix. 79, 80), 45-46. ii. 36-8. + " " freemen (x. 73), 41 n. ii. 31. + " " rise (x. 69), 33. ii. 17. + " crossing the Rhine (xix. 64), 41 n. ii. 31. + after Tolbiac (xxxviii. 24), 50. ii. 52. + Gnostics (xv. 23, 33), 78 n. iii. 39. + +[Footnote 73: The references to Gibbon in this index are to the chapters of + his history, together with the number of the note nearest to + which the quotation occurs.] + +Gibbon's Justinian (xl. 2), 32 n. ii. 15. + miracles (xxxviii. 53), 50 n. ii. 47, + monasticism (xxxvii.), 70 sq. iii. 26. + monkish character (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29. + Roman Empire and its divisions (xxv. 29), 67. iii. 21-2. + Scots and Celts (xxv. 109, 111), 69 n. iii. 24 n. + Theodobert's death (xli. 103), 31 n. ii. 11 n. + Theodoric, government of (xxxix. 43), 54. ii. 53. + " at Verona (xxxix. 19), 54. ii. 54. + Tolbiac, battle of (xxxviii. 24), 53. ii. 52. + +Gideon and the dewy fleece, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 133. iv. 51. + +Gilbert, Mons., on Amiens Cathedral, 99. iv. 14. + " " " " the bronze tombs in, 103. iv. 23. + +Ginevra and Imogen, 27. ii. 3. + +Giotto, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46. + +Globe, divisions of the, 61. iii. 8. + +Gnostics, 78. iii. 39. + +God's kingdom in our hearts, 87. iii. 54. + +Godfrey (see "S. Geoffroy"). + +Gonfalon standard, the, 119. iv. 41. + +Gothic architecture, aim of a builder of, 89. iv. 2. + " cathedral, the five doors of a, 107. iv. 28. + " classic and Arab, 63. iii. 19. + " and Classic Europe, 62. iii. 11. + " wars with Rome, 66. iii. 20. + +Goths, the: see "Ostrogoths," "Visigoths." + +Gourds, of Amiens, 124. iv. 43. + +Government, and nationality, 64. iii. 15. + +Goyer, Mons. (bookseller), Amiens, 120. iv. 41. + +Grass, pillage of, and Clovis, 20. + +Greek, the alphabet how far, 68. iii. 22. + " all Europe south of Danube is, 62, 68. iii. 12, 22. + " imagination in Europe, 66. iii. 20. + " myths and Christian legends, 86. iii. 53. + +Greeks, the, and Roman Empire, 31. ii. 12. + +Greta and Tees, 36. ii. 24. + +Guards, the Queen's (in Ireland, 1880), pref. i. + +Guelph, etymology of, 129. iv. 46. + +Guinevere, 27. ii. 3. + + +Habakkuk, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. iv. 43. + +Haggai, " " " 126. iv. 43. + +Hair, Frankish manner of wearing the, 45. ii. 36; 125 n. iv. 43. + +Hartz mountains, 35. ii. 20. + +Hedgehog and bittern, 126. iv. 43. + +Heligoland, 31. ii. 12. + +Henry VIII. and the Pope, 119. iv. 41. + +Heraldry, English leopard from France, 42. ii. 31. + " Frankish, early, 40, ii. 30 + " French colours, 27. ii. 3. + " " " 42. ii. 32. + " Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Hercules and the Nemean Lion, 87. iii. 54. + +Herod, and the three Kings (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1. + +Herodotus on Egyptian influence in Greece, 71. iii. 27. + +Hilda, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +Hildebert, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +Hildebrandt, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +History, division of, into four periods of 500 years each, 26. ii. 1. + " how it is usually written, 12-13. + " how it should be written, pref. i. 12. + " popular, its effect on youthful minds, 12. + " should record facts, not make reflections, 70. iii. 26. + " " " " " or suppositions, 74 n. iii. 33. + +Holy Land, 63. iii. 14. + +Honour, of son to father, 101. iv. 17. + +Hope, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Hosea, " " " 122. iv. 43. + +Huet. Alexander, and Amiens Cathedral choir, 91 n. iv. 5. + +Humanity, its essentials (love, sense, discipline), 138. iv. 59. + +Humility, no longer a virtue, 59. iii. 4. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41. + +Huns, the, in France, 10. + + +Idolatry and Atheism, 119. iv. 41. + " figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " and symbolism, distinct, 112. iv. 36. + +Illyria, 68. iii. 23. + +Immortality, 32. ii. 13. + +India and England, 64. iii. 16. + +Indians, North American, 51. ii. 48. + +Infidelity, modern, 20, 39. ii. 28. + " " 58. iii. 2. + +Ingelow, Miss, quoted, "Songs of Seven," 28. ii. 4. + +Innocents, the Holy (Amiens Cathedral), 134. iv. 51. + +Inscription on tombs of Bishops Everard and Geoffroy, 104. iv. 24, 26. + +Inspiration of acts and words, not distinct, 83. iii. 48. + " of Scripture, modern views of, 83. iii. 48. + +Invasion is not possession of a country, 66. iii. 16. + +Ireland and England, 1880, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii 6. + " tribes of, in early Britain, 69 n. iii. 24. + +Isaiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42. + +Italy, under the Ostrogoths, 64. iii. 16. + + +Jacob's pillow, 70. iii. 26. + +Jameson, Mrs., "Legendary Art" quoted, 17, 20. + +Jeremiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42. + +Jerusalem, fall of, 77. iii. 39. + +Jews, the, and Assyria, 65. iii. 18. + +Jews, the, return to Jerusalem, 77, iii. 39. + " " substitute usury for prophecy, 66. iii. 19. + +Joan of Arc, 29. ii. 7; 55. ii. 55; 95. iv. 7. + +Joel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Johnson, Dr., 101 n. iv. 17. + +Jonah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Julian, the Emperor, rejects auguries, 70 n. iii. 26. + " " and Constantius, 41 n. ii. 31. + " " death of, 363 A.D., 75, 76. iii. 34, 36. + " " defeats the Franks, 358 A.D., 44. ii. 35. + " " refortifies the Rhine against the Franks, 38 n. ii. 28. + " " and S. Martin, 16. + " victory of, at Strasbourg, 44. ii. 35. + +Justinian, a Dacian by birth, 32 n. ii. 15. + " means "upright," 32 n. ii. 15. + + +Kaltenbacher, Mons., photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47. + +Karr, Alphonse, his work and the author's sympathy with it, 22. + " " his 'Grains de Bons Sens,' 'Bourdonnements,' 33. + +Kempis, Thomas à, 80. iii, 44. + +Kingliness, 48. ii. 43. + +Kings, the three (Amiens Cathedral), 132-4. iv. 50-51. + +Knighthood, belted, meaning of, 44. ii. 34. + +Knowledge, true, is of virtue, pref. v. + + +Laon cathedral, legend of, and oxen, 118 n. iv. 41. n. + +Latin and English compared, 104. iv. 24 sq. + +Law, the force of, and government, 64. iii. 15. + " old and new forms of, 48. ii. 43. + +Lear, King, story of, reduced to its bare facts, 11-12. + +Legends, whether true or not, immaterial, 15, 16, 18; 86-87. iii. 54. + " modern contempt for, 129. iv. 46. + " rationalization of, its value, 50. n. ii. 47. + +Leopard, English heraldic, 42. ii. 31. + +Leucothea, 27. ii. 3. + +Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, 47. ii, 42. + +Liberty, and activity, 40. ii. 29. + " and "franchise," 38, 38 n. ii. 27, 28 n. + +Libya, 63. iii. 13. + " and Vandal invasion, 64. iii. 16. + +Lily on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32. + +Limousins, 10. + +Lion, under feet of Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34. + +Literature and art, distinct mental actions, 82. iii. 47. + " and the Bible, 85. iii. 51. + " cheap (penny edition of Scott), 60. iii. 7. + +Louis, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +---- I., of France, 47. ii. 40. + +---- VIII., 100. iv. 16. + (See "St. Louis.") + +Love, divine and human (Amiens Cathedral), 118. iv. 41. + " no humanity without it, 138. iv. 59. + +Luca della Robbia, 81. iii. 46. + +Luini, 81. iii. 46. + +Lune, the river, 2. + +Lust (Amiens Cathedral), 120. iv. 41. + +Lydia, 62. iii. 12. + + +Madonna, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 94. iv. 7. + " porch to, " " 107. iv. 28. + " three types of (Dolorosa, Reine, Nourrice), 131. iv. 49. + " worship of, and its modern substitutes, 131. iv. 48. + +Malachi, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43. + +Man, races of, divided by climate, 61. iii. 8. + +Man's nature, 58. iii. 1. + +Manchester, 59. iii. 3. + +Map-drawing, 60. iii 7. + " of English dominions (Sir E. Creasy), 59-60. iii. 5-6. + " of France, 8. + " on Mercator's projection, 59-60. iii. 6. + +Marquise, village near Calais, 10. + +Martin's, John, "Belshazzar's feast," 122. iv. 42. + +Martinmas, 18. + +Martyrdom, the lessons of, 135. iv. 53. + +Martyrs, female, many not in calendar, 29. ii. 7. + +Meleager, 31. ii. 11. + +Memory, "Memoria technica," 26. ii. 1. + +Mercator, 60. iii. 6. + +Merovée, seizes Amiens, on death of Clodion, 447 A.D., 7, 21. + +Micah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Millennium, the, 86. iii. 54. + +Milman's History of Christianity, 68-70 n., 73. iii. 22, 26, 32. + " " " on Rome in time of St. Jerome, 75-76. + iii. 35. + +Milton's "Paradise Lost," and the Bible, 80. iii. 44. + " " " quoted, 118. iv. 41. + +Mind, disease of, noble and ignoble passion, 72. iii. 29. + +Mines, coal, Plimsoll on, 48. ii. 42. + +Missals, atheism represented as barefoot in, of 1100-1300, 119. ii. 41. + +Modernism, avarice and pride of, 111. iv. 35. See "Christianity," + "Commerce," "England," "History," "Humility," "Infidelity," + "Philosophy," "Public Opinion," "Science." + +Moesia, and the alphabet, 68. iii. 22. + +Monasteries of Italy, made barracks of, 72 n. iii. 29. + +Monasticism, its rise, 70-71. iii. 26-8. + +Monks, type of character of, 72 n. iii. 29; 137. iv. 56. + " orders of, the main, 137. iii. 26. + +Months, the, quatrefoils illustrative of (Amiens Cathedral), 130. iv. 47. + +Morality, natural to man, 138. iv. 59. + " and religion, 138. iv. 58. + +More, Sir Thomas, execution of, 48. ii. 43. + +Morocco, extent of, 63. iii. 13. + +Moses, 70. iii. 26. + " and Aaron, 133. iv. 51. + " and the burning bush, 133. iv. 51. + +"Mysteries of Paris," 28. ii. 5. + + +Nahum, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. & n. iv. 43 & n. + +Names, Frankish, etymology of, 51. ii. 48. + +Nanterre, village of S. Genevieve, 28, 29. ii. 5, 8. + +Nationality, depends on race and climate, not on rule, 64. iii. 15-16. + +Nemean Lion, 86. iii. 53. + +Netherlands, the, 37. ii. 26. + +Nineveh, the beasts in, 126. iv. 43. + " the burden of, 125. iv. 43. + +Nitocris, 29. ii. 6. + +Nogent, Benedictine abbey of, 52. ii. 49. + +Nomad tribes of northern Europe, 30. ii. 10. + +Normans, rise of the, 31. ii. 12. + +[Greek: Nous], 138 n. iv. 59 n. + + +Obadiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Obedience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Odoacer, ends Roman Empire in Italy, 8; 67. iii. 21. + +Orcagna, 81. iii. 46. + +Origen, 81. iii. 47. + +Ostrogoths, 3. ii. 12. + " defeat Clovis at Aries, 50. ii. 47. + +"Our Fathers have told us," how begun, its aim and plan, pref. iii. + " " general plan of, Appendix iii. + " " plan for notes to, 21. + +Oxen, story of, and Laon Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + " patience of, 118. iv. 41. + +Oxford, the "happy valley," 92-93. iv. 6. + + +Palestine, 63. iii. 14. + +Palgrave, Sir F., on Arabia, 64-65 & n. iii. 17-18 & n. + " " on the camel, 118-119. iv. 41. + +Papacy, origin of the, 76. n. iii. 35. + +Paris, church of S. Genevieve at, 55. ii. 55. + " the Isle of France, 138. iv. 58. + " the model of manners, 138. iv. 58. + " print-shops at, 118. iv. 41. + +Patience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Peasant life of early Europe, 32, sq. ii. 13. + +Perseverance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Persia, the real power of the East, 65. iii. 18. + +Philip the Wise, of France, 100-101. iv. 16-17. + +Philistia, 63. iii. 14. + +Philosophy, modern, its manner of history, 12. + +Phoenix, the, and chastity, 120. iv. 41. + +Photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 117 n. iv. 41 n.; 122 n. iv. 43 n.; 130. + iv. 130. And see Appendix II. + +"Pilgrim's Progress," 16. + +Pillage of subjects, to punish kings, 53. ii. 51. + +Plimsoll, on coal mines, 48. ii. 42. + +Poets, the three Christian-heathen, 102. iv. 20. + +Poitiers, battle of, 508 A.D., Clovis and Alaric, 9, 21. + " " and the walls of Angoulême, 50 n. ii. 47. + " " 1356 A.D., Froissart on, 43. ii. 33. + +Polacks, the, 31. ii. 12. + +Politicians, their proper knowledge, pref. v. + +Politics: see "England." + +Posting days, Calais to Paris, 10. + +Power, motive of desire for, 74. iii. 33. + +Praise, all great art, act, and thought is, pref. v. + +Prayer, George Chapman's last, 102. iv. 20. + +Pride, and avarice, 111. iv. 35. + " faults and virtues of, 104-105. iv. 24. + " infidelity of, and the cockatrice, 110. iv. 33; 121. iv. 41. + +Priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33. + +Probus, the Emperor, 32 n. ii. 15; 67. iii, 21. + +Prophets, figures of the, Amiens Cathedral, general view of, 114. iv. 39. + " " " " in detail, 121-122. iv. 42-3. + +Protestantism, and the study of the Bible, 80. iii. 45. + " and popular histories, 12. + " and priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33. + " and Roman Catholicism, 137. iv. 57. + " views of S. Jerome, 73. iii. 31. + +Provence, early, 8, 9. + +Providence, God's, and history, 13. + +Psalms, the scope of the, 85, iii. 50. + +Public opinion, callousness of modern, 48. ii. 42. + +Purgatory, doctrine of, 136 n. iv. 55 n. + +Puritan malice, 34. ii. 19. + + +Quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48. + +Queen's Guards, in Ireland, 1880, pref. iii. + + +Races of Europe, divided by climate, 61. iii. 9. See "Climate." + +Rachel, the Syrian, 63. iii. 14. + +Railroads, modern, of Germany, 59. iii. 4. + " travelling by, I, 3. + +Raphael's Madonnas, 131. iv. 49. + +Rebellion, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Religion, definition of true, 138-139. iv. 60. (And see "Bible," + "Christianity," "Inspiration," "Protestantism.") + " to desire the right, 82. iii. 48. + " common idea that our own enemies are God's also, 14. + " and morality, 138. iv. 58. + " natural, 102. iv. 20. + " of Arabia, 65. iii. 19. + " of Egypt, 63. iii. 13. + " Eastern and Western, Col. Butler on, 21 n. + +Restoration, modern, 107 n. iv. 27 n. + +Rheims, Clovis crowned at, 9. + " " enriches church of, 52. ii. 49. + +Rheims Cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + " " its traceries, 97. iv. 11. + +Rhine, the, refortified by Julian, 38 n., 41. ii. 31. + " " tribes from Vistula to, 30. ii. 10. + +Right and left, in description of cathedrals, 107. iv. 28. + +Rivers, strength and straightness, 61 n. iii. 10. + +Robert, of Luzarches, builder of Amiens Cathedral, 97. iv. 12. + +Roman Catholics, half Wellington's army Irish, pref. iv. + " " and Protestantism, 137. iv. 57. + " " servants, 72. iii. 29. + +Roman Emperors, five, from Dacia, 32 n. ii. 15. + " " as supreme Pontiffs, 75. iii. 35. + +Roman Empire, divisions of (Illyria, Italy, Gaul), 67. iii. 21-2. + " " Eastern and Western division, 67. iii. 21. + " " end of the, 66-67. iii. 20-21. + " " fall of, 31. ii. 12. + " " " and Julian and the augurs, 70. iii. 26. + " " its main foes, 30. ii. 9. + " " its true importance, 66. iii. 20. + " " a power, not a nation, 65. iii. 19 n. + +Roman Empire, power of, in France, ended, 481 A.D., 4, 6-8 sq. + " " " in Italy, ended, 476 A.D., 8. + +Roman gate of Twins, at Amiens, 14. + +"Romaunt of Rose," quoted, 39. ii. 28 n. + +Rome, aspect of the city, in time of S. Jerome, 75. iii. 35. + " gives order to Europe, as Greece imagination, 66. iii. 20. + " wild nations opposed to, 30. ii. 9. + +Romsey, 3. + +Rose, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 109-110. iv. 32. + +Rosin forest, 35. ii. 20-1. + +Royalties, taxes and, 47. ii. 41. + +Rozé, Père, on Amiens Cathedral, 98. iv. 13; 104 n. iv. 24 n.; 125. iv. 43. + + +S. Acheul, near Amiens, 128-129. iv. 45-6. + +S. Agnes, character of, 27. ii. 3. + +S. Ambrogio, Verona, plain of, 54, ii. 54. + +S. Augustine, his first converts, 18. + " and S. Jerome, 81. iii. 47. + " town of Hippo, 63. iii. 13. + +S. Benedict, born 481 A.D., 27. ii. 3; 70. iii. 26. + +S. Clotilde, of France, 51. ii. 48. + +S. Cloud, etymology of, 51. ii. 48. + +S. Domice, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Elizabeth, 132. iv. 50. + +S. Elizabeth, of Marburg, 35-6. ii. 21-3. + +S. Firmin, his history, 5; 99. iv. 14; 128. iv. 45. + " beheaded and buried, 5. + " his Roman disciple, 5. + " his grave, 5-6; 129. iv. 46. + " and S. Martin, compared, 17, 18. + " porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 107. iv. 28; 127 sq. iv. 44. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 5. + +---- Confessor, 128. iv. 44-6. + +S. Fuscien, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Genevieve, actually existed, 29. ii. 7. + " biographies of her, numerous, 29. ii. 7. + " birth of, 421 A.D., 27. ii. 3. + " birthplace of, Nanterre, 28. ii. 5. + " character of, 28, 29. ii. 5-7. + " church to, at Paris, 55. ii. 55. + " and Clovis and his father, 55. ii. 55. + " conversion of, by S. Germain, 28. ii. 5. + " a pure Gaul, 29, 33. ii. 8, 15. + " of what typical, 27. ii. 3. + " peacefulness, 29. ii. 6. + " quiet force, 29. ii. 7. + +S. Genevieve, S. Phyllis, 28. ii. 5. + +S. Gentian, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Geoffroy, Bishop of Amiens, history of, 128. iv. 44-5. + " " " tomb of (Amiens), 104-105; iv. 24, 26. + +S. Germain converts S. Genevieve, on his way to England, 28. ii. 6. + +S. Hilda (Whitby Cliff), 51. ii. 48. + +S. Honoré, 128. iv. 44-5. + " porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 95. iv. 7. + +S. James, apostle of hope, 120. iv. 41. + +S. Jerome, his Bible, 70, 76, 77, 78. iii. 26, 36, 37-40. + " gives the Bible to the West, 50. ii. 47. + " Galatians, commentary on Epistle to the, 81. iii. 47. + " character of, candour its basis, 76. iii. 36. + " childhood and early studies, 75. iii. 34-5. + " death of, at Bethlehem, 78. iii. 40. + " Hebrew, studied by, 77. iii. 38. + " not a mere hermit, 73. iii. 31. + " his lion, 86. iii. 53. + " Milman, Dean, on, 74. iii. 32 sq. + " protestant view of, 73. iii. 31. + " Queen Sophia's letter to Vota on, 81. iii. 47. + " scholarship, will not give up his, 76. iii. 36. + " style of writing shown, 81. iii. 47. + +S. John, the apostle of love, 112. iv. 37. + " his greatness, 101. iv. 16. + +S. Louis, religion under, 21 n. + +S. Mark's, Venice, Baptistery of and the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36 n. + +S. Martin, baptism and conversion of, 15. + " character of, gentle and cheerful, 17, 19. + " " patient, 29. ii. 7. + " " serene and sweet, 17. + " cloak given to the beggar by, 332 A.D., 15. + " Clovis and, 20. + " Devil, answer to the, 17. + " drinks to a beggar, 19. + " fame of, universal (places called after), 18. + " history of, how relevant to this book, 20. + " 's Lane, London, 18. + " and Julian, 16. + " Tours, his abbey there, 20. + " " and bishopric, 16, 20. + " vision of, 15. + " wine, the patron of, 18, 19. + +S. Nicholas," "Journal de, 120 n. iv. 41. + +S. Peter, Apostle of courage, 112. iv. 37. + +S. Quentin, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Remy crowns Clovis, 9. + " preaches to Clovis, 13. + " and the Soissons vase, 47. ii. 41. + +S. Sauve 100, 128. iv. 14, 44. + +S. Simeon, 132. iv. 50. + +S. Ulpha, 128, 129. iv. 44, 46. + +S. Victoric, 128. iv. 44. + +Salian, epithet of the French, 40, 41. ii. 30-31. + +Salii, the, 40. ii. 30. + +Salique law, 40. ii. 30. + +Salisbury Cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + +"Salts," old and young, 41. ii. 31. + +Salvation, Protestant theory of, 79. iii. 43. + +Sands, English, 2. + +Savage races, love of war in, 51. ii. 48. + " women, endurance a point of honour with, 51. ii. 48. + +Saxons, the, 31, ii. 12. + " religion of, 21. + +Scandinavia, 61. iii. 10. + " becomes Norman, 31. ii. 12. + +Scepticism, modern, 13. See "Infidelity." + +Science, modern, its view of man, 58. iii. 1. + +Scotch crofters and England, 60. iii. 6. + +Scots, Picts and, 69 n. iii. 24. + +Scott, Sir Walter, his nomenclature deeply founded, 34. ii. 18. + " " novels of, "Antiquary" (Martin Waldeck), 34. ii. 18. + " " "Monastery," 72 n. iii. 29. + " " penny edition of, 60. iii. 7. + +Sculpture, of a Gothic cathedral, 89. iv. 2. + " no pathos in primary, 101 n. iv. 19 n. + +Scythia, tribes of, 61, 65. iii. 10, 17. + +Semiramis, 29. ii. 6. + +Sense ([Greek: nous]), essential to humanity, 138. iv. 59. + +Servants, catholic, character of, 72 n. iii. 29. + " French, perfect, 39. ii. 28. + +Severn, the, 2. + +Shakspeare's Imogen, 27. ii. 3. + " "King Lear," reduced to its bare facts, 11. + " "Winter's Tale"--"lilies of all kinds," 110. iv. 32. + +Sheba, Queen of, and Solomon, Amiens sculptures, 132 sq. iv. 50-51. + +Shield, the, of the Franks, 44. ii. 35. See "Heraldry," "Uri." + +Shyness and frankness, 39 & n. ii. 28. + +Siberian wilderness, 61. iii. 9, 10. + +Sicambri, 34, 38. ii. 18. 27. + +Sidney, Sir Philip, 15. + +Sin, carnal, the most distinctly human, 111. iv. 34. + +Sin, deceit, its essence, 49. ii. 44. + " pardon of, doctrine of, 135. iv. 55. + +Slang, 105. iv. 25. + " Greek, 138. iv. 59. + +Smith's Dictionary, _s_, "Gallia," 29. ii. 9. + +Soissons, battle of, 485 A.D., 7 n.; 9, 20, 52. ii. 49. + " vase of, 47 sq. ii. 40 sq. + " " and Clovis' revenge, 48. ii. 43. + +Solomon and Queen of Sheba (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1. + +Solway, the, 2. + +Sons, honour of fathers by, 101. iv. 17. + +Spain, Theodoric in, 54. ii. 53. + +Spiritual world, the, 138. iv. 59. + +Staubbach, the, 96. iv. 9. + +Stone saw, not used in France, 88 n. iv. 2 n. + +Strigi, S. Jerome born at, 75. iii. 34. + +Suicide and heroism, 120. iv. 41. + +"Suisse Historique" quoted, 53 n. ii. 49. + +Sword, belted, meaning of, 43. ii. 34. + " manufacture, Amiens, 124. iv. 43. + +Syagrius defeated by Clovis, 52. ii. 49. + " dies, 486 A.D., 52. ii. 49. + +Syria, 63. iii. 14. + + +Temperance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Teutonic nations and Roman Empire, 68. iii. 22. + +Theodobert, the death of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Theodoric, king of Ostrogoths, 51. ii. 48. + " defeats Franks at Aries, 54. ii. 53. + " power of, in Europe, 54. ii. 53. + " at Verona, 54. ii. 54. + +Thrace, 68. iii. 23. + +Thuringia, 7. + +Tolbiac, battle of, 9, 21 n. + " field of, 54. ii. 54. + " its real importance, 53. ii. 52. + +Tombs, bronze, Amiens Cathedral, 103 sq. iv. 23. + " " only two left in France, 103. iv. 23. + +Tours, archbishop of, on war, 43. ii. 33. + " S. Martin, bishop of, 16. + +Town, a modern, defined, 90. iv. 3. + +Tripoli, 63. iii. 13. + +Troy, 62. iii. 12. + +Trupin, Jean, and choir of Amiens Cathedral, 91 n. iv. 5 n. + +Truth, only, can be polished, 33. ii, 16. + " of French character, 33. ii. 16. + +Tunis, 63. iii. 13. + +Turner's "Loire side," 20. + +Tyre, 63. iii. 13. + + +Ulphilas, Bible of, 68. iii. 22. + +Ulverstone, etymology of, 129. iv. 46. + +Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Usury and the church, 12. + " and the Jews, 66. iii. 19. + +Utilitas, 8. + + +Valens, his prefecture of the East, 67. iii. 21. + +Valentinian, and the division of the Empire, 67. iii. 21. + +Vandals, invasion of Libya by, 64. iii. 16. + +Venice, founded 421 A.D., 2. + +Verona, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + " battle of, Theodoric defeats Odoacer, 490 A.D., 54. ii. 54. + " field of, from Fra Giocondo's bridge, 54. ii. 54. + +Vestal Virgins, 70. iii. 26. + +Violence, expression of, in sculptures of Amiens, 126. iv. 43. + +Viollet le Duc, quoted, 88 n. iv. 1; 88 & n. iv. 2; 97. iv. 11; 103 n. + iv. 23. n.; 111. iv. 36; 118 n. iv. 41 n.; 132. iv. 49. + +Vine, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32. + +Virgil's influence on Dante, 110. iii. 53. + +Virgil quoted (Æneid vi. 27 sq.), 101 n. iv. 18-19 n. + +Virgin, the: _see_ Madonna. + +Virtue, to be known and recognized, pref. v. + +Virtues, of Apostles (Amiens Cathedral), 112 sq. iv. 37 sq. + " Byzantine, rank of, 111. iv. 36 n. + +Visigoths, the, 31. ii. 12. + " " in France, 9, 10. + " " at Poitiers, defeated by Clovis, 9. + +Vistula, the, its importance, 61. iii. 9, 10. + " " tribes of, from Rhine to, 30, 31. ii. 10, 12. + " " " " Weser to, 37. ii. 26. + +Vobiscum," a "Pax, 114 n. iv. 38 n. + +Vota, the Jesuit, letter of Queen Sophia of Prussia to, on S. Jerome, + 81. iii. 47. (See Carlyle's "Frederick," Bk. I., cap. iv.) + +Vulgate, Ps. xci. 13, "Inculcabis super leonem," 111. iv. 34. + + +Waldeck, 34, ii. 18. + +Walter's houses, Germany, 37. ii. 25. + +Walton, Isaac, 1. + +Wandle, the, 1. + +War, savage love of, 51. ii. 48. + +Wartzburg, 37. ii. 24. + +Wellington, Duke of, on Roman Catholic valour, pref. iv. + +Weser, the course of the, 34, 37. ii. 19, 26. + " sources of the (Eder, Fulda, Werra), 36. ii. 24. + " tribes of the, up to Rhine and Vistula, 37. ii. 26. + +Whitby Cliff, 51. ii. 48. + +Wisdom, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Women, endurance a point of honour with savage, 51. ii. 48. + " respect for, by Franks and Goths, 54. ii. 54. + +Wood-carving of Picardy (Amiens Cathedral), 91 sq. iv. 5 sq. + +Wool manufacture, Amiens, see _s_. "Amiens." + +Wordsworth quoted, "Filling more and more with crystal light," 55. ii. 55. + + +Yonge, Miss, "History of Christian Names," Franks, 38. ii. 27. + " " " " " Ulpha, 129. iv. 46. + + +Zacharias, 133, iv. 51. + +Zechariah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43. + +Zenobia, 29. ii. 6. + +Zephaniah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 126. iv. 43. + +Zodiac, signs of, sculptures, Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47. + +Zulu war, the, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6. + + +THE END. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + +***** This file should be named 24428-8.txt or 24428-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/2/24428/ + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Our Fathers Have Told Us + Part I. The Bible of Amiens + +Author: John Ruskin + +Release Date: January 26, 2008 [EBook #24428] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + + + + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>Library Edition</h1> + +<h2>THE COMPLETE WORKS</h2> + +<h3>OF</h3> + +<h2>JOHN RUSKIN</h2> + + + +<h5>ARROWS OF THE CHACE</h5> +<h5>OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US</h5> +<h5>THE STORM-CLOUD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY</h5> +<h5>HORTUS INCLUSUS</h5> + +<h4>NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION</h4> +<h4>NEW YORK CHICAGO</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h2>"Our Fathers Have Told Us"</h2> + +<h3>SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTENDOM</h3> + +<h5>FOR BOYS AND GIRLS</h5> + +<h5>WHO HAVE BEEN HELD AT ITS FONTS</h5> +<br /><br /><br /> +<h4>PART I.</h4> +<br /><br /><br /> +<h2>THE BIBLE OF AMIENS</h2> + + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + + +<table width="80%" align="center" border="0" summary="contents"> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> </td> + <td class="right" valign="top">Page<br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#PREFACE">PREFACE.</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_three">iii</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Chapter_I"><span class="smcap">Chapter I. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">By the Rivers of Waters</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Chapter_II"><span class="smcap">Chapter II. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">Under the Drachenfels</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Chapter_III"><span class="smcap">Chapter III. + </span> — <span class="smcap"> + The Lion Tamer</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Chapter_IV"><span class="smcap">Chapter IV. + </span> — <span class="smcap">Interpretations</span> + </a><br /><br /></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Appendix_I"><span class="smcap">Appendix I. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">Chronological List of Principal Events referred to in the 'Bible of Amiens'</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Appendix_II"><span class="smcap">Appendix II. + </span> — <span class="smcap">References Explanatory of + Photographs to Chapter IV</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Appendix_III"><span class="smcap">Appendix III. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">General Plan of 'Our Fathers have told us'</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3><a name="PLATES" id="PLATES"></a>PLATES.</h3> + +<table width="80%" align="center" border="0" summary="contents"> + +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> </td> + <td class="right" valign="top">To face page<br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Plate_I"><span class="smcap">Plate I. + </span> — <span class="smcap">The Dynasties + of France</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Plate_I">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Plate_II"><span class="smcap">Plate II. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">The Bible of Amiens, Northern Porch before + Restoration</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Plate_II">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Plate_III"><span class="smcap">Plate III. + </span> — + <span class="smcap">Amiens, Jour Des Trépassés, 1880</span> + </a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#Plate_III">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#St._Mary"> + <span class="smcap">St. Mary</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#St._Mary">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="80%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#Plan_of_the_West_Porches"> + <span class="smcap">Plan of the West Porches</span></a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"> + <a href="#Plan_of_the_West_Porches">140</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /><br /><br /><br /> + + + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_three" id="Page_three">[Pg iii]</a></span> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<p>The long abandoned purpose, of which the following pages begin some +attempt at fulfilment, has been resumed at the request of a young +English governess, that I would write some pieces of history which her +pupils could gather some good out of;—the fruit of historical +documents placed by modern educational systems at her disposal, being +to them labour only, and sorrow.</p> + +<p>What else may be said for the book, if it ever become one, it must say +for itself: preface, more than this, I do not care to write: and the +less, because some passages of British history, at this hour under +record, call for instant, though brief, comment.</p> + +<p>I am told that the Queen's Guards have gone to Ireland; playing "God +save the Queen." And being, (as I have declared myself in the course +of some letters to which public attention has been lately more than +enough directed,) to the best of my knowledge, the staunchest +Conservative in England, I am disposed gravely to question the +propriety of the mission of the Queen's Guards on the employment +commanded them. My own Conservative notion of the function of the +Guards is that they should guard the Queen's throne and life, when +threatened either by domestic or foreign enemy: but not that they +should become a substitute for her inefficient police force, in the +execution of her domiciliary laws.</p> + +<p>And still less so, if the domiciliary laws which they are sent to +execute, playing "God save the Queen," be perchance precisely contrary +to that God the Saviour's law; and therefore,<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_four" id="Page_four">[Pg iv]</a></span> such as, in the long +run, no quantity either of Queens, or Queen's men, <i>could</i> execute. +Which is a question I have for these ten years been endeavouring to +get the British public to consider—vainly enough hitherto; and will +not at present add to my own many words on the matter. But a book has +just been published by a British officer, who, if he had not been +otherwise and more actively employed, could not only have written all +my books about landscape and picture, but is very singularly also of +one mind with me, (God knows of how few Englishmen I can now say so,) +on matters regarding the Queen's safety, and the Nation's honour. Of +whose book ("Far out: Rovings retold"), since various passages will be +given in my subsequent terminal notes, I will content myself with +quoting for the end of my Preface, the memorable words which Colonel +Butler himself quotes, as spoken to the British Parliament by its last +Conservative leader, a British officer who had also served with honour +and success.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Wellington said: "It is already well known to your +Lordships that of the troops which our gracious Sovereign did me the +honour to entrust to my command at various periods during the war—a +war undertaken for the express purpose of securing the happy +institutions and independence of the country—at least one half were +Roman Catholics. My Lords, when I call your recollection to this fact, +I am sure all further eulogy is unnecessary. Your Lordships are well +aware for what length of period and under what difficult circumstances +they maintained the Empire buoyant upon the flood which overwhelmed +the thrones and wrecked the institutions of every other people;—how +they kept alive the only spark of freedom which was left +unextinguished in Europe.... My Lords, it is mainly to the Irish +Catholics that we all owe our proud predominance in our military +career, and that I personally am indebted for the laurels with which +you have been pleased to decorate my brow.... We must confess, my +Lords, that without Catholic blood and Catholic valour no victory +could ever have been obtained, and the first military talents might +have been exerted in vain." +<span class="left"><a name="Page_five" id="Page_five">[Pg v]</a></span> +Let these noble words of tender Justice be the first example to my +young readers of what all History ought to be. It has been told them, +in the Laws of Fésole, that all great Art is Praise. So is all +faithful History, and all high Philosophy. For these three, Art, +History, and Philosophy, are each but one part of the Heavenly Wisdom, +which sees not as man seeth, but with Eternal Charity; and because she +rejoices not in Iniquity, <i>therefore</i> rejoices in the Truth.</p> + +<p>For true knowledge is of Virtues only; of poisons and vices, it is +Hecate who teaches, not Athena. And of all wisdom, chiefly the +Politician's must consist in this divine Prudence; it is not, indeed, +always necessary for men to know the virtues of their friends, or +their masters; since the friend will still manifest, and the master +use. But woe to the Nation which is too cruel to cherish the virtue of +its subjects, and too cowardly to recognize that of its enemies!</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_BIBLE_OF_AMIENS" id="THE_BIBLE_OF_AMIENS"> +</a>THE BIBLE OF AMIENS.</h2> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Chapter_I" id="Chapter_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3>BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS.</h3> + + +<p>The intelligent English traveller, in this fortunate age for him, is +aware that, half-way between Boulogne and Paris, there is a complex +railway-station, into which his train, in its relaxing speed, rolls +him with many more than the average number of bangs and bumps +prepared, in the access of every important French <i>gare</i>, to startle +the drowsy or distrait passenger into a sense of his situation.</p> + +<p>He probably also remembers that at this halting-place in mid-journey +there is a well-served buffet, at which he has the privilege of "Dix +minutes d'arrêt."</p> + +<p>He is not, however, always so distinctly conscious that these ten +minutes of arrest are granted to him within not so many minutes' walk +of the central square of a city which was once the Venice of France.</p> + +<p>Putting the lagoon islands out of question, the French River-Queen was +nearly as large in compass as Venice herself; and divided, not by slow +currents of ebbing and returning tide, but by eleven beautiful trout +streams, of which some four or five are as large, each separately, as +our Surrey Wandle, or as Isaac Walton's Dove; and which, branching out +of one strong current above the city, and uniting again after they +have eddied through its streets, are bordered, as they flow down, +(fordless except where the two Edwards rode them, the day before +Crecy,) to the sands of St. Valery, by<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> groves of aspen, and + glades of poplar, whose grace and gladness seem to spring in every stately +avenue instinct with the image of the just man's life,—"Erit tanquam +lignum quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum."</p> + +<p>But the Venice of Picardy owed her name, not to the beauty of her +streams merely, but to their burden. She was a worker, like the +Adriatic princes, in gold and glass, in stone, wood, and ivory; she +was skilled like an Egyptian in the weaving of fine linen; dainty as +the maids of Judah in divers colours of needlework. And of these, the +fruits of her hands, praising her in her own gates, she sent also +portions to stranger nations, and her fame went out into all lands.</p> + +<p>"Un règlement de l'échevinage, du 12<sup>me</sup> avril +1566, fait voir qu'on fabriquait à cette epoque, des velours de +toutes couleurs pour meubles, des colombettes à grands et petits +carreaux, des burailles croises, qu'on expédiait en Allemagne—en +Espagne, en Turquie, et en Barbarie!"<a name="FNanchor_1-1_1" id="FNanchor_1-1_1"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-1_1" class="fnanchor">[1-1]</a></p> + +<p>All-coloured velvets, pearl-iridescent colombettes! (I wonder what +they may be?) and sent to vie with the variegated carpet of the Turk, +and glow upon the arabesque towers of Barbary! +<a name="FNanchor_1-2_2" id="FNanchor_1-2_2"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1-2_2" class="fnanchor">[1-2]</a> +Was not this a phase of provincial Picard life which an intelligent English +traveller might do well to inquire into? Why should this fountain of +rainbows leap up suddenly here by Somme; and a little Frankish maid +write herself the sister of Venice, and the servant of Carthage and of +Tyre?</p> + +<p>And if she, why not others also of our northern villages? Has the +intelligent traveller discerned anything, in the country, or in its +shores, on his way from the gate of Calais to the <i>gare</i> of Amiens, +of special advantage for artistic design, or for commercial enterprise? +He has seen league after league of sandy dunes. We also, we, have our +sands by Severn, by Lune, by Solway. He has seen extensive plains of +useful and <span class="left"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +not unfragrant peat,—an article sufficiently accessible +also to our Scotch and Irish industries. He has seen many a broad down +and jutting cliff of purest chalk; but, opposite, the perfide Albion +gleams no whit less blanche beyond the blue. Pure waters he has seen, +issuing out of the snowy rock; but are ours less bright at Croydon, at +Guildford, or at Winchester? And yet one never heard of treasures sent +from Solway sands to African; nor that the builders at Romsey could +give lessons in colour to the builders at Granada? What can it be, in +the air or the earth—in her stars or in her sunlight—that fires the +heart and quickens the eyes of the little white-capped Amienoise +soubrette, till she can match herself against Penelope?</p> + +<p>The intelligent English traveller has of course no time to waste on +any of these questions. But if he has bought his ham-sandwich, and is +ready for the "En voiture, messieurs," he may perhaps condescend for +an instant to hear what a lounger about the place, neither wasteful of +his time, nor sparing of it, can suggest as worth looking at, when his +train glides out of the station.</p> + +<p>He will see first, and doubtless with the respectful admiration which +an Englishman is bound to bestow upon such objects, the coal-sheds and +carriage-sheds of the station itself, extending in their ashy and oily +splendours for about a quarter of a mile out of the town; and then, +just as the train gets into speed, under a large chimney tower, which +he cannot see to nearly the top of, but will feel overcast by the +shadow of its smoke, he <i>may</i> see, if he will trust his intelligent +head out of the window, and look back, fifty or fifty-one (I am not +sure of my count to a unit) similar chimneys, all similarly smoking, +all with similar works attached, oblongs of brown brick wall, with +portholes numberless of black square window. But in the midst of these +fifty tall things that smoke, he will see one, a little taller than +any, and more delicate, that does not smoke; and in the midst of these +fifty masses of blank wall enclosing 'works'—and doubtless producing +works profitable and honourable to France and the world—he will see +<i>one</i> mass of wall<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +—not blank, but strangely wrought by the hands of +foolish men of long ago, for the purpose of enclosing or producing no +manner of profitable work whatsoever, but one—</p> + +<p>"This is the work of God; that ye should believe on Him whom He hath +sent"!</p> + +<p>Leaving the intelligent traveller now to fulfil his vow of pilgrimage +to Paris,—or wherever else God may be sending him,—I will suppose +that an intelligent Eton boy or two, or thoughtful English girl, may +care quietly to walk with me as far as this same spot of commanding +view, and to consider what the workless—shall we say also +worthless?—building, and its unshadowed minaret, may perhaps farther +mean.</p> + +<p>Minaret I have called it, for want of better English word. +Flêche—arrow—is its proper name; vanishing into the air you + know not where, by the mere fineness of it. +Flameless—motionless—hurtless—the fine arrow; unplumed, + unpoisoned, and unbarbed; aimless—shall we say also, readers young + and old, travelling or abiding? It, and the walls it rises from—what + have they once meant? What meaning have they left in them yet, for you, + or for the people that live round them, and never look up as they pass by?</p> + +<p>Suppose we set ourselves first to learn how they came there.</p> + +<p>At the birth of Christ, all this hillside, and the brightly-watered +plain below, with the corn-yellow champaign above, were inhabited by a +Druid-taught race, wild enough in thoughts and ways, but under Roman +government, and gradually becoming accustomed to hear the names, and +partly to confess the power, of Roman gods. For three hundred years +after the birth of Christ they heard the name of no other God.</p> + +<p>Three hundred years! and neither apostles nor inheritors of +apostleship had yet gone into all the world and preached the gospel to +every creature. Here, on their peaty ground, the wild people, still +trusting in Pomona for apples, in Silvanus for acorns, in Ceres for +bread, and in Proserpina for rest, hoped but the season's blessing +from the Gods of Harvest, and feared no eternal anger from the Queen +of Death.</p> + +<p>But at last, three hundred years being past and gone, in the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> + year of Christ 301, there came to this hillside of Amiens, on the + sixth day of the Ides of October, the Messenger of a new Life.</p> +<a name="Link_1-4" id="Link_1-4"></a> + +<p>His name, Firminius (I suppose) in Latin, Firmin in French,—so to be +remembered here in Picardy. Firmin, not Firminius; as Denis, not +Dionysius; coming out of space—no one tells what part of space. But +received by the pagan Amienois with surprised welcome, and seen of +them—forty days—many days, we may read—preaching acceptably, + and binding with baptismal vows even persons in good society: and that in +such numbers, that at last he is accused to the Roman governor, by the +priests of Jupiter and Mercury, as one turning the world upside-down. +And in the last day of the Forty—or of the indefinite many meant by +Forty—he is beheaded, as martyrs ought to be, and his ministrations +in a mortal body ended.</p> + +<p>The old, old story, you say? Be it so; you will the more easily +remember it. The Amienois remembered it so carefully, that, twelve +hundred years afterwards, in the sixteenth century, they thought good +to carve and paint the four stone pictures Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of our +first choice photographs. (N. B.—This series is not yet arranged, but +is distinct from that referred to in Chapter IV. See + +<a href="#Link_1-1" class="lanchor">Appendix II</a>.). +Scene 1st, St. Firmin arriving; scene 2nd, St. Firmin preaching; scene +3rd, St. Firmin baptizing; and scene 4th, St. Firmin beheaded, by an +executioner with very red legs, and an attendant dog of the character +of the dog in 'Faust,' of whom we may have more to say presently.</p> + +<p>Following in the meantime the tale of St. Firmin, as of old time +known, his body was received, and buried, by a Roman senator, his +disciple, (a kind of Joseph of Arimathea to St. Firmin,) in the Roman +senator's own garden. Who also built a little oratory over his grave. +The Roman senator's son built a church to replace the oratory, +dedicated it to Our Lady of Martyrs, and established it as an +episcopal seat— the first of the French nation's. A very notable spot +for the French nation, surely? One deserving, perhaps, some little +memory or monument,—cross, tablet, or the like? Where, therefore, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> do +you suppose this first cathedral of French Christianity stood, and +with what monument has it been honoured?</p> + +<p>It stood where we now stand, companion mine, whoever you may be; and +the monument wherewith it has been honoured is this—chimney, whose +gonfalon of smoke overshadows us—the latest effort of modern art in +Amiens, the chimney of St. Acheul.</p> + +<p>The first cathedral, you observe, of the <i>French</i> nation; more +accurately, the first germ of cathedral <i>for</i> the French nation—who +are not yet here; only this grave of a martyr is here, and this church +of Our Lady of Martyrs, abiding on the hillside, till the Roman power +pass away.</p> + +<p>Falling together with it, and trampled down by savage tribes, alike +the city and the shrine; the grave forgotten,—when at last the Franks +themselves pour from the north, and the utmost wave of them, lapping +along these downs of Somme, is <i>here</i> stayed, and the Frankish +standard planted, and the French kingdom throned.</p> + +<p>Here their first capital, here the first footsteps +<a name="FNanchor_1-3_3" id="FNanchor_1-3_3"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-3_3" class="fnanchor">[1-3]</a> of the Frank in +his France! Think of it. All over the south are Gauls, Burgundians, +Bretons, heavier-hearted nations of sullen mind: at their outmost brim +and border, here at last are the Franks, the source of all Franchise, +for this our Europe. You have heard the word in England, before now, +but English word for it is none! <i>Honesty</i> we have of our own; but +<i>Frankness</i> we must learn of these: nay, all the western nations of us +are in a few centuries more to be known by this name of Frank. Franks, +of Paris that is to be, in time to come; but French of Paris is in +year of grace 500 an unknown tongue in Paris, as much as in +Stratford-att-ye-Bowe. French of Amiens is the kingly and courtly form +of Christian speech, Paris lying yet in Lutetian clay, to develope +into tile-field, perhaps, in due time. Here, by soft-glittering Somme, +reign Clovis and his Clotilde. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +And by St. Firmin's grave speaks now another gentle evangelist, and +the first Frank king's prayer to the King of kings is made to Him, +known only as "the God of Clotilde."</p> + +<p>I must ask the reader's patience now with a date or two, and stern +facts—two—three—or more.</p> +<a name="Link_1-12" id="Link_1-12"></a> + +<p>Clodion the leader of the first Franks who reach irrevocably beyond +the Rhine, fights his way through desultory Roman cohorts as far as +Amiens, and takes it, in 445.<a name="FNanchor_1-4_4" id="FNanchor_1-4_4"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-4_4" class="fnanchor">[1-4]</a></p> +<a name="Link_1-13" id="Link_1-13"></a> + +<p>Two years afterwards, at his death, the scarcely asserted throne is +seized—perhaps inevitably—by the tutor of his children, + Merovée, whose dynasty is founded on the defeat of Attila + at Chalons.</p> +<a name="Link_1-14" id="Link_1-14"></a> + +<p>He died in 457. His son Childeric, giving himself up to the love of +women, and scorned by the Frank soldiery, is driven into exile, the +Franks choosing rather to live under the law of Rome than under a base +chief of their own. He receives asylum at the court of the king of +Thuringia, and abides there. His chief officer in Amiens, at his +departure, breaks a ring in two, and, giving him the half of it, tells +him, when the other half is sent, to return.</p> + +<p>And, after many days, the half of the broken ring is sent, and he +returns, and is accepted king by his Franks.</p> + +<p>The Thuringian queen follows him, (I cannot find if her husband is +first dead—still less, if dead, how dying,) and offers herself to him +for his wife.</p> + +<p>"I have known thy usefulness, and that thou art very strong; and I +have come to live with thee. Had I known, in parts beyond sea, any one +more useful than thou, I should have sought to live with <i>him</i>."</p> + +<p>He took her for his wife, and their son is Clovis.</p> +<a name="Link_1-16" id="Link_1-16"></a> + + +<p>A wonderful story; how far in literalness true is of no manner of +moment to us; the myth, and power of it, <i>do</i> manifest the nature of +the French kingdom, and prophesy its future destiny. Personal valour, +personal beauty, loyalty to <span class="left"> +<a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +kings, love of women, disdain of unloving +marriage, note all these things for true, and that in the corruption +of these will be the last death of the Frank, as in their force was +his first glory.</p> + +<p>Personal valour, worth. <i>Utilitas</i>, the keystone of all. Birth +nothing, except as gifting with valour;—Law of primogeniture +unknown;—Propriety of conduct, it appears, for the present, also +nowhere! (but we are all pagans yet, remember).</p> + +<p>Let us get our dates and our geography, at any rate, gathered out of +the great 'nowhere' of confused memory, and set well together, thus +far.</p> + +<p><b>457</b>. Merovée dies.<a name="Link_1-15" id="Link_1-15"></a> + + The useful Childeric, counting his exile, and + reign in Amiens, together, is King altogether twenty-four years, 457 to 481, +and during his reign Odoacer ends the Roman empire in Italy, 476.</p> +<a name="Link_1-17" id="Link_1-17"></a> + + +<p><b>481</b>. Clovis is only fifteen when he succeeds his father, as King of +the Franks in Amiens. At this time a fragment of Roman power remains +isolated in central France, while four strong and partly savage +nations form a cross round this dying centre: the Frank on the north, +the Breton on the west, the Burgundian on the east, the Visigoth +strongest of all and gentlest, in the south, from Loire to the sea.</p> + +<p>Sketch for yourself, first, a map of France, as large as you like, as +in Plate I., fig. 1, marking only the courses of the five rivers, +Somme, Seine, Loire, Saone, Rhone; then, rudely, you find it was +divided at the time thus, fig. 2: Fleur-de-lysée part, Frank; diagonal +shading upper left to lower right, Breton; diagonal shading upper +right to lower left, Burgundian; horizontal shading, Visigoth. I am +not sure how far these last reached across Rhone into Provence, but I +think best to indicate Provence as semée with roses.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;"> +<a name="Plate_I" id="Plate_I"></a> +<a href="images/fig001-big.jpg"><img border="0" src="images/fig001.jpg" width="346" height="497" alt="" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span> — +<span class="smcap">The Dynasties of France</span></h3> + +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> + +<p>Now, under Clovis, the Franks fight three great battles. The first, +with the Romans, near Soissons, <a name="Link_1-2" id="Link_1-2"></a> + +which they win, and become masters of +France as far as the Loire. Copy the rough map fig. 2, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over the middle of it, extinguishing the Romans (fig. +3). This battle was won by Clovis, I believe, before he married +Clotilde.<a name="Link_1-24" id="Link_1-24"></a> + + He wins his princess by it: cannot get his pretty vase, +however, to present to her. Keep that story well in your mind, and +the battle of Soissons, as winning mid-France for the French, and +ending the Romans there, for ever. Secondly, after he marries +Clotilde, the wild Germans attack <i>him</i> from the north, and he has +to fight for life and throne at Tolbiac. This is the battle in which he +prays to the God of Clotilde, and quits himself of the Germans by His +help. Whereupon he is crowned in Rheims by St. Remy.</p> +<a name="Link_1-26" id="Link_1-26"></a> + + +<p>And now, in the new strength of his Christianity, and his twin victory +over Rome and Germany, and his love for his queen, and his ambition +for his people, he looks south on that vast Visigothic power, between +Loire and the snowy mountains. Shall Christ, and the Franks, not be +stronger than villainous Visigoths 'who are Arians also'? All his +Franks are with him, in that opinion. So he marches against the +Visigoths, meets them and their Alaric at Poitiers, +<a name="Link_1-28" id="Link_1-28"></a> + ends their Alaric +and their Arianism, and carries his faithful Franks to the Pic du +Midi.</p> +<a name="Link_1-18" id="Link_1-18"></a> + +<p>And so now you must draw the map of France once more, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over its central mass from Calais to the Pyrenees: +only Brittany still on the west, Burgundy in the east, and the white +Provence rose beyond Rhone. And now poor little Amiens has become a +mere border town like our Durham, and Somme a border streamlet like +our Tyne. Loire and Seine have become the great French rivers, and men +will be minded to build cities by these; where the well-watered +plains, not of peat, but richest pasture, may repose under the guard +of saucy castles on the crags, and moated towers on the islands. But +now let us think a little more closely what our changed symbols in the +map may mean—five fleur-de-lys for level bar.</p> + +<p>They don't mean, certainly, that all the Goths are gone, and nobody +but Franks in France? The Franks have not massacred Visigothic man, +woman, and child, from Loire to Garonne. Nay, where their own throne +is still set by the Somme, the peat-bred people whom they found there, +live there still, though subdued. Frank, or Goth, or Roman may +fluctuate<span class="left"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> + hither and thither, in chasing or flying troops: but, +unchanged through all the gusts of war, the rural people whose huts +they pillage, whose farms they ravage, and over whose arts they reign, +must still be diligently, silently, and with no time for lamentation, +ploughing, sowing, cattle-breeding!</p> + +<p>Else how could Frank or Hun, Visigoth or Roman, live for a month, or +fight for a day?</p> + +<p>Whatever the name, or the manners, of their masters, the ground +delvers must be the same; and the goatherd of the Pyrenees, and the +vine-dresser of Garonne, and the milkmaid of Picardy, give them what +lords you may, abide in their land always, blossoming as the trees of +the field, and enduring as the crags of the desert. And these, the +warp and first substance of the nation, are divided, not by dynasties, +but by climates; and are strong here, and helpless there, by +privileges which no invading tyrants can abolish, and through faults +which no preaching hermit can repress. Now, therefore, please let us +leave our history a minute or two, and read the lessons of constant +earth and sky.</p> + +<p>In old times, when one posted from Calais to Paris, there was about +half an hour's trot on the level, from the gate of Calais to the long +chalk hill, which had to be climbed before arriving at the first +post-house in the village of Marquise.</p> + +<p>That chalk rise, virtually, is the front of France; that last bit of +level north of it, virtually the last of Flanders; south of it, +stretches now a district of chalk and fine building limestone,—(if +you keep your eyes open, you may see a great quarry of it on the west +of the railway, half-way between Calais and Boulogne, where once was a +blessed little craggy dingle opening into velvet lawns;)—this high, +but never mountainous, calcareous tract, sweeping round the chalk +basin of Paris away to Caen on one side, and Nancy on the other, and +south as far as Bourges, and the Limousin. This limestone tract, with +its keen fresh air, everywhere arable surface, and quarriable banks +above well-watered meadow, is the real country of the French. Here +only are their arts clearly developed. Farther south they are Gascons, +or Limousins, or Auvergnats, or the<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> + like. Westward, grim-granitic +Bretons; eastward, Alpine-bearish Burgundians: here only, on the +chalk and finely-knit marble, between, say, Amiens and Chartres one +way, and between Caen and Rheims on the other, have you real <i>France</i>.</p> + +<p>Of which, before we carry on the farther vital history, I must ask the +reader to consider with me, a little, how history, so called, has been +for the most part written, and of what particulars it usually +consists.</p> + +<p>Suppose that the tale of King Lear were a true one; and that a modern +historian were giving the abstract of it in a school manual, +purporting to contain all essential facts in British history valuable +to British youth in competitive examination. The story would be +related somewhat after this manner:—</p> + +<p>"The reign of the last king of the seventy-ninth dynasty closed in a +series of events with the record of which it is painful to pollute the +pages of history. The weak old man wished to divide his kingdom into +dowries for his three daughters; but on proposing this arrangement to +them, finding it received by the youngest with coldness and reserve, +he drove her from his court, and divided the kingdom between his two +elder children.</p> + +<p>"The youngest found refuge at the court of France, where ultimately +the prince royal married her. But the two elder daughters, having +obtained absolute power, treated their father at first with +disrespect, and soon with contumely. Refused at last even the comforts +necessary to his declining years, the old king, in a transport of +rage, left the palace, with, it is said, only the court fool for an +attendant, and wandered, frantic and half naked, during the storms of +winter, in the woods of Britain.</p> + +<p>"Hearing of these events, his youngest daughter hastily collected an +army, and invaded the territory of her ungrateful sisters, with the +object of restoring her father to his throne; but, being met by a well +disciplined force, under the command of her eldest sister's paramour, +Edmund, bastard son of<span class="left"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"> +[Pg 12]</a></span> the Earl of Gloucester, was herself defeated, +thrown into prison, and soon afterwards strangled by the adulterer's +order. The old king expired on receiving the news of her death; and +the participators in these crimes soon after received their reward; +for the two wicked queens being rivals for the affections of the +bastard, the one of them who was regarded by him with less favour +poisoned the other, and afterwards killed herself. Edmund afterwards +met his death at the hand of his brother, the legitimate son of +Gloucester, under whose rule, with that of the Earl of Kent, the +kingdom remained for several succeeding years."</p> + +<p>Imagine this succinctly graceful recital of what the historian +conceived to be the facts, adorned with violently black and white +woodcuts, representing the blinding of Gloucester, the phrenzy of +Lear, the strangling of Cordelia, and the suicide of Goneril, and you +have a type of popular history in the nineteenth century; which is, +you may perceive after a little reflection, about as profitable +reading for young persons (so far as regards the general colour and +purity of their thoughts) as the Newgate Calendar would be; with this +farther condition of incalculably greater evil, that, while the +calendar of prison-crime would teach a thoughtful youth the dangers of +low life and evil company, the calendar of kingly crime overthrows his +respect for any manner of government, and his faith in the ordinances +of Providence itself.</p> + +<p>Books of loftier pretence, written by bankers, members of Parliament, +or orthodox clergymen, are of course not wanting; and show that the +progress of civilization consists in the victory of usury over +ecclesiastical prejudice, or in the establishment of the Parliamentary +privileges of the borough of Puddlecombe, or in the extinction of the +benighted superstitions of the Papacy by the glorious light of +Reformation. Finally, you have the broadly philosophical history, +which proves to you that there is no evidence whatever of any +overruling Providence in human affairs; that all virtuous actions have +selfish motives; and that a scientific selfishness, with proper +telegraphic communications, and perfect knowledge of all the species +<span class="left"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +of Bacteria, will entirely secure the future well-being of the upper +classes of society, and the dutiful resignation of those beneath them.</p> + +<p>Meantime, the two ignored powers—the Providence of Heaven, and the +virtue of men—have ruled, and rule, the world, not invisibly; and +they are the only powers of which history has ever to tell any +profitable truth. Under all sorrow, there is the force of virtue; over +all ruin, the restoring charity of God. To these alone we have to +look; in these alone we may understand the past, and predict the +future, destiny of the ages.</p> + +<p>I return to the story of Clovis, king now of all central France. Fix +the year 500 in your minds as the approximate date of his baptism at +Rheims,<a name="Link_1-27" id="Link_1-27"></a> + + and of St. Remy's sermon to him, telling him of the sufferings +and passion of Christ, till Clovis sprang from his throne, grasping +his spear, and crying, "Had I been there with my brave Franks, I would +have avenged His wrongs."</p> + +<p>"There is little doubt," proceeds the cockney historian, "that the +conversion of Clovis was as much a matter of policy as of faith." But +the cockney historian had better limit his remarks on the characters +and faiths of men to those of the curates who have recently taken +orders in his fashionable neighbourhood, or the bishops who have +lately preached to the population of its manufacturing suburbs. +Frankish kings were made of other clay.</p> + +<p>The Christianity of Clovis does not indeed produce any fruits of the +kind usually looked for in a modern convert. We do not hear of his +repenting ever so little of any of his sins, nor resolving to lead a +new life in any the smallest particular. He had not been impressed +with convictions of sin at the battle of Tolbiac; nor, in asking for +the help of the God of Clotilde, had he felt or professed the remotest +intention of changing his character, or abandoning his projects. What +he was, before he believed in his queen's God, he only more intensely +afterwards became, in the confidence of that before unknown God's +supernatural help. His natural gratitude to the Delivering Power, and +<span class="left"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +pride in its protection, added only fierceness to his soldiership, and +deepened his political enmities with the rancour of religions +indignation. No more dangerous snare is set by the fiends for human +frailty than the belief that our own enemies are also the enemies of +God; and it is perfectly conceivable to me that the conduct of Clovis +might have been the more unscrupulous, precisely in the measure that +his faith was more sincere.</p> + +<p>Had either Clovis or Clotilde fully understood the precepts of their +Master, the following history of France, and of Europe, would have +been other than it is. What they could understand, or in any wise were +taught, you will find that they obeyed, and were blessed in obeying. +But their history is complicated with that of several other persons, +respecting whom we must note now a few too much forgotten particulars.</p> + +<p>If from beneath the apse of Amiens Cathedral we take the street +leading due south, leaving the railroad station on the left, it brings +us to the foot of a gradually ascending hill, some half a mile long—a +pleasant and quiet walk enough, terminating on the level of the +highest land near Amiens; whence, looking back, the Cathedral is seen +beneath us, all but the flêche, our gained hill-top being on a level +with its roof-ridge: and, to the south, the plain of France.</p> + +<p>Somewhere about this spot, or in the line between it and St. Acheul, +stood the ancient Roman gate of the Twins, whereon were carved Romulus +and Remus being suckled by the wolf; and out of which, one bitter +winter's day, a hundred and seventy years ago when Clovis was +baptized—had ridden a Roman soldier, wrapped in his horseman's +cloak,<a name="FNanchor_1-5_5" id="FNanchor_1-5_5"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-5_5" class="fnanchor">[1-5]</a> +on the causeway which was part of the great Roman road + from Lyons to Boulogne.</p> + +<p>And it is well worth your while also, some frosty autumn or winter day +when the east wind is high, to feel the sweep of it at this spot, +remembering what chanced here, memorable to all men, and serviceable, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +in that winter of the year 332, when men were dying for cold in Amiens +streets:—namely, that the Roman horseman, scarce gone out of the city +gate, was met by a naked beggar, shivering with cold; and that, seeing +no other way of shelter for him, he drew his sword, divided his own +cloak in two, and gave him half of it.</p> +<a name="Link_1-5" id="Link_1-5"></a> + +<p>No ruinous gift, nor even enthusiastically generous: Sydney's cup of +cold water needed more self-denial; and I am well assured that many a +Christian child of our day, himself well warmed and clad, meeting one +naked and cold, would be ready enough to give the <i>whole</i> cloak off +his own shoulders to the necessitous one, if his better-advised nurse, +or mamma, would let him. But this Roman soldier was no Christian, and +did his serene charity in simplicity, yet with prudence.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, that same night, he beheld in a dream the Lord Jesus, +who stood before him in the midst of angels, having on his shoulders +the half of the cloak he had bestowed on the beggar.</p> + +<p>And Jesus said to the angels that were around him, "Know ye who hath +thus arrayed me? My servant Martin, though yet unbaptized, has done +this." And Martin after this vision hastened to receive baptism, being +then in his twenty-third year.<a name="FNanchor_1-6_6" id="FNanchor_1-6_6"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-6_6" class="fnanchor">[1-6]</a></p> + +<p>Whether these things ever were so, or how far so, credulous or +incredulous reader, is no business whatever of yours or mine. What is, +and shall be, everlastingly, <i>so</i>,—namely, the infallible truth of +the lesson herein taught, and the actual effect of the life of St. +Martin on the mind of Christendom,—is, very absolutely, the business +of every rational being in any Christian realm.</p> + +<p>You are to understand, then, first of all, that the especial character +of St. Martin is a serene and meek charity to all creatures. He is not +a preaching saint—still less a persecuting one: not even an anxious +one. Of his prayers we hear little—of his wishes, nothing. What he +does always, is merely the right thing at the right +<span class="left"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +moment;—rightness and kindness being in his mind one: an extremely +exemplary saint, to my notion.</p> + +<p>Converted and baptized—and conscious of having seen Christ—he +nevertheless gives his officers no trouble whatever—does not try to +make proselytes in his cohort. "It is Christ's business, surely!—if +He wants them, He may appear to them as He has to me," seems the +feeling of his first baptized days. He remains seventeen years in the +army, on those tranquil terms.</p> + +<p>At the end of that time, thinking it might be well to take other +service, he asks for his dismissal from the Emperor Julian,—on whose +accusation of faintheartedness, Martin offers, unarmed, to lead his +cohort into battle, bearing only the sign of the cross. Julian takes +him at his word,—keeps him in ward till time of battle comes; but, +the day before he counts on putting him to that war ordeal, the +barbarian enemy sends embassy with irrefusable offers of submission +and peace.</p> + +<p>The story is not often dwelt upon: how far literally true, again +observe, does not in the least matter;—here <i>is</i> the lesson for ever +given of the way in which a Christian soldier should meet his enemies. +Which, had John Bunyan's Mr. Great-heart understood, the Celestial +gates had opened by this time to many a pilgrim who has failed to hew +his path up to them with the sword of sharpness.</p> + +<p>But true in some practical and effectual way the story <i>is</i>; for after +a while, without any oratorizing, anathematizing, or any manner of +disturbance, we find the Roman Knight made Bishop of Tours, and +becoming an influence of unmixed good to all mankind, then, and +afterwards. And virtually the same story is repeated of his bishop's +robe as of his knight's cloak—not to be rejected because so probable +an invention; for it is just as probable an act.</p> + +<p>Going, in his full robes, to say prayers in church, with one of his +deacons, he came across some unhappily robeless person by the wayside; +for whom he forthwith orders his deacon to provide some manner of +coat, or gown. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +The deacon objecting that no apparel of that profane nature is under +his hand, St. Martin, with his customary serenity, takes off his own +episcopal stole, or whatsoever flowing stateliness it might be, throws +it on the destitute shoulders, and passes on to perform indecorous +public service in his waistcoat, or such mediæval nether attire as +remained to him.</p> + +<p>But, as he stood at the altar, a globe of light appeared above his +head; and when he raised his bare arms with the Host—the angels were +seen round him, hanging golden chains upon them, and jewels, not of +the earth.</p> + +<p>Incredible to you in the nature of things, wise reader, and too +palpably a gloss of monkish folly on the older story?</p> + +<p>Be it so: yet in this fable of monkish folly, understood with the +heart, would have been the chastisement and check of every form of the +church's pride and sensuality, which in our day have literally sunk +the service of God and His poor into the service of the clergyman and +his rich; and changed what was once the garment of praise for the +spirit of heaviness, into the spangling of Pantaloons in an +ecclesiastical Masquerade.</p> + +<p>But one more legend,—and we have enough to show us the roots of this +saint's strange and universal power over Christendom.</p> + +<p>"What peculiarly distinguished St. Martin was his sweet, serious, +unfailing serenity; no one had ever seen him angry, or sad, or, gay; +there was nothing in his heart but piety to God and pity for men. The +Devil, who was particularly envious of his virtues, detested above all +his exceeding charity, because it was the most inimical to his own +power, and one day reproached him mockingly that he so soon received +into favour the fallen and the repentant. But St. Martin answered him +sorrowfully, saying, 'Oh most miserable that thou art! if <i>thou</i> also +couldst cease to persecute and seduce wretched men, if thou also +couldst repent, thou also shouldst find mercy and forgiveness through +Jesus Christ.'"<a name="FNanchor_1-7_7" id="FNanchor_1-7_7"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1-7_7" class="fnanchor">[1-7]</a></p> + +<p>In this gentleness was his strength; and the issue of it is best to +<span class="left"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +be estimated by comparing its scope with that of the work of St. +Firmin. The impatient missionary riots and rants about Amiens' +streets—insults, exhorts, persuades, baptizes,—turns everything, as +aforesaid, upside down for forty days: then gets his head cut off, and +is never more named, <i>out</i> of Amiens. St. Martin teazes nobody, spends +not a breath in unpleasant exhortation, understands, by Christ's first +lesson to himself, that undipped people may be as good as dipped if +their hearts are clean; helps, forgives, and cheers, (companionable +even to the loving-cup,) as readily the clown as the king; he is the +patron of honest drinking; the stuffing of your Martinmas goose is +fragrant in his nostrils, and sacred to him the last kindly rays of +departing summer. And somehow—the idols totter before him far and +near—the Pagan gods fade, <i>his</i> Christ becomes all men's + Christ—his name is named over new shrines innumerable in all lands; + high on the Roman hills, lowly in English fields;—St. Augustine + baptized his first English converts in St. Martin's church at Canterbury; + and the Charing Cross station itself has not yet effaced wholly from London +minds his memory or his name.</p> + +<p>That story of the Episcopal Robe is the last of St. Martin respecting +which I venture to tell you that it is wiser to suppose it literally +true, than a <i>mere</i> myth; myth, however, of the deepest value and +beauty it remains assuredly: and this really last story I have to +tell, which I admit you will be wiser in thinking a fable than exactly +true, nevertheless had assuredly at its root some grain of fact +(sprouting a hundred-fold) cast on good ground by a visible and +unforgettable piece of St. Martin's actual behaviour in high company; +while, as a myth, it is every whit and for ever valuable and +comprehensive.</p> + +<p>St. Martin, then, as the tale will have it, was dining one day at the +highest of tables in the terrestrial globe—namely, with the Emperor +and Empress of Germany! You need not inquire what Emperor, or which of +the Emperor's wives! The Emperor of Germany is, in all early myths, +the expression for the highest sacred power of the State, as the Pope +is the highest sacred power of the Church. St. Martin was dining +<span class="left"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +then, as aforesaid, with the Emperor, of course sitting next him on +his left—Empress opposite on his right: everything orthodox. St. +Martin much enjoying his dinner, and making himself generally +agreeable to the company: not in the least a John Baptist sort of a +saint. You are aware also that in Royal feasts in those days persons +of much inferior rank in society were allowed in the hall: got behind +people's chairs, and saw and heard what was going on, while they +unobtrusively picked up crumbs, and licked trenchers.</p> + +<p>When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the +Emperor fills his own cup—fills the Empress's—fills St. +Martin's,—affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. The equally loving, +and yet more truly believing, Empress, looks across the table, humbly, +but also royally, expecting St. Martin, of course, next to hobnob with +<i>her</i>. St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately; becomes aware of a +tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, +who has managed to get <i>his</i> cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable +lacquey.</p> + +<p>St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with <i>him</i>!</p> + +<p>For which charity—mythic if you like, but evermore exemplary—he +remains, as aforesaid, the patron of good-Christian topers to this +hour.</p> + +<p>As gathering years told upon him, he seems to have felt that he had +carried weight of crozier long enough—that busy Tours must now find a +busier Bishop—that, for himself, he might innocently henceforward +take his pleasure and his rest where the vine grew and the lark sang. +For his episcopal palace, he takes a little cave in the chalk cliffs +of the up-country river: arranges all matters therein, for bed and +board, at small cost. Night by night the stream murmurs to him, day by +day the vine-leaves give their shade; and, daily by the horizon's +breadth so much nearer Heaven, the fore-running sun goes down for him +beyond the glowing water;—there, where now the peasant woman trots +homewards between her panniers, and the saw rests in the half-cleft +<span class="left"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +wood, and the village spire rises grey against the farthest light, in +Turner's 'Loireside.'<a name="FNanchor_1-8_8" id="FNanchor_1-8_8"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_1-8_8" class="fnanchor">[1-8]</a></p> + +<p>All which things, though not themselves without profit, my special +reason for telling you now, has been that you might understand the +significance of what chanced first on Clovis' march south against the +Visigoths.</p> + +<p>Having passed the Loire at Tours, he traversed the lands of the abbey +of St. Martin, which he declared inviolate, and refused permission to +his soldiers to touch anything, save water and grass for their horses. +So rigid were his orders, and the obedience he exacted in this +respect, that a Frankish soldier having taken, without the consent of +the owner, some hay, which belonged to a poor man, saying in raillery +"that it was but grass," he caused the aggressor to be put to death, +exclaiming that "Victory could not be expected, if St. Martin should +be offended."</p> + +<p>Now, mark you well, this passage of the Loire at Tours is virtually +the fulfilment of the proper bounds of the French kingdom, and the +sign of its approved and securely set power is "Honour to the poor!" +Even a little grass is not to be stolen from a poor man, on pain of +Death. So wills the Christian knight of Roman armies; throned now high +with God. So wills the first Christian king of far victorious +Franks;—here baptized to God in Jordan of his goodly land, as he goes +over to possess it.</p> + +<p>How long?</p> + +<p>Until that same Sign should be read backwards from a degenerate +throne;—until, message being brought that the poor of the French +people had no bread to eat, answer should be returned to them "They +may eat grass." Whereupon—by St. Martin's faubourg, and St. Martin's +gate—there go forth commands from the Poor Man's Knight against the +King—which end <i>his</i> Feasting.</p> + +<p>And be this much remembered by you, of the power over French souls, +past and to come, of St. Martin of Tours.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> + + +<h4><a name="Notes_to_Chapter_I" id="Notes_to_Chapter_I"> +</a>Notes to Chapter I:</h4> + + +<p>The reader will please observe that notes immediately necessary to the +understanding of the text will be given, with <i>numbered</i> references, +under the text itself; while questions of disputing authorities, or +quotations of supporting documents will have <i>lettered</i> references, +and be thrown together at the end of each chapter. +<a name="FNanchor_A_9" id="FNanchor_A_9"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_A_9" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> One good of this +method will be that, after the numbered notes are all right, if I see +need of farther explanation, as I revise the press, I can insert a +letter referring to a <i>final</i> note without confusion of the standing +types. There will be some use also in the final notes, in summing the +chapters, or saying what is to be more carefully remembered of them. +Thus just now it is of no consequence to remember that the first +taking of Amiens was in 445, because that is not the founding of the +Merovingian dynasty; neither that Merovæus seized the throne in 447 +and died ten years later. The real date to be remembered is 481, when +Clovis himself comes to the throne, a boy of fifteen; and the three +battles of Clovis' reign to be remembered are Soissons, Tolbiac, and +Poitiers—remembering also that this was the first of the three-great +battles of Poitiers;—how the Poitiers district came to have such +importance as a battle-position, we must afterwards discover if we +can. Of Queen Clotilde and her flight from Burgundy to her Frank lover +we must hear more in next chapter,—the story of the vase at Soissons +is given in "The Pictorial History of France," but must be deferred +also, with such comment as it needs, to next chapter; for I wish the +reader's mind, in the close of this first number, to be left fixed on +two descriptions of the modern 'Frank' (taking that word in its +Saracen sense), as distinguished from the modern Saracen. The first +description is by Colonel Butler, entirely true and admirable, except +in the implied extension of the contrast to olden time: for the Saxon +Alfred, the Teutonic under Charlemagne, and the Frank under +St. Louis, were quite as religious as any Asiatic's, though more +practical; it is only the modern mob of kingless miscreants in the +West, who have sunk themselves by gambling, swindling, machine-making, +and gluttony, into the scurviest louts that have ever fouled the Earth +with the carcases she lent them.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Of the features of English character brought to light by the spread +of British dominion in Asia, there is nothing more observable than the +contrast between the religious bias of Eastern thought and the innate +absence of religion in the Anglo-Saxon mind. Turk and Greek, Buddhist +and Armenian, Copt and Parsee, all manifest in a hundred ways of daily +life the great fact of their belief in a God. In their vices as well +as in their virtues the recognition of Deity is dominant.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> + +<p>"With the Western, on the contrary, the outward form of practising +belief in a God is a thing to be half-ashamed of—something to hide. A +procession of priests in the Strada Reale would probably cause an +average Briton to regard it with less tolerant eye than he would cast +upon a Juggernaut festival in Orissa: but to each alike would he +display the same iconoclasm of creed, the same idea, not the less +fixed because it is seldom expressed in words: "You pray; therefore I +do not think much of you." But there is a deeper difference between +East and West lying beneath this incompatibility of temper on the part +of modern Englishmen to accept the religious habit of thought in the +East. All Eastern peoples possess this habit of thought. It is the one +tie which links together their widely differing races. Let us give an +illustration of our meaning. On an Austrian Lloyd's steamboat in the +Levant a traveller from Beyrout will frequently see strange groups of +men crowded together on the quarter-deck. In the morning the missal +books of the Greek Church will be laid along the bulwarks of the ship, +and a couple of Russian priests, coming from Jerusalem, will be busy +muttering mass. A yard to right or left a Turkish pilgrim, returning +from Mecca, sits a respectful observer of the scene. It is prayer, and +therefore it is holy in his sight. So, too, when the evening hour has +come, and the Turk spreads out his bit of carpet for the sunset +prayers and obeisance towards Mecca, the Greek looks on in silence, +without trace of scorn in his face, for it is again the worship of the +Creator by the created. They are both fulfilling the <i>first</i> law of +the East—prayer to God; and whether the shrine be Jerusalem, Mecca, +or Lhassa, the sanctity of worship surrounds the votary, and protects +the pilgrim.</p> + +<p>"Into this life comes the Englishman, frequently destitute of one +touch of sympathy with the prayers of any people, or the faith of any +creed; hence our rule in the East has ever rested, and will ever rest, +upon the bayonet. We have never yet got beyond the stage of conquest; +never assimilated a people to our ways, never even civilized a single +tribe around the wide dominion of our empire. It is curious how +frequently a well-meaning Briton will speak of a foreign church or +temple as though it had presented itself to his mind in the same light +in which the City of London appeared to Blucher—as something to loot. +The other idea, that a priest was a person to hang, is one which is +also often observable in the British brain. On one occasion, when we +were endeavouring to enlighten our minds on the Greek question, as it +had presented itself to a naval officer whose vessel had been +stationed in Greek and Adriatic waters during our occupation of Corfu +and the other Ionian Isles, we could only elicit from our informant +the fact that one morning before breakfast he had hanged seventeen +priests."</p> + +<p>The second passage which I store in these notes for future use, is the +supremely magnificent one, out of a book full of magnificence,—if +truth be counted as having in it the strength of deed: Alphonse Karr's +"Grains de Bon Sens." I cannot praise either this or his more recent +"Bourdonnements" to my own heart's content, simply because they are by +a man utterly after my own heart, who has been saying in France, this +<span class="left"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +many a year, what I also, this many a year, have been saying in +England, neither of us knowing of the other, and both of us vainly. +(See pages 11 and 12 of "Bourdonnements.") The passage here given is +the sixty-third clause in "Grains de Bon Sens."</p> + +<p>"Et tout cela, monsieur, vient de ce qu'il n'y a plus de croyances—de +ce qu'on ne croit plus à rien.</p> + +<p>"Ah! saperlipopette, monsieur, vous me la baillez belle! Vous dites +qu'on ne croit plus à rien! Mais jamais, à aucune époque, +on n'a cru à tant de billevesées, de bourdes, de mensonges, +de sottises, d'absurdités qu'aujourd'hui.</p> + +<p>"D'abord, on <i>croit</i> a l'incrédulité— +l'incrédulité est une croyance, +une religion très exigeante, qui a ses dogmes, sa liturgie, ses +pratiques, ses rites!....son intolérance, ses superstitions. Nous +avons des incrédules et des impies jésuites, et des incrédules + et des impies jansénistes; des impies molinistes, et des impies + quiétistes; des impies pratiquants, et non pratiquants; des impies + indifférents et des impies fanatiques; des incrédules cagots et + des impies hypocrites et tartuffes.—La religion de + l'incrédulité ne se refuse même pas le +luxe des hérésies.</p> + +<p>"On ne croit plus à la bible, je le veux bien, mais on <i>croit</i> aux +'écritures' des journaux, on croit au 'sacerdoce' des gazettes et +carrés de papier, et à leurs 'oracles' quotidiens.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> au 'baptême' de la police correctionnelle et de la Cour +d'assises—on appelle 'martyrs' et 'confesseurs' les 'absents' à +Nouméa et les 'frères' de Suisse, d'Angleterre et de + Belgique—et, quand on parle des 'martyrs de la Commune' ça ne + s'entend pas des assassinés, mais des assassins.</p> + +<p>"On se fait enterrer 'civilement,' on ne veut plus sur son cercueil +des priéres de l'Eglise, on ne veut ni cierges, ni chants +religieux,—mais on veut un cortége portant derrière la +bière des immortelles rouges;—on veut une 'oraison,' une +'prédication' de Victor Hugo qui a ajouté cette +spécialité à ses autres spécialités, si +bien qu'un de ces jours derniers, comme il suivait un convoi en +amateur, un croque-mort s'approcha de lui, le poussa du coude, et lui +dit en souriant: 'Est-ce que nous n'aurons pas quelque chose de vous, +aujourd'hui?'—Et cette prédication il la lit ou la + récite—ou, s'il +ne juge pas à propos 'd'officier' lui-même, s'il s'agit d'un mort de +plus, il envoie pour la psalmodier M. Meurice ou tout autre 'prêtre' +ou 'enfant de cœur' du 'Dieu,'—A défaut de M. Hugo, s'il s'agit +d'un citoyen obscur, on se contente d'une homélie improvisée pour la +dixième fois par n'importe quel député intransigeant—et +le <i>Miserere</i> est remplacé par les cris de 'Vive la République!' +poussés dans le cimetière.</p> + +<p>"On n'entre plus dans les églises, mais on fréquente les brasseries et +les cabarets; on y officie, on y célèbre les mystères, + on y chante les louanges d'une prétendue république + <i>sacro-sainte</i>, une, indivisible, +démocratique, sociale, athénienne, intransigeante, despotique, +invisible quoique étant partout. On y communie sous différentes +espèces; le matin (<i>matines</i>) on 'tue le ver' avec le vin blanc,—il +<span class="left"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +y a plus tard les vêpres de l'absinthe, auxquelles on se ferait un +crime de manquer d'assiduité.</p> + +<p>"On ne croit plus en Dieu, mais on <i>croit</i> pieusement en M. Gambetta, +en MM. Marcou, Naquet, Barodet, Tartempion, etc., et en toute une +longue litanie de saints et de <i>dii minores</i> tels que Goutte-Noire, +Polosse, Boriasse et Silibat, le héros lyonnais.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> à 'l'immuabilité' de M. Thiers, qui a dit + avec aplomb 'Je ne change jamais,' et qui aujourd'hui est à la fois + le protecteur et le protégé de ceux qu'il a passé une + partie de sa vie à fusilier, et qu'il fusillait encore hier.</p> + +<p>'On <i>croit</i> au républicanisme 'immaculé' de l'avocat de + Cahors qui a jeté par-dessus bord tous les principes + républicains,—qui est à la fois de son côté + le protecteur et le protégé de M. Thiers, qui hier +l'appelait 'fou furieux,' déportait et fusillait ses amis.</p> + +<p>"Tous deux, il est vrai, en même temps protecteurs hypocrites, et +protégés dupés.</p> + +<p>"On ne croit plus aux miracles anciens, mais on <i>croit</i> à + des miracles nouveaux.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> à une république sans le respect religieux + et presque fanatique des lois.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> qu'on peut s'enrichir en restant imprévoyants, + insouciants et paresseux, et autrement que par le travail et l'économie.</p> + +<p>"On se <i>croit</i> libre en obéissant aveuglément et + bêtement à deux ou trois coteries.</p> + +<p>"On se <i>croit</i> indépendant parce qu'on a tué ou chassé + un lion et qu'on l'a remplacé par deux douzaines de caniches teints + en jaune.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> avoir conquis le 'suffrage universel' en votant par des +mots d'ordre qui en font le contraire du suffrage universel,—mené au +vote comme on mène un troupeau au pâturage, avec cette différence + que ça ne nourrit pas.—D'ailleurs, par ce suffrage universel qu'on croit +avoir et qu'on n'a pas,—il faudrait <i>croire</i> que les soldats doivent +commander au général, les chevaux mener le cocher;—<i>croire</i> + que deux radis valent mieux qu'une truffe, deux cailloux mieux qu'un diamant, +deux crottins mieux qu'une rose.</p> + +<p>"On se <i>croit</i> en République, parce que quelques demi-quarterons de +farceurs occupent les mêmes places, émargent les mêmes + appointements, pratiquent les mêmes abus, que ceux qu'on a renversés + a leur bénéfice.</p> + +<p>"On se <i>croit</i> un peuple opprimé, heroïque, que brise ses fers, et +n'est qu'un domestique capricieux qui aime à changer de maîtres.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> au génie d'avocats de sixième ordre, qui ne se sont +jetés dans la politique et n'aspirent au gouvernement despotique de la +France que faute d'avoir pu gagner honnêtement, sans grand travail, +dans l'exercice d'un profession correcte, une vie obscure humectée de +chopes.</p> + +<p>"On <i>croit</i> que des hommes dévoyés, déclassés, +décavés, fruits secs, etc., qui n'ont étudié que le +'domino à quatre' et le 'bezigue en quinze cents' se réveillent un +matin,—après un sommeil alourdi par le +tabac et la bière—possédant la science de la politique, et l'art de +la guerre; et aptes à être dictateurs, généraux, +ministres, préfets, sous-préfets, etc. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +"Et les soi-disant conservateurs eux-mêmes <i>croient</i> que la France +peut se relever et vivre tant qu'on n'aura pas fait justice de ce +prétendu suffrage universel qui est le contraire du suffrage +universel.</p> + +<p>"Les croyances out subi le sort de ce serpent de la fable—coupé, +haché par morceaux, dont chaque tronçon devenait un serpent.</p> + +<p>"Les croyances se sont changées en monnaie—en billon de +crédulités.</p> + +<p>"Et pour finir la liste bien incomplète des croyances et des +crédulités—vous <i>croyez</i>, vous, qu'on ne croit +à rien!"</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-1_1" id="Footnote_1-1_1"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-1_1"><span class="label">[1-1]</span> +</a> M. H. Dusevel, Histoire de la Ville d'Amiens. Amiens, +Caron et Lambert, 1848; p. 305.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-2_2" id="Footnote_1-2_2"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-2_2"><span class="label">[1-2]</span></a> + Carpaccio trusts for the chief splendour of any festa in +cities to the patterns of the draperies hung out of windows.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-3_3" id="Footnote_1-3_3"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_1-3_3"><span class="label">[1-3]</span></a> + The first fixed and set-down footsteps; wandering tribes +called Franks, had overswept the country, and recoiled, again and +again. But <i>this</i> invasion of the so-called Salian Franks, never +retreats again.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-4_4" id="Footnote_1-4_4"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-4_4"><span class="label">[1-4]</span></a> + See note at end of chapter, as also for the allusions in + +<a href="#Link_1-2" class="lanchor">p. 9</a>, +to the battle of Soissons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-5_5" id="Footnote_1-5_5"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-5_5"><span class="label">[1-5]</span></a> + More properly, his knight's cloak; in all likelihood the +trabea, with purple and white stripes, dedicate to the kings of Rome, +and chiefly to Romulus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-6_6" id="Footnote_1-6_6"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-6_6"><span class="label">[1-6]</span> +</a> Mrs. Jameson, Legendary Art, Vol. II., p. 721.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-7_7" id="Footnote_1-7_7"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-7_7"><span class="label">[1-7]</span></a> + Mrs. Jameson, Vol. II., p. 722.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1-8_8" id="Footnote_1-8_8"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1-8_8"><span class="label">[1-8]</span></a> + Modern Painters, Plate 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_9" id="Footnote_A_9"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_A_9"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> + The plan for numbered and lettered references is not +followed after the first chapter.</p></div> + +<p>[Transcriber's Note: In fact, the author was somewhat chaotic in the way +he identified footnotes. From this point onwards, all footnotes have been +numbered, and moved to the end of chapters.]</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Chapter_II" id="Chapter_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3>UNDER THE DRACHENFELS.</h3> + + +<p><b>1</b>. Without ignobly trusting the devices of artificial memory—far less +slighting the pleasure and power of resolute and thoughtful memory—my +younger readers will find it extremely useful to note any coincidences +or links of number which may serve to secure in their minds what may +be called Dates of Anchorage, round which others, less important, may +swing at various cables' lengths.</p> + +<p>Thus, it will be found primarily a most simple and convenient +arrangement of the years since the birth of Christ, to divide them by +fives of centuries,—that is to say, by the marked periods of the +fifth, tenth, fifteenth, and, now fast nearing us, twentieth +centuries.</p> + +<p>And this—at first seemingly formal and arithmetical—division, will +be found, as we use it, very singularly emphasized by signs of most +notable change in the knowledge, disciplines, and morals of the human +race.</p> + +<p><b>2</b>. All dates, it must farther be remembered, falling within the fifth +century, begin with the number 4 (401, 402, etc.); and all dates in +the tenth century with the number 9 (901, 902, etc.); and all dates in +the fifteenth century with the number 14 (1401, 1402, etc.)</p> + +<p>In our immediate subject of study, we are concerned with the first of +these marked centuries—the fifth—of which I will therefore ask you +to observe two very interesting divisions.</p> + +<p>All dates of years in that century, we said, must begin with the +number 4.</p> + +<p>If you halve it for the second figure, you get 42.</p> + +<p>And if you double it for the second figure, you get 48.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 330px;"> +<a name="Plate_II" id="Plate_II"></a> +<img src="images/fig002.jpg" width="330" height="460" +alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Plate II.—The Bible of Amiens. Northern +Porch before Restoration.</span></h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> + +<p>Add 1, for the third figure, to each of these numbers, and you get 421 +and 481, which two dates you will please fasten well down, and let +there be no drifting about of them in your heads.</p> + +<p>For the first is the date of the birth of Venice herself, and her +dukedom, (see 'St. Mark's Rest,' Part I., p. 30); and the second is +the date of birth of the French Venice, and her kingdom; Clovis being +in that year crowned in Amiens.</p><a name="Link_1-19" id="Link_1-19"></a> + + +<p><b>3</b>. These are the great Birthdays—Birthdates—in the fifth +century, of Nations. Its Deathdays we will count, at another time.</p> + +<p>Since, not for dark Rialto's dukedom, nor for fair France's kingdom, +only, are these two years to be remembered above all others in the +wild fifth century; but because they are also the birth-years of a +great Lady, and greater Lord, of all future Christendom—St. +Genevieve, and St. Benedict.</p><a name="Link_1-20" id="Link_1-20"></a> + + +<p>Genevieve, the 'white wave' (Laughing water)—the purest of all the +maids that have been named from the sea-foam or the rivulet's ripple, +unsullied,—not the troubled and troubling Aphrodite, but the +Leuchothea of Ulysses, the guiding wave of deliverance.</p> + +<p>White wave on the blue—whether of pure lake or sunny +sea—(thenceforth the colours of France, blue field with white +lilies), she is always the type of purity, in active brightness of the +entire soul and life—(so distinguished from the quieter and +restricted innocence of St. Agnes),—and all the traditions of sorrow +in the trial or failure of noble womanhood are connected with her +name; Ginevra, in Italian, passing into Shakespeare's Imogen; and +Guinevere, the torrent wave of the British mountain streams, of whose +pollution your modern sentimental minstrels chant and moan to you, +lugubriously useless;—but none tell you, that I hear, of the victory +and might of this white wave of France.</p> +<a name="Link_1-11" id="Link_1-11"></a> + +<p><b>4</b>. A shepherd maid she was—a tiny thing, barefooted, bareheaded— +such as you may see running wild and innocent, less cared for now than +their sheep, over many a hillside of France and Italy. Tiny +enough;—seven years old, all told, when first one hears of her: +<span class="left"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +"Seven times one are seven, (I am old, you may trust me, linnet, +linnet<a name="FNanchor_2-1_10" id="FNanchor_2-1_10"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-1_10" class="fnanchor">[2-1]</a>)," + and all around her—fierce as the Furies, and wild as the +winds of heaven—the thunder of the Gothic armies, reverberate over +the ruins of the world.</p> + +<p><b>5</b>. Two leagues from Paris, (<i>Roman</i> Paris, soon to pass away with Rome +herself,) the little thing keeps her flock, not even her own, nor her +father's flock, like David; she is the hired servant of a richer +farmer of Nanterre. Who can tell me anything about Nanterre?—which of +our pilgrims of this omni-speculant, omni-nescient age has thought of +visiting what shrine may be there? I don't know even on what side of +Paris it lies,<a name="FNanchor_2-2_11" id="FNanchor_2-2_11"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-2_11" class="fnanchor">[2-2]</a> + nor under which heap of railway cinders and iron one +is to conceive the sheep-walks and blossomed fields of fairy St. +Phyllis. There were such left, even in my time, between Paris and St. +Denis, (see the prettiest chapter in all the "Mysteries of Paris," +where Fleur de Marie runs wild in them for the first time), but now, I +suppose, St. Phyllis's native earth is all thrown up into bastion and +glacis, (profitable and blessed of all saints, and her, as <i>these</i> +have since proved themselves!) or else are covered with manufactories +and cabarets. Seven years old she was, then, when on his way to +<i>England</i> from Auxerre, St. Germain passed a night in her village, and +among the children who brought him on his way in the morning in more +kindly manner than Elisha's convoy, noticed this one—wider-eyed in +reverence than the rest; drew her to him, questioned her, and was +sweetly answered: That she would fain be Christ's handmaid. And he +hung round her neck a small copper coin, marked with the cross. +Thencefoward Genevieve held herself as "separated from the world."</p> + +<p><b>6</b>. It did not turn out so, however. Far the contrary. You must think +of her, instead, as the first of Parisiennes. Queen of Vanity Fair, +that was to be, sedately poor St. Phyllis, with her copper-crossed +<span class="left"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +farthing about her neck! More than Nitocris was to Egypt, more than +Semiramis to Nineveh, more than Zenobia to the city of palm +trees—this seven-years-old shepherd maiden became to Paris and her +France. You have not heard of her in that kind?—No: how should +you?—for she did not lead armies, but stayed them, and all her power +was in peace.</p> + +<p><b>7</b>. There are, however, some seven or eight and twenty lives of her, I +believe; into the literature of which I cannot enter, nor need, all +having been ineffective in producing any clear picture of her to the +modern French or English mind; and leaving one's own poor sagacities +and fancy to gather and shape the sanctity of her into an +intelligible, I do not say a <i>credible</i>, form; for there is no +question here about belief,—the creature is as real as Joan of Arc, +and far more powerful;—she is separated, just as St. Martin is, by +his patience, from too provocative prelates—by her quietness of +force, from the pitiable crowd of feminine martyr saints.</p> + +<p>There are thousands of religious girls who have never got themselves +into any calendars, but have wasted and wearied away their +lives—heaven knows why, for <i>we</i> cannot; but here is one, at any +rate, who neither scolds herself to martyrdom, nor frets herself into +consumption, but becomes a tower of the Flock, and builder of folds +for them all her days.</p> + +<p><b>8</b>. The first thing, then, you have to note of her, is that she is a +pure native <i>Gaul</i>. She does not come as a missionary out of Hungary, +or Illyria, or Egypt, or ineffable space; but grows at Nanterre, like +a marguerite in the dew, the first "Reine Blanche" of Gaul.</p> + +<p>I have not used this ugly word 'Gaul' before, and we must be quite +sure what it means, at once, though it will cost us a long +parenthesis.</p> + +<p><b>9</b>. During all the years of the rising power of Rome, her people called +everybody a Gaul who lived north of the sources of Tiber. If you are +not content with that general statement, you may read the article +"Gallia" in Smith's dictionary, which consists of seventy-one columns +<span class="left"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +of close print, containing each as much as three of my pages; and +tells you at the end of it, that "though long, it is not complete." +You may however, gather from it, after an attentive perusal, as much +as I have above told you.</p> + +<p>But, as early as the second century after Christ, and much more +distinctly in the time with which we are ourselves concerned—the +fifth—the wild nations opposed to Rome, and partially subdued, or +held at bay by her, had resolved themselves into two distinct masses, +belonging to two distinct <i>latitudes</i>. One, <i>fixed</i> in habitation of +the pleasant temperate zone of Europe—England with her western +mountains, the healthy limestone plateaux and granite mounts of +France, the German labyrinths of woody hill and winding thal, from the +Tyrol to the Hartz, and all the vast enclosed basin and branching +valleys of the Carpathians. Think of these four districts, briefly and +clearly, as 'Britain,' 'Gaul,' 'Germany,' and 'Dacia.'</p> + +<p><b>10</b>. North of these rudely but patiently <i>resident</i> races, possessing +fields and orchards, quiet herds, homes of a sort, moralities and +memories not ignoble, dwelt, or rather drifted, and shook, a shattered +chain of gloomier tribes, piratical mainly, and predatory, nomad +essentially; homeless, of necessity, finding no stay nor comfort in +earth, or bitter sky: desperately wandering along the waste sands and +drenched morasses of the flat country stretching from the mouths of +the Rhine to those of the Vistula, and beyond Vistula nobody knows +where, nor needs to know. Waste sands and rootless bogs their portion, +ice-fastened and cloud-shadowed, for many a day of the rigorous year: +shallow pools and oozings and windings of retarded streams, black +decay of neglected woods, scarcely habitable, never loveable; to this +day the inner mainlands little changed for good +<a name="FNanchor_2-3_12" id="FNanchor_2-3_12"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_2-3_12" class="fnanchor">[2-3]</a>—and their +inhabitants now fallen even on sadder times.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +<p><b>11</b>. For in the fifth century they had herds of cattle +<a name="FNanchor_2-4_13" id="FNanchor_2-4_13"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-4_13" class="fnanchor">[2-4]</a> to drive and +kill, unpreserved hunting-grounds full of game and wild deer, tameable +reindeer also then, even so far in the south; spirited hogs, good for +practice of fight as in Meleager's time, and afterwards for bacon; +furry creatures innumerable, all good for meat or skin. Fish of the +infinite sea breaking their bark-fibre nets; fowl innumerable, migrant +in the skies, for their flint-headed arrows; bred horses for their own +riding; ships of no mean size, and of all sorts, flat-bottomed for the +oozy puddles, keeled and decked for strong Elbe stream and furious +Baltic on the one side, for mountain-cleaving Danube and the black +lake of Colchos on the south.</p> + +<p><b>12</b>. And they were, to all outward aspect, and in all <i>felt</i> force, the +living powers of the world, in that long hour of its transfiguration. +All else known once for awful, had become formalism, folly, or +shame:—the Roman armies, a mere sworded mechanism, fast falling +confused, every sword against its fellow;—the Roman civil multitude, +mixed of slaves, slave-masters, and harlots; the East, cut off from +Europe by the intervening weakness of the Greek. These starving troops +of the Black forests and White seas, themselves half wolf, half +drift-wood, (as <i>we</i> once called ourselves Lion-hearts, and +Oak-hearts, so they), merciless as the herded hound, enduring as the +wild birch-tree and pine. You will hear of few beside them for five +centuries yet to come: Visigoths, west of Vistula;—Ostrogoths, east +of Vistula; radiant round little Holy Island (Heligoland), our own +Saxons, and Hamlet the Dane, and his foe the sledded Polack on the +ice,—all these south of Baltic; and pouring <i>across</i> Baltic, +constantly, her mountain-ministered strength, Scandinavia, until at +last <i>she</i> for a time rules all, and the Norman name is of disputeless +dominion, from the North Cape to Jerusalem.</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +<p><b>13</b>. <i>This</i> is the apparent, this the only recognised world history, as +I have said, for five centuries to come. And yet the real history is +underneath all this. The wandering armies are, in the heart of them, +only living hail, and thunder, and fire along the ground. But the +Suffering Life, the rooted heart of native humanity, growing up in +eternal gentleness, howsoever wasted, forgotten, or spoiled,—itself +neither wasting, nor wandering, nor slaying, but unconquerable by +grief or death, became the seed ground of all love, that was to be +born in due time; giving, then, to mortality, what hope, joy, or +genius it could receive; and—if there be immortality—rendering out +of the grave to the Church her fostering Saints, and to Heaven her +helpful Angels.</p> + +<p><b>14</b>. Of this low-nestling, speechless, harmless, infinitely submissive, +infinitely serviceable order of being, no Historian ever takes the +smallest notice, except when it is robbed or slain. I can give you no +picture of it, bring to your ears no murmur of it, nor cry. I can only +show you the absolute 'must have been' of its unrewarded past, and the +way in which all we have thought of, or been told, is founded on the +deeper facts in its history, unthought of, and untold.</p> + +<p><b>15</b>. The main mass of this innocent and invincible peasant life is, as +I have above told you, grouped in the fruitful and temperate districts +of (relatively) mountainous Europe,—reaching, west to east, from the +Cornish Land's End to the mouth of the Danube. Already, in the times +we are now dealing with, it was full of native +passion—generosity—and intelligence capable of all things. Dacia +gave to Rome the four last of her great Emperors, +<a name="FNanchor_2-5_14" id="FNanchor_2-5_14"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-5_14" class="fnanchor">[2-5]</a>—Britain to +Christianity the first deeds, and the final legends, of her +<span class="left"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +chivalry,—Germany, to all manhood, the truth and the fire of the +Frank,—Gaul, to all womanhood, the patience and strength of St. +Genevieve.</p> +<a name="Link_1-3" id="Link_1-3"></a> + +<p><b>16</b>. The <i>truth</i>, and the fire, of the Frank,—I must repeat with +insistence,—for my younger readers have probably been in the habit of +thinking that the French were more polite than true. They will find, +if they examine into the matter, that only Truth <i>can</i> be polished: +and that all we recognize of beautiful, subtle, or constructive, in +the manners, the language, or the architecture of the French, comes of +a pure veracity in their nature, which you will soon feel in the +living creatures themselves if you love them: if you understand even +their worst rightly, their very Revolution was a revolt against lies; +and against the betrayal of Love. No people had ever been so loyal in +vain.</p> + +<p><b>17</b>. That they were originally Germans, they themselves I suppose would +now gladly forget; but how they shook the dust of Germany off their +feet—and gave themselves a new name—is the first of the phenomena +which we have now attentively to observe respecting them.</p> + +<p>"The most rational critics," says Mr. Gibbon in his tenth chapter, +"<i>suppose</i> that <i>about</i> the year 240" (<i>suppose</i> then, we, +for our greater comfort, say <i>about</i> the year 250, half-way to end of +fifth century, where we are,—ten years less or more, in cases of +'supposing about,' do not much matter, but some floating buoy of a date +will be handy here.)</p> + +<p>'About' <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 250, then, "a new confederacy was +formed, under the name of Franks, by the old inhabitants of the lower Rhine +and the Weser."</p> + +<p><b>18</b>. My own impression, concerning the old inhabitants of the lower +Rhine and the Weser, would have been that they consisted mostly of +fish, with superficial frogs and ducks; but Mr. Gibbon's note on the +passage informs us that the new confederation composed itself of human +creatures, in these items following.</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1. The Chauci, who lived we are not told where. +</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. The Sicambri who lived in the Principality of Waldeck.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. The Attuarii who lived in the Duchy of Berg.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">4. The Bructeri who lived on the banks of the Lippe.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">5. The Chamavii who lived in the country of the Bructeri.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">6. The Catti who lived in Hessia.</span><br /> + +<p>All this I believe you will be rather easier in your minds if you +forget than if you remember; but if it please you to read, or re-read, +(or best of all, get read to you by some real Miss Isabella Wardour,) +the story of Martin Waldeck in the 'Antiquary,' you will gain from it +a sufficient notion of the central character of "the Principality of +<i>Waldeck</i>" connected securely with that important German word; +'woody'—or 'wood<i>ish</i>,' I suppose?—descriptive of rock and +half-grown forest; together with some wholesome reverence for Scott's +instinctively deep foundations of nomenclature.</p> + +<p><b>19</b>. But for our present purpose we must also take seriously to our +maps again, and get things within linear limits of space.</p> + +<p>All the maps of Germany which I have myself the privilege of +possessing, diffuse themselves, just north of Frankfort, into the +likeness of a painted window broken small by Puritan malice, and put +together again by ingenious churchwardens with every bit of it wrong +side upwards;—this curious vitrerie purporting to represent the +sixty, seventy, eighty, or ninety dukedoms, marquisates, counties, +baronies, electorates, and the like, into which hereditary Alemannia +cracked itself in that latitude. But under the mottling colours, and +through the jotted and jumbled alphabets of distracted +dignities—besides a chain-mail of black railroads over all, the +chains of it not in links, but bristling with legs, like +centipedes,—a hard forenoon's work with good magnifying-glass enables +one approximately to make out the course of the Weser, and the names +of certain towns near its sources, deservedly memorable.</p> + +<p><b>20</b>. In case you have not a forenoon to spare, nor eyesight to waste, +this much of merely necessary abstract must serve you,—that from the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +Drachenfels and its six brother felsen, eastward, trending to the +north, there runs and spreads a straggling company of gnarled and +mysterious craglets, jutting and scowling above glens fringed by +coppice, and fretful or musical with stream; the crags, in pious ages, +mostly castled, for distantly or fancifully Christian purposes;—the +glens, resonant of woodmen, or burrowed at the sides by miners, and +invisibly tenanted farther, underground, by gnomes, and above by +forest and other demons. The entire district, clasping crag to crag, +and guiding dell to dell, some hundred and fifty miles (with +intervals) between the Dragon mountain above Rhine, and the Rosin +mountain, 'Hartz' shadowy still to the south of the riding grounds of +Black Brunswickers of indisputable bodily presence;—shadowy anciently +with 'Hercynian' (hedge, or fence) forest, corrupted or coinciding +into Hartz, or Rosin forest, haunted by obscurely apparent foresters +of at least resinous, not to say sulphurous, extraction.</p> + +<p><b>21</b>. A hundred and fifty miles east to west, say half as much north to +south—about a thousand square miles in whole—of metalliferous, +coniferous, and Ghostiferous mountain, fluent, and diffluent for us, +both in mediæval and recent times, with the most Essential oil of +Turpentine, and Myrrh or Frankincense of temper and imagination, which +may be typified by it, producible in Germany; especially if we think +how the more delicate uses of Rosin, as indispensable to the +Fiddle-bow, have developed themselves, from the days of St. Elizabeth +of Marburg to those of St. Mephistopheles of Weimar.</p> + +<p><b>22</b>. As far as I know, this cluster of wayward cliff and dingle has no +common name as a group of hills; and it is quite impossible to make +out the diverse branching of it in any maps I can lay hand on: but we +may remember easily, and usefully, that it is <i>all</i> north of the +Maine,—that it rests on the Drachenfels at one end, and tosses itself +away to the morning light with a concave swoop, up to the Hartz, +(Brocken summit, 3700 feet above sea, nothing higher): with one +notable interval for Weser stream, of which presently.</p> + +<p><b>23</b>. We will call this, in future, the chain, or company, of the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +Enchanted mountains; and then we shall all the more easily join on the +Giant mountains, Riesen-Gebirge, when we want them; but these are +altogether higher, sterner, and not yet to be invaded; the nearer +ones, through which our road lies, we might perhaps more aptly call +the Goblin mountains; but that would be scarcely reverent to St. +Elizabeth, nor to the numberless pretty chatelaines of towers, and +princesses of park and glen, who have made German domestic manners +sweet and exemplary, and have led their lightly rippling and +translucent lives down the glens of ages, until enchantment becomes, +perhaps, too canonical in the Almanach de Gotha.</p> + +<p>We will call them therefore the Enchanted Mountains, not the Goblin; +perceiving gratefully also that the Rock spirits of them have really +much more of the temper of fairy physicians than of gnomes: each—as +it were with sensitive hazel wand instead of smiting rod—beckoning, +out of sparry caves, effervescent Brunnen, beneficently salt and warm.</p> + +<p><b>24</b>. At the very heart of this Enchanted chain, then—(and the +beneficentest, if one use it and guide it rightly, of all the Brunnen +there,) sprang the fountain of the earliest Frank race; "in the +principality of Waldeck,"—you can trace their current to no farther +source; there it rises out of the earth.</p> + +<p>'Frankenberg' (Burg), on right bank of the Eder, nineteen miles north +of Marburg, you may find marked clearly in the map No. 18 of Black's +General Atlas, wherein the cluster of surrounding bewitched mountains, +and the valley of Eder-stream otherwise (as the village higher up the +dell still calls itself) "Engel-Bach," "Angel Brook," joining that of +the Fulda, just above Cassel, are also delineated in a way +intelligible to attentive mortal eyes. I should be plagued with the +names in trying a woodcut; but a few careful pen-strokes, or wriggles, +of your own off-hand touching, would give you the concurrence of the +actual sources of Weser in a comfortably extricated form, with the +memorable towns on them, or just south of them, on the other slope of +the watershed, towards Maine. Frankenberg and Waldeck on Eder, Fulda +and Cassel on Fulda, Eisenach on Werra, who accentuates himself into +Weser after taking Fulda for bride, as Tees the Greta, beyond +<span class="left"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +Eisenach, under the Wartzburg, (of which you have heard as a castle +employed on Christian mission and Bible Society purposes), +town-streets below hard paved with basalt—name of it, Iron-ach, +significant of Thuringian armouries in the old time,—it is active +with mills for many things yet.</p> + +<p><b>25</b>. The rocks all the way from Rhine, thus far, are jets and spurts of +basalt through irony sandstone, with a strip of coal or two northward, +by the grace of God not worth digging for; at Frankenberg even a gold +mine; also, by Heaven's mercy, poor of its ore; but wood and iron +always to be had for the due trouble; and, of softer wealth above +ground,—game, corn, fruit, flax, wine, wool, and hemp! Monastic care +over all, in Fulda's and Walter's houses—which I find marked by a +cross as built by some pious Walter, Knight of Meiningen on the Boden +wasser, Bottom water, as of water having found its way well down at +last: so "Boden-See," of Rhine well got down out of Via Mala.</p> + +<p><b>26</b>. And thus, having got your springs of Weser clear from the rock; +and, as it were, gathered up the reins of your river, you can draw for +yourself, easily enough, the course of its farther stream, flowing +virtually straight north, to the North Sea. And mark it strongly on +your sketched map of Europe, next to the border Vistula, leaving out +Elbe yet for a time. For now, you may take the whole space between +Weser and Vistula (north of the mountains), as wild barbarian (Saxon +or Goth); but, piercing the source of the Franks at Waldeck, you will +find them gradually, but swiftly, filling all the space between Weser +and the mouths of Rhine, passing from mountain foam into calmer +diffusion over the Netherland, where their straying forest and +pastoral life has at last to embank itself into muddy agriculture, and +in bleak-flying sea mist, forget the sunshine on its basalt crags.</p> + +<p><b>27</b>. Whereupon, <i>we</i> must also pause, to embank ourselves somewhat; and +before other things, try what we can understand in this name of Frank, +concerning which Gibbon tells us, in his sweetest tones of satisfied +moral serenity—"The love of liberty was the ruling passion of these +<span class="left"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +Germans. They deserved, they assumed, they maintained, the honourable +epithet of Franks, or Freemen." He does not, however, tell us in what +language of the time—Chaucian, Sicambrian, Chamavian, or +Cattian,—'Frank' ever meant Free: nor can I find out myself what +tongue of any time it first belongs to; but I doubt not that Miss +Yonge ('History of Christian Names,' Articles on Frey and Frank), +gives the true root, in what she calls the High German "Frang," Free +<i>Lord</i>. Not by any means a Free <i>Commoner</i>, or anything of the sort! +but a person whose nature and name implied the existence around him, +and beneath, of a considerable number of other persons who were by no +means 'Frang,' nor Frangs. His title is one of the proudest then +maintainable;—ratified at last by the dignity of age added to that of +valour, into the Seigneur, or Monseigneur, not even yet in the last +cockney form of it, 'Mossoo,' wholly understood as a republican term!</p> + +<p><b>28</b>. So that, accurately thought of, the quality of Frankness glances +only with the flat side of it into any meaning of 'Libre,' but with +all its cutting edge, determinedly, and to all time, it signifies +Brave, strong, and honest, above other men. +<a name="FNanchor_2-6_15" id="FNanchor_2-6_15"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_2-6_15" class="fnanchor">[2-6]</a> The old woodland race +were never in any wolfish sense 'free,' but in a most human sense +<span class="left"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +Frank, outspoken, meaning what they had said, and standing to it, when +they had got it out. Quick and clear in word and act, fearless utterly +and restless always;—but idly lawless, or weakly lavish, neither in +deed nor word. Their frankness, if you read it as a scholar and a +Christian, and not like a modern half-bred, half-brained infidel, +knowing no tongue of all the world but in the slang of it, is really +opposed, not to Servitude,—but to Shyness! +<a name="FNanchor_2-7_16" id="FNanchor_2-7_16"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_2-7_16" class="fnanchor">[2-7]</a> It is to this day the +note of the sweetest and Frenchiest of French character, that it makes +simply perfect <i>Servants</i>. Unwearied in protective friendship, in +meekly dextrous omnificence, in latent tutorship; the lovingly +availablest of valets,—the mentally and personally bonniest of +bonnes. But in no capacity shy of you! Though you be the Duke or +Duchess of Montaltissimo, you will not find them abashed at your +altitude. They will speak 'up' to you, when they have a mind.</p> + +<p><b>29</b>. Best of servants: best of <i>subjects</i>, also, when they have an +<span class="left"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +equally frank King, or Count, or Captal, to lead them; of which we +shall see proof enough in due time;—but, instantly, note this +farther, that, whatever side-gleam of the thing they afterwards called +Liberty may be meant by the Frank name, you must at once now, and +always in future, guard yourself from confusing their Liberties with +their Activities. What the temper of the army may be towards its +chief, is <i>one</i> question—whether either chief or army can be kept six +months quiet,—another, and a totally different one. That they must +either be fighting somebody or going somewhere, else, their life isn't +worth living to them; the activity and mercurial flashing and +flickering hither and thither, which in the soul of it is set neither +on war nor rapine, but only on change of place, mood—tense, and +tension;—which never needs to see its spurs in the dish, but has them +always bright, and on, and would ever choose rather to ride fasting +than sit feasting,—this childlike dread of being put in a corner, and +continual want of something to do, is to be watched by us with +wondering sympathy in all its sometimes splendid, but too often +unlucky or disastrous consequences to the nation itself as well as to +its neighbours.</p> + +<p><b>30</b>. And this activity, which we stolid beef-eaters, before we had been +taught by modern science that we were no better than baboons +ourselves, were wont discourteously to liken to that of the livelier +tribes of Monkey, did in fact so much impress the Hollanders, when +first the irriguous Franks gave motion and current to their marshes, +that the earliest heraldry in which we find the Frank power blazoned +seems to be founded on a Dutch endeavour to give some distantly +satirical presentment of it. "For," says a most ingenious historian, +Mons. André Favine,—'Parisian, and Advocate in the High Court of the +French Parliament in the year 1620'—"those people who bordered on the +river Sala, called 'Salts,' by the Allemaignes, were on their descent +into Dutch lands called by the Romans 'Franci Salici'" (whence +'Salique' law to come, you observe) "and by abridgment 'Salii,' as if +of the verb 'salire,' that is to say 'saulter,' to leap"—(and in +<span class="left"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +future therefore—duly also to dance—in an incomparable manner) "to +be quicke and nimble of foot, to leap and mount well, a quality most +notably requisite for such as dwell in watrie and marshy places; So +that while such of the French as dwelt on the great course of the +river" (Rhine) "were called 'Nageurs,' Swimmers, they of the marshes +were called 'Saulteurs,' Leapers, so that it was a nickname given to +the French in regard both of their natural disposition and of their +dwelling; as, yet to this day, their enemies call them French Toades, +(or Frogs, more properly) from whence grew the fable that their +ancient Kings carried such creatures in their Armes."</p> + +<p><b>31</b>. Without entering at present into debate whether fable or not, you +will easily remember the epithet 'Salian' of these fosse-leaping and +river-swimming folk (so that, as aforesaid, all the length of Rhine +must be refortified against them)—epithet however, it appears, in its +origin delicately Saline, so that we may with good discretion, as we +call our seasoned Mariners, '<i>old</i> Salts,' think of these more +brightly sparkling Franks as 'Young Salts,'—but this equivocated +presently by the Romans, with natural respect to their martial fire +and 'elan,' into 'Salii'—exsultantes, +<a name="FNanchor_2-8_17" id="FNanchor_2-8_17"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_2-8_17" class="fnanchor">[2-8]</a>—such as their own +armed priests of war: and by us now with some little farther, but slight +equivocation, into useful meaning, to be thought of as here first +<span class="left"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +Salient, as a beaked promontory, towards the France we know of; and +evermore, in brilliant elasticities of temper, a salient or +out-sallying nation; lending to us English presently—for this much of +heraldry we may at once glance on to—their 'Leopard,' not as a +spotted or blotted creature, but as an inevitably springing and +pouncing one, for our own kingly and princely shields.</p> + +<p>Thus much, of their 'Salian' epithet may be enough; but from the +interpretation of the Frankish one we are still as far as ever, and +must be content, in the meantime, to stay so, noting however two ideas +afterwards entangled with the name, which are of much descriptive +importance to us.</p> + +<p><b>32</b>. "The French poet in the first book of his Franciades" (says Mons. +Favine; but what poet I know not, nor can enquire) "encounters" (in +the sense of en-quarters, or depicts as a herald) certain fables on +the name of the French by the adoption and composure of two <i>Gaulish</i> +words joyned together, Phere-Encos which signifieth 'Beare-<i>Launce</i>,' +(—Shake-Lance, we might perhaps venture to translate,) a lighter +weapon than the Spear beginning here to quiver in the hand of its +chivalry—and Fere-encos then passing swiftly on the tongue into +Francos;"—a derivation not to be adopted, but the idea of the weapon +most carefully,—together with this following—that "among the arms of +the ancient French, over and beside the Launce, was the Battaile-Axe, +which they called <i>Anchon</i>, and moreover, yet to this day, in many +Provinces of France, it is termed an <i>Achon</i>, wherewith they served +themselves in warre, by throwing it a farre off at joyning with the +enemy, onely to discover the man and to cleave his shield. Because +this <i>Achon</i> was darted with such violence, as it would cleave the +Shield, and compell the Maister thereof to hold down his arm, and +being so discovered, as naked or unarmed; it made way for the sooner +surprizing of him. It seemeth, that this weapon was proper and +particuler to the French Souldior, as well him on foote, as on +horsebacke. For this cause they called it <i>Franciscus</i>. Francisca, +<i>securis oblonga, quam Franci librabant in Hostes</i>. For the Horseman, +beside his shield and Francisca (Armes common, as wee have said, to +<span class="left"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +the Footman), had also the Lance, which being broken, and serving to +no further effect, he laid hand on his Francisca, as we learn the use +of that weapon in the Archbishop of Tours, his second book, and +twenty-seventh chapter."</p> + +<p><b>33</b>. It is satisfactory to find how respectfully these lessons of the +Archbishop of Tours were received by the French knights; and curious +to see the preferred use of the Francisca by all the best of +them—down, not only to Cœur de Lion's time, but even to the day of +Poitiers. In the last wrestle of the battle at Poitiers gate, "Là, fit +le Roy Jehan de sa main, merveilles d'armes, et tenoit une hache de +guerre dont bien se deffendoit et combattoit,—si la quartre partie de +ses gens luy eussent ressemblé, la journée eust été + pour eux." Still more notably, in the episode of fight which Froissart stops + to tell just before, between the Sire de Verclef, (on Severn) and the Picard +squire Jean de Helennes: the Englishman, losing his sword, dismounts +to recover it, on which Helennes <i>casts</i> his own at him with such aim +and force "qu'il acconsuit l'Anglois es cuisses, tellement que l'espée +entra dedans et le cousit tout parmi, jusqu'au hans."</p> + +<p>On this the knight rendering himself, the squire binds his wound, and +nurses him, staying fifteen days 'pour l'amour de lui' at +Chasteleraut, while his life was in danger; and afterwards carrying +him in a litter all the way to his own chastel in Picardy. His ransom +however is 6000 nobles—I suppose about 25,000 pounds, of our present +estimate; and you may set down for one of the fatallest signs that the +days of chivalry are near their darkening, how "devint celuy Escuyer, +Chevalier, pour le grand profit qu'il eut du Seigneur de Verclef."</p> + +<p>I return gladly to the dawn of chivalry, when, every hour and year, +men were becoming more gentle and more wise; while, even through their +worst cruelty and error, native qualities of noblest cast may be seen +asserting themselves for primal motive, and submitting themselves for +future training.</p> + +<p><b>34</b>. We have hitherto got no farther in our notion of a Salian Frank +than a glimpse of his two principal weapons,—the shadow of him, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +however, begins to shape itself to us on the mist of the Brocken, +bearing the lance light, passing into the javelin,—but the axe, his +woodman's weapon, heavy;—for economical reasons, in scarcity of iron, +preferablest of all weapons, giving the fullest swing and weight of +blow with least quantity of actual metal, and roughest forging. Gibbon +gives them also a 'weighty' sword, suspended from a 'broad' belt: but +Gibbon's epithets are always gratis, and the belted sword, whatever +its measure, was probably for the leaders only; the belt, itself of +gold, the distinction of the Roman Counts, and doubtless adopted from +them by the allied Frank leaders, afterwards taking the Pauline mythic +meaning of the girdle of Truth—and so finally; the chief mark of +Belted Knighthood.</p> + +<p><b>35</b>. The Shield, for all, was round, wielded like a Highlander's +target:—armour, presumably, nothing but hard-tanned leather, or +patiently close knitted hemp; "Their close apparel," says Mr. Gibbon, +"accurately expressed the figure of their limbs," but 'apparel' is +only Miltonic-Gibbonian for 'nobody knows what.' He is more +intelligible of their persons. "The lofty stature of the Franks, and +their blue eyes, denoted a Germanic origin; the warlike barbarians +were trained from their earliest youth to run, to leap, to swim, to +dart the javelin and battle-axe with unerring aim, to advance without +hesitation against a superior enemy, and to maintain either in life or +death, the invincible reputation of their ancestors" (vi. 95). For the +first time, in 358, appalled by the Emperor Julian's victory at +Strasburg, and besieged by him upon the Meuse, a body of six hundred +Franks "dispensed with the ancient law which commanded them to conquer +or die."<a name="Link_1-8" id="Link_1-8"></a> + + "Although they were strongly actuated by the allurements of +rapine, they professed a disinterested love of war, which they +considered as the supreme honour and felicity of human nature; and +their minds and bodies were so hardened by perpetual action that, +according to the lively expression of an orator, the snows of winter +were as pleasant to them as the flowers of spring" (iii. 220).</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> + +<p><b>36</b>. These mental and bodily virtues, or indurations, were probably +universal in the military rank of the nation: but we learn presently, +with surprise, of so remarkably 'free' a people, that nobody but the +King and royal family might wear their hair to their own liking. The +kings wore theirs in flowing ringlets on the back and shoulders,—the +Queens, in tresses rippling to their feet,—but all the rest of the +nation "were obliged, either by law or custom, to shave the hinder +part of their head, to comb their short hair over their forehead, and +to content themselves with the ornament of two small whiskers."</p> + +<p><b>37</b>. Moustaches,—Mr. Gibbon means, I imagine: and I take leave also to +suppose that the nobles, and noble ladies, might wear such tress and +ringlet as became them. But again, we receive unexpectedly +embarrassing light on the democratic institutions of the Franks, in +being told that "the various trades, the labours of agriculture, and +the arts of hunting and fishing, were <i>exercised by servile</i> hands for +the <i>emolument</i> of the Sovereign."</p> + +<p>'Servile' and 'Emolument,' however, though at first they sound very +dreadful and very wrong, are only Miltonic-Gibbonian expressions of +the general fact that the Frankish Kings had ploughmen in their +fields, employed weavers and smiths to make their robes and swords, +hunted with huntsmen, hawked with falconers, and were in other +respects tyrannical to the ordinary extent that an English Master of +Hounds may be. "The mansion of the long-haired Kings was surrounded +with convenient yards and stables for poultry and cattle; the garden +was planted with useful vegetables; the magazines filled with corn and +wine either for sale or consumption; and the whole administration +conducted by the strictest rules of private economy."</p> + +<p><b>38</b>. I have collected these imperfect, and not always extremely +consistent, notices of the aspect and temper of the Franks out of Mr. +Gibbon's casual references to them during a period of more than two +centuries,—and the last passage quoted, which he accompanies with the +statement that "one hundred and sixty of these rural palaces were +<span class="left"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +scattered through the provinces of their kingdom," without telling us +what kingdom, or at what period, must I think be held descriptive of +the general manner and system of their monarchy after the victories of +Clovis. But, from the first hour you hear of him, the Frank, closely +considered, is always an extremely ingenious, well meaning, and +industrious personage;—if eagerly acquisitive, also intelligently +conservative and constructive; an element of order and crystalline +edification, which is to consummate itself one day, in the aisles of +Amiens; and things generally insuperable and impregnable, if the +inhabitants of them had been as sound-hearted as their builders, for +many a day beyond.</p> + +<p><b>39</b>. But for the present, we must retrace our ground a little; for +indeed I have lately observed with compunction, in rereading some of +my books for revised issue, that if ever I promise, in one number or +chapter, careful consideration of any particular point in the next, +the next never <i>does</i> touch upon the promised point at all, but is +sure to fix itself passionately on some antithetic, antipathic, or +antipodic, point in the opposite hemisphere. This manner of conducting +a treatise I find indeed extremely conducive to impartiality and +largeness of view; but can conceive it to be—to the general +reader—not only disappointing, (if indeed I may flatter myself that I +ever interest enough to disappoint), but even liable to confirm in his +mind some of the fallacious and extremely absurd insinuations of +adverse critics respecting my inconsistency, vacillation, and +liability to be affected by changes of the weather in my principles or +opinions. I purpose, therefore, in these historical sketches, at least +to watch, and I hope partly to correct myself in this fault of promise +breaking, and at whatever sacrifice of my variously fluent or +re-fluent humour, to tell in each successive chapter in some measure +what the reader justifiably expects to be told.</p> + +<p><b>40</b>. I left, merely glanced at, in my opening chapter, the story of the +vase of Soissons. It may be found (and it is very nearly the only +thing that <i>is</i> to be found respecting the personal life or character +<span class="left"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +of the first Louis) in every cheap popular history of France; with +cheap popular moralities engrafted thereon. Had I time to trace it to +its first sources, perhaps it might take another aspect. But I give it +as you may anywhere find it—asking you only to consider whether even +as so read—it may not properly bear a somewhat different moral.</p> + +<p><b>41</b>. The story is, then, that after the battle of Soissons, in the division +of Roman, or Gallic spoil, the king wished to have a beautifully +wrought silver vase for—'himself,' I was going to +write—and in my last chapter <i>did</i> mistakenly infer that he +wanted it for his better self,—his Queen. But he wanted it for +neither;—it was to restore to St. Remy, that it might remain +among the consecrated treasures of Rheims. That is the first point on +which the popular histories do not insist, and which one of his +warriors claiming equal division of treasure, chose also to ignore. +The vase was asked by the King in addition to his own portion, and the +Frank knights, while they rendered true obedience to their king as a +leader, had not the smallest notion of allowing him what more recent +kings call 'Royalties'—taxes on everything they touch. And one +of these Frank knights or Counts—a little franker than the +rest—and as incredulous of St. Remy's saintship as a Protestant +Bishop, or Positivist Philosopher—took upon him to dispute the +King's and the Church's claim, in the manner, suppose, of a Liberal +opposition in the House of Commons; and disputed it with such security +of support by the public opinion of the fifth century, that—the +king persisting in his request—the fearless soldier dashed the +vase to pieces with his war-axe, exclaiming "Thou shalt have no more +than thy portion by lot."</p> + +<p><b>42</b>. It is the first clear assertion of French 'Liberté, +Fraternité and Egalité,' supported, then, as now, by the +destruction, which is the only possible active operation of "free" +personages, on the art they cannot produce.</p> + +<p>The king did not continue the quarrel. Cowards will think that he +paused in cowardice, and malicious persons, that he paused in +malignity. He <i>did</i> pause in anger assuredly; but biding its time, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +which the anger of a strong man always can, and burn hotter for the +waiting, which is one of the chief reasons for Christians being told +not to let the sun go down upon it. Precept which Christians +now-a-days are perfectly ready to obey, if it is somebody else who has +been injured; and indeed, the difficulty in such cases is usually to +get them to think of the injury even while the Sun rises on their +wrath.<a name="FNanchor_2-9_18" id="FNanchor_2-9_18"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-9_18" class="fnanchor">[2-9]</a></p> + +<p><b>43</b>. The sequel is very shocking indeed—to modern sensibility. I give +it in the, if not polished, at least delicately varnished, language of +the Pictorial History.</p> + +<p>"About a year afterwards, on reviewing his troops, he went to the man +who had struck the vase, and <i>examining his arms, complained</i> that +<i>they</i> were in bad condition!" (Italics mine) "and threw them" (What? +shield and sword?) on the ground. The soldier stooped to recover them; +and at that moment the King struck him on the head with his +battle-axe, crying 'Thus didst thou to the vase at Soissons.' The +Moral modern historian proceeds to reflect that "this—as an evidence +of the condition of the Franks, and of the ties by which they were +united, gives but the idea of a band of Robbers and their chief." +Which is, indeed, so far as I can myself look into and decipher the +nature of things, the Primary idea to be entertained respecting most +of the kingly and military organizations in this world, down to our +own day; and, (unless perchance it be the Afghans and Zulus who are +stealing our lands in England—instead of we theirs, in their several +countries.) But concerning the <i>manner</i> of this piece of military +execution, I must for the present leave the reader to consider with +himself, whether indeed it be less Kingly, or more savage, to strike +an uncivil soldier on the head with one's own battle-axe, than, for +instance, to strike a person like Sir Thomas More on the neck with an +executioner's,—using for the mechanism, and as it were guillotine bar +and rope to the blow—the manageable forms of National Law, and the +gracefully twined intervention of a polite group of noblemen and +bishops.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> + +<p><b>44</b>. Far darker things have to be told of him than this, as his proud +life draws towards the close,—things which, if any of us could see +clear <i>through</i> darkness, you should be told in all the truth of them. +But we never can know the truth of Sin; for its nature is to deceive +alike on the one side the Sinner, on the other the Judge. +Diabolic—betraying whether we yield to it, or condemn: Here is +Gibbon's sneer—if you care for it; but I gather first from the +confused paragraphs which conduct to it, the sentences of praise, less +niggard than the Sage of Lausanne usually grants to any hero who has +confessed the influence of Christianity.</p> + +<p><b>45</b>. "Clovis, when he was no more than fifteen years of age, succeeded, +by his father's death, to the command of the Salian tribe. The narrow +limits of his kingdom were confined to the island of the Batavians, +with the ancient dioceses of Tournay and Arras; and at the baptism of +Clovis, the number of his warriors could not exceed five thousand. The +kindred tribes of the Franks who had seated themselves along the +Scheldt, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Rhine, were governed by their +independent kings, of the Merovingian race, the equals, the allies, +and sometimes the enemies of the Salic Prince. When he first took the +field he had neither gold nor silver in his coffers, nor wine and corn +in his magazines; but he imitated the example of Cæsar, who in the +same country had acquired wealth by the sword, and purchased soldiers +with the fruits of conquest. The untamed spirit of the Barbarians was +taught to acknowledge the advantages of regular discipline. At the +annual review of the month of March, their arms were diligently +inspected; and when they traversed a peaceful territory they were +prohibited from touching a blade of grass. The justice of Clovis was +inexorable; and his careless or disobedient soldiers were punished +with instant death. It would be superfluous to praise the valour of a +Frank; but the valour of Clovis was directed by cool and consummate +prudence. In all his transactions with mankind he calculated the +weight of interest, of passion, and of opinion; and his measures were +sometimes adapted to the sanguinary manners of the Germans, and +sometimes moderated by the milder genius of Rome, and Christianity."</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +<a name="Link_1-9" id="Link_1-9"></a> + +<p><b>46</b>. "But the savage conqueror of Gaul was incapable of examining the +proofs of a religion, which depends on the laborious investigation of +historic evidence, and speculative theology. He was still more +incapable of feeling the mild influence of the Gospel, which persuades +and purifies the heart of a genuine convert. His ambitious reign was a +perpetual violation of moral and Christian duties: his hands were +stained with blood, in peace as well as in war; and, as soon as Clovis +had dismissed a synod of the Gallican Church, he calmly assassinated +<i>all</i> the princes of the Merovingian race."</p> + +<p><b>47</b>. It is too true; but rhetorically put, in the first place—for we +ought to be told how many 'all' the princes were;—in the second +place, we must note that, supposing Clovis had in any degree "searched +the Scriptures" as presented to the Western world by St. Jerome, he +was likely, as a soldier-king, to have thought more of the mission of +Joshua<a name="FNanchor_2-10_19" id="FNanchor_2-10_19"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-10_19" class="fnanchor">[2-10]</a> and Jehu +than of the patience of Christ, whose sufferings +he thought rather of avenging than imitating: and the question whether +the other Kings of the Franks should either succeed him, or, in envy +of his enlarged kingdom, attack and dethrone, was easily in his mind +convertible from a personal danger into the chance of the return of +the whole nation to idolatry. And, in the last place, his faith in the +Divine protection of his cause had been shaken by his defeat before +Aries by the Ostrogoths; and the Frank leopard had not so wholly +changed his spots as to surrender to an enemy the opportunity of a +first spring.</p> + +<p><b>48</b>. Finally, and beyond all these personal questions, the forms of +cruelty and subtlety—the former, observe, arising much out of a +<span class="left"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +scorn of pain which was a condition of honour in their women as well +as men, are in these savage races all founded on their love of glory +in war, which can only be understood by comparing what remains of the +same temper in the higher castes of the North American Indians; and, +before tracing in final clearness the actual events of the reign of +Clovis to their end, the reader will do well to learn this list of the +personages of the great Drama, taking to heart the meaning of the +<i>name</i> of each, both in its probable effect on the mind of its bearer, +and in its fateful expression of the course of their acts, and the +consequences of it to future generations.</p> + +1. <b>Clovis</b>. Frank form, Hluodoveh. 'Glorious Holiness,' or<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">consecration. Latin Chlodovisus, + when baptized by St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Remy, softening afterwards through + the centuries into</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Lhodovisus, Ludovicus, Louis.</span><br /> +<br /> +2. +<b>Albofleda</b>. 'White household fairy'? His youngest sister;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">married Theodoric (Theutreich, + 'People's ruler'),</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">the great King of the Ostrogoths.</span><br /> +<br /> +3. <b>Clotilde</b>. Hlod-hilda. 'Glorious Battle-maid.' His wife.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">'Hilda' first meaning Battle, pure; + and then passing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">into Queen or Maid of Battle. + Christianized to Ste</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Clotilde in France, and Ste Hilda + of Whitby cliff.</span><br /> +<br /> +4. <b>Clotilde</b>. His only daughter. Died for the Catholic faith,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">under Arian persecution.</span><br /> +<br /> +5. <b>Childebert</b>. His eldest son by Clotilde, the first Frank<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">King in Paris. 'Battle Splendour,' + softening into</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Hildebert, and then Hildebrandt, + as in the Nibelung.</span><br /> +<br /> +6. <b>Chlodomir</b>. 'Glorious Fame.' His second son by Clotilde.<br /> +<br /> +7. <b>Clotaire</b>. His youngest son by Clotilde; virtually the destroyer<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of his father's house. + 'Glorious Warrior.'</span><br /> +<br /> +8. <b>Chlodowald</b>. Youngest son of Chlodomir. 'Glorious<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Power,' afterwards 'St. Cloud.'</span><br /> +<br /> +<p><b>49</b>. I will now follow straight, through their light and shadow, the +course of Clovis' reign and deeds. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 481. Crowned, when he was only fifteen. Five years +afterwards, he challenges, "in the spirit, and almost in the language of chivalry," +the Roman governor Syagrius, holding the district of Rheims and +Soissons. "Campum sibi præparari jussit—he commanded his antagonist +to prepare him a battlefield"—see Gibbon's note and reference, chap. +xxxviii. (6, 297). The Benedictine abbey of Nogent was afterwards +built on the field, marked by a circle of Pagan sepulchres. "Clovis +bestowed the adjacent lands of Leuilly and Coucy on the church of +Rheims."<a name="FNanchor_2-11_20" id="FNanchor_2-11_20"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_2-11_20" class="fnanchor">[2-11]</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 485. The Battle of Soissons. +<a name="Link_1-21" id="Link_1-21"></a> + Not dated by Gibbon: + the subsequent death of Syagrius at the court of (the younger) Alaric, was in +486—take 485 for the battle.</p><a name="Link_1-22" id="Link_1-22"></a> + + +<p><b>50</b>. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 493. I cannot find any account + of the relations between Clovis and the King of Burgundy, the uncle of + Clotilde, which preceded his betrothal to the orphan princess. Her uncle, + according to the common history, had killed both her father and mother, + and compelled her sister to take the veil—motives none assigned, + nor authorities. Clotilde herself was pursued on her way to France, +<a name="FNanchor_2-12_21" id="FNanchor_2-12_21"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-12_21" class="fnanchor">[2-12]</a> and the litter +in which she travelled captured, with part of her marriage portion. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +But the princess herself mounted on horseback, and rode with part of +her escort, forward into France, "ordering her attendants to set fire +to everything that pertained to her uncle and his subjects which they +might meet with on the way."</p> + +<p><b>51</b>. The fact is not chronicled, usually, among the sayings or doings +of the Saints: but the punishment of Kings by destroying the property +of their subjects, is too well recognized a method of modern Christian +warfare to allow our indignation to burn hot against Clotilde; driven, +as she was, hard by grief and wrath. The years of her youth are not +counted to us; Clovis was already twenty-seven, and for three years +maintained the faith of his ancestral religion against all the +influence of his queen.</p> + +<p><b>52</b>. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 496. I did not in the opening chapter +attach nearly enough importance to the battle of Tolbiac, +<a name="Link_1-25" id="Link_1-25"></a> + thinking of it as +merely compelling the Alemanni to recross the Rhine, and establishing the +Frank power on its western bank. But infinitely wider results are +indicated in the short sentence with which Gibbon closes his account +of the battle. "After the conquest of the western provinces, the +Franks <i>alone</i> retained their ancient possessions beyond the Rhine. +They gradually subdued and <i>civilized</i> the exhausted countries as far +as the Elbe and the mountains of Bohemia; and the <i>peace of Europe</i> +was secured by the obedience of Germany."</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> + +<p><b>53</b>. For, in the south, Theodoric had already "sheathed the sword in +the pride of victory and the vigour of his age—and his farther reign +of three and thirty years was consecrated to the duties of civil +government." Even when his son-in-law, Alaric, fell by Clovis' hand in +the battle of Poitiers, Theodoric was content to check the Frank power +at Arles, without pursuing his success, and to protect his infant +grandchild, correcting at the same time some abuses in the civil +government of Spain. So that the healing sovereignty of the great Goth +was established from Sicily to the Danube—and from Sirmium to the +Atlantic ocean.</p> + +<p><b>54</b>. Thus, then, at the close of the fifth century, you have Europe +divided simply by her watershed; and two Christian kings reigning, +with entirely beneficent and healthy power—one in the north—one in +the south—the mightiest and worthiest of them married to the other's +youngest sister: a saint queen in the north—and a devoted and earnest +Catholic woman, queen mother in the south. It is a conjunction of +things memorable enough in the Earth's history,—much to be thought +of, O fast whirling reader, if ever, out of the crowd of pent up +cattle driven across Rhine, or Adige, you can extricate yourself for +an hour, to walk peacefully out of the south gate of Cologne, or +across Fra Giocondo's bridge at Verona—and so pausing look through +the clear air across the battlefield of Tolbiac to the blue +Drachenfels, or across the plain of St. Ambrogio to the mountains of +Garda. For there were fought—if you will think closely—the two +victor-battles of the Christian world. Constantine's only gave changed +form and dying colour to the falling walls of Rome; but the Frank and +Gothic races, thus conquering and thus ruled, founded the arts and +established the laws which gave to all future Europe her joy, and her +virtue. And it is lovely to see how, even thus early, the Feudal +chivalry depended for its life on the nobleness of its womanhood. +There was no <i>vision</i> seen, or alleged, at Tolbiac. The King prayed +simply to the God of Clotilde. On the morning of the battle of Verona, +<a name="Link_1-23" id="Link_1-23"></a> + +Theodoric visited the tent of his mother and his sister, "and +<span class="left"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +requested that on the most illustrious festival of his life, they +would adorn him with the rich garments which they had worked with +their own hands."</p> + +<p><b>55</b>. But over Clovis, there was extended yet another influence—greater +than his queen's. When his kingdom was first extended to the Loire, +the shepherdess of Nanterre was already aged,—no torch-bearing maid +of battle, like Clotilde, no knightly leader of deliverance like +Jeanne, but grey in meekness of wisdom, and now "filling more and more +with crystal light." Clovis's father had known her; he himself made +her his friend, and when he left Paris on the campaign of Poitiers, +vowed that if victorious, he would build a Christian church on the +hills of Seine. He returned in victory, and with St. Genevieve at his +side, stood on the site of the ruined Roman Thermæ, just above the +"Isle" of Paris, to fulfil his vow: and to design the limits of the +foundations of the first metropolitan church of Frankish Christendom.</p> + +<p>The King "gave his battle-axe the swing," and tossed it with his full +force.</p> + +<p>Measuring with its flight also, the place of his own grave, and of +Clotilde's, and St. Genevieve's.</p> + +<p>There they rested, and rest,—in soul,—together. "La Colline tout +entière porte encore le nom de la patronne de Paris; une petite rue +obscure a gardé celui du Roi Conquerant."</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="OUR_FATHERS_HAVE_TOLD_US" id="OUR_FATHERS_HAVE_TOLD_US"> +</a>"OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US."</h3> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>ADVICE.</h4> + + +<p>The three chapters<a name="FNanchor_2-13_22" id="FNanchor_2-13_22"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-13_22" class="fnanchor">[2-13]</a> of "Our Fathers have +told us," now submitted to the public, are enough to show the proposed +character and tendencies of the work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, +I now invite subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters.</p> + +<p>I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me, to warrant my readers against +the abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years.</p> + +<p>The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century.</p> + +<p>The next chapter, which I hope to issue soon after Christmas, +completes the first part, descriptive of the early Frank power, and of +its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens.</p> + +<p>The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France.</p> + +<p>The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power.</p> + +<p>The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence.</p> + +<p>The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales.</p> + +<p>The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres.</p> + +<p>The eighth, "Domrémy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents.</p> + +<p>The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish Border.</p> + +<p>Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters.</p> + +<p>One illustration at least will be given with each chapter, +<a name="FNanchor_2-14_23" id="FNanchor_2-14_23"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2-14_23" class="fnanchor">[2-14]</a> and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work.</p> + +<p>As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><a name="Notes_to_Chapter_II" id="Notes_to_Chapter_II"> +</a>Notes to Chapter II</h4> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-1_10" id="Footnote_2-1_10"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_2-1_10"><span class="label">[2-1]</span> +</a> Miss Ingelow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-2_11" id="Footnote_2-2_11"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_2-2_11"><span class="label">[2-2]</span></a> On inquiry, +I find in the flat between Paris and Sèvres.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-3_12" id="Footnote_2-3_12"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-3_12"><span class="label">[2-3]</span></a> + See generally any description that Carlyle has had +occasion to give of Prussian or Polish ground, or edge of Baltic +shore.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-4_13" id="Footnote_2-4_13"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-4_13"><span class="label">[2-4]</span></a> + Gigantic—and not yet fossilized! See Gibbon's note on +the death of Theodebert: "The King pointed his spear—the Bull +<i>overturned a tree on his head</i>,—he died the same day."—vii. 255. +The Horn of Uri and her shield, with the chiefly towering crests of +the German helm, attest the terror of these Aurochs herds.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-5_14" id="Footnote_2-5_14"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-5_14"><span class="label">[2-5]</span></a> + Claudius, Aurelian, Probus, Constantius; and after the +division of the empire, to the East, Justinian. "The emperor Justinian +was born of an obscure race of Barbarians, the inhabitants of a wild +and desolate country, to which the names of Dardania, of Dacia, and of +Bulgaria have been successively applied. The names of these Dardanian +peasants are Gothic, and almost English. Justinian is a translation of +Uprauder (upright); his father, Sabatius,—in Græco-barbarous +language, Stipes—was styled in his village 'Istock' (Stock)."—Gibbon, +beginning of chap. xl. and note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-6_15" id="Footnote_2-6_15"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-6_15"><span class="label">[2-6]</span></a> + Gibbon touches the facts more closely in a sentence of +his 22nd chapter. "The independent warriors of Germany, <i>who +considered truth as the noblest of their virtues</i>, and freedom as the +most valuable of their possessions." He is speaking especially of the +Frankish tribe of the Attuarii, against whom the Emperor Julian had to +re-fortify the Rhine from Cleves to Basle: but the first letters of +the Emperor Jovian, after Julian's death, "delegated the military +command of <i>Gaul</i> and Illyrium (what a vast one it was, we shall see +hereafter), to Malarich, a <i>brave and faithful</i> officer of the nation +of the Franks;" and they remain the loyal allies of Rome in her last +struggle with Alaric. Apparently for the sake only of an interesting +variety of language,—and at all events without intimation of any +causes of so great a change in the national character,—we find Mr. +Gibbon in his next volume suddenly adopting the abusive epithets of +Procopius, and calling the Franks "a light and perfidious nation" +(vii. 251). The only traceable grounds for this unexpected description +of them are that they refuse to be bribed either into friendship or +activity, by Rome or Ravenna; and that in his invasion of Italy, the +grandson of Clovis did not previously send exact warning of his +proposed route, nor even entirely signify his intentions till he had +secured the bridge of the Po at Pavia; afterwards declaring his mind +with sufficient distinctness by "assaulting, almost at the same +instant, the hostile camps of the Goths and Romans, who, instead of +uniting their arms, fled with equal precipitation."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-7_16" id="Footnote_2-7_16"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-7_16"><span class="label">[2-7]</span></a> + For detailed illustration of the word, see 'Val d'Arno,' +Lecture VIII.; 'Fors Clavigera,' Letters XLVI. 231, LXXVII. 137; and +Chaucer, 'Romaunt of Rose,' 1212—"Next <i>him</i>" (the knight sibbe to +Arthur) "daunced dame Franchise;"—the English lines are quoted and +commented on in the first lecture of 'Ariadne Florentina'; I give the +French here:— +</p><p><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Apres tous ceulx estoit Franchise</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Que ne fut ne brune ne bise.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ains fut comme la neige blanche</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Courtoyse</i> estoit, <i>joyeuse</i>, et + <i>franche</i>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Le nez avoit long et tretis,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yeulx vers, riants; sourcilz faitis;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Les cheveulx eut très-blons et longs</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Simple fut comme les coulons</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Le cœur eut doulx et debonnaire.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Elle n'osait dire ne faire</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Nulle riens que faire ne deust.</i>"</span><br /> +</p><p> +And I hope my girl readers will never more confuse Franchise with +'Liberty.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-8_17" id="Footnote_2-8_17"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-8_17"><span class="label">[2-8]</span></a> + Their first mischievous exsultation into Alsace being +invited by the Romans themselves, (or at least by Constantius in his +jealousy of Julian,)—with "presents and promises,—the hopes of +spoil, and a perpetual grant of all the territories they were able to +subdue." Gibbon, chap. xix. (3, 208.) By any other historian than +Gibbon, who has really no fixed opinion on any character, or question, +but, safe in the general truism that the worst men sometimes do right, +and the best often do wrong, praises when he wants to round a +sentence, and blames when he cannot otherwise edge one—it might have +startled us to be here told of the nation which "deserved, assumed, +and maintained the <i>honourable</i> name of freemen," that "<i>these +undisciplined robbers</i> treated as their natural enemies all the +subjects of the empire who possessed any property which they were +desirous of acquiring." The first campaign of Julian, which throws +both Franks and Alemanni back across the Rhine, but grants the Salian +Franks, under solemn oath, their established territory in the +Netherlands, must be traced at another time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-9_18" id="Footnote_2-9_18"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-9_18"><span class="label">[2-9]</span></a> + Read Mr. Plimsoll's article on coal mines for instance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-10_19" id="Footnote_2-10_19"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-10_19"><span class="label">[2-10]</span></a> + The likeness was afterwards taken up by legend, and the +walls of Angoulême, after the battle of Poitiers, are said to have +fallen at the sound of the trumpets of Clovis. "A miracle," says +Gibbon, "which may be reduced to the supposition that some clerical +engineer had secretly undermined the foundations of the rampart." I +cannot too often warn my honest readers against the modern habit of +"reducing" all history whatever to 'the supposition that'....etc., +etc. The legend is of course the natural and easy expression of a +metaphor.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-11_20" id="Footnote_2-11_20"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-11_20"><span class="label">[2-11]</span></a> + When?—for this tradition, as well as that of the vase, +points to a friendship between Clovis and St. Remy, and a singular +respect on the King's side for the Christians of Gaul, though he was +not yet himself converted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-12_21" id="Footnote_2-12_21"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-12_21"><span class="label">[2-12]</span></a> + It is a curious proof of the want in vulgar historians +of the slightest sense of the vital interest of anything they tell, +that neither in Gibbon, nor in Messrs. Bussey and Gaspey, nor in the +elaborate 'Histoire des Villes de France,' can I find, with the best +research my winter's morning allows, what city was at this time the +capital of Burgundy, or at least in which of its four nominal +capitals,—Dijon, Besancon, Geneva, and Vienne,—Clotilde was brought +up. The evidence seems to me in favour of Vienne—(called always by +Messrs. B. and G., 'Vienna,' with what effect on the minds of their +dimly geographical readers I cannot say)—the rather that Clotilde's +mother is said to have been "thrown into the <i>Rhone</i> with a stone +round her neck." The author of the introduction to 'Bourgogne' in the +'Histoire des Villes' is so eager to get his little spiteful snarl at +anything like religion anywhere, that he entirely forgets the +existence of the first queen of France,—never names her, nor, as +such, the place of her birth,—but contributes only to the knowledge +of the young student this beneficial quota, that Gondeband, "plus +politique que guerrier, trouva an milieu de ses controverses +théologiques avec Avitus, évêque de <i>Vienne</i>, le +temps de faire mourir ses trois frères et de recueillir leur heritage."</p> + +<p>The one broad fact which my own readers will find it well to remember +is that Burgundy, at this time, by whatever king or victor tribe its +inhabitants may be subdued, does practically include the whole of +French Switzerland, and even of the German, as far east as +Vindonissa:—the Reuss, from Vindonissa through Lucerne to the St. +Gothard being its effective eastern boundary; that westward—it meant +all Jura, and the plains of the Saone; and southward, included all +Savoy and Dauphiné. According to the author of 'La Suisse Historique' +Clotilde was first addressed by Clovis's herald disguised as a beggar, +while she distributed alms at the gate of St. Pierre at Geneva; and +her departure and pursued flight into France were from Dijon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-13_22" id="Footnote_2-13_22"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-13_22"><span class="label">[2-13]</span></a> + Viz., Chapters I. and II., and the separate travellers' +edition of Chapter IV.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2-14_23" id="Footnote_2-14_23"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_2-14_23"><span class="label">[2-14]</span></a> + The first plate for the Bible of Amiens, curiously +enough, failed in the engraving; and I shall probably have to etch it +myself. It will be issued with the fourth, in the full-size edition of +the fourth chapter.</p></div> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Chapter_III" id="Chapter_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3>THE LION TAMER.</h3> + + +<p><b>1</b>. It has been often of late announced as a new discovery, that man is +a creature of circumstances; and the fact has been pressed upon our +notice, in the hope, which appears to some people so pleasing, of +being able at last to resolve into a succession of splashes in mud, or +whirlwinds in air, the circumstances answerable for his creation. But +the more important fact, that his nature is not levelled, like a +mosquito's, to the mists of a marsh, nor reduced, like a mole's, +beneath the crumblings of a burrow, but has been endowed with sense to +discern, and instinct to adopt, the conditions which will make of it +the best that can be, is very necessarily ignored by philosophers who +propose, as a beautiful fulfilment of human destinies, a life +entertained by scientific gossip, in a cellar lighted by electric +sparks, warmed by tubular inflation, drained by buried rivers, and +fed, by the ministry of less learned and better provisioned races, +with extract of beef, and potted crocodile.</p> + +<p><b>2</b>. From these chemically analytic conceptions of a Paradise in +catacombs, undisturbed in its alkaline or acid virtues by the dread of +Deity, or hope of futurity, I know not how far the modern reader may +willingly withdraw himself for a little time, to hear of men who, in +their darkest and most foolish day, sought by their labour to make the +desert as the garden of the Lord, and by their love to become worthy +of permission to live with Him for ever. It has nevertheless been only +by such toil, and in such hope, that, hitherto, the happiness, skill, +or virtue of man have been possible: and even on the verge of the new +dispensation, and promised Canaan, rich in beatitudes of iron, steam, +and fire, there are some of us, here and there, who may pause in filial +piety to look back towards that wilderness of Sinai in which their +fathers worshipped and died.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> +<a name="Plate_III" id="Plate_III"></a> +<img src="images/fig003.jpg" width="424" height="247" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Plate III.—Amiens. + Jour des Trépassés, 1880.</span></h3> + +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> + +<p><b>3</b>. Admitting then, for the moment, that the main streets of +Manchester, the district immediately surrounding the Bank in London, +and the Bourse and Boulevards of Paris, are already part of the future +kingdom of Heaven, when Earth shall be all Bourse and Boulevard,—the +world of which our fathers tell us was divided to them, as you already +know, partly by climates, partly by races, partly by times; and the +'circumstances' under which a man's soul was given to him, had to be +considered under these three heads:—In what climate is he? Of what +race? At what time?</p> + +<p>He can only be what these conditions permit. With appeal to these, he +is to be heard;—understood, if it may be;—judged, by our love, +first—by our pity, if he need it—by our humility, finally and +always.</p> + +<p><b>4</b>. To this end, it is needful evidently that we should have truthful +maps of the world to begin with, and truthful maps of our own hearts +to end with; neither of these maps being easily drawn at any time, and +perhaps least of all now—when the use of a map is chiefly to exhibit +hotels and railroads; and humility is held the disagreeablest and +meanest of the Seven mortal Sins.</p> + +<p><b>5</b>. Thus, in the beginning of Sir Edward Creasy's History of England, +you find a map purporting to exhibit the possessions of the British +Nation—illustrating the extremely wise and courteous behaviour of Mr. +Fox to a Frenchman of Napoleon's suite, in "advancing to a terrestrial +globe of unusual magnitude and distinctness, spreading his arms round +it, over both the oceans and both the Indies," and observing, in this +impressive attitude, that "while Englishmen live, they overspread the +whole world, and clasp it in the circle of their power."</p> + +<p><b>6</b>. Fired by Mr. Fox's enthusiasm,—the otherwise seldom fiery—Sir +Edward proceeds to tell us that "our island home is the favourite +<span class="left"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +domicile of freedom, empire and glory," without troubling himself, or +his readers, to consider how long the nations over whom our freedom is +imperious, and in whose shame is our glory, may be satisfied in that +arrangement of the globe and its affairs; or may be even at present +convinced of their degraded position in it by his method of its +delineation.</p> + +<p>For, the map being drawn on Mercator's projection, represents +therefore the British dominions in North America as twice the size of +the States, and considerably larger than all South America put +together: while the brilliant crimson with which all our landed +property is coloured cannot but impress the innocent reader with the +idea of a universal flush of freedom and glory throughout all those +acres and latitudes. So that he is scarcely likely to cavil at results +so marvellous by inquiring into the nature and completeness of our +government at any particular place,—for instance in Ireland, in the +Hebrides, or at the Cape.</p> + +<p><b>7</b>. In the closing chapter of the first volume of 'The Laws of Fésole' +I have laid down the mathematical principles of rightly drawing +maps;—principles which for many reasons it is well that my young +readers should learn; the fundamental one being that you cannot +flatten the skin of an orange without splitting it, and must not, if +you draw countries on the unsplit skin, stretch them afterwards to +fill the gaps.</p> + +<p>The British pride of wealth which does not deny itself the magnificent +convenience of penny Walter Scotts and penny Shakespeares, may +assuredly, in its future greatness, possess itself also of penny +universes, conveniently spinnable on their axes. I shall therefore +assume that my readers can look at a round globe, while I am talking +of the world; and at a properly reduced drawing of its surfaces, when +I am talking of a country.</p> + +<p><b>8</b>. Which, if my reader can at present do—or at least refer to a +fairly drawn double-circle map of the globe with converging +meridians—I will pray him next to observe, that, although the old +division of the world into four quarters is now nearly effaced by +<span class="left"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +emigration and Atlantic cable, yet the great historic question about +the globe is not how it is divided, here and there, by ins and outs of +land or sea; but how it is divided into zones all round, by +irresistible laws of light and air. It is often a matter of very minor +interest to know whether a man is an American or African, a European +or an Asiatic. But it is a matter of extreme and final interest to +know if he be a Brazilian or a Patagonian, a Japanese or a Samoyede.</p> + +<p><b>9</b>. In the course of the last chapter, I asked the reader to hold +firmly the conception of the great division of climate, which +separated the wandering races of Norway and Siberia from the calmly +resident nations of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia.</p> + +<p>Fasten now that division well home in your mind, by drawing, however +rudely, the course of the two rivers, little thought of by common +geographers, but of quite unspeakable importance in human history, the +Vistula and the Dniester.</p> + +<p><b>10</b>. They rise within thirty miles of each other, +<a name="FNanchor_3-1_24" id="FNanchor_3-1_24"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_3-1_24" class="fnanchor">[3-1]</a> and each runs, not +counting ins and outs, its clear three hundred miles,—the Vistula to +the north-east, the Dniester to the south-west: the two of them +together cut Europe straight across, at the broad neck of it,—and, +more deeply looking at the thing, they divide Europe, properly so +called—Europa's own, and Jove's,—the small educationable, +civilizable, and more or less mentally rational fragment of the globe, +from the great Siberian wilderness, Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural; the +inconceivable chaotic space, occupied datelessly by Scythians, +Tartars, Huns, Cossacks, Bears, Ermines, and Mammoths, in various +thickness of hide, frost of brain, and woe of abode—or of unabiding. +Nobody's history worth making out, has anything to do with them; for +the force of Scandinavia never came round by Finland at all, but +always sailed or paddled itself across the Baltic, or down the rocky +west coast; and the Siberian and Russian ice-pressure merely drives +the really memorable races into greater concentration, and kneads them +up in fiercer and more necessitous exploring masses. But by those +<span class="left"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +exploring masses, of true European birth, our own history was +fashioned for ever; and, therefore, these two truncating and guarding +rivers are to be marked on your map of Europe with supreme clearness: +the Vistula, with Warsaw astride of it half way down, and embouchure +in Baltic,—the Dniester, in Euxine, flowing each of them, measured +arrow-straight, as far as from Edinburgh to London, with windings, +<a name="FNanchor_3-2_25" id="FNanchor_3-2_25"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-2_25" class="fnanchor">[3-2]</a> +the Vistula six hundred miles, and the Dniester five—count them +together for a thousand miles of <i>moat</i>, between Europe and the +Desert, reaching from Dantzic to Odessa.</p> + +<p><b>11</b>. Having got your Europe moated off into this manageable and +comprehensible space, you are next to fix the limits which divide the +four Gothic countries, Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia, from the +four Classic countries, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Lydia.</p> + +<p>There is no other generally opponent term to 'Gothic' but 'Classic': +and I am content to use it, for the sake of practical breadth and +clearness, though its precise meaning for a little while remains +unascertained. Only get the geography well into your mind, and the +nomenclature will settle itself at its leisure.</p> + +<p><b>12</b>. Broadly, then, you have sea between Britain and Spain—Pyrenees +between Gaul and Spain—Alps between Germany and Italy—Danube between +Dacia and Greece. You must consider everything south of the Danube as +Greek, variously influenced from Athens on one side, Byzantium on the +other: then, across the Ægean, you have the great country absurdly +called Asia Minor, (for we might just as well call Greece, Europe +Minor, or Cornwall, England Minor,) but which is properly to be +remembered as 'Lydia,' the country which infects with passion, and +tempts with wealth; which taught the Lydian measure in music and +softened the Greek language on its border into Ionic; which gave to +ancient history the tale of Troy, and to Christian history, the glow, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +and the decline, of the Seven Churches.</p> + +<p><b>13</b>. Opposite to these four countries in the south, but separated +from them either by sea or desert, are other four, as easily +remembered—Morocco, Libya, Egypt, and Arabia.</p> + +<p>Morocco, virtually consisting of the chain of Atlas and the coasts +depending on it, may be most conveniently thought of as including the +modern Morocco and Algeria, with the Canaries as a dependent group +of islands.</p> + +<p>Libya, in like manner, will include the modern Tunis and Tripoli: it +will begin on the west with St. Augustine's town of Hippo; and its +coast is colonized from Tyre and Greece, dividing it into the two +districts of Carthage and Cyrene. Egypt, the country of the River, and +Arabia, the country of no River, are to be thought of as the two great +southern powers of separate Religion.</p> + +<p><b>14</b>. You have thus, easily and clearly memorable, twelve countries, +distinct evermore by natural laws, and forming three zones from north +to south, all healthily habitable—but the races of the northernmost, +disciplined in endurance of cold; those of the central zone, perfected +by the enjoyable suns alike of summer and winter; those of the +southern zone, trained to endurance of heat. Writing them now in +tabular view,</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Britain + Gaul Germany Dacia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spain + Italy Greece + Lydia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Morocco + Libya Egypt Arabia,</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>you have the ground of all useful profane history mapped out in the +simplest terms; and then, as the fount of inspiration, for all these +countries, with the strength which every soul that has possessed, has +held sacred and supernatural, you have last to conceive perfectly the +small hill district of the Holy Land, with Philistia and Syria on its +flanks, both of them chastising forces; but Syria, in the beginning, +herself the origin of the chosen race—"A Syrian ready to perish was +my father"—and the Syrian Rachel being thought of always as the true +mother of Israel.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> + +<p><b>15</b>. And remember, in all future study of the relations of these +countries, you must never allow your mind to be disturbed by the +accidental changes of political limit. No matter who rules a country, +no matter what it is officially called, or how it is formally divided, +eternal bars and doors are set to it by the mountains and seas, +eternal laws enforced over it by the clouds and stars. The people that +are born on it are its people, be they a thousand times again and +again conquered, exiled, or captive. The stranger cannot be its king, +the invader cannot be its possessor; and, although just laws, +maintained whether by the people or their conquerors, have always the +appointed good and strength of justice, nothing is permanently helpful +to any race or condition of men but the spirit that is in their own +hearts, kindled by the love of their native land.</p> + +<p><b>16</b>. Of course, in saying that the invader cannot be the possessor of +any country, I speak only of invasion such as that by the Vandals of +Libya, or by ourselves of India; where the conquering race does not +become permanently inhabitant. You are not to call Libya Vandalia, nor +India England, because these countries are temporarily under the rule +of Vandals and English; neither Italy Gothland under Ostrogoths, nor +England Denmark under Canute. National character varies as it fades +under invasion or in corruption; but if ever it glows again into a new +life, that life must be tempered by the earth and sky of the country +itself. Of the twelve names of countries now given in their order, +only one will be changed as we advance in our history;—Gaul will +properly become France when the Franks become her abiding inhabitants. +The other eleven primary names will serve us to the end.</p> + +<p><b>17</b>. With a moment's more patience, therefore, glancing to the far +East, we shall have laid the foundations of all our own needful +geography. As the northern kingdoms are moated from the Scythian +desert by the Vistula, so the southern are moated from the dynasties +properly called 'Oriental' by the Euphrates; which, "partly sunk +beneath the Persian Gulf, reaches from the shores of Beloochistan and +Oman to the mountains of Armenia, and forms a huge hot-air funnel, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +the base" (or mouth) "of which is on the tropics, while its extremity +reaches thirty-seven degrees of northern latitude. Hence it comes that +the Semoom itself (the specific and gaseous Semoom) pays occasional +visits to Mosoul and Djezeerat Omer, while the thermometer at Bagdad +attains in summer an elevation capable of staggering the belief of +even an old Indian."<a name="FNanchor_3-3_26" id="FNanchor_3-3_26"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-3_26" class="fnanchor">[3-3]</a></p> + +<p><b>18</b>. This valley in ancient days formed the kingdom of Assyria, as the +valley of the Nile formed that of Egypt. In the work now before us, we +have nothing to do with its people, who were to the Jews merely a +hostile power of captivity, inexorable as the clay of their walls, or +the stones of their statues; and, after the birth of Christ, the +marshy valley is no more than a field of battle between West and East. +Beyond the great river,—Persia, India, and China, form the southern +'Oriens.' Persia is properly to be conceived as reaching from the +Persian Gulf to the mountain chains which flank and feed the Indus; +and is the true vital power of the East in the days of Marathon: but +it has no influence on Christian history except through Arabia; while, +of the northern Asiatic tribes, Mede, Bactrian, Parthian, and +Scythian, changing into Turk and Tartar, we need take no heed until +they invade us in our own historic territory.</p> + +<p><b>19</b>. Using therefore the terms 'Gothic' and 'Classic' for broad +distinction of the northern and central zones of this our own +territory, we may conveniently also use the word 'Arab' +<a name="FNanchor_3-4_27" id="FNanchor_3-4_27"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-4_27" class="fnanchor">[3-4]</a> for the +whole southern zone. The influence of Egypt vanishes soon after the +fourth century, while that of Arabia, powerful from the beginning, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +rises in the sixth into an empire whose end we have not seen. And you +may most rightly conceive the religious principle which is the base of +that empire, by remembering, that while the Jews forfeited their +prophetic power by taking up the profession of usury over the whole +earth, the Arabs returned to the simplicity of prophecy in its +beginning by the well of Hagar, and are not opponents to Christianity; +but only to the faults or follies of Christians. They keep still their +faith in the one God who spoke to Abraham their father; and are His +children in that simplicity, far more truly than the nominal +Christians who lived, and live, only to dispute in vociferous council, +or in frantic schism, the relations of the Father, the Son, and the +Holy Ghost.</p> + +<p><b>20</b>. Trusting my reader then in future to retain in his mind without +confusion the idea of the three zones, Gothic, Classic, and Arab, each +divided into four countries, clearly recognizable through all ages of +remote or recent history;—I must farther, at once, simplify for him +the idea of the Roman <i>Empire</i> (see note to last paragraph,) in the +manner of its affecting them. Its nominal extent, temporary conquests, +civil dissensions, or internal vices, are scarcely of any historical +moment at all; the real Empire is effectual only as an exponent of +just law, military order, and mechanical art, to untrained races, and +as a translation of Greek thought into less diffused and more tenable +scheme for them. The Classic zone, from the beginning to the end of +its visible authority, is composed of these two elements—Greek +imagination, with Roman order: and the divisions or dislocations of +the third and fourth century are merely the natural apparitions of +their differences, when the political system which concealed them was +tested by Christianity. It seems almost wholly lost sight of by +ordinary historians, that, in the wars of the last Romans with the +Goths, the great Gothic captains were all Christians; and that the +vigorous and naïve form which the dawning faith took in their minds is +a more important subject of investigation, by far, than the inevitable +wars which followed the retirement of Diocletian, or the confused +schisms and crimes of the lascivious court of Constantine. I am +<span class="left"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +compelled, however, to notice the terms in which the last arbitrary +dissolutions of the empire took place, that they may illustrate, +instead of confusing, the arrangement of the nations which I would +fasten in your memory.</p> + +<p><b>21</b>. In the middle of the fourth century you have, politically, what +Gibbon calls "the final division of the <i>Eastern</i> and <i>Western +Empires</i>." This really means only that the Emperor Valentinian, +yielding, though not without hesitation, to the feeling now confirmed +in the legions that the Empire was too vast to be held by a single +person, takes his brother for his colleague, and divides, not, truly +speaking, their authority, but their attention, between the east and +the west. To his brother Valens he assigns the extremely vague +"Præfecture of the East, from the lower Danube to the confines of +Persia," while for his own immediate government he reserves the +"warlike præfectures of Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul, from the extremity +of Greece to the Caledonian rampart, and from the rampart of Caledonia +to the foot of Mount Atlas." That is to say, in less poetical cadence, +(Gibbon had better have put his history into hexameters at once,) +Valentinian kept under his own watch the whole of Roman Europe and +Africa, and left Lydia and Caucasus to his brother. Lydia and Caucasus +never did, and never could, form an Eastern Empire,—they were merely +outside dependencies, useful for taxation in peace, dangerous by their +multitudes in war. There never was, from the seventh century before +Christ to the seventh after Christ, but <i>one</i> Roman Empire, which +meant, the power over humanity of such men as Cincinnatus and Agricola; + it expires as the race and temper of these expire; the +nominal extent of it, or brilliancy at any moment, is no more than the +reflection, farther or nearer upon the clouds, of the flames of an +altar whose fuel was of noble souls. There is no true date for its +division; there is none for its destruction. Whether Dacian Probus or +Noric Odoacer be on the throne of it, the force of its living +principle alone is to be watched—remaining, in arts, in laws, and in +habits of thought, dominant still in Europe down to the twelfth +<span class="left"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +century;—in language and example, dominant over all educated men to +this hour.</p> + +<p><b>22</b>. But in the nominal division of it by Valentinian, let us note +Gibbon's definition (I assume it to be his, not the Emperor's) of +European Roman Empire into Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul. I have already +said you must hold everything south of the Danube for Greek. The two +chief districts immediately south of the stream are upper and lower +Mœsia, consisting of the slope of the Thracian mountains northward +to the river, with the plains between it and them. This district you +must notice for its importance in forming the Mœso-Gothic alphabet, +in which "the Greek is by far the principal element, +<a name="FNanchor_3-5_28" id="FNanchor_3-5_28"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-5_28" class="fnanchor">[3-5]</a> giving sixteen +letters out of the twenty-four". The Gothic invasion under the reign +of Valens is the first that establishes a Teutonic nation within the +frontier of the empire; but they only thereby bring themselves more +directly under its spiritual power. Their bishop, Ulphilas, adopts +this Mœsian alphabet, two-thirds Greek, for his translation of the +Bible, and it is universally disseminated and perpetuated by that +translation, until the extinction or absorption of the Gothic race.</p> + +<p><b>23</b>. South of the Thracian mountains you have Thrace herself, and the +countries confusedly called Dalmatia and Illyria, forming the coast of +the Adriatic, and reaching inwards and eastwards to the mountain +watershed. I have never been able to form a clear notion myself of the +real character of the people of these districts, in any given period; +but they are all to be massed together as northern Greek, having more +or less of Greek blood and dialect according to their nearness to +Greece proper; though neither sharing in her philosophy, nor +submitting to her discipline. But it is of course far more accurate, +in broad terms, to speak of these Illyrian, Mœsian, and Macedonian +districts as all Greek, than with Gibbon or Valentinian to speak of +Greece and Macedonia as all Illyrian. +<a name="FNanchor_3-6_29" id="FNanchor_3-6_29"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-6_29" class="fnanchor">[3-6]</a></p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> + +<p><b>24</b>. In the same imperial or poetical generalization, we find England +massed with France under the term Gaul, and bounded by the "Caledonian +rampart." Whereas in our own division, Caledonia, Hibernia, and Wales, +are from the first considered as essential parts of Britain, +<a name="FNanchor_3-7_30" id="FNanchor_3-7_30"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-7_30" class="fnanchor">[3-7]</a> and +the link with the continent is to be conceived as formed by the +settlement of Britons in Brittany, and not at all by Roman authority +beyond the Humber.</p> + +<p><b>25</b>. Thus, then, once more reviewing our order of countries, and noting +only that the British Islands, though for the most part thrown by +measured degree much north of the rest of the north zone, are brought +by the influence of the Gulf stream into the same climate;—you +have, at the time when our history of Christianity begins, the Gothic +zone yet unconverted, and having not yet even heard of the new faith. +You have the Classic zone variously and increasingly conscious of it, +disputing with it, striving to extinguish it—and your Arab zone, +the ground and sustenance of it, encompassing the Holy Land with the +warmth of its own wings, and cherishing there—embers of +phœnix fire over all the earth,—the hope of Resurrection.</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> + +<p><b>26</b>. What would have been the course, or issue, of Christianity, had it +been orally preached only, and unsupported by its poetical literature, +might be the subject of deeply instructive speculation—if a +historian's duty were to reflect instead of record. The power of the +Christian faith was however, in the fact of it, always founded on the +written prophecies and histories of the Bible; and on the +interpretations of their meaning, given by the example, far more than +by the precept, of the great monastic orders. The poetry and history +of the Syrian Testaments were put within their reach by St. Jerome, +while the virtue and efficiency of monastic life are all expressed, +and for the most part summed, in the rule of St. Benedict. To +understand the relation of the work of these two men to the general +order of the Church, is quite the first requirement for its farther +intelligible history.</p> + +<p>Gibbon's thirty-seventh chapter professes to give an account of the +'Institution of the Monastic Life' in the third century. But the +monastic life had been instituted somewhat earlier, and by many +prophets and kings. By Jacob, when he laid the stone for his pillow; +by Moses, when he drew aside to see the burning bush; by David, before +he had left "those few sheep in the wilderness"; and by the prophet +who "was in the deserts till the time of his showing unto Israel." Its +primary "institution," for Europe, was Numa's, in that of the Vestal +Virgins, and College of Augurs; founded on the originally Etrurian and +derived Roman conception of pure life dedicate to the service of God, +and practical wisdom dependent on His guidance. +<a name="FNanchor_3-8_31" id="FNanchor_3-8_31"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-8_31" class="fnanchor">[3-8]</a></p> + +<p>The form which the monastic spirit took in later times depended far +more on the corruption of the common world, from which it was forced +to recoil either in indignation or terror, than on any change brought +<span class="left"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +about by Christianity in the ideal of human virtue and happiness.</p> + +<p><b>27</b>. "Egypt" (Mr. Gibbon thus begins to account for the new +Institution!), "the fruitful parent of superstition, afforded the +first example of monastic life." Egypt had her superstitions, like +other countries; but was so little the <i>parent</i> of superstition that +perhaps no faith among the imaginative races of the world has been so +feebly missionary as hers. She never prevailed on even the nearest of +her neighbours to worship cats or cobras with her; and I am alone, to +my belief, among recent scholars, in maintaining Herodotus' statement +of her influence on the archaic theology of Greece. But that +influence, if any, was formative and delineative: not ritual: so that +in no case, and in no country, was Egypt the parent of Superstition: +while she was beyond all dispute, for all people and to all time, the +parent of Geometry, Astronomy, Architecture, and Chivalry. She was, in +its material and technic elements, the mistress of Literature, showing +authors who before could only scratch on wax and wood, how to weave +paper and engrave porphyry. She was the first exponent of the law of +Judgment after Death for Sin. She was the Tutress of Moses; and the +Hostess of Christ.</p> + +<p><b>28</b>. It is both probable and natural that, in such a country, the +disciples of any new spiritual doctrine should bring it to closer +trial than was possible among the illiterate warriors, or in the +storm-vexed solitudes of the North; yet it is a thoughtless error to +deduce the subsequent power of cloistered fraternity from the lonely +passions of Egyptian monachism. The anchorites of the first three +centuries vanish like feverish spectres, when the rational, merciful, +and laborious laws of Christian societies are established; and the +clearly recognizable rewards of heavenly solitude are granted to those +only who seek the Desert for its redemption.</p> + +<p><b>29</b>. 'The clearly <i>recognizable</i> rewards,' I repeat, and with + cautious emphasis. No man has any data for estimating, far less right of +judging, the results of a life of resolute self-denial, until he has +had the courage to try it himself, at least for a time: but I believe +<span class="left"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +no reasonable person will wish, and no honest person dare, to deny the +benefits he has occasionally felt both in mind and body, during +periods of accidental privation from luxury, or exposure to danger. +The extreme vanity of the modern Englishman in making a momentary +Stylites of himself on the top of a Horn or an Aiguille, and his +occasional confession of a charm in the solitude of the rocks, of +which he modifies nevertheless the poignancy with his pocket +newspaper, and from the prolongation of which he thankfully escapes to +the nearest table-d'hôte, ought to make us less scornful of the pride, +and more intelligent of the passion, in which the mountain anchorites +of Arabia and Palestine condemned themselves to lives of seclusion and +suffering, which were comforted only by supernatural vision, or +celestial hope. That phases of mental disease are the necessary +consequence of exaggerated and independent emotion of any kind must, +of course, be remembered in reading the legends of the wilderness; but +neither physicians nor moralists have yet attempted to distinguish the +morbid states of intellect<a name="FNanchor_3-9_32" id="FNanchor_3-9_32"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-9_32" class="fnanchor">[3-9]</a> which are extremities of +noble passion, from those which are the punishments of ambition, avarice, or +lasciviousness.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> + +<p><b>30</b>. Setting all questions of this nature aside for the moment, my +younger readers need only hold the broad fact that during the whole of +the fourth century, multitudes of self-devoted men led lives of +extreme misery and poverty in the effort to obtain some closer +knowledge of the Being and Will of God. We know, in any available +clearness, neither what they suffered, nor what they learned. We +cannot estimate the solemnizing or reproving power of their examples +on the less zealous Christian world; and only God knows how far their +prayers for it were heard, or their persons accepted. This only we may +observe with reverence, that among all their numbers, none seemed to +have repented their chosen manner of existence; none perish by +melancholy or suicide; their self-adjudged sufferings are never +inflicted in the hope of shortening the lives they embitter or purify; +and the hours of dream or meditation, on mountain or in cave, appear +seldom to have dragged so heavily as those which, without either +vision or reflection, we pass ourselves, on the embankment and in the +tunnel.</p> + +<p><b>31</b>. But whatever may be alleged, after ultimate and honest scrutiny, +of the follies or virtues of anchorite life, we are unjust to Jerome +if we think of him as its introducer into the West of Europe. He +passed through it himself as a phase of spiritual discipline; but he +represents, in his total nature and final work, not the vexed +inactivity of the Eremite, but the eager industry of a benevolent +tutor and pastor. His heart is in continual fervour of admiration or +of hope—remaining to the last as impetuous as a child's, but as +affectionate; and the discrepancies of Protestant objection by which +his character has been confused, or concealed, may be gathered into +some dim picture of his real self when once we comprehend the +simplicity of his faith, and sympathise a little with the eager +charity which can so easily be wounded into indignation, and is never +repressed by policy.</p> + +<p><b>32</b>. The slight trust which can be placed in modern readings of him, as +they now stand, may be at once proved by comparing the two passages in +which Milman has variously guessed at the leading principles of his +<span class="left"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +political conduct. "Jerome began (!) and ended his career as a monk of +Palestine; he attained, <i>he aspired to</i>, no dignity in the Church. +Though ordained a presbyter against his will, he escaped the episcopal +dignity which was forced upon his distinguished contemporaries." +('History of Christianity,' Book III.)</p> + +<p>"Jerome cherished the secret hope, if it was not the avowed object of +his ambition, to succeed Damasus as Bishop of Rome. Is the rejection +of an aspirant so singularly unfit for the station, from his violent +passions, his insolent treatment of his adversaries, his utter want of +self-command, his almost unrivalled faculty of awakening hatred, to be +attributed to the sagacious and intuitive wisdom of Rome?" ('History +of Latin Christianity,' Book I., chap. ii.)</p> + +<p><b>33</b>. You may observe, as an almost unexceptional character in the +"sagacious wisdom" of the Protestant clerical mind, that it +instinctively assumes the desire of power and place not only to be +universal in Priesthood, but to be always <i>purely selfish</i> in the +ground of it. The idea that power might possibly be desired for the +sake of its benevolent use, so far as I remember, does not once occur +in the pages of any ecclesiastical historian of recent date. In our +own reading of past ages we will, with the reader's permission, very +calmly put out of court all accounts of "hopes cherished in secret"; +and pay very small attention to the reasons for mediæval conduct which +appear logical to the rationalist, and probable to the politician. +<a name="FNanchor_3-10_33" id="FNanchor_3-10_33"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-10_33" class="fnanchor">[3-10]</a> +We concern ourselves only with what these singular and fantastic +<span class="left"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +Christians of the past really said, and assuredly did.</p> +<a name="Link_1-6" id="Link_1-6"></a> + +<p><b>34</b>. Jerome's life by no means "began as a monk of Palestine." Dean +Milman has not explained to us how any man's could; but Jerome's +childhood, at any rate, was extremely other than recluse, or +precociously religious. He was born of rich parents living on their +own estate, the name of his native town in North Illyria, Stridon, +perhaps now softened into Strigi, near Aquileia. In Venetian climate, +at all events, and in sight of Alps and sea. He had a brother and +sister, a kind grandfather, and a disagreeable private tutor, and was +a youth still studying grammar at Julian's death in 363.</p> + +<p><b>35</b>. A youth of eighteen, and well begun in all institutes of the +classic schools; but, so far from being a monk, not yet a +Christian;—nor at all disposed towards the severer offices even of +Roman life! or contemplating with aversion the splendours, either +worldly or sacred, which shone on him in the college days spent in its +Capital city.</p> + +<p>For the "power and majesty of Paganism were still concentrated at +Rome; the deities of the ancient faith found their last refuge in the +capital of the empire. To the stranger, Rome still offered the +appearance of a Pagan city. It contained one hundred and fifty-two +temples, and one hundred and eighty smaller chapels or shrines, still +sacred to their tutelary God, and used for public worship. +Christianity had neither ventured to usurp those few buildings which +might be converted to her use, still less had she the power to destroy +them. The religious edifices were under the protection of the præfect +of the city, and the præfect was usually a Pagan; at all events he +would not permit any breach of the public peace, or violation of +public property. Above all still towered the Capitol, in its +unassailed and awful majesty, with its fifty temples or shrines, +bearing the most sacred names in the religious and civil annals of +Rome, those of Jove, of Mars, of Janus, of Romulus, of Cæsar, of +Victory. Some years after the accession of Theodosius to the Eastern +Empire, the sacrifices were still performed as national rites at the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +public cost,—<i>the pontiffs made their offerings in the name of the +whole human race</i>. The Pagan orator ventures to assert that the +Emperor dared not to endanger the safety of the empire by their +abolition. The Emperor still bore the title and insignia of the +Supreme Pontiff; the Consuls, before they entered upon their +functions, ascended the Capitol; the religious processions passed +along the crowded streets, and the people thronged to the festivals +and theatres which still formed part of the Pagan worship." +<a name="FNanchor_3-11_34" id="FNanchor_3-11_34"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-11_34" class="fnanchor">[3-11]</a></p> + +<p><b>36</b>. Here, Jerome must have heard of what by all the Christian sects +was held the judgment of God, between them and their chief enemy—the +death of the Emperor Julian. But I have no means of tracing, and will +not conjecture, the course of his own thoughts, until the tenor of all +his life was changed at his baptism. The candour which lies at the +basis of his character has given us one sentence of his own, +respecting that change, which is worth some volumes of ordinary +confessions. "I left, not only parents and kindred, but <i>the +accustomed luxuries of delicate life</i>." The words throw full light on +what, to our less courageous temper, seems the exaggerated reading by +the early converts of Christ's words to them—"He that loveth father +or mother more than me, is not worthy of me." We are content to leave, +for much lower interests, either father or mother, and do not see the +necessity of any farther sacrifice: we should know more of ourselves +and of Christianity if we oftener sustained what St. Jerome found the +more searching trial. I find scattered indications of contempt among +his biographers, because he could not resign one indulgence—that of +scholarship; and the usual sneers at monkish ignorance and indolence +are in his case transferred to the weakness of a pilgrim who carried +his library in his wallet. It is a singular question (putting, as it +is the modern fashion to do, the idea of Providence wholly aside), +whether, but for the literary enthusiasm, which was partly a weakness, +of this old man's character, the Bible would ever have become the +library of Europe.</p> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> + +<p><b>37</b>. For that, observe, is the real meaning, in its first power, of the +word <i>Bible</i>. Not book, merely; but 'Bibliotheca,' Treasury of Books: +and it is, I repeat, a singular question, how far, if Jerome, at the +very moment when Rome, his tutress, ceased from her material power, +had not made her language the oracle of Hebrew prophecy, a literature +of their own, and a religion unshadowed by the terrors of the Mosaic +law, might have developed itself in the hearts of the Goth, the Frank, +and the Saxon, under Theodoric, Clovis, and Alfred.</p> + +<p><b>38</b>. Fate had otherwise determined, and Jerome was so passive an +instrument in her hands that he began the study of Hebrew as a +discipline only, and without any conception of the task he was to +fulfil, still less of the scope of its fulfilment. I could joyfully +believe that the words of Christ, "If they hear not Moses and the +Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the +dead," had haunted the spirit of the recluse, until he resolved that +the voices of immortal appeal should be made audible to the Churches +of all the earth. But so far as we have evidence, there was no such +will or hope to exalt the quiet instincts of his natural industry; and +partly as a scholar's exercise, partly as an old man's recreation, the +severity of the Latin language was softened, like Venetian crystal, by +the variable fire of Hebrew thought, and the "Book of Books" took the +abiding form of which all the future art of the Western nations was to +be an hourly expanding interpretation.</p> + +<p><b>39</b>. And in this matter you have to note that the gist of it lies, not +in the translation of the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures into an easier +and a common language, but in their presentation to the Church as of +common authority. The earlier Gentile Christians had naturally a +tendency to carry out in various oral exaggeration or corruption, the +teaching of the Apostle of the Gentiles, until their freedom from the +bondage of the Jewish law passed into doubt of its inspiration; and, +after the fall of Jerusalem, even into horror-stricken interdiction of +its observance. So that, only a few years after the remnant of exiled +Jews in Pella had elected the Gentile Marcus for their Bishop, and +<span class="left"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +obtained leave to return to the Ælia Capitolina built by Hadrian on +Mount Zion, "it became a matter of doubt and controversy whether a man +who sincerely acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah, but who still +continued to observe the law of Moses, could possibly hope for +salvation!"<a name="FNanchor_3-12_35" id="FNanchor_3-12_35"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-12_35" class="fnanchor">[3-12]</a> + While, on the other hand, the most learned and the +most wealthy of the Christian name, under the generally recognised +title of "knowing" (Gnostic), had more insidiously effaced the +authority of the Evangelists by dividing themselves, during the course +of the third century, "into more than fifty numerably distinct sects, +and producing a multitude of histories, in which the actions and +discourses of Christ and His Apostles were adapted to their several +tenets."<a name="FNanchor_3-13_36" id="FNanchor_3-13_36"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-13_36" class="fnanchor">[3-13]</a></p> +<a name="Link_1-10" id="Link_1-10"></a> + +<p><b>40</b>. It would be a task of great, and in nowise profitable difficulty +to determine in what measure the consent of the general Church, and in +what measure the act and authority of Jerome, contributed to fix in +their ever since undisturbed harmony and majesty, the canons of Mosaic +and Apostolic Scripture. All that the young reader need know is, that +when Jerome died at Bethlehem, this great deed was virtually +accomplished: and the series of historic and didactic books which form +our present Bible, (including the Apocrypha) were established in and +above the nascent thought of the noblest races of men living on the +terrestrial globe, as a direct message to them from its Maker, +containing whatever it was necessary for them to learn of His purposes +towards them, and commanding, or advising, with divine authority and +infallible wisdom, all that was best for them to do, and happiest to +desire.</p> + +<p><b>41</b>. And it is only for those who have obeyed the law sincerely, to +<span class="left"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +say how far the hope held out to them by the law-giver has been +fulfilled. The worst "children of disobedience" are those who accept, +of the Word, what they like, and refuse what they hate: nor is this +perversity in them always conscious, for the greater part of the sins +of the Church have been brought on it by enthusiasm which, in +passionate contemplation and advocacy of parts of the Scripture easily +grasped, neglected the study, and at last betrayed the balance, of the +rest. What forms and methods of self-will are concerned in the +wresting of the Scriptures to a man's destruction, is for the keepers +of consciences to examine, not for us. The history we have to learn +must be wholly cleared of such debate, and the influence of the Bible +watched exclusively on the persons who receive the Word with joy, and +obey it in truth.</p> + +<p><b>42</b>. There has, however, been always a farther difficulty in examining +the power of the Bible, than that of distinguishing honest from +dishonest readers. The hold of Christianity on the souls of men must +be examined, when we come to close dealing with it, under these three +several heads: there is first, the power of the Cross itself, and of +the theory of salvation, upon the heart,—then, the operation of the +Jewish and Greek Scriptures on the intellect,—then, the influence on +morals of the teaching and example of the living hierarchy. And in the +comparison of men as they are and as they might have been, there are +these three questions to be separately kept in mind,—first, what +would have been the temper of Europe without the charity and labour +meant by 'bearing the cross'; then, secondly, what would the intellect +of Europe have become without Biblical literature; and lastly, what +would the social order of Europe have become without its hierarchy.</p> + +<p><b>43</b>. You see I have connected the words 'charity' and 'labour' under +the general term of 'bearing the cross.' "If any man will come after +me, let him deny himself, (for charity) and take up his cross (of +pain) and follow me."</p> + +<p>The idea has been <i>exactly</i> reversed by modern Protestantism, which +sees, in the cross, not a furca to which it is to be nailed; but a +<span class="left"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +raft on which it, and all its valuable properties, +<a name="FNanchor_3-14_37" id="FNanchor_3-14_37"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-14_37" class="fnanchor">[3-14]</a> are to be +floated into Paradise.</p> + +<p><b>44</b>. Only, therefore, in days when the Cross was received with courage, +the Scripture searched with honesty, and the Pastor heard in faith, +can the pure word of God, and the bright sword of the Spirit, be +recognised in the heart and hand of Christianity. The effect of +Biblical poetry and legend on its intellect, must be traced farther, +through decadent ages, and in unfenced fields;—producing 'Paradise +Lost' for us, no less than the 'Divina Commedia';—Goethe's 'Faust,' +and Byron's 'Cain,' no less than the 'Imitatio Christi.'</p> + +<p><b>45</b>. Much more, must the scholar, who would comprehend in any degree +approaching to completeness, the influence of the Bible on mankind, be +able to read the interpretations of it which rose into the great arts +of Europe at their culmination. In every province of Christendom, +according to the degree of art-power it possessed, a series of +illustrations of the Bible were produced as time went on; beginning +with vignetted illustrations of manuscript, advancing into life-size +sculpture, and concluding in perfect power of realistic painting. +These teachings and preachings of the Church, by means of art, are not +only a most important part of the general Apostolic Acts of +Christianity; but their study is a necessary part of Biblical +scholarship, so that no man can in any large sense understand the +Bible itself until he has learned also to read these national +commentaries upon it, and been made aware of their collective weight. +The Protestant reader, who most imagines himself independent in his +thought, and private in his study, of Scripture, is nevertheless +usually at the mercy of the nearest preacher who has a pleasant voice +and ingenious fancy; receiving from him thankfully, and often +reverently, whatever interpretation of texts the agreeable voice or +ready wit may recommend: while, in the meantime, he remains entirely +ignorant of, and if left to his own will, invariably destroys as +<span class="left"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +injurious, the deeply meditated interpretations of Scripture which, in +their matter, have been sanctioned by the consent of all the Christian +Church for a thousand years; and in their treatment, have been exalted +by the trained skill and inspired imagination of the noblest souls +ever enclosed in mortal clay.</p> + +<p><b>46</b>. There are few of the fathers of the Christian Church whose +commentaries on the Bible, or personal theories of its gospel, have +not been, to the constant exultation of the enemies of the Church, +fretted and disgraced by angers of controversy, or weakened and +distracted by irreconcilable heresy. On the contrary, the scriptural +teaching, through their art, of such men as Orcagna, Giotto, Angelico, +Luca della Robbia, and Luini, is, literally, free from all earthly +taint of momentary passion; its patience, meekness, and quietness are +incapable of error through either fear or anger; they are able, +without offence, to say all that they wish; they are bound by +tradition into a brotherhood which represents unperverted doctrines by +unchanging scenes; and they are compelled by the nature of their work +to a deliberation and order of method which result in the purest state +and frankest use of all intellectual power.</p> + +<p><b>47</b>. I may at once, and without need of returning to this question, +illustrate the difference in dignity and safety between the mental +actions of literature and art, by referring to a passage, otherwise +beautifully illustrative of St. Jerome's sweetness and simplicity of +character, though quoted, in the place where we find it, with no such +favouring intention,—namely, in the pretty letter of Queen Sophie +Charlotte, (father's mother of Frederick the Great,) to the Jesuit +Vota, given in part by Carlyle in his first volume, ch. iv.</p> + +<p>"'How can St. Jerome, for example, be a key to Scripture?' she +insinuates; citing from Jerome this remarkable avowal of his method of +composing books;—especially of his method in that book, <i>Commentary +on the Galatians</i>, where he accuses both Peter and Paul of simulation, +and even of hypocrisy. The great St. Augustine has been charging him +with this sad fact, (says her Majesty, who gives chapter and verse,) +and Jerome answers, 'I followed the commentaries of Origen, of'—five +<span class="left"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +or six different persons, who turned out mostly to be heretics before +Jerome had quite done with them, in coming years, 'And to confess the +honest truth to you,' continues Jerome, 'I read all that, and after +having crammed my head with a great many things, I sent for my +amanuensis, and dictated to him, now my own thoughts, now those of +others, without much recollecting the order, nor sometimes the words, +nor even the sense'! In another place, (in the book itself further +on<a name="FNanchor_3-15_38" id="FNanchor_3-15_38"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-15_38" class="fnanchor">[3-15]</a>) + he says, 'I do not myself write; I have an amanuensis, and I +dictate to him what comes into my mouth. If I wish to reflect a +little, or to say the thing better, or a better thing, he knits his +brows, and the whole look of him tells me sufficiently that he cannot +endure to wait.' Here is a sacred old gentleman whom it is not safe to +depend upon for interpreting the Scriptures,—thinks her Majesty, but +does not say so,—leaving Father Vota to his reflections." Alas, no, +Queen Sophie, neither old St. Jerome's, nor any other human lips nor +mind, may be depended upon in that function; but only the Eternal +Sophia, the Power of God and the Wisdom of God: yet this you may see +of your old interpreter, that he is wholly open, innocent, and true, +and that, through such a person, whether forgetful of his author, or +hurried by his scribe, it is more than probable you may hear what +Heaven knows to be best for you; and extremely improbable you should +take the least harm,—while by a careful and cunning master in the +literary art, reticent of his doubts, and dexterous in his sayings, +any number of prejudices or errors might be proposed to you +acceptably, or even fastened in you fatally, though all the while you +were not the least required to confide in his inspiration.</p> + +<p><b>48</b>. For indeed, the only confidence, and the only safety which in such +matters we can either hold or hope, are in our own desire to be +rightly guided, and willingness to follow in simplicity the guidance +granted. But all our conceptions and reasonings on the subject of +inspiration have been disordered by our habit, first of +<span class="left"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +distinguishing falsely—or at least needlessly—between inspiration of +words and of acts; and secondly by our attribution of inspired +strength or wisdom to some persons or some writers only, instead of to +the whole body of believers, in so far as they are partakers of the +Grace of Christ, the Love of God, and the Fellowship of the Holy +Ghost. In the degree in which every Christian receives, or refuses, +the several gifts expressed by that general benediction, he enters or +is cast out from the inheritance of the saints,—in the exact degree +in which he denies the Christ, angers the Father, and grieves the Holy +Spirit, he becomes uninspired or unholy,—and in the measure in which +he trusts Christ, obeys the Father, and consents with the Spirit, he +becomes inspired in feeling, act, word, and reception of word, +according to the capacities of his nature. He is not gifted with +higher ability, nor called into new offices, but enabled to use his +granted natural powers, in their appointed place, to the best purpose. +A child is inspired as a child, and a maiden as a maiden; the weak, +even in their weakness, and the wise, only in their hour.</p> + +<p>That is the simply determinable <i>theory</i> of the inspiration of all +true members of the Church; its truth can only be known by proving it +in trial: but I believe there is no record of any man's having tried +and declared it vain.<a name="FNanchor_3-16_39" id="FNanchor_3-16_39"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3-16_39" class="fnanchor">[3-16]</a> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>49</b>. Beyond this theory of general inspiration, there is that of +special call and command, with actual dictation of the deeds to be +done or words to be said. I will enter at present into no examination +of the evidences of such separating influence; it is not claimed by +the Fathers of the Church, either for themselves, or even for the +entire body of the Sacred writers, but only ascribed to certain +passages dictated at certain times for special needs: and there is no +possibility of attaching the idea of infallible truth to any form of +human language in which even these exceptional passages have been +delivered to us. But this is demonstrably true of the entire volume of +them as we have it, and read,—each of us as it may be rendered in his +native tongue; that, however mingled with mystery which we are not +required to unravel, or difficulties which we should be insolent in +desiring to solve, it contains plain teaching for men of every rank of +soul and state of life, which so far as they honestly and implicitly +obey, they will be happy and innocent to the utmost powers of their +nature, and capable of victory over all adversities, whether of +temptation or pain.</p> + +<p><b>50</b>. Indeed, the Psalter alone, which practically was the service book +of the Church for many ages, contains merely in the first half of it +the sum of personal and social wisdom. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +The 1st, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 23rd, and 24th psalms, well +learned and believed, are enough for all personal guidance; the 48th, +72nd, and 75th, have in them the law and the prophecy of all righteous +government; and every real triumph of natural science is anticipated +in the 104th.</p> + +<p><b>51</b>. For the contents of the entire volume, consider what other group +of historic and didactic literature has a range comparable with it. +There are—</p> + +<p>I. The stories of the Fall and of the Flood, the grandest human +traditions founded on a true horror of sin.</p> + +<p>II. The story of the Patriarchs, of which the effective truth is +visible to this day in the polity of the Jewish and Arab races.</p> + +<p>III. The story of Moses, with the results of that tradition in the +moral law of all the civilized world.</p> + +<p>IV. The story of the Kings—virtually that of all Kinghood, in David, +and of all Philosophy, in Solomon: culminating in the Psalms and +Proverbs, with the still more close and practical wisdom of +Ecclesiasticus and the Son of Sirach.</p> + +<p>V. The story of the Prophets—virtually that of the deepest mystery, +tragedy, and permanent fate, of national existence.</p> + +<p>VI. The story of Christ.</p> + +<p>VII. The moral law of St. John, and his closing Apocalypse of its +fulfilment.</p> + +<p>Think, if you can match that table of contents in any other—I do not +say 'book' but 'literature.' Think, so far as it is possible for any +of us—either adversary or defender of the faith—to extricate his +intelligence from the habit and the association of moral sentiment +based upon the Bible, what literature could have taken its place, or +fulfilled its function, though every library in the world had remained +unravaged, and every teacher's truest words had been written down?</p> + +<p><b>52</b>. I am no despiser of profane literature. So far from it that I +believe no interpretations of Greek religion have ever been so +affectionate, none of Roman religion so reverent, as those which will +be found at the base of my art teaching, and current through the +entire body of my works. But it was from the Bible that I learned the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +symbols of Homer, and the faith of Horace; the duty enforced upon me +in early youth of reading every word of the gospels and prophecies as +if written by the hand of God, gave me the habit of awed attention +which afterwards made many passages of the profane writers, frivolous +to an irreligious reader, deeply grave to me. How far my mind has been +paralysed by the faults and sorrow of life,—how far short its +knowledge may be of what I might have known, had I more faithfully +walked in the light I had, is beyond my conjecture or confession: but +as I never wrote for my own pleasure or self-proclaiming, I have been +guarded, as men who so write always will be, from errors dangerous to +others; and the fragmentary expressions of feeling or statements of +doctrine, which from time to time I have been able to give, will be +found now by an attentive reader to bind themselves together into a +general system of interpretation of Sacred literature,—both classic +and Christian, which will enable him without injustice to sympathize +in the faiths of candid and generous souls, of every age and every +clime.</p> + +<p><b>53</b>. That there <i>is</i> a Sacred classic literature, running parallel with +that of the Hebrews, and coalescing in the symbolic legends of +mediæval Christendom, is shown in the most tender and impressive way +by the independent, yet similar, influence of Virgil upon Dante, and +upon Bishop Gawaine Douglas. At earlier dates, the teaching of every +master trained in the Eastern schools was necessarily grafted on the +wisdom of the Greek mythology; and thus the story of the Nemean Lion, +with the aid of Athena in its conquest, is the real root-stock of the +legend of St. Jerome's companion, conquered by the healing gentleness +of the Spirit of Life.</p> + +<p><b>54</b>. I call it a legend only. Whether Heracles ever slew, or St. Jerome +ever cherished, the wild or wounded creature, is of no moment to us in +learning what the Greeks meant by their vase-outlines of the great +contest, or the Christian painters by their fond insistence on the +constancy of the Lion-friend. Former tradition, in the story of +Samson,—of the disobedient prophet,—of David's first inspired +victory, and finally of the miracle wrought in the defence of the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +most favoured and most faithful of the greater Prophets, runs always +parallel in symbolism with the Dorian fable: but the legend of St. +Jerome takes up the prophecy of the Millennium, and foretells, with +the Cumæan Sibyl, and with Isaiah, a day when the Fear of Man shall be +laid in benediction, not enmity, on inferior beings,—when they shall +not hurt nor destroy in all the holy Mountain, and the Peace of the +Earth shall be as far removed from its present sorrow, as the present +gloriously animate universe from the nascent desert, whose deeps were +the place of dragons, and its mountains, domes of fire.</p> + +<p>Of that day knoweth no man; but the Kingdom of God is already come to +those who have tamed in their own hearts what was rampant of the lower +nature, and have learned to cherish what is lovely and human, in the +wandering children of the clouds and fields.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Avallon</span>, <i>28th August, 1882</i>.</p> + + +<h4><a name="Notes_to_Chapter_III" id="Notes_to_Chapter_III"> +</a>Notes to Chapter III:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-1_24" id="Footnote_3-1_24"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-1_24"><span class="label">[3-1]</span></a> + Taking the 'San' branch of upper Vistula.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-2_25" id="Footnote_3-2_25"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-2_25"><span class="label">[3-2]</span></a> + Note, however, generally that the strength of a river, +cæteris paribus, is to be estimated by its straight course, windings +being almost always caused by flats in which it can receive no +tributaries.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-3_26" id="Footnote_3-3_26"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-3_26"><span class="label">[3-3]</span></a> + Sir F. Palgrave, 'Arabia,' vol. ii., p. 155. I gratefully +adopt in the next paragraph his division of Asiatic nations, p. 160.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-4_27" id="Footnote_3-4_27"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-4_27"><span class="label">[3-4]</span></a> + Gibbon's fifty-sixth chapter begins with a sentence which +may be taken as the epitome of the entire history we have to +investigate: "The three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the +Saracens, and the Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of +Italy." I use the more general word, Goths, instead of Franks; and the +more accurate word, Arab, for Saracen; but otherwise, the reader will +observe that the division is the same as mine. Gibbon does not +recognize the Roman people as a nation—but only the Roman power as an +empire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-5_28" id="Footnote_3-5_28"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-5_28"><span class="label">[3-5]</span></a> + Milman, 'Hist., of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 36.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-6_29" id="Footnote_3-6_29"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-6_29"><span class="label">[3-6]</span></a> + I find the same generalization expressed to the modern +student under the term 'Balkan Peninsula,' extinguishing every ray and +trace of past history at once.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-7_30" id="Footnote_3-7_30"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-7_30"><span class="label">[3-7]</span></a> + Gibbon's more deliberate statement its clear enough. +"From the coast or the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory +of Celtic origin was distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance +of languages, religion, and manners, and the peculiar character of the +British tribes might be naturally ascribed to the influence of +accidental and local circumstances." The Lowland Scots, "wheat eaters" +or Wanderers, and the Irish, are very positively identified by Gibbon +at the time our own history begins. "It is <i>certain</i>" (italics his, +not mine) "that in the declining age of the Roman Empire, Caledonia, +Ireland, and the Isle of Man, were inhabited by the Scots."—Chap. 25, +vol. iv., p. 279.</p> + +<p>The higher civilization and feebler courage of the Lowland <i>English</i> +rendered them either the victims of Scotland, or the grateful subjects +of Rome. The mountaineers, Pict among the Grampians, or of their own +colour in Cornwall and Wales, have never been either instructed or +subdued, and remain to this day the artless and fearless strength of +the British race.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-8_31" id="Footnote_3-8_31"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-8_31"><span class="label">[3-8]</span></a> + I should myself mark as the fatallest instant in the +decline of the Roman Empire, Julian's rejection of the counsel of the +Augurs. "For the last time, the Etruscan Haruspices accompanied a +Roman Emperor, but by a singular fatality their adverse interpretation +by the signs of heaven was disdained, and Julian followed the advice +of the philosophers, who coloured their predictions with the bright +hues of the Emperor's ambition." (Milman, Hist. of Christianity, chap. +vi.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-9_32" id="Footnote_3-9_32"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-9_32"><span class="label">[3-9]</span></a> + Gibbon's hypothetical conclusion respecting the effects +of self-mortification, and his following historical statement, must be +noted as in themselves containing the entire views of the modern +philosophies and policies which have since changed the monasteries of +Italy into barracks, and the churches of France into magazines. "This +voluntary martyrdom <i>must</i> have gradually destroyed the sensibility, +both of mind and body; nor <i>can it be presumed</i> that the fanatics who +torment themselves, are capable of any lively affection for the rest +of mankind. <i>A cruel unfeeling temper has characterized the monks of +every age and country.</i>"</p> + +<p>How much of penetration, or judgment, this sentence exhibits, I hope +will become manifest to the reader as I unfold before him the actual +history of his faith; but being, I suppose, myself one of the last +surviving witnesses of the character of recluse life as it still +existed in the beginning of this century, I can point to the +portraiture of it given by Scott in the introduction to 'The +Monastery' as one perfect and trustworthy, to the letter and to the +spirit; and for myself can say, that the most gentle, refined, and in +the deepest sense amiable, phases of character I have ever known, have +been either those of monks, or of servants trained in the Catholic +Faith.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-10_33" id="Footnote_3-10_33"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-10_33"><span class="label">[3-10]</span></a> + The habit of assuming, for the conduct of men of sense +and feeling, motives intelligible to the foolish, and probable to the +base, gains upon every vulgar historian, partly in the ease of it, +partly in the pride; and it is horrible to contemplate the quantity of +false witness against their neighbours which commonplace writers +commit, in the mere rounding and enforcing of their shallow sentences. +"Jerome admits, indeed, with <i>specious but doubtful humility</i>, the +inferiority of the unordained monk to the ordained priest," says Dean +Milman in his eleventh chapter, following up his gratuitous doubt of +Jerome's humility with no less gratuitous asseveration of the ambition +of his opponents. "The clergy, <i>no doubt</i>, had the sagacity to foresee +the <i>dangerous</i> rival as to influence and authority, which was rising +up in Christian society."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-11_34" id="Footnote_3-11_34"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-11_34"><span class="label">[3-11]</span></a> + Milman, 'History of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 162. +Note the sentence in italics, for it relates the true origin of the +Papacy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-12_35" id="Footnote_3-12_35"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-12_35"><span class="label">[3-12]</span></a> + Gibbon, chap. <span class="smcap">xv</span>. (II. 277).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-13_36" id="Footnote_3-13_36"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-13_36"><span class="label">[3-13]</span></a> + Ibid., II. 283. His expression "the most learned and +most wealthy" should be remembered in confirmation of the evermore +recurring fact of Christianity, that minds modest in attainment, and +lives careless of gain, are fittest for the reception of every +constant,—<i>i.e.</i> not local or accidental,—Christian principle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-14_37" id="Footnote_3-14_37"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-14_37"><span class="label">[3-14]</span></a> + Quite one of the most curious colours of modern +Evangelical thought is its pleasing connection of Gospel truth with +the extension of lucrative commerce! See farther the note at p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-15_38" id="Footnote_3-15_38"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-15_38"><span class="label">[3-15]</span></a> + 'Commentary on the Galatians,' Chap. iii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3-16_39" id="Footnote_3-16_39"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3-16_39"><span class="label">[3-16]</span></a> + Compare the closing paragraph in p. 45 of 'The Shrine of +the Slaves.' Strangely, as I revise <i>this</i> page for press, a slip is +sent me from 'The Christian' newspaper, in which the comment of the +orthodox evangelical editor may be hereafter representative to us of +the heresy of his sect; in its last audacity, actually <i>opposing</i> the +power of the Spirit to the work of Christ. (I only wish I had been at +Matlock, and heard the kind physician's sermon.)</p> + +<p>"An interesting and somewhat unusual sight was seen in Derbyshire on +Saturday last—two old fashioned Friends, dressed in the original garb +of the Quakers, preaching on the roadside to a large and attentive +audience in Matlock. One of them, who is a doctor in good practice in +the county, by name Dr. Charles A. Fox, made a powerful and effective +appeal to his audience to see to it that each one was living in +obedience to the light of the Holy Spirit within. Christ <i>within</i> was +the hope of glory, and it was as He was followed in the ministry of +the Spirit that we were saved by Him, who became thus to each the +author and finisher of faith. He cautioned his hearers against +building their house on the sand by believing in the free and easy +Gospel so commonly preached to the wayside hearers, as if we were +saved by 'believing' this or that. Nothing short of the work of the +Holy Ghost in the soul of each one could save us, and to preach +anything short of this was simply to delude the simple and unwary in +the most terrible form.</p> + +<p>"[It would be unfair to criticise an address from so brief an +abstract, but we must express our conviction that the obedience of +Christ unto death, the death of the Cross, <i>rather</i> than the work of +the Spirit in us, is the good tidings for sinful men.— +<span class="smcap">Ed</span>.]"</p> + +<p>In juxtaposition with this editorial piece of modern British press +theology, I will simply place the 4th, 6th, and 13th verses of Romans +viii., italicising the expressions which are of deepest import, and +always neglected. "That the <i>righteousness of the</i> + <span class="smcap">Law</span> might be +fulfilled <i>in us</i>, who walk not after the flesh, but after the +Spirit....For to be carnally <i>minded</i>, is death, but to be +spiritually <i>minded</i>, is life, and peace....For if ye live after the +flesh, ye shall die; but if <i>ye through the Spirit</i> do mortify the +<i>deeds</i> of the body, ye shall live."</p> + +<p>It would be well for Christendom if the Baptismal service explained +what it professes to abjure.</p></div> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Chapter_IV" id="Chapter_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3>INTERPRETATIONS.</h3> + + +<p><b>1</b>. It is the admitted privilege of a custode who loves his cathedral +to depreciate, in its comparison, all the other cathedrals of his +country that resemble, and all the edifices on the globe that differ +from it. But I love too many cathedrals—though I have never had the +happiness of becoming the custode of even one—to permit myself the +easy and faithful exercise of the privilege in question; and I must +vindicate my candour, and my judgment, in the outset, by confessing +that the cathedral of <span class="smcap">Amiens</span> has nothing to boast of +in the way of towers,—that its central flèche is merely the pretty +caprice of a village carpenter,—that the total structure is in dignity +inferior to Chartres, in sublimity to Beauvais, in decorative splendour to +Rheims, and in loveliness of figure-sculpture to Bourges. It has nothing like +the artful pointing and moulding of the arcades of Salisbury—nothing +of the might of Durham;—no Dædalian inlaying like Florence, no glow +of mythic fantasy like Verona. And yet, in all, and more than these, +ways, outshone or overpowered, the cathedral of Amiens deserves the +name given it by M. Viollet le Duc—</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">"The Parthenon of Gothic Architecture." +<a name="FNanchor_4-1_40" id="FNanchor_4-1_40"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-1_40" class="fnanchor">[4-1]</a></span><br /> + +<p><b>2</b>. Of Gothic, mind you; Gothic clear of Roman tradition, and of +Arabian taint; Gothic pure, authoritative, unsurpassable, and +unaccusable;—its proper principles of structure being once understood +and admitted. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +No well-educated traveller is now without some consciousness of the +meaning of what is commonly and rightly called "purity of style," in +the modes of art which have been practised by civilized nations; and +few are unaware of the distinctive aims and character of Gothic. The +purpose of a good Gothic builder was to raise, with the native stone +of the place he had to build in, an edifice as high and as spacious as +he could, with calculable and visible security, in no protracted and +wearisome time, and with no monstrous or oppressive compulsion of +human labour.</p> + +<p>He did not wish to exhaust in the pride of a single city the energies +of a generation, or the resources of a kingdom; he built for Amiens +with the strength and the exchequer of Amiens; with chalk from the +cliffs of the Somme,<a name="FNanchor_4-2_41" id="FNanchor_4-2_41"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-2_41" class="fnanchor">[4-2]</a> and under the orders +of two successive bishops, one of whom directed the foundations of the +edifice, and the other gave thanks in it for its completion. His object, +as a designer, in common with all the sacred builders of his time in the +North, was to admit as much light into the building as was consistent with +the comfort of it; to make its structure intelligibly admirable, but not +curious or confusing; and to enrich and enforce the understood +structure with ornament sufficient for its beauty, yet yielding to no +wanton enthusiasm in expenditure, nor insolent in giddy or selfish +ostentation of skill; and finally, to make the external sculpture of +its walls and gates at once an alphabet and epitome of the religion, +by the knowledge and inspiration of which an acceptable worship might +be rendered, within those gates, to the Lord whose Fear was in His +<span class="left"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +Holy Temple, and whose seat was in Heaven.</p> + +<p><b>3</b>. It is not easy for the citizen of the modern aggregate of bad +building, and ill-living held in check by constables, which we call a +town,—of which the widest streets are devoted by consent to the +encouragement of vice, and the narrow ones to the concealment of +misery,—not easy, I say, for the citizen of any such mean city to +understand the feeling of a burgher of the Christian ages to his +cathedral. For him, the quite simply and frankly-believed text, "Where +two or three are gathered in My name, there am I in the midst of +them," was expanded into the wider promise to many honest and +industrious persons gathered in His name—"They shall be my people and +I will be their God";—deepened in his reading of it, by some lovely +local and simply affectionate faith that Christ, as he was a Jew among +Jews, and a Galilean among Galileans, was also, in His nearness to +any—even the poorest—group of disciples, as one of their nation; and +that their own "Beau Christ d'Amiens" was as true a compatriot to them +as if He had been born of a Picard maiden.</p> + +<p><b>4</b>. It is to be remembered, however—and this is a theological point on +which depended much of the structural development of the northern +basilicas—that the part of the building in which the Divine presence +was believed to be constant, as in the Jewish Holy of Holies, was only +the enclosed choir; in front of which the aisles and transepts might +become the King's Hall of Justice, as in the presence-chamber of +Christ; and whose high altar was guarded always from the surrounding +eastern aisles by a screen of the most finished workmanship; while +from those surrounding aisles branched off a series of radiating +chapels or cells, each dedicated to some separate saint. This +conception of the company of Christ with His saints, (the eastern +chapel of all being the Virgin's,) was at the root of the entire +disposition of the apse with its supporting and dividing buttresses +and piers; and the architectural form can never be well delighted in, +unless in some sympathy with the spiritual imagination out of which it +rose. We talk foolishly and feebly of symbols and types: in old +<span class="left"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +Christian architecture, every part is <i>literal</i>: the cathedral <i>is</i> +for its builders the House of God;—it is surrounded, like an earthly +king's, with minor lodgings for the servants; and the glorious +carvings of the exterior walls and interior wood of the choir, which +an English rector would almost instinctively think of as done for the +glorification of the canons, was indeed the Amienois carpenter's way +of making his Master-carpenter comfortable, +<a name="FNanchor_4-3_42" id="FNanchor_4-3_42"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-3_42" class="fnanchor">[4-3]</a>—nor less of showing +his own native and insuperable virtue of carpenter, before God and +man.</p> + +<p><b>5</b>. Whatever you wish to see, or are forced to leave unseen, at Amiens, +if the overwhelming responsibilities of your existence, and the +inevitable necessities of precipitate locomotion in their fulfilment, +have left you so much as one quarter of an hour, not out of +breath—for the contemplation of the capital of Picardy, give it +wholly to the cathedral choir. Aisles and porches, lancet windows and +roses, you can see elsewhere as well as here—but such carpenter's +work, you cannot. It is late,—fully developed flamboyant just past +the fifteenth century—and has some Flemish stolidity mixed with the +playing French fire of it; but wood-carving was the Picard's joy from +his youth up, and, so far as I know, there is nothing else so +beautiful cut out of the goodly trees of the world.</p> + +<p>Sweet and young-grained wood it is: oak, <i>trained</i> and chosen for such +work, sound now as four hundred years since. Under the carver's hand +it seems to cut like clay, to fold like silk, to grow like living +branches, to leap like living flame. Canopy crowning canopy, pinnacle +piercing pinnacle—it shoots and wreathes itself into an enchanted +glade, inextricable, imperishable, fuller of leafage than any forest, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +and fuller of story than any book.<a name="FNanchor_4-4_43" id="FNanchor_4-4_43"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-4_43" class="fnanchor">[4-4]</a></p> + +<p><b>6</b>. I have never been able to make up my mind which was really the best +way of approaching the cathedral for the first time. If you have +plenty of leisure, and the day is fine, and you are not afraid of an +<span class="left"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +hour's walk, the really right thing to do is to walk down the main +street of the old town, and across the river, and quite out to the +chalk hill<a name="FNanchor_4-5_44" id="FNanchor_4-5_44"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-5_44" class="fnanchor">[4-5]</a> + out of which the citadel is half quarried—half +walled;—and walk to the top of that, and look down into the citadel's +dry 'ditch,'—or, more truly, dry valley of death, which is about as +deep as a glen in Derbyshire, (or, more precisely, the upper part of +the 'Happy Valley' at Oxford, above Lower Hincksey,) and thence across +<span class="left"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +to the cathedral and ascending slopes of the city; so, you will +understand the real height and relation of tower and town:—then, +returning, find your way to the Mount Zion of it by any narrow cross +streets and chance bridges you can—the more winding and dirty the +streets, the better; and whether you come first on west front or apse, +you will think them worth all the trouble you have had to reach them.</p> + + +<p><b>7</b>. But if the day be dismal, as it may sometimes be, even in France, +of late years,—or if you cannot or will not walk, which may also +chance, for all our athletics and lawn-tennis,—or if you must really +go to Paris this afternoon, and only mean to see all you can in an +hour or two,—then, supposing that, notwithstanding these weaknesses, +you are still a nice sort of person, for whom it is of some +consequence which way you come at a pretty thing, or begin to look at +it—I <i>think</i> the best way is to walk from the Hotel de France or the +Place de Perigord, up the Street of Three Pebbles, towards the railway +station—stopping a little as you go, so as to get into a cheerful +temper, and buying some bonbons or tarts for the children in one of +the charming patissiers' shops on the left. Just past them, ask for +the theatre; and just past that, you will find, also on the left, +three open arches, through which you can turn, passing the Palais de +Justice, and go straight up to the south transept, which has really +something about it to please everybody. It is simple and severe at the +bottom, and daintily traceried and pinnacled at the top, and yet seems +all of a piece—though it isn't—and everybody <i>must</i> like the taper +and transparent fretwork of the flèche above, which seems to bend to +the west wind,—though it doesn't—at least, the bending is a long +habit, gradually yielded into, with gaining grace and submissiveness, +during the last three hundred years. And, coming quite up to the +porch, everybody must like the pretty French Madonna in the middle of +it, with her head a little aside, and her nimbus switched a little +aside too, like a becoming bonnet. A Madonna in decadence she is, +though, for all, or rather by reason of all, her prettiness, and her +<span class="left"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +gay soubrette's smile; and she has no business there, neither, for +this is St. Honoré's porch, not hers; and grim and grey St. Honoré +used to stand there to receive you,—he is banished now to the north +porch, where nobody ever goes in. This was done long ago, in the +fourteenth-century days, when the people first began to find +Christianity too serious, and devised a merrier faith for France, and +would have bright-glancing, soubrette Madonnas everywhere—letting +their own dark-eyed Joan of Arc be burned for a witch. And +thenceforward, things went their merry way, straight on, 'ça allait, +ça ira,' to the merriest days of the guillotine.</p> + +<p>But they could still carve, in the fourteenth century, and the Madonna +and her hawthorn-blossom lintel are worth your looking at,—much more +the field above, of sculpture as delicate and more calm, which tells +St. Honoré's own story, little talked of now in his Parisian faubourg.</p> + +<p><b>8</b>. I will not keep you just now to tell St. Honoré's story—(only too +glad to leave you a little curious about it, if it were +possible)<a name="FNanchor_4-6_45" id="FNanchor_4-6_45"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-6_45" class="fnanchor">[4-6]</a> +—for certainly you will be impatient to go into the +church; and cannot enter it to better advantage than by this door. For +all cathedrals of any mark have nearly the same effect when you enter +at the west door; but I know no other which shows so much of its +nobleness from the south interior transept; the opposite rose being of +exquisite fineness in tracery, and lovely in lustre; and the shafts of +the transept aisles forming wonderful groups with those of the choir +and nave; also, the apse shows its height better, as it opens to you +when you advance from the transept into the mid-nave, than when it is +seen at once from the west end of the nave; where it is just possible +for an irreverent person rather to think the nave narrow, than the +apse high. Therefore, if you let me guide you, go in at this south +transept door, (and put a sou into every beggar's box who asks it +there,—it is none of your business whether they should be there or +not, nor whether they deserve to have the sou,—be sure only that you +<span class="left"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +yourself deserve to have it to give; and give it prettily, and not as +if it burnt your fingers). Then, being once inside, take what first +sensation and general glimpse of it pleases you—promising the custode +to come back to <i>see</i> it properly; (only then mind you keep the +promise;) and in this first quarter of an hour, seeing only what fancy +bid you—but at least, as I said, the apse from mid-nave, and all the +traverses of the building, from its centre. Then you will know, when +you go outside again, what the architect was working for, and what his +buttresses and traceries mean. For the outside of a French cathedral, +except for its sculpture, is always to be thought of as the wrong side +of the stuff, in which you find how the threads go that produce the +inside or right-side pattern. And if you have no wonder in you for +that choir and its encompassing circlet of light, when you look up +into it from the cross-centre, you need not travel farther in search +of cathedrals, for the waiting-room of any station is a better place +for you;—but, if it amaze you and delight you at first, +then, the more you know of it, the more it will amaze. For it is not +possible for imagination and mathematics together, to do anything +nobler or stronger than that procession of window, with material of +glass and stone—nor anything which shall look loftier, with so +temperate and prudent measure of actual loftiness.</p> + +<p><b>9</b>. From the pavement to the keystone of its vault is but 132 French +feet—about 150 English. Think only—you who have been in +Switzerland,—the Staubbach falls <i>nine</i> hundred! Nay, Dover cliff +under the castle, just at the end of the Marine Parade, is twice as +high; and the little cockneys parading to military polka on the +asphalt below, think themselves about as tall as it, I suppose,—nay, +what with their little lodgings and stodgings and podgings about it, +they have managed to make it look no bigger than a moderate-sized +limekiln. Yet it is twice the height of Amiens' apse!—and it takes +good building, with only such bits of chalk as one can quarry beside +Somme, to make your work stand half that height, for six hundred +years.</p> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +<p><b>10</b>. It takes good building, I say, and you may even aver the +best—that ever was, or is again likely for many a day to be, on the +unquaking and fruitful earth, where one could calculate on a pillar's +standing fast, once well set up; and where aisles of aspen, and +orchards of apple, and clusters of vine, gave type of what might be +most beautifully made sacred in the constancy of sculptured stone. +From the unhewn block set on end in the Druid's Bethel, to <i>this</i> +Lord's House and blue-vitrailed gate of Heaven, you have the entire +course and consummation of the Northern Religious Builder's passion +and art.</p> + +<p><b>11</b>. But, note further—and earnestly,—this apse of Amiens is not only +the best, but the very <i>first</i> thing done <i>perfectly</i> in its manner, +by Northern Christendom. In pages 323 and 327 of the sixth volume of +M. Viollet le Duc, you will find the exact history of the development +of these traceries through which the eastern light shines on you as +you stand, from the less perfect and tentative forms of Rheims: and so +momentary was the culmination of the exact rightness, that here, from +nave to transept—built only ten years later,—there is a little +change, not towards decline, but to a not quite necessary precision. +Where decline begins, one cannot, among the lovely fantasies that +succeeded, exactly say—but exactly, and indisputably, we know that +this apse of Amiens is the first virgin perfect work,—Parthenon also +in that sense,—of Gothic Architecture.</p> + +<p><b>12</b>. Who built it, shall we ask? God, and Man,—is the first and most +true answer. The stars in their courses built it, and the Nations. +Greek Athena labours here—and Roman Father Jove, and Guardian Mars. +The Gaul labours here, and the Frank: knightly Norman,—mighty +Ostrogoth,—and wasted anchorite of Idumea.</p> + +<p>The actual Man who built it scarcely cared to tell you he did so; nor +do the historians brag of him. Any quantity of heraldries of knaves +and fainéants you may find in what they call their 'history': but this +is probably the first time you ever read the name of Robert of +Luzarches. I say he 'scarcely cared'—we are not sure that he cared +<span class="left"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +at all. He signed his name nowhere, that I can hear of. You may +perhaps find some recent initials cut by English remarkable visitors +desirous of immortality, here and there about the edifice, but Robert +the builder—or at least the Master of building, cut <i>his</i> on no stone +of it. Only when, after his death, the headstone had been brought +forth with shouting, Grace unto it, this following legend was written, +recording all who had part or lot in the labour, within the middle of +the labyrinth then inlaid in the pavement of the nave. You must read +it trippingly on the tongue: it was rhymed gaily for you by pure +French gaiety, not the least like that of the Théâtre de Folies.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"En l'an de Grace mil + deux cent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Et vingt, fu l'œuvre + de cheens</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Premièrement + encomenchie.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A donc y ert de cheste + evesquie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Evrart, évêque + bénis;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Et, Roy de France, + Loys</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Qui fut fils Phelippe + le Sage.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Qui maistre y ert de + l'œuvre</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maistre Robert estoit + només</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Et de Luzarches + surnomés.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maistre Thomas fu + après lui</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">De Cormont. Et + après, son filz</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maistre Regnault, + qui mestre</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fist a chest point + chi cheste lectre</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Que l'incarnation + valoit</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treize cent, moins + douze, en faloit."</span><br /> + +<p><b>13</b>. I have written the numerals in letters, else the metre would not +have come clear: they were really in figures thus, "<span class="smcap">II C</span>. + et <span class="smcap">XX</span>," +"<span class="smcap">XIII C</span>. moins <span class="smcap">XII</span>". + I quote the inscription from M. l'Abbé Rozé's +admirable little book, "Visite à la Cathédrale d'Amiens,"—Sup. Lib. +de Mgr l'Evêque d'Amiens, 1877,—which every grateful traveller should +buy, for I am only going to steal a little bit of it here and there. I +only wish there had been a translation of the legend to steal, too; +for there are one or two points, both of idea and chronology, in it, +that I should have liked the Abbé's opinion of. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +The main purport of the rhyme, however, we perceive to be, line for +line, as follows:—</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"In the year of Grace, Twelve Hundred</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And twenty, the work, then falling to ruin,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Was first begun again.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then was, of this Bishopric</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Everard the blessed Bishop.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And, King of France, Louis,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who was son to Philip the Wise.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He who was Master of the Work</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Was called Master Robert,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And called, beyond that, of Luzarches.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Master Thomas was after him,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of Cormont. And after him, his son,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Master Reginald, who to be put</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Made—at this point—this reading.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When the Incarnation was of account</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thirteen hundred, less twelve, which it failed + of."</span><br /> + +<p>In which legend, while you stand where once it was written (it was +removed—to make the old pavement more polite—in the year, I +sorrowfully observe, of my own earliest tour on the Continent, 1825, +when I had not yet turned my attention to Ecclesiastical +Architecture), these points are noticeable—if you have still a little +patience.</p> +<a name="Link_1-7" id="Link_1-7"></a> + +<p><b>14</b>. 'The work'—<i>i.e.</i>, the Work of Amiens in especial, her cathedral, +was 'déchéant,' falling to ruin, for the—I cannot at once +say—fourth, fifth, or what time,—in the year 1220. For it was a +wonderfully difficult matter for little Amiens to get this piece of +business fairly done, so hard did the Devil pull against her. She +built her first Bishop's church (scarcely more than St. Firmin's +tomb-chapel) about the year 350, just outside the railway station on +the road to Paris;<a name="FNanchor_4-7_46" id="FNanchor_4-7_46"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-7_46" class="fnanchor">[4-7]</a> + then, after being nearly herself destroyed, +chapel and all, by the Frank invasion, having recovered, and converted +her Franks, she built another and a properly called cathedral, where +this one stands now, under Bishop St. Save (St. Sauve, or Salve). But +<span class="left"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +even this proper cathedral was only of wood, and the Normans burnt it +in 881. Rebuilt, it stood for 200 years; but was in great part +destroyed by lightning in 1019. Rebuilt again, it and the town were +more or less burnt together by lightning, in 1107,—my authority says +calmly, "un incendie provoqué par la même cause détruisit + <i>la ville</i>, et une partie de la cathédrale." The 'partie' being rebuilt + once more, the whole was again reduced to ashes, "réduite en cendre par + le feu de ciel en 1218, ainsi que tous les titres, les martyrologies, les +calendriers, et les Archives de l'Evêché et du Chapitre."</p> + +<p><b>15</b>. It was the fifth cathedral, I count, then, that lay in 'ashes,' +according to Mons. Gilbert—in ruin certainly—déchéant;— +and ruin of a very discouraging completeness it would have been, to less lively +townspeople—in 1218. But it was rather of a stimulating completeness +to Bishop Everard and his people—the ground well cleared for them, as +it were: and lightning (feu de l'enfer, not du ciel, recognized for a +diabolic plague, as in Egypt), was to be defied to the pit. They only +took two years, you see, to pull themselves together; and to work they +went, in 1220, they, and their bishop, and their king, and their +Robert of Luzarches. And this, that roofs you, was what their hands +found to do with their might.</p> + +<p><b>16</b>. Their king was 'à-donc,' 'at that time,' Louis VIII., who is +especially further called the son of Philip of August, or Philip the +Wise, because his father was not dead in 1220; but must have resigned +the practical kingdom to his son, as his own father had done to him; +the old and wise king retiring to his chamber, and thence silently +guiding his son's hands, very gloriously, yet for three years.</p> + +<p>But, farther—and this is the point on which chiefly I would have +desired the Abbé's judgment—Louis VIII. died of fever at Montpensier +in 1226. And the entire conduct of the main labour of the cathedral, +and the chief glory of its service, as we shall hear presently, was +<i>Saint</i> Louis's; for a time of forty-four years. And the inscription +<span class="left"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +was put "à ce point ci" by the last architect, six years after St. +Louis's death. How is it that the great and holy king is not named?</p> + +<p><b>17</b>. I must not, in this traveller's brief, lose time in conjectural +answers to the questions which every step here will raise from the +ravaged shrine. But this is a very solemn one; and must be kept in our +hearts, till we may perhaps get clue to it. One thing only we are sure +of,—that at least the <i>due</i> honour—alike by the sons of Kings and +sons of Craftsmen—is given always to their fathers; and that +apparently the chief honour of all is given here to Philip the Wise. +From whose house, not of parliament but of peace, came, in the years +when this temple was first in building, an edict indeed of +peace-making: "That it should be criminal for any man to take +vengeance for an insult or injury till forty days after the commission +of the offence—and then only with the approbation of the Bishop of +the Diocese." Which was perhaps a wiser effort to end the Feudal +system in its Saxon sense,<a name="FNanchor_4-8_47" id="FNanchor_4-8_47"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-8_47" class="fnanchor">[4-8]</a> + than any of our recent projects for ending it in the Norman one.</p> + +<p><b>18</b>. "A ce point ci." The point, namely, of the labyrinth inlaid in the +cathedral floor; a recognized emblem of many things to the people, who +knew that the ground they stood on was holy, as the roof over their +head. Chiefly, to them, it was an emblem of noble human +life—strait-gated, narrow-walled, with infinite darknesses and the +"inextricabilis error" on either hand—and in the depth of it, the +brutal nature to be conquered.</p> + +<p><b>19</b>. This meaning, from the proudest heroic, and purest legislative, +days of Greece, the symbol had borne for all men skilled in her +traditions: to the schools of craftsmen the sign meant further their +craft's noblesse, and pure descent from the divinely-terrestrial skill +of Dædalus, the labyrinth-builder, and the first sculptor of imagery +<span class="left"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +<i>pathetic</i><a name="FNanchor_4-9_48" id="FNanchor_4-9_48"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-9_48" class="fnanchor">[4-9]</a> with human life and death.</p> + +<p><b>20</b>. Quite the most beautiful sign of the power of true +Christian-Catholic faith is this continual acknowledgment by it of the +brotherhood—nay, more, the fatherhood, of the elder nations who had +not seen Christ; but had been filled with the Spirit of God; and +obeyed, according to their knowledge, His unwritten law. The pure +charity and humility of this temper are seen in all Christian art, +according to its strength and purity of race; but best, to the full, +seen and interpreted by the three great Christian-Heathen poets, +Dante, Douglas of Dunkeld,<a name="FNanchor_4-10_49" id="FNanchor_4-10_49"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_4-10_49" class="fnanchor">[4-10]</a> and George Chapman. + The prayer with which the last ends his life's work is, so far as I know, the +perfectest and deepest expression of Natural Religion given us in +literature; and if you can, pray it here—standing on the spot where +the builder once wrote the history of the Parthenon of Christianity.</p> + +<p><b>21</b>. "I pray thee, Lord, the Father, and the Guide of our reason, that +we may remember the nobleness with which Thou hast adorned us; and +that Thou wouldst be always on our right hand and on our left, +<a name="FNanchor_4-11_50" id="FNanchor_4-11_50"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-11_50" class="fnanchor">[4-11]</a> in +the motion of our own Wills: that so we may be purged from the +contagion of the Body and the Affections of the Brute, and overcome +them and rule; and use, as it becomes men to use them, for +instruments. And then, that Thou wouldst be in Fellowship with us for +the careful correction of our reason, and for its conjunction by the +light of truth with the things that truly are. +<span class="left"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +"And in the third place, I pray to Thee the Saviour, that Thou wouldst +utterly cleanse away the closing gloom from the eyes of our souls, +that we may know well who is to be held for God, and who for mortal. +Amen."<a name="FNanchor_4-12_51" id="FNanchor_4-12_51"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-12_51" class="fnanchor">[4-12]</a></p> + +<p><b>22</b>. And having prayed this prayer, or at least, read it with honest +wishing, (which if you cannot, there is no hope of your at present +taking pleasure in any human work of large faculty, whether poetry, +painting, or sculpture,) we may walk a little farther westwards down +the nave, where, in the middle of it, but only a few yards from its +end, two flat stones (the custode will show you them), one a little +farther back than the other, are laid over the graves of the two great +bishops, all whose strength of life was given, with the builder's, to +raise this temple. Their actual graves have not been disturbed; but +the tombs raised over them, once and again removed, are now set on +your right and left hand as you look back to the apse, under the third +arch between the nave and aisles.</p> + +<p><b>23</b>. Both are of bronze, cast at one flow—and with insuperable, in +some respects inimitable, skill in the caster's art.</p> + +<p>"Chefs-d'œuvre de fonte,—le tout fondu d'un seul jet, et +admirablement."<a name="FNanchor_4-13_52" id="FNanchor_4-13_52"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-13_52" class="fnanchor">[4-13]</a> + There are only two other such tombs left in +France, those of the children of St. Louis. All others of their +kind—and they were many in every great cathedral of France—were +<span class="left"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +first torn from the graves they covered, to destroy the memory of +France's dead; and then melted down into sous and centimes, to buy +gunpowder and absinthe with for her living,—by the Progressive Mind +of Civilization in her first blaze of enthusiasm and new light, from +1789 to 1800.</p> + + +<p>The children's tombs, one on each side of the altar of St. Denis, are +much smaller than these, though wrought more beautifully. These beside +you are the <i>only two Bronze tombs of her Men of the great ages</i>, left +in France!</p> + +<p><b>24</b>. And they are the tombs of the pastors of her people, who built for +her the first perfect temple to her God. The Bishop Everard's is on +your right, and has engraved round the border of it this +inscription:<a name="FNanchor_4-14_53" id="FNanchor_4-14_53"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-14_53" class="fnanchor">[4-14]</a>—</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Who fed the people, who laid the foundations + of this</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Structure, to whose care the City was given, +</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Here, in ever-breathing balm of fame, rests + Everard.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A man compassionate to the afflicted, the + widow's protector, the orphan's</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Guardian. Whom he could, he recreated + with gifts.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">To words of men,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">If gentle, a lamb; if violent, a lion; + if proud, biting steel."</span><br /> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> + +<p>English, at its best, in Elizabethan days, is a nobler language than +ever Latin was; but its virtue is in colour and tone, not in what may +be called metallic or crystalline condensation. And it is impossible +to translate the last line of this inscription in as few English +words. Note in it first that the Bishop's friends and enemies are +spoken of as in word, not act; because the swelling, or mocking, or +flattering, words of men are indeed what the meek of the earth must +know how to bear and to welcome;—their deeds, it is for kings and +knights to deal with: not but that the Bishops often took deeds in +hand also; and in actual battle they were permitted to strike with the +mace, but not with sword or lance—<i>i.e.</i>, not to "shed blood"! For it +was supposed that a man might always recover from a mace-blow; (which, +however, would much depend on the bishop's mind who gave it). The +battle of Bouvines, quite one of the most important in mediæval +history, was won against the English, and against odds besides of +Germans, under their Emperor Otho, by two French bishops (Senlis and +Bayeux)—who both generalled the French King's line, and led its +charges. Our Earl of Salisbury surrendered to the Bishop of Bayeux in +person.</p> + +<p><b>25</b>. Note farther, that quite one of the deadliest and most diabolic +powers of evil words, or, rightly so called, blasphemy, has been +developed in modern days in the effect of sometimes quite innocently +meant and enjoyed 'slang.' There are two kinds of slang, in the +<span class="left"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +essence of it: one 'Thieves' Latin'—the special language of rascals, +used for concealment; the other, one might perhaps best call Louts' +Latin!—the lowering or insulting words invented by vile persons to +bring good things, in their own estimates, to their own level, or +beneath it. The really worst power of this kind of blasphemy is in its +often making it impossible to use plain words without a degrading or +ludicrous attached sense:—thus I could not end my translation of this +epitaph, as the old Latinist could, with the exactly accurate image +"to the proud, a file"—because of the abuse of the word in lower +English, retaining, however, quite shrewdly, the thirteenth-century +idea. But the <i>exact</i> force of the symbol here is in its allusion to +jewellers' work, filing down facets. A proud man is often also a +precious one: and may be made brighter in surface, and the purity of +his inner self shown, by good <i>filing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>26</b>. Take it all in all, the perfect duty of a Bishop is expressed in +these six Latin lines,—au mieux mieux—beginning with his pastoral +office—<i>Feed</i> my sheep—qui <i>pavit</i> populum. And be assured, good +reader, these ages never could have told you what a Bishop's, or any +other man's, duty was, unless they had each man in his place both done +it well—and seen it well done. The Bishop Geoffroy's tomb is on your +left, and its inscription is:</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Behold, the limbs of Godfrey press their + lowly bed,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whether He is preparing for us all one less + than, or like it.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whom the twin laurels adorned, in medicine +</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And in divine law, the dual crests became + him.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bright-shining man of Eu, by whom the throne + of Amiens</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rose into immensity, be <i>thou</i> increased + in Heaven."</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Amen.</span><br /> + +<p>And now at last—this reverence done and thanks paid—we will turn +from these tombs, and go out at one of the western doors—and so see +gradually rising above us the immensity of the three porches, and of +the thoughts engraved in them.</p> + +<p><b>27</b>. What disgrace or change has come upon them, I will not tell you +to-day—except only the 'immeasurable' loss of the great old +<span class="left"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +foundation-steps, open, sweeping broad from side to side for all who +came; unwalled, undivided, sunned all along by the westering day, +lighted only by the moon and the stars at night; falling steep and +many down the hillside—ceasing one by one, at last wide and few +towards the level—and worn by pilgrim feet, for six hundred years. So +I once saw them, and twice,—such things can now be never seen more.</p> + +<p>Nor even of the west front itself, above, is much of the old masonry +left: but in the porches nearly all,—except the actual outside +facing, with its rose moulding, of which only a few flowers have been +spared here and there.<a name="FNanchor_4-15_54" id="FNanchor_4-15_54"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-15_54" class="fnanchor">[4-15]</a> + But the sculpture has been carefully and +honourably kept and restored to its place—pedestals or niches +restored here and there with clay; or some which you see white and +crude, re-carved entirely; nevertheless the impression you may receive +from the whole is still what the builder meant; and I will tell you +the order of its theology without further notices of its decay.</p> + +<p><b>28</b>. You will find it always well, in looking at any cathedral, to make +your quarters of the compass sure, in the beginning; and to remember +that, as you enter it, you are looking and advancing eastward; and +that if it has three entrance porches, that on your left in entering +is the northern, that on your right the southern. I shall endeavour in +all my future writing of architecture, to observe the simple law of +always calling the door of the north transept the north door; and that +on the same side of the west front, the northern door, and so of their +opposites. This will save, in the end, much printing and much +confusion, for a Gothic cathedral has, almost always, these five great +entrances; which may be easily, if at first attentively, recognized +under the titles of the Central door (or porch), the Northern door, +the Southern door, the North door, and the South door.</p> + +<p>But when we use the terms right and left, we ought always to use them +<span class="left"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +as in going <i>out</i> of the cathedral, or walking down the nave,—the +entire north side and aisles of the building being its right side, and +the south, its left,—these terms being only used well and +authoritatively, when they have reference either to the image of +Christ in the apse or on the rood, or else to the central statue, +whether of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, in the west front. At +Amiens, this central statue, on the 'trumeau' or supporting and +dividing pillar of the central porch, is of Christ Immanuel,—God +<i>with</i> us. On His right hand and His left, occupying the entire walls +of the central porch, are the apostles and the four greater prophets. +The twelve minor prophets stand side by side on the front, three on +each of its great piers.<a name="FNanchor_4-16_55" id="FNanchor_4-16_55"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-16_55" class="fnanchor">[4-16]</a></p> + +<p>The northern porch is dedicated to St. Firmin, the first Christian +missionary to Amiens.</p> + +<p>The southern porch, to the Virgin.</p> + +<p>But these are both treated as withdrawn behind the great foundation of +Christ and the Prophets; and their narrow recesses partly conceal +their sculpture, until you enter them. What you have first to think +of, and read, is the scripture of the great central porch, and the +façade itself.</p> + +<p><b>29</b>. You have then in the centre of the front, the image of Christ +Himself, receiving you: "I am the Way, the truth and the life." And +the order of the attendant powers may be best understood by thinking +of them as placed on Christ's right and left hand: this being also the +order which the builder adopts in his Scripture history on the +façade—so that it is to be read from left to right—<i>i.e.</i> from +Christ's left to Christ's right, as <i>He</i> sees it. Thus, therefore, +following the order of the great statues: first in the central porch, +there are six apostles on Christ's right hand, and six on His left. On +His left hand, next to Him, Peter; then in receding order, Andrew, +James, John, Matthew, Simon; on His right hand, next Him, Paul; and in +receding order, James the Bishop, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas and +Jude. These opposite ranks of the Apostles occupy what may be called +<span class="left"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +the apse or curved bay of the porch, and form a nearly semicircular +group, clearly visible as we approach. But on the sides of the porch, +outside the lines of apostles, and not seen clearly till we enter the +porch, are the four greater prophets. On Christ's left, Isaiah and +Jeremiah, on His right, Ezekiel and Daniel.</p> + +<p><b>30</b>. Then in front, along the whole façade—read in order +from Christ's left to His right—come the series of the twelve +minor prophets, three to each of the four piers of the temple, +beginning at the south angle with Hosea, and ending with Malachi.</p> + +<p>As you look full at the façade in front, the statues which fill the +minor porches are either obscured in their narrower recesses or +withdrawn behind each other so as to be unseen. And the entire mass of +the front is seen, literally, as built on the foundation of the +Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief +corner-stone. Literally <i>that</i>; for the receding Porch is a deep +'angulus,' and its mid-pillar is the 'Head of the Corner.'</p> + +<p>Built on the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, that is to say +of the Prophets who foretold <i>Christ</i>, and the Apostles who declared +Him. Though Moses was an Apostle, of <i>God</i>, he is not here—though +Elijah was a Prophet, of <i>God</i>, he is not here. The voice of the +entire building is that of the Heaven at the Transfiguration, "This is +my beloved Son, hear ye Him."</p> + +<p><b>31</b>. There is yet another and a greater prophet still, who, as it seems +at first, is not here. Shall the people enter the gates of the temple, +singing "Hosanna to the Son of <i>David</i>"; and see no image of His +father, then?—Christ Himself declare, "I am the root and the +offspring of David"; and yet the Root have no sign near it of its +Earth?</p> + +<p>Not so. David and his Son are together. David is the pedestal of the +Christ.</p> + +<p><b>32</b>.<a name="Link_2-1" id="Link_2-1"></a> + + We will begin our examination of the Temple front, therefore, with +this its goodly pedestal stone. The statue of David is only two-thirds +life-size, occupying the niche in front of the pedestal. He holds his +<span class="left"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> + sceptre in his right hand, the scroll in his left. King +and Prophet, type of all Divinely right doing, and right claiming, and +right proclaiming, kinghood, for ever.</p> + +<p>The pedestal of which this statue forms the fronting or Western +sculpture, is square, and on the two sides of it are two flowers in +vases, on its north side the lily, and on its south the rose. And the +entire monolith is one of the noblest pieces of Christian sculpture in +the world.</p> + +<p>Above this pedestal comes a minor one, bearing in front of it a +tendril of vine which completes the floral symbolism of the whole. The +plant which I have called a lily is not the Fleur de Lys, nor the +Madonna's, but an ideal one with bells like the crown Imperial +(Shakespeare's type of 'lilies of all kinds'), representing the <i>mode +of growth</i> of the lily of the valley, which could not be sculptured so +large in its literal form without appearing monstrous, and is exactly +expressed in this tablet—as it fulfils, together with the rose and +vine, its companions, the triple saying of Christ, "I am the Rose of +Sharon, and the Lily of the Valley." "I am the true Vine."</p> + +<p><b>33</b>. On the side of the upper stone are supporters of a different +character. Supporters,—not captives nor victims; the Cockatrice and +Adder. Representing the most active evil principles of the earth, as +in their utmost malignity; still, Pedestals of Christ, and even in +their deadly life, accomplishing His final will.</p> + +<p>Both creatures are represented accurately in the mediæval traditional +form, the cockatrice half dragon, half cock; the deaf adder laying one +ear against the ground and stopping the other with her tail.</p> + +<p>The first represents the infidelity of Pride. The cockatrice—king +serpent or highest serpent—saying that he <i>is</i> God, and <i>will be</i> +God.</p> + +<p>The second, the infidelity of Death. The adder (nieder or nether +snake) saying that he <i>is</i> mud, and <i>will be</i> mud.</p> + +<p><b>34</b>. Lastly, and above all, set under the feet of the statue of Christ +<span class="left"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +Himself, are the lion and dragon; the images of Carnal sin, or <i>Human +sin</i>, as distinguished from the Spiritual and Intellectual sin of +Pride, by which the angels also fell.</p> + +<p>To desire kingship rather than servantship—the Cockatrice's sin, or +deaf Death rather than hearkening Life—the Adder's sin,—these are +both possible to all the intelligences of the universe. But the +distinctively Human sins, anger and lust, seeds in our race of their +perpetual sorrow—Christ in His own humanity, conquered; and conquers +in His disciples. Therefore His foot is on the heads of these; and the +prophecy, "Inculcabis super Leonem et Aspidem," is recognized always +as fulfilled in Him, and in all His true servants, according to the +height of their authority, and the truth of their power.</p> + +<p><b>35</b>. In this mystic sense, Alexander III. + used the words, in restoring +peace to Italy, and giving forgiveness to her deadliest enemy, under +the porch of St. Mark's.<a name="FNanchor_4-17_56" id="FNanchor_4-17_56"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-17_56" class="fnanchor">[4-17]</a> + But the meaning of every act, as of every +art, of the Christian ages, lost now for three hundred years, cannot +but be in our own times read reversed, if at all, through the +counter-spirit which we now have reached; glorifying Pride and Avarice +as the virtues<a name="Link_2-2" id="Link_2-2"></a> + + by which all things move and have their being—walking +after our own lusts as our sole guides to salvation, and foaming out +our own shame for the sole earthly product of our hands and lips.</p> + +<p><b>36</b>. Of the statue of Christ, itself, I will not speak here at any +length, as no sculpture would satisfy, or ought to satisfy, the hope +of any loving soul that has learned to trust in Him; but at the time, +it was beyond what till then had been reached in sculptured +tenderness; and was known far and near as the "Beau Dieu +d'Amiens."<a name="FNanchor_4-18_57" id="FNanchor_4-18_57"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-18_57" class="fnanchor">[4-18]</a> + Yet understood, observe, just as clearly to be no more +than a symbol of the Heavenly Presence, as the poor coiling worms +below were no more than symbols of the demoniac ones. No <i>idol</i>, in +our sense of the word—only a letter, or sign of the Living +<span class="left"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +Spirit,—which, however, was indeed conceived by every worshipper as +here meeting him at the temple gate: the Word of Life, the King of +Glory, and the Lord of Hosts.</p> + +<p>"Dominus Virtutum," "Lord of Virtues," +<a name="FNanchor_4-19_58" id="FNanchor_4-19_58"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-19_58" class="fnanchor">[4-19]</a> is the best single +rendering of the idea conveyed to a well-taught disciple in the +thirteenth century by the words of the twenty-fourth Psalm.</p> + +<p><b>37</b>. Under the feet of His apostles, therefore, in the quatrefoil +medallions of the foundation, are represented the virtues which each +Apostle taught, or in his life manifested;—it may have been, sore +tried, and failing in the very strength of the character which he +afterwards perfected. Thus St. Peter, denying in fear, is afterwards +the Apostle of courage; and St. John, who, with his brother, would +have burnt the inhospitable village, is afterwards the Apostle of +love. Understanding this, you see that in the sides of the porch, the +apostles with their special virtues stand thus in opposite ranks.</p> + +<p>Now you see how these virtues answer to each other in their opposite +ranks. Remember the left-hand side is always the first, and see how +the left-hand virtues lead to the right hand:—</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Courage + to Faith.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Patience + to Hope.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gentillesse to + Charity.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Love + to Chastity.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Obedience to + Wisdom.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Perseverance to Humility.</span><br /> + + +<p><b>38</b>. Note farther that the Apostles are all tranquil, nearly +all with books, some with crosses, but all with the same message, +<span class="left"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + <tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Paul</span>, Faith.</td> + <td align='right'>Courage, <span class="smcap">St. Peter</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. James the Bishop</span>, Hope.</td> + <td align='right'>Patience, <span class="smcap">St. Andrew</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Philip</span>, Charity.</td> + <td align='right'>Gentillesse, <span class="smcap">St. James</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Bartholomew</span>, Chastity.</td> + <td align='right'>Love, <span class="smcap">St. John</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Thomas</span>, Wisdom.</td> + <td align='right'>Obedience, <span class="smcap">St. Matthew</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align='left'><span class="smcap">St. Jude</span>, Humility.</td> + <td align='right'>Perseverance, <span class="smcap">St. Simon</span>.</td> +</tr> +</table></div> + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span><p> +—"Peace be to this house. And if the Son of Peace be +there," etc.<a name="FNanchor_4-20_59" id="FNanchor_4-20_59"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-20_59" class="fnanchor">[4-20]</a></p> + +<p>But the Prophets—all seeking, or wistful, or tormented, or wondering, +or praying, except only Daniel. The <i>most</i> tormented is Isaiah; +spiritually sawn asunder. No scene of his martyrdom below, but his +seeing the Lord in His temple, and yet feeling he had unclean lips. +Jeremiah also carries his cross—but more serenely.</p> + +<p><b>39</b>. And now, I give in clear succession, the order of the statues of +the whole front, with the subjects of the quatrefoils beneath each of +them, marking the upper quatrefoil <span class="smcap">A</span>, + the lower <span class="smcap">B</span>. The six prophets +<a name="Link_2-3" id="Link_2-3"></a> + +who stand at the angles of the porches, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Nahum, +Zephaniah, and Haggai, have each of them four quatrefoils, marked, + <span class="smcap">A</span> and <span class="smcap">C</span> the upper ones, + <span class="smcap">B</span> and <span class="smcap">D</span> the lower.</p> +<a name="Link_2-5" id="Link_2-5"></a> + +<p>Beginning, then, on the left-hand side of the central porch, and +reading outwards, you have—</p> + + +<span class="left"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> + +<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1. <span class="smcap">St. Peter</span>. +<a name="Link_2-10" id="Link_2-10"></a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Courage.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Cowardice.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">2. <span class="smcap">St. Andrew</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Patience.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Anger.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">3. <span class="smcap">St. James</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td><td>A. Gentillesse.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Churlishness.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">4. <span class="smcap">St. John</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Discord.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">5. <span class="smcap">St. Matthew</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Obedience.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Rebellion.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">6. <span class="smcap">St. Simon</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Perseverance.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Atheism.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="4">Now, right-hand side of porch, reading outwards:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">7. <span class="smcap">St. Paul</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Faith.<a name="Link_2-17" id="Link_2-17"></a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Idolatry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="3">8. <span class="smcap">St. James, Bishop</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Hope.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Despair.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">9. <span class="smcap">St. Philip</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Charity.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Avarice.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="4">10. <span class="smcap">St. Bartholomew</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Chastity.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Lust.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">11. <span class="smcap">St. Thomas</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Wisdom.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Folly.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">12. <span class="smcap">St. Jude</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Humility.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Pride.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="4">Now, left-hand side again—the two outermost statues:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="4%">13.<span class="smcap"> Isaiah</span>.</td> + <td width="10%"> </td> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="48%"> </td> + <td class="tdr" width="28%"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne."</td> + <td class="tdr">vi. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips."</td> + <td class="tdr">vi. 7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>14. <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. The Burial of the Girdle.</td> + <td class="tdr">xiii. 4, 5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. The Breaking of the Yoke.</td> + <td class="tdr">xxviii. 10.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">Right-hand side:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>15. <span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Wheel within wheel.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 16.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem."</td> + <td class="tdr">xxi. 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>16. <span class="smcap">Daniel</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths."</td> + <td class="tdr">vi. 22.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. "In the same hour came forth fingers."</td> + <td class="tdr">v. 5.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="5"><b>40</b>. Now, beginning on the left-hand side (southern side) + <span class="left"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> + of the entire façade, and reading it straight across, not turning + into the porches at all except for the paired quatrefoils:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>17. <span class="smcap">Hosea</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. "So I bought her to me with fifteen pieces of silver."</td> + <td class="tdr">iii. 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. "So will I also be for thee."</td> + <td class="tdr">iii. 3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>18. <span class="smcap">Joel</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. The Sun and Moon lightless.</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 10.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. The Fig-tree and Vine leafless.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>19. <span class="smcap">Amos</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. "The Lord will cry from Zion."</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. "The habitations of the shepherds shall mourn."</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 2.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. The Lord with the mason's line.</td> + <td class="tdr">vii. 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. The place where it rained not.</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>20. <span class="smcap">Obadiah</span>. +<a name="Link_2-9" id="Link_2-9"></a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. "I hid them in a cave."</td> + <td class="tdr">2 Kings xviii. 13.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. He fell on his face.</td> + <td class="tdr">xviii. 7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. The captain of fifty.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. The messenger.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>21. <span class="smcap">Jonah</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. Escaped from the sea.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. Under the gourd.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>22. <span class="smcap">Micah</span>. +<a name="Link_2-4" id="Link_2-4"></a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. The Tower of the Flock.</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. Each shall rest, and "none shall make them afraid."</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. Swords into ploughshares. +<a name="Link_2-14" id="Link_2-14"></a> +</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. Spears into pruning-hooks.</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 3.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>23. <span class="smcap">Nahum</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. None shall look back.</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. The burden of Nineveh.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. Thy princes and thy great ones.</td> + <td class="tdr">iii. 17.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. Untimely figs.</td> + <td class="tdr">iii. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>24. <span class="smcap">Habakkuk</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. "I will watch to see what he will say."</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. The ministry to Daniel.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>25. <span class="smcap">Zephaniah</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia.</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. The Beasts in Nineveh.</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 15.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. The Lord visits Jerusalem.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 12.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. The Hedgehog and Bittern.<a name="FNanchor_4-21_60" + id="FNanchor_4-21_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_4-21_60" + class="fnanchor">[4-21]</a></td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>26. <span class="smcap">Haggai</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Inside</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>A. The houses of the princes,<i>ornées de lambris</i></td> + <td class="tdr">i. 4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>B. The heaven is stayed from dew.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 10.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>To the</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>C. The Lord's temple desolate.</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 4.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>front</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts."</td> + <td class="tdr">i. 7.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>27. <span class="smcap">Zechariah</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. The lifting up of iniquity.</td> + <td class="tdr">v. 6-9.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. The angel that spake to me.</td> + <td class="tdr">iv. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>28. <span class="smcap">Malachi</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>A. "Ye have wounded the Lord."</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 17.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>B. This commandment is to <i>you</i>.</td> + <td class="tdr">ii. 1.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>41</b>. Having thus put the sequence of the statues and their quatrefoils +briefly before the spectator—(in case the railway time presses, it +may be a kindness to him to note that if he walks from the east end of +the cathedral down the street to the south, Rue St. Denis, it takes +him by the shortest line to the station)—I will begin again with St. +Peter, and interpret the sculptures in the quatrefoils a little more +fully. Keeping the fixed numerals for indication of the statues, St. +Peter's quatrefoils will be 1 <small>A</small> and 1 <small>B</small>, and Malachi's +28 <small>A</small> and 28 <small>B</small>.</p> + +1, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. Courage</span>, + with a leopard on his shield; the French and<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">English agreeing + in the reading of that symbol, down</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">to the time + of the Black Prince's leopard coinage in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Aquitaine. +<a name="FNanchor_4-22_61" id="FNanchor_4-22_61"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-22_61" class="fnanchor">[4-22]</a></span><br /> +<a name="Link_2-15" id="Link_2-15"></a> + +<p>1, <small>B</small>. <span class="smcap">Cowardice</span>, + a man frightened at an animal darting out<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of a thicket, + while a bird sings on. The coward has</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">not the heart of a thrush.</span><br /> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"> +[Pg 118]</a></span></p><br /> + +<p>2, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. Patience</span>, holding + a shield with a bull on it (never giving<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">back). +<a name="Link_2-16" id="Link_2-16"></a> + +<a name="FNanchor_4-23_62" id="FNanchor_4-23_62"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-23_62" class="fnanchor">[4-23]</a></span></p><br /> + +<p>2, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. Anger</span>, + a woman stabbing a man with a sword. Anger<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">is essentially a + feminine vice—a man, worth calling so,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">may be driven to + fury or insanity by <i>indignation</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">(compare the + Black Prince at Limoges,) but not by</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">anger. Fiendish + enough, often so—"Incensed with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">indignation, + Satan stood, <i>unterrified</i>—" but in that last</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">word is the + difference, there is as much fear in Anger,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">as there is in Hatred.</span></p><br /> + +<p>3, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Gentillesse</span>, bearing shield with a lamb.</p> + +<p>3, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Churlishness</span>, again a woman, kicking over her cup-bearer.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">The final + forms of ultimate French churlishness</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">being in + the feminine gestures of the Cancan.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">See the + favourite prints in shops of Paris.</span></p><br /> + +<p>4, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Love</span>; the Divine, not human love: "I in them, and<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Thou in + me." Her shield bears a tree with many</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">branches + grafted into its cut-off stem: "In those days</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">shall Messiah + be cut off, but not for Himself."</span></p><br /> + +<p>4, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Discord</span>, a wife and husband quarrelling. She has<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">dropped her + distaff (Amiens wool manufacture, see farther</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">on—9, <small>A</small>.)</span></p><br /> + +<p>5, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Obedience</span>, bears shield with camel. Actually the most<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">disobedient + and ill-tempered of all serviceable beasts,—yet</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">passing his + life in the most painful service. I do</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">not know + how far his character was understood by the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">northern + sculptor; but I believe he is taken as a type</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of burden-bearing, + without joy or sympathy, such as</span><br /> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">the horse has, + and without power of offence, such as the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">ox has. + His bite is bad enough, (see Mr. Palgrave's</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">account of him,) + but presumably little known of at</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Amiens, + even by Crusaders, who would always ride</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">their own war-horses, or nothing.</span></p><br /> + +<p>5, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Rebellion</span>,<a name="Link_2-11" id="Link_2-11"></a> + + a man snapping his fingers at his Bishop.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">(As Henry + the Eighth at the Pope,—and the modern</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">French and + English cockney at all priests whatever.)</span></p> +<br /> +<p>6, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Perseverance</span>, the grandest spiritual form of the virtue<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">commonly + called 'Fortitude.' Usually, overcoming</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">or tearing + a lion; here, <i>caressing</i> one, and <i>holding</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">her crown. + "Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">take thy crown."</span></p><br /> + +<p>6, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Atheism</span>, leaving his shoes at the church door. The infidel<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">fool is + always represented in twelfth and thirteenth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">century + MS. as barefoot—the Christian having "his</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">feet shod + with the preparation of the Gospel of Peace."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Compare + "How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Prince's Daughter!"</span></p><br /> + +<p>7, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Faith</span>, holding cup with cross above it, her accepted<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">symbol throughout + ancient Europe. It is also an enduring</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">one, for, all + differences of Church put aside, the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">words, "Except + ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Drink His blood, + ye have no life in you," remain in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">their mystery, + to be understood only by those who have</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">learned the + sacredness of food, in all times and places,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">and the laws + of life and spirit, dependent on its acceptance,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">refusal, and distribution.</span></p><br /> + +<p>7, <small>B</small> <span class="smcap">. + Idolatry</span>, kneeling to a monster. The <i>contrary</i> of<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Faith—not + <i>want</i> of Faith. Idolatry is faith in the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">wrong thing, + and quite distinct from Faith in <i>No</i> thing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">(6, <small>B</small>), + the "Dixit Insipiens." Very wise men may be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">idolaters, + but they cannot be atheists.</span></p><br /> + +<p>8, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Hope</span>, with Gonfalon Standard and <i>distant</i> crown; as<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">opposed to the + constant crown of Fortitude (6, <small>A</small>).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">The Gonfalon + (Gund, war, fahr, standard, according</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">to Poitevin's + dictionary), is the pointed ensign of forward</span><br /> +<span class="left"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">battle; + essentially sacred; hence the constant</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">name + "Gonfaloniere" of the battle standard-bearers of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">the Italian republics.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Hope has it, + because she fights forward always to her</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">aim, or at least + has the joy of seeing it draw nearer.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Faith and Fortitude + wait, as St. John in prison, but unoffended.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Hope is, however, + put under St. James,because</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of the 7th + and 8th verses of his last chapter, ending</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">"Stablish your + hearts, for the coming of the Lord draweth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">nigh." It is he + who examines Dante on the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">nature of Hope. + 'Par.,' c. xxv., and compare Cary's notes.</span></p><br /> + +<p>8, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Despair</span>, stabbing himself. Suicide not thought heroic<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">or sentimental + in the 13th century; and no Gothic</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Morgue built beside Somme.</span></p><br /> + +<p>9, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Charity</span>, bearing shield with woolly ram, and giving a<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">mantle to a + naked beggar. The old wool manufacture</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of Amiens + having this notion of its purpose—namely,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">to clothe + the poor first, the rich afterwards. No</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">nonsense + talked in those days about the evil consequences</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of indiscriminate charity.</span></p><br /> + +<p>9, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Avarice</span>, with coffer and money. The modern, alike<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">English and + Amienois, notion of the Divine consummation</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">of the wool manufacture.</span></p><br /> + +<p>10, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Chastity</span>, shield with the Phœnix. +<a name="FNanchor_4-24_63" id="FNanchor_4-24_63"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-24_63" class="fnanchor">[4-24]</a></p> + +<p>10, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Lust</span>, a too violent kiss.</p> + +<p>11, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Wisdom</span>: shield with, I think, an eatable root; meaning<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">temperance, + as the beginning of wisdom.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span class="left"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + +<p>11, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Folly<a name="Link_2-18" id="Link_2-18"></a> +</span>, + the ordinary type used in all early Psalters, of<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">a glutton, + armed with a club. Both this vice and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">virtue are + the earthly wisdom and folly, completing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">the spiritual + wisdom and folly opposite under St.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Matthew. + Temperance, the complement of Obedience,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">and Covetousness, + with violence, that of Atheism.</span></p><br /> + +<p>12, <small>A</small><span class="smcap">. + Humility</span>, shield with dove.</p> + +<p>12, <small>B</small><span class="smcap">. + Pride</span>, falling from his horse.</p> + +<p><b>42</b>. All these quatrefoils are rather symbolic than representative; +and, since their purpose was answered enough if their sign was +understood, they have been entrusted to a more inferior workman than +the one who carved the now sequent series under the Prophets. Most of +these subjects represent an historical fact, or a scene spoken of by +the prophet as a real vision; and they have in general been executed +by the ablest hands at the architect's command.</p> + +<p>With the interpretation of these, I have given again the name of the +prophet whose life or prophecy they illustrate.</p> + +<h4>13. <span class="smcap">Isaiah</span>.</h4> + +<p>13, <small>A</small>. "I saw the Lord sitting + upon a throne" (vi. I).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">The vision of the + throne "high and lifted up"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">between seraphim.</span></p><br /> + +<p>13, <small>B</small>. "Lo, this hath touched + thy lips" (vi. 7).<br /><a name="Link_2-12" id="Link_2-12"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">The Angel stands + before the prophet, and holds,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">or rather held, + the coal with tongs, which have been</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">finely undercut, + but are now broken away, only a</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">fragment + remaining in his hand.</span></p><br /> + + +<h4>14. <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>.</h4> + +<p>14, <small>A</small>. The burial of the girdle (xiii. 4, 5).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">The prophet is digging + by the shore of Euphrates,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">represented by vertically + winding furrows down the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">middle of the tablet. + Note, the translation should be</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"hole in the ground," + not "rock."</span></p> +<br /> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> + +<p>14, <small>B</small>. The breaking of the yoke (xxviii. 10).<br /> +<a name="Link_2-19" id="Link_2-19"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">From the prophet + Jeremiah's neck; it is here</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">represented as a + doubled and redoubled chain.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>15. <span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span>.</h4> + +<p>15, <small>A</small>. Wheel within wheel (i. 16).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">The prophet sitting; + before him two wheels of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">equal size, one + involved in the ring of the other.</span></p><br /> + +<p>15, <small>B</small>. "Son of man, set thy + face toward Jerusalem" (xxi. 2).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">The prophet + before the gate of Jerusalem.</span></p><br /> + + +<h4>16. <span class="smcap">Daniel</span>.</h4> + +<p>16, <small>A</small>. "He hath shut the lions' + mouths" (vi. 22).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Daniel holding a book, + the lions treated as heraldic</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">supporters. The subject + is given with more</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">animation farther on in + the series (24, <small>B</small>).</span></p><br /> + +<p>16, <small>B</small>. "In the same hour + came forth fingers of a Man's hand" (v. 5).</p> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Belshazzar's feast + represented by the king alone,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">seated at a small + oblong table. Beside him the youth</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Daniel, looking + only fifteen or sixteen, graceful and</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">gentle, interprets. + At the side of the quatrefoil,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">out of a small + wreath of cloud, comes a small bent</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">hand, writing, + as if with a pen upside down on a piece</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">of Gothic wall. +<a name="FNanchor_4-25_64" id="FNanchor_4-25_64"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_4-25_64" class="fnanchor">[4-25]</a></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">For modern bombast + as opposed to old simplicity,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">compare the + Belshazzar's feast of John Martin!</span><br /> + +<p><b>43</b>. The next subject begins the series of the minor prophets.</p> + +<h4>17. <span class="smcap">Hosea</span>.</h4> + +<p>17, <small>A</small>. "So I bought her to me + for fifteen pieces of silver and +<br /><a name="Link_2-13" id="Link_2-13"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">an homer of barley" (iii. 2).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">The prophet pouring + the grain and the silver into</span><br /> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">the lap of the woman, + "beloved of her friend." The </span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">carved coins are each + wrought with the cross, and, I</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">believe, legend of the + French contemporary coin.</span></p><br /> + +<p>17, <small>B</small>. "So will I also be for thee" (iii. 3).<br /> +<a name="Link_2-20" id="Link_2-20"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">He puts a ring + on her finger.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>18. <span class="smcap">Joel</span>.</h4> + +<p>18, <small>A</small>. The sun and moon + lightless (ii. 10).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">The sun and + moon as two small flat pellets, up in</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">the external moulding.</span></p><br /> + +<p>18, <small>B</small>. The barked fig-tree and waste vine (i. 7).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Note the continual + insistence on the blight of vegetation</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">as a Divine + punishment, 19 <small>D</small>.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>19. <span class="smcap">Amos</span>.</h4> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>19, <small>A</small>. "The Lord will cry from Zion" (i. 2).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Christ appears + with crossletted nimbus.</span></p><br /> + +<p>19, <small>B</small>. "The habitations of the + shepherds shall mourn" (i. 2).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Amos with the + shepherd's hooked or knotted staff,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">and wicker-worked + bottle, before his tent. (Architecture</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">in right-hand + foil restored.)</span></p><br /> + +<p><i>Inside Porch.</i></p> + +<p>19, <small>C</small>. + The Lord with the mason's line (vii. 8).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Christ, again here, + and henceforward always, with</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">crosslet nimbus, + has a large trowel in His hand, which</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">He lays on the top + of a half-built wall. There seems</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">a line twisted + round the handle.</span></p><br /> + +<p>19, <small>D</small>. + The place where it rained not (iv. 7).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Amos is gathering + the leaves of the fruitless vine,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">to feed the sheep, + who find no grass. One of the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">finest of the reliefs.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>20. <span class="smcap">Obadiah</span>.</h4> + +<p><i>Inside Porch.</i></p> + +<p>20, <small>A</small>. + "I hid them in a cave" (1 Kings xviii. 13).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Three prophets + at the mouth of a well, to whom</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Obadiah brings + loaves.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + +<p>20, <small>B</small>. "He fell on his face" (xviii. 7).<br /> +<a name="Link_2-21" id="Link_2-21"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">He kneels before Elijah, + who wears his rough mantle.</span></p><br /> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>20, <small>C</small>. The captain of fifty.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Elijah (?) speaking + to an armed man under a tree.</span></p><br /> + +<p>20, <small>D</small>. The Messenger.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">A messenger on his knees + before a king. I cannot</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">interpret these two scenes + (20, <small>C</small> and 20, + <small>D</small>).</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The uppermost <i>may</i> mean + the dialogue of Elijah</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">with the captains + (2 Kings i. 2), and the lower one,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">the return of the + messengers (2 Kings i. 5).</span></p><br /> + +<h4>21. <span class="smcap">Jonah</span>.</h4> + +<p>21, <small>A</small>. Escaped from the sea.</p> + +<p>21, <small>B</small>. Under the gourd. A small + grasshopper-like beast<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">gnawing the gourd stem. + I should like to know</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">what insects <i>do</i> + attack the Amiens gourds. This may</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">be an entomological + study, for aught we know.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>22. <span class="smcap">Micah</span>.</h4> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>22, <small>A</small>. The Tower of the Flock (iv. 8).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">The tower is wrapped + in clouds, God appearing above it.</span></p><br /> + +<p>22, <small>B</small>. Each shall rest and "none + shall make them afraid" (iv. 4).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">A man and his wife + "under his vine and fig-tree."</span></p><br /> + +<p><i>Inside Porch.</i></p> + +<p>22, <small>C</small>. "Swords into ploughshares" (iv. 3).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Nevertheless, two + hundred years after these medallions</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">were cut, the +sword manufacture had become a</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">staple in Amiens! + Not to her advantage.</span></p><br /> + +<p>22, <small>D</small>. "Spears into pruning-hooks" (iv. 3). + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + +<h4>23. <span class="smcap">Nahum</span>.</h4> + +<p><i>Inside Porch.</i></p> + +<p>23, <small>A</small>. "None shall look back" (ii. 8).</p> +<a name="Link_2-22" id="Link_2-22"></a> + + +<p>23, <small>B</small>. The Burden of Nineveh (i. I). +<a name="FNanchor_4-26_65" id="FNanchor_4-26_65"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-26_65" class="fnanchor">[4-26]</a></p> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>23, <small>C</small>. "Thy Princes and thy great ones" (iii. 17).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">23, <small>A, B</small>, + and <small>C</small>, are all incapable of sure interpretation. The</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">prophet in <small>A</small> + is pointing down to a little hill, said by</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">the Père Rozé + to be covered with grasshoppers. I can only copy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">what he says of them.</span></p><br /> + +<p>23, <small>D</small>. "Untimely figs" (iii. 12).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Three people beneath + a fig-tree catch its falling</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">fruit in their mouths.</span></p><br /> + + +<h4>24. <span class="smcap">Habakkuk</span>.</h4> + +<p>24, <small>A</small>. "I will watch to see what + he will say unto me" (ii. 1).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The prophet is + writing on his tablet to Christ's dictation.</span></p><br /> + +<p>24, <small>B</small>. The ministry to Daniel.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The traditional + visit to Daniel. An angel carries</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">Habakkuk by the + hair of his head; the prophet</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">has a loaf of + bread in each hand. They break</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">through the + roof of the cave. Daniel is stroking one</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">young lion + on the back; the head of another is thrust</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">carelessly + under his arm. Another is gnawing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">bones in the + bottom of the cave.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<h4>25. <span class="smcap">Zephaniah</span>.</h4> +<a name="Link_2-7" id="Link_2-7"></a> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>25, <small>A</small>. The Lord strikes Ethiopia (ii. 12).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Christ striking + a city with a sword. Note that all</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">violent actions + are in these bas-reliefs feebly or ludicrously</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">expressed; quiet + ones always right.</span></p><br /> + +<p>25, <small>B</small>. The beasts in Nineveh (ii. 15).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Very fine. All + kinds of crawling things among</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">the tottering + walls, and peeping out of their rents</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">and crannies. + A monkey sitting squat, developing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">into a demon, + reverses the Darwinian theory.</span></p><br /> + +<p><i>Inside porch.</i></p> + +<p>25, <small>C</small>. The Lord visits Jerusalem (i. 12).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Christ passing + through the streets of Jerusalem,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">with a lantern + in each hand.</span></p><br /> + +<p>25, <small>D</small>. The Hedgehog and Bittern +<a name="FNanchor_4-27_66" id="FNanchor_4-27_66"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-27_66" class="fnanchor">[4-27]</a> (ii. 14).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">With a singing bird + in a cage in the window.</span></p><br /> + + +<h4>26. <span class="smcap">Haggai</span>.</h4> + +<p><i>Inside Porch.</i></p> + +<p>26, <small>A</small>. The houses of the princes, + <i>ornées de lambris</i> (i. 4).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">A perfectly built + house of square stones gloomily</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">strong, the grating + (of a prison?) in front of foundation.</span></p><br /> + +<p>26, <small>B</small>. The Heaven is stayed from dew (i. 10).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The heavens as a + projecting mass, with stars, sun,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">and moon on surface. + Underneath, two withered trees.</span></p><br /> + +<p><i>To the front.</i></p> + +<p>26, <small>C</small>. The Lord's temple desolate (i. 4).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The falling of the + temple, "not one stone left on</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">another," grandly + loose. Square stones again. Examine</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">the text (i. 6).</span></p><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<p>26, <small>D</small>. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts" (i. 7).<br /> +<a name="Link_2-23" id="Link_2-23"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Christ pointing up + to His ruined temple.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>27. <span class="smcap">Zechariah</span>.</h4> + +<p>27, <small>A</small>. The lifting up of Iniquity (v. 6 to 9).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Wickedness in the Ephah.</span></p><br /> + +<p>27, <small>B</small>. "The angel that spake to me" (iv. 1).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The prophet almost + reclining, a glorious winged</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">angel hovering out + of cloud.</span></p><br /> + +<h4>28. <span class="smcap">Malachi</span>.</h4> + +<p>28, <small>A</small>. "Ye have wounded the Lord" + (ii. 17).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">The priests are + thrusting Christ through with a</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">barbed lance, + whose point comes out at His back.</span></p><br /> + +<p>28, <small>B</small>. "This commandment is to <i>you</i>" (ii. 1).<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">In these panels, + the undermost is often introductory</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">to the one above, + an illustration of it. It is perhaps</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">chapter i. verse 6, + that is meant to be spoken here by</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">the sitting figure + of Christ, to the indignant priests.</span></p><br /> + +<p><b>44</b>. With this bas-relief terminates the series of sculpture in +illustration of Apostolic and Prophetic teaching, which constitutes +what I mean by the "Bible" of Amiens. But the two lateral porches +contain supplementary subjects necessary for completion of the +pastoral and traditional teaching addressed to her people in that day.</p> + +<p>The Northern Porch, dedicated to her first missionary St. Firmin, has +on its central pier his statue; above, on the flat field of the back +of the arch, the story of the finding of his body; on the sides of the +porch, companion saints and angels in the following order:— + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + + +<p>CENTRAL STATUE.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Firmin</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Southern (left) side.</i></p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">41. St. Firmin the Confessor.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">42. St. Domice.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">43. St. Honoré.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">44. St. Salve.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">45. St. Quentin.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">46. St. Gentian.</span><br /> + +<p><i>Northern (right) side.</i></p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">47. St. Geoffroy.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">48. An angel.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">49. St. Fuscien, martyr.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">50. St. Victoric, martyr.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">51. An angel.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">52. St. Ulpha.</span><br /> + +<p><b>45</b>. Of these saints, excepting St. Firmin and St. Honoré, of whom I +have already spoken,<a name="FNanchor_4-28_67" id="FNanchor_4-28_67"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-28_67" class="fnanchor">[4-28]</a> + St. Geoffroy is more real for us than the +rest; he was born in the year of the battle of Hastings, at Molincourt +in the Soissonais, and was Bishop of Amiens from 1104 to 1150. A man +of entirely simple, pure, and right life: one of the severest of +ascetics, but without gloom—always gentle and merciful. Many miracles +are recorded of him, but all indicating a tenour of life which was +chiefly miraculous by its justice and peace. Consecrated at Rheims, +and attended by a train of other bishops and nobles to his diocese, he +dismounts from his horse at St. Acheul, the place of St. Firmin's +first tomb, and walks barefoot to his cathedral, along the causeway +now so defaced: at another time he walks barefoot from Amiens to +Picquigny to ask from the Vidame of Amiens the freedom of the +Chatelain Adam. He maintained the privileges of the citizens, with +<span class="left"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +the help of Louis le Gros, against the Count of Amiens, defeated him, +and razed his castle; nevertheless, the people not enough obeying him +in the order of their life, he blames his own weakness, rather than +theirs, and retires to the Grande Chartreuse, holding himself unfit to +be their bishop. The Carthusian superior questioning him on his +reasons for retirement, and asking if he had ever sold the offices of +the Church, the Bishop answered, "My father, my hands are pure of +simony, but I have a thousand times allowed myself to be seduced by +praise."</p> + +<p><b>46</b>. St. Firmin the Confessor was the son of the Roman senator who +received St. Firmin himself. He preserved the tomb of the martyr in +his father's garden, and at last built a church over it, dedicated to +our Lady of martyrs, which was the first episcopal seat of Amiens, at +St. Acheul, spoken of above. St. Ulpha was an Amienoise girl, who +lived in a chalk cave above the marshes of the Somme;—if ever Mr. +Murray provides you with a comic guide to Amiens, no doubt the +enlightened composer of it will count much on your enjoyment of the +story of her being greatly disturbed at her devotions by the frogs, +and praying them silent. You are now, of course, wholly superior to +such follies, and are sure that God cannot, or will not, so much as +shut a frog's mouth for you. Remember, therefore, that as He also now +leaves open the mouth of the liar, blasphemer, and betrayer, you must +shut your own ears against <i>their</i> voices as you can.</p> + +<p>Of her name, St. Wolf—or Guelph—see again Miss Yonge's Christian +names. Our tower of Wolf's stone, Ulverstone, and Kirk of Ulpha, are, +I believe, unconscious of Picard relatives.</p> + +<p><b>47</b>. The other saints in this porch are all in like manner provincial, +and, as it were, personal friends of the Amienois; and under them, the +quatrefoils represent the pleasant order of the guarded and hallowed +year—the zodiacal signs above, and labours of the months below; +<a name="Link_2-6" id="Link_2-6"></a> + +little differing from the constant representations of them—except in +the May: see below. The Libra also is a little unusual in the female + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> + +figure holding the scales; the lion especially good-tempered—and the +'reaping' one of the most beautiful figures in the whole series of +sculptures; several of the others peculiarly refined and far-wrought. +In Mr. Kaltenbacher's photographs, as I have arranged them, the +bas-reliefs may be studied nearly as well as in the porch itself. +Their order is as follows, beginning with December, in the left-hand +inner corner of the porch:—</p> + +41. <span class="smcap">December</span>.—Killing + and scalding swine. Above, Capricorn<br /> +<a name="Link_2-26" id="Link_2-26"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">with quickly diminishing tail; + I cannot make out</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the accessories.</span><br /> + +42. <span class="smcap">January</span>.—Twin-headed, + obsequiously served. Aquarius<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">feebler than most of + the series.</span><br /> + +43. <span class="smcap">February</span>.—Very + fine; warming his feet and putting coals<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">on fire. Fish above, + elaborate but uninteresting.</span><br /> + +44. <span class="smcap">March</span>.—At work + in vine-furrows. Aries careful, but<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">rather stupid.</span><br /> + +45. <span class="smcap">April</span>.—Feeding + his hawk—very pretty. Taurus above<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">with charming leaves to eat.</span><br /> + +46. <span class="smcap">May</span>.—Very singularly, + a middle-aged man sitting under<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the trees to hear the birds + sing; and Gemini above, a</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">bridegroom and bride. This + quatrefoil joins the interior</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">angle ones of Zephaniah.</span><br /> + +52. <span class="smcap">June</span>.—Opposite, joining + the interior angle ones of Haggai.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mowing. Note the lovely + flowers sculptured all through the grass.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cancer above, with his + shell superbly modelled.</span><br /> + +51. <span class="smcap">July</span>.—Reaping. + Extremely beautiful. The smiling lion<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">completes the evidence + that all the seasons and signs</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">are regarded as alike + blessing and providentially kind.</span><br /> + +50. <span class="smcap">August</span>.—Threshing. + Virgo above, holding a flower, her<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">drapery very modern and + confused for thirteenth-century work.</span><br /> + +49. <span class="smcap">September</span>.—I am not + sure of his action, whether pruning,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">or in some way gathering + fruit from the full-leaved tree.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Libra above; charming.</span><br /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 283px;"> +<a name="St._Mary" id="St._Mary"></a> +<img src="images/fig004.jpg" width="283" + height="407" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<h3><span class="smcap">St. Mary.</span></h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> + +48. <span class="smcap">October</span>.—Treading grapes. + Scorpio, a very traditional<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">and gentle form—forked + in the tail indeed, but stingless.</span><br /> + +47. <span class="smcap">November</span>.—Sowing, + with Sagittarius, half concealed<br /> +<a name="Link_2-27" id="Link_2-27"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">when this photograph + was taken by the beautiful arrangements</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">always now going on for + some job or other in French</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">cathedrals:—they + never can let them alone for ten minutes.</span><br /> + +<p><b>48</b>. And now, last of all, if you care to see it, we will go into the +Madonna's porch—only, if you come at all, good Protestant feminine +reader—come civilly: and be pleased to recollect, if you have, in +known history, material for recollection, this (or if you cannot +recollect—be you very solemnly assured of this): that neither +Madonna-worship, nor Lady-worship of any sort, whether of dead ladies +or living ones, ever did any human creature any harm,—but that Money +worship, Wig worship, Cocked-Hat-and-Feather worship, Plate worship, +Pot worship and Pipe worship, have done, and are doing, a great +deal,—and that any of these, and all, are quite million-fold more +offensive to the God of Heaven and Earth and the Stars, than all the +absurdest and lovingest mistakes made by any generations of His simple +children, about what the Virgin-mother could, or would, or might do, +or feel for them.</p> + +<p><b>49</b>. And next, please observe this broad historical fact about the +three sorts of Madonnas.</p> + +<p>There is first the Madonna Dolorosa; the Byzantine type, and +Cimabue's. It is the noblest of all; and the earliest, in distinct +popular influence.<a name="FNanchor_4-29_68" id="FNanchor_4-29_68"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-29_68" class="fnanchor">[4-29]</a></p> + +<p>Secondly. The Madone Reine, who is essentially the Frank and Norman +one; crowned, calm, and full of power and gentleness. She is the one +represented in this porch.</p> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thirdly. The Madone Nourrice, who is the Raphaelesque and generally +late and decadence one. She is seen here in a good French type in the +south transept porch, as before noticed. An admirable comparison will + be found instituted by M. Viollet le Duc +(the article 'Vierge,' in his dictionary, is altogether deserving of +the most attentive study) between this statue of the Queen-Madonna of +the southern porch and the Nurse-Madonna of the transept. I may +perhaps be able to get a photograph made of his two drawings, side by +side: but, if I can, the reader will please observe that he has a +little flattered the Queen, and a little vulgarized the Nurse, which +is not fair. The statue in this porch is in thirteenth-century style, +extremely good: but there is no reason for making any fuss about +it—the earlier Byzantine types being far grander.</p> + +<p><b>50</b>. The Madonna's story, in its main incidents, is told in the series +of statues round the porch, and in the quatrefoils below—several of +which refer, however, to a legend about the Magi to which I have not +had access, and I am not sure of their interpretation.</p> + +<p>The large statues are on the left hand, reading outwards as usual.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">29. The Angel Gabriel.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">30. Virgin Annunciate.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">31. Virgin Visitant.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">32. St. Elizabeth.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">33. Virgin in Presentation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">34. St. Simeon.</span><br /> + +<p>On the right hand, reading outward,</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">35, 36, 37, The three Kings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">38. Herod.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">39. Solomon.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">40. The Queen of Sheba.</span><br /> + +<p><b>51</b>. I am not sure of rightly interpreting the introduction of these +two last statues: but I believe the idea of the designer was that +virtually the Queen Mary visited Herod when she sent, or had sent for +her, the Magi to tell him of her presence at Bethlehem: and the +contrast between Solomon's reception of the Queen of Sheba, and +Herod's driving out the Madonna into Egypt, is dwelt on throughout +this side of the porch, with their several consequences to the two + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> + +Kings and to the world.</p> +<a name="Link_2-8" id="Link_2-8"></a> + + +<p>The quatrefoils underneath the great statues run as follows:</p> + +<p>29. Under Gabriel—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Daniel seeing the stone cut out without hands.</span><br /> +<a name="Link_2-24" id="Link_2-24"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>b</small>. + Moses and the burning bush.</span></p><br /> + +<p>30. Under Virgin Annunciate—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Gideon and the dew on the fleece.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Moses with written law, retiring; Aaron, dominant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">points to his +budding rod.</span></p><br /> + +<p>31. Under Virgin Visitant—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + The message to Zacharias: "Fear not, for thy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">prayer is heard."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + The dream of Joseph: "Fear not to take unto thee</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">Mary thy wife." (?)</span></p><br /> + +<p>32. Under St. Elizabeth—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + The silence of Zacharias: "They perceived that he</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">had seen a vision + in the temple."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + "There is none of thy kindred that is called by this</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">name." "He wrote + saying, His name is John."</span></p><br /> + +<p>33. Under Virgin in Presentation—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Flight into Egypt.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Christ with the Doctors.</span></p><br /> + +<p>34. Under St. Simeon—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Fall of the idols in Egypt.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + The return to Nazareth.</span></p><br /> + +<p>These two last quatrefoils join the beautiful + <small>C</small> and <small>D</small> of Amos.</p> + +<p>Then on the opposite side, under the Queen of + Sheba, and joining the <small>A</small> +and <small>B</small> of Obadiah—</p> + +<p>40. <small>A</small>. Solomon + entertains the Queen of Sheba. The Grace cup.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Solomon teaches the Queen of Sheba, "God is above."</span></p><br /> + +<p>39. Under Solomon—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Solomon on his throne of judgment.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Solomon praying before his temple-gate.</span></p><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + +<p>38. Under Herod—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Massacre of Innocents.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Herod orders the ship of the Kings to be burned.</span></p><br /> + +<p>37. Under the third King—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Herod inquires of the Kings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + Burning of the ship.</span></p><br /> + +<p>36. Under the second King—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + Adoration in Bethlehem ?—not certain.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + The voyage of the Kings.</span></p><br /> + +<p>35. Under the first King—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>A</small>. + The Star in the East.</span><br /> +<a name="Link_2-25" id="Link_2-25"></a> + +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><small>B</small>. + "Being warned in a dream that they should not return</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">to Herod."</span></p><br /> + +<p>I have no doubt of finding out in time the real sequence of these +subjects: but it is of little import,—this group of quatrefoils being +of less interest than the rest, and that of the Massacre of the +Innocents curiously illustrative of the incapability of the sculptor +to give strong action or passion.</p> + +<p>But into questions respecting the art of these bas-reliefs I do not +here attempt to enter. They were never intended to serve as more than +signs, or guides to thought. And if the reader follows this guidance +quietly, he may create for himself better pictures in his heart; and +at all events may recognize these following general truths, as their +united message.</p> + +<p><b>52</b>. First, that throughout the Sermon on this Amiens Mount, Christ +never appears, or is for a moment thought of, as the Crucified, nor as +the Dead: but as the Incarnate Word—as the present Friend—as the +Prince of Peace on Earth,—and as the Everlasting King in Heaven. What +His life <i>is</i>, what His commands <i>are</i>, and what His judgment <i>will +be</i>, are the things here taught: not what He once did, nor what He +once suffered, but what He is now doing—and what He requires us to +do. That is the pure, joyful, beautiful lesson of Christianity; and +the fall from that faith, and all the corruptions of its abortive +practice, may be summed briefly as the habitual contemplation of +Christ's death instead of His Life, and the substitution of His past +suffering for our present duty.</p> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>53</b>. Then, secondly, though Christ bears not <i>His</i> cross, the mourning +prophets,—the persecuted apostles—and the martyred +disciples <i>do</i> bear theirs. For just as it is well for you to remember +what your undying Creator is <i>doing</i> for you—it is well for you +to remember what your dying fellow-creatures <i>have done:</i> the Creator +you may at your pleasure deny or defy—the Martyr you can only +forget; deny, you cannot. Every stone of this building is cemented +with his blood, and there is no furrow of its pillars that was not +ploughed by his pain.</p> + +<p><b>54</b>. Keeping, then, these things in your heart, look back now to the +central statue of Christ, and hear His message with understanding. He +holds the Book of the Eternal Law in His left hand; with His right He +blesses,—but blesses on condition. "This do, and thou shalt live"; +nay, in stricter and more piercing sense, This <i>be</i> and thou shalt +live: to show Mercy is nothing—thy soul must be full of mercy; to be +pure in act is nothing—thou shalt be pure in heart also.</p> + +<p>And with this further word of the unabolished law—"This if thou do +<i>not</i>, this if thou art not, thou shalt die."</p> + +<p><b>55</b>. Die (whatever Death means)—totally and irrevocably. There is no +word in thirteenth-century Theology of the pardon (in our modern +sense) of sins; and there is none of the Purgatory of them. Above that +image of Christ with us, our Friend, is set the image of Christ over +us, our Judge. For this present life—here is His helpful Presence. +After this life—there is His coming to take account of our deeds, and +of our desires in them; and the parting asunder of the Obedient from +the Disobedient, of the Loving from the Unkind, with no hope given to +the last of recall or reconciliation. I do not know what commenting or +softening doctrines were written in frightened minuscule by the +Fathers, or hinted in hesitating whispers by the prelates of the early +Church. But I know that the language of every graven stone and every +glowing window,—of things daily seen and universally understood by +the people, was absolutely and alone, this teaching of Moses from +Sinai in the beginning, and of St. John from Patmos in the end, of the +Revelation of God to Israel. + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> + +This it was, simply—sternly—and continually, for the great three +hundred years of Christianity in her strength (eleventh, twelfth, and +thirteenth centuries), and over the whole breadth and depth of her +dominion, from Iona to Cyrene,—and from Calpe to Jerusalem. At what +time the doctrine of Purgatory was openly accepted by Catholic +Doctors, I neither know nor care to know. It was first formalized by +Dante, but never accepted for an instant by the sacred artist teachers +of his time—or by those of any great school or time whatsoever. +<a name="FNanchor_4-30_69" id="FNanchor_4-30_69"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-30_69" class="fnanchor">[4-30]</a></p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> + +<p><b>56</b>. Neither do I know nor care to know—at what time the notion of +Justification by Faith, in the modern sense, first got itself +distinctively fixed in the minds of the heretical sects and schools of +the North. Practically its strength was founded by its first authors +on an asceticism which differed from monastic rule in being only able +to destroy, never to build; and in endeavouring to force what severity +it thought proper for itself on everybody else also; and so striving +to make one artless, letterless, and merciless monastery of all the +world. Its virulent effort broke down amidst furies of reactionary +dissoluteness and disbelief, and remains now the basest of popular +solders and plasters for every condition of broken law and bruised +conscience which interest can provoke, or hypocrisy disguise.</p> + +<p><b>57</b>. With the subsequent quarrels between the two great sects of the +corrupted church, about prayers for the Dead, Indulgences to the +Living, Papal supremacies, or Popular liberties, no man, woman, or +child need trouble themselves in studying the history of Christianity: +they are nothing but the squabbles of men, and laughter of fiends +among its ruins. The Life, and Gospel, and Power of it, are all +written in the mighty works of its true believers: in Normandy and +Sicily, on river islets of France and in the river glens of England, +on the rocks of Orvieto, and by the sands of Arno. But of all, the +simplest, completest, and most authoritative in its lessons to the +active mind of North Europe, is this on the foundation stones of +Amiens.</p> + +<p><b>58</b>. Believe it or not, reader, as you will: understand only how +thoroughly it <i>was</i> once believed; and that all beautiful things were +made, and all brave deeds done in the strength of it—until what we + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> + +may call 'this present time,' in which it is gravely asked whether +Religion has any effect on morals, by persons who have essentially no +idea whatever of the meaning of either Religion or Morality.</p> + +<p>Concerning which dispute, this much perhaps you may have the patience +finally to read, as the Flèche of Amiens fades in the distance, and +your carriage rushes towards the Isle of France, which now exhibits +the most admired patterns of European Art, intelligence, and +behaviour.</p> + +<p><b>59</b>. All human creatures, in all ages and places of the world, who have +had warm affections, common sense, and self-command, have been, and +are, Naturally Moral. Human nature in its fulness is necessarily +Moral,—without Love, it is inhuman, without sense, +<a name="FNanchor_4-31_70" id="FNanchor_4-31_70"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4-31_70" class="fnanchor">[4-31]</a> +inhuman,—without discipline, inhuman.</p> + +<p>In the exact proportion in which men are bred capable of these things, +and are educated to love, to think, and to endure, they become +noble,—live happily—die calmly: are remembered with perpetual +honour by their race, and for the perpetual good of it. All wise men know +and have known these things, since the form of man was separated from the +dust. The knowledge and enforcement of them have nothing to do with +religion: a good and wise man differs from a bad and idiotic one, +simply as a good dog from a cur, and as any manner of dog from a wolf +or a weasel. And if you are to believe in, or preach without half +believing in, a spiritual world or law—only in the hope that whatever +you do, or anybody else does, that is foolish or beastly, may be in +them and by them mended and patched and pardoned and worked up again +as good as new—the less you believe in—and most solemnly, the less +you talk about—a spiritual world, the better.</p> + +<p><b>60</b>. But if, loving well the creatures that are like yourself, you feel +that you would love still more dearly, creatures better than +yourself—were they revealed to you;—if striving with all your might + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> + +to mend what is evil, near you and around, you would fain look for a +day when some Judge of all the Earth shall wholly do right, and the +little hills rejoice on every side; if, parting with the companions +that have given you all the best joy you had on Earth, you desire ever +to meet their eyes again and clasp their hands,—where eyes shall no +more be dim, nor hands fail;—if, preparing yourselves to lie down +beneath the grass in silence and loneliness, seeing no more beauty, +and feeling no more gladness—you would care for the promise to you of +a time when you should see God's light again, and know the things you +have longed to know, and walk in the peace of everlasting +Love—<i>then</i>, the Hope of these things to you is religion, the +Substance of them in your life is Faith. And in the power of them, it +is promised us, that the kingdoms of this world shall yet become the +kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><a name="Notes_to_Chapter_IV" id="Notes_to_Chapter_IV"> +</a>Notes to Chapter IV:</h4> + + +<div class="footnote"><p> +<a name="Footnote_4-1_40" id="Footnote_4-1_40"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-1_40"><span class="label">[4-1]</span></a> + Of French Architecture, accurately, in the place quoted, +"Dictionary of Architecture," vol. i. p. 71; but in the article +"Cathédrale," it is called + (vol. ii. p. 330) "l'église <i>ogivale</i> +par excellence."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p> +<a name="Footnote_4-2_41" id="Footnote_4-2_41"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-2_41"><span class="label">[4-2]</span></a> + It was a universal principle with the French builders of the great +ages to use the stones of their quarries as they lay in the bed; if +the beds were thick, the stones were used of their full +thickness—if thin, of their necessary thinness, adjusting them +with beautiful care to directions of thrust and weight. The natural +blocks were never sawn, only squared into fitting, the whole native +strength and crystallization of the stone being thus kept +unflawed—"<i>ne dédoublant jamais</i> une pierre. Cette +méthode est excellente, elle conserve à la pierre toute +sa force naturelle,—tous ses moyens de résistance." See +M. Viollet le Duc, Article "Construction" (Matériaux), vol. iv. +p. 129. He adds the very notable fact that, <i>to this day, in seventy +departments of France, the use of the stone-saw is unknown</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-3_42" id="Footnote_4-3_42"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-3_42"><span class="label">[4-3]</span></a> + The philosophic reader is quite welcome to 'detect' and 'expose' as +many carnal motives as he pleases, besides the good +ones,—competition with neighbour Beauvais—comfort to +sleepy heads—solace to fat sides, and the like. He will find at +last that no quantity of competition or comfort-seeking will do +anything the like of this carving now;—still less his own +philosophy, whatever its species: and that it was indeed the little +mustard seed of faith in the heart, with a very notable quantity of +honesty besides in the habit and disposition, that made all the rest +grow together for good.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-4_43" id="Footnote_4-4_43"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-4_43"><span class="label">[4-4]</span></a> + Arnold Boulin, master-joiner (menuisier) at Amiens, solicited the +enterprise, and obtained it in the first months of the year 1508. A +contract was drawn and an agreement made with him for the construction +of one hundred and twenty stalls with historical subjects, high +backings, crownings, and pyramidal canopies. It was agreed that the +principal executor should have seven sous of Tournay (a little less +than the sou of France) a day, for himself and his apprentice, +(threepence a day the two—say a shilling a week the master, and +sixpence a week the man,) and for the superintendence of the whole +work, twelve crowns a year, at the rate of twenty-four sous the crown; +(<i>i.e.</i>, twelve shillings a year). The salary of the simple workman +was only to be three sous a day. For the sculptures and histories of +the seats, the bargain was made separately with Antoine Avernier, +image-cutter, residing at Amiens, at the rate of thirty-two sous +(sixteen pence) the piece. Most of the wood came from Clermont en +Beauvoisis, near Amiens; the finest, for the bas-reliefs, from +Holland, by St. Valery and Abbeville. The Chapter appointed four of +its own members to superintend the work: Jean Dumas, Jean Fabres, +Pierre Vuaille, and Jean Lenglaché, to whom my authors (canons +both) attribute the choice of subjects, the placing of them, and the +initiation of the workmen 'au sens véritable et plus +élevé de la Bible ou des legendes, et portant quelque +fois le simple savoir-faire de l'ouvrier jusqu'à la hauteur du +génie du théologien.'</p> + +<p>Without pretending to apportion the credit of savoir-faire and +theology in the business, we have only to observe that the whole +company, master, apprentices, workmen, image-cutter, and four canons, +got well into traces, and set to work on the 3rd of July, 1508, in the +great hall of the évêché, which was to be the +workshop and studio during the whole time of the business. In the +following year, another menuisier, Alexander Huet, was associated with +the body, to carry on the stalls on the right hand of the choir, while +Arnold Boulin went on with those on the left. Arnold, leaving his new +associate in command for a time, went to Beauvais and St. Riquier, to +see the woodwork there; and in July of 1511 both the masters went to +Rouen together, 'pour étudier les chaires de la +cathédrale.' The year before, also, two Franciscans, monks of +Abbeville, 'expert and renowned in working in wood,' had been called +by the Amiens chapter to give their opinion on things in progress, and +had each twenty sous for his opinion, and travelling expenses.</p> + +<p>In 1516, another and an important name appears on the +accounts,—that of Jean Trupin, 'a simple workman at the wages of +three sous a day,' but doubtless a good and spirited carver, whose +true portrait it is without doubt, and by his own hand, that forms the +elbow-rest, of the 85th stall (right hand, nearest apse), beneath +which is cut his name JHAN TRUPIN, and again under the 92nd stall, +with the added wish, 'Jan Trupin, God take care of thee' (<i>Dieu te +pourvoie</i>).</p> + +<p>The entire work was ended on St. John's Day, 1522, without (so far as +we hear) any manner of interruption by dissension, death, dishonesty, +or incapacity, among its fellow-workmen, master or servant. And the +accounts being audited by four members of the Chapter, it was found +that the total expense was 9488 livres, 11 sous, and 3 obols +(décimes), or 474 napoleons, 11 sous, 3 décimes of +modern French money, or roughly four hundred sterling English pounds.</p> + +<p>For which sum, you perceive, a company of probably six or eight good +workmen, old and young, had been kept merry and busy for fourteen +years; and this that you see—left for substantial result and gift to +you.</p> + +<p>I have not examined the carvings so as to assign, with any decision, +the several masters' work; but in general the flower and leaf design +in the traceries will be by the two head menuisiers, and their +apprentices; the elaborate Scripture histories by Avernier, with +variously completing incidental grotesque by Trupin; and the joining +and fitting by the common workmen. No nails are used,—all is +morticed, and so beautifully that the joints have not moved to this +day, and are still almost imperceptible. The four terminal pyramids +'you might take for giant pines forgotten for six centuries on the +soil where the church was built; they might be looked on at first as a +wild luxury of sculpture and hollow traceries—but examined in +analysis they are marvels of order and system in construction, uniting +all the lightness, strength, and grace of the most renowned spires in +the last epoch of the Middle ages.'</p> + +<p>The above particulars are all extracted—or simply translated, out of +the excellent description of the "Stalles et les Clôtures du Chœur" +of the Cathedral of Amiens, by MM. les Chanoines Jourdain et Duval +(Amiens, Vv. Alfred Caron, 1867). The accompanying lithographic +outlines are exceedingly good, and the reader will find the entire +series of subjects indicated with precision and brevity, both for the +woodwork and the external veil of the choir, of which I have no room +to speak in this traveller's summary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-5_44" id="Footnote_4-5_44"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-5_44"><span class="label">[4-5]</span></a> + The strongest and finally to be defended part of the +earliest city was on this height.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-6_45" id="Footnote_4-6_45"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-6_45"><span class="label">[4-6]</span></a> + See, however, pages 32 and 130 (§§ 36, 112-114) of the +octavo edition of 'The Two Paths.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-7_46" id="Footnote_4-7_46"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-7_46"><span class="label">[4-7]</span></a> + At St. Acheul. See the first chapter of this book, and +the "Description Historique de la Cathédrale d'Amiens," by A. P. M. +Gilbert. 8vo, Amiens, 1833, pp. 5-7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-8_47" id="Footnote_4-8_47"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-8_47"><span class="label">[4-8]</span></a> + Feud, Saxon faedh, low Latin Faida (Scottish 'fae,' +English 'foe,' derivative), Johnson. Remember also that the root of +Feud, in its Norman sense of land-allotment, is <i>foi</i>, not <i>fee</i>, +which Johnson, old Tory as he was, did not observe—neither in general +does the modern Antifeudalist.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-9_48" id="Footnote_4-9_48"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-9_48"><span class="label">[4-9]</span></a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">"Tu quoque, magnam</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Partem opere in tanto, + sineret dolor, Icare, haberes,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bis conatus erat casus + effingere in auro,—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bis patriæ + cecidere manus."</span><br /></p> + +<p>There is, advisedly, no pathos allowed in primary sculpture. Its +heroes conquer without exultation, and die without sorrow.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-10_49" id="Footnote_4-10_49"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-10_49"><span class="label">[4-10]</span></a> + See 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXI., p. 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-11_50" id="Footnote_4-11_50"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-11_50"><span class="label">[4-11]</span></a> + Thus, the command to the children of Israel "that they go forward" is +to their own wills. They obeying, the sea retreats, <i>but not before</i> +they dare to advance into it. <i>Then</i>, the waters are a wall unto them, +on their right hand and their left.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-12_51" id="Footnote_4-12_51"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-12_51"><span class="label">[4-12]</span></a> + The original is written in Latin only. "Supplico tibi, Domine, Pater +et Dux rationis nostræ, ut nostræ Nobilitatis recordemur, +quâ tu nos ornasti: et ut tu nobis presto sis, ut iis qui per +sese moventur; ut et a Corporis contagio, Brutorumque affectuum +repurgemur, eosque superemus, atque regamus; et, sicut decet, pro +instruments iis utamur. Deinde, ut nobis adjuncto sis; ad accuratam +rationis nostræ correctionem, et conjunctionem cum iis qui +verè sunt, per lucem veritatis. Et tertium, Salvatori supplex +oro, ut ab oculis animorum nostrorum caliginem prorsus abstergas; ut +norimus bene, qui Deus, aut Mortalis habendus. Amen."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-13_52" id="Footnote_4-13_52"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-13_52"><span class="label">[4-13]</span></a> + Viollet le Duc, vol. viii., p. 256. He adds: "L'une d'elles est comme +art" (meaning general art of sculpture), "un monument du premier +ordre;" but this is only partially true—also I find a note in M. +Gilbert's account of them, p. 126: "Les deux doigts qui manquent, +à la main droite de l'évêque Gaudefroi paraissent +être un défaut survenu à la fonte." See further, +on these monuments, and those of St. Louis' children, Viollet le Duc, +vol, ix., pp. 61, 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-14_53" id="Footnote_4-14_53"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-14_53"><span class="label">[4-14]</span></a> + I steal again from the Abbé Rozé the two +inscriptions,—with his introductory notice of the evilly-inspired +interference with them.</p> + +<p>"La tombe d'Evrard de Fouilloy, (died 1222,) coulée en bronze +en plein-relief, était supportée dès le principe, +par des monstres engagés dans une maçonnerie remplissant +le dessous du monument, pour indiquer que cet évêque +avait posé les fondements de la Cathédrale. Un +<i>architecte malheureusement inspiré</i> a osé arracher la +maçonnerie, pour qu'on ne vit plus la main du prélat +fondateur, à la base de l'édifice.</p> + +<p>"On lit, sur la bordure, l'inscription suivante en beaux +caractères du XIII<sup>e</sup> siècle:</p> + +<p><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"'Qui populum pavit, + qui fundamēta locavit</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Huiūs structure, + cuius fuit urbs data cure</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hic redolens nardus, + famâ requiescit Ewardus,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vir pius ahflictis, + vidvis tutela, relictis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Custos, quos poterat + recreabat munere; vbis,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mitib agnus erat, + tumidis leo, lima supbis.'</span><br /></p> + +<p>"Geoffrey d'Eu (died 1237) est représenté comme son +prédécesseur en habits épiscopaux, mais le +dessous du bronze supporté par des chimères est +évidé, ce prélat ayant élevé +l'édifice jusqu'aux voûtes. Voici la légende +gravée sur la bordure:</p> + +<p><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"'Ecce premunt + humile Gaufridi membra cubile.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seu minus aut + simile nobis parat omnibus ille;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quem laurus gemina + decoraverat, in medicinâ</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lege qū divina, + decuerunt cornua bina;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clare vir Augensis, + quo sedes Ambianensis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crevit in imensis; + in cœlis auctus, Amen, sis.'</span><br /></p> + +<p>Tout est à étudier dans ces deux monuments; tout y est +d'un haut intérêt, quant au dessin, à la +sculpture, à l'agencement des ornements et des draperies."</p> + +<p>In saying above that Geoffroy of Eu returned thanks in the Cathedral +for its completion, I meant only that he had brought at least the +choir into condition for service: "Jusqu'aux voûtes" may or may +not mean that the vaulting was closed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-15_54" id="Footnote_4-15_54"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-15_54"><span class="label">[4-15]</span></a> + The horizontal lowest part of the moulding between the +northern and central porch is old. Compare its roses with the new ones +running round the arches above—and you will know what 'Restoration' +means.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-16_55" id="Footnote_4-16_55"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-16_55"><span class="label">[4-16]</span></a> + See now the plan at the end of this chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-17_56" id="Footnote_4-17_56"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-17_56"><span class="label">[4-17]</span></a> + See my abstract of the history of Barbarossa and +Alexander, in 'Fiction, Fair and Foul,' '<i>Nineteenth Century</i>,' +November, 1880, pp. 752 <i>seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-18_57" id="Footnote_4-18_57"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-18_57"><span class="label">[4-18]</span></a> + See account, and careful drawing of it, in Viollet le +Duc—article "Christ," Dict. of Architecture, iii. 245.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-19_58" id="Footnote_4-19_58"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-19_58"><span class="label">[4-19]</span></a> + See the circle of the Powers of the Heavens in the +Byzantine rendering. I. Wisdom; II. Thrones; III. Dominations; IV. +Angels; V. Archangels; VI. Virtues; VII. Potentates; VIII. Princes; +IX. Seraphim. In the Gregorian order, (Dante, Par. xxviii., Cary's +note,) the Angels and Archangels are separated, giving altogether nine +orders, but not ranks. Note that in the Byzantine circle the cherubim +are first, and that it is the strength of the Virtues which calls on +the dead to rise ('St. Mark's Rest,' p. 97, and pp. 158-159).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-20_59" id="Footnote_4-20_59"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-20_59"><span class="label">[4-20]</span></a> + The modern slang name for a priest, among the mob of +France, is a 'Pax Vobiscum,' or shortly, a Vobiscum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-21_60" id="Footnote_4-21_60"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-21_60"><span class="label">[4-21]</span></a> + See the Septuagint version.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-22_61" id="Footnote_4-22_61"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-22_61"><span class="label">[4-22]</span></a> + For a list of the photographs of the quatrefoils +described in this chapter, see the appendices at the end of this +volume.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-23_62" id="Footnote_4-23_62"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-23_62"><span class="label">[4-23]</span></a> + In the cathedral of Laon there is a pretty compliment +paid to the oxen who carried the stones of its tower to the hill-top +it stands on. The tradition is that they harnessed themselves,—but +tradition does not say how an ox can harness himself even if he had a +mind. Probably the first form of the story was only that they went +joyfully, "lowing as they went." But at all events their statues are +carved on the height of the tower, eight, colossal, looking from its +galleries across the plains of France. See drawing in Viollet le Duc, +under article "Clocher."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-24_63" id="Footnote_4-24_63"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-24_63"><span class="label">[4-24]</span></a> + For the sake of comparing the pollution, and reversal of its once +glorious religion, in the modern French mind, it is worth the reader's +while to ask at M. Goyer's (Place St. Denis) for the 'Journal de St. +Nicholas' for 1880, and look at the 'Phénix,' as drawn on p. +610. The story is meant to be moral, and the Phœnix there +represents Avarice, but the entire destruction of all sacred and +poetical tradition in a child's mind by such a picture is an +immorality which would neutralize a year's preaching. To make it worth +M. Goyer's while to show you the number, buy the one with 'les +conclusions de Jeanie' in it, p. 337: the church scene (with dialogue) +in the text is lovely.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-25_64" id="Footnote_4-25_64"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-25_64"><span class="label">[4-25]</span></a> + I fear this hand has been broken since I described it; +at all events, it is indistinguishably shapeless in the photograph +(No. 9 of the series).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-26_65" id="Footnote_4-26_65"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-26_65"><span class="label">[4-26]</span></a> + The statue of the prophet, above, is the grandest of the entire +series; and note especially the "diadema" of his own luxuriant hair +plaited like a maiden's, indicating the Achillean force of this most +terrible of the prophets. (Compare 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXV., page +157.) For the rest, this long flowing hair was always one of the +insignia of the Frankish kings, and their way of dressing both hair +and beard may be seen more nearly and definitely in the +angle-sculptures of the long font in the north transept, the most +interesting piece of work in the whole cathedral, in an antiquarian +sense, and of much artistic value also. (See ante chap. ii. p. 45.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-27_66" id="Footnote_4-27_66"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-27_66"><span class="label">[4-27]</span></a> + See ante p. 117, note.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-28_67" id="Footnote_4-28_67"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-28_67"><span class="label">[4-28]</span></a> + See ante Chap. I., pp. 5-6, for the history of St. Firmin, and for St. +Honoré p. 95, § 8 of this chapter, with the reference +there given.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-29_68" id="Footnote_4-29_68"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-29_68"><span class="label">[4-29]</span></a> + See the description of the Madonna of Murano, in second +volume of 'Stones of Venice.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-30_69" id="Footnote_4-30_69"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-30_69"><span class="label">[4-30]</span></a> + The most authentic foundations of the Purgatorial scheme +in art-teaching are in the renderings, subsequent to the thirteenth +century, of the verse "by which also He went and preached unto the +spirits in prison," forming gradually into the idea of the deliverance +of the waiting saints from the power of the grave.</p> + +<p>In literature and tradition, the idea is originally, I believe, +Platonic; certainly not Homeric. Egyptian possibly—but I have read +nothing yet of the recent discoveries in Egypt. Not, however, quite +liking to leave the matter in the complete emptiness of my own +resources, I have appealed to my general investigator, Mr. Anderson +(James R.), who writes as follows:—</p> + +<p>"There is no possible question about the doctrine and universal +inculcation of it, ages before Dante. Curiously enough, though, the +statement of it in the Summa Theologiæ as we have it is a later +insertion; but I find by references that St. Thomas teaches it +elsewhere. Albertus Magnus developes it at length. If you refer to the +'Golden Legend' under All Souls' Day, you will see how the idea is +assumed as a commonplace in a work meant for popular use in the +thirteenth century. St. Gregory (the Pope) argues for it (Dial. iv. +38) on two scriptural quotations: (1), the sin that is forgiven +neither in hôc sæculo <i>nor in that which is to come</i>, and +(2), the fire which shall try every man's work. I think Platonic +philosophy and the Greek mysteries must have had a good deal to do +with introducing the idea originally; but with them—as to +Virgil—it was part of the Eastern vision of a circling stream of +life from which only a few drops were at intervals tossed to a +definitely permanent Elysium or a definitely permanent Hell. It suits +that scheme better than it does the Christian one, which attaches +ultimately in all cases infinite importance to the results of life in +hôc sæculo.</p> + +<p>"Do you know any representation of Heaven or Hell unconnected with the +Last Judgment? I don't remember any, and as Purgatory is by that time +past, this would account for the absence of pictures of it.</p> + +<p>"Besides, Purgatory precedes the Resurrection—there is continual +question among divines what manner of purgatorial fire it may be that +affects spirits separate from the body—perhaps Heaven and Hell, as +opposed to Purgatory, were felt to be picturable because not only +spirits, but the risen bodies too are conceived in them.</p> + +<p>"Bede's account of the Ayrshire seer's vision gives Purgatory in words +very like Dante's description of the second stormy circle in Hell; and +the angel which ultimately saves the Scotchman from the fiends comes +through hell, 'quasi fulgor stellæ micantis inter +tenebras'—'qual sul presso del mattino Per gli grossi vapor +Marte rosseggia.' Bede's name was great in the middle ages. Dante +meets him in Heaven, and, I like to hope, may have been helped by the +vision of my fellow-countryman more than six hundred years before."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4-31_70" id="Footnote_4-31_70"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4-31_70"><span class="label">[4-31]</span></a> + I don't mean æsthesis,—but [Greek: nous], if you <i>must</i> +talk in Greek slang.</p></div> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 853px;"> +<a name="Plan_of_the_West_Porches" id="Plan_of_the_West_Porches"></a> +<img src="images/fig005.png" width="853" + height="529" alt="diagram of the porches of Amiens, named St. Firmin, David, and Madonna" title="" /> +</div> +<h3><span class="smcap">Plan of the West Porches</span></h3> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES.</h2> + + +<p>I. <span class="smcap"> +Chronological List of the Principal Events Referred to in +the 'Bible of Amiens.'</span></p> + +<p>II. <span class="smcap"> +References Explanatory of the Photographs illustrating +Chapter IV.</span></p> + +<p>III. <span class="smcap"> +General Plan of 'Our Fathers have told us.'</span></p> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Appendix_I" id="Appendix_I"></a>APPENDIX I.</h2> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3><i>CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS +REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.'</i></h3> + +<table border="0" width="100%" + cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> + <td>A.D.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>250.</td> + <td>Rise of the Franks</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-3" class="lanchor">33</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>301</td> + <td>St. Firmin comes to Amiens</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-4" class="lanchor">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>332</td> + <td>St. Martin</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-5" class="lanchor">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>345</td> + <td>St. Jerome born</td> + <td> + +<a href="#Link_1-6" class="lanchor">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>350</td> + <td>First church at Amiens, over St. Firmin's grave</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-7" class="lanchor">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>358</td> + <td>Franks defeated by Julian near Strasburg</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-8" class="lanchor">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>405</td> + <td>St. Jerome's Bible</td> + <td> +<a href="#Link_1-9" class="lanchor">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>420</td> + <td>St. Jerome dies</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-10" id="Lanchor_1-10"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-10" class="lanchor">78 seq</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>421</td> + <td>St. Genevieve born. Venice founded</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-11" id="Lanchor_1-11"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-11" class="lanchor">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>445</td> + <td>Franks cross the Rhine and take Amiens</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-12" id="Lanchor_1-12"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-12" class="lanchor">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>447</td> + <td>Merovée king at Amiens</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-13" id="Lanchor_1-13"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-13" class="lanchor">7,8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>451</td> + <td>Battle of Chalons. Attila defeated by Aëtius</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-14" id="Lanchor_1-14"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-14" class="lanchor">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>457</td> + <td>Merovée dies. Childeric king at Amiens</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-15" id="Lanchor_1-15"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-15" class="lanchor">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>466</td> + <td>Clovis born</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-16" id="Lanchor_1-16"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-16" class="lanchor">7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>476</td> + <td>Roman Empire in Italy ended by Odoacer</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-17" id="Lanchor_1-17"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-17" class="lanchor">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>481</td> + <td>Roman Empire ended in France</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-18" id="Lanchor_1-18"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-18" class="lanchor">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Clovis crowned at Amiens</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-19" id="Lanchor_1-19"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-19" class="lanchor">8,27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>St. Benedict born</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-20" id="Lanchor_1-20"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-20" class="lanchor">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>485</td> + <td>Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-21" id="Lanchor_1-21"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-21" class="lanchor">8,52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>486</td> + <td>Syagrius dies at the court of Alaric</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-22" id="Lanchor_1-22"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-22" class="lanchor">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>489</td> + <td>Battle of Verona. Theodoric defeats Odoacer</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-23" id="Lanchor_1-23"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-23" class="lanchor">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>493</td> + <td>Clovis marries Clotilde</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-24" id="Lanchor_1-24"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-24" class="lanchor">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>496</td> + <td>Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis defeats the Alemanni</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-25" id="Lanchor_1-25"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-25" class="lanchor">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Clovis crowned at Rheims by St. Rémy</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-26" id="Lanchor_1-26"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-26" class="lanchor">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Clovis baptized by St. Rémy</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-27" id="Lanchor_1-27"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-27" class="lanchor">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>508</td> + <td>Battle of Poitiers. Clovis defeats the Visigoths under Alaric</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_1-28" id="Lanchor_1-28"></a> +<a href="#Link_1-28" class="lanchor">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>Death of Alaric</td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Appendix_II" id="Appendix_II"></a>APPENDIX II.</h2> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Link_1-1" id="Link_1-1"> +</a></div> + +<br /><br /> + +<h3><i>REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS + ILLUSTRATING CHAPTER IV.</i></h3> +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<p>The quatrefoils on the foundation of the west front of +Amiens Cathedral, described in the course of the fourth chapter, +had never been engraved or photographed in any form +accessible to the public until last year, when I commissioned +M. Kaltenbacher (6, Passage du Commerce), who had photographed +them for M. Viollet le Duc, to obtain negatives of the +entire series, with the central pedestal of the Christ.</p> + +<p>The proofs are entirely satisfactory to me, and extremely +honourable to M. Kaltenbacher's skill: and it is impossible to +obtain any more instructive and interesting, in exposition of +the manner of central thirteenth-century sculpture.</p> + +<p>I directed their setting so that the entire succession of the +quatrefoils might be included in eighteen plates; the front +and two sides of the pedestal raise their number to twenty-one: +the whole, unmounted, sold by my agent Mr. Ward (the +negatives being my own property) for four guineas; or separately, +each five shillings.</p> + +<p>Besides these of my own, I have chosen four general views +of the cathedral from M. Kaltenbacher's formerly-taken negatives, +which, together with the first-named series, (twenty-five +altogether,) will form a complete body of illustrations for the +fourth chapter of the '<span class="smcap">Bible of Amiens</span>'; costing +in all five guineas, forwarded free by post from Mr. Ward's (2, Church +Terrace, Richmond, Surrey). In addition to these, Mr. Ward +will supply the photograph of the four scenes from the life of + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> + +St. Firmin, mentioned on page 5 of Chapter I.; price five +shillings.</p> + +<p>For those who do not care to purchase the whole series, I +have marked with an asterisk the plates which are especially +desirable.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The two following lists will enable readers who possess the +plates to refer without difficulty both from the photographs to +the text, and from the text to the photographs, which will be +found to fall into the following groups:—</p> + + +<p>Photographs.</p> +<table border="0" width="100%" + cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> + <td>1-3.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Central Pedestal</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">David</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>4-7.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Central Porch</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Virtues and Vices</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>8-9.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Central Porch</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Major Prophets, with Micah and Nahum.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>10-13.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Façade</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Minor Prophets</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>14-17.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Northern Porch</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Months and Zodiacal Signs, with Zephaniah and Haggai.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>18-21.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Southern Porch</span>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Scriptural History, with Obadiah and Amos.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>22-25.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous</span>.</td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3><a name="Part_I" id="Part_I"></a> +<span class="smcap">Part I</span>.</h3> + +<h3><span class="smcap"> +List of Photographs with reference to the Quatrefoils, etc.</span></h3> + + +<p>Photographs.</p><br /> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1-3.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">Central Pedestal</span>. + See +<a href="#Link_2-1" class="lanchor">pp. 109-110, §§ 32-33.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%">*1.</td><td><span class="smcap">Front</span></td> + <td colspan="5">David. Lion and Dragon. Vine.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*2.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">North Side</span></td> + <td colspan="5">Lily and Cockatrice</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*3.</td><td><span class="smcap">South Side</span></td> + <td colspan="5">Rose and Adder.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">4-7.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">Central Porch</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="6"><i>Virtues and Vices</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-2" class="lanchor"> +(pp. 111, 117, §§ 39 & 41)</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%"> 4.</td> + <td width="5%">1<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%"><span class="smcap">Courage.</span></td> + <td width="5%">2<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%"><span class="smcap">Patience.</span></td> + <td width="5%">3<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%"><span class="smcap">Gentilesse.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>1<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Cowardice.</span></td> + <td>2<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Anger.</span></td> + <td>3<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Churlishness.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 5.</td> + <td>4<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Love.</span></td> + <td>5<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Obedience.</span></td> + <td>6<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Perseverence.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>4<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Discord.</span></td> + <td>5<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Rebellion.</span></td> + <td>6<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Atheism.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 6.</td> + <td>9<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Charity.</span></td> + <td>8<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Hope.</span></td> + <td>7<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Faith.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>9<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Avarice.</span></td> + <td>8<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Despair.</span></td> + <td>7<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Idolatry.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 7.</td> + <td>12<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Humility.</span></td> + <td>11<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Wisdom.</span></td> + <td>10<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Charity.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>12<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Pride.</span></td> + <td>11<small>B</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Folly.</span></td> + <td>10<small>A</small>.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Lust.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">8-9.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">Central Porch</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="6"><i>The Major Prophets</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-3" class="lanchor"> +(pp. 114, 121, §§ 39, 42),</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="6"><i>with Micah and Nahum</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-4" class="lanchor"> +(pp. 115, 127, §§ 40, 43).</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*8.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Isaiah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Jeremiah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Micah.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>13<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>14<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>22<small>C</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>13<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>14<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>22<small>D</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 9.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Nahum.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Daniel.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Ezekiel.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>23<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>16<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>15<small>A</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>23<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>16<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>15<small>B</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">10-13.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">The Façade</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="6"><i>The Minor Prophets</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-5" class="lanchor"> +(pp. 114, 127, §§ 40, 43).</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*10.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Amos.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Joel.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Hosea.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>19<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>18<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>17<small>A</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>19<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>18<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>17<small>B</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*11.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Micah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Jonah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Obadiah.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>22<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>21<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>20<small>C</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>22<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>21<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>20<small>D</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*12.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zephaniah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Habakkuk.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Nahum.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>25<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>24<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>23<small>C</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>25<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>24<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>23<small>D</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 13.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Malachi.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zechariah.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Haggai.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>28<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>27<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>26<small>C</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>28<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>27<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>26<small>D</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">14-17.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">The Northern Porch</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8"><i>The Months and Zodiacal Signs</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-6" class="lanchor">(pp. 129-131, § 47),</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8"><i>with Zephaniah and Haggai</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-7" class="lanchor">(pp. 115, 126, §§ 40, 43).</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 41.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 42.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 43.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 44.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 14.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Capricorn</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Aquarius</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Pisces</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Aries</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>December.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>January.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>February.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>March.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 45.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 46.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 25<small>C</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 15.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Taurus</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Gemini</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zephaniah</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>April.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>May.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>25<small>D</small>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 26<small>A</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 52.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 51.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 16.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Haggai</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Cancer</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Leo</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>26<small>B</small>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>June.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>July.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> 50.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 49.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 48.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> 47.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 17.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Virgo</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Libra</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Scorpio</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Sagittarius</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>August.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>September.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>October.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>November.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">18-21.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">The Southern Porch</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8"><i>Scriptural History</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-8" class="lanchor">(pp. 132, 134, § 51),</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8"><i>with Obadiah and Amos</i> + +<a href="#Link_2-9" class="lanchor">(pp. 115, 127, §§ 40, 42, 43).</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%">*18.</td> + <td width="5%">29<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2" width="25%">Daniel and the stone.</td> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%">30<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%">Gideon and the fleece.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>29<small>B</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">Moses and the burning Bush.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>30<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Moses and Aaron.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>31<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">The message to Zacharias.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>32<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">The silence of Zacharias.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>31<small>B</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">Dream of Joseph.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>32<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>"His name is John".</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%"> 19.</td> + <td width="5%">33<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%">The flight into Egypt.</td> + <td width="5%">34<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%">The Fall of the Idols.</td> + <td width="5%">19<small>C</small>.</td> + <td width="25%">Amos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>33<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Christ and the Doctors.</td> + <td>34<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Return to Nazareth.</td> + <td>19<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>Amos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 20.</td> + <td>20<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Obadiah.</td> + <td>40<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon and the</td> + <td>39<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon enthroned.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>Queen of Sheba.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>The Grace Cup.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>20<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Obadiah.</td> + <td>40<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon teaching</td> + <td>39<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon in prayer.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>Queen of Sheba.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>"God is above."</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary=""> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%"> 21.</td> + <td width="5%">38<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2" width="25%">Holy Innocents.</td> + <td width="5%"> </td> + <td width="5%">37<small>A</small>.</td> + <td width="25%">Herod and the Kings.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>38<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Herod orders the Kings'</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>37<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The burning of the ship.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>ship to be burnt.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>36<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">Adoration in Bethlehem(?)</td> + <td> </td> + <td>35<small>A</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">The Star in the East.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>36<small>B</small>.</td> + <td colspan="2">The voyage of the Kings.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>35<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The Kings warned in</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>a dream.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">22-25.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*22.</td> + <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">The Western Porches</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>*23.</td> + <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">The Porch of St. Honoré</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 24.</td> + <td colspan="4"><span class="smcap">The South Transept and Flèche</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> 25.</td> + <td colspan="6"><span class="smcap">General View of the + Cathedral from the other bank of the Somme</span>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<br /> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Part II.—List of Quatrefoils + With reference to the Photographs.</span></h3> + +<table width="100%" summary=""> +<tr> + <td>Black</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>Page and</td> + <td>No.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>letter</td> +<td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>Section</td> + <td>of</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>No.in</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>where</td> + <td>Photo-</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>text.</td> + <td>Name of Statue.</td> + <td width="4%"> </td> + <td width="3%"> </td> + <td>Subject of Quatrefoil.</td> + <td>described.</td> + <td>graph</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>The Apostles</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><i>Virtues and Vices</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Peter</span>.</td> + <td> </td><td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Courage</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-10" id="Lanchor_2-10"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-10" class="lanchor"> +p.114,§39; </a>p.117,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Cowardice</td> + <td>p.114,§39;<a name="Lanchor_2-15" id="Lanchor_2-15"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-15" class="lanchor">p.117,§41</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Andrew</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Patience</td> + <td>p.114,§39;<a name="Lanchor_2-16" id="Lanchor_2-16"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-16" class="lanchor">p.118,§41</a></td> + <td>} 4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Anger</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.118,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>3.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. James</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Gentillesse</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.118,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Churlishness</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.118,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>4.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. John</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Love</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.118,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Discord</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.117,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>5.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Matthew</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Obedience</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.118,§41</td> + <td>} 5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Rebellion</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-11" id="Lanchor_2-11"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-11" class="lanchor">p.119,§41; </a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>6.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Simon</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Perseverence</td> + <td>p.119,§41; </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Atheism</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>7.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Paul</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Faith</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-17" id="Lanchor_2-17"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-17" class="lanchor">p.115,§39;</a> p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Idolatry</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>8.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. James</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Hope</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>} 6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">the Bishop</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Despair</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>9.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Philip</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Charity</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Avarice</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.120,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>10.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Barth</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Chastity</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.120,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">-olomew</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Love</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.120,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>11.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Thomas</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Wisdom</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.120,§41</td> + <td>} 7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Folly</td> + <td>p.115,§39;<a name="Lanchor_2-18" id="Lanchor_2-18"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-18" class="lanchor">p.120,§41</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>12.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Jude</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Humility</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.121,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Pride</td> + <td>p.114,§39; p.119,§41</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>The Major Prophets</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>13.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Isaiah</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The Lord enthroned</td> + <td>p.115,§39</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Lo! this hath</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-12" id="Lanchor_2-12"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-12" class="lanchor">p.121,§42</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>touched thy lips</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>14.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The burial of</td><td>p.115,§39</td> + <td>} 8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the girdle</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The breaking of</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-19" id="Lanchor_2-19"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-19" class="lanchor">p.122,§42</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the yoke</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>15.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Wheel within wheel</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.122,§42</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Set thy face towards</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.122,§42</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Jerusalem</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>16.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Daniel</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>He hath shut the</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.122,§42</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>lions' mouths</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Fingers of a</td> + <td>p.115,§39; p.122,§42</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>man's hand</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><i>The Minor Prophets</i></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>17.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Hosea</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>So I brought her</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-13" id="Lanchor_2-13"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-13" class="lanchor">p.116,§40;</a> p.122,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>to me</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>So will I also be</td> + <td>p.116,§40;<a name="Lanchor_2-20" id="Lanchor_2-20"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-20" class="lanchor">p.123,§43</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>for thee</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>18.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Joel</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The sun and</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>} 10</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>moon lightless</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The fig-tree and</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>vine leafless</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>19.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Amos</span>.</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The Lord will cry</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>from Zion</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The habitations of</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the shepherds</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>The Lord with the</td> + <td>p.116,§40</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>mason's line</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>The place where it</td> + <td>p.123,§43</td> + <td>} 19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>rained not</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>20.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Obadiah</span>.</td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>I hid them in a cave</td> + <td>p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>He fell on his face</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-21" id="Lanchor_2-21"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-21" class="lanchor">p.124,§43</a></td> + <td>} 20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>The captain of fifty</td> + <td>p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>The messenger</td> + <td>p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>21.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Jonah</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Escaped from</td> + <td>p.124,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the sea</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Under the gourd</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>} 11</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>22.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Micah</span>.</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The tower of the</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-14" id="Lanchor_2-14"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-14" class="lanchor">p.116,§40;</a> p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Flock</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Each shall rest</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.123,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>Swords into</td> + <td>p.116,§40</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>ploughshares</td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>Spears into</td> + <td>p.124,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>pruning-hooks</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>23.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Nahum</span>.</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>None shall look</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-22" id="Lanchor_2-22"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-22" class="lanchor">p.125,§43</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>back</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The burden of</td> + <td>p.125,§43</td> + <td>} 9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Ninevah</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>Thy Princes and</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.125,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>great ones</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>Untimely figs</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.125,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>24.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Habakkuk</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>I will watch</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.125,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The ministry to</td> + <td>p.116,§40; p.125,§43</td> + <td>} 12</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Daniel</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>25.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zephaniah</span>.</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The Lord strikes</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.126,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Ethiopia</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The beasts in</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.126,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Ninevah</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>The Lord visits</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.126,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Jerusalem</td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>The Hedgehog and</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.126,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the Bittern</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>26.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Haggai</span>.</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The houses of</td> + <td>p.117,§40</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the princes</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Porch</td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The Heaven stayed</td> + <td>p.126,§43</td> + <td>} 16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>from dew</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>C</small>.</td> + <td>The Temple</td> + <td>p.126,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{Façade</td> + <td>{</td> + <td>desolate</td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 13</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>{<small>D</small>.</td> + <td>Thus saith the Lord</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-23" id="Lanchor_2-23"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-23" class="lanchor">p.127,§43</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>27.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zechariah</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The lifting up</td> + <td>p.127,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>of Iniquity</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The angel that</td> + <td>p.127,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>spake to me</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>28.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Malachi</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Ye have wounded</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.127,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the Lord</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>This commandment</td> + <td>p.117,§40; p.127,§43</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>is to you</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Southern Porch</span> + —<i>to the Virgin</i>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>29.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Zechariah</span>.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Daniel and the</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-24" id="Lanchor_2-24"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-24" class="lanchor">p.133,§51</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>stone cut</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>without hands</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Moses and the</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>burning bush</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>30.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Virgin</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Gideon and the</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Annunciate</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>fleece</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Moses and the law</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>} 13</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Aaron and his rod</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>31.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Virgin</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The message to</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Visitant</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Zacharias</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The dream of</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Joseph</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>32.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Eliza</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The silence of</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">-beth</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Zacharias</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>"His name is John"</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>33.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Virgin in Pres</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Flight into Egypt</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">-entation</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Christ with the</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Doctors</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>34.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Simeon</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Fall of idols in Egypt</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The return to</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Nazareth</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>35.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The First</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The Star in the East</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-25" id="Lanchor_2-25"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-25" class="lanchor">p.134,§51</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">King</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>"Warned in a</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>dream"</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>36.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Second</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Adoration in</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">King</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Bethlehem(?)</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The voyage of</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the Kings</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>37.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Third</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Herod inquires of</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">King</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the Kings</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>The burning of</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the ship</td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 21</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>38.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Herod</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Massacre of the</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>Innocents</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Herod orders</td> + <td>p.134,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>the ship</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{</td> + <td>to be burnt</td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="left"> + <a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>39.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Solomon</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon enthroned</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>Solomon in prayer</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 20</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>40.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">Queen of</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>The Grace cup</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Sheba</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>"God is above"</td> + <td>p.133,§51</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Northern Porch</span>— + <i>to St. Firmin</i> (p.127,§44).</td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>41.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Firmin</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Capricorn</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-26" id="Lanchor_2-26"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-26" class="lanchor">p.130,§47</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Confessor</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>December</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>42.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Domice</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Aquarius</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>January</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>} 14</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>43.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Honoré</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Pisces</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>February</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>44.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Salve</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Aries</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>March</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>45.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Quentin</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Taurus</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>April</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>46.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Gentian</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Gemini</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>May</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>47.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Geoffroy</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Sagittarius</td> + <td><a name="Lanchor_2-27" id="Lanchor_2-27"></a> +<a href="#Link_2-27" class="lanchor">p.131,§47</a></td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>November</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>48.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">An Angel</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Scorpio</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>October</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>49.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Fuscien</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Libra</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Martyr</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>September</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>} 17</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>50.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Victoric</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Virgo</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Martyr</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>August</td> + <td>p.131,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>51.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">An Angel</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Leo</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>July</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>} 16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>52.</td> + <td><span class="smcap">St. Ulpha</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>A</small>.</td> + <td>Cancer</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td>{<small>B</small>.</td> + <td>June</td> + <td>p.130,§47</td> + <td>}</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Appendix_III" id="Appendix_III"></a>APPENDIX III.</h2> +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS">[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<h3><i>GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.'</i></h3> +<a name="FNanchor_1_71" id="FNanchor_1_71"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1_71" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<p>The first part of 'Our Fathers have told us,' now submitted to the +public, is enough to show the proposed character and tendencies of the +work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite +subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters.</p> + +<p>I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me to warrant my readers against the +abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years.</p> + +<p>The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century.</p> + +<p>The present volume completes the first part, descriptive of the early +Frank power, and of its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens.</p> + +<p>The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France.</p> + +<p>The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> + +<p>The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence.</p> + +<p>The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales.</p> + +<p>The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres.</p> + +<p>The eighth, "Domrémy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents.</p> + +<p>The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the Pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times.</p> + +<p>And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish border.</p> + +<p>Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters.</p> + +<p>One illustration at least will be given with each chapter, and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work.</p> + +<p>As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_71" id="Footnote_1_71"> +</a><a href="#FNanchor_1_71"><span class="label">[1]</span> +</a> Reprinted from the "Advice," issued with Chap. III +(March, 1882).</p></div> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> +<h4><a class="contents" href="#CONTENTS"> +[Go to Table of Contents]</a></h4> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<p>[<i>Except in the case of Chapter 1., which is not divided into numbered +sections, the references in this index are to both page and section. +Thus</i> 206. iv. 51 <i>is to page</i> + 206, <i>Chapter</i> IV., § 51.]</p> + + + + +<p>Aaron's rod,<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</p> + +<p>Adder, the deaf,<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 33-4.</p> + +<p>Admiration, test of,<a href="#Page_96" class="lanchor"> 96</a>. iv. 8.</p> + +<p>Afghan war,<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</p> + +<p>Agricola,<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</p> + +<p>Aisles of aspen and of stone, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 10.</p> + +<p>Alaric (son-in-law of Theodoric), defeated and killed by Clovis at Poitiers, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>; +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</p><br /> + +<p>—— the younger, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>, ii. 49.</p> + +<p>Albofleda, sister of Clovis, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Alemannia (Germany)<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.</p> + +<p>Alexander III. and Barbarossa, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35.</p> + +<p>Alfred, King, of England, religious feeling under, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</p> + +<p>Algeria, <a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Alphabet, the, and Mœsia, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</p> + +<p>Alps, the, and climbing,<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>. iii. 29.</p> + +Amiens. (1) History; (2) Town; (3) Cathedral.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(1) <i>History of:</i>—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">early people of, and Roman gods, +<a href="#Page_4" class="lanchor"> 4</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">taken by the Franks + under Clodion, 445 <small>A.D.</small>, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">manufactures of, early, +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>, +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">" + swords,<a href="#Page_124" class="lanchor"> + 124</a>. iv. 43.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">" + woollen,<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">religion, and Christianity:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the Beau Christ + d'Amiens,<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 3, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">S. Firmin the first + to preach there, 300 <small> +A.D.</small>,<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the first bishopric of France, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the first church there, + 350 <small>A.D.</small>,<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>; +<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. iv. 14.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">under S. Geoffroy, + 1104-50 <small>A.D.</small>,<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128-9</a>. iv. 45.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(2) <i>The Town:</i>—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">country round, +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">highest land near, +<a href="#Page_14" class="lanchor"> 14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">manufactory chimneys, +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">railway station, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>, +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Roman gate near, 15.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Acheul, chimney of, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>, +<a href="#Page_14" class="lanchor"> 14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">streams and rivers of, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the "Venice of France," +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(3) <i>The Cathedral:</i>—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(a) History,—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">books on, +<a href="#Page_93" class="lanchor"> 93</a> n. iv. 1. 2. n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">building of, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 1. 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">" + by whom?<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97-8</a>, iv. 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">completion of, rhyme on the, +<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. sq. iv. 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">history of successive churches + on its site,<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. iv. 14.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(b) General aspect of,—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">as compared with other cathedrals, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the consummation of Frankish + character,<a href="#Page_46" class="lanchor"> 46</a>. ii. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the "Parthenon of Gothic + architecture,"<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(c) Detailed examination of,—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">approaches to, which best, +<a href="#Page_92" class="lanchor"> 92. sq.</a> iv. 6.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">apse, the, its height, +<a href="#Page_96" class="lanchor"> 96</a>. iv. 9</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" the first perfect piece + of Northern architecture, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 11.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">choir, the, and wood-carving, +<a href="#Page_91" class="lanchor"> 91</a> & n. iv. 5 & n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">façade, +<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108 sq.</a> iv. 28 sq.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" the central porch,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" " + apostles of,<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108</a>. iv. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" " + Christ-Immanuel, David, +<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108</a>. iv. 28.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" " + prophets of,<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108</a>. iv. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" the + northern porch (S. Firmin), +<a href="#Page_127" class="lanchor"> 127 sq</a>. iv. 44.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">" the + southern porch (Madonna), +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131 sq</a>. iv. 48.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">flêche, from station, +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>, +<a href="#Page_4" class="lanchor">4</a> ; +<a href="#Page_94" class="lanchor"> 94</a>. iv. 7; +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">foundation steps, the old, + removed,<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 27.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">restoration of, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 27; +<a href="#Page_123" class="lanchor"> 123</a>. iv. 43.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">rose moulding of, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 27.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">sculptures of, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133-4</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">" of virtues + less good than of prophets, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 42.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">transepts of; North, rose window, +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95-6</a>. iv. 8.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">" + " sculpture of, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. n. iv. 43 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">" + South, Madonna on, +<a href="#Page_94" class="lanchor"> 94</a>. iv. 7.</span><br /> + +<p>Amos, figure and quatrefoils, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_123" class="lanchor"> 123</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Anchorites, early,<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>, +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>. iii. 29, 30.</p> + +<p>Anderson, J. R., on purgatory, +<a href="#Page_136" class="lanchor">136 n</a> . iv. 55 n.</p> + +<p>Angelico, scriptural teaching of, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<p>Anger, bides its time, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 42.</p> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + +Anger, a feminine vice, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" sculpture of, Amiens + Cathedral,<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Angoulême, legend of its walls falling, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50 n</a>. ii. 47.</p> + +<p>Aphrodite,<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</p> + +<p>Apocrypha, the, received by the Church, +<a href="#Page_78" class="lanchor"> 78</a>. iii. 40.</p> + +<p>Apostles, the, and virtues, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a>. iv. 37 sq.</p> + +<p>Arab, Gothic and Classic, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +Arabia,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" power of, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" religion of, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Sir F. + Palgrave's book on, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64-65</a>. iii. 17-18.</span><br /><br /> +Architecture, Egyptian, origin of, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + literal character of early Christian, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 4.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and nature, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 10.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Northern gets as much light as possible, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " passion of, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 10.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + "purity of style" in, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 2.</span><br /> + +<p>Arianism of Visigoths,<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.</p> + +<p>Arles, defeat of Clovis by Theodoric at, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 47, +<a href="#Page_53" class="lanchor"> 53</a>.</p> + +<p>Armour, early Frankish, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 33.</p> + +Art, the Bible as influencing and influenced by Christian, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80-81</a>. iii. 45-6.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" all great, praise, + pref.<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> v</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and literature, + mental action of,<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> + +<p>Asceticism, our power of rightly estimating, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>. iii. 29.</p> + +Asia, seven churches of,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 12.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Minor, a + misnomer,<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" religious + feeling of Asiatics,<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a> n.</span><br /> + +<p>Assyria, ancient kingdom of, and the Jews, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 18.</p> + +<p>Astronomy from Egypt, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</p> + +Atheism, barefoot figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" very wise + men may be idolaters, cannot be atheists, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Modern: see "Infidelity."</span><br /> + +<p>Athena,<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</p> + +<p>Athens, influence of, on Europe, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</p> + +<p>Atlantic cable, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 8.</p> + +<p>Attila, defeated at Chalons, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +<p>Attuarii,<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n. ii. 18, 28 n.</p> + +<p>Augurs, college of, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a> n. iii. 26 n.</p> + +<p>Aurelian, the Emperor, a Dacian, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.</p> + +<p>Auroch herds, of Scythia, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11.</p> + +Author, the:—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">art teaching of, +<a href="#Page_85" class="lanchor"> 85</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bible training of, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on his own books, +<a href="#Page_85" class="lanchor"> 85</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cathedrals, his love of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conservative, pref. +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> iii</a>.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + +Author, the:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discursiveness of, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii. 40.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Greek myths, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Homer and Horace, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religion of, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135 sq</a>. iv. 55 sq.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Roman religion, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">travels abroad; earliest + tour on Continent, +<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. iv. 13.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" at Amiens, + in early life, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 27.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" at Avallon, + Aug. 28,<a href="#Page_82" class="lanchor"> 82</a>. +<a href="#Page_87" class="lanchor"> 87</a>. iii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">books of quoted or referred + to:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ariadne Florentina, on + "franchise," +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a> n. ii. 28.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arrows of the Chace, letters + to Glasgow, pref. +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> iii</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fiction Fair and Foul, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fors Clavigera, Letter 61, + Vol. VI., p. —, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a> n. iv. 20 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" " + + " 65, Vol. VI., p. —, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a> n. iv. 43 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Laws of Fésolé, + pref.<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> v</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " " +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 7.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Modern Painters, plate +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>, 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St. Mark's Rest, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a> n. iii. 48 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " +<a href="#Page_113" class="lanchor"> 113</a> n. iv. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stones of Venice, +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a> n. iv. 49 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Two Paths, 95 +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95</a> n. iv. 8 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Val d'Arno, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a> n. ii. 28 n.</span><br /> + +<p>Auvergnats,<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + +<p>Avarice, modern,<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35; +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Bacteria, the,<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</p> + +<p>Baltic, tribes of the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 11, 12.</p> + +<p>Baptism, not essential to salvation, +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Barbarossa, in the porch of St. Mark's, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35.</p> + +<p>Batavians,<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 49</a>. ii. 45.</p> + +<p>Battle-axe, French, or Achon, +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 32.</p> + +<p>Bayeux, Bishop of, surrender of Lord Salisbury to, +<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 24.</p> + +<p>Beauvais, cathedral of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>Beggars, how to give to, +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95</a>. iv. 8.</p> + +<p>Belshazzar's feast, +<a href="#Page_122" class="lanchor"> 122</a>. iv. 42.</p> + +<p>"Bible of Amiens," meaning of title, +<a href="#Page_127" class="lanchor"> 127</a>. iv. 44</p> + +——, the Holy—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">art, as influenced by, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 45.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">and Clovis, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">contents and matchless + compass of, +<a href="#Page_85" class="lanchor"> 85</a>. iii. 51.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">disobedience of accepting + only what we like in it, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">history of, and acceptance + by the Church, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77-8</a>. iii. 39, 40.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">influence of, sentimental, + intellectual, moral, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 42.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +Bible, inspiration of the, +<a href="#Page_82" class="lanchor"> 82</a>. iii. 48.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the "library of Europe," +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. iii. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">literature and, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 44.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Jerome's, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">study of, by the author as + a child,<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" honest and + dishonest,<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 42.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" one-sided, + and its results,<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teaching of, general + and special,<a href="#Page_84" class="lanchor"> 84</a>. iii. 49.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ulphilas' Gothic, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the word 'Bible,' its + meaning,<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 37.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted or referred to: +—<a name="FNanchor_1_72" id="FNanchor_1_72"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1_72" class="fnanchor">[A1]</a></span><br /> + +<small> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gen. xviii. 25, Shall + not the Judge of all the earth do right? +<a href="#Page_139" class="lanchor"> 139</a>. iv. 60.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ex. xiv. 15, Speak unto + the children of Israel, that they go forward,</span> +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor">102</a> n. iv. 21 n.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deut. xxvi. 5, A Syrian + ready to perish was my father, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 Sam. xvii. 28, With + whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness?</span> +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ps. xi. 4, The Lord is + in His holy temple, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ps. xiv. 1, The fool hath + said (<i>Dixit insipiens</i>), +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>, iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ps. xxiv. Who is the King + of Glory? +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a>. iv. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ps. lxv. 12, The little + hills rejoice on every side, +<a href="#Page_139" class="lanchor"> 139</a>. iv. 60.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Song of Solomon vii. 1, + How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor">119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isa. xi. 9, Hurt nor + destroy in all the holy mountain, +<a href="#Page_87" class="lanchor"> 87</a>. iii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matt. x. 37, He that + loveth father or mother more than me, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. iii. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xvi. 24, Let + him take up his cross and follow me, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 43.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xvii. 5, This + is my beloved Son ....hear ye Him, +<a href="#Page_109" class="lanchor"> 109</a>, iv. 30.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xviii. 20, Where + two or three are gathered together, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv, 3.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xxi. 9, Hosanna to + the Son of David, +<a href="#Page_109" class="lanchor"> 109</a>. iv. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luke i. 80, The child + grew....and was in the deserts, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" x. 5, Peace be + to this house, +<a href="#Page_114" class="lanchor"> 114</a>. iv. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" x. 28, This do, + and thou shalt live, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135</a>. iv. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xvi. 31, If + they hear not Moses and the prophets, +<a href="#Page_177" class="lanchor"> 177</a>. iii. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John vi. 29, This is + the work of God, that ye believe him, +<a href="#Page_4" class="lanchor"> 4</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" vi. 55, Except + ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xvii. 23, I + in them, and thou in me, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xxi. 16, Feed + my sheep, +<a href="#Page_106" class="lanchor"> 106</a>. iv. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rom. viii. 4, 6, 13, + The righteousness of the law ....for to be carnally</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">minded, is death, +<a href="#Page_84" class="lanchor"> 84</a> n. iii. 48 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 Cor. xiii. 6, + Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in the truth, pref. +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> v</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2 Cor. vi. 16, I will + be their God and they shall be my people, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 3.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eph. iv. 26, Let not + the sun go down upon your wrath, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. iii. 42.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" vi. 15, Your + feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace,</span> +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James v. 7, 8, Be ye + also patient, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. iii. 11, + Hold fast that which thou hast, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" xi. 15, The + kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">and of his Christ, +<a href="#Page_139" class="lanchor"> 139</a>. iv. 60.</span><br /> +</small> + +<p>Bibliotheca,<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 37.</p> + +<p>Bishops, French, in battle, +<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 24. <i>See</i> + Everard and S. Geoffrey.</p> + +<p>Bittern and hedgehog, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Black's atlas,<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Black Prince, the, his leopard coinage, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + at Limoges, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Blasphemy and slang, +<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 25.</p> + +<p>Blight, as a type of punishment, +<a href="#Page_123" class="lanchor"> 123</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Boden see, the, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 25.</p> + +<p>Boulin, Arnold, carves choir of Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_92" class="lanchor"> 92</a> n. iv. 5.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> + +<p>Bourges, cathedral of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>Bouvines, battle of, +<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 24.</p> + +<p>Bretons, in France,<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>, +<a href="#Page_11" class="lanchor"> 11</a>.</p> + +<p>Britain, gives Christianity its first deeds and + final legends, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a>. ii. 15.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + divisions of, +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a>. iii. 24.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + and Roman Empire, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29-30</a>. ii. 9.</span><br /> + +<p>Brocken summit, the, +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 22.</p> + +<p>Bructeri,<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 18.</p> + +<p>Bunyan, John,<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>.</p> + +<p>Burgundy, and France distinct, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>, +<a href="#Page_11" class="lanchor"> 11</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + extent of kingdom, <i>temp.</i> Clotilde, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + king of, uncle of Clotilde, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 50.</span><br /> + +<p>Bussey and Gaspey's History of France, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii. 50.</p> + +<p>Butler, Colonel, "Far out Rovings retold," pref. +<a href="#Page_four" class="lanchor"> iv</a>., 35.</p> + +<p>Byron's "Cain," +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 44.</p> + +<p>Byzantine Madonna, +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a>. iv. 49.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + scheme of the virtues, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a> n. iv. 36.</span><br /> + +<p>Byzantium, influence of on Europe, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</p> + + +<p>Calais, road from, to Paris,<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a></p> + +<p>Callousness of modern public opinion, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 42.</p> + +<p>Camels, disobedient and ill-tempered, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Canary Islands, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Cancan, the, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Canterbury, S. Martin's church at, and S. Augustine, +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Canute, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +<p>Carlyle, T., description of Poland and Prussia, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a> n. ii. 10.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + "Frederick the Great" quoted, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> + +<p>Carpaccio, draperies in the pictures of, +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Carthage, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Cary's Dante, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a> n. iv. 36.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + See "Dante," +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Cassel,<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Cathedrals, author's love of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + custodians of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + different, French and English, compared with that of Amiens, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + plan of mediæval, and its religious meaning, +<a href="#Page_91" class="lanchor"> 91</a>. iv. 4.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + points of compass in, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 28.</span><br /> + +<p>Catti, the, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>, ii. 18, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>.</p> + +<p>Cattle, huge, of nomad tribes, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11.</p> + +<p>Centuries, division of the, into four periods, +<a href="#Page_26" class="lanchor"> 26</a>. ii. 1.</p> + +<p>Chalons, defeat of Attila at, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +<p>Chamavi, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 18.</p> + +<p>Chapman, George, his last prayer, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20-21.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> + +<p>Charity, giving to beggars, +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95</a>. iv. 8.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + indiscriminate, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Charlemagne, religion under, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a> n.</p> + +<p>Chartres cathedral, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>Chastity, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Chaucer, "Romaunt of Rose" quoted on franchise, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a> n. ii. 28.</p> + +<p>Chauci, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 18, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>.</p> + +<p>Childebert (son of Clovis), first Frank king of Paris, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + meaning of the word, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<p>Childeric, son of Merovée, king of Franks, + exiled 447 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +<p>Chivalry, its dawn and darkening, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a> ii. 33.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + its Egyptian origin, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" feudal, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<p>Chlodomir, second son of Clovis, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Chlodowald, son of Chlodomir, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Christ, the Beau Christ d'Amiens, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. 111. iv. 3, 36.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and the doctors, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" His + life, not His death, to be mainly contemplated, +<a href="#Page_134" class="lanchor"> 134</a>. iv. 52.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" His return to Nazareth, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" realization + of His presence by mediæval burghers, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 3.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" statue of, + Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108</a>. iv. 28.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" " + " + " + +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 36.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" " + " + " + its conception and meaning, +<a href="#Page_134" class="lanchor"> 134</a>. iv. 52.</span><br /> + +<p>Christian," "The (newspaper), +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a>. iii. 48.</p> + +<p>Christianity and the Bible, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + of Clovis, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + early, share of Britain, Gaul and Germany in, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 15.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + fifth century, at end of, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Gentile, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii 39.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Gothic, Classic, Arab, +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a>. iii. 25.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + literature as influencing, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + mediæval, Saxon and Frank, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + modern, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + modest minds, the best recipients of, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 39.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + monastic life, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + S. Jerome's Bible, and, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 37.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + true, defined, +<a href="#Page_136" class="lanchor"> 136</a>. iv. 55.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iv. 57.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + See "Religion."</span><br /> + +<p>Church, the first French, at Amiens, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>.</p> + +<p>Churlishness, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Cimabue's Madonna, +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a>. iv. 49.</p> + +<p>Cincinnatus, +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</p> + +<p>Circumstances, man the creature of, +<a href="#Page_58" class="lanchor"> 58</a>, +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 1, 3.</p> + +<p>Classic countries of Europe, (Gothic, and Arab,) +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62 sq</a>. iii. 11.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" literature, + there is a <i>sacred</i>, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<p>Claudius, the Emperor, a Dacian, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.</p> + +<p>Clergymen, modern, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + protestant, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a>. iii. 33.</span><br /> + +<p>Climate, and nationality, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + races divided by, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and race, their influence on man, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9.</span><br /> + +<p>Cloak, legend of S. Martin's, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>, +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>.</p> + +<p>Clodion, leads Franks over Rhine and takes Amiens, 445 A.D., +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +<p>Clotaire, son of Clovis, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Clotilde (wife of Clovis, daughter of Childeric), +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + education of, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + the god of,<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + —— +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + journeys to France, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 50.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + marriage of, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>; +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + mother of, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + name, meaning of the, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<p>——, daughter of Clovis and Clotilde, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Clovis, King of the Franks, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" birth + of, 466 <small>A.D.</small>, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" character of, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" death and + last years of, +<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 49 sq</a>. ii. 44.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" family of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" name, + meaning of the, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" reign of, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" crowned + at Amiens, 481 <small>A.D.</small>, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 2.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " at Rheims, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" defeat + of by Ostrogoths, at Arles, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 47.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" passes + the Loire, at Tours, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and the + Soissons vase, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47-8</a>. ii. 41-3.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" summary + of its events, +<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" victories + of, (Soissons, Poitiers, Tolbiac,) +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>. +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>. i. n.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " the Franks after his, +<a href="#Page_46" class="lanchor"> 46</a>. ii. 38.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" religion + of:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + prays to the God of Clotilde, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>; +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + conversion to Christianity by S. Remy, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>, +<a href="#Page_14" class="lanchor"> 14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + his previous respect for Christianity, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii. 49 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + " + " + S. Martin's Abbey, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + his Christianity, analysed, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 47.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Rheims enriched by, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + S. Genevieve, Paris, founded by, +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55.</span><br /> + +<p>——, son of Childeric, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +——, —— invades Italy, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n. ii. 28 n.<br /> + +——, —— reign of, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.<br /> + +<p>Cockatrice, sculpture of the, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 33-4.</p> + +<p>Cockneyism, history writing and, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> + +<p>Cockneyism, 'Mossoo,' +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 27.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + priests and, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Coinage, the Black Prince's leopard, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Colchos, tribes of the lake of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 11.</p> + +<p>Cologne, battlefield of Tolbiac from, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</p> + +<p>Commerce and protestantism, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 43.</p> + +<p>Competition will not produce art, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a> n. iv. 4.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + and the Franks, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31.</span><br /> + +<p>Constantine, Emperor, power of, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + lascivious court of, +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> + +<p>Constantius, Emperor, a Dacian, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.</p> + +<p>Courage, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Covetousness, and atheism, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Cowardice, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Creasy, Sir E., "History of England," +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a> iii. 5, 6.</p> + +<p>Crecy, battle of, Edward II. fords the, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</p> + +<p>Crime, the history of, its possible lessons, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>.</p> + +<p>Cross, the power of the, in history, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 42.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" protestant + view of the, as a raft of salvation, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 43.</span><br /> + +<p>Crown, the, of Hope, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Cyrene, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + + +<p>Dacia, contest of, with Rome, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 9.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" five Roman + emperors from, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15 n.</span><br /> + +<p>Dædalus, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a>, iv. 19.</p> + +<p>Dalmatia, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 23.</p> + +<p>Danes, the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +Daniel, statue, etc., of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_114" class="lanchor"> 114</a>. iv. 38; +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 42.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">quatrefoils: 'traditional + visit of Habakkuk to', +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. iv. 43.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">" + the stone cut without hands, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<p>Dante, as a result of the Bible, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 44.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Christian-heathen poet, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Virgil's + influence on, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" quoted: + "Paradise" (28), +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a> n. iv. 36.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + (125), +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Danube, tribes of the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 1.</p> + +<p>Darwinism, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30; +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor">126</a> . iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Dates, recollection of exact, +<a href="#Page_26" class="lanchor"> 26</a>, ii. 1, 2, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 17.</p> + +<p>David and monastic life, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + statue of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_109" class="lanchor"> 109</a> sq. iv. 31.</span><br /> + +<p>Dead, recognition of the, in a future life, +<a href="#Page_139" class="lanchor"> 139</a>. iv. 60.</p> + +<p>Denmark, under Canute, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +<p>Despair, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Devil, St. Martin's answer to the, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>.</p> + +<p>Diocletian, retirement of, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</p> + +<p>Discipline, essential to man, +<a href="#Page_108" class="lanchor"> 108</a>. iv. 29.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> + +<p>Dniester, importance of the, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9-10.</p> + +<p>Doctor, preaching at Matlock, +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a> n. iii. 48 n.</p> + +<p>Douglas, Bishop, translation of Virgil, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135</a>; +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53; +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20.</p> + +<p>Dove, the, a type of humility, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " Isaac Walton's river, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Dover cliff and parade, +<a href="#Page_96" class="lanchor"> 96</a>. iv. 9.</p> + +<p>Drachenfels, district of the, +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 20, 22.</p> + +<p>Dragon, under feet of the Christ, Amiens + Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 34.</p> + +<p>Druids, in France, +<a href="#Page_4" class="lanchor"> 4</a>.</p> + +<p>Durham Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>Dusevel's history of Amiens, +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a> n.</p> + + +<p>East, geography of the, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>, iii. 17, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 18.</p> + +<p>Eder, the, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Egypt, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + The Flight into, +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Idols, the fall of, in, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + influence of, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and the origin of learning, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + theology of, and Greece, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</span><br /> + +<p>Eisenach, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Elbe, tribes of the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 11.</p> + +<p>Elijah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_124" class="lanchor"> 124</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Engel-bach,<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>England, dominions of (story of C. Fox and + Frenchman),<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 5-6.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + modern politics of: Afghan war, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" " + " + Ireland, pref. +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> iii.</a>, iv.; +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 6.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" " + " + Scotch crofters, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>. iii. 6.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" " + " + Zulu land, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43; +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 6.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + pride of wealth, +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 7.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + St. Germain comes to, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 5.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + streams of (Croydon, Guildford, Winchester), +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>English cathedrals, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + character, stolid, French active, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + language, its virtues, nobler than Latin, +<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 24.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + tourist, the, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>. iii. 29.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + " + initial-cutting by, +<a href="#Page_98" class="lanchor"> 98</a>. iv. 12.</span><br /> + +<p>Ethiopia, the Lord striking, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Europe, condition and history of, 1-500 + <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 13, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + countries of, twelve, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + division of, into Gothic and Classic, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62 sq</a>. iii. 11 sq.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " by Vistula + and Dniester, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9-10.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + geography of, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61-65</a>, iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq. +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>, iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq. +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a>. iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + Greek part of, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + imagination, and Roman order, + influence of, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + nomad tribes of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> & n. ii. 11.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + +<p>Europe, peasant life of early, +<a href="#Page_82" class="lanchor"> 82</a>. ii. 13.</p> + +<p>Evangelical doctrine and commerce, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 43.</p> + +<p>Everard, Bishop of Amiens, his tomb, +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104</a>. iv. 24.</p> + +<p>Executions, ancient and modern, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</p> + +<p>Ezekiel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_122" class="lanchor"> 122</a>. iv. 42.</p> + + +<p>Faith, justification by, +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iv. 56.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + mediæval, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 3.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + +the substance of things hoped for," +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 60.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + symbolism of, with cup and cross, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and works, +<a href="#Page_134" class="lanchor"> 134</a>. iv. 52 sq.</span><br /> + +<p>Fanaticism, and the Bible, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 41.</p> + +<p>Fathers, the, Scriptural commentaries of, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + theology of the, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135</a>. iv. 55.</span><br /> + +<p>Faust, Goethe's, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>; +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 21; +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 44.</p> + +<p>Favine, André (historian, 1620) + on Frankish character, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30, 32.</p> + +<p>Feud, etymology of, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a> n. iv. 17 n.</p> + +<p>Florence, Duomo of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>Folly, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Fortitude, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Fox, Charles, his boast of England, +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 5.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" Dr., + quaker, preaching at Matlock, +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a> n. iii. 48.</span><br /> + +<p>France, Amiens and Calais, country between, +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + architecture of, no stone saw used, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 2 n.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + books on: Pictorial History of, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + "Villes de France," +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a> n. ii. 50.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" cathedrals of, the, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + their outside "the wrong side of the stuff," +<a href="#Page_96" class="lanchor"> 96</a>. iv. 8.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + restoration of, +<a href="#Page_130" class="lanchor"> 130</a>. iv. 47.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + churches of, the first, at Amiens, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + colours of the shield of, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + early tribes of, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and the Franks, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + geography and geology of northern, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" the Isle of, Paris, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Kings of (Philip the Wise, Louis VIII., St. Louis), +<a href="#Page_100" class="lanchor"> 100</a>. iv. 16.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + map of, showing early divisions, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Merovingian dynasty, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + peoples of, divided by climates, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + provinces of, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>, +<a href="#Page_11" class="lanchor"> 11</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Prussia, war with, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 17.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + rivers of, the five, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(See below, + "French").</span><br /> + +<p>Franchise, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n. ii. 28.</p> + +<p>Francisca (Frankish weapon), +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 32.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> + +<p>Frank, meaning of the word, 'brave' rather than 'free,' +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37-8</a>. ii. 27-8.</p> + +<p>Frankenberg, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24-5.</p> + +Frankness, meaning of, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>; +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 28.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + opposite of shyness, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a>. ii. 28.</span><br /> +<br /> + +Franks, the, agriculture, sport, and trade of, +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>. ii. 37.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + appearance of, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + character of, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a>, ii. 15 +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>, ii. 35 +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>, ii. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + etymology of word, +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 32.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + hair, manner of wearing the, by, +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>, ii. 36, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a> n. iv. 43 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and Holland, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + and Julian (defeated by him, 358 A.D.), +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 35.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Kings of the, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + modern, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + race of, originally German, from Waldeck, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>, ii. 15, 17, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + religion of, under S. Louis, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + rise of, 250 A.D., +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>; +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 17.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + settled in France, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + extension of power, to the Loire, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + to the Pyrenees, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Gaul becomes France, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + the Rhine refortified against them, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n., ii. 28 +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a>. ii. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + tribes of, Gibbon on the, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33-4</a>. ii. 18.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + weapons of the, Achon and Francisca, +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 32, 33.</span><br /> +<br /> +French character, early, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " its activity, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " its loyalty, + "good subjects of a good king," +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " makes + perfect servants, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a>. ii. 28.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " its innate truth, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 33.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" frogs, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a>. ii. 30.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + liberty and activity, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + equality, and fraternity, under Clovis, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii. 42.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + politeness, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a>. ii. 15.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + religion, old and new, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + Revolution, "They may eat grass," +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " a revolt against lies, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 16.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " and irreligion, +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95-104</a>. iv. 7, 23.</span><br /> + +<p>Froissart, quoted, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 33.</p> + +<p>Fulda, towns on the, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Future life, recognition of the dead in a, +<a href="#Page_139" class="lanchor"> 139</a>. iv. 60.</p> + + +<p>Gabriel, the Angel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a>. iv. 50.</p> + +<p>Gascons, the, not really French, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + +Gauls, the, in France, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" become French, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" meaning of the word, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a> sq. ii. 8.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and Rome, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 9.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + +<p>Gentillesse, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Geoffrey, Bishop (see "S. Geoffrey").</p> + +<p>Geometry, from Egypt, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</p> + +Germany, Alemannia, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + and the Franks, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>; +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 17.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" and Rome, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 9.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" domestic manners of, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 23.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" dukedoms of, small, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" geography of, +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" geology of, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 25.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" maps of, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" mountains of, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 23.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" railroads of, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + S. Martin, and the Emperor of, +<a href="#Page_19" class="lanchor"> 19</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" tribes, Germanic, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 18.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gibbon's "Roman Empire."<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">(<i>a</i>) + its general character:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">contempt for Christianity, +<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 49</a>. ii. 44.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">its errors, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">inaccurate generalization, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a> n. iii. 23-4.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">its epithets always gratis, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 34.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">no fixed opinion on anything, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">not always consistent, +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>. ii. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">satisfied moral serenity of, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 27.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sneers of, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">style, rhetorical, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>, ii. 35 +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>, ii. 35 +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>; ii. 37 +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. ii. 37; +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. iii. 21.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>b</i>) + references to, in present book:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Angoulême, + its walls falling (xxxviii. 53),<a name="FNanchor_2_73" id="FNanchor_2_73"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2_73" class="fnanchor">[A2]</a> +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a> n. ii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on asceticism (xxxvii. 72), +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Christianity (xv. 23, 33), +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 39.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clovis (xxxviii. 17), +<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 49</a>, ii. 45-6 +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Egypt and monasticism (xxxvii. 6), +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Europe, divisions of (xxv.), +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 23.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" nations of (lvi.), +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a> n. iii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Franks, the:—</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" their armour (xxxv. 18), +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 34-5.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " aspect (xxxv. 18), +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45-46</a>. ii. 36-8.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " character (xix. 79, 80), +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45-46</a>. ii. 36-8.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " freemen (x. 73), +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" " + rise (x. 69), +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 17.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + crossing the Rhine (xix. 64), +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">after Tolbiac (xxxviii. 24), +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 52.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gnostics (xv. 23, 33), +<a href="#Page_78" class="lanchor"> 78</a> n. iii. 39.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + +Gibbon's Justinian (xl. 2), +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">miracles (xxxviii. 53), +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a> n. ii. 47,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">monasticism (xxxvii.), +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70 sq</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">monkish character (xxxvii. 72), +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Roman Empire and its divisions (xxv. 29), +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21-2.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Scots and Celts (xxv. 109, 111), +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a> n. iii. 24 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Theodobert's death (xli. 103), +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11 n.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Theodoric, government of (xxxix. 43), +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 53.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">" + +at Verona (xxxix. 19), +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tolbiac, battle of (xxxviii. 24), +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 53</a>. ii. 52.</span><br /> + +<p>Gideon and the dewy fleece, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</p> + +Gilbert, Mons., on Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. iv. 14.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" " + " + " the bronze tombs in, +<a href="#Page_103" class="lanchor"> 103</a>. iv. 23.</span><br /> + +<p>Ginevra and Imogen, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</p> + +<p>Giotto, scriptural teaching of, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<p>Globe, divisions of the, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 8.</p> + +<p>Gnostics,<a href="#Page_78" class="lanchor"> 78</a>. iii. 39.</p> + +<p>God's kingdom in our hearts, +<a href="#Page_87" class="lanchor"> 87</a>. iii. 54.</p> + +<p>Godfrey (see "S. Geoffroy").</p> + +<p>Gonfalon standard, the, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +Gothic architecture, aim of a builder of, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 2.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + cathedral, the five doors of a, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 28.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" classic and Arab, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and Classic Europe, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 11.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" wars with Rome, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> + +<p>Goths, the: see "Ostrogoths," "Visigoths."</p> + +<p>Gourds, of Amiens, +<a href="#Page_124" class="lanchor"> 124</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Government, and nationality, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 15.</p> + +<p>Goyer, Mons. (bookseller), Amiens, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Grass, pillage of, and Clovis, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</p> + +Greek, the alphabet how far, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a> 68. iii. 22.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + all Europe south of Danube is, +<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor">62</a>, iii. 12, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" imagination in Europe, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + myths and Christian legends, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</span><br /> + +<p>Greeks, the, and Roman Empire, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +<p>Greta and Tees, +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<p>Guards, the Queen's (in Ireland, 1880), pref. +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> i</a>.</p> + +<p>Guelph, etymology of, +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</p> + +<p>Guinevere, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</p> + + +<p>Habakkuk, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Haggai, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Hair, Frankish manner of wearing the, +<a href="#Page_45" class="lanchor"> 45</a>. ii. 36; +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a> n. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Hartz mountains, +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 20.</p> + +<p>Hedgehog and bittern, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Heligoland, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> + +<p>Henry VIII. and the Pope, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Heraldry, English leopard from France, +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 31.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + Frankish, early, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>, ii. 30</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + French colours, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</span> +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 32.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + Uri, shield of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11.</span><br /></p> + +<p>Hercules and the Nemean Lion, +<a href="#Page_87" class="lanchor"> 87</a>. iii. 54.</p> + +<p>Herod, and the three Kings (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132 sq</a>. iv. 50-1.</p> + +<p>Herodotus on Egyptian influence in Greece, +<a href="#Page_71" class="lanchor"> 71</a>. iii. 27.</p> + +<p>Hilda, derivation of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Hildebert, derivation of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Hildebrandt, derivation of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +History, division of, into four periods of 500 years each, +<a href="#Page_26" class="lanchor"> 26</a>. ii. 1.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + how it is usually written, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12-13</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + how it should be written, +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor">pref. v.</a> 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + popular, its effect on youthful minds, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + should record facts, not make reflections, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + should record facts, not make suppositions, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a> n. iii. 33.</span><br /> + +<p>Holy Land, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</p> + +<p>Honour, of son to father, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a>. iv. 17.</p> + +<p>Hope, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Hosea, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_122" class="lanchor"> 122</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Huet. Alexander, and Amiens Cathedral choir, +<a href="#Page_91" class="lanchor"> 91</a> n. iv. 5.</p> + +<p>Humanity, its essentials (love, sense, discipline), +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</p> + +Humility, no longer a virtue, +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 4.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Huns, the, in France, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + + +Idolatry and Atheism, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and symbolism, distinct, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a>. iv. 36.</span><br /> + +<p>Illyria,<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 23.</p> + +<p>Immortality,<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a>. ii. 13.</p> + +<p>India and England, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +<p>Indians, North American, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +Infidelity, modern, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a>. ii. 28.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " +<a href="#Page_58" class="lanchor"> 58</a>. iii. 2.</span><br /> + +<p>Ingelow, Miss, quoted, "Songs of Seven," +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 4.</p> + +<p>Innocents, the Holy (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_134" class="lanchor"> 134</a>. iv. 51.</p> + +<p>Inscription on tombs of Bishops Everard and Geoffroy, +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104</a>. iv. 24, 26.</p> + +Inspiration of acts and words, not distinct, +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a>. iii. 48.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + of Scripture, modern views of, +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a>. iii. 48.</span><br /> + +<p>Invasion is not possession of a country, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +Ireland and England, 1880, +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> pref. iii., iv.</a>; +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii 6.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + tribes of, in early Britain, +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a> n. iii. 24.</span><br /> + +<p>Isaiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_115" class="lanchor"> 115</a>, iv. 38, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 42.</p> + +<p>Italy, under the Ostrogoths, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> + +<p>Jacob's pillow, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<p>Jameson, Mrs., "Legendary Art" quoted, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</p> + +<p>Jeremiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_115" class="lanchor"> 115</a>, iv. 38 +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 42.</p> + +<p>Jerusalem, fall of, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 39.</p> + +<p>Jews, the, and Assyria, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 18.</p> + +<p>Jews, the, return to Jerusalem, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>, iii. 39.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + substitute usury for prophecy, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> + +<p>Joan of Arc, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7; +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55; +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95</a>. iv. 7.</p> + +<p>Joel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_123" class="lanchor"> 123</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Johnson, Dr., +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a> n. iv. 17.</p> + +<p>Jonah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a> 124. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Julian, the Emperor, rejects auguries, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a> n. iii. 26.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " and Constantius, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a> n. ii. 31.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " death of, 363 A.D., +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75</a> iii. 34, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. iii. 36.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " defeats the Franks, 358 A.D., +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 35.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " refortifies the Rhine against the Franks, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n. ii. 28.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " and S. Martin, +<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + victory of, at Strasbourg, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 35.</span><br /> + +<p>Justinian, a Dacian by birth, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + means "upright," +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.</span><br /> + + +<p>Kaltenbacher, Mons., photographs of Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_130" class="lanchor"> 130</a>. iv. 47.</p> + +<p>Karr, Alphonse, his work and the author's sympathy with it, +<a href="#Page_22" class="lanchor"> 22</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + his 'Grains de Bons Sens,' 'Bourdonnements,' +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Kempis, Thomas à, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii, 44.</p> + +<p>Kingliness, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</p> + +<p>Kings, the three (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132-4</a>. iv. 50-51.</p> + +<p>Knighthood, belted, meaning of, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 34.</p> + +<p>Knowledge, true, is of virtue, +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> pref. v</a>.</p> + + +<p>Laon cathedral, legend of, and oxen, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a> n. iv. 41. n.</p> + +<p>Latin and English compared, +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104</a>. iv. 24 sq.</p> + +<p>Law, the force of, and government, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 15.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" old and new forms of, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</span><br /> + +<p>Lear, King, story of, reduced to its bare facts, +<a href="#Page_11" class="lanchor"> 11-12</a>.</p> + +<p>Legends, whether true or not, immaterial, +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>, <a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor">18</a>; <a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor">86-87</a>. iii. 54.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + modern contempt for, +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + rationalization of, its value, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. n. ii. 47.</span><br /> + +<p>Leopard, English heraldic, +<a href="#Page_42" class="lanchor"> 42</a>. ii. 31.</p> + +<p>Leucothea, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</p> + +<p>Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii, 42.</p> + +<p>Liberty, and activity, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 29.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + and "franchise," +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>, 38 n. ii. 27, 28 n.</span><br /> + +<p>Libya,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and Vandal invasion, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</span><br /> + +<p>Lily on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 32.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> + +<p>Limousins,<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + +<p>Lion, under feet of Christ, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 34.</p> + +<p>Literature and art, distinct mental actions, +<a href="#Page_82" class="lanchor"> 82</a>. iii. 47.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" and the Bible, +<a href="#Page_85" class="lanchor"> 85</a>. iii. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + cheap (penny edition of Scott), +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 7.</span><br /> + +<p>Louis, derivation of,<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.<br /> +—— I., of France, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii. 40.<br /> +—— VIII., +<a href="#Page_100" class="lanchor"> 100</a>. iv. 16.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(See "St. Louis.")</span><br /></p> + +<p>Love, divine and human (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" no humanity without it, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</span><br /> + +<p>Luca della Robbia, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<p>Luini,<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<p>Lune, the river,<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Lust (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Lydia,<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</p> + + +<p>Madonna, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_94" class="lanchor"> 94</a>. iv. 7.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + porch to, " + " + +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 28.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + three types of (Dolorosa, Reine, Nourrice), +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a>. iv. 49.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + worship of, and its modern substitutes, +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a>. iv. 48.</span><br /> + +<p>Malachi, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_127" class="lanchor"> 127</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Man, races of, divided by climate, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 8.</p> + +<p>Man's nature, +<a href="#Page_58" class="lanchor"> 58</a>. iii. 1.</p> + +<p>Manchester,<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 3.</p> + +<p>Map-drawing,<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii 7.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + of English dominions (Sir E. Creasy), +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59-60</a>. iii. 5-6.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" of France, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + on Mercator's projection, +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59-60</a>. iii. 6.</span><br /> + +<p>Marquise, village near Calais, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + +<p>Martin's, John, "Belshazzar's feast," +<a href="#Page_122" class="lanchor"> 122</a>. iv. 42.</p> + +<p>Martinmas,<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.</p> + +<p>Martyrdom, the lessons of, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135</a>. iv. 53.</p> + +<p>Martyrs, female, many not in calendar, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.</p> + +<p>Meleager,<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 11.</p> + +<p>Memory, "Memoria technica," +<a href="#Page_26" class="lanchor"> 26</a>. ii. 1.</p> + +<p>Mercator,<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 6.</p> + +<p>Merovée, seizes Amiens, on death of Clodion, + 447 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</p> + +<p>Micah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_124" class="lanchor"> 124</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Millennium, the, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 54.</p> + +<p>Milman's History of Christianity, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68-70</a> n., iii. 22, +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>. iii. 26, 32.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + " + on Rome in time of St. Jerome, +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75-76</a>. iii. 35.</span><br /> + +<p>Milton's "Paradise Lost," and the Bible, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a> 80. iii. 44.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + " + quoted, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Mind, disease of, noble and ignoble passion, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>. iii. 29.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> + +<p>Mines, coal, Plimsoll on, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 42.</p> + +<p>Missals, atheism represented as barefoot in, of 1100-1300, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. ii. 41.</p> + +Modernism, avarice and pride of, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35. + See "Christianity," "Commerce,"<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"England," + "History," "Humility," "Infidelity," "Philosophy,"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Public Opinion," + "Science."</span><br /> + +<p>Mœsia, and the alphabet, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</p> + +<p>Monasteries of Italy, made barracks of, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29.</p> + +<p>Monasticism, its rise, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70-71</a>. iii. 26-8.</p> + +<p>Monks, type of character of, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29; +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iv. 56.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" orders of, the main, +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> + +<p>Months, the, quatrefoils illustrative of (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_130" class="lanchor"> 130</a>. iv. 47.</p> + +<p>Morality, natural to man, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" and religion, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> + +<p>More, Sir Thomas, execution of, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</p> + +<p>Morocco, extent of, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Moses,<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and Aaron, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and the burning bush, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>. iv. 51.</span><br /> + +<p>"Mysteries of Paris," +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 5.</p> + + +<p>Nahum, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. & n. iv. 43 & n.</p> + +<p>Names, Frankish, etymology of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Nanterre, village of S. Genevieve, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>, ii. 5 +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 8.</p> + +<p>Nationality, depends on race and climate, not on rule, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 15-16.</p> + +<p>Nemean Lion,<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</p> + +<p>Netherlands, the, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 26.</p> + +<p>Nineveh, the beasts in, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" the burden of, +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. iv. 43.</span><br /> + +<p>Nitocris,<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 6.</p> + +<p>Nogent, Benedictine abbey of, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</p> + +<p>Nomad tribes of northern Europe, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 10.</p> + +<p>Normans, rise of the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +<p>[Greek: Nous], +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a> n. iv. 59 n.</p> + + +<p>Obadiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_123" class="lanchor"> 123</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Obedience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Odoacer, ends Roman Empire in Italy, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>; +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</p> + +<p>Orcagna,<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 46.</p> + +<p>Origen,<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</p> + +<p>Ostrogoths,<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" defeat Clovis at Aries, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 47.</span><br /> + +<p>"Our Fathers have told us," how begun, its aim and plan, +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> pref. iii</a>.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + general plan of, +<a href="#Page_153" class="lanchor"> Appendix III</a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + plan for notes to, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Oxen, story of, and Laon Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" patience of, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Oxford, the "happy valley," +<a href="#Page_92" class="lanchor"> 92-93</a>. iv. 6.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> + +<p>Palestine,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</p> + +Palgrave, Sir F., on Arabia, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64-65</a> & n. iii. 17-18 & n.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + on the camel, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118-119</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Papacy, origin of the, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. n. iii. 35.</p> + +Paris, church of S. Genevieve at, +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" the Isle of France, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" the model of manners, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" print-shops at, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Patience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Peasant life of early Europe, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32, sq.</a> ii. 13.</p> + +<p>Perseverance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Persia, the real power of the East, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 18.</p> + +<p>Philip the Wise, of France, +<a href="#Page_100" class="lanchor"> 100-101</a>. iv. 16-17.</p> + +<p>Philistia,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</p> + +<p>Philosophy, modern, its manner of history, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>.</p> + +<p>Phœnix, the, and chastity, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +Photographs of Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_117" class="lanchor"> 117</a> n. iv. 41 n.; +<a href="#Page_122" class="lanchor"> 122</a> n. iv. 43 n.;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;"> +<a href="#Page_130" class="lanchor"> 130</a>. iv. 130. +And see Appendix II.</span><br /> + +<p>"Pilgrim's Progress," +<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>.</p> + +<p>Pillage of subjects, to punish kings, +<a href="#Page_53" class="lanchor"> 53</a>. ii. 51.</p> + +<p>Plimsoll, on coal mines, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 42.</p> + +<p>Poets, the three Christian-heathen, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20.</p> + +Poitiers, battle of, 508 A.D., Clovis and Alaric, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + and the walls of Angoulême, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a> n. ii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + 1356 A.D., Froissart on, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 33.</span><br /> + +<p>Polacks, the,<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</p> + +<p>Politicians, their proper knowledge, +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> pref. v</a>.</p> + +<p>Politics: see "England."</p> + +<p>Posting days, Calais to Paris, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</p> + +<p>Power, motive of desire for, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a>. iii. 33.</p> + +<p>Praise, all great art, act, and thought is, +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> pref. v</a>.</p> + +<p>Prayer, George Chapman's last, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20.</p> + +Pride, and avarice, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 35.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" faults and virtues of, +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104-105</a>. iv. 24.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" infidelity + of, and the cockatrice, +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 33; +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121</a>. iv. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>Priestly ambition, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a>. iii. 33.</p> + +<p>Probus, the Emperor, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15; +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii, 21.</p> + +Prophets, figures of the, Amiens Cathedral, general view of, +<a href="#Page_114" class="lanchor"> 114</a>. iv. 39.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + + " + " + in detail, +<a href="#Page_121" class="lanchor"> 121-122</a>. iv. 42-3.</span><br /> + +Protestantism, and the study of the Bible, +<a href="#Page_80" class="lanchor"> 80</a>. iii. 45.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + and popular histories, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + and priestly ambition, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a>. iii. 33.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + and Roman Catholicism, +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iv. 57.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + views of S. Jerome, +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>. iii. 31.</span><br /> + +<p>Provence, early, +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>, 9.</p> + +<p>Providence, God's, and history, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> + +<p>Psalms, the scope of the, +<a href="#Page_85" class="lanchor"> 85</a>, iii. 50.</p> + +<p>Public opinion, callousness of modern, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 42.</p> + +<p>Purgatory, doctrine of, +<a href="#Page_136" class="lanchor"> 136</a> n. iv. 55 n.</p> + +<p>Puritan malice, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 19.</p> + + +<p>Quaker, preaching at Matlock, +<a href="#Page_83" class="lanchor"> 83</a> n. iii. 48.</p> + +<p>Queen's Guards, in Ireland, 1880, +<a href="#Page_three" class="lanchor"> pref. iii</a>.</p> + + +<p>Races of Europe, divided by climate, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9. See "Climate."</p> + +<p>Rachel, the Syrian, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</p> + +Railroads, modern, of Germany, +<a href="#Page_59" class="lanchor"> 59</a>. iii. 4.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + travelling by, I, +<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Raphael's Madonnas, +<a href="#Page_131" class="lanchor"> 131</a>. iv. 49.</p> + +<p>Rebellion, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_119" class="lanchor"> 119</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +Religion, definition of true, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138-139</a>. iv. 60. + (And see "Bible,"<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">"Christianity," + "Inspiration," "Protestantism.")</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" to desire the right, +<a href="#Page_82" class="lanchor"> 82</a>. iii. 48.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + common idea that our own enemies are God's also, +<a href="#Page_14" class="lanchor"> 14</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" and morality, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 58.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" natural, +<a href="#Page_102" class="lanchor"> 102</a>. iv. 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" of Arabia, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" of Egypt, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + Eastern and Western, Col. Butler on, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a> n.</span><br /> + +<p>Restoration, modern, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a> n. iv. 27 n.</p> + +Rheims, Clovis crowned at, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + enriches church of, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +Rheims Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + its traceries, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 11.</span><br /> + +Rhine, the, refortified by Julian, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a> n., ii. 31. +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a>. ii. 31.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + tribes from Vistula to, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 10.</span><br /> + +<p>Right and left, in description of cathedrals, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 28.</p> + +<p>Rivers, strength and straightness, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a> n. iii. 10.</p> + +<p>Robert, of Luzarches, builder of Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 12.</p> + +Roman Catholics, half Wellington's army Irish, +<a href="#Page_four" class="lanchor"> pref. iv</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + and Protestantism, +<a href="#Page_137" class="lanchor"> 137</a>. iv. 57.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + servants, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a>. iii. 29.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roman Emperors, five, from Dacia, +<a href="#Page_32" class="lanchor"> 32</a> n. ii. 15.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + as supreme Pontiffs, +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75</a>. iii. 35.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roman Empire, divisions of (Illyria, Italy, Gaul), +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21-2.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + Eastern and Western division, +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + end of the, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66-67</a>. iii. 20-21.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + fall of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " and Julian and the augurs, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + its main foes, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 9.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + its true importance, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + a power, not a nation, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 19 n.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +Roman Empire, power of, in France, ended, 481 A.D., +<a href="#Page_4" class="lanchor"> 4</a>, +<a href="#Page_6" class="lanchor"> 6-8</a> sq.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + +in Italy, ended, 476 A.D., +<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Roman gate of Twins, at Amiens, +<a href="#Page_14" class="lanchor"> 14</a>.</p> + +<p>"Romaunt of Rose," quoted, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a>. ii. 28 n.</p> + +Rome, aspect of the city, in time of S. Jerome, +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75</a>. iii. 35.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" gives order + to Europe, as Greece imagination, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 20.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" wild nations opposed to, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>. ii. 9.</span><br /> + +<p>Romsey,<a href="#Page_3" class="lanchor"> 3</a>.</p> + +<p>Rose, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_109" class="lanchor"> 109-110</a>. iv. 32.</p> + +<p>Rosin forest,<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35</a>. ii. 20-1.</p> + +<p>Royalties, taxes and, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii. 41.</p> + +<p>Rozé, Père, on Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_98" class="lanchor"> 98</a>. iv. 13; +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104</a> n. iv. 24 n.; +<a href="#Page_125" class="lanchor"> 125</a>. iv. 43.</p> + + +<p>S. Acheul, near Amiens, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128-129</a>. iv. 45-6.</p> + +<p>S. Agnes, character of, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</p> + +<p>S. Ambrogio, Verona, plain of, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</p> + +S. Augustine, his first converts, +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" and S. Jerome, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" town of Hippo, +<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</span><br /> + +<p>S. Benedict, born 481 A.D., +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3; +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<p>S. Clotilde, of France, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>S. Cloud, etymology of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>S. Domice, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +<p>S. Elizabeth,<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a>. iv. 50.</p> + +<p>S. Elizabeth, of Marburg, +<a href="#Page_35" class="lanchor"> 35-6</a>. ii. 21-3.</p> + +S. Firmin, his history, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>; +<a href="#Page_99" class="lanchor"> 99</a>. iv. 14; +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 45.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" beheaded and buried, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" his Roman disciple, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" his grave, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5-6</a>; +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" and S. Martin, compared, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor">, 18</a> 17.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + porch to, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_107" class="lanchor"> 107</a>. iv. 28; +<a href="#Page_127" class="lanchor"> 127</a> sq. iv. 44.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_5" class="lanchor"> 5</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>—— Confessor, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44-6.</p> + +<p>S. Fuscien, <a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +S. Genevieve, actually existed, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + biographies of her, numerous, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + birth of, 421 A.D., +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + birthplace of, Nanterre, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 5.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + character of, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>, ii. 5, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + church to, at Paris, +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + and Clovis and his father, +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + conversion of, by S. Germain, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 5.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" a pure Gaul, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>, ii. 8, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 15.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" of what typical, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" peacefulness, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 6.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">" + quiet force, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> + +<p>S. Genevieve, S. Phyllis, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 5.</p> + +<p>S. Gentian,<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +<p>S. Geoffroy, Bishop of Amiens, history of, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44-5.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + " + " + tomb of (Amiens), +<a href="#Page_104" class="lanchor"> 104-105</a>; iv. 24, 26.</span><br /></p> + +<p>S. Germain converts S. Genevieve, on his way to England, +<a href="#Page_28" class="lanchor"> 28</a>. ii. 6.</p> + +<p>S. Hilda (Whitby Cliff), +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +S. Honoré, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44-5.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + porch to, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_95" class="lanchor"> 95</a>. iv. 7.</span><br /> + +<p>S. James, apostle of hope, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +S. Jerome, his Bible, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>, iii. 26, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>, iii. 36 +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>, iii. 37 +<a href="#Page_78" class="lanchor"> 78</a>. iii. 40.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + gives the Bible to the West, +<a href="#Page_50" class="lanchor"> 50</a>. ii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + Galatians, commentary on Epistle to the, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + character of, candour its basis, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. iii. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" childhood and early studies, +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75</a>. iii. 34-5.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" death of, at Bethlehem, +<a href="#Page_78" class="lanchor"> 78</a>. iii. 40.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" Hebrew, studied by, +<a href="#Page_77" class="lanchor"> 77</a>. iii. 38.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" not a mere hermit, +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>. iii. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" his lion, +<a href="#Page_86" class="lanchor"> 86</a>. iii. 53.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" Milman, Dean, on, +<a href="#Page_74" class="lanchor"> 74</a>. iii. 32 sq.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" protestant view of, +<a href="#Page_73" class="lanchor"> 73</a>. iii. 31.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + Queen Sophia's letter to Vota on, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" + scholarship, will not give up his, +<a href="#Page_76" class="lanchor"> 76</a>. iii. 36.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">" style of writing shown, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii. 47.</span><br /> +<br /> +S. John, the apostle of love, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a>. iv. 37.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" his greatness, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a>. iv. 16.</span><br /> + +<p>S. Louis, religion under, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a> n.</p> + +<p>S. Mark's, Venice, Baptistery of and the virtues, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a> n. iv. 36 n.</p> + +S. Martin, baptism and conversion of, +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + character of, gentle and cheerful, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>, +<a href="#Page_19" class="lanchor"> 19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + " patient, +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 7.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + " serene and sweet, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + cloak given to the beggar by, 332 A.D., +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" Clovis and, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + Devil, answer to the, +<a href="#Page_17" class="lanchor"> 17</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + drinks to a beggar, +<a href="#Page_19" class="lanchor"> 19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + fame of, universal (places called after), +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + history of, how relevant to this book, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">——'s Lane, London, +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" and Julian, +<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + Tours, his abbey there, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + " and bishopric, +<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" vision of, +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + wine, the patron of, +<a href="#Page_18" class="lanchor"> 18</a>, +<a href="#Page_19" class="lanchor"> 19</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>S. Nicholas," "Journal de, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a> n. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>S. Peter, Apostle of courage, +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a>. iv. 37.</p> + +<p>S. Quentin,<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> + +S. Remy crowns Clovis,<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" preaches to Clovis, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" and the Soissons vase, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. ii. 41.</span><br /> + +<p>S. Sauve +<a href="#Page_100" class="lanchor"> 100</a>, iv. 14, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +<p>S. Simeon,<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a>. iv. 50.</p> + +<p>S. Ulpha, +<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>, iv. 44, +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</p> + +<p>S. Victoric,<a href="#Page_128" class="lanchor"> 128</a>. iv. 44.</p> + +<p>Salian, epithet of the French, +<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>, ii. 30, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a>. ii. 31.</p> + +<p>Salii, the,<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30.</p> + +<p>Salique law,<a href="#Page_40" class="lanchor"> 40</a>. ii. 30.</p> + +<p>Salisbury Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.</p> + +<p>"Salts," old and young, +<a href="#Page_41" class="lanchor"> 41</a>. ii. 31.</p> + +<p>Salvation, Protestant theory of, +<a href="#Page_79" class="lanchor"> 79</a>. iii. 43.</p> + +<p>Sands, English, <a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +Savage races, love of war in, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" women, + endurance a point of honour with, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</span><br /> +<br /> +Saxons, the, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>, ii. 12.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" religion of, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scandinavia,<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 10.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + becomes Norman, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</span><br /> + +<p>Scepticism, modern, +<a href="#Page_13" class="lanchor"> 13</a>. See "Infidelity."</p> + +<p>Science, modern, its view of man, +<a href="#Page_58" class="lanchor"> 58</a>. iii. 1.</p> + +<p>Scotch crofters and England, +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 6.</p> + +<p>Scots, Picts and, +<a href="#Page_69" class="lanchor"> 69</a> n. iii. 24.</p> + +Scott, Sir Walter, his nomenclature deeply founded, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 18.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + +novels of, "Antiquary" (Martin Waldeck), +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>. ii. 18.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + + "Monastery," +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + +penny edition of, +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 7.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sculpture, of a Gothic cathedral, +<a href="#Page_89" class="lanchor"> 89</a>. iv. 2.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + no pathos in primary, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a> n. iv. 19 n.</span><br /> + +<p>Scythia, tribes of, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>, iii. 10, +<a href="#Page_65" class="lanchor"> 65</a>. iii. 17.</p> + +<p>Semiramis,<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 6.</p> + +<p>Sense ([Greek:nous]), essential to humanity, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</p> + +Servants, catholic, character of, +<a href="#Page_72" class="lanchor"> 72</a> n. iii. 29.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + French, perfect, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a>. ii. 28.</span><br /> + +<p>Severn, the,<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +Shakspeare's Imogen, +<a href="#Page_27" class="lanchor"> 27</a>. ii. 3.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + "King Lear," reduced to its bare facts, +<a href="#Page_11" class="lanchor"> 11</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">" + "Winter's Tale"—"lilies of all kinds," +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 32.</span><br /> + +<p>Sheba, Queen of, and Solomon, Amiens sculptures, +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a> sq. iv. 50-51.</p> + +<p>Shield, the, of the Franks, +<a href="#Page_44" class="lanchor"> 44</a>. ii. 35. See "Heraldry," "Uri."</p> + +<p>Shyness and frankness, +<a href="#Page_39" class="lanchor"> 39</a> & n. ii. 28.</p> + +<p>Siberian wilderness, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9, 10.</p> + +<p>Sicambri, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, ii. 18, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 27.</p> + +<p>Sidney, Sir Philip, +<a href="#Page_15" class="lanchor"> 15</a>.</p> + +<p>Sin, carnal, the most distinctly human, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 34.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> + +Sin, deceit, its essence, +<a href="#Page_49" class="lanchor"> 49</a>. ii. 44.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" pardon of, + doctrine of, +<a href="#Page_135" class="lanchor"> 135</a>. iv. 55.</span><br /> +<br /> +Slang,<a href="#Page_105" class="lanchor"> 105</a>. iv. 25.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Greek, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</span><br /> + +<p>Smith's Dictionary, s, "Gallia," +<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 9.</p> + +Soissons, battle of, 485 A.D., +<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a> n.; +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + vase of, +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a> sq. ii. 40 sq.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" + " + and Clovis' revenge, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43.</span><br /> + +<p>Solomon and Queen of Sheba (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a> sq. iv. 50-1.</p> + +<p>Solway, the, <a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Sons, honour of fathers by, +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a>. iv. 17.</p> + +<p>Spain, Theodoric in, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 53.</p> + +<p>Spiritual world, the, +<a href="#Page_138" class="lanchor"> 138</a>. iv. 59.</p> + +<p>Staubbach, the, +<a href="#Page_96" class="lanchor"> 96</a>. iv. 9.</p> + +<p>Stone saw, not used in France, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a> n. iv. 2 n.</p> + +<p>Strigi, S. Jerome born at, +<a href="#Page_75" class="lanchor"> 75</a>. iii. 34.</p> + +<p>Suicide and heroism, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>"Suisse Historique" quoted, +<a href="#Page_53" class="lanchor"> 53</a> n. ii. 49.</p> + +Sword, belted, meaning of, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 34.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + manufacture, Amiens, +<a href="#Page_124" class="lanchor"> 124</a>. iv. 43.</span><br /> +<br /> +Syagrius defeated by Clovis, +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + dies, 486 A.D., +<a href="#Page_52" class="lanchor"> 52</a>. ii. 49.</span><br /> + +<p>Syria,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 14.</p> + + +<p>Temperance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +<p>Teutonic nations and Roman Empire, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</p> + +<p>Theodobert, the death of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11.</p> + +Theodoric, king of Ostrogoths, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + defeats Franks at Aries, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 53.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + power of, in Europe, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 53.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + at Verona, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<p>Thrace,<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 23.</p> + +<p>Thuringia,<a href="#Page_7" class="lanchor"> 7</a>.</p> + +Tolbiac, battle of, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_21" class="lanchor"> 21</a> n.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" field of, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" its real importance, +<a href="#Page_53" class="lanchor"> 53</a>. ii. 52.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tombs, bronze, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_103" class="lanchor"> 103</a> sq. iv. 23.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + only two left in France, +<a href="#Page_103" class="lanchor"> 103</a>. iv. 23.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tours, archbishop of, on war, +<a href="#Page_43" class="lanchor"> 43</a>. ii. 33.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + S. Martin, bishop of, +<a href="#Page_16" class="lanchor"> 16</a>.</span><br /> + +<p>Town, a modern, defined, +<a href="#Page_90" class="lanchor"> 90</a>. iv. 3.</p> + +<p>Tripoli,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Troy,<a href="#Page_62" class="lanchor"> 62</a>. iii. 12.</p> + +<p>Trupin, Jean, and choir of Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_91" class="lanchor"> 91</a> n. iv. 5 n.</p> + +Truth, only, can be polished, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii, 16.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + of French character, +<a href="#Page_33" class="lanchor"> 33</a>. ii. 16.</span><br /> + +<p><span class="left"> +<a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<p>Tunis,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + +<p>Turner's "Loire side," +<a href="#Page_20" class="lanchor"> 20</a>.</p> + +<p>Tyre,<a href="#Page_63" class="lanchor"> 63</a>. iii. 13.</p> + + +<p>Ulphilas, Bible of, +<a href="#Page_68" class="lanchor"> 68</a>. iii. 22.</p> + +<p>Ulverstone, etymology of, +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</p> + +<p>Uri, shield of, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a> n. ii. 11.</p> + +Usury and the church, +<a href="#Page_12" class="lanchor"> 12</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" and the Jews, +<a href="#Page_66" class="lanchor"> 66</a>. iii. 19.</span><br /> + +<p>Utilitas,<a href="#Page_8" class="lanchor"> 8</a>.</p> + + +<p>Valens, his prefecture of the East, +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</p> + +<p>Valentinian, and the division of the Empire, +<a href="#Page_67" class="lanchor"> 67</a>. iii. 21.</p> + +<p>Vandals, invasion of Libya by, +<a href="#Page_64" class="lanchor"> 64</a>. iii. 16.</p> + +<p>Venice, founded 421 A.D., +<a href="#Page_2" class="lanchor"> 2</a>.</p> + +Verona, cathedral of, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a>. iv. 1.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + battle of, Theodoric defeats Odoacer, 490 A.D., +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + field of, from Fra Giocondo's bridge, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<p>Vestal Virgins, +<a href="#Page_70" class="lanchor"> 70</a>. iii. 26.</p> + +<p>Violence, expression of, in sculptures of Amiens, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +Viollet le Duc, quoted, +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a> n. iv. 1; +<a href="#Page_88" class="lanchor"> 88</a> & n. iv. 2; +<a href="#Page_97" class="lanchor"> 97</a>. iv. 11;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"> +<a href="#Page_103" class="lanchor"> 103</a> n. iv. 23. n.; +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 36; +<a href="#Page_118" class="lanchor"> 118</a> n. iv. 41 n.; +<a href="#Page_132" class="lanchor"> 132</a>. iv. 49.</span><br /> + +<p>Vine, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iv. 32.</p> + +<p>Virgil's influence on Dante, +<a href="#Page_110" class="lanchor"> 110</a>. iii. 53.</p> + +<p>Virgil quoted (Æneid vi. 27 sq.), +<a href="#Page_101" class="lanchor"> 101</a> n. iv. 18-19 n.</p> + +<p>Virgin, the: <i>see</i> Madonna.</p> + +<p>Virtue, to be known and recognized, +<a href="#Page_five" class="lanchor"> pref. v</a>.</p> + +Virtues, of Apostles (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_112" class="lanchor"> 112</a> sq. iv. 37 sq.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Byzantine, rank of, +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 36 n.</span><br /> +<br /> +Visigoths, the,<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + in France, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>, +<a href="#Page_10" class="lanchor"> 10</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + at Poitiers, defeated by Clovis, +<a href="#Page_9" class="lanchor"> 9</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Vistula, the, its importance, +<a href="#Page_61" class="lanchor"> 61</a>. iii. 9, 10.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + tribes of, from Rhine to, +<a href="#Page_30" class="lanchor"> 30</a>, ii. 10, +<a href="#Page_31" class="lanchor"> 31</a>. ii. 12.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" + " + " + " + Weser to, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 26.</span><br /> + +<p>Vobiscum," a "Pax, +<a href="#Page_114" class="lanchor"> 114</a> n. iv. 38 n.</p> + +Vota, the Jesuit, letter of Queen Sophia of + Prussia to, on S. Jerome, +<a href="#Page_81" class="lanchor"> 81</a>. iii.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"> +<a href="#Page_47" class="lanchor"> 47</a>. (See Carlyle's + "Frederick," Bk. I., cap. iv.)</span><br /> + +<p>Vulgate, Ps. xci. 13, "Inculcabis super leonem," +<a href="#Page_111" class="lanchor"> 111</a>. iv. 34.</p> + + +<p>Waldeek,<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, ii. 18.</p> + +<p>Walter's houses, Germany, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 25.</p> + +<p>Walton, Isaac, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</p> + +<p>Wandle, the, +<a href="#Page_1" class="lanchor"> 1</a>.</p> + +<p>War, savage love of, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Wartzburg,<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 24.</p> + +<span class="left"> +<a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> + +<p>Wellington, Duke of, on Roman Catholic valour, +<a href="#Page_four" class="lanchor"> pref. iv</a>.</p> + +<p>Weser, the course of the, +<a href="#Page_34" class="lanchor"> 34</a>, ii. 19, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 26.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + sources of the (Eder, Fulda, Werra), +<a href="#Page_36" class="lanchor"> 36</a>. ii. 24.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + tribes of the, up to Rhine and Vistula, +<a href="#Page_37" class="lanchor"> 37</a>. ii. 26.</span><br /></p> + +<p>Whitby Cliff, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.</p> + +<p>Wisdom, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_120" class="lanchor"> 120</a>. iv. 41.</p> + +Women, endurance a point of honour with savage, +<a href="#Page_51" class="lanchor"> 51</a>. ii. 48.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + respect for, by Franks and Goths, +<a href="#Page_54" class="lanchor"> 54</a>. ii. 54.</span><br /> + +<p>Wood-carving of Picardy (Amiens Cathedral), +<a href="#Page_91" class="lanchor"> 91 sq</a>. iv. 5 sq.</p> + +<p>Wool manufacture, Amiens, see s. "Amiens."</p> + +<p>Wordsworth quoted, "Filling more and more with crystal light," +<a href="#Page_55" class="lanchor"> 55</a>. ii. 55.</p> + + +Yonge, Miss, "History of Christian Names," Franks, +<a href="#Page_38" class="lanchor"> 38</a>. ii. 27.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">" + " + " + " + " + Ulpha, +<a href="#Page_129" class="lanchor"> 129</a>. iv. 46.</span><br /> + +<p>Zacharias, +<a href="#Page_133" class="lanchor"> 133</a>, iv. 51.</p> + +<p>Zechariah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_127" class="lanchor"> 127</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Zenobia,<a href="#Page_29" class="lanchor"> 29</a>. ii. 6.</p> + +<p>Zephaniah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_126" class="lanchor"> 126</a>. iv. 43.</p> + +<p>Zodiac, signs of, sculptures, Amiens Cathedral, +<a href="#Page_130" class="lanchor"> 130</a>. iv. 47.</p> + +<p>Zulu war, the, +<a href="#Page_48" class="lanchor"> 48</a>. ii. 43; +<a href="#Page_60" class="lanchor"> 60</a>. iii. 6.</p> + + +<p>Footnotes to Index:</p> + + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1_72" id="Footnote_1_72"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_1_72"><span class="label">[A1]</span></a> + References merely descriptive of one of the sculptures of the<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">façade of + Amiens Cathedral are omitted in this index.</span></div><br /> + + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2_73" id="Footnote_2_73"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_2_73"><span class="label">[A2]</span></a> +The references to Gibbon in this index are to the chapters<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">of his history, + together with the number of the note nearest</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">to which the + quotation occurs.</span></div><br /> + +<p>THE END.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + +***** This file should be named 24428-h.htm or 24428-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/2/24428/ + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Our Fathers Have Told Us + Part I. The Bible of Amiens + +Author: John Ruskin + +Release Date: January 26, 2008 [EBook #24428] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + + + + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +Library Edition + +THE COMPLETE WORKS + +OF + +JOHN RUSKIN + + ARROWS OF THE CHACE + OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US + THE STORM-CLOUD OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY + HORTUS INCLUSUS + + NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION + NEW YORK CHICAGO + + +"Our Fathers Have Told Us" + +SKETCHES OF THE HISTORY OF CHRISTENDOM + +FOR BOYS AND GIRLS + +WHO HAVE BEEN HELD AT ITS FONTS + +PART I. + +THE BIBLE OF AMIENS + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + +PREFACE iii + +CHAPTER I.--BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS 1 + + " II.--UNDER THE DRACHENFELS 26 + + " III.--THE LION TAMER 58 + + " IV.--INTERPRETATIONS 88 + +APPENDIX I.--CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS + REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS' 143 + + " II.--REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF PHOTOGRAPHS TO + CHAPTER IV 144 + + " III.--GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US' 153 + +INDEX 155 + + +PLATES. + +ST. MARY (_Frontispiece_) _see page_ 131 + + _To face page_ + +PLATE I.--THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE 8 + + " II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS, NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE + RESTORATION 26 + + " III.--AMIENS, JOUR DES TRESPASSES, 1880 58 + +PLAN OF THE WEST PORCHES 140 + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. Italic characters have been represented by _xxxxx_ + +2. Superscript characters have been represented by xxx^yy + +3. A macron, or bar over a letter, is shown as [=letter] + +4. In the paragraph that begins, "Sketch for yourself, first, a map of + France" there are images in the paragraph. I have represented + back-slanting diagonal shading with "\\\" and forward-slanting + diagonal shading with "///" and horizontal shading with "=". + +5. In the original text, footnotes in Chapter I are represented with + numbers, and footnotes in all the rest of the text, including the + notes on Chapter I, are represented with symbols. I have converted + all of them to numbers, since there is no overlap, and they seem to + be used in the same way in the text. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The long abandoned purpose, of which the following pages begin some +attempt at fulfilment, has been resumed at the request of a young +English governess, that I would write some pieces of history which her +pupils could gather some good out of;--the fruit of historical +documents placed by modern educational systems at her disposal, being +to them labour only, and sorrow. + +What else may be said for the book, if it ever become one, it must say +for itself: preface, more than this, I do not care to write: and the +less, because some passages of British history, at this hour under +record, call for instant, though brief, comment. + +I am told that the Queen's Guards have gone to Ireland; playing "God +save the Queen." And being, (as I have declared myself in the course +of some letters to which public attention has been lately more than +enough directed,) to the best of my knowledge, the staunchest +Conservative in England, I am disposed gravely to question the +propriety of the mission of the Queen's Guards on the employment +commanded them. My own Conservative notion of the function of the +Guards is that they should guard the Queen's throne and life, when +threatened either by domestic or foreign enemy: but not that they +should become a substitute for her inefficient police force, in the +execution of her domiciliary laws. + +And still less so, if the domiciliary laws which they are sent to +execute, playing "God save the Queen," be perchance precisely contrary +to that God the Saviour's law; and therefore, such as, in the long run, +no quantity either of Queens, or Queen's men, _could_ execute. Which is +a question I have for these ten years been endeavouring to get the +British public to consider--vainly enough hitherto; and will not at +present add to my own many words on the matter. But a book has just been +published by a British officer, who, if he had not been otherwise and +more actively employed, could not only have written all my books about +landscape and picture, but is very singularly also of one mind with me, +(God knows of how few Englishmen I can now say so,) on matters regarding +the Queen's safety, and the Nation's honour. Of whose book ("Far out: +Rovings retold"), since various passages will be given in my subsequent +terminal notes, I will content myself with quoting for the end of my +Preface, the memorable words which Colonel Butler himself quotes, as +spoken to the British Parliament by its last Conservative leader, a +British officer who had also served with honour and success. + +The Duke of Wellington said: "It is already well known to your +Lordships that of the troops which our gracious Sovereign did me the +honour to entrust to my command at various periods during the war--a +war undertaken for the express purpose of securing the happy +institutions and independence of the country--at least one half were +Roman Catholics. My Lords, when I call your recollection to this fact, +I am sure all further eulogy is unnecessary. Your Lordships are well +aware for what length of period and under what difficult circumstances +they maintained the Empire buoyant upon the flood which overwhelmed +the thrones and wrecked the institutions of every other people;--how +they kept alive the only spark of freedom which was left +unextinguished in Europe.... My Lords, it is mainly to the Irish +Catholics that we all owe our proud predominance in our military +career, and that I personally am indebted for the laurels with which +you have been pleased to decorate my brow.... We must confess, my +Lords, that without Catholic blood and Catholic valour no victory +could ever have been obtained, and the first military talents might +have been exerted in vain." + +Let these noble words of tender Justice be the first example to my +young readers of what all History ought to be. It has been told them, +in the Laws of Fesole, that all great Art is Praise. So is all +faithful History, and all high Philosophy. For these three, Art, +History, and Philosophy, are each but one part of the Heavenly Wisdom, +which sees not as man seeth, but with Eternal Charity; and because she +rejoices not in Iniquity, _therefore_ rejoices in the Truth. + +For true knowledge is of Virtues only; of poisons and vices, it is +Hecate who teaches, not Athena. And of all wisdom, chiefly the +Politician's must consist in this divine Prudence; it is not, indeed, +always necessary for men to know the virtues of their friends, or +their masters; since the friend will still manifest, and the master +use. But woe to the Nation which is too cruel to cherish the virtue of +its subjects, and too cowardly to recognize that of its enemies! + + + + +THE BIBLE OF AMIENS. + +CHAPTER I. + +BY THE RIVERS OF WATERS. + + +The intelligent English traveller, in this fortunate age for him, is +aware that, half-way between Boulogne and Paris, there is a complex +railway-station, into which his train, in its relaxing speed, rolls +him with many more than the average number of bangs and bumps +prepared, in the access of every important French _gare_, to startle +the drowsy or distrait passenger into a sense of his situation. + +He probably also remembers that at this halting-place in mid-journey +there is a well-served buffet, at which he has the privilege of "Dix +minutes d'arret." + +He is not, however, always so distinctly conscious that these ten +minutes of arrest are granted to him within not so many minutes' walk +of the central square of a city which was once the Venice of France. + +Putting the lagoon islands out of question, the French River-Queen was +nearly as large in compass as Venice herself; and divided, not by slow +currents of ebbing and returning tide, but by eleven beautiful trout +streams, of which some four or five are as large, each separately, as +our Surrey Wandle, or as Isaac Walton's Dove; and which, branching out +of one strong current above the city, and uniting again after they have +eddied through its streets, are bordered, as they flow down, (fordless +except where the two Edwards rode them, the day before Crecy,) to the +sands of St. Valery, by groves of aspen, and glades of poplar, whose +grace and gladness seem to spring in every stately avenue instinct with +the image of the just man's life,--"Erit tanquam lignum quod plantatum +est secus decursus aquarum." + +But the Venice of Picardy owed her name, not to the beauty of her +streams merely, but to their burden. She was a worker, like the +Adriatic princes, in gold and glass, in stone, wood, and ivory; she +was skilled like an Egyptian in the weaving of fine linen; dainty as +the maids of Judah in divers colours of needlework. And of these, the +fruits of her hands, praising her in her own gates, she sent also +portions to stranger nations, and her fame went out into all lands. + +"Un reglement de l'echevinage, du 12^me avril 1566, fait voir qu'on +fabriquait a cette epoque, des velours de toutes couleurs pour +meubles, des colombettes a grands et petits carreaux, des burailles +croises, qu'on expediait en Allemagne--en Espagne, en Turquie, et en +Barbarie!"[1] + +All-coloured velvets, pearl-iridescent colombettes! (I wonder what +they may be?) and sent to vie with the variegated carpet of the Turk, +and glow upon the arabesque towers of Barbary![2] Was not this a phase +of provincial Picard life which an intelligent English traveller might +do well to inquire into? Why should this fountain of rainbows leap up +suddenly here by Somme; and a little Frankish maid write herself the +sister of Venice, and the servant of Carthage and of Tyre? + +[Footnote 1: M. H. Dusevel, Histoire de la Ville d'Amiens. Amiens, +Caron et Lambert, 1848; p. 305.] + +[Footnote 2: Carpaccio trusts for the chief splendour of any festa in +cities to the patterns of the draperies hung out of windows.] + +And if she, why not others also of our northern villages? Has the +intelligent traveller discerned anything, in the country, or in its +shores, on his way from the gate of Calais to the _gare_ of Amiens, of +special advantage for artistic design, or for commercial enterprise? He +has seen league after league of sandy dunes. We also, we, have our sands +by Severn, by Lune, by Solway. He has seen extensive plains of useful +and not unfragrant peat,--an article sufficiently accessible also to +our Scotch and Irish industries. He has seen many a broad down and +jutting cliff of purest chalk; but, opposite, the perfide Albion gleams +no whit less blanche beyond the blue. Pure waters he has seen, issuing +out of the snowy rock; but are ours less bright at Croydon, at +Guildford, or at Winchester? And yet one never heard of treasures sent +from Solway sands to African; nor that the builders at Romsey could give +lessons in colour to the builders at Granada? What can it be, in the air +or the earth--in her stars or in her sunlight--that fires the heart and +quickens the eyes of the little white-capped Amienoise soubrette, till +she can match herself against Penelope? + +The intelligent English traveller has of course no time to waste on +any of these questions. But if he has bought his ham-sandwich, and is +ready for the "En voiture, messieurs," he may perhaps condescend for +an instant to hear what a lounger about the place, neither wasteful of +his time, nor sparing of it, can suggest as worth looking at, when his +train glides out of the station. + +He will see first, and doubtless with the respectful admiration which an +Englishman is bound to bestow upon such objects, the coal-sheds and +carriage-sheds of the station itself, extending in their ashy and oily +splendours for about a quarter of a mile out of the town; and then, just +as the train gets into speed, under a large chimney tower, which he +cannot see to nearly the top of, but will feel overcast by the shadow of +its smoke, he _may_ see, if he will trust his intelligent head out of +the window, and look back, fifty or fifty-one (I am not sure of my count +to a unit) similar chimneys, all similarly smoking, all with similar +works attached, oblongs of brown brick wall, with portholes numberless +of black square window. But in the midst of these fifty tall things that +smoke, he will see one, a little taller than any, and more delicate, +that does not smoke; and in the midst of these fifty masses of blank +wall enclosing 'works'--and doubtless producing works profitable and +honourable to France and the world--he will see _one_ mass of wall--not +blank, but strangely wrought by the hands of foolish men of long ago, +for the purpose of enclosing or producing no manner of profitable work +whatsoever, but one-- + +"This is the work of God; that ye should believe on Him whom He hath +sent"! + +Leaving the intelligent traveller now to fulfil his vow of pilgrimage +to Paris,--or wherever else God may be sending him,--I will suppose +that an intelligent Eton boy or two, or thoughtful English girl, may +care quietly to walk with me as far as this same spot of commanding +view, and to consider what the workless--shall we say also +worthless?--building, and its unshadowed minaret, may perhaps farther +mean. + +Minaret I have called it, for want of better English word. +Fleche--arrow--is its proper name; vanishing into the air you know not +where, by the mere fineness of it. Flameless--motionless--hurtless--the +fine arrow; unplumed, unpoisoned, and unbarbed; aimless--shall we say +also, readers young and old, travelling or abiding? It, and the walls it +rises from--what have they once meant? What meaning have they left in +them yet, for you, or for the people that live round them, and never +look up as they pass by? + +Suppose we set ourselves first to learn how they came there. + +At the birth of Christ, all this hillside, and the brightly-watered +plain below, with the corn-yellow champaign above, were inhabited by a +Druid-taught race, wild enough in thoughts and ways, but under Roman +government, and gradually becoming accustomed to hear the names, and +partly to confess the power, of Roman gods. For three hundred years +after the birth of Christ they heard the name of no other God. + +Three hundred years! and neither apostles nor inheritors of +apostleship had yet gone into all the world and preached the gospel to +every creature. Here, on their peaty ground, the wild people, still +trusting in Pomona for apples, in Silvanus for acorns, in Ceres for +bread, and in Proserpina for rest, hoped but the season's blessing +from the Gods of Harvest, and feared no eternal anger from the Queen +of Death. + +But at last, three hundred years being past and gone, in the +year of Christ 301, there came to this hillside of Amiens, on the +sixth day of the Ides of October, the Messenger of a new Life. + +His name, Firminius (I suppose) in Latin, Firmin in French,--so to be +remembered here in Picardy. Firmin, not Firminius; as Denis, not +Dionysius; coming out of space--no one tells what part of space. But +received by the pagan Amienois with surprised welcome, and seen of +them--forty days--many days, we may read--preaching acceptably, and +binding with baptismal vows even persons in good society: and that in +such numbers, that at last he is accused to the Roman governor, by the +priests of Jupiter and Mercury, as one turning the world upside-down. +And in the last day of the Forty--or of the indefinite many meant by +Forty--he is beheaded, as martyrs ought to be, and his ministrations +in a mortal body ended. + +The old, old story, you say? Be it so; you will the more easily +remember it. The Amienois remembered it so carefully, that, twelve +hundred years afterwards, in the sixteenth century, they thought good +to carve and paint the four stone pictures Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of our +first choice photographs. (N. B.--This series is not yet arranged, but +is distinct from that referred to in Chapter IV. See Appendix II.). +Scene 1st, St. Firmin arriving; scene 2nd, St. Firmin preaching; scene +3rd, St. Firmin baptizing; and scene 4th, St. Firmin beheaded, by an +executioner with very red legs, and an attendant dog of the character +of the dog in 'Faust,' of whom we may have more to say presently. + +Following in the meantime the tale of St. Firmin, as of old time +known, his body was received, and buried, by a Roman senator, his +disciple, (a kind of Joseph of Arimathea to St. Firmin,) in the Roman +senator's own garden. Who also built a little oratory over his grave. +The Roman senator's son built a church to replace the oratory, +dedicated it to Our Lady of Martyrs, and established it as an +episcopal seat--the first of the French nation's. A very notable spot +for the French nation, surely? One deserving, perhaps, some little +memory or monument,--cross, tablet, or the like? Where, therefore, +do you suppose this first cathedral of French Christianity stood, and +with what monument has it been honoured? + +It stood where we now stand, companion mine, whoever you may be; and +the monument wherewith it has been honoured is this--chimney, whose +gonfalon of smoke overshadows us--the latest effort of modern art in +Amiens, the chimney of St. Acheul. + +The first cathedral, you observe, of the _French_ nation; more +accurately, the first germ of cathedral _for_ the French nation--who +are not yet here; only this grave of a martyr is here, and this church +of Our Lady of Martyrs, abiding on the hillside, till the Roman power +pass away. + +Falling together with it, and trampled down by savage tribes, alike +the city and the shrine; the grave forgotten,--when at last the Franks +themselves pour from the north, and the utmost wave of them, lapping +along these downs of Somme, is _here_ stayed, and the Frankish +standard planted, and the French kingdom throned. + +Here their first capital, here the first footsteps[3] of the Frank in +his France! Think of it. All over the south are Gauls, Burgundians, +Bretons, heavier-hearted nations of sullen mind: at their outmost brim +and border, here at last are the Franks, the source of all Franchise, +for this our Europe. You have heard the word in England, before now, +but English word for it is none! _Honesty_ we have of our own; but +_Frankness_ we must learn of these: nay, all the western nations of us +are in a few centuries more to be known by this name of Frank. Franks, +of Paris that is to be, in time to come; but French of Paris is in +year of grace 500 an unknown tongue in Paris, as much as in +Stratford-att-ye-Bowe. French of Amiens is the kingly and courtly form +of Christian speech, Paris lying yet in Lutetian clay, to develope +into tile-field, perhaps, in due time. Here, by soft-glittering Somme, +reign Clovis and his Clotilde. + +[Footnote 3: The first fixed and set-down footsteps; wandering tribes +called Franks, had overswept the country, and recoiled, again and +again. But _this_ invasion of the so-called Salian Franks, never +retreats again.] + +And by St. Firmin's grave speaks now another gentle evangelist, and +the first Frank king's prayer to the King of kings is made to Him, +known only as "the God of Clotilde." + +I must ask the reader's patience now with a date or two, and stern +facts--two--three--or more. + +Clodion, the leader of the first Franks who reach irrevocably beyond +the Rhine, fights his way through desultory Roman cohorts as far as +Amiens, and takes it, in 445.[4] + +[Footnote 4: See note at end of chapter, as also for the allusions in +p. 8, to the battle of Soissons.] + +Two years afterwards, at his death, the scarcely asserted throne is +seized--perhaps inevitably--by the tutor of his children, Merovee, +whose dynasty is founded on the defeat of Attila at Chalons. + +He died in 457. His son Childeric, giving himself up to the love of +women, and scorned by the Frank soldiery, is driven into exile, the +Franks choosing rather to live under the law of Rome than under a base +chief of their own. He receives asylum at the court of the king of +Thuringia, and abides there. His chief officer in Amiens, at his +departure, breaks a ring in two, and, giving him the half of it, tells +him, when the other half is sent, to return. + +And, after many days, the half of the broken ring is sent, and he +returns, and is accepted king by his Franks. + +The Thuringian queen follows him, (I cannot find if her husband is +first dead--still less, if dead, how dying,) and offers herself to him +for his wife. + +"I have known thy usefulness, and that thou art very strong; and I +have come to live with thee. Had I known, in parts beyond sea, any one +more useful than thou, I should have sought to live with _him_." + +He took her for his wife, and their son is Clovis. + +A wonderful story; how far in literalness true is of no manner of moment +to us; the myth, and power of it, _do_ manifest the nature of the French +kingdom, and prophesy its future destiny. Personal valour, personal +beauty, loyalty to kings, love of women, disdain of unloving marriage, +note all these things for true, and that in the corruption of these will +be the last death of the Frank, as in their force was his first glory. + +Personal valour, worth. _Utilitas_, the keystone of all. Birth +nothing, except as gifting with valour;--Law of primogeniture +unknown;--Propriety of conduct, it appears, for the present, also +nowhere! (but we are all pagans yet, remember). + +Let us get our dates and our geography, at any rate, gathered out of +the great 'nowhere' of confused memory, and set well together, thus +far. + +457. Merovee dies. The useful Childeric, counting his exile, and reign +in Amiens, together, is King altogether twenty-four years, 457 to 481, +and during his reign Odoacer ends the Roman empire in Italy, 476. + +481. Clovis is only fifteen when he succeeds his father, as King of +the Franks in Amiens. At this time a fragment of Roman power remains +isolated in central France, while four strong and partly savage +nations form a cross round this dying centre: the Frank on the north, +the Breton on the west, the Burgundian on the east, the Visigoth +strongest of all and gentlest, in the south, from Loire to the sea. + +Sketch for yourself, first, a map of France, as large as you like, as +in Plate I., fig. 1, marking only the courses of the five rivers, +Somme, Seine, Loire, Saone, Rhone; then, rudely, you find it was +divided at the time thus, fig. 2: Fleur-de-lysee part, Frank; \\\, +Breton; ///, Burgundian; =, Visigoth. I am not sure how far these last +reached across Rhone into Provence, but I think best to indicate +Provence as semee with roses. + +Now, under Clovis, the Franks fight three great battles. The first, +with the Romans, near Soissons, which they win, and become masters of +France as far as the Loire. Copy the rough map fig. 2, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over the middle of it, extinguishing the Romans (fig. +3). This battle was won by Clovis, I believe, before he married +Clotilde. He wins his princess by it: cannot get his pretty vase, +however, to present to her. Keep that story well in your mind, and the +battle of Soissons, as winning mid-France for the French, and ending the +Romans there, for ever. Secondly, after he marries Clotilde, the wild +Germans attack _him_ from the north, and he has to fight for life and +throne at Tolbiac. This is the battle in which he prays to the God of +Clotilde, and quits himself of the Germans by His help. Whereupon he is +crowned in Rheims by St. Remy. + +[Illustration: Plate I. THE DYNASTIES OF FRANCE.] + +And now, in the new strength of his Christianity, and his twin victory +over Rome and Germany, and his love for his queen, and his ambition +for his people, he looks south on that vast Visigothic power, between +Loire and the snowy mountains. Shall Christ, and the Franks, not be +stronger than villainous Visigoths 'who are Arians also'? All his +Franks are with him, in that opinion. So he marches against the +Visigoths, meets them and their Alaric at Poitiers, ends their Alaric +and their Arianism, and carries his faithful Franks to the Pic du +Midi. + +And so now you must draw the map of France once more, and put the +fleur-de-lys all over its central mass from Calais to the Pyrenees: +only Brittany still on the west, Burgundy in the east, and the white +Provence rose beyond Rhone. And now poor little Amiens has become a +mere border town like our Durham, and Somme a border streamlet like +our Tyne. Loire and Seine have become the great French rivers, and men +will be minded to build cities by these; where the well-watered +plains, not of peat, but richest pasture, may repose under the guard +of saucy castles on the crags, and moated towers on the islands. But +now let us think a little more closely what our changed symbols in the +map may mean--five fleur-de-lys for level bar. + +They don't mean, certainly, that all the Goths are gone, and nobody but +Franks in France? The Franks have not massacred Visigothic man, woman, +and child, from Loire to Garonne. Nay, where their own throne is still +set by the Somme, the peat-bred people whom they found there, live there +still, though subdued. Frank, or Goth, or Roman may fluctuate hither and +thither, in chasing or flying troops: but, unchanged through all the +gusts of war, the rural people whose huts they pillage, whose farms they +ravage, and over whose arts they reign, must still be diligently, +silently, and with no time for lamentation, ploughing, sowing, +cattle-breeding! + +Else how could Frank or Hun, Visigoth or Roman, live for a month, or +fight for a day? + +Whatever the name, or the manners, of their masters, the ground +delvers must be the same; and the goatherd of the Pyrenees, and the +vine-dresser of Garonne, and the milkmaid of Picardy, give them what +lords you may, abide in their land always, blossoming as the trees of +the field, and enduring as the crags of the desert. And these, the +warp and first substance of the nation, are divided, not by dynasties, +but by climates; and are strong here, and helpless there, by +privileges which no invading tyrants can abolish, and through faults +which no preaching hermit can repress. Now, therefore, please let us +leave our history a minute or two, and read the lessons of constant +earth and sky. + +In old times, when one posted from Calais to Paris, there was about +half an hour's trot on the level, from the gate of Calais to the long +chalk hill, which had to be climbed before arriving at the first +post-house in the village of Marquise. + +That chalk rise, virtually, is the front of France; that last bit of +level north of it, virtually the last of Flanders; south of it, +stretches now a district of chalk and fine building limestone,--(if you +keep your eyes open, you may see a great quarry of it on the west of the +railway, half-way between Calais and Boulogne, where once was a blessed +little craggy dingle opening into velvet lawns;)--this high, but never +mountainous, calcareous tract, sweeping round the chalk basin of Paris +away to Caen on one side, and Nancy on the other, and south as far as +Bourges, and the Limousin. This limestone tract, with its keen fresh +air, everywhere arable surface, and quarriable banks above well-watered +meadow, is the real country of the French. Here only are their arts +clearly developed. Farther south they are Gascons, or Limousins, or +Auvergnats, or the like. Westward, grim-granitic Bretons; eastward, +Alpine-bearish Burgundians: here only, on the chalk and finely-knit +marble, between, say, Amiens and Chartres one way, and between Caen and +Rheims on the other, have you real _France_. + +Of which, before we carry on the farther vital history, I must ask the +reader to consider with me, a little, how history, so called, has been +for the most part written, and of what particulars it usually +consists. + +Suppose that the tale of King Lear were a true one; and that a modern +historian were giving the abstract of it in a school manual, +purporting to contain all essential facts in British history valuable +to British youth in competitive examination. The story would be +related somewhat after this manner:-- + +"The reign of the last king of the seventy-ninth dynasty closed in a +series of events with the record of which it is painful to pollute the +pages of history. The weak old man wished to divide his kingdom into +dowries for his three daughters; but on proposing this arrangement to +them, finding it received by the youngest with coldness and reserve, +he drove her from his court, and divided the kingdom between his two +elder children. + +"The youngest found refuge at the court of France, where ultimately +the prince royal married her. But the two elder daughters, having +obtained absolute power, treated their father at first with +disrespect, and soon with contumely. Refused at last even the comforts +necessary to his declining years, the old king, in a transport of +rage, left the palace, with, it is said, only the court fool for an +attendant, and wandered, frantic and half naked, during the storms of +winter, in the woods of Britain. + +"Hearing of these events, his youngest daughter hastily collected an +army, and invaded the territory of her ungrateful sisters, with the +object of restoring her father to his throne; but, being met by a well +disciplined force, under the command of her eldest sister's paramour, +Edmund, bastard son of the Earl of Gloucester, was herself defeated, +thrown into prison, and soon afterwards strangled by the adulterer's +order. The old king expired on receiving the news of her death; and the +participators in these crimes soon after received their reward; for the +two wicked queens being rivals for the affections of the bastard, the +one of them who was regarded by him with less favour poisoned the other, +and afterwards killed herself. Edmund afterwards met his death at the +hand of his brother, the legitimate son of Gloucester, under whose rule, +with that of the Earl of Kent, the kingdom remained for several +succeeding years." + +Imagine this succinctly graceful recital of what the historian +conceived to be the facts, adorned with violently black and white +woodcuts, representing the blinding of Gloucester, the phrenzy of +Lear, the strangling of Cordelia, and the suicide of Goneril, and you +have a type of popular history in the nineteenth century; which is, +you may perceive after a little reflection, about as profitable +reading for young persons (so far as regards the general colour and +purity of their thoughts) as the Newgate Calendar would be; with this +farther condition of incalculably greater evil, that, while the +calendar of prison-crime would teach a thoughtful youth the dangers of +low life and evil company, the calendar of kingly crime overthrows his +respect for any manner of government, and his faith in the ordinances +of Providence itself. + +Books of loftier pretence, written by bankers, members of Parliament, +or orthodox clergymen, are of course not wanting; and show that the +progress of civilization consists in the victory of usury over +ecclesiastical prejudice, or in the establishment of the Parliamentary +privileges of the borough of Puddlecombe, or in the extinction of the +benighted superstitions of the Papacy by the glorious light of +Reformation. Finally, you have the broadly philosophical history, +which proves to you that there is no evidence whatever of any +overruling Providence in human affairs; that all virtuous actions have +selfish motives; and that a scientific selfishness, with proper +telegraphic communications, and perfect knowledge of all the species +of Bacteria, will entirely secure the future well-being of the upper +classes of society, and the dutiful resignation of those beneath them. + +Meantime, the two ignored powers--the Providence of Heaven, and the +virtue of men--have ruled, and rule, the world, not invisibly; and +they are the only powers of which history has ever to tell any +profitable truth. Under all sorrow, there is the force of virtue; over +all ruin, the restoring charity of God. To these alone we have to +look; in these alone we may understand the past, and predict the +future, destiny of the ages. + +I return to the story of Clovis, king now of all central France. Fix +the year 500 in your minds as the approximate date of his baptism at +Rheims, and of St. Remy's sermon to him, telling him of the sufferings +and passion of Christ, till Clovis sprang from his throne, grasping +his spear, and crying, "Had I been there with my brave Franks, I would +have avenged His wrongs." + +"There is little doubt," proceeds the cockney historian, "that the +conversion of Clovis was as much a matter of policy as of faith." But +the cockney historian had better limit his remarks on the characters +and faiths of men to those of the curates who have recently taken +orders in his fashionable neighbourhood, or the bishops who have +lately preached to the population of its manufacturing suburbs. +Frankish kings were made of other clay. + +The Christianity of Clovis does not indeed produce any fruits of the +kind usually looked for in a modern convert. We do not hear of his +repenting ever so little of any of his sins, nor resolving to lead a new +life in any the smallest particular. He had not been impressed with +convictions of sin at the battle of Tolbiac; nor, in asking for the help +of the God of Clotilde, had he felt or professed the remotest intention +of changing his character, or abandoning his projects. What he was, +before he believed in his queen's God, he only more intensely afterwards +became, in the confidence of that before unknown God's supernatural +help. His natural gratitude to the Delivering Power, and pride in its +protection, added only fierceness to his soldiership, and deepened his +political enmities with the rancour of religions indignation. No more +dangerous snare is set by the fiends for human frailty than the belief +that our own enemies are also the enemies of God; and it is perfectly +conceivable to me that the conduct of Clovis might have been the more +unscrupulous, precisely in the measure that his faith was more sincere. + +Had either Clovis or Clotilde fully understood the precepts of their +Master, the following history of France, and of Europe, would have +been other than it is. What they could understand, or in any wise were +taught, you will find that they obeyed, and were blessed in obeying. +But their history is complicated with that of several other persons, +respecting whom we must note now a few too much forgotten particulars. + +If from beneath the apse of Amiens Cathedral we take the street +leading due south, leaving the railroad station on the left, it brings +us to the foot of a gradually ascending hill, some half a mile long--a +pleasant and quiet walk enough, terminating on the level of the +highest land near Amiens; whence, looking back, the Cathedral is seen +beneath us, all but the fleche, our gained hill-top being on a level +with its roof-ridge: and, to the south, the plain of France. + +Somewhere about this spot, or in the line between it and St. Acheul, +stood the ancient Roman gate of the Twins, whereon were carved Romulus +and Remus being suckled by the wolf; and out of which, one bitter +winter's day, a hundred and seventy years ago when Clovis was +baptized--had ridden a Roman soldier, wrapped in his horseman's +cloak,[5] on the causeway which was part of the great Roman road from +Lyons to Boulogne. + +[Footnote 5: More properly, his knight's cloak; in all likelihood the +trabea, with purple and white stripes, dedicate to the kings of Rome, +and chiefly to Romulus.] + +And it is well worth your while also, some frosty autumn or winter day +when the east wind is high, to feel the sweep of it at this spot, +remembering what chanced here, memorable to all men, and serviceable, +in that winter of the year 332, when men were dying for cold in Amiens +streets:--namely, that the Roman horseman, scarce gone out of the city +gate, was met by a naked beggar, shivering with cold; and that, seeing +no other way of shelter for him, he drew his sword, divided his own +cloak in two, and gave him half of it. + +No ruinous gift, nor even enthusiastically generous: Sydney's cup of +cold water needed more self-denial; and I am well assured that many a +Christian child of our day, himself well warmed and clad, meeting one +naked and cold, would be ready enough to give the _whole_ cloak off +his own shoulders to the necessitous one, if his better-advised nurse, +or mamma, would let him. But this Roman soldier was no Christian, and +did his serene charity in simplicity, yet with prudence. + +Nevertheless, that same night, he beheld in a dream the Lord Jesus, +who stood before him in the midst of angels, having on his shoulders +the half of the cloak he had bestowed on the beggar. + +And Jesus said to the angels that were around him, "Know ye who hath +thus arrayed me? My servant Martin, though yet unbaptized, has done +this." And Martin after this vision hastened to receive baptism, being +then in his twenty-third year.[6] + +[Footnote 6: Mrs. Jameson, Legendary Art, Vol. II., p. 721.] + +Whether these things ever were so, or how far so, credulous or +incredulous reader, is no business whatever of yours or mine. What is, +and shall be, everlastingly, _so_,--namely, the infallible truth of +the lesson herein taught, and the actual effect of the life of St. +Martin on the mind of Christendom,--is, very absolutely, the business +of every rational being in any Christian realm. + +You are to understand, then, first of all, that the especial character +of St. Martin is a serene and meek charity to all creatures. He is not a +preaching saint--still less a persecuting one: not even an anxious one. +Of his prayers we hear little--of his wishes, nothing. What he does +always, is merely the right thing at the right moment;--rightness and +kindness being in his mind one: an extremely exemplary saint, to my +notion. + +Converted and baptized--and conscious of having seen Christ--he +nevertheless gives his officers no trouble whatever--does not try to +make proselytes in his cohort. "It is Christ's business, surely!--if +He wants them, He may appear to them as He has to me," seems the +feeling of his first baptized days. He remains seventeen years in the +army, on those tranquil terms. + +At the end of that time, thinking it might be well to take other +service, he asks for his dismissal from the Emperor Julian,--on whose +accusation of faintheartedness, Martin offers, unarmed, to lead his +cohort into battle, bearing only the sign of the cross. Julian takes +him at his word,--keeps him in ward till time of battle comes; but, +the day before he counts on putting him to that war ordeal, the +barbarian enemy sends embassy with irrefusable offers of submission +and peace. + +The story is not often dwelt upon: how far literally true, again +observe, does not in the least matter;--here _is_ the lesson for ever +given of the way in which a Christian soldier should meet his enemies. +Which, had John Bunyan's Mr. Great-heart understood, the Celestial +gates had opened by this time to many a pilgrim who has failed to hew +his path up to them with the sword of sharpness. + +But true in some practical and effectual way the story _is_; for after +a while, without any oratorizing, anathematizing, or any manner of +disturbance, we find the Roman Knight made Bishop of Tours, and +becoming an influence of unmixed good to all mankind, then, and +afterwards. And virtually the same story is repeated of his bishop's +robe as of his knight's cloak--not to be rejected because so probable +an invention; for it is just as probable an act. + +Going, in his full robes, to say prayers in church, with one of his +deacons, he came across some unhappily robeless person by the wayside; +for whom he forthwith orders his deacon to provide some manner of +coat, or gown. + +The deacon objecting that no apparel of that profane nature is under +his hand, St. Martin, with his customary serenity, takes off his own +episcopal stole, or whatsoever flowing stateliness it might be, throws +it on the destitute shoulders, and passes on to perform indecorous +public service in his waistcoat, or such mediaeval nether attire as +remained to him. + +But, as he stood at the altar, a globe of light appeared above his +head; and when he raised his bare arms with the Host--the angels were +seen round him, hanging golden chains upon them, and jewels, not of +the earth. + +Incredible to you in the nature of things, wise reader, and too +palpably a gloss of monkish folly on the older story? + +Be it so: yet in this fable of monkish folly, understood with the +heart, would have been the chastisement and check of every form of the +church's pride and sensuality, which in our day have literally sunk +the service of God and His poor into the service of the clergyman and +his rich; and changed what was once the garment of praise for the +spirit of heaviness, into the spangling of Pantaloons in an +ecclesiastical Masquerade. + +But one more legend,--and we have enough to show us the roots of this +saint's strange and universal power over Christendom. + +"What peculiarly distinguished St. Martin was his sweet, serious, +unfailing serenity; no one had ever seen him angry, or sad, or, gay; +there was nothing in his heart but piety to God and pity for men. The +Devil, who was particularly envious of his virtues, detested above all +his exceeding charity, because it was the most inimical to his own +power, and one day reproached him mockingly that he so soon received +into favour the fallen and the repentant. But St. Martin answered him +sorrowfully, saying, 'Oh most miserable that thou art! if _thou_ also +couldst cease to persecute and seduce wretched men, if thou also +couldst repent, thou also shouldst find mercy and forgiveness through +Jesus Christ.'"[7] + +[Footnote 7: Mrs. Jameson, Vol. II., p. 722.] + +In this gentleness was his strength; and the issue of it is +best to be estimated by comparing its scope with that of the work of +St. Firmin. The impatient missionary riots and rants about Amiens' +streets--insults, exhorts, persuades, baptizes,--turns everything, as +aforesaid, upside down for forty days: then gets his head cut off, and +is never more named, _out_ of Amiens. St. Martin teazes nobody, spends +not a breath in unpleasant exhortation, understands, by Christ's first +lesson to himself, that undipped people may be as good as dipped if +their hearts are clean; helps, forgives, and cheers, (companionable +even to the loving-cup,) as readily the clown as the king; he is the +patron of honest drinking; the stuffing of your Martinmas goose is +fragrant in his nostrils, and sacred to him the last kindly rays of +departing summer. And somehow--the idols totter before him far and +near--the Pagan gods fade, _his_ Christ becomes all men's Christ--his +name is named over new shrines innumerable in all lands; high on the +Roman hills, lowly in English fields;--St. Augustine baptized his +first English converts in St. Martin's church at Canterbury; and the +Charing Cross station itself has not yet effaced wholly from London +minds his memory or his name. + +That story of the Episcopal Robe is the last of St. Martin respecting +which I venture to tell you that it is wiser to suppose it literally +true, than a _mere_ myth; myth, however, of the deepest value and +beauty it remains assuredly: and this really last story I have to +tell, which I admit you will be wiser in thinking a fable than exactly +true, nevertheless had assuredly at its root some grain of fact +(sprouting a hundred-fold) cast on good ground by a visible and +unforgettable piece of St. Martin's actual behaviour in high company; +while, as a myth, it is every whit and for ever valuable and +comprehensive. + +St. Martin, then, as the tale will have it, was dining one day at the +highest of tables in the terrestrial globe--namely, with the Emperor and +Empress of Germany! You need not inquire what Emperor, or which of the +Emperor's wives! The Emperor of Germany is, in all early myths, the +expression for the highest sacred power of the State, as the Pope is the +highest sacred power of the Church. St. Martin was dining then, as +aforesaid, with the Emperor, of course sitting next him on his +left--Empress opposite on his right: everything orthodox. St. Martin +much enjoying his dinner, and making himself generally agreeable to the +company: not in the least a John Baptist sort of a saint. You are aware +also that in Royal feasts in those days persons of much inferior rank in +society were allowed in the hall: got behind people's chairs, and saw +and heard what was going on, while they unobtrusively picked up crumbs, +and licked trenchers. + +When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the +Emperor fills his own cup--fills the Empress's--fills St. +Martin's,--affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. The equally loving, +and yet more truly believing, Empress, looks across the table, humbly, +but also royally, expecting St. Martin, of course, next to hobnob with +_her_. St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately; becomes aware of a +tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, +who has managed to get _his_ cup filled somehow, also--by a charitable +lacquey. + +St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with _him_! + +For which charity--mythic if you like, but evermore exemplary--he +remains, as aforesaid, the patron of good-Christian topers to this +hour. + +As gathering years told upon him, he seems to have felt that he had +carried weight of crozier long enough--that busy Tours must now find a +busier Bishop--that, for himself, he might innocently henceforward take +his pleasure and his rest where the vine grew and the lark sang. For his +episcopal palace, he takes a little cave in the chalk cliffs of the +up-country river: arranges all matters therein, for bed and board, at +small cost. Night by night the stream murmurs to him, day by day the +vine-leaves give their shade; and, daily by the horizon's breadth so +much nearer Heaven, the fore-running sun goes down for him beyond the +glowing water;--there, where now the peasant woman trots homewards +between her panniers, and the saw rests in the half-cleft wood, and the +village spire rises grey against the farthest light, in Turner's +'Loireside.'[8] + +[Footnote 8: Modern Painters, Plate 73.] + +All which things, though not themselves without profit, my special +reason for telling you now, has been that you might understand the +significance of what chanced first on Clovis' march south against the +Visigoths. + +"Having passed the Loire at Tours, he traversed the lands of the abbey +of St. Martin, which he declared inviolate, and refused permission to +his soldiers to touch anything, save water and grass for their horses. +So rigid were his orders, and the obedience he exacted in this +respect, that a Frankish soldier having taken, without the consent of +the owner, some hay, which belonged to a poor man, saying in raillery +"that it was but grass," he caused the aggressor to be put to death, +exclaiming that "Victory could not be expected, if St. Martin should +be offended." + +Now, mark you well, this passage of the Loire at Tours is virtually +the fulfilment of the proper bounds of the French kingdom, and the +sign of its approved and securely set power is "Honour to the poor!" +Even a little grass is not to be stolen from a poor man, on pain of +Death. So wills the Christian knight of Roman armies; throned now high +with God. So wills the first Christian king of far victorious +Franks;--here baptized to God in Jordan of his goodly land, as he goes +over to possess it. + +How long? + +Until that same Sign should be read backwards from a degenerate +throne;--until, message being brought that the poor of the French +people had no bread to eat, answer should be returned to them "They +may eat grass." Whereupon--by St. Martin's faubourg, and St. Martin's +gate--there go forth commands from the Poor Man's Knight against the +King--which end _his_ Feasting. + +And be this much remembered by you, of the power over French souls, +past and to come, of St. Martin of Tours. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER I. + + +The reader will please observe that notes immediately necessary to the +understanding of the text will be given, with _numbered_ references, +under the text itself; while questions of disputing authorities, or +quotations of supporting documents will have _lettered_ references, +and be thrown together at the end of each chapter.[9] One good of this +method will be that, after the numbered notes are all right, if I see +need of farther explanation, as I revise the press, I can insert a +letter referring to a _final_ note without confusion of the standing +types. There will be some use also in the final notes, in summing the +chapters, or saying what is to be more carefully remembered of them. +Thus just now it is of no consequence to remember that the first +taking of Amiens was in 445, because that is not the founding of the +Merovingian dynasty; neither that Merovaeus seized the throne in 447 +and died ten years later. The real date to be remembered is 481, when +Clovis himself comes to the throne, a boy of fifteen; and the three +battles of Clovis' reign to be remembered are Soissons, Tolbiac, and +Poitiers--remembering also that this was the first of the three great +battles of Poitiers;--how the Poitiers district came to have such +importance as a battle-position, we must afterwards discover if we +can. Of Queen Clotilde and her flight from Burgundy to her Frank lover +we must hear more in next chapter,--the story of the vase at Soissons +is given in "The Pictorial History of France," but must be deferred +also, with such comment as it needs, to next chapter; for I wish the +reader's mind, in the close of this first number, to be left fixed on +two descriptions of the modern 'Frank' (taking that word in its +Saracen sense), as distinguished from the modern Saracen. The first +description is by Colonel Butler, entirely true and admirable, except +in the implied extension of the contrast to olden time: for the Saxon +soul under Alfred, the Teutonic under Charlemagne, and the Frank under +St. Louis, were quite as religious as any Asiatic's, though more +practical; it is only the modern mob of kingless miscreants in the +West, who have sunk themselves by gambling, swindling, machine-making, +and gluttony, into the scurviest louts that have ever fouled the Earth +with the carcases she lent them. + +[Footnote 9: The plan for numbered and lettered references is not +followed after the first chapter.] + + * * * * * + +"Of the features of English character brought to light by the spread +of British dominion in Asia, there is nothing more observable than the +contrast between the religious bias of Eastern thought and the innate +absence of religion in the Anglo-Saxon mind. Turk and Greek, Buddhist +and Armenian, Copt and Parsee, all manifest in a hundred ways of daily +life the great fact of their belief in a God. In their vices as well +as in their virtues the recognition of Deity is dominant. + +"With the Western, on the contrary, the outward form of practising +belief in a God is a thing to be half-ashamed of--something to hide. A +procession of priests in the Strada Reale would probably cause an +average Briton to regard it with less tolerant eye than he would cast +upon a Juggernaut festival in Orissa: but to each alike would he +display the same iconoclasm of creed, the same idea, not the less +fixed because it is seldom expressed in words: "You pray; therefore I +do not think much of you." But there is a deeper difference between +East and West lying beneath this incompatibility of temper on the part +of modern Englishmen to accept the religious habit of thought in the +East. All Eastern peoples possess this habit of thought. It is the one +tie which links together their widely differing races. Let us give an +illustration of our meaning. On an Austrian Lloyd's steamboat in the +Levant a traveller from Beyrout will frequently see strange groups of +men crowded together on the quarter-deck. In the morning the missal +books of the Greek Church will be laid along the bulwarks of the ship, +and a couple of Russian priests, coming from Jerusalem, will be busy +muttering mass. A yard to right or left a Turkish pilgrim, returning +from Mecca, sits a respectful observer of the scene. It is prayer, and +therefore it is holy in his sight. So, too, when the evening hour has +come, and the Turk spreads out his bit of carpet for the sunset +prayers and obeisance towards Mecca, the Greek looks on in silence, +without trace of scorn in his face, for it is again the worship of the +Creator by the created. They are both fulfilling the _first_ law of +the East--prayer to God; and whether the shrine be Jerusalem, Mecca, +or Lhassa, the sanctity of worship surrounds the votary, and protects +the pilgrim. + +"Into this life comes the Englishman, frequently destitute of one +touch of sympathy with the prayers of any people, or the faith of any +creed; hence our rule in the East has ever rested, and will ever rest, +upon the bayonet. We have never yet got beyond the stage of conquest; +never assimilated a people to our ways, never even civilized a single +tribe around the wide dominion of our empire. It is curious how +frequently a well-meaning Briton will speak of a foreign church or +temple as though it had presented itself to his mind in the same light +in which the City of London appeared to Blucher--as something to loot. +The other idea, that a priest was a person to hang, is one which is +also often observable in the British brain. On one occasion, when we +were endeavouring to enlighten our minds on the Greek question, as it +had presented itself to a naval officer whose vessel had been +stationed in Greek and Adriatic waters during our occupation of Corfu +and the other Ionian Isles, we could only elicit from our informant +the fact that one morning before breakfast he had hanged seventeen +priests." + +The second passage which I store in these notes for future use, is the +supremely magnificent one, out of a book full of magnificence,--if truth +be counted as having in it the strength of deed: Alphonse Karr's "Grains +de Bon Sens." I cannot praise either this or his more recent +"Bourdonnements" to my own heart's content, simply because they are by a +man utterly after my own heart, who has been saying in France, this +many a year, what I also, this many a year, have been saying in England, +neither of us knowing of the other, and both of us vainly. (See pages 11 +and 12 of "Bourdonnements.") The passage here given is the sixty-third +clause in "Grains de Bon Sens." + +"Et tout cela, monsieur, vient de ce qu'il n'y a plus de croyances--de +ce qu'on ne croit plus a rien. + +"Ah! saperlipopette, monsieur, vous me la baillez belle! Vous dites +qu'on ne croit plus a rien! Mais jamais, a aucune epoque, on n'a cru a +tant de billevesees, de bourdes, de mensonges, de sottises, +d'absurdites qu'aujourd'hui. + +"D'abord, on _croit_ a l'incredulite--l'incredulite est une croyance, +une religion tres exigeante, qui a ses dogmes, sa liturgie, ses +pratiques, ses rites! ...son intolerance, ses superstitions. Nous +avons des incredules et des impies jesuites, et des incredules et des +impies jansenistes; des impies molinistes, et des impies quietistes; +des impies pratiquants, et non pratiquants; des impies indifferents et +des impies fanatiques; des incredules cagots et des impies hypocrites +et tartuffes.--La religion de l'incredulite ne se refuse meme pas le +luxe des heresies. + +"On ne croit plus a la bible, je le veux bien, mais on _croit_ aux +'ecritures' des journaux, on croit au 'sacerdoce' des gazettes et +carres de papier, et a leurs 'oracles' quotidiens. + +"On _croit_ au 'bapteme' de la police correctionnelle et de la Cour +d'assises--on appelle 'martyrs' et 'confesseurs' les 'absents' a +Noumea et les 'freres' de Suisse, d'Angleterre et de Belgique--et, +quand on parle des 'martyrs de la Commune' ca ne s'entend pas des +assassines, mais des assassins. + +"On se fait enterrer 'civilement,' on ne veut plus sur son cercueil +des prieres de l'Eglise, on ne veut ni cierges, ni chants +religieux,--mais on veut un cortege portant derriere la biere des +immortelles rouges;--on veut une 'oraison,' une 'predication' de +Victor Hugo qui a ajoute cette specialite a ses autres specialites, si +bien qu'un de ces jours derniers, comme il suivait un convoi en +amateur, un croque-mort s'approcha de lui, le poussa du coude, et lui +dit en souriant: 'Est-ce que nous n'aurons pas quelque chose de vous, +aujourd'hui?'--Et cette predication il la lit ou la recite--ou, s'il +ne juge pas a propos 'd'officier' lui-meme, s'il s'agit d'un mort de +plus, il envoie pour la psalmodier M. Meurice ou tout autre 'pretre' +ou 'enfant de coeur' du 'Dieu,'--A defaut de M. Hugo, s'il s'agit +d'un citoyen obscur, on se contente d'une homelie improvisee pour la +dixieme fois par n'importe quel depute intransigeant--et le _Miserere_ +est remplace par les cris de 'Vive la Republique!' pousses dans le +cimetiere. + +"On n'entre plus dans les eglises, mais on frequente les brasseries et +les cabarets; on y officie, on y celebre les mysteres, on y chante les +louanges d'une pretendue republique _sacro-sainte_, une, indivisible, +democratique, sociale, athenienne, intransigeante, despotique, invisible +quoique etant partout. On y communie sous differentes especes; le matin +(_matines_) on 'tue le ver' avec le vin blanc,--il y a plus tard les +vepres de l'absinthe, auxquelles on se ferait un crime de manquer +d'assiduite. + +"On ne croit plus en Dieu, mais on _croit_ pieusement en M. Gambetta, +en MM. Marcou, Naquet, Barodet, Tartempion, etc., et en toute une +longue litanie de saints et de _dii minores_ tels que Goutte-Noire, +Polosse, Boriasse et Silibat, le heros lyonnais. + +"On _croit_ a 'l'immuabilite' de M. Thiers, qui a dit avec aplomb 'Je +ne change jamais,' et qui aujourd'hui est a la fois le protecteur et +le protege de ceux qu'il a passe une partie de sa vie a fusilier, et +qu'il fusillait encore hier. + +'On _croit_ au republicanisme 'immacule' de l'avocat de Cahors qui a +jete par-dessus bord tous les principes republicains,--qui est a la +fois de son cote le protecteur et le protege de M. Thiers, qui hier +l'appelait 'fou furieux,' deportait et fusillait ses amis. + +"Tous deux, il est vrai, en meme temps protecteurs hypocrites, et +proteges dupes. + +"On ne croit plus aux miracles anciens, mais on _croit_ a des miracles +nouveaux. + +"On _croit_ a une republique sans le respect religieux et presque +fanatique des lois. + +"On _croit_ qu'on peut s'enrichir en restant imprevoyants, insouciants +et paresseux, et autrement que par le travail et l'economie. + +"On se _croit_ libre en obeissant aveuglement et betement a deux ou +trois coteries. + +"On se _croit_ independant parce qu'on a tue ou chasse un lion et +qu'on l'a remplace par deux douzaines de caniches teints en jaune. + +"On _croit_ avoir conquis le 'suffrage universel' en votant par des +mots d'ordre qui en font le contraire du suffrage universel,--mene au +vote comme on mene un troupeau au paturage, avec cette difference que +ca ne nourrit pas.--D'ailleurs, par ce suffrage universel qu'on croit +avoir et qu'on n'a pas,--il faudrait _croire_ que les soldats doivent +commander au general, les chevaux mener le cocher;--_croire_ que deux +radis valent mieux qu'une truffe, deux cailloux mieux qu'un diamant, +deux crottins mieux qu'une rose. + +"On se _croit_ en Republique, parce que quelques demi-quarterons de +farceurs occupent les memes places, emargent les memes appointements, +pratiquent les memes abus, que ceux qu'on a renverses a leur benefice. + +"On se _croit_ un peuple opprime, heroique, que brise ses fers, et +n'est qu'un domestique capricieux qui aime a changer de maitres. + +"On _croit_ au genie d'avocats de sixieme ordre, qui ne se sont jetes +dans la politique et n'aspirent au gouvernement despotique de la +France que faute d'avoir pu gagner honnetement, sans grand travail, +dans l'exercice d'un profession correcte, une vie obscure humectee de +chopes. + +"On _croit_ que des hommes devoyes, declasses, decaves, fruits secs, +etc., qui n'ont etudie que le 'domino a quatre' et le 'bezigue en +quinze cents' se reveillent un matin,--apres un sommeil alourdi par le +tabac et la biere--possedant la science de la politique, et l'art de +la guerre; et aptes a etre dictateurs, generaux, ministres, prefets, +sous-prefets, etc. + +"Et les soi-disant conservateurs eux-memes _croient_ que la France +peut se relever et vivre tant qu'on n'aura pas fait justice de ce +pretendu suffrage universel qui est le contraire du suffrage +universel. + +"Les croyances out subi le sort de ce serpent de la fable--coupe, +hache par morceaux, dont chaque troncon devenait un serpent. + +"Les croyances se sont changees en monnaie--en billon de credulites. + +"Et pour finir la liste bien incomplete des croyances et des +credulites--vous _croyez_, vous, qu'on ne croit a rien!" + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +UNDER THE DRACHENFELS. + + +1. Without ignobly trusting the devices of artificial memory--far less +slighting the pleasure and power of resolute and thoughtful memory--my +younger readers will find it extremely useful to note any coincidences +or links of number which may serve to secure in their minds what may +be called Dates of Anchorage, round which others, less important, may +swing at various cables' lengths. + +Thus, it will be found primarily a most simple and convenient +arrangement of the years since the birth of Christ, to divide them by +fives of centuries,--that is to say, by the marked periods of the +fifth, tenth, fifteenth, and, now fast nearing us, twentieth +centuries. + +And this--at first seemingly formal and arithmetical--division, will +be found, as we use it, very singularly emphasized by signs of most +notable change in the knowledge, disciplines, and morals of the human +race. + +2. All dates, it must farther be remembered, falling within the fifth +century, begin with the number 4 (401, 402, etc.); and all dates in +the tenth century with the number 9 (901, 902, etc.); and all dates in +the fifteenth century with the number 14 (1401, 1402, etc.) + +In our immediate subject of study, we are concerned with the first of +these marked centuries--the fifth--of which I will therefore ask you +to observe two very interesting divisions. + +All dates of years in that century, we said, must begin with the +number 4. + +If you halve it for the second figure, you get 42. + +And if you double it for the second figure, you get 48. + +[Illustration: Plate II.--THE BIBLE OF AMIENS. NORTHERN PORCH BEFORE +RESTORATION.] + +Add 1, for the third figure, to each of these numbers, and you get 421 +and 481, which two dates you will please fasten well down, and let +there be no drifting about of them in your heads. + +For the first is the date of the birth of Venice herself, and her +dukedom, (see 'St. Mark's Rest,' Part I., p. 30); and the second is +the date of birth of the French Venice, and her kingdom; Clovis being +in that year crowned in Amiens. + +3. These are the great Birthdays--Birthdates--in the fifth century, of +Nations. Its Deathdays we will count, at another time. + +Since, not for dark Rialto's dukedom, nor for fair France's kingdom, +only, are these two years to be remembered above all others in the +wild fifth century; but because they are also the birth-years of a +great Lady, and greater Lord, of all future Christendom--St. +Genevieve, and St. Benedict. + +Genevieve, the 'white wave' (Laughing water)--the purest of all the +maids that have been named from the sea-foam or the rivulet's ripple, +unsullied,--not the troubled and troubling Aphrodite, but the +Leucothea of Ulysses, the guiding wave of deliverance. + +White wave on the blue--whether of pure lake or sunny +sea--(thenceforth the colours of France, blue field with white +lilies), she is always the type of purity, in active brightness of the +entire soul and life--(so distinguished from the quieter and +restricted innocence of St. Agnes),--and all the traditions of sorrow +in the trial or failure of noble womanhood are connected with her +name; Ginevra, in Italian, passing into Shakespeare's Imogen; and +Guinevere, the torrent wave of the British mountain streams, of whose +pollution your modern sentimental minstrels chant and moan to you, +lugubriously useless;--but none tell you, that I hear, of the victory +and might of this white wave of France. + +4. A shepherd maid she was--a tiny thing, barefooted, +bare-headed--such as you may see running wild and innocent, less +cared for now than their sheep, over many a hillside of France and +Italy. Tiny enough;--seven years old, all told, when first +one hears of her: "Seven times one are seven, (I am old, you may trust +me, linnet, linnet[10])," and all around her--fierce as the Furies, and +wild as the winds of heaven--the thunder of the Gothic armies, +reverberate over the ruins of the world. + +5. Two leagues from Paris, (_Roman_ Paris, soon to pass away with Rome +herself,) the little thing keeps her flock, not even her own, nor her +father's flock, like David; she is the hired servant of a richer +farmer of Nanterre. Who can tell me anything about Nanterre?--which of +our pilgrims of this omni-speculant, omni-nescient age has thought of +visiting what shrine may be there? I don't know even on what side of +Paris it lies,[11] nor under which heap of railway cinders and iron one +is to conceive the sheep-walks and blossomed fields of fairy St. +Phyllis. There were such left, even in my time, between Paris and St. +Denis, (see the prettiest chapter in all the "Mysteries of Paris," +where Fleur de Marie runs wild in them for the first time), but now, I +suppose, St. Phyllis's native earth is all thrown up into bastion and +glacis, (profitable and blessed of all saints, and her, as _these_ +have since proved themselves!) or else are covered with manufactories +and cabarets. Seven years old she was, then, when on his way to +_England_ from Auxerre, St. Germain passed a night in her village, and +among the children who brought him on his way in the morning in more +kindly manner than Elisha's convoy, noticed this one--wider-eyed in +reverence than the rest; drew her to him, questioned her, and was +sweetly answered: That she would fain be Christ's handmaid. And he +hung round her neck a small copper coin, marked with the cross. +Thencefoward Genevieve held herself as "separated from the world." + +[Footnote 10: Miss Ingelow.] + +[Footnote 11: On inquiry, I find in the flat between Paris and Sevres.] + +6. It did not turn out so, however. Far the contrary. You must think of +her, instead, as the first of Parisiennes. Queen of Vanity Fair, that +was to be, sedately poor St. Phyllis, with her copper-crossed farthing +about her neck! More than Nitocris was to Egypt, more than Semiramis to +Nineveh, more than Zenobia to the city of palm trees--this +seven-years-old shepherd maiden became to Paris and her France. You have +not heard of her in that kind?--No: how should you?--for she did not +lead armies, but stayed them, and all her power was in peace. + +7. There are, however, some seven or eight and twenty lives of her, I +believe; into the literature of which I cannot enter, nor need, all +having been ineffective in producing any clear picture of her to the +modern French or English mind; and leaving one's own poor sagacities +and fancy to gather and shape the sanctity of her into an +intelligible, I do not say a _credible_, form; for there is no +question here about belief,--the creature is as real as Joan of Arc, +and far more powerful;--she is separated, just as St. Martin is, by +his patience, from too provocative prelates--by her quietness of +force, from the pitiable crowd of feminine martyr saints. + +There are thousands of religious girls who have never got themselves +into any calendars, but have wasted and wearied away their +lives--heaven knows why, for _we_ cannot; but here is one, at any +rate, who neither scolds herself to martyrdom, nor frets herself into +consumption, but becomes a tower of the Flock, and builder of folds +for them all her days. + +8. The first thing, then, you have to note of her, is that she is a +pure native _Gaul_. She does not come as a missionary out of Hungary, +or Illyria, or Egypt, or ineffable space; but grows at Nanterre, like +a marguerite in the dew, the first "Reine Blanche" of Gaul. + +I have not used this ugly word 'Gaul' before, and we must be quite +sure what it means, at once, though it will cost us a long +parenthesis. + +9. During all the years of the rising power of Rome, her people called +everybody a Gaul who lived north of the sources of Tiber. If you are not +content with that general statement, you may read the article "Gallia" +in Smith's dictionary, which consists of seventy-one columns of close +print, containing each as much as three of my pages; and tells you at +the end of it, that "though long, it is not complete." You may however, +gather from it, after an attentive perusal, as much as I have above told +you. + +But, as early as the second century after Christ, and much more +distinctly in the time with which we are ourselves concerned--the +fifth--the wild nations opposed to Rome, and partially subdued, or +held at bay by her, had resolved themselves into two distinct masses, +belonging to two distinct _latitudes_. One, _fixed_ in habitation of +the pleasant temperate zone of Europe--England with her western +mountains, the healthy limestone plateaux and granite mounts of +France, the German labyrinths of woody hill and winding thal, from the +Tyrol to the Hartz, and all the vast enclosed basin and branching +valleys of the Carpathians. Think of these four districts, briefly and +clearly, as 'Britain,' 'Gaul,' 'Germany,' and 'Dacia.' + +10. North of these rudely but patiently _resident_ races, possessing +fields and orchards, quiet herds, homes of a sort, moralities and +memories not ignoble, dwelt, or rather drifted, and shook, a shattered +chain of gloomier tribes, piratical mainly, and predatory, nomad +essentially; homeless, of necessity, finding no stay nor comfort in +earth, or bitter sky: desperately wandering along the waste sands and +drenched morasses of the flat country stretching from the mouths of +the Rhine to those of the Vistula, and beyond Vistula nobody knows +where, nor needs to know. Waste sands and rootless bogs their portion, +ice-fastened and cloud-shadowed, for many a day of the rigorous year: +shallow pools and oozings and windings of retarded streams, black +decay of neglected woods, scarcely habitable, never loveable; to this +day the inner main-lands little changed for good[12]--and their +inhabitants now fallen even on sadder times. + +[Footnote 12: See generally any description that Carlyle has had +occasion to give of Prussian or Polish ground, or edge of Baltic +shore.] + +11. For in the fifth century they had herds of cattle[13] to drive and +kill, unpreserved hunting-grounds full of game and wild deer, tameable +reindeer also then, even so far in the south; spirited hogs, good for +practice of fight as in Meleager's time, and afterwards for bacon; +furry creatures innumerable, all good for meat or skin. Fish of the +infinite sea breaking their bark-fibre nets; fowl innumerable, migrant +in the skies, for their flint-headed arrows; bred horses for their own +riding; ships of no mean size, and of all sorts, flat-bottomed for the +oozy puddles, keeled and decked for strong Elbe stream and furious +Baltic on the one side, for mountain-cleaving Danube and the black +lake of Colchos on the south. + +[Footnote 13: Gigantic--and not yet fossilized! See Gibbon's note on +the death of Theodebert: "The King pointed his spear--the Bull +_overturned a tree on his head_,--he died the same day."--vii. 255. +The Horn of Uri and her shield, with the chiefly towering crests of +the German helm, attest the terror of these Aurochs herds.] + +12. And they were, to all outward aspect, and in all _felt_ force, the +living powers of the world, in that long hour of its transfiguration. +All else known once for awful, had become formalism, folly, or +shame:--the Roman armies, a mere sworded mechanism, fast falling +confused, every sword against its fellow;--the Roman civil multitude, +mixed of slaves, slave-masters, and harlots; the East, cut off from +Europe by the intervening weakness of the Greek. These starving troops +of the Black forests and White seas, themselves half wolf, half +drift-wood, (as _we_ once called ourselves Lion-hearts, and +Oak-hearts, so they), merciless as the herded hound, enduring as the +wild birch-tree and pine. You will hear of few beside them for five +centuries yet to come: Visigoths, west of Vistula;--Ostrogoths, east +of Vistula; radiant round little Holy Island (Heligoland), our own +Saxons, and Hamlet the Dane, and his foe the sledded Polack on the +ice,--all these south of Baltic; and pouring _across_ Baltic, +constantly, her mountain-ministered strength, Scandinavia, until at +last _she_ for a time rules all, and the Norman name is of disputeless +dominion, from the North Cape to Jerusalem. + +13. _This_ is the apparent, this the only recognised world history, as +I have said, for five centuries to come. And yet the real history is +underneath all this. The wandering armies are, in the heart of them, +only living hail, and thunder, and fire along the ground. But the +Suffering Life, the rooted heart of native humanity, growing up in +eternal gentleness, howsoever wasted, forgotten, or spoiled,--itself +neither wasting, nor wandering, nor slaying, but unconquerable by +grief or death, became the seed ground of all love, that was to be +born in due time; giving, then, to mortality, what hope, joy, or +genius it could receive; and--if there be immortality--rendering out +of the grave to the Church her fostering Saints, and to Heaven her +helpful Angels. + +14. Of this low-nestling, speechless, harmless, infinitely submissive, +infinitely serviceable order of being, no Historian ever takes the +smallest notice, except when it is robbed or slain. I can give you no +picture of it, bring to your ears no murmur of it, nor cry. I can only +show you the absolute 'must have been' of its unrewarded past, and the +way in which all we have thought of, or been told, is founded on the +deeper facts in its history, unthought of, and untold. + +15. The main mass of this innocent and invincible peasant life is, as I +have above told you, grouped in the fruitful and temperate districts of +(relatively) mountainous Europe,--reaching, west to east, from the +Cornish Land's End to the mouth of the Danube. Already, in the times we +are now dealing with, it was full of native passion--generosity--and +intelligence capable of all things. Dacia gave to Rome the four last of +her great Emperors,[14]--Britain to Christianity the first deeds, and +the final legends, of her chivalry,--Germany, to all manhood, the truth +and the fire of the Frank,--Gaul, to all womanhood, the patience and +strength of St. Genevieve. + +[Footnote 14: Claudius, Aurelian, Probus, Constantius; and after the +division of the empire, to the East, Justinian. "The emperor Justinian +was born of an obscure race of Barbarians, the inhabitants of a wild and +desolate country, to which the names of Dardania, of Dacia, and of +Bulgaria have been successively applied. The names of these Dardanian +peasants are Gothic, and almost English. Justinian is a translation of +Uprauder (upright); his father, Sabatius,--in Graeco-barbarous language, +Stipes--was styled in his village 'Istock' (Stock)."--Gibbon, beginning +of chap. xl. and note.] + +16. The _truth_, and the fire, of the Frank,--I must repeat with +insistence,--for my younger readers have probably been in the habit of +thinking that the French were more polite than true. They will find, +if they examine into the matter, that only Truth _can_ be polished: +and that all we recognize of beautiful, subtle, or constructive, in +the manners, the language, or the architecture of the French, comes of +a pure veracity in their nature, which you will soon feel in the +living creatures themselves if you love them: if you understand even +their worst rightly, their very Revolution was a revolt against lies; +and against the betrayal of Love. No people had ever been so loyal in +vain. + +17. That they were originally Germans, they themselves I suppose would +now gladly forget; but how they shook the dust of Germany off their +feet--and gave themselves a new name--is the first of the phenomena +which we have now attentively to observe respecting them. + +"The most rational critics," says Mr. Gibbon in his tenth chapter, +"_suppose_ that _about_ the year 240" (_suppose_ then, we, for our +greater comfort, say _about_ the year 250, half-way to end of fifth +century, where we are,--ten years less or more, in cases of 'supposing +about,' do not much matter, but some floating buoy of a date will be +handy here.) + +'About' A.D. 250, then, "a new confederacy was formed, under the name +of Franks, by the old inhabitants of the lower Rhine and the Weser." + +18. My own impression, concerning the old inhabitants of the lower +Rhine and the Weser, would have been that they consisted mostly of +fish, with superficial frogs and ducks; but Mr. Gibbon's note on the +passage informs us that the new confederation composed itself of human +creatures, in these items following. + +1. The Chauci, who lived we are not told where. + +2. The Sicambri " in the Principality of Waldeck. + +3. The Attuarii " in the Duchy of Berg. + +4. The Bructeri " on the banks of the Lippe. + +5. The Chamavii " in the country of the Bructeri. + +6. The Catti " in Hessia. + +All this I believe you will be rather easier in your minds if you +forget than if you remember; but if it please you to read, or re-read, +(or best of all, get read to you by some real Miss Isabella Wardour,) +the story of Martin Waldeck in the 'Antiquary,' you will gain from it +a sufficient notion of the central character of "the Principality of +_Waldeck_" connected securely with that important German word; +'woody'--or 'wood_ish_,' I suppose?--descriptive of rock and +half-grown forest; together with some wholesome reverence for Scott's +instinctively deep foundations of nomenclature. + +19. But for our present purpose we must also take seriously to our +maps again, and get things within linear limits of space. + +All the maps of Germany which I have myself the privilege of possessing, +diffuse themselves, just north of Frankfort, into the likeness of a +painted window broken small by Puritan malice, and put together again by +ingenious churchwardens with every bit of it wrong side upwards;--this +curious vitrerie purporting to represent the sixty, seventy, eighty, or +ninety dukedoms, marquisates, counties, baronies, electorates, and the +like, into which hereditary Alemannia cracked itself in that latitude. +But under the mottling colours, and through the jotted and jumbled +alphabets of distracted dignities--besides a chain-mail of black +railroads over all, the chains of it not in links, but bristling +with legs, like centipedes,--a hard forenoon's work with good +magnifying-glass enables one approximately to make out the course of the +Weser, and the names of certain towns near its sources, deservedly +memorable. + +20. In case you have not a forenoon to spare, nor eyesight to waste, +this much of merely necessary abstract must serve you,--that from the +Drachenfels and its six brother felsen, eastward, trending to the north, +there runs and spreads a straggling company of gnarled and mysterious +craglets, jutting and scowling above glens fringed by coppice, and +fretful or musical with stream; the crags, in pious ages, mostly +castled, for distantly or fancifully Christian purposes;--the glens, +resonant of woodmen, or burrowed at the sides by miners, and invisibly +tenanted farther, underground, by gnomes, and above by forest and other +demons. The entire district, clasping crag to crag, and guiding dell to +dell, some hundred and fifty miles (with intervals) between the Dragon +mountain above Rhine, and the Rosin mountain, 'Hartz' shadowy still to +the south of the riding grounds of Black Brunswickers of indisputable +bodily presence;--shadowy anciently with 'Hercynian' (hedge, or fence) +forest, corrupted or coinciding into Hartz, or Rosin forest, haunted by +obscurely apparent foresters of at least resinous, not to say +sulphurous, extraction. + +21. A hundred and fifty miles east to west, say half as much north to +south--about a thousand square miles in whole--of metalliferous, +coniferous, and Ghostiferous mountain, fluent, and diffluent for us, +both in mediaeval and recent times, with the most Essential oil of +Turpentine, and Myrrh or Frankincense of temper and imagination, which +may be typified by it, producible in Germany; especially if we think +how the more delicate uses of Rosin, as indispensable to the +Fiddle-bow, have developed themselves, from the days of St. Elizabeth +of Marburg to those of St. Mephistopheles of Weimar. + +22. As far as I know, this cluster of wayward cliff and dingle has no +common name as a group of hills; and it is quite impossible to make +out the diverse branching of it in any maps I can lay hand on: but we +may remember easily, and usefully, that it is _all_ north of the +Maine,--that it rests on the Drachenfels at one end, and tosses itself +away to the morning light with a concave swoop, up to the Hartz, +(Brocken summit, 3700 feet above sea, nothing higher): with one +notable interval for Weser stream, of which presently. + +23. We will call this, in future, the chain, or company, of +the Enchanted mountains; and then we shall all the more easily join on +the Giant mountains, Riesen-Gebirge, when we want them; but these are +altogether higher, sterner, and not yet to be invaded; the nearer +ones, through which our road lies, we might perhaps more aptly call +the Goblin mountains; but that would be scarcely reverent to St. +Elizabeth, nor to the numberless pretty chatelaines of towers, and +princesses of park and glen, who have made German domestic manners +sweet and exemplary, and have led their lightly rippling and +translucent lives down the glens of ages, until enchantment becomes, +perhaps, too canonical in the Almanach de Gotha. + +We will call them therefore the Enchanted Mountains, not the Goblin; +perceiving gratefully also that the Rock spirits of them have really +much more of the temper of fairy physicians than of gnomes: each--as +it were with sensitive hazel wand instead of smiting rod--beckoning, +out of sparry caves, effervescent Brunnen, beneficently salt and warm. + +24. At the very heart of this Enchanted chain, then--(and the +beneficentest, if one use it and guide it rightly, of all the Brunnen +there,) sprang the fountain of the earliest Frank race; "in the +principality of Waldeck,"--you can trace their current to no farther +source; there it rises out of the earth. + +'Frankenberg' (Burg), on right bank of the Eder, nineteen miles north of +Marburg, you may find marked clearly in the map No. 18 of Black's +General Atlas, wherein the cluster of surrounding bewitched mountains, +and the valley of Eder-stream otherwise (as the village higher up the +dell still calls itself) "Engel-Bach," "Angel Brook," joining that of +the Fulda, just above Cassel, are also delineated in a way intelligible +to attentive mortal eyes. I should be plagued with the names in trying a +woodcut; but a few careful pen-strokes, or wriggles, of your own +off-hand touching, would give you the concurrence of the actual sources +of Weser in a comfortably extricated form, with the memorable towns on +them, or just south of them, on the other slope of the watershed, +towards Maine. Frankenberg and Waldeck on Eder, Fulda and Cassel on +Fulda, Eisenach on Werra, who accentuates himself into Weser after +taking Fulda for bride, as Tees the Greta, beyond Eisenach, under the +Wartzburg, (of which you have heard as a castle employed on Christian +mission and Bible Society purposes), town-streets below hard paved with +basalt--name of it, Iron-ach, significant of Thuringian armouries in the +old time,--it is active with mills for many things yet. + +25. The rocks all the way from Rhine, thus far, are jets and spurts of +basalt through irony sandstone, with a strip of coal or two northward, +by the grace of God not worth digging for; at Frankenberg even a gold +mine; also, by Heaven's mercy, poor of its ore; but wood and iron +always to be had for the due trouble; and, of softer wealth above +ground,--game, corn, fruit, flax, wine, wool, and hemp! Monastic care +over all, in Fulda's and Walter's houses--which I find marked by a +cross as built by some pious Walter, Knight of Meiningen on the Boden +wasser, Bottom water, as of water having found its way well down at +last: so "Boden-See," of Rhine well got down out of Via Mala. + +26. And thus, having got your springs of Weser clear from the rock; +and, as it were, gathered up the reins of your river, you can draw for +yourself, easily enough, the course of its farther stream, flowing +virtually straight north, to the North Sea. And mark it strongly on +your sketched map of Europe, next to the border Vistula, leaving out +Elbe yet for a time. For now, you may take the whole space between +Weser and Vistula (north of the mountains), as wild barbarian (Saxon +or Goth); but, piercing the source of the Franks at Waldeck, you will +find them gradually, but swiftly, filling all the space between Weser +and the mouths of Rhine, passing from mountain foam into calmer +diffusion over the Netherland, where their straying forest and +pastoral life has at last to embank itself into muddy agriculture, and +in bleak-flying sea mist, forget the sunshine on its basalt crags. + +27. Whereupon, _we_ must also pause, to embank ourselves somewhat; and +before other things, try what we can understand in this name of Frank, +concerning which Gibbon tells us, in his sweetest tones of satisfied +moral serenity--"The love of liberty was the ruling passion of these +Germans. They deserved, they assumed, they maintained, the honourable +epithet of Franks, or Freemen." He does not, however, tell us in what +language of the time--Chaucian, Sicambrian, Chamavian, or +Cattian,--'Frank' ever meant Free: nor can I find out myself what tongue +of any time it first belongs to; but I doubt not that Miss Yonge +('History of Christian Names,' Articles on Frey and Frank), gives the +true root, in what she calls the High German "Frang," Free _Lord_. Not +by any means a Free _Commoner_, or anything of the sort! but a person +whose nature and name implied the existence around him, and beneath, of +a considerable number of other persons who were by no means 'Frang,' nor +Frangs. His title is one of the proudest then maintainable;--ratified at +last by the dignity of age added to that of valour, into the Seigneur, +or Monseigneur, not even yet in the last cockney form of it, 'Mossoo,' +wholly understood as a republican term! + +28. So that, accurately thought of, the quality of Frankness glances +only with the flat side of it into any meaning of 'Libre,' but with all +its cutting edge, determinedly, and to all time, it signifies Brave, +strong, and honest, above other men.[15] The old woodland race were +never in any wolfish sense 'free,' but in a most human sense Frank, +outspoken, meaning what they had said, and standing to it, when they had +got it out. Quick and clear in word and act, fearless utterly and +restless always;--but idly lawless, or weakly lavish, neither in deed +nor word. Their frankness, if you read it as a scholar and a Christian, +and not like a modern half-bred, half-brained infidel, knowing no tongue +of all the world but in the slang of it, is really opposed, not to +Servitude,--but to Shyness![16] It is to this day the note of the +sweetest and Frenchiest of French character, that it makes simply +perfect _Servants_. Unwearied in protective friendship, in meekly +dextrous omnificence, in latent tutorship; the lovingly availablest of +valets,--the mentally and personally bonniest of bonnes. But in no +capacity shy of you! Though you be the Duke or Duchess of Montaltissimo, +you will not find them abashed at your altitude. They will speak 'up' to +you, when they have a mind. + +[Footnote 15: Gibbon touches the facts more closely in a sentence of +his 22nd chapter. "The independent warriors of Germany, _who +considered truth as the noblest of their virtues_, and freedom as the +most valuable of their possessions." He is speaking especially of the +Frankish tribe of the Attuarii, against whom the Emperor Julian had to +re-fortify the Rhine from Cleves to Basle: but the first letters of +the Emperor Jovian, after Julian's death, "delegated the military +command of _Gaul_ and Illyrium (what a vast one it was, we shall see +hereafter), to Malarich, a _brave and faithful_ officer of the nation +of the Franks;" and they remain the loyal allies of Rome in her last +struggle with Alaric. Apparently for the sake only of an interesting +variety of language,--and at all events without intimation of any +causes of so great a change in the national character,--we find Mr. +Gibbon in his next volume suddenly adopting the abusive epithets of +Procopius, and calling the Franks "a light and perfidious nation" +(vii. 251). The only traceable grounds for this unexpected description +of them are that they refuse to be bribed either into friendship or +activity, by Rome or Ravenna; and that in his invasion of Italy, the +grandson of Clovis did not previously send exact warning of his +proposed route, nor even entirely signify his intentions till he had +secured the bridge of the Po at Pavia; afterwards declaring his mind +with sufficient distinctness by "assaulting, almost at the same +instant, the hostile camps of the Goths and Romans, who, instead of +uniting their arms, fled with equal precipitation."] + +[Footnote 16: For detailed illustration of the word, see 'Val d'Arno,' +Lecture VIII.; 'Fors Clavigera,' Letters XLVI. 231, LXXVII. 137; and +Chaucer, 'Romaunt of Rose,' 1212--"Next _him_" (the knight sibbe to +Arthur) "daunced dame Franchise;"--the English lines are quoted and +commented on in the first lecture of 'Ariadne Florentina'; I give the +French here:-- + + "Apres tous ceulx estoit Franchise + Que ne fut ne brune ne bise. + Ains fut comme la neige blanche + _Courtoyse_ estoit, _joyeuse_, et _franche_. + Le nez avoit long et tretis, + Yeulx vers, riants; sourcilz faitis; + Les cheveulx eut tres-blons et longs + Simple fut comme les coulons + Le coeur eut doulx et debonnaire. + _Elle n'osait dire ne faire + Nulle riens que faire ne deust._" + +And I hope my girl readers will never more confuse Franchise with +'Liberty.'] + +29. Best of servants: best of _subjects_, also, when they have +an equally frank King, or Count, or Captal, to lead them; of which we +shall see proof enough in due time;--but, instantly, note this +farther, that, whatever side-gleam of the thing they afterwards called +Liberty may be meant by the Frank name, you must at once now, and +always in future, guard yourself from confusing their Liberties with +their Activities. What the temper of the army may be towards its +chief, is _one_ question--whether either chief or army can be kept six +months quiet,--another, and a totally different one. That they must +either be fighting somebody or going somewhere, else, their life isn't +worth living to them; the activity and mercurial flashing and +flickering hither and thither, which in the soul of it is set neither +on war nor rapine, but only on change of place, mood--tense, and +tension;--which never needs to see its spurs in the dish, but has them +always bright, and on, and would ever choose rather to ride fasting +than sit feasting,--this childlike dread of being put in a corner, and +continual want of something to do, is to be watched by us with +wondering sympathy in all its sometimes splendid, but too often +unlucky or disastrous consequences to the nation itself as well as to +its neighbours. + +30. And this activity, which we stolid beef-eaters, before we had been +taught by modern science that we were no better than baboons +ourselves, were wont discourteously to liken to that of the livelier +tribes of Monkey, did in fact so much impress the Hollanders, when +first the irriguous Franks gave motion and current to their marshes, +that the earliest heraldry in which we find the Frank power blazoned +seems to be founded on a Dutch endeavour to give some distantly +satirical presentment of it. "For," says a most ingenious historian, +Mons. Andre Favine,--'Parisian, and Advocate in the High Court of the +French Parliament in the year 1620'--"those people who bordered on the +river Sala, called 'Salts,' by the Allemaignes, were on their descent +into Dutch lands called by the Romans 'Franci Salici'" (whence +'Salique' law to come, you observe) "and by abridgment 'Salii,' as if +of the verb 'salire,' that is to say 'saulter,' to leap"--(and in +future therefore--duly also to dance--in an incomparable manner) "to +be quicke and nimble of foot, to leap and mount well, a quality most +notably requisite for such as dwell in watrie and marshy places; So +that while such of the French as dwelt on the great course of the +river" (Rhine) "were called 'Nageurs,' Swimmers, they of the marshes +were called 'Saulteurs,' Leapers, so that it was a nickname given to +the French in regard both of their natural disposition and of their +dwelling; as, yet to this day, their enemies call them French Toades, +(or Frogs, more properly) from whence grew the fable that their +ancient Kings carried such creatures in their Armes." + +31. Without entering at present into debate whether fable or not, you +will easily remember the epithet 'Salian' of these fosse-leaping and +river-swimming folk (so that, as aforesaid, all the length of Rhine +must be refortified against them)--epithet however, it appears, in its +origin delicately Saline, so that we may with good discretion, as we +call our seasoned Mariners, '_old_ Salts,' think of these more brightly +sparkling Franks as 'Young Salts,'--but this equivocated presently by +the Romans, with natural respect to their martial fire and 'elan,' into +'Salii'--exsultantes,[17]--such as their own armed priests of war: and +by us now with some little farther, but slight equivocation, into +useful meaning, to be thought of as here first Salient, as a beaked +promontory, towards the France we know of; and evermore, in brilliant +elasticities of temper, a salient or out-sallying nation; lending to us +English presently--for this much of heraldry we may at once glance on +to--their 'Leopard,' not as a spotted or blotted creature, but as an +inevitably springing and pouncing one, for our own kingly and princely +shields. + +[Footnote 17: Their first mischievous exsultation into Alsace being +invited by the Romans themselves, (or at least by Constantius in his +jealousy of Julian,)--with "presents and promises,--the hopes of +spoil, and a perpetual grant of all the territories they were able to +subdue." Gibbon, chap. xix. (3, 208.) By any other historian than +Gibbon, who has really no fixed opinion on any character, or question, +but, safe in the general truism that the worst men sometimes do right, +and the best often do wrong, praises when he wants to round a +sentence, and blames when he cannot otherwise edge one--it might have +startled us to be here told of the nation which "deserved, assumed, +and maintained the _honourable_ name of freemen," that "_these +undisciplined robbers_ treated as their natural enemies all the +subjects of the empire who possessed any property which they were +desirous of acquiring." The first campaign of Julian, which throws +both Franks and Alemanni back across the Rhine, but grants the Salian +Franks, under solemn oath, their established territory in the +Netherlands, must be traced at another time.] + +Thus much, of their 'Salian' epithet may be enough; but from the +interpretation of the Frankish one we are still as far as ever, and +must be content, in the meantime, to stay so, noting however two ideas +afterwards entangled with the name, which are of much descriptive +importance to us. + +32. "The French poet in the first book of his Franciades" (says Mons. +Favine; but what poet I know not, nor can enquire) "encounters" (in the +sense of en-quarters, or depicts as a herald) certain fables on the name +of the French by the adoption and composure of two _Gaulish_ words +joyned together, Phere-Encos which signifieth 'Beare-_Launce_,' +(--Shake-Lance, we might perhaps venture to translate,) a lighter weapon +than the Spear beginning here to quiver in the hand of its chivalry--and +Fere-encos then passing swiftly on the tongue into Francos;"--a +derivation not to be adopted, but the idea of the weapon most +carefully,--together with this following--that "among the arms of the +ancient French, over and beside the Launce, was the Battaile-Axe, which +they called _Anchon_, and moreover, yet to this day, in many Provinces +of France, it is termed an _Achon_, wherewith they served themselves in +warre, by throwing it a farre off at joyning with the enemy, onely to +discover the man and to cleave his shield. Because this _Achon_ was +darted with such violence, as it would cleave the Shield, and compell +the Maister thereof to hold down his arm, and being so discovered, as +naked or unarmed; it made way for the sooner surprizing of him. It +seemeth, that this weapon was proper and particuler to the French +Souldior, as well him on foote, as on horsebacke. For this cause they +called it _Franciscus_. Francisca, _securis oblonga, quam Franci +librabant in Hostes_. For the Horseman, beside his shield and Francisca +(Armes common, as wee have said, to the Footman), had also the Lance, +which being broken, and serving to no further effect, he laid hand on +his Francisca, as we learn the use of that weapon in the Archbishop of +Tours, his second book, and twenty-seventh chapter." + +33. It is satisfactory to find how respectfully these lessons of the +Archbishop of Tours were received by the French knights; and curious +to see the preferred use of the Francisca by all the best of +them--down, not only to Coeur de Lion's time, but even to the day of +Poitiers. In the last wrestle of the battle at Poitiers gate, "La, fit +le Roy Jehan de sa main, merveilles d'armes, et tenoit une hache de +guerre dont bien se deffendoit et combattoit,--si la quartre partie de +ses gens luy eussent ressemble, la journee eust ete pour eux." Still +more notably, in the episode of fight which Froissart stops to tell +just before, between the Sire de Verclef, (on Severn) and the Picard +squire Jean de Helennes: the Englishman, losing his sword, dismounts +to recover it, on which Helennes _casts_ his own at him with such aim +and force "qu'il acconsuit l'Anglois es cuisses, tellement que l'espee +entra dedans et le cousit tout parmi, jusqu'au hans." + +On this the knight rendering himself, the squire binds his wound, and +nurses him, staying fifteen days 'pour l'amour de lui' at +Chasteleraut, while his life was in danger; and afterwards carrying +him in a litter all the way to his own chastel in Picardy. His ransom +however is 6000 nobles--I suppose about 25,000 pounds, of our present +estimate; and you may set down for one of the fatallest signs that the +days of chivalry are near their darkening, how "devint celuy Escuyer, +Chevalier, pour le grand profit qu'il eut du Seigneur de Verclef." + +I return gladly to the dawn of chivalry, when, every hour and year, +men were becoming more gentle and more wise; while, even through their +worst cruelty and error, native qualities of noblest cast may be seen +asserting themselves for primal motive, and submitting themselves for +future training. + +34. We have hitherto got no farther in our notion of a Salian Frank than +a glimpse of his two principal weapons,--the shadow of him, however, +begins to shape itself to us on the mist of the Brocken, bearing the +lance light, passing into the javelin,--but the axe, his woodman's +weapon, heavy;--for economical reasons, in scarcity of iron, +preferablest of all weapons, giving the fullest swing and weight of blow +with least quantity of actual metal, and roughest forging. Gibbon gives +them also a 'weighty' sword, suspended from a 'broad' belt: but Gibbon's +epithets are always gratis, and the belted sword, whatever its measure, +was probably for the leaders only; the belt, itself of gold, the +distinction of the Roman Counts, and doubtless adopted from them by the +allied Frank leaders, afterwards taking the Pauline mythic meaning of +the girdle of Truth--and so finally; the chief mark of Belted +Knighthood. + +35. The Shield, for all, was round, wielded like a Highlander's +target:--armour, presumably, nothing but hard-tanned leather, or +patiently close knitted hemp; "Their close apparel," says Mr. Gibbon, +"accurately expressed the figure of their limbs," but 'apparel' is +only Miltonic-Gibbonian for 'nobody knows what.' He is more +intelligible of their persons. "The lofty stature of the Franks, and +their blue eyes, denoted a Germanic origin; the warlike barbarians +were trained from their earliest youth to run, to leap, to swim, to +dart the javelin and battle-axe with unerring aim, to advance without +hesitation against a superior enemy, and to maintain either in life or +death, the invincible reputation of their ancestors' (vi. 95). For the +first time, in 358, appalled by the Emperor Julian's victory at +Strasburg, and besieged by him upon the Meuse, a body of six hundred +Franks "dispensed with the ancient law which commanded them to conquer +or die." "Although they were strongly actuated by the allurements of +rapine, they professed a disinterested love of war, which they +considered as the supreme honour and felicity of human nature; and +their minds and bodies were so hardened by perpetual action that, +according to the lively expression of an orator, the snows of winter +were as pleasant to them as the flowers of spring" (iii. 220). + +36. These mental and bodily virtues, or indurations, were probably +universal in the military rank of the nation: but we learn presently, +with surprise, of so remarkably 'free' a people, that nobody but the +King and royal family might wear their hair to their own liking. The +kings wore theirs in flowing ringlets on the back and shoulders,--the +Queens, in tresses rippling to their feet,--but all the rest of the +nation "were obliged, either by law or custom, to shave the hinder +part of their head, to comb their short hair over their forehead, and +to content themselves with the ornament of two small whiskers." + +37. Moustaches,--Mr. Gibbon means, I imagine: and I take leave also to +suppose that the nobles, and noble ladies, might wear such tress and +ringlet as became them. But again, we receive unexpectedly +embarrassing light on the democratic institutions of the Franks, in +being told that "the various trades, the labours of agriculture, and +the arts of hunting and fishing, were _exercised by servile_ hands for +the _emolument_ of the Sovereign." + +'Servile' and 'Emolument,' however, though at first they sound very +dreadful and very wrong, are only Miltonic-Gibbonian expressions of +the general fact that the Frankish Kings had ploughmen in their +fields, employed weavers and smiths to make their robes and swords, +hunted with huntsmen, hawked with falconers, and were in other +respects tyrannical to the ordinary extent that an English Master of +Hounds may be. "The mansion of the long-haired Kings was surrounded +with convenient yards and stables for poultry and cattle; the garden +was planted with useful vegetables; the magazines filled with corn and +wine either for sale or consumption; and the whole administration +conducted by the strictest rules of private economy." + +38. I have collected these imperfect, and not always extremely +consistent, notices of the aspect and temper of the Franks out of Mr. +Gibbon's casual references to them during a period of more than two +centuries,--and the last passage quoted, which he accompanies with the +statement that "one hundred and sixty of these rural palaces were +scattered through the provinces of their kingdom," without telling us +what kingdom, or at what period, must I think be held descriptive of the +general manner and system of their monarchy after the victories of +Clovis. But, from the first hour you hear of him, the Frank, closely +considered, is always an extremely ingenious, well meaning, and +industrious personage;--if eagerly acquisitive, also intelligently +conservative and constructive; an element of order and crystalline +edification, which is to consummate itself one day, in the aisles of +Amiens; and things generally insuperable and impregnable, if the +inhabitants of them had been as sound-hearted as their builders, for +many a day beyond. + +39. But for the present, we must retrace our ground a little; for +indeed I have lately observed with compunction, in rereading some of +my books for revised issue, that if ever I promise, in one number or +chapter, careful consideration of any particular point in the next, +the next never _does_ touch upon the promised point at all, but is +sure to fix itself passionately on some antithetic, antipathic, or +antipodic, point in the opposite hemisphere. This manner of conducting +a treatise I find indeed extremely conducive to impartiality and +largeness of view; but can conceive it to be--to the general +reader--not only disappointing, (if indeed I may flatter myself that I +ever interest enough to disappoint), but even liable to confirm in his +mind some of the fallacious and extremely absurd insinuations of +adverse critics respecting my inconsistency, vacillation, and +liability to be affected by changes of the weather in my principles or +opinions. I purpose, therefore, in these historical sketches, at least +to watch, and I hope partly to correct myself in this fault of promise +breaking, and at whatever sacrifice of my variously fluent or +re-fluent humour, to tell in each successive chapter in some measure +what the reader justifiably expects to be told. + +40. I left, merely glanced at, in my opening chapter, the story of the +vase of Soissons. It may be found (and it is very nearly the only thing +that _is_ to be found respecting the personal life or character of the +first Louis) in every cheap popular history of France; with cheap +popular moralities engrafted thereon. Had I time to trace it to its +first sources, perhaps it might take another aspect. But I give it as +you may anywhere find it--asking you only to consider whether even as so +read--it may not properly bear a somewhat different moral. + +41. The story is, then, that after the battle of Soissons, in the +division of Roman, or Gallic spoil, the king wished to have a +beautifully wrought silver vase for--'himself,' I was going to +write--and in my last chapter _did_ mistakenly infer that he wanted it +for his better self,--his Queen. But he wanted it for neither;--it was +to restore to St. Remy, that it might remain among the consecrated +treasures of Rheims. That is the first point on which the popular +histories do not insist, and which one of his warriors claiming equal +division of treasure, chose also to ignore. The vase was asked by the +King in addition to his own portion, and the Frank knights, while they +rendered true obedience to their king as a leader, had not the +smallest notion of allowing him what more recent kings call +'Royalties'--taxes on everything they touch. And one of these Frank +knights or Counts--a little franker than the rest--and as incredulous +of St. Remy's saintship as a Protestant Bishop, or Positivist +Philosopher--took upon him to dispute the King's and the Church's +claim, in the manner, suppose, of a Liberal opposition in the House of +Commons; and disputed it with such security of support by the public +opinion of the fifth century, that--the king persisting in his +request--the fearless soldier dashed the vase to pieces with his +war-axe, exclaiming "Thou shalt have no more than thy portion by lot." + +42. It is the first clear assertion of French 'Liberte, Fraternite and +Egalite,' supported, then, as now, by the destruction, which is the +only possible active operation of "free" personages, on the art they +cannot produce. + +The king did not continue the quarrel. Cowards will think that he paused +in cowardice, and malicious persons, that he paused in malignity. He +_did_ pause in anger assuredly; but biding its time, which the anger of +a strong man always can, and burn hotter for the waiting, which is one +of the chief reasons for Christians being told not to let the sun go +down upon it. Precept which Christians now-a-days are perfectly ready to +obey, if it is somebody else who has been injured; and indeed, the +difficulty in such cases is usually to get them to think of the injury +even while the Sun rises on their wrath.[18] + +[Footnote 18: Read Mr. Plimsoll's article on coal mines for instance.] + +43. The sequel is very shocking indeed--to modern sensibility. I give +it in the, if not polished, at least delicately varnished, language of +the Pictorial History. + +"About a year afterwards, on reviewing his troops, he went to the man +who had struck the vase, and _examining his arms, complained_ that +_they_ were in bad condition!" (Italics mine) "and threw them" (What? +shield and sword?) on the ground. The soldier stooped to recover them; +and at that moment the King struck him on the head with his +battle-axe, crying 'Thus didst thou to the vase at Soissons.'" The +Moral modern historian proceeds to reflect that "this--as an evidence +of the condition of the Franks, and of the ties by which they were +united, gives but the idea of a band of Robbers and their chief." +Which is, indeed, so far as I can myself look into and decipher the +nature of things, the Primary idea to be entertained respecting most +of the kingly and military organizations in this world, down to our +own day; and, (unless perchance it be the Afghans and Zulus who are +stealing our lands in England--instead of we theirs, in their several +countries.) But concerning the _manner_ of this piece of military +execution, I must for the present leave the reader to consider with +himself, whether indeed it be less Kingly, or more savage, to strike +an uncivil soldier on the head with one's own battle-axe, than, for +instance, to strike a person like Sir Thomas More on the neck with an +executioner's,--using for the mechanism, and as it were guillotine bar +and rope to the blow--the manageable forms of National Law, and the +gracefully twined intervention of a polite group of noblemen and +bishops. + +44. Far darker things have to be told of him than this, as his proud +life draws towards the close,--things which, if any of us could see +clear _through_ darkness, you should be told in all the truth of them. +But we never can know the truth of Sin; for its nature is to deceive +alike on the one side the Sinner, on the other the Judge. +Diabolic--betraying whether we yield to it, or condemn: Here is +Gibbon's sneer--if you care for it; but I gather first from the +confused paragraphs which conduct to it, the sentences of praise, less +niggard than the Sage of Lausanne usually grants to any hero who has +confessed the influence of Christianity. + +45. "Clovis, when he was no more than fifteen years of age, succeeded, +by his father's death, to the command of the Salian tribe. The narrow +limits of his kingdom were confined to the island of the Batavians, +with the ancient dioceses of Tournay and Arras; and at the baptism of +Clovis, the number of his warriors could not exceed five thousand. The +kindred tribes of the Franks who had seated themselves along the +Scheldt, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Rhine, were governed by their +independent kings, of the Merovingian race, the equals, the allies, +and sometimes the enemies of the Salic Prince. When he first took the +field he had neither gold nor silver in his coffers, nor wine and corn +in his magazines; but he imitated the example of Caesar, who in the +same country had acquired wealth by the sword, and purchased soldiers +with the fruits of conquest. The untamed spirit of the Barbarians was +taught to acknowledge the advantages of regular discipline. At the +annual review of the month of March, their arms were diligently +inspected; and when they traversed a peaceful territory they were +prohibited from touching a blade of grass. The justice of Clovis was +inexorable; and his careless or disobedient soldiers were punished +with instant death. It would be superfluous to praise the valour of a +Frank; but the valour of Clovis was directed by cool and consummate +prudence. In all his transactions with mankind he calculated the +weight of interest, of passion, and of opinion; and his measures were +sometimes adapted to the sanguinary manners of the Germans, +and sometimes moderated by the milder genius of Rome, and +Christianity. + +46. "But the savage conqueror of Gaul was incapable of examining the +proofs of a religion, which depends on the laborious investigation of +historic evidence, and speculative theology. He was still more +incapable of feeling the mild influence of the Gospel, which persuades +and purifies the heart of a genuine convert. His ambitious reign was a +perpetual violation of moral and Christian duties: his hands were +stained with blood, in peace as well as in war; and, as soon as Clovis +had dismissed a synod of the Gallican Church, he calmly assassinated +_all_ the princes of the Merovingian race." + +47. It is too true; but rhetorically put, in the first place--for we +ought to be told how many 'all' the princes were;--in the second +place, we must note that, supposing Clovis had in any degree "searched +the Scriptures" as presented to the Western world by St. Jerome, he +was likely, as a soldier-king, to have thought more of the mission of +Joshua[19] and Jehu than of the patience of Christ, whose sufferings he +thought rather of avenging than imitating: and the question whether +the other Kings of the Franks should either succeed him, or, in envy +of his enlarged kingdom, attack and dethrone, was easily in his mind +convertible from a personal danger into the chance of the return of +the whole nation to idolatry. And, in the last place, his faith in the +Divine protection of his cause had been shaken by his defeat before +Aries by the Ostrogoths; and the Frank leopard had not so wholly +changed his spots as to surrender to an enemy the opportunity of a +first spring. + +[Footnote 19: The likeness was afterwards taken up by legend, and the +walls of Angouleme, after the battle of Poitiers, are said to have +fallen at the sound of the trumpets of Clovis. "A miracle," says +Gibbon, "which may be reduced to the supposition that some clerical +engineer had secretly undermined the foundations of the rampart." I +cannot too often warn my honest readers against the modern habit of +"reducing" all history whatever to 'the supposition that' ... etc., +etc. The legend is of course the natural and easy expression of a +metaphor.] + +48. Finally, and beyond all these personal questions, the forms of +cruelty and subtlety--the former, observe, arising much out of a scorn +of pain which was a condition of honour in their women as well as men, +are in these savage races all founded on their love of glory in war, +which can only be understood by comparing what remains of the same +temper in the higher castes of the North American Indians; and, before +tracing in final clearness the actual events of the reign of Clovis to +their end, the reader will do well to learn this list of the personages +of the great Drama, taking to heart the meaning of the _name_ of each, +both in its probable effect on the mind of its bearer, and in its +fateful expression of the course of their acts, and the consequences of +it to future generations. + +1. Clovis. Frank form, Hluodoveh. 'Glorious Holiness,' or + consecration. Latin Chlodovisus, when baptized by St. + Remy, softening afterwards through the centuries into + Lhodovisus, Ludovicus, Louis. + +2. Albofleda. 'White household fairy'? His youngest sister; + married Theodoric (Theutreich, 'People's ruler'), + the great King of the Ostrogoths. + +3. Clotilde. Hlod-hilda. 'Glorious Battle-maid.' His wife. + 'Hilda' first meaning Battle, pure; and then passing + into Queen or Maid of Battle. Christianized to Ste + Clotilde in France, and Ste Hilda of Whitby cliff. + +3. Clotilde. His only daughter. Died for the Catholic faith, + under Arian persecution. + +4. Childebert. His eldest son by Clotilde, the first Frank + King in Paris. 'Battle Splendour,' softening into + Hildebert, and then Hildebrandt, as in the Nibelung. + +5. Chlodomir. 'Glorious Fame.' His second son by Clotilde. + +6. Clotaire. His youngest son by Clotilde; virtually the destroyer + of his father's house. 'Glorious Warrior.' + +7. Chlodowald. Youngest son of Chlodomir. 'Glorious + Power,' afterwards 'St. Cloud.' + +49. I will now follow straight, through their light and shadow, the +course of Clovis' reign and deeds. + +A.D. 481. Crowned, when he was only fifteen. Five years afterwards, he +challenges, "in the spirit, and almost in the language of chivalry," +the Roman governor Syagrius, holding the district of Rheims and +Soissons. "Campum sibi praeparari jussit--he commanded his antagonist +to prepare him a battle-field"--see Gibbon's note and reference, chap. +xxxviii. (6, 297). The Benedictine abbey of Nogent was afterwards +built on the field, marked by a circle of Pagan sepulchres. "Clovis +bestowed the adjacent lands of Leuilly and Coucy on the church of +Rheims."[20] + +[Footnote 20: When?--for this tradition, as well as that of the vase, +points to a friendship between Clovis and St. Remy, and a singular +respect on the King's side for the Christians of Gaul, though he was +not yet himself converted.] + +A.D. 485. The Battle of Soissons. Not dated by Gibbon: the subsequent +death of Syagrius at the court of (the younger) Alaric, was in +486--take 485 for the battle. + +50. A.D. 493. I cannot find any account of the relations between Clovis +and the King of Burgundy, the uncle of Clotilde, which preceded his +betrothal to the orphan princess. Her uncle, according to the common +history, had killed both her father and mother, and compelled her sister +to take the veil--motives none assigned, nor authorities. Clotilde +herself was pursued on her way to France,[21] and the litter in which +she travelled captured, with part of her marriage portion. But the +princess herself mounted on horseback, and rode with part of her escort, +forward into France, "ordering her attendants to set fire to everything +that pertained to her uncle and his subjects which they might meet with +on the way." + +[Footnote 21: It is a curious proof of the want in vulgar historians of +the slightest sense of the vital interest of anything they tell, that +neither in Gibbon, nor in Messrs. Bussey and Gaspey, nor in the +elaborate 'Histoire des Villes de France,' can I find, with the best +research my winter's morning allows, what city was at this time the +capital of Burgundy, or at least in which of its four nominal +capitals,--Dijon, Besancon, Geneva, and Vienne,--Clotilde was brought +up. The evidence seems to me in favour of Vienne--(called always by +Messrs. B. and G., 'Vienna,' with what effect on the minds of their +dimly geographical readers I cannot say)--the rather that Clotilde's +mother is said to have been "thrown into the _Rhone_ with a stone +round her neck." The author of the introduction to 'Bourgogne' in the +'Histoire des Villes' is so eager to get his little spiteful snarl at +anything like religion anywhere, that he entirely forgets the +existence of the first queen of France,--never names her, nor, as +such, the place of her birth,--but contributes only to the knowledge +of the young student this beneficial quota, that Gondeband, "plus +politique que guerrier, trouva au milieu de ses controverses +theologiques avec Avitus, eveque de _Vienne_, le temps de faire mourir +ses trois freres et de recueillir leur heritage." + +The one broad fact which my own readers will find it well to remember +is that Burgundy, at this time, by whatever king or victor tribe its +inhabitants may be subdued, does practically include the whole of +French Switzerland, and even of the German, as far east as +Vindonissa:--the Reuss, from Vindonissa through Lucerne to the St. +Gothard being its effective eastern boundary; that westward--it meant +all Jura, and the plains of the Saone; and southward, included all +Savoy and Dauphine. According to the author of 'La Suisse Historique' +Clotilde was first addressed by Clovis's herald disguised as a beggar, +while she distributed alms at the gate of St. Pierre at Geneva; and +her departure and pursued flight into France were from Dijon.] + +51. The fact is not chronicled, usually, among the sayings or doings +of the Saints: but the punishment of Kings by destroying the property +of their subjects, is too well recognized a method of modern Christian +warfare to allow our indignation to burn hot against Clotilde; driven, +as she was, hard by grief and wrath. The years of her youth are not +counted to us; Clovis was already twenty-seven, and for three years +maintained the faith of his ancestral religion against all the +influence of his queen. + +52. A.D. 496. I did not in the opening chapter attach nearly enough +importance to the battle of Tolbiac, thinking of it as merely +compelling the Alemanni to recross the Rhine, and establishing the +Frank power on its western bank. But infinitely wider results are +indicated in the short sentence with which Gibbon closes his account +of the battle. "After the conquest of the western provinces, the +Franks _alone_ retained their ancient possessions beyond the Rhine. +They gradually subdued and _civilized_ the exhausted countries as far +as the Elbe and the mountains of Bohemia; and the _peace of Europe_ +was secured by the obedience of Germany." + +53. For, in the south, Theodoric had already "sheathed the sword in +the pride of victory and the vigour of his age--and his farther reign +of three and thirty years was consecrated to the duties of civil +government." Even when his son-in-law, Alaric, fell by Clovis' hand in +the battle of Poitiers, Theodoric was content to check the Frank power +at Arles, without pursuing his success, and to protect his infant +grandchild, correcting at the same time some abuses in the civil +government of Spain. So that the healing sovereignty of the great Goth +was established from Sicily to the Danube--and from Sirmium to the +Atlantic ocean. + +54. Thus, then, at the close of the fifth century, you have Europe +divided simply by her watershed; and two Christian kings reigning, +with entirely beneficent and healthy power--one in the north--one in +the south--the mightiest and worthiest of them married to the other's +youngest sister: a saint queen in the north--and a devoted and earnest +Catholic woman, queen mother in the south. It is a conjunction of +things memorable enough in the Earth's history,--much to be thought +of, O fast whirling reader, if ever, out of the crowd of pent up +cattle driven across Rhine, or Adige, you can extricate yourself for +an hour, to walk peacefully out of the south gate of Cologne, or +across Fra Giocondo's bridge at Verona--and so pausing look through +the clear air across the battlefield of Tolbiac to the blue +Drachenfels, or across the plain of St. Ambrogio to the mountains of +Garda. For there were fought--if you will think closely--the two +victor-battles of the Christian world. Constantine's only gave changed +form and dying colour to the falling walls of Rome; but the Frank and +Gothic races, thus conquering and thus ruled, founded the arts and +established the laws which gave to all future Europe her joy, and her +virtue. And it is lovely to see how, even thus early, the Feudal +chivalry depended for its life on the nobleness of its womanhood. +There was no _vision_ seen, or alleged, at Tolbiac. The King prayed +simply to the God of Clotilde. On the morning of the battle of Verona, +Theodoric visited the tent of his mother and his sister, +"and requested that on the most illustrious festival of his life, they +would adorn him with the rich garments which they had worked with +their own hands." + +55. But over Clovis, there was extended yet another influence--greater +than his queen's. When his kingdom was first extended to the Loire, +the shepherdess of Nanterre was already aged,--no torch-bearing maid +of battle, like Clotilde, no knightly leader of deliverance like +Jeanne, but grey in meekness of wisdom, and now "filling more and more +with crystal light." Clovis's father had known her; he himself made +her his friend, and when he left Paris on the campaign of Poitiers, +vowed that if victorious, he would build a Christian church on the +hills of Seine. He returned in victory, and with St. Genevieve at his +side, stood on the site of the ruined Roman Thermae, just above the +"Isle" of Paris, to fulfil his vow: and to design the limits of the +foundations of the first metropolitan church of Frankish Christendom. + +The King "gave his battle-axe the swing," and tossed it with his full +force. + +Measuring with its flight also, the place of his own grave, and of +Clotilde's, and St. Genevieve's. + +There they rested, and rest,--in soul,--together. "La Colline tout +entiere porte encore le nom de la patronne de Paris; une petite rue +obscure a garde celui du Roi Conquerant." + + + + +"OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US." + +ADVICE. + + +The three chapters[22] of "Our Fathers have told us," now submitted to +the public, are enough to show the proposed character and tendencies +of the work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite +subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters. + +[Footnote 22: Viz., Chapters I. and II., and the separate travellers' +edition of Chapter IV.] + +I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me, to warrant my readers against +the abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years. + +The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century. + +The next chapter, which I hope to issue soon after Christmas, +completes the first part, descriptive of the early Frank power, and of +its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens. + +The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France. + +The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power. + +The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence. + +The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales. + +The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres. + +The eighth, "Domremy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents. + +The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times. + +And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish Border. + +Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters. + +One illustration at least will be given with each chapter,[23] and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work. + +[Footnote 23: The first plate for the Bible of Amiens, curiously +enough, failed in the engraving; and I shall probably have to etch it +myself. It will be issued with the fourth, in the full-size edition of +the fourth chapter.] + +As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE LION TAMER. + + +1. It has been often of late announced as a new discovery, that man is +a creature of circumstances; and the fact has been pressed upon our +notice, in the hope, which appears to some people so pleasing, of +being able at last to resolve into a succession of splashes in mud, or +whirlwinds in air, the circumstances answerable for his creation. But +the more important fact, that his nature is not levelled, like a +mosquito's, to the mists of a marsh, nor reduced, like a mole's, +beneath the crumblings of a burrow, but has been endowed with sense to +discern, and instinct to adopt, the conditions which will make of it +the best that can be, is very necessarily ignored by philosophers who +propose, as a beautiful fulfilment of human destinies, a life +entertained by scientific gossip, in a cellar lighted by electric +sparks, warmed by tubular inflation, drained by buried rivers, and +fed, by the ministry of less learned and better provisioned races, +with extract of beef, and potted crocodile. + +2. From these chemically analytic conceptions of a Paradise in +catacombs, undisturbed in its alkaline or acid virtues by the dread of +Deity, or hope of futurity, I know not how far the modern reader may +willingly withdraw himself for a little time, to hear of men who, in +their darkest and most foolish day, sought by their labour to make the +desert as the garden of the Lord, and by their love to become worthy of +permission to live with Him for ever. It has nevertheless been only by +such toil, and in such hope, that, hitherto, the happiness, skill, or +virtue of man have been possible: and even on the verge of the new +dispensation, and promised Canaan, rich in beatitudes of iron, steam, +and fire, there are some of us, here and there, who may pause in filial +piety to look back towards that wilderness of Sinai in which their +fathers worshipped and died. + +[Illustration: Plate III.--AMIENS. JOUR DES TREPASSES. 1880.] + +3. Admitting then, for the moment, that the main streets of +Manchester, the district immediately surrounding the Bank in London, +and the Bourse and Boulevards of Paris, are already part of the future +kingdom of Heaven, when Earth shall be all Bourse and Boulevard,--the +world of which our fathers tell us was divided to them, as you already +know, partly by climates, partly by races, partly by times; and the +'circumstances' under which a man's soul was given to him, had to be +considered under these three heads:--In what climate is he? Of what +race? At what time? + +He can only be what these conditions permit. With appeal to these, he +is to be heard;--understood, if it may be;--judged, by our love, +first--by our pity, if he need it--by our humility, finally and +always. + +4. To this end, it is needful evidently that we should have truthful +maps of the world to begin with, and truthful maps of our own hearts +to end with; neither of these maps being easily drawn at any time, and +perhaps least of all now--when the use of a map is chiefly to exhibit +hotels and railroads; and humility is held the disagreeablest and +meanest of the Seven mortal Sins. + +5. Thus, in the beginning of Sir Edward Creasy's History of England, +you find a map purporting to exhibit the possessions of the British +Nation--illustrating the extremely wise and courteous behaviour of Mr. +Fox to a Frenchman of Napoleon's suite, in "advancing to a terrestrial +globe of unusual magnitude and distinctness, spreading his arms round +it, over both the oceans and both the Indies," and observing, in this +impressive attitude, that "while Englishmen live, they overspread the +whole world, and clasp it in the circle of their power." + +6. Fired by Mr. Fox's enthusiasm,--the otherwise seldom fiery--Sir +Edward proceeds to tell us that "our island home is the favourite +domicile of freedom, empire and glory," without troubling himself, or +his readers, to consider how long the nations over whom our freedom is +imperious, and in whose shame is our glory, may be satisfied in that +arrangement of the globe and its affairs; or may be even at present +convinced of their degraded position in it by his method of its +delineation. + +For, the map being drawn on Mercator's projection, represents +therefore the British dominions in North America as twice the size of +the States, and considerably larger than all South America put +together: while the brilliant crimson with which all our landed +property is coloured cannot but impress the innocent reader with the +idea of a universal flush of freedom and glory throughout all those +acres and latitudes. So that he is scarcely likely to cavil at results +so marvellous by inquiring into the nature and completeness of our +government at any particular place,--for instance in Ireland, in the +Hebrides, or at the Cape. + +7. In the closing chapter of the first volume of 'The Laws of Fesole' +I have laid down the mathematical principles of rightly drawing +maps;--principles which for many reasons it is well that my young +readers should learn; the fundamental one being that you cannot +flatten the skin of an orange without splitting it, and must not, if +you draw countries on the unsplit skin, stretch them afterwards to +fill the gaps. + +The British pride of wealth which does not deny itself the magnificent +convenience of penny Walter Scotts and penny Shakespeares, may +assuredly, in its future greatness, possess itself also of penny +universes, conveniently spinnable on their axes. I shall therefore +assume that my readers can look at a round globe, while I am talking +of the world; and at a properly reduced drawing of its surfaces, when +I am talking of a country. + +8. Which, if my reader can at present do--or at least refer to a +fairly drawn double-circle map of the globe with converging +meridians--I will pray him next to observe, that, although the +old division of the world into four quarters is now nearly +effaced by emigration and Atlantic cable, yet the great historic +question about the globe is not how it is divided, here and there, by +ins and outs of land or sea; but how it is divided into zones all +round, by irresistible laws of light and air. It is often a matter of +very minor interest to know whether a man is an American or African, a +European or an Asiatic. But it is a matter of extreme and final +interest to know if he be a Brazilian or a Patagonian, a Japanese or a +Samoyede. + +9. In the course of the last chapter, I asked the reader to hold +firmly the conception of the great division of climate, which +separated the wandering races of Norway and Siberia from the calmly +resident nations of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia. + +Fasten now that division well home in your mind, by drawing, however +rudely, the course of the two rivers, little thought of by common +geographers, but of quite unspeakable importance in human history, the +Vistula and the Dniester. + +10. They rise within thirty miles of each other,[24] and each runs, not +counting ins and outs, its clear three hundred miles,--the Vistula to +the north-east, the Dniester to the south-west: the two of them together +cut Europe straight across, at the broad neck of it,--and, more deeply +looking at the thing, they divide Europe, properly so called--Europa's +own, and Jove's,--the small educationable, civilizable, and more or less +mentally rational fragment of the globe, from the great Siberian +wilderness, Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural; the inconceivable chaotic space, +occupied datelessly by Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Cossacks, Bears, +Ermines, and Mammoths, in various thickness of hide, frost of brain, and +woe of abode--or of unabiding. Nobody's history worth making out, has +anything to do with them; for the force of Scandinavia never came round +by Finland at all, but always sailed or paddled itself across the +Baltic, or down the rocky west coast; and the Siberian and Russian +ice-pressure merely drives the really memorable races into greater +concentration, and kneads them up in fiercer and more necessitous +exploring masses. But by those exploring masses, of true European birth, +our own history was fashioned for ever; and, therefore, these two +truncating and guarding rivers are to be marked on your map of Europe +with supreme clearness: the Vistula, with Warsaw astride of it half way +down, and embouchure in Baltic,--the Dniester, in Euxine, flowing each +of them, measured arrow-straight, as far as from Edinburgh to London, +with windings,[25] the Vistula six hundred miles, and the Dniester +five--count them together for a thousand miles of _moat_, between Europe +and the Desert, reaching from Dantzic to Odessa. + +[Footnote 24: Taking the 'San' branch of upper Vistula.] + +[Footnote 25: Note, however, generally that the strength of a river, +caeteris paribus, is to be estimated by its straight course, windings +being almost always caused by flats in which it can receive no +tributaries.] + +11. Having got your Europe moated off into this manageable and +comprehensible space, you are next to fix the limits which divide the +four Gothic countries, Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Dacia, from the +four Classic countries, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Lydia. + +There is no other generally opponent term to 'Gothic' but 'Classic': +and I am content to use it, for the sake of practical breadth and +clearness, though its precise meaning for a little while remains +unascertained. Only get the geography well into your mind, and the +nomenclature will settle itself at its leisure. + +12. Broadly, then, you have sea between Britain and Spain--Pyrenees +between Gaul and Spain--Alps between Germany and Italy--Danube between +Dacia and Greece. You must consider everything south of the Danube as +Greek, variously influenced from Athens on one side, Byzantium on the +other: then, across the AEgean, you have the great country absurdly +called Asia Minor, (for we might just as well call Greece, Europe Minor, +or Cornwall, England Minor,) but which is properly to be remembered as +'Lydia,' the country which infects with passion, and tempts with wealth; +which taught the Lydian measure in music and softened the Greek language +on its border into Ionic; which gave to ancient history the tale of +Troy, and to Christian history, the glow, and the decline, of the Seven +Churches. + +13. Opposite to these four countries in the south, but separated from +them either by sea or desert, are another four, as easily +remembered--Morocco, Libya, Egypt, and Arabia. + +Morocco, virtually consisting of the chain of Atlas and the coasts +depending on it, may be most conveniently thought of as including the +modern Morocco and Algeria, with the Canaries as a dependent group of +islands. + +Libya, in like manner, will include the modern Tunis and Tripoli: it +will begin on the west with St. Augustine's town of Hippo; and its +coast is colonized from Tyre and Greece, dividing it into the two +districts of Carthage and Cyrene. Egypt, the country of the River, and +Arabia, the country of _no_ River, are to be thought of as the two +great southern powers of separate Religion. + +14. You have thus, easily and clearly memorable, twelve countries, +distinct evermore by natural laws, and forming three zones from north +to south, all healthily habitable--but the races of the northernmost, +disciplined in endurance of cold; those of the central zone, perfected +by the enjoyable suns alike of summer and winter; those of the +southern zone, trained to endurance of heat. Writing them now in +tabular view, + + Britain Gaul Germany Dacia + Spain Italy Greece Lydia + Morocco Libya Egypt Arabia, + +you have the ground of all useful profane history mapped out in the +simplest terms; and then, as the fount of inspiration, for all these +countries, with the strength which every soul that has possessed, has +held sacred and supernatural, you have last to conceive perfectly the +small hill district of the Holy Land, with Philistia and Syria on its +flanks, both of them chastising forces; but Syria, in the beginning, +herself the origin of the chosen race--"A Syrian ready to perish was +my father"--and the Syrian Rachel being thought of always as the true +mother of Israel. + +15. And remember, in all future study of the relations of these +countries, you must never allow your mind to be disturbed by the +accidental changes of political limit. No matter who rules a country, +no matter what it is officially called, or how it is formally divided, +eternal bars and doors are set to it by the mountains and seas, +eternal laws enforced over it by the clouds and stars. The people that +are born on it are its people, be they a thousand times again and +again conquered, exiled, or captive. The stranger cannot be its king, +the invader cannot be its possessor; and, although just laws, +maintained whether by the people or their conquerors, have always the +appointed good and strength of justice, nothing is permanently helpful +to any race or condition of men but the spirit that is in their own +hearts, kindled by the love of their native land. + +16. Of course, in saying that the invader cannot be the possessor of +any country, I speak only of invasion such as that by the Vandals of +Libya, or by ourselves of India; where the conquering race does not +become permanently inhabitant. You are not to call Libya Vandalia, nor +India England, because these countries are temporarily under the rule +of Vandals and English; neither Italy Gothland under Ostrogoths, nor +England Denmark under Canute. National character varies as it fades +under invasion or in corruption; but if ever it glows again into a new +life, that life must be tempered by the earth and sky of the country +itself. Of the twelve names of countries now given in their order, +only one will be changed as we advance in our history;--Gaul will +properly become France when the Franks become her abiding inhabitants. +The other eleven primary names will serve us to the end. + +17. With a moment's more patience, therefore, glancing to the far East, +we shall have laid the foundations of all our own needful geography. As +the northern kingdoms are moated from the Scythian desert by the +Vistula, so the southern are moated from the dynasties properly called +'Oriental' by the Euphrates; which, "partly sunk beneath the Persian +Gulf, reaches from the shores of Beloochistan and Oman to the mountains +of Armenia, and forms a huge hot-air funnel, the base" (or mouth) "of +which is on the tropics, while its extremity reaches thirty-seven +degrees of northern latitude. Hence it comes that the Semoom itself (the +specific and gaseous Semoom) pays occasional visits to Mosoul and +Djezeerat Omer, while the thermometer at Bagdad attains in summer an +elevation capable of staggering the belief of even an old Indian."[26] + +[Footnote 26: Sir F. Palgrave, 'Arabia,' vol. ii., p. 155. I gratefully +adopt in the next paragraph his division of Asiatic nations, p. 160.] + +18. This valley in ancient days formed the kingdom of Assyria, as the +valley of the Nile formed that of Egypt. In the work now before us, we +have nothing to do with its people, who were to the Jews merely a +hostile power of captivity, inexorable as the clay of their walls, or +the stones of their statues; and, after the birth of Christ, the +marshy valley is no more than a field of battle between West and East. +Beyond the great river,--Persia, India, and China, form the southern +'Oriens.' Persia is properly to be conceived as reaching from the +Persian Gulf to the mountain chains which flank and feed the Indus; +and is the true vital power of the East in the days of Marathon: but +it has no influence on Christian history except through Arabia; while, +of the northern Asiatic tribes, Mede, Bactrian, Parthian, and +Scythian, changing into Turk and Tartar, we need take no heed until +they invade us in our own historic territory. + +19. Using therefore the terms 'Gothic' and 'Classic' for broad +distinction of the northern and central zones of this our own territory, +we may conveniently also use the word 'Arab'[27] for the whole southern +zone. The influence of Egypt vanishes soon after the fourth century, +while that of Arabia, powerful from the beginning, rises in the sixth +into an empire whose end we have not seen. And you may most rightly +conceive the religious principle which is the base of that empire, by +remembering, that while the Jews forfeited their prophetic power by +taking up the profession of usury over the whole earth, the Arabs +returned to the simplicity of prophecy in its beginning by the well of +Hagar, and are not opponents to Christianity; but only to the faults or +follies of Christians. They keep still their faith in the one God who +spoke to Abraham their father; and are His children in that simplicity, +far more truly than the nominal Christians who lived, and live, only to +dispute in vociferous council, or in frantic schism, the relations of +the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. + +[Footnote 27: Gibbon's fifty-sixth chapter begins with a sentence which +may be taken as the epitome of the entire history we have to +investigate: "The three great nations of the world, the Greeks, the +Saracens, and the Franks, encountered each other on the theatre of +Italy." I use the more general word, Goths, instead of Franks; and the +more accurate word, Arab, for Saracen; but otherwise, the reader will +observe that the division is the same as mine. Gibbon does not +recognize the Roman people as a nation--but only the Roman power as an +empire.] + +20. Trusting my reader then in future to retain in his mind without +confusion the idea of the three zones, Gothic, Classic, and Arab, each +divided into four countries, clearly recognizable through all ages of +remote or recent history;--I must farther, at once, simplify for him the +idea of the Roman _Empire_ (see note to last paragraph,) in the manner +of its affecting them. Its nominal extent, temporary conquests, civil +dissensions, or internal vices, are scarcely of any historical moment at +all; the real Empire is effectual only as an exponent of just law, +military order, and mechanical art, to untrained races, and as a +translation of Greek thought into less diffused and more tenable scheme +for them. The Classic zone, from the beginning to the end of its visible +authority, is composed of these two elements--Greek imagination, with +Roman order: and the divisions or dislocations of the third and fourth +century are merely the natural apparitions of their differences, when +the political system which concealed them was tested by Christianity. It +seems almost wholly lost sight of by ordinary historians, that, in the +wars of the last Romans with the Goths, the great Gothic captains were +all Christians; and that the vigorous and naive form which the dawning +faith took in their minds is a more important subject of investigation, +by far, than the inevitable wars which followed the retirement of +Diocletian, or the confused schisms and crimes of the lascivious court +of Constantine. I am compelled, however, to notice the terms in which +the last arbitrary dissolutions of the empire took place, that they may +illustrate, instead of confusing, the arrangement of the nations which I +would fasten in your memory. + +21. In the middle of the fourth century you have, politically, what +Gibbon calls "the final division of the _Eastern_ and _Western +Empires_." This really means only that the Emperor Valentinian, +yielding, though not without hesitation, to the feeling now confirmed in +the legions that the Empire was too vast to be held by a single person, +takes his brother for his colleague, and divides, not, truly speaking, +their authority, but their attention, between the east and the west. To +his brother Valens he assigns the extremely vague "Praefecture of the +East, from the lower Danube to the confines of Persia," while for his +own immediate government he reserves the "warlike praefectures of +Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul, from the extremity of Greece to the +Caledonian rampart, and from the rampart of Caledonia to the foot of +Mount Atlas." That is to say, in less poetical cadence, (Gibbon had +better have put his history into hexameters at once,) Valentinian kept +under his own watch the whole of Roman Europe and Africa, and left Lydia +and Caucasus to his brother. Lydia and Caucasus never did, and never +could, form an Eastern Empire,--they were merely outside dependencies, +useful for taxation in peace, dangerous by their multitudes in war. +There never was, from the seventh century before Christ to the seventh +after Christ, but _one_ Roman Empire, which meant, the power over +humanity of such men as Cincinnatus and Agricola; it expires as the race +and temper of these expire; the nominal extent of it, or brilliancy at +any moment, is no more than the reflection, farther or nearer upon the +clouds, of the flames of an altar whose fuel was of noble souls. There +is no true date for its division; there is none for its destruction. +Whether Dacian Probus or Noric Odoacer be on the throne of it, the force +of its living principle alone is to be watched--remaining, in arts, in +laws, and in habits of thought, dominant still in Europe down to the +twelfth century;--in language and example, dominant over all educated +men to this hour. + +22. But in the nominal division of it by Valentinian, let us note +Gibbon's definition (I assume it to be his, not the Emperor's) of +European Roman Empire into Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul. I have already +said you must hold everything south of the Danube for Greek. The two +chief districts immediately south of the stream are upper and lower +Moesia, consisting of the slope of the Thracian mountains northward +to the river, with the plains between it and them. This district you +must notice for its importance in forming the Moeso-Gothic alphabet, +in which "the Greek is by far the principal element",[28] giving +sixteen letters out of the twenty-four. The Gothic invasion under the +reign of Valens is the first that establishes a Teutonic nation within +the frontier of the empire; but they only thereby bring themselves +more directly under its spiritual power. Their bishop, Ulphilas, +adopts this Moesian alphabet, two-thirds Greek, for his translation +of the Bible, and it is universally disseminated and perpetuated by +that translation, until the extinction or absorption of the Gothic +race. + +[Footnote 28: Milman, 'Hist., of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 36.] + +23. South of the Thracian mountains you have Thrace herself, and the +countries confusedly called Dalmatia and Illyria, forming the coast of +the Adriatic, and reaching inwards and eastwards to the mountain +watershed. I have never been able to form a clear notion myself of the +real character of the people of these districts, in any given period; +but they are all to be massed together as northern Greek, having more +or less of Greek blood and dialect according to their nearness to +Greece proper; though neither sharing in her philosophy, nor +submitting to her discipline. But it is of course far more accurate, +in broad terms, to speak of these Illyrian, Moesian, and Macedonian +districts as all Greek, than with Gibbon or Valentinian to speak of +Greece and Macedonia as all Illyrian.[29] + +[Footnote 29: I find the same generalization expressed to the modern +student under the term 'Balkan Peninsula,' extinguishing every ray and +trace of past history at once.] + +24. In the same imperial or poetical generalization, we find England +massed with France under the term Gaul, and bounded by the "Caledonian +rampart." Whereas in our own division, Caledonia, Hibernia, and Wales, +are from the first considered as essential parts of Britain,[30] and +the link with the continent is to be conceived as formed by the +settlement of Britons in Brittany, and not at all by Roman authority +beyond the Humber. + +[Footnote 30: Gibbon's more deliberate statement its clear enough. +"From the coast or the extremity of Caithness and Ulster, the memory +of Celtic origin was distinctly preserved in the perpetual resemblance +of languages, religion, and manners, and the peculiar character of the +British tribes might be naturally ascribed to the influence of +accidental and local circumstances." The Lowland Scots, "wheat eaters" +or Wanderers, and the Irish, are very positively identified by Gibbon +at the time our own history begins. "It is _certain_" (italics his, +not mine) "that in the declining age of the Roman Empire, Caledonia, +Ireland, and the Isle of Man, were inhabited by the Scots."--Chap. 25, +vol. iv., p. 279. + +The higher civilization and feebler courage of the Lowland _English_ +rendered them either the victims of Scotland, or the grateful subjects +of Rome. The mountaineers, Pict among the Grampians, or of their own +colour in Cornwall and Wales, have never been either instructed or +subdued, and remain to this day the artless and fearless strength of +the British race.] + +25. Thus, then, once more reviewing our order of countries, and noting +only that the British Islands, though for the most part thrown by +measured degree much north of the rest of the north zone, are brought +by the influence of the Gulf stream into the same climate;--you have, +at the time when our history of Christianity begins, the Gothic zone +yet unconverted, and having not yet even heard of the new faith. You +have the Classic zone variously and increasingly conscious of it, +disputing with it, striving to extinguish it--and your Arab zone, the +ground and sustenance of it, encompassing the Holy Land with the +warmth of its own wings, and cherishing there--embers of phoenix +fire over all the earth,--the hope of Resurrection. + +26. What would have been the course, or issue, of Christianity, had it +been orally preached only, and unsupported by its poetical literature, +might be the subject of deeply instructive speculation--if a +historian's duty were to reflect instead of record. The power of the +Christian faith was however, in the fact of it, always founded on the +written prophecies and histories of the Bible; and on the +interpretations of their meaning, given by the example, far more than +by the precept, of the great monastic orders. The poetry and history +of the Syrian Testaments were put within their reach by St. Jerome, +while the virtue and efficiency of monastic life are all expressed, +and for the most part summed, in the rule of St. Benedict. To +understand the relation of the work of these two men to the general +order of the Church, is quite the first requirement for its farther +intelligible history. + +Gibbon's thirty-seventh chapter professes to give an account of the +'Institution of the Monastic Life' in the third century. But the +monastic life had been instituted somewhat earlier, and by many +prophets and kings. By Jacob, when he laid the stone for his pillow; +by Moses, when he drew aside to see the burning bush; by David, before +he had left "those few sheep in the wilderness"; and by the prophet +who "was in the deserts till the time of his showing unto Israel." Its +primary "institution," for Europe, was Numa's, in that of the Vestal +Virgins, and College of Augurs; founded on the originally Etrurian and +derived Roman conception of pure life dedicate to the service of God, +and practical wisdom dependent on His guidance.[31] + +[Footnote 31: I should myself mark as the fatallest instant in the +decline of the Roman Empire, Julian's rejection of the counsel of the +Augurs. "For the last time, the Etruscan Haruspices accompanied a +Roman Emperor, but by a singular fatality their adverse interpretation +by the signs of heaven was disdained, and Julian followed the advice +of the philosophers, who coloured their predictions with the bright +hues of the Emperor's ambition." (Milman, Hist. of Christianity, chap. +vi.)] + +The form which the monastic spirit took in later times depended far more +on the corruption of the common world, from which it was forced to +recoil either in indignation or terror, than on any change brought +about by Christianity in the ideal of human virtue and happiness. + +27. "Egypt" (Mr. Gibbon thus begins to account for the new +Institution!), "the fruitful parent of superstition, afforded the +first example of monastic life." Egypt had her superstitions, like +other countries; but was so little the _parent_ of superstition that +perhaps no faith among the imaginative races of the world has been so +feebly missionary as hers. She never prevailed on even the nearest of +her neighbours to worship cats or cobras with her; and I am alone, to +my belief, among recent scholars, in maintaining Herodotus' statement +of her influence on the archaic theology of Greece. But that +influence, if any, was formative and delineative: not ritual: so that +in no case, and in no country, was Egypt the parent of Superstition: +while she was beyond all dispute, for all people and to all time, the +parent of Geometry, Astronomy, Architecture, and Chivalry. She was, in +its material and technic elements, the mistress of Literature, showing +authors who before could only scratch on wax and wood, how to weave +paper and engrave porphyry. She was the first exponent of the law of +Judgment after Death for Sin. She was the Tutress of Moses; and the +Hostess of Christ. + +28. It is both probable and natural that, in such a country, the +disciples of any new spiritual doctrine should bring it to closer +trial than was possible among the illiterate warriors, or in the +storm-vexed solitudes of the North; yet it is a thoughtless error to +deduce the subsequent power of cloistered fraternity from the lonely +passions of Egyptian monachism. The anchorites of the first three +centuries vanish like feverish spectres, when the rational, merciful, +and laborious laws of Christian societies are established; and the +clearly recognizable rewards of heavenly solitude are granted to those +only who seek the Desert for its redemption. + +29. 'The clearly _recognizable_ rewards,' I repeat, and with cautious +emphasis. No man has any data for estimating, far less right of judging, +the results of a life of resolute self-denial, until he has had the +courage to try it himself, at least for a time: but I believe no +reasonable person will wish, and no honest person dare, to deny the +benefits he has occasionally felt both in mind and body, during periods +of accidental privation from luxury, or exposure to danger. The extreme +vanity of the modern Englishman in making a momentary Stylites of +himself on the top of a Horn or an Aiguille, and his occasional +confession of a charm in the solitude of the rocks, of which he modifies +nevertheless the poignancy with his pocket newspaper, and from the +prolongation of which he thankfully escapes to the nearest table-d'hote, +ought to make us less scornful of the pride, and more intelligent of the +passion, in which the mountain anchorites of Arabia and Palestine +condemned themselves to lives of seclusion and suffering, which were +comforted only by supernatural vision, or celestial hope. That phases of +mental disease are the necessary consequence of exaggerated and +independent emotion of any kind must, of course, be remembered in +reading the legends of the wilderness; but neither physicians nor +moralists have yet attempted to distinguish the morbid states of +intellect[32] which are extremities of noble passion, from those which +are the punishments of ambition, avarice, or lasciviousness. + +[Footnote 32: Gibbon's hypothetical conclusion respecting the effects +of self-mortification, and his following historical statement, must be +noted as in themselves containing the entire views of the modern +philosophies and policies which have since changed the monasteries of +Italy into barracks, and the churches of France into magazines. "This +voluntary martyrdom _must_ have gradually destroyed the sensibility, +both of mind and body; nor _can it be presumed_ that the fanatics who +torment themselves, are capable of any lively affection for the rest +of mankind. _A cruel unfeeling temper has characterized the monks of +every age and country._" + +How much of penetration, or judgment, this sentence exhibits, I hope +will become manifest to the reader as I unfold before him the actual +history of his faith; but being, I suppose, myself one of the last +surviving witnesses of the character of recluse life as it still +existed in the beginning of this century, I can point to the +portraiture of it given by Scott in the introduction to 'The +Monastery' as one perfect and trustworthy, to the letter and to the +spirit; and for myself can say, that the most gentle, refined, and in +the deepest sense amiable, phases of character I have ever known, have +been either those of monks, or of servants trained in the Catholic +Faith.] + +30. Setting all questions of this nature aside for the moment, my +younger readers need only hold the broad fact that during the whole of +the fourth century, multitudes of self-devoted men led lives of +extreme misery and poverty in the effort to obtain some closer +knowledge of the Being and Will of God. We know, in any available +clearness, neither what they suffered, nor what they learned. We +cannot estimate the solemnizing or reproving power of their examples +on the less zealous Christian world; and only God knows how far their +prayers for it were heard, or their persons accepted. This only we may +observe with reverence, that among all their numbers, none seemed to +have repented their chosen manner of existence; none perish by +melancholy or suicide; their self-adjudged sufferings are never +inflicted in the hope of shortening the lives they embitter or purify; +and the hours of dream or meditation, on mountain or in cave, appear +seldom to have dragged so heavily as those which, without either +vision or reflection, we pass ourselves, on the embankment and in the +tunnel. + +31. But whatever may be alleged, after ultimate and honest scrutiny, +of the follies or virtues of anchorite life, we are unjust to Jerome +if we think of him as its introducer into the West of Europe. He +passed through it himself as a phase of spiritual discipline; but he +represents, in his total nature and final work, not the vexed +inactivity of the Eremite, but the eager industry of a benevolent +tutor and pastor. His heart is in continual fervour of admiration or +of hope--remaining to the last as impetuous as a child's, but as +affectionate; and the discrepancies of Protestant objection by which +his character has been confused, or concealed, may be gathered into +some dim picture of his real self when once we comprehend the +simplicity of his faith, and sympathise a little with the eager +charity which can so easily be wounded into indignation, and is never +repressed by policy. + +32. The slight trust which can be placed in modern readings of him, as +they now stand, may be at once proved by comparing the two passages in +which Milman has variously guessed at the leading principles of his +political conduct. "Jerome began (!) and ended his career as a monk of +Palestine; he attained, _he aspired to_, no dignity in the Church. +Though ordained a presbyter against his will, he escaped the episcopal +dignity which was forced upon his distinguished contemporaries." +('History of Christianity,' Book III.) + +"Jerome cherished the secret hope, if it was not the avowed object of +his ambition, to succeed Damasus as Bishop of Rome. Is the rejection +of an aspirant so singularly unfit for the station, from his violent +passions, his insolent treatment of his adversaries, his utter want of +self-command, his almost unrivalled faculty of awakening hatred, to be +attributed to the sagacious and intuitive wisdom of Rome?" ('History +of Latin Christianity,' Book I., chap. ii.) + +33. You may observe, as an almost unexceptional character in the +"sagacious wisdom" of the Protestant clerical mind, that it +instinctively assumes the desire of power and place not only to be +universal in Priesthood, but to be always _purely selfish_ in the ground +of it. The idea that power might possibly be desired for the sake of its +benevolent use, so far as I remember, does not once occur in the pages +of any ecclesiastical historian of recent date. In our own reading of +past ages we will, with the reader's permission, very calmly put out of +court all accounts of "hopes cherished in secret"; and pay very small +attention to the reasons for mediaeval conduct which appear logical to +the rationalist, and probable to the politician.[33] We concern +ourselves only with what these singular and fantastic Christians of the +past really said, and assuredly did. + +[Footnote 33: The habit of assuming, for the conduct of men of sense +and feeling, motives intelligible to the foolish, and probable to the +base, gains upon every vulgar historian, partly in the ease of it, +partly in the pride; and it is horrible to contemplate the quantity of +false witness against their neighbours which commonplace writers +commit, in the mere rounding and enforcing of their shallow sentences. +"Jerome admits, indeed, with _specious but doubtful humility_, the +inferiority of the unordained monk to the ordained priest," says Dean +Milman in his eleventh chapter, following up his gratuitous doubt of +Jerome's humility with no less gratuitous asseveration of the ambition +of his opponents. "The clergy, _no doubt_, had the sagacity to foresee +the _dangerous_ rival as to influence and authority, which was rising +up in Christian society."] + +34. Jerome's life by no means "began as a monk of Palestine." Dean +Milman has not explained to us how any man's could; but Jerome's +childhood, at any rate, was extremely other than recluse, or +precociously religious. He was born of rich parents living on their +own estate, the name of his native town in North Illyria, Stridon, +perhaps now softened into Strigi, near Aquileia. In Venetian climate, +at all events, and in sight of Alps and sea. He had a brother and +sister, a kind grandfather, and a disagreeable private tutor, and was +a youth still studying grammar at Julian's death in 363. + +35. A youth of eighteen, and well begun in all institutes of the +classic schools; but, so far from being a monk, not yet a +Christian;--nor at all disposed towards the severer offices even of +Roman life! or contemplating with aversion the splendours, either +worldly or sacred, which shone on him in the college days spent in its +Capital city. + +For the "power and majesty of Paganism were still concentrated at Rome; +the deities of the ancient faith found their last refuge in the capital +of the empire. To the stranger, Rome still offered the appearance of a +Pagan city. It contained one hundred and fifty-two temples, and one +hundred and eighty smaller chapels or shrines, still sacred to their +tutelary God, and used for public worship. Christianity had neither +ventured to usurp those few buildings which might be converted to her +use, still less had she the power to destroy them. The religious +edifices were under the protection of the praefect of the city, and the +praefect was usually a Pagan; at all events he would not permit any +breach of the public peace, or violation of public property. Above all +still towered the Capitol, in its unassailed and awful majesty, with its +fifty temples or shrines, bearing the most sacred names in the religious +and civil annals of Rome, those of Jove, of Mars, of Janus, of Romulus, +of Caesar, of Victory. Some years after the accession of Theodosius to +the Eastern Empire, the sacrifices were still performed as national +rites at the public cost,--_the pontiffs made their offerings in the +name of the whole human race_. The Pagan orator ventures to assert that +the Emperor dared not to endanger the safety of the empire by their +abolition. The Emperor still bore the title and insignia of the Supreme +Pontiff; the Consuls, before they entered upon their functions, ascended +the Capitol; the religious processions passed along the crowded streets, +and the people thronged to the festivals and theatres which still formed +part of the Pagan worship."[34] + +[Footnote 34: Milman, 'History of Christianity,' vol. iii. p. 162. Note +the sentence in italics, for it relates the true origin of the +Papacy.] + +36. Here, Jerome must have heard of what by all the Christian sects +was held the judgment of God, between them and their chief enemy--the +death of the Emperor Julian. But I have no means of tracing, and will +not conjecture, the course of his own thoughts, until the tenor of all +his life was changed at his baptism. The candour which lies at the +basis of his character has given us one sentence of his own, +respecting that change, which is worth some volumes of ordinary +confessions. "I left, not only parents and kindred, but _the +accustomed luxuries of delicate life_." The words throw full light on +what, to our less courageous temper, seems the exaggerated reading by +the early converts of Christ's words to them--"He that loveth father +or mother more than me, is not worthy of me." We are content to leave, +for much lower interests, either father or mother, and do not see the +necessity of any farther sacrifice: we should know more of ourselves +and of Christianity if we oftener sustained what St. Jerome found the +more searching trial. I find scattered indications of contempt among +his biographers, because he could not resign one indulgence--that of +scholarship; and the usual sneers at monkish ignorance and indolence +are in his case transferred to the weakness of a pilgrim who carried +his library in his wallet. It is a singular question (putting, as it +is the modern fashion to do, the idea of Providence wholly aside), +whether, but for the literary enthusiasm, which was partly a weakness, +of this old man's character, the Bible would ever have become the +library of Europe. + +37. For that, observe, is the real meaning, in its first power, of the +word _Bible_. Not book, merely; but 'Bibliotheca,' Treasury of Books: +and it is, I repeat, a singular question, how far, if Jerome, at the +very moment when Rome, his tutress, ceased from her material power, +had not made her language the oracle of Hebrew prophecy, a literature +of their own, and a religion unshadowed by the terrors of the Mosaic +law, might have developed itself in the hearts of the Goth, the Frank, +and the Saxon, under Theodoric, Clovis, and Alfred. + +38. Fate had otherwise determined, and Jerome was so passive an +instrument in her hands that he began the study of Hebrew as a +discipline only, and without any conception of the task he was to +fulfil, still less of the scope of its fulfilment. I could joyfully +believe that the words of Christ, "If they hear not Moses and the +Prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the +dead," had haunted the spirit of the recluse, until he resolved that +the voices of immortal appeal should be made audible to the Churches +of all the earth. But so far as we have evidence, there was no such +will or hope to exalt the quiet instincts of his natural industry; and +partly as a scholar's exercise, partly as an old man's recreation, the +severity of the Latin language was softened, like Venetian crystal, by +the variable fire of Hebrew thought, and the "Book of Books" took the +abiding form of which all the future art of the Western nations was to +be an hourly expanding interpretation. + +39. And in this matter you have to note that the gist of it lies, not in +the translation of the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures into an easier and a +common language, but in their presentation to the Church as of common +authority. The earlier Gentile Christians had naturally a tendency to +carry out in various oral exaggeration or corruption, the teaching of +the Apostle of the Gentiles, until their freedom from the bondage of the +Jewish law passed into doubt of its inspiration; and, after the fall of +Jerusalem, even into horror-stricken interdiction of its observance. So +that, only a few years after the remnant of exiled Jews in Pella had +elected the Gentile Marcus for their Bishop, and obtained leave to +return to the AElia Capitolina built by Hadrian on Mount Zion, "it became +a matter of doubt and controversy whether a man who sincerely +acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah, but who still continued to observe +the law of Moses, could possibly hope for salvation!"[35] While, on the +other hand, the most learned and the most wealthy of the Christian name, +under the generally recognised title of "knowing" (Gnostic), had more +insidiously effaced the authority of the Evangelists by dividing +themselves, during the course of the third century, "into more than +fifty numerably distinct sects, and producing a multitude of histories, +in which the actions and discourses of Christ and His Apostles were +adapted to their several tenets."[36] + +[Footnote 35: Gibbon, chap. xv. (II. 277).] + +[Footnote 36: Ibid., II. 283. His expression "the most learned and most +wealthy" should be remembered in confirmation of the evermore +recurring fact of Christianity, that minds modest in attainment, and +lives careless of gain, are fittest for the reception of every +constant,--_i.e._ not local or accidental,--Christian principle.] + +40. It would be a task of great, and in nowise profitable difficulty +to determine in what measure the consent of the general Church, and in +what measure the act and authority of Jerome, contributed to fix in +their ever since undisturbed harmony and majesty, the canons of Mosaic +and Apostolic Scripture. All that the young reader need know is, that +when Jerome died at Bethlehem, this great deed was virtually +accomplished: and the series of historic and didactic books which form +our present Bible, (including the Apocrypha) were established in and +above the nascent thought of the noblest races of men living on the +terrestrial globe, as a direct message to them from its Maker, +containing whatever it was necessary for them to learn of His purposes +towards them, and commanding, or advising, with divine authority and +infallible wisdom, all that was best for them to do, and happiest to +desire. + +41. And it is only for those who have obeyed the law sincerely, +to say how far the hope held out to them by the law-giver has been +fulfilled. The worst "children of disobedience" are those who accept, +of the Word, what they like, and refuse what they hate: nor is this +perversity in them always conscious, for the greater part of the sins +of the Church have been brought on it by enthusiasm which, in +passionate contemplation and advocacy of parts of the Scripture easily +grasped, neglected the study, and at last betrayed the balance, of the +rest. What forms and methods of self-will are concerned in the +wresting of the Scriptures to a man's destruction, is for the keepers +of consciences to examine, not for us. The history we have to learn +must be wholly cleared of such debate, and the influence of the Bible +watched exclusively on the persons who receive the Word with joy, and +obey it in truth. + +42. There has, however, been always a farther difficulty in examining +the power of the Bible, than that of distinguishing honest from +dishonest readers. The hold of Christianity on the souls of men must +be examined, when we come to close dealing with it, under these three +several heads: there is first, the power of the Cross itself, and of +the theory of salvation, upon the heart,--then, the operation of the +Jewish and Greek Scriptures on the intellect,--then, the influence on +morals of the teaching and example of the living hierarchy. And in the +comparison of men as they are and as they might have been, there are +these three questions to be separately kept in mind,--first, what +would have been the temper of Europe without the charity and labour +meant by 'bearing the cross'; then, secondly, what would the intellect +of Europe have become without Biblical literature; and lastly, what +would the social order of Europe have become without its hierarchy. + +43. You see I have connected the words 'charity' and 'labour' under +the general term of 'bearing the cross.' "If any man will come after +me, let him deny himself, (for charity) and take up his cross (of +pain) and follow me." + +The idea has been _exactly_ reversed by modern Protestantism, which +sees, in the cross, not a furca to which it is to be nailed; +but a raft on which it, and all its valuable properties,[37] are to be +floated into Paradise. + +[Footnote 37: Quite one of the most curious colours of modern +Evangelical thought is its pleasing connection of Gospel truth with +the extension of lucrative commerce! See farther the note at p. 83.] + +44. Only, therefore, in days when the Cross was received with courage, +the Scripture searched with honesty, and the Pastor heard in faith, +can the pure word of God, and the bright sword of the Spirit, be +recognised in the heart and hand of Christianity. The effect of +Biblical poetry and legend on its intellect, must be traced farther, +through decadent ages, and in unfenced fields;--producing 'Paradise +Lost' for us, no less than the 'Divina Commedia';--Goethe's 'Faust,' +and Byron's 'Cain,' no less than the 'Imitatio Christi.' + +45. Much more, must the scholar, who would comprehend in any degree +approaching to completeness, the influence of the Bible on mankind, be +able to read the interpretations of it which rose into the great arts of +Europe at their culmination. In every province of Christendom, according +to the degree of art-power it possessed, a series of illustrations of +the Bible were produced as time went on; beginning with vignetted +illustrations of manuscript, advancing into life-size sculpture, and +concluding in perfect power of realistic painting. These teachings and +preachings of the Church, by means of art, are not only a most important +part of the general Apostolic Acts of Christianity; but their study is a +necessary part of Biblical scholarship, so that no man can in any large +sense understand the Bible itself until he has learned also to read +these national commentaries upon it, and been made aware of their +collective weight. The Protestant reader, who most imagines himself +independent in his thought, and private in his study, of Scripture, is +nevertheless usually at the mercy of the nearest preacher who has a +pleasant voice and ingenious fancy; receiving from him thankfully, and +often reverently, whatever interpretation of texts the agreeable voice +or ready wit may recommend: while, in the meantime, he remains entirely +ignorant of, and if left to his own will, invariably destroys as +injurious, the deeply meditated interpretations of Scripture which, in +their matter, have been sanctioned by the consent of all the Christian +Church for a thousand years; and in their treatment, have been exalted +by the trained skill and inspired imagination of the noblest souls ever +enclosed in mortal clay. + +46. There are few of the fathers of the Christian Church whose +commentaries on the Bible, or personal theories of its gospel, have +not been, to the constant exultation of the enemies of the Church, +fretted and disgraced by angers of controversy, or weakened and +distracted by irreconcilable heresy. On the contrary, the scriptural +teaching, through their art, of such men as Orcagna, Giotto, Angelico, +Luca della Robbia, and Luini, is, literally, free from all earthly +taint of momentary passion; its patience, meekness, and quietness are +incapable of error through either fear or anger; they are able, +without offence, to say all that they wish; they are bound by +tradition into a brotherhood which represents unperverted doctrines by +unchanging scenes; and they are compelled by the nature of their work +to a deliberation and order of method which result in the purest state +and frankest use of all intellectual power. + +47. I may at once, and without need of returning to this question, +illustrate the difference in dignity and safety between the mental +actions of literature and art, by referring to a passage, otherwise +beautifully illustrative of St. Jerome's sweetness and simplicity of +character, though quoted, in the place where we find it, with no such +favouring intention,--namely, in the pretty letter of Queen Sophie +Charlotte, (father's mother of Frederick the Great,) to the Jesuit +Vota, given in part by Carlyle in his first volume, ch. iv. + +"'How can St. Jerome, for example, be a key to Scripture?' she +insinuates; citing from Jerome this remarkable avowal of his method of +composing books;--especially of his method in that book, _Commentary on +the Galatians_, where he accuses both Peter and Paul of simulation, and +even of hypocrisy. The great St. Augustine has been charging him with +this sad fact, (says her Majesty, who gives chapter and verse,) and +Jerome answers, 'I followed the commentaries of Origen, of'--five or +six different persons, who turned out mostly to be heretics before +Jerome had quite done with them, in coming years, 'And to confess the +honest truth to you,' continues Jerome, 'I read all that, and after +having crammed my head with a great many things, I sent for my +amanuensis, and dictated to him, now my own thoughts, now those of +others, without much recollecting the order, nor sometimes the words, +nor even the sense'! In another place, (in the book itself further +on[38]) he says, 'I do not myself write; I have an amanuensis, and I +dictate to him what comes into my mouth. If I wish to reflect a little, +or to say the thing better, or a better thing, he knits his brows, and +the whole look of him tells me sufficiently that he cannot endure to +wait.' Here is a sacred old gentleman whom it is not safe to depend upon +for interpreting the Scriptures,--thinks her Majesty, but does not say +so,--leaving Father Vota to his reflections." Alas, no, Queen Sophie, +neither old St. Jerome's, nor any other human lips nor mind, may be +depended upon in that function; but only the Eternal Sophia, the Power +of God and the Wisdom of God: yet this you may see of your old +interpreter, that he is wholly open, innocent, and true, and that, +through such a person, whether forgetful of his author, or hurried by +his scribe, it is more than probable you may hear what Heaven knows to +be best for you; and extremely improbable you should take the least +harm,--while by a careful and cunning master in the literary art, +reticent of his doubts, and dexterous in his sayings, any number of +prejudices or errors might be proposed to you acceptably, or even +fastened in you fatally, though all the while you were not the least +required to confide in his inspiration. + +[Footnote 38: 'Commentary on the Galatians,' Chap. iii.] + +48. For indeed, the only confidence, and the only safety which in such +matters we can either hold or hope, are in our own desire to be rightly +guided, and willingness to follow in simplicity the guidance granted. +But all our conceptions and reasonings on the subject of inspiration +have been disordered by our habit, first of distinguishing falsely--or +at least needlessly--between inspiration of words and of acts; and +secondly by our attribution of inspired strength or wisdom to some +persons or some writers only, instead of to the whole body of believers, +in so far as they are partakers of the Grace of Christ, the Love of God, +and the Fellowship of the Holy Ghost. In the degree in which every +Christian receives, or refuses, the several gifts expressed by that +general benediction, he enters or is cast out from the inheritance of +the saints,--in the exact degree in which he denies the Christ, angers +the Father, and grieves the Holy Spirit, he becomes uninspired or +unholy,--and in the measure in which he trusts Christ, obeys the Father, +and consents with the Spirit, he becomes inspired in feeling, act, word, +and reception of word, according to the capacities of his nature. He is +not gifted with higher ability, nor called into new offices, but enabled +to use his granted natural powers, in their appointed place, to the best +purpose. A child is inspired as a child, and a maiden as a maiden; the +weak, even in their weakness, and the wise, only in their hour. + +That is the simply determinable _theory_ of the inspiration of all +true members of the Church; its truth can only be known by proving it +in trial: but I believe there is no record of any man's having tried +and declared it vain.[39] + +[Footnote 39: Compare the closing paragraph in p. 45 of 'The Shrine of +the Slaves.' Strangely, as I revise _this_ page for press, a slip is +sent me from 'The Christian' newspaper, in which the comment of the +orthodox evangelical editor may be hereafter representative to us of +the heresy of his sect; in its last audacity, actually _opposing_ the +power of the Spirit to the work of Christ. (I only wish I had been at +Matlock, and heard the kind physician's sermon.) + +"An interesting and somewhat unusual sight was seen in Derbyshire on +Saturday last--two old fashioned Friends, dressed in the original garb +of the Quakers, preaching on the roadside to a large and attentive +audience in Matlock. One of them, who is a doctor in good practice in +the county, by name Dr. Charles A. Fox, made a powerful and effective +appeal to his audience to see to it that each one was living in +obedience to the light of the Holy Spirit within. Christ _within_ was +the hope of glory, and it was as He was followed in the ministry of +the Spirit that we were saved by Him, who became thus to each the +author and finisher of faith. He cautioned his hearers against +building their house on the sand by believing in the free and easy +Gospel so commonly preached to the wayside hearers, as if we were +saved by 'believing' this or that. Nothing short of the work of the +Holy Ghost in the soul of each one could save us, and to preach +anything short of this was simply to delude the simple and unwary in +the most terrible form. + +"[It would be unfair to criticise an address from so brief an +abstract, but we must express our conviction that the obedience of +Christ unto death, the death of the Cross, _rather_ than the work of +the Spirit in us, is the good tidings for sinful men.--Ed.]" + +In juxtaposition with this editorial piece of modern British press +theology, I will simply place the 4th, 6th, and 13th verses of Romans +viii., italicising the expressions which are of deepest import, and +always neglected. "That the _righteousness of the_ LAW might be +fulfilled _in us_, who walk not after the flesh, but after the +Spirit.... For to be carnally _minded_, is death, but to be +spiritually _minded_, is life, and peace.... For if ye live after the +flesh, ye shall die; but if _ye through the Spirit_ do mortify the +_deeds_ of the body, ye shall live." + +It would be well for Christendom if the Baptismal service explained +what it professes to abjure.] + +49. Beyond this theory of general inspiration, there is that of +special call and command, with actual dictation of the deeds to be +done or words to be said. I will enter at present into no examination +of the evidences of such separating influence; it is not claimed by +the Fathers of the Church, either for themselves, or even for the +entire body of the Sacred writers, but only ascribed to certain +passages dictated at certain times for special needs: and there is no +possibility of attaching the idea of infallible truth to any form of +human language in which even these exceptional passages have been +delivered to us. But this is demonstrably true of the entire volume of +them as we have it, and read,--each of us as it may be rendered in his +native tongue; that, however mingled with mystery which we are not +required to unravel, or difficulties which we should be insolent in +desiring to solve, it contains plain teaching for men of every rank of +soul and state of life, which so far as they honestly and implicitly +obey, they will be happy and innocent to the utmost powers of their +nature, and capable of victory over all adversities, whether of +temptation or pain. + +50. Indeed, the Psalter alone, which practically was the service book of +the Church for many ages, contains merely in the first half of it the +sum of personal and social wisdom. The 1st, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th, +19th, 23rd, and 24th psalms, well learned and believed, are enough for +all personal guidance; the 48th, 72nd, and 75th, have in them the law +and the prophecy of all righteous government; and every real triumph of +natural science is anticipated in the 104th. + +51. For the contents of the entire volume, consider what other group +of historic and didactic literature has a range comparable with it. +There are-- + +I. The stories of the Fall and of the Flood, the grandest human +traditions founded on a true horror of sin. + +II. The story of the Patriarchs, of which the effective truth is +visible to this day in the polity of the Jewish and Arab races. + +III. The story of Moses, with the results of that tradition in the +moral law of all the civilized world. + +IV. The story of the Kings--virtually that of all Kinghood, in David, +and of all Philosophy, in Solomon: culminating in the Psalms and +Proverbs, with the still more close and practical wisdom of +Ecclesiasticus and the Son of Sirach. + +V. The story of the Prophets--virtually that of the deepest mystery, +tragedy, and permanent fate, of national existence. + +VI. The story of Christ. + +VII. The moral law of St. John, and his closing Apocalypse of its +fulfilment. + +Think, if you can match that table of contents in any other--I do not +say 'book' but 'literature.' Think, so far as it is possible for any +of us--either adversary or defender of the faith--to extricate his +intelligence from the habit and the association of moral sentiment +based upon the Bible, what literature could have taken its place, or +fulfilled its function, though every library in the world had remained +unravaged, and every teacher's truest words had been written down? + +52. I am no despiser of profane literature. So far from it that I +believe no interpretations of Greek religion have ever been so +affectionate, none of Roman religion so reverent, as those which will be +found at the base of my art teaching, and current through the entire +body of my works. But it was from the Bible that I learned the symbols +of Homer, and the faith of Horace; the duty enforced upon me in early +youth of reading every word of the gospels and prophecies as if written +by the hand of God, gave me the habit of awed attention which afterwards +made many passages of the profane writers, frivolous to an irreligious +reader, deeply grave to me. How far my mind has been paralysed by the +faults and sorrow of life,--how far short its knowledge may be of what I +might have known, had I more faithfully walked in the light I had, is +beyond my conjecture or confession: but as I never wrote for my own +pleasure or self-proclaiming, I have been guarded, as men who so write +always will be, from errors dangerous to others; and the fragmentary +expressions of feeling or statements of doctrine, which from time to +time I have been able to give, will be found now by an attentive reader +to bind themselves together into a general system of interpretation of +Sacred literature,--both classic and Christian, which will enable him +without injustice to sympathize in the faiths of candid and generous +souls, of every age and every clime. + +53. That there _is_ a Sacred classic literature, running parallel with +that of the Hebrews, and coalescing in the symbolic legends of +mediaeval Christendom, is shown in the most tender and impressive way +by the independent, yet similar, influence of Virgil upon Dante, and +upon Bishop Gawaine Douglas. At earlier dates, the teaching of every +master trained in the Eastern schools was necessarily grafted on the +wisdom of the Greek mythology; and thus the story of the Nemean Lion, +with the aid of Athena in its conquest, is the real root-stock of the +legend of St. Jerome's companion, conquered by the healing gentleness +of the Spirit of Life. + +54. I call it a legend only. Whether Heracles ever slew, or St. Jerome +ever cherished, the wild or wounded creature, is of no moment to us in +learning what the Greeks meant by their vase-outlines of the great +contest, or the Christian painters by their fond insistence on the +constancy of the Lion-friend. Former tradition, in the story of +Samson,--of the disobedient prophet,--of David's first inspired victory, +and finally of the miracle wrought in the defence of the most favoured +and most faithful of the greater Prophets, runs always parallel in +symbolism with the Dorian fable: but the legend of St. Jerome takes up +the prophecy of the Millennium, and foretells, with the Cumaean Sibyl, +and with Isaiah, a day when the Fear of Man shall be laid in +benediction, not enmity, on inferior beings,--when they shall not hurt +nor destroy in all the holy Mountain, and the Peace of the Earth shall +be as far removed from its present sorrow, as the present gloriously +animate universe from the nascent desert, whose deeps were the place of +dragons, and its mountains, domes of fire. + +Of that day knoweth no man; but the Kingdom of God is already come to +those who have tamed in their own hearts what was rampant of the lower +nature, and have learned to cherish what is lovely and human, in the +wandering children of the clouds and fields. + +AVALLON, _28th August_, 1882. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +INTERPRETATIONS. + + +1. It is the admitted privilege of a custode who loves his cathedral +to depreciate, in its comparison, all the other cathedrals of his +country that resemble, and all the edifices on the globe that differ +from it. But I love too many cathedrals--though I have never had the +happiness of becoming the custode of even one--to permit myself the +easy and faithful exercise of the privilege in question; and I must +vindicate my candour, and my judgment, in the outset, by confessing +that the cathedral of AMIENS has nothing to boast of in the way of +towers,--that its central fleche is merely the pretty caprice of a +village carpenter,--that the total structure is in dignity inferior to +Chartres, in sublimity to Beauvais, in decorative splendour to Rheims, +and in loveliness of figure-sculpture to Bourges. It has nothing like +the artful pointing and moulding of the arcades of Salisbury--nothing +of the might of Durham;--no Daedalian inlaying like Florence, no glow +of mythic fantasy like Verona. And yet, in all, and more than these, +ways, outshone or overpowered, the cathedral of Amiens deserves the +name given it by M. Viollet le Duc-- + + "The Parthenon of Gothic Architecture."[40] + +2. Of Gothic, mind you; Gothic clear of Roman tradition, and of +Arabian taint; Gothic pure, authoritative, unsurpassable, and +unaccusable;--its proper principles of structure being once understood +and admitted. + +[Footnote 40: Of French Architecture, accurately, in the place quoted, +"Dictionary of Architecture," vol. i. p. 71; but in the article +"Cathedrale," it is called (vol. ii. p. 330) "l'eglise _ogivale_ par +excellence."] + +No well-educated traveller is now without some consciousness of the +meaning of what is commonly and rightly called "purity of style," in +the modes of art which have been practised by civilized nations; and +few are unaware of the distinctive aims and character of Gothic. The +purpose of a good Gothic builder was to raise, with the native stone +of the place he had to build in, an edifice as high and as spacious as +he could, with calculable and visible security, in no protracted and +wearisome time, and with no monstrous or oppressive compulsion of +human labour. + +He did not wish to exhaust in the pride of a single city the energies of +a generation, or the resources of a kingdom; he built for Amiens with +the strength and the exchequer of Amiens; with chalk from the cliffs of +the Somme,[41] and under the orders of two successive bishops, one of +whom directed the foundations of the edifice, and the other gave thanks +in it for its completion. His object, as a designer, in common with all +the sacred builders of his time in the North, was to admit as much light +into the building as was consistent with the comfort of it; to make its +structure intelligibly admirable, but not curious or confusing; and to +enrich and enforce the understood structure with ornament sufficient for +its beauty, yet yielding to no wanton enthusiasm in expenditure, nor +insolent in giddy or selfish ostentation of skill; and finally, to make +the external sculpture of its walls and gates at once an alphabet and +epitome of the religion, by the knowledge and inspiration of which an +acceptable worship might be rendered, within those gates, to the Lord +whose Fear was in His Holy Temple, and whose seat was in Heaven. + +[Footnote 41: It was a universal principle with the French builders of +the great ages to use the stones of their quarries as they lay in the +bed; if the beds were thick, the stones were used of their full +thickness--if thin, of their necessary thinness, adjusting them with +beautiful care to directions of thrust and weight. The natural blocks +were never sawn, only squared into fitting, the whole native strength +and crystallization of the stone being thus kept unflawed--"_ne +dedoublant jamais_ une pierre. Cette methode est excellente, elle +conserve a la pierre toute sa force naturelle,--tous ses moyens de +resistance." See M. Viollet le Duc, Article "Construction" +(Materiaux), vol. iv. p. 129. He adds the very notable fact that, _to +this day, in seventy departments of France, the use of the stone-saw +is unknown_.] + +3. It is not easy for the citizen of the modern aggregate of bad +building, and ill-living held in check by constables, which we call a +town,--of which the widest streets are devoted by consent to the +encouragement of vice, and the narrow ones to the concealment of +misery,--not easy, I say, for the citizen of any such mean city to +understand the feeling of a burgher of the Christian ages to his +cathedral. For him, the quite simply and frankly-believed text, "Where +two or three are gathered in My name, there am I in the midst of +them," was expanded into the wider promise to many honest and +industrious persons gathered in His name--"They shall be my people and +I will be their God";--deepened in his reading of it, by some lovely +local and simply affectionate faith that Christ, as he was a Jew among +Jews, and a Galilean among Galileans, was also, in His nearness to +any--even the poorest--group of disciples, as one of their nation; and +that their own "Beau Christ d'Amiens" was as true a compatriot to them +as if He had been born of a Picard maiden. + +4. It is to be remembered, however--and this is a theological point on +which depended much of the structural development of the northern +basilicas--that the part of the building in which the Divine presence +was believed to be constant, as in the Jewish Holy of Holies, was only +the enclosed choir; in front of which the aisles and transepts might +become the King's Hall of Justice, as in the presence-chamber of Christ; +and whose high altar was guarded always from the surrounding eastern +aisles by a screen of the most finished workmanship; while from those +surrounding aisles branched off a series of radiating chapels or cells, +each dedicated to some separate saint. This conception of the company of +Christ with His saints, (the eastern chapel of all being the Virgin's,) +was at the root of the entire disposition of the apse with its +supporting and dividing buttresses and piers; and the architectural form +can never be well delighted in, unless in some sympathy with the +spiritual imagination out of which it rose. We talk foolishly and +feebly of symbols and types: in old Christian architecture, every part +is _literal_: the cathedral _is_ for its builders the House of God;--it +is surrounded, like an earthly king's, with minor lodgings for the +servants; and the glorious carvings of the exterior walls and interior +wood of the choir, which an English rector would almost instinctively +think of as done for the glorification of the canons, was indeed the +Amienois carpenter's way of making his Master-carpenter +comfortable,[42]--nor less of showing his own native and insuperable +virtue of carpenter, before God and man. + +[Footnote 42: The philosophic reader is quite welcome to 'detect' and +'expose' as many carnal motives as he pleases, besides the good +ones,--competition with neighbour Beauvais--comfort to sleepy +heads--solace to fat sides, and the like. He will find at last that no +quantity of competition or comfort-seeking will do anything the like +of this carving now;--still less his own philosophy, whatever its +species: and that it was indeed the little mustard seed of faith in +the heart, with a very notable quantity of honesty besides in the +habit and disposition, that made all the rest grow together for good.] + +5. Whatever you wish to see, or are forced to leave unseen, at Amiens, +if the overwhelming responsibilities of your existence, and the +inevitable necessities of precipitate locomotion in their fulfilment, +have left you so much as one quarter of an hour, not out of +breath--for the contemplation of the capital of Picardy, give it +wholly to the cathedral choir. Aisles and porches, lancet windows and +roses, you can see elsewhere as well as here--but such carpenter's +work, you cannot. It is late,--fully developed flamboyant just past +the fifteenth century--and has some Flemish stolidity mixed with the +playing French fire of it; but wood-carving was the Picard's joy from +his youth up, and, so far as I know, there is nothing else so +beautiful cut out of the goodly trees of the world. + +Sweet and young-grained wood it is: oak, _trained_ and chosen for such +work, sound now as four hundred years since. Under the carver's hand it +seems to cut like clay, to fold like silk, to grow like living branches, +to leap like living flame. Canopy crowning canopy, pinnacle piercing +pinnacle--it shoots and wreathes itself into an enchanted glade, +inextricable, imperishable, fuller of leafage than any forest, and +fuller of story than any book.[43] + +[Footnote 43: Arnold Boulin, master-joiner (menuisier) at Amiens, +solicited the enterprise, and obtained it in the first months of the +year 1508. A contract was drawn and an agreement made with him for the +construction of one hundred and twenty stalls with historical +subjects, high backings, crownings, and pyramidal canopies. It was +agreed that the principal executor should have seven sous of Tournay +(a little less than the sou of France) a day, for himself and his +apprentice, (threepence a day the two--say a shilling a week the +master, and sixpence a week the man,) and for the superintendence of +the whole work, twelve crowns a year, at the rate of twenty-four sous +the crown; (_i.e._, twelve shillings a year). The salary of the simple +workman was only to be three sous a day. For the sculptures and +histories of the seats, the bargain was made separately with Antoine +Avernier, image-cutter, residing at Amiens, at the rate of thirty-two +sous (sixteen pence) the piece. Most of the wood came from Clermont en +Beauvoisis, near Amiens; the finest, for the bas-reliefs, from +Holland, by St. Valery and Abbeville. The Chapter appointed four of +its own members to superintend the work: Jean Dumas, Jean Fabres, +Pierre Vuaille, and Jean Lenglache, to whom my authors (canons both) +attribute the choice of subjects, the placing of them, and the +initiation of the workmen 'au sens veritable et plus eleve de la Bible +ou des legendes, et portant quelque fois le simple savoir-faire de +l'ouvrier jusqu'a la hauteur du genie du theologien.' + +Without pretending to apportion the credit of savoir-faire and +theology in the business, we have only to observe that the whole +company, master, apprentices, workmen, image-cutter, and four canons, +got well into traces, and set to work on the 3rd of July, 1508, in the +great hall of the eveche, which was to be the workshop and studio +during the whole time of the business. In the following year, another +menuisier, Alexander Huet, was associated with the body, to carry on +the stalls on the right hand of the choir, while Arnold Boulin went on +with those on the left. Arnold, leaving his new associate in command +for a time, went to Beauvais and St. Riquier, to see the woodwork +there; and in July of 1511 both the masters went to Rouen together, +'pour etudier les chaires de la cathedrale.' The year before, also, +two Franciscans, monks of Abbeville, 'expert and renowned in working +in wood,' had been called by the Amiens chapter to give their opinion +on things in progress, and had each twenty sous for his opinion, and +travelling expenses. + +In 1516, another and an important name appears on the accounts,--that +of Jean Trupin, 'a simple workman at the wages of three sous a day,' +but doubtless a good and spirited carver, whose true portrait it is +without doubt, and by his own hand, that forms the elbow-rest, of the +85th stall (right hand, nearest apse), beneath which is cut his name +JHAN TRUPIN, and again under the 92nd stall, with the added wish, 'Jan +Trupin, God take care of thee' (_Dieu te pourvoie_). + +The entire work was ended on St. John's Day, 1522, without (so far as +we hear) any manner of interruption by dissension, death, dishonesty, +or incapacity, among its fellow-workmen, master or servant. And the +accounts being audited by four members of the Chapter, it was found +that the total expense was 9488 livres, 11 sous, and 3 obols +(decimes), or 474 napoleons, 11 sous, 3 decimes of modern French +money, or roughly four hundred sterling English pounds. + +For which sum, you perceive, a company of probably six or eight good +workmen, old and young, had been kept merry and busy for fourteen +years; and this that you see--left for substantial result and gift to +you. + +I have not examined the carvings so as to assign, with any decision, the +several masters' work; but in general the flower and leaf design in the +traceries will be by the two head menuisiers, and their apprentices; the +elaborate Scripture histories by Avernier, with variously completing +incidental grotesque by Trupin; and the joining and fitting by the +common workmen. No nails are used,--all is morticed, and so beautifully +that the joints have not moved to this day, and are still almost +imperceptible. The four terminal pyramids 'you might take for giant +pines forgotten for six centuries on the soil where the church was +built; they might be looked on at first as a wild luxury of sculpture +and hollow traceries--but examined in analysis they are marvels of order +and system in construction, uniting all the lightness, strength, and +grace of the most renowned spires in the last epoch of the Middle ages.' + +The above particulars are all extracted--or simply translated, out of +the excellent description of the "Stalles et les Clotures du Choeur" +of the Cathedral of Amiens, by MM. les Chanoines Jourdain et Duval +(Amiens, Vv. Alfred Caron, 1867). The accompanying lithographic +outlines are exceedingly good, and the reader will find the entire +series of subjects indicated with precision and brevity, both for the +woodwork and the external veil of the choir, of which I have no room +to speak in this traveller's summary.] + +6. I have never been able to make up my mind which was really the best +way of approaching the cathedral for the first time. If you have plenty +of leisure, and the day is fine, and you are not afraid of an hour's +walk, the really right thing to do is to walk down the main street of +the old town, and across the river, and quite out to the chalk hill[44] +out of which the citadel is half quarried--half walled;--and walk to the +top of that, and look down into the citadel's dry 'ditch,'--or, more +truly, dry valley of death, which is about as deep as a glen in +Derbyshire, (or, more precisely, the upper part of the 'Happy Valley' +at Oxford, above Lower Hincksey,) and thence across to the cathedral and +ascending slopes of the city; so, you will understand the real height +and relation of tower and town:--then, returning, find your way to the +Mount Zion of it by any narrow cross streets and chance bridges you +can--the more winding and dirty the streets, the better; and whether you +come first on west front or apse, you will think them worth all the +trouble you have had to reach them. + +[Footnote 44: The strongest and finally to be defended part of the +earliest city was on this height.] + +7. But if the day be dismal, as it may sometimes be, even in France, +of late years,--or if you cannot or will not walk, which may also +chance, for all our athletics and lawn-tennis,--or if you must really +go to Paris this afternoon, and only mean to see all you can in an +hour or two,--then, supposing that, notwithstanding these weaknesses, +you are still a nice sort of person, for whom it is of some +consequence which way you come at a pretty thing, or begin to look at +it--I _think_ the best way is to walk from the Hotel de France or the +Place de Perigord, up the Street of Three Pebbles, towards the railway +station--stopping a little as you go, so as to get into a cheerful +temper, and buying some bonbons or tarts for the children in one of +the charming patissiers' shops on the left. Just past them, ask for +the theatre; and just past that, you will find, also on the left, +three open arches, through which you can turn, passing the Palais de +Justice, and go straight up to the south transept, which has really +something about it to please everybody. It is simple and severe at the +bottom, and daintily traceried and pinnacled at the top, and yet seems +all of a piece--though it isn't--and everybody _must_ like the taper +and transparent fretwork of the fleche above, which seems to bend to +the west wind,--though it doesn't--at least, the bending is a long +habit, gradually yielded into, with gaining grace and submissiveness, +during the last three hundred years. And, coming quite up to the +porch, everybody must like the pretty French Madonna in the middle of +it, with her head a little aside, and her nimbus switched a little +aside too, like a becoming bonnet. A Madonna in decadence she is, +though, for all, or rather by reason of all, her prettiness, and +her gay soubrette's smile; and she has no business there, neither, for +this is St. Honore's porch, not hers; and grim and grey St. Honore +used to stand there to receive you,--he is banished now to the north +porch, where nobody ever goes in. This was done long ago, in the +fourteenth-century days, when the people first began to find +Christianity too serious, and devised a merrier faith for France, and +would have bright-glancing, soubrette Madonnas everywhere--letting +their own dark-eyed Joan of Arc be burned for a witch. And +thenceforward, things went their merry way, straight on, 'ca allait, +ca ira,' to the merriest days of the guillotine. + +But they could still carve, in the fourteenth century, and the Madonna +and her hawthorn-blossom lintel are worth your looking at,--much more +the field above, of sculpture as delicate and more calm, which tells +St. Honore's own story, little talked of now in his Parisian faubourg. + +8. I will not keep you just now to tell St. Honore's story--(only too +glad to leave you a little curious about it, if it were +possible)[45]--for certainly you will be impatient to go into the +church; and cannot enter it to better advantage than by this door. For +all cathedrals of any mark have nearly the same effect when you enter at +the west door; but I know no other which shows so much of its nobleness +from the south interior transept; the opposite rose being of exquisite +fineness in tracery, and lovely in lustre; and the shafts of the +transept aisles forming wonderful groups with those of the choir and +nave; also, the apse shows its height better, as it opens to you when +you advance from the transept into the mid-nave, than when it is seen at +once from the west end of the nave; where it is just possible for an +irreverent person rather to think the nave narrow, than the apse high. +Therefore, if you let me guide you, go in at this south transept door, +(and put a sou into every beggar's box who asks it there,--it is none of +your business whether they should be there or not, nor whether they +deserve to have the sou,--be sure only that you yourself deserve to have +it to give; and give it prettily, and not as if it burnt your fingers). +Then, being once inside, take what first sensation and general glimpse +of it pleases you--promising the custode to come back to _see_ it +properly; (only then mind you keep the promise;) and in this first +quarter of an hour, seeing only what fancy bid you--but at least, as I +said, the apse from mid-nave, and all the traverses of the building, +from its centre. Then you will know, when you go outside again, what the +architect was working for, and what his buttresses and traceries mean. +For the outside of a French cathedral, except for its sculpture, is +always to be thought of as the wrong side of the stuff, in which you +find how the threads go that produce the inside or right-side pattern. +And if you have no wonder in you for that choir and its encompassing +circlet of light, when you look up into it from the cross-centre, you +need not travel farther in search of cathedrals, for the waiting-room of +any station is a better place for you;--but, if it amaze you and delight +you at first, then, the more you know of it, the more it will amaze. For +it is not possible for imagination and mathematics together, to do +anything nobler or stronger than that procession of window, with +material of glass and stone--nor anything which shall look loftier, with +so temperate and prudent measure of actual loftiness. + +[Footnote 45: See, however, pages 32 and 130 (Sec.Sec. 36, 112-114) of the +octavo edition of 'The Two Paths.'] + +9. From the pavement to the keystone of its vault is but 132 French +feet--about 150 English. Think only--you who have been in +Switzerland,--the Staubbach falls _nine_ hundred! Nay, Dover cliff +under the castle, just at the end of the Marine Parade, is twice as +high; and the little cockneys parading to military polka on the +asphalt below, think themselves about as tall as it, I suppose,--nay, +what with their little lodgings and stodgings and podgings about it, +they have managed to make it look no bigger than a moderate-sized +limekiln. Yet it is twice the height of Amiens' apse!--and it takes +good building, with only such bits of chalk as one can quarry beside +Somme, to make your work stand half that height, for six hundred +years. + +10. It takes good building, I say, and you may even aver the +best--that ever was, or is again likely for many a day to be, on the +unquaking and fruitful earth, where one could calculate on a pillar's +standing fast, once well set up; and where aisles of aspen, and +orchards of apple, and clusters of vine, gave type of what might be +most beautifully made sacred in the constancy of sculptured stone. +From the unhewn block set on end in the Druid's Bethel, to _this_ +Lord's House and blue-vitrailed gate of Heaven, you have the entire +course and consummation of the Northern Religious Builder's passion +and art. + +11. But, note further--and earnestly,--this apse of Amiens is not only +the best, but the very _first_ thing done _perfectly_ in its manner, +by Northern Christendom. In pages 323 and 327 of the sixth volume of +M. Viollet le Duc, you will find the exact history of the development +of these traceries through which the eastern light shines on you as +you stand, from the less perfect and tentative forms of Rheims: and so +momentary was the culmination of the exact rightness, that here, from +nave to transept--built only ten years later,--there is a little +change, not towards decline, but to a not quite necessary precision. +Where decline begins, one cannot, among the lovely fantasies that +succeeded, exactly say--but exactly, and indisputably, we know that +this apse of Amiens is the first virgin perfect work,--Parthenon also +in that sense,--of Gothic Architecture. + +12. Who built it, shall we ask? God, and Man,--is the first and most +true answer. The stars in their courses built it, and the Nations. +Greek Athena labours here--and Roman Father Jove, and Guardian Mars. +The Gaul labours here, and the Frank: knightly Norman,--mighty +Ostrogoth,--and wasted anchorite of Idumea. + +The actual Man who built it scarcely cared to tell you he did so; nor do +the historians brag of him. Any quantity of heraldries of knaves and +faineants you may find in what they call their 'history': but this is +probably the first time you ever read the name of Robert of Luzarches. I +say he 'scarcely cared'--we are not sure that he cared at all. He +signed his name nowhere, that I can hear of. You may perhaps find some +recent initials cut by English remarkable visitors desirous of +immortality, here and there about the edifice, but Robert the +builder--or at least the Master of building, cut _his_ on no stone of +it. Only when, after his death, the headstone had been brought forth +with shouting, Grace unto it, this following legend was written, +recording all who had part or lot in the labour, within the middle of +the labyrinth then inlaid in the pavement of the nave. You must read it +trippingly on the tongue: it was rhymed gaily for you by pure French +gaiety, not the least like that of the Theatre de Folies. + + "En l'an de Grace mil deux cent + Et vingt, fu l'oeuvre de cheens + Premierement encomenchie. + A donc y ert de cheste evesquie + Evrart, eveque benis; + Et, Roy de France, Loys + Qui fut fils Phelippe le Sage. + Qui maistre y ert de l'oeuvre + Maistre Robert estoit nomes + Et de Luzarches surnomes. + Maistre Thomas fu apres lui + De Cormont. Et apres, son filz + Maistre Regnault, qui mestre + Fist a chest point chi cheste lectre + Que l'incarnation valoit + Treize cent, moins douze, en faloit." + +13. I have written the numerals in letters, else the metre would not +have come clear: they were really in figures thus, "II C. et XX," +"XIII C. moins XII". I quote the inscription from M. l'Abbe Roze's +admirable little book, "Visite a la Cathedrale d'Amiens,"--Sup. Lib. +de Mgr l'Eveque d'Amiens, 1877,--which every grateful traveller should +buy, for I am only going to steal a little bit of it here and there. I +only wish there had been a translation of the legend to steal, too; +for there are one or two points, both of idea and chronology, in it, +that I should have liked the Abbe's opinion of. + +The main purport of the rhyme, however, we perceive to be, line for +line, as follows:-- + + "In the year of Grace, Twelve Hundred + And twenty, the work, then falling to ruin, + Was first begun again. + Then was, of this Bishopric + Everard the blessed Bishop. + And, King of France, Louis, + Who was son to Philip the Wise. + He who was Master of the Work + Was called Master Robert, + And called, beyond that, of Luzarches. + Master Thomas was after him, + Of Cormont. And after him, his son, + Master Reginald, who to be put + Made--at this point--this reading. + When the Incarnation was of account + Thirteen hundred, less twelve, which it failed of." + +In which legend, while you stand where once it was written (it was +removed--to make the old pavement more polite--in the year, I +sorrowfully observe, of my own earliest tour on the Continent, 1825, +when I had not yet turned my attention to Ecclesiastical +Architecture), these points are noticeable--if you have still a little +patience. + +14. 'The work'--_i.e._, the Work of Amiens in especial, her cathedral, +was 'decheant,' falling to ruin, for the--I cannot at once say--fourth, +fifth, or what time,--in the year 1220. For it was a wonderfully +difficult matter for little Amiens to get this piece of business fairly +done, so hard did the Devil pull against her. She built her first +Bishop's church (scarcely more than St. Firmin's tomb-chapel) about the +year 350, just outside the railway station on the road to Paris;[46] +then, after being nearly herself destroyed, chapel and all, by the Frank +invasion, having recovered, and converted her Franks, she built another +and a properly called cathedral, where this one stands now, under +Bishop St. Save (St. Sauve, or Salve). But even this proper cathedral +was only of wood, and the Normans burnt it in 881. Rebuilt, it stood for +200 years; but was in great part destroyed by lightning in 1019. Rebuilt +again, it and the town were more or less burnt together by lightning, in +1107,--my authority says calmly, "un incendie provoque par la meme cause +detruisit _la ville_, et une partie de la cathedrale." The 'partie' +being rebuilt once more, the whole was again reduced to ashes, "reduite +en cendre par le feu de ciel en 1218, ainsi que tous les titres, les +martyrologies, les calendriers, et les Archives de l'Eveche et du +Chapitre." + +[Footnote 46: At St. Acheul. See the first chapter of this book, and +the "Description Historique de la Cathedrale d'Amiens," by A. P. M. +Gilbert. 8vo, Amiens, 1833, pp. 5-7.] + +15. It was the fifth cathedral, I count, then, that lay in 'ashes,' +according to Mons. Gilbert--in ruin certainly--decheant;--and ruin of +a very discouraging completeness it would have been, to less lively +townspeople--in 1218. But it was rather of a stimulating completeness +to Bishop Everard and his people--the ground well cleared for them, as +it were: and lightning (feu de l'enfer, not du ciel, recognized for a +diabolic plague, as in Egypt), was to be defied to the pit. They only +took two years, you see, to pull themselves together; and to work they +went, in 1220, they, and their bishop, and their king, and their +Robert of Luzarches. And this, that roofs you, was what their hands +found to do with their might. + +16. Their king was 'a-donc,' 'at that time,' Louis VIII., who is +especially further called the son of Philip of August, or Philip the +Wise, because his father was not dead in 1220; but must have resigned +the practical kingdom to his son, as his own father had done to him; +the old and wise king retiring to his chamber, and thence silently +guiding his son's hands, very gloriously, yet for three years. + +But, farther--and this is the point on which chiefly I would have +desired the Abbe's judgment--Louis VIII. died of fever at Montpensier in +1226. And the entire conduct of the main labour of the cathedral, and +the chief glory of its service, as we shall hear presently, was _Saint_ +Louis's; for a time of forty-four years. And the inscription was put "a +ce point ci" by the last architect, six years after St. Louis's death. +How is it that the great and holy king is not named? + +17. I must not, in this traveller's brief, lose time in conjectural +answers to the questions which every step here will raise from the +ravaged shrine. But this is a very solemn one; and must be kept in our +hearts, till we may perhaps get clue to it. One thing only we are sure +of,--that at least the _due_ honour--alike by the sons of Kings and +sons of Craftsmen--is given always to their fathers; and that +apparently the chief honour of all is given here to Philip the Wise. +From whose house, not of parliament but of peace, came, in the years +when this temple was first in building, an edict indeed of +peace-making: "That it should be criminal for any man to take +vengeance for an insult or injury till forty days after the commission +of the offence--and then only with the approbation of the Bishop of +the Diocese." Which was perhaps a wiser effort to end the Feudal +system in its Saxon sense,[47] than any of our recent projects for +ending it in the Norman one. + +[Footnote 47: Feud, Saxon faedh, low Latin Faida (Scottish 'fae,' +English 'foe,' derivative), Johnson. Remember also that the root of +Feud, in its Norman sense of land-allotment, is _foi_, not _fee_, +which Johnson, old Tory as he was, did not observe--neither in general +does the modern Antifeudalist.] + +18. "A ce point ci." The point, namely, of the labyrinth inlaid in the +cathedral floor; a recognized emblem of many things to the people, who +knew that the ground they stood on was holy, as the roof over their +head. Chiefly, to them, it was an emblem of noble human +life--strait-gated, narrow-walled, with infinite darknesses and the +"inextricabilis error" on either hand--and in the depth of it, the +brutal nature to be conquered. + +19. This meaning, from the proudest heroic, and purest legislative, days +of Greece, the symbol had borne for all men skilled in her traditions: +to the schools of craftsmen the sign meant further their craft's +noblesse, and pure descent from the divinely-terrestrial skill of +Daedalus, the labyrinth-builder, and the first sculptor of imagery +_pathetic_[48] with human life and death. + +[Footnote 48: + + "Tu quoque, magnam + Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes, + Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro,-- + Bis patriae cecidere manus." + +There is, advisedly, no pathos allowed in primary sculpture. Its heroes +conquer without exultation, and die without sorrow.] + +20. Quite the most beautiful sign of the power of true +Christian-Catholic faith is this continual acknowledgment by it of the +brotherhood--nay, more, the fatherhood, of the elder nations who had +not seen Christ; but had been filled with the Spirit of God; and +obeyed, according to their knowledge, His unwritten law. The pure +charity and humility of this temper are seen in all Christian art, +according to its strength and purity of race; but best, to the full, +seen and interpreted by the three great Christian-Heathen poets, +Dante, Douglas of Dunkeld,[49] and George Chapman. The prayer with +which the last ends his life's work is, so far as I know, the +perfectest and deepest expression of Natural Religion given us in +literature; and if you can, pray it here--standing on the spot where +the builder once wrote the history of the Parthenon of Christianity. + +[Footnote 49: See 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXI., p. 22.] + +21. "I pray thee, Lord, the Father, and the Guide of our reason, that +we may remember the nobleness with which Thou hast adorned us; and +that Thou wouldst be always on our right hand and on our left,[50] in +the motion of our own Wills: that so we may be purged from the +contagion of the Body and the Affections of the Brute, and overcome +them and rule; and use, as it becomes men to use them, for +instruments. And then, that Thou wouldst be in Fellowship with us for +the careful correction of our reason, and for its conjunction by the +light of truth with the things that truly are. + +[Footnote 50: Thus, the command to the children of Israel "that they go +forward" is to their own wills. They obeying, the sea retreats, _but not +before_ they dare to advance into it. _Then_, the waters are a wall unto +them, on their right hand and their left.] + +"And in the third place, I pray to Thee the Saviour, that +Thou wouldst utterly cleanse away the closing gloom from +the eyes of our souls, that we may know well who is to be held +for God, and who for mortal. Amen."[51] + +[Footnote 51: The original is written in Latin only. "Supplico tibi, +Domine, Pater et Dux rationis nostrae, ut nostrae Nobilitatis +recordemur, qua tu nos ornasti: et ut tu nobis presto sis, ut iis qui +per sese moventur; ut et a Corporis contagio, Brutorumque affectuum +repurgemur, eosque superemus, atque regamus; et, sicut decet, pro +instruments iis utamur. Deinde, ut nobis adjuncto sis; ad accuratam +rationis nostrae correctionem, et conjunctionem cum iis qui vere sunt, +per lucem veritatis. Et tertium, Salvatori supplex oro, ut ab oculis +animorum nostrorum caliginem prorsus abstergas; ut norimus bene, qui +Deus, aut Mortalis habendus. Amen."] + +22. And having prayed this prayer, or at least, read it with honest +wishing, (which if you cannot, there is no hope of your at present +taking pleasure in any human work of large faculty, whether poetry, +painting, or sculpture,) we may walk a little farther westwards down +the nave, where, in the middle of it, but only a few yards from its +end, two flat stones (the custode will show you them), one a little +farther back than the other, are laid over the graves of the two great +bishops, all whose strength of life was given, with the builder's, to +raise this temple. Their actual graves have not been disturbed; but +the tombs raised over them, once and again removed, are now set on +your right and left hand as you look back to the apse, under the third +arch between the nave and aisles. + +23. Both are of bronze, cast at one flow--and with insuperable, in +some respects inimitable, skill in the caster's art. + +"Chefs-d'oeuvre de fonte,--le tout fondu d'un seul jet, et +admirablement."[52] There are only two other such tombs left in +France, those of the children of St. Louis. All others of their +kind--and they were many in every great cathedral of France--were +first torn from the graves they covered, to destroy the memory of +France's dead; and then melted down into sous and centimes, to buy +gunpowder and absinthe with for her living,--by the Progressive Mind +of Civilization in her first blaze of enthusiasm and new light, from +1789 to 1800. + +[Footnote 52: Viollet le Duc, vol. viii., p. 256. He adds: "L'une +d'elles est comme art" (meaning general art of sculpture), "un +monument du premier ordre;" but this is only partially true--also I +find a note in M. Gilbert's account of them, p. 126: "Les deux doigts +qui manquent, a la main droite de l'eveque Gaudefroi paraissent etre +un defaut survenu a la fonte." See further, on these monuments, and +those of St. Louis' children, Viollet le Duc, vol, ix., pp. 61, 62.] + +The children's tombs, one on each side of the altar of St. Denis, are +much smaller than these, though wrought more beautifully. These beside +you are the _only two Bronze tombs of her Men of the great ages_, left +in France! + +24. And they are the tombs of the pastors of her people, who built for +her the first perfect temple to her God. The Bishop Everard's is on +your right, and has engraved round the border of it this +inscription:[53]-- + +"Who fed the people, who laid the foundations of this + Structure, to whose care the City was given, + Here, in ever-breathing balm of fame, rests Everard. + A man compassionate to the afflicted, the widow's protector, the orphan's + Guardian. Whom he could, he recreated with gifts. + To words of men, + If gentle, a lamb; if violent, a lion; if proud, biting steel." + +[Footnote 53: I steal again from the Abbe Roze the two +inscriptions,--with his introductory notice of the evilly-inspired +interference with them. + +"La tombe d'Evrard de Fouilloy, (died 1222,) coulee en bronze en +plein-relief, etait supportee des le principe, par des monstres +engages dans une maconnerie remplissant le dessous du monument, pour +indiquer que cet eveque avait pose les fondements de la Cathedrale. Un +_architecte malheureusement inspire_ a ose arracher la maconnerie, +pour qu'on ne vit plus la main du prelat fondateur, a la base de +l'edifice. + +"On lit, sur la bordure, l'inscription suivante en beaux caracteres du +XIII^e siecle: + + "'Qui populum pavit, qui fundam[=e]ta locavit + Hui[=u]s structure, cuius fuit urbs data cure + Hic redolens nardus, fama requiescit Ewardus, + Vir pius ahflictis, vidvis tutela, relictis + Custos, quos poterat recreabat munere; vbis, + Mitib agnus erat, tumidis leo, lima supbis.' + +"Geoffrey d'Eu (died 1237) est represente comme son predecesseur en +habits episcopaux, mais le dessous du bronze supporte par des chimeres +est evide, ce prelat ayant eleve l'edifice jusqu'aux voutes. Voici la +legende gravee sur la bordure: + + "'Ecce premunt humile Gaufridi membra cubile. + Seu minus aut simile nobis parat omnibus ille; + Quem laurus gemina decoraverat, in medicina + Lege q[=u] divina, decuerunt cornua bina; + Clare vir Augensis, quo sedes Ambianensis + Crevit in imensis; in coelis auctus, Amen, sis.' + +Tout est a etudier dans ces deux monuments; tout y est d'un haut +interet, quant au dessin, a la sculpture, a l'agencement des ornements +et des draperies." + +In saying above that Geoffroy of Eu returned thanks in the Cathedral +for its completion, I meant only that he had brought at least the +choir into condition for service: "Jusqu'aux voutes" may or may not +mean that the vaulting was closed.] + +English, at its best, in Elizabethan days, is a nobler language than +ever Latin was; but its virtue is in colour and tone, not in what may +be called metallic or crystalline condensation. And it is impossible +to translate the last line of this inscription in as few English +words. Note in it first that the Bishop's friends and enemies are +spoken of as in word, not act; because the swelling, or mocking, or +flattering, words of men are indeed what the meek of the earth must +know how to bear and to welcome;--their deeds, it is for kings and +knights to deal with: not but that the Bishops often took deeds in +hand also; and in actual battle they were permitted to strike with the +mace, but not with sword or lance--_i.e._, not to "shed blood"! For it +was supposed that a man might always recover from a mace-blow; (which, +however, would much depend on the bishop's mind who gave it). The +battle of Bouvines, quite one of the most important in mediaeval +history, was won against the English, and against odds besides of +Germans, under their Emperor Otho, by two French bishops (Senlis and +Bayeux)--who both generalled the French King's line, and led its +charges. Our Earl of Salisbury surrendered to the Bishop of Bayeux in +person. + +25. Note farther, that quite one of the deadliest and most diabolic +powers of evil words, or, rightly so called, blasphemy, has been +developed in modern days in the effect of sometimes quite innocently +meant and enjoyed 'slang.' There are two kinds of slang, in the essence +of it: one 'Thieves' Latin'--the special language of rascals, used for +concealment; the other, one might perhaps best call Louts' Latin!--the +lowering or insulting words invented by vile persons to bring good +things, in their own estimates, to their own level, or beneath it. The +really worst power of this kind of blasphemy is in its often making it +impossible to use plain words without a degrading or ludicrous attached +sense:--thus I could not end my translation of this epitaph, as the old +Latinist could, with the exactly accurate image "to the proud, a +file"--because of the abuse of the word in lower English, retaining, +however, quite shrewdly, the thirteenth-century idea. But the _exact_ +force of the symbol here is in its allusion to jewellers' work, filing +down facets. A proud man is often also a precious one: and may be made +brighter in surface, and the purity of his inner self shown, by good +_filing_. + +26. Take it all in all, the perfect duty of a Bishop is expressed in +these six Latin lines,--au mieux mieux--beginning with his pastoral +office--_Feed_ my sheep--qui _pavit_ populum. And be assured, good +reader, these ages never could have told you what a Bishop's, or any +other man's, duty was, unless they had each man in his place both done +it well--and seen it well done. The Bishop Geoffroy's tomb is on your +left, and its inscription is: + + "Behold, the limbs of Godfrey press their lowly bed, + Whether He is preparing for us all one less than, or like it. + Whom the twin laurels adorned, in medicine + And in divine law, the dual crests became him. + Bright-shining man of Eu, by whom the throne of Amiens + Rose into immensity, be _thou_ increased in Heaven." + + Amen. + +And now at last--this reverence done and thanks paid--we will turn +from these tombs, and go out at one of the western doors--and so see +gradually rising above us the immensity of the three porches, and of +the thoughts engraved in them. + +27. What disgrace or change has come upon them, I will not tell you +to-day--except only the 'immeasurable' loss of the great old +foundation-steps, open, sweeping broad from side to side for all who +came; unwalled, undivided, sunned all along by the westering day, +lighted only by the moon and the stars at night; falling steep and many +down the hillside--ceasing one by one, at last wide and few towards the +level--and worn by pilgrim feet, for six hundred years. So I once saw +them, and twice,--such things can now be never seen more. + +Nor even of the west front itself, above, is much of the old masonry +left: but in the porches nearly all,--except the actual outside +facing, with its rose moulding, of which only a few flowers have been +spared here and there.[54] But the sculpture has been carefully and +honourably kept and restored to its place--pedestals or niches +restored here and there with clay; or some which you see white and +crude, re-carved entirely; nevertheless the impression you may receive +from the whole is still what the builder meant; and I will tell you +the order of its theology without further notices of its decay. + +[Footnote 54: The horizontal lowest part of the moulding between the +northern and central porch is old. Compare its roses with the new ones +running round the arches above--and you will know what 'Restoration' +means.] + +28. You will find it always well, in looking at any cathedral, to make +your quarters of the compass sure, in the beginning; and to remember +that, as you enter it, you are looking and advancing eastward; and +that if it has three entrance porches, that on your left in entering +is the northern, that on your right the southern. I shall endeavour in +all my future writing of architecture, to observe the simple law of +always calling the door of the north transept the north door; and that +on the same side of the west front, the northern door, and so of their +opposites. This will save, in the end, much printing and much +confusion, for a Gothic cathedral has, almost always, these five great +entrances; which may be easily, if at first attentively, recognized +under the titles of the Central door (or porch), the Northern door, +the Southern door, the North door, and the South door. + +But when we use the terms right and left, we ought always +to use them as in going _out_ of the cathedral, or walking down the +nave,--the entire north side and aisles of the building being its +right side, and the south, its left,--these terms being only used well +and authoritatively, when they have reference either to the image of +Christ in the apse or on the rood, or else to the central statue, +whether of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, in the west front. At +Amiens, this central statue, on the 'trumeau' or supporting and +dividing pillar of the central porch, is of Christ Immanuel,--God +_with_ us. On His right hand and His left, occupying the entire walls +of the central porch, are the apostles and the four greater prophets. +The twelve minor prophets stand side by side on the front, three on +each of its great piers.[55] + +[Footnote 55: See now the plan at the end of this chapter.] + +The northern porch is dedicated to St. Firmin, the first Christian +missionary to Amiens. + +The southern porch, to the Virgin. + +But these are both treated as withdrawn behind the great foundation of +Christ and the Prophets; and their narrow recesses partly conceal +their sculpture, until you enter them. What you have first to think +of, and read, is the scripture of the great central porch, and the +facade itself. + +29. You have then in the centre of the front, the image of Christ +Himself, receiving you: "I am the Way, the truth and the life." And the +order of the attendant powers may be best understood by thinking of them +as placed on Christ's right and left hand: this being also the order +which the builder adopts in his Scripture history on the facade--so that +it is to be read from left to right--_i.e._ from Christ's left to +Christ's right, as _He_ sees it. Thus, therefore, following the order of +the great statues: first in the central porch, there are six apostles on +Christ's right hand, and six on His left. On His left hand, next to Him, +Peter; then in receding order, Andrew, James, John, Matthew, Simon; on +His right hand, next Him, Paul; and in receding order, James the Bishop, +Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas and Jude. These opposite ranks of the +Apostles occupy what may be called the apse or curved bay of the porch, +and form a nearly semicircular group, clearly visible as we approach. +But on the sides of the porch, outside the lines of apostles, and not +seen clearly till we enter the porch, are the four greater prophets. On +Christ's left, Isaiah and Jeremiah, on His right, Ezekiel and Daniel. + +30. Then in front, along the whole facade--read in order from Christ's +left to His right--come the series of the twelve minor prophets, three +to each of the four piers of the temple, beginning at the south angle +with Hosea, and ending with Malachi. + +As you look full at the facade in front, the statues which fill the +minor porches are either obscured in their narrower recesses or +withdrawn behind each other so as to be unseen. And the entire mass of +the front is seen, literally, as built on the foundation of the +Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief +corner-stone. Literally _that_; for the receding Porch is a deep +'angulus,' and its mid-pillar is the 'Head of the Corner.' + +Built on the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, that is to say +of the Prophets who foretold _Christ_, and the Apostles who declared +Him. Though Moses was an Apostle, of _God_, he is not here--though +Elijah was a Prophet, of _God_, he is not here. The voice of the +entire building is that of the Heaven at the Transfiguration, "This is +my beloved Son, hear ye Him." + +31. There is yet another and a greater prophet still, who, as it seems +at first, is not here. Shall the people enter the gates of the temple, +singing "Hosanna to the Son of _David_"; and see no image of His +father, then?--Christ Himself declare, "I am the root and the +offspring of David"; and yet the Root have no sign near it of its +Earth? + +Not so. David and his Son are together. David is the pedestal of the +Christ. + +32. We will begin our examination of the Temple front, therefore, with +this its goodly pedestal stone. The statue of David is only two-thirds +life-size, occupying the niche in front of the pedestal. He holds his +sceptre in his right hand, the scroll in his left. King and Prophet, +type of all Divinely right doing, and right claiming, and right +proclaiming, kinghood, for ever. + +The pedestal of which this statue forms the fronting or Western +sculpture, is square, and on the two sides of it are two flowers in +vases, on its north side the lily, and on its south the rose. And the +entire monolith is one of the noblest pieces of Christian sculpture in +the world. + +Above this pedestal comes a minor one, bearing in front of it a +tendril of vine which completes the floral symbolism of the whole. The +plant which I have called a lily is not the Fleur de Lys, nor the +Madonna's, but an ideal one with bells like the crown Imperial +(Shakespeare's type of 'lilies of all kinds'), representing the _mode +of growth_ of the lily of the valley, which could not be sculptured so +large in its literal form without appearing monstrous, and is exactly +expressed in this tablet--as it fulfils, together with the rose and +vine, its companions, the triple saying of Christ, "I am the Rose of +Sharon, and the Lily of the Valley." "I am the true Vine." + + * * * * * + +33. On the side of the upper stone are supporters of a different +character. Supporters,--not captives nor victims; the Cockatrice and +Adder. Representing the most active evil principles of the earth, as +in their utmost malignity; still, Pedestals of Christ, and even in +their deadly life, accomplishing His final will. + +Both creatures are represented accurately in the mediaeval traditional +form, the cockatrice half dragon, half cock; the deaf adder laying one +ear against the ground and stopping the other with her tail. + +The first represents the infidelity of Pride. The cockatrice--king +serpent or highest serpent--saying that he _is_ God, and _will be_ +God. + +The second, the infidelity of Death. The adder (nieder or nether +snake) saying that he _is_ mud, and _will be_ mud. + +34. Lastly, and above all, set under the feet of the statue +of Christ Himself, are the lion and dragon; the images of Carnal sin, +or _Human sin_, as distinguished from the Spiritual and Intellectual +sin of Pride, by which the angels also fell. + +To desire kingship rather than servantship--the Cockatrice's sin, or +deaf Death rather than hearkening Life--the Adder's sin,--these are +both possible to all the intelligences of the universe. But the +distinctively Human sins, anger and lust, seeds in our race of their +perpetual sorrow--Christ in His own humanity, conquered; and conquers +in His disciples. Therefore His foot is on the heads of these; and the +prophecy, "Inculcabis super Leonem et Aspidem," is recognized always +as fulfilled in Him, and in all His true servants, according to the +height of their authority, and the truth of their power. + +35. In this mystic sense, Alexander III. used the words, in restoring +peace to Italy, and giving forgiveness to her deadliest enemy, under +the porch of St. Mark's.[56] But the meaning of every act, as of every +art, of the Christian ages, lost now for three hundred years, cannot +but be in our own times read reversed, if at all, through the +counter-spirit which we now have reached; glorifying Pride and Avarice +as the virtues by which all things move and have their being--walking +after our own lusts as our sole guides to salvation, and foaming out +our own shame for the sole earthly product of our hands and lips. + +[Footnote 56: See my abstract of the history of Barbarossa and +Alexander, in 'Fiction, Fair and Foul,' '_Nineteenth Century_,' +November, 1880, pp. 752 _seq._] + +36. Of the statue of Christ, itself, I will not speak here at any +length, as no sculpture would satisfy, or ought to satisfy, the hope of +any loving soul that has learned to trust in Him; but at the time, it +was beyond what till then had been reached in sculptured tenderness; and +was known far and near as the "Beau Dieu d'Amiens."[57] Yet understood, +observe, just as clearly to be no more than a symbol of the Heavenly +Presence, as the poor coiling worms below were no more than symbols of +the demoniac ones. No _idol_, in our sense of the word--only a letter, +or sign of the Living Spirit,--which, however, was indeed conceived by +every worshipper as here meeting him at the temple gate: the Word of +Life, the King of Glory, and the Lord of Hosts. + +[Footnote 57: See account, and careful drawing of it, in Viollet le +Duc--article "Christ," Dict. of Architecture, iii. 245.] + +"Dominus Virtutum," "Lord of Virtues,"[58] is the best single rendering +of the idea conveyed to a well-taught disciple in the thirteenth +century by the words of the twenty-fourth Psalm. + +[Footnote 58: See the circle of the Powers of the Heavens in the +Byzantine rendering. I. Wisdom; II. Thrones; III. Dominations; IV. +Angels; V. Archangels; VI. Virtues; VII. Potentates; VIII. Princes; +IX. Seraphim. In the Gregorian order, (Dante, Par. xxviii., Cary's +note,) the Angels and Archangels are separated, giving altogether nine +orders, but not ranks. Note that in the Byzantine circle the cherubim +are first, and that it is the strength of the Virtues which calls on +the dead to rise ('St. Mark's Rest,' p. 97, and pp. 158-159).] + +37. Under the feet of His apostles, therefore, in the quatrefoil +medallions of the foundation, are represented the virtues which each +Apostle taught, or in his life manifested;--it may have been, sore +tried, and failing in the very strength of the character which he +afterwards perfected. Thus St. Peter, denying in fear, is afterwards +the Apostle of courage; and St. John, who, with his brother, would +have burnt the inhospitable village, is afterwards the Apostle of +love. Understanding this, you see that in the sides of the porch, the +apostles with their special virtues stand thus in opposite ranks. + +Now you see how these virtues answer to each other in their opposite +ranks. Remember the left-hand side is always the first, and see how +the left-hand virtues lead to the right hand:-- + + Courage to Faith. + Patience to Hope. + Gentillesse to Charity. + Love to Chastity. + Obedience to Wisdom. + Perseverance to Humility. + +38. Note farther that the Apostles are all tranquil, nearly all with +books, some with crosses, but all with the same message,--"Peace be to +this house. And if the Son of Peace be there," etc.[59] + +[Footnote 59: The modern slang name for a priest, among the mob of +France, is a 'Pax Vobiscum,' or shortly, a Vobiscum.] + +ST. PAUL, Faith. Courage, ST. PETER. + +ST. JAMES THE BISHOP, Hope. Patience, ST. ANDREW. + +ST. PHILIP, Charity. Gentillesse, ST. JAMES. + +ST. BARTHOLOMEW, Chastity. Love, ST. JOHN. + +ST. THOMAS, Wisdom. Obedience, ST. MATTHEW. + +ST. JUDE, Humility. Perseverance, ST. SIMON. + +But the Prophets--all seeking, or wistful, or tormented, or wondering, +or praying, except only Daniel. The _most_ tormented is Isaiah; +spiritually sawn asunder. No scene of his martyrdom below, but his +seeing the Lord in His temple, and yet feeling he had unclean lips. +Jeremiah also carries his cross--but more serenely. + +39. And now, I give in clear succession, the order of the statues of +the whole front, with the subjects of the quatrefoils beneath each of +them, marking the upper quatrefoil A, the lower B. The six prophets +who stand at the angles of the porches, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Nahum, +Zephaniah, and Haggai, have each of them four quatrefoils, marked, A +and C the upper ones, B and D the lower. + +Beginning, then, on the left-hand side of the central porch, and +reading outwards, you have-- + + 1. ST. PETER. + + A. Courage. + B. Cowardice. + + 2. ST. ANDREW. + + A. Patience. + B. Anger. + + 3. ST. JAMES. + + A. Gentillesse. + B. Churlishness. + + 4. ST. JOHN. + + A. Love. + B. Discord. + + 5. ST. MATTHEW. + + A. Obedience. + B. Rebellion. + + 6. ST. SIMON. + + A. Perseverance. + B. Atheism. + +Now, right-hand side of porch, reading outwards: + + 7. ST. PAUL. + + A. Faith. + B. Idolatry. + + 8. ST. JAMES, BISHOP. + + A. Hope. + B. Despair. + + 9. ST. PHILIP. + + A. Charity. + B. Avarice. + + 10. ST. BARTHOLOMEW. + + A. Chastity. + B. Lust. + + 11. ST. THOMAS. + + A. Wisdom. + B. Folly. + + 12. ST. JUDE. + + A. Humility. + B. Pride. + +Now, left-hand side again--the two outermost statues: + + 13. ISAIAH. + + A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne." vi. 1. + B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips." vi. 7. + + 14. JEREMIAH. + + A. The Burial of the Girdle. xiii. 4, 5. + B. The Breaking of the Yoke. xxviii. 10. + +Right-hand side: + + 15. EZEKIEL. + + A. Wheel within wheel. i. 16. + B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem." xxi. 2. + + 16. DANIEL. + + A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths." vi. 22. + B. "In the same hour came forth fingers + of a man's hand." v. 5. + +40. Now, beginning on the left-hand side (southern side) +of the entire facade, and reading it straight across, not turning into +the porches at all except for the paired quatrefoils: + + 17. HOSEA. + + A. "So I bought her to me with fifteen + pieces of silver." iii. 2. + B. "So will I also be for thee." iii. 3. + + 18. JOEL. + + A. The Sun and Moon lightless. ii. 10. + B. The Fig-tree and Vine leafless. i. 7. + + 19. AMOS. + + To The {A. "The Lord will cry from Zion." i. 2. + front {B. "The habitations of the shepherds + shall mourn." i. 2. + + Inside {C. The Lord with the mason's line. vii. 8. + porch {D. The place where it rained not. iv. 7. + + 20. OBADIAH. + + Inside {A. "I hid them in a cave." 2 Kings xviii. 13. + porch {B. He fell on his face. xviii. 7. + + To the {C. The captain of fifty. + front {D. The messenger. + + 21. JONAH. + + A. Escaped from the sea. + B. Under the gourd. + + 22. MICAH. + + To the {A. The Tower of the Flock. iv. 8. + front {B. Each shall rest, and "none shall make + them afraid." iv. 4. + + Inside {C. Swords into ploughshares. iv. 3. + porch {D. Spears into pruning-hooks. iv. 3. + + 23. NAHUM. + + Inside {A. None shall look back. ii. 8. + porch {B. The burden of Nineveh. i. 1. + + To the {C. Thy princes and thy great ones. iii. 17. + front {D. Untimely figs. iii. 12. + + 24. HABAKKUK. + + A. "I will watch to see what he will say," ii. 1. + B. The ministry to Daniel. + + 25. ZEPHANIAH. + + To the {A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia. ii. 12. + front {B. The Beasts in Nineveh. ii. 15. + + Inside {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem. i. 12. + porch {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern.[60] ii. 14. + + 26. HAGGAI. + + Inside {A. The houses of the princes, _ornees de + porch lambris_. i. 4. + {B. The heaven is stayed from dew. i. 10. + + To the {C. The Lord's temple desolate. i. 4. + front {D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts." i. 7. + + 27. ZECHARIAH. + + A. The lifting up of iniquity. v. 6-9. + B. The angel that spake to me. iv. 1. + + 28. MALACHI. + + A. "Ye have wounded the Lord." ii. 17. + B. This commandment is to _you_. ii. 1. + +[Footnote 60: See the Septuagint version.] + +41. Having thus put the sequence of the statues and their quatrefoils +briefly before the spectator--(in case the railway time presses, it +may be a kindness to him to note that if he walks from the east end of +the cathedral down the street to the south, Rue St. Denis, it takes +him by the shortest line to the station)--I will begin again with St. +Peter, and interpret the sculptures in the quatrefoils a little more +fully. Keeping the fixed numerals for indication of the statues, St. +Peter's quatrefoils will be 1 A and 1 B, and Malachi's 28 A and 28 B. + +1, A. COURAGE, with a leopard on his shield; the French and + English agreeing in the reading of that symbol, down + to the time of the Black Prince's leopard coinage in + Aquitaine.[61] + +[Footnote 61: For a list of the photographs of the quatrefoils +described in this chapter, see the appendices at the end of this +volume.] + +2, B. COWARDICE, a man frightened at an animal darting out + of a thicket, while a bird sings on. The coward has + not the heart of a thrush. + +2, A. PATIENCE, holding a shield with a bull on it (never giving + back).[62] + +[Footnote 62: In the cathedral of Laon there is a pretty compliment +paid to the oxen who carried the stones of its tower to the hill-top +it stands on. The tradition is that they harnessed themselves,--but +tradition does not say how an ox can harness himself even if he had a +mind. Probably the first form of the story was only that they went +joyfully, "lowing as they went." But at all events their statues are +carved on the height of the tower, eight, colossal, looking from its +galleries across the plains of France. See drawing in Viollet le Duc, +under article "Clocher."] + +2, B. ANGER, a woman stabbing a man with a sword. Anger + is essentially a feminine vice--a man, worth calling so, + may be driven to fury or insanity by _indignation_, + (compare the Black Prince at Limoges,) but not by + anger. Fiendish enough, often so--"Incensed with + indignation, Satan stood, _unterrified_--" but in that last + word is the difference, there is as much fear in Anger, + as there is in Hatred. + +3, A. GENTILLESSE, bearing shield with a lamb. + +3, B. CHURLISHNESS, again a woman, kicking over her cup-bearer. + The final forms of ultimate French churlishness + being in the feminine gestures of the Cancan. + See the favourite prints in shops of Paris. + +4, A. LOVE; the Divine, not human love: "I in them, and + Thou in me." Her shield bears a tree with many + branches grafted into its cut-off stem: "In those days + shall Messiah be cut off, but not for Himself." + +4, B. DISCORD, a wife and husband quarrelling. She has + dropped her distaff (Amiens wool manufacture, see farther + on--9, A.) + +5, A. OBEDIENCE, bears shield with camel. Actually the most + disobedient and ill-tempered of all serviceable beasts,--yet + passing his life in the most painful service. I do + not know how far his character was understood by the + northern sculptor; but I believe he is taken as a type + of burden-bearing, without joy or sympathy, such as + the horse has, and without power of offence, such as the + ox has. His bite is bad enough, (see Mr. Palgrave's + account of him,) but presumably little known of at + Amiens, even by Crusaders, who would always ride + their own war-horses, or nothing. + +5, B. REBELLION, a man snapping his fingers at his Bishop. + (As Henry the Eighth at the Pope,--and the modern + French and English cockney at all priests whatever.) + +6, A. PERSEVERENCE, the grandest spiritual form of the virtue + commonly called 'Fortitude.' Usually, overcoming + or tearing a lion; here, _caressing_ one, and _holding_ her + crown. "Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man + take thy crown." + +6, B. ATHEISM, leaving his shoes at the church door. The infidel + fool is always represented in twelfth and thirteenth + century MS. as barefoot--the Christian having "his + feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of Peace." + Compare "How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O + Prince's Daughter!" + +7, A. FAITH, holding cup with cross above it, her accepted + symbol throughout ancient Europe. It is also an enduring + one, for, all differences of Church put aside, the + words, "Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and + Drink His blood, ye have no life in you," remain in + their mystery, to be understood only by those who have + learned the sacredness of food, in all times and places, + and the laws of life and spirit, dependent on its acceptance, + refusal, and distribution. + +7, B. IDOLATRY, kneeling to a monster. The _contrary_ of + Faith--not _want_ of Faith. Idolatry is faith in the + wrong thing, and quite distinct from Faith in _No_ thing + (6, B), the "Dixit Insipiens." Very wise men may be + idolaters, but they cannot be atheists. + +8, A. HOPE, with Gonfalon Standard and _distant_ crown; as + opposed to the constant crown of Fortitude (6, A). + + The Gonfalon (Gund, war, fahr, standard, according + to Poitevin's dictionary), is the pointed ensign of forward + battle; essentially sacred; hence the constant + name "Gonfaloniere" of the battle standard-bearers of + the Italian republics. + + Hope has it, because she fights forward always to her + aim, or at least has the joy of seeing it draw nearer. + Faith and Fortitude wait, as St. John in prison, but unoffended. + Hope is, however, put under St. James, because + of the 7th and 8th verses of his last chapter, ending + "Stablish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord + draweth nigh." It is he who examines Dante on the + nature of Hope. 'Par.,' c. xxv., and compare Cary's + notes. + +8, B. DESPAIR, stabbing himself. Suicide not thought heroic + or sentimental in the 13th century; and no Gothic + Morgue built beside Somme. + +9, A. CHARITY, bearing shield with woolly ram, and giving a + mantle to a naked beggar. The old wool manufacture + of Amiens having this notion of its purpose--namely, + to clothe the poor first, the rich afterwards. No nonsense + talked in those days about the evil consequences + of indiscriminate charity. + +9, B. AVARICE, with coffer and money. The modern, alike + English and Amienois, notion of the Divine consummation + of the wool manufacture. + +10, A. CHASTITY, shield with the Phoenix.[63] + +[Footnote 63: For the sake of comparing the pollution, and reversal of +its once glorious religion, in the modern French mind, it is worth the +reader's while to ask at M. Goyer's (Place St. Denis) for the 'Journal +de St. Nicholas' for 1880, and look at the 'Phenix,' as drawn on p. +610. The story is meant to be moral, and the Phoenix there +represents Avarice, but the entire destruction of all sacred and +poetical tradition in a child's mind by such a picture is an +immorality which would neutralize a year's preaching. To make it worth +M. Goyer's while to show you the number, buy the one with 'les +conclusions de Jeanie' in it, p. 337: the church scene (with dialogue) +in the text is lovely.] + +10, B. LUST, a too violent kiss. + +11, A. WISDOM, shield with, I think, an eatable root; meaning + temperance, as the beginning of wisdom. + +11, B. FOLLY, the ordinary type used in all early Psalters, of + a glutton, armed with a club. Both this vice and + virtue are the earthly wisdom and folly, completing + the spiritual wisdom and folly opposite under St. + Matthew. Temperance, the complement of Obedience, + and Covetousness, with violence, that of Atheism. + +12, A. HUMILITY, shield with dove. + +12, B. PRIDE, falling from his horse. + +42. All these quatrefoils are rather symbolic than representative; +and, since their purpose was answered enough if their sign was +understood, they have been entrusted to a more inferior workman than +the one who carved the now sequent series under the Prophets. Most of +these subjects represent an historical fact, or a scene spoken of by +the prophet as a real vision; and they have in general been executed +by the ablest hands at the architect's command. + +With the interpretation of these, I have given again the name of the +prophet whose life or prophecy they illustrate. + +13. ISAIAH. + +13, A. "I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne" (vi. I). + + The vision of the throne "high and lifted up" + between seraphim. + +13, B. "Lo, this hath touched thy lips" (vi. 7). + + The Angel stands before the prophet, and holds, + or rather held, the coal with tongs, which have been + finely undercut, but are now broken away, only a + fragment remaining in his hand. + +14. JEREMIAH. + +14, A. The burial of the girdle (xiii. 4, 5). + + The prophet is digging by the shore of Euphrates, + represented by vertically winding furrows down the + middle of the tablet. Note, the translation should be + "hole in the ground," not "rock." + +14, B. The breaking of the yoke (xxviii. 10). + + From the prophet Jeremiah's neck; it is here + represented as a doubled and redoubled chain. + +15. EZEKIEL. + +15, A. Wheel within wheel (i. 16). + + The prophet sitting; before him two wheels of + equal size, one involved in the ring of the other. + +15, B. "Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem" (xxi. 2). + + The prophet before the gate of Jerusalem. + +16. DANIEL. + +16, A. "He hath shut the lions' mouths" (vi. 22). + + Daniel holding a book, the lions treated as heraldic + supporters. The subject is given with more + animation farther on in the series (24, B). + +16, B. "In the same hour came forth fingers of a Man's hand" (v. 5). + + Belshazzar's feast represented by the king alone, + seated at a small oblong table. Beside him the youth + Daniel, looking only fifteen or sixteen, graceful and + gentle, interprets. At the side of the quatrefoil, + out of a small wreath of cloud, comes a small bent + hand, writing, as if with a pen upside down on a piece + of Gothic wall.[64] + + For modern bombast as opposed to old simplicity, + compare the Belshazzar's feast of John Martin! + +[Footnote 64: I fear this hand has been broken since I described it; at +all events, it is indistinguishably shapeless in the photograph (No. 9 +of the series).] + + 43. The next subject begins the series of the minor prophets. + +17. HOSEA. + +17, A. "So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver and + an homer of barley" (iii. 2). + + The prophet pouring the grain and the silver into + the lap of the woman, "beloved of her friend." The + carved coins are each wrought with the cross, and, I + believe, legend of the French contemporary coin. + +17, B. "So will I also be for thee" (iii. 3). + + He puts a ring on her finger. + +18. JOEL. + +18, A. The sun and moon lightless (ii. 10). + + The sun and moon as two small flat pellets, up in + the external moulding. + +18, B. The barked fig-tree and waste vine (i. 7). + + Note the continual insistance on the blight of vegetation + as a Divine punishment, 19 D. + +19. AMOS. + +_To the front._ + +19, A. "The Lord will cry from Zion" (i. 2). + + Christ appears with crossletted nimbus. + +19, B. "The habitations of the shepherds shall mourn" (i. 2). + + Amos with the shepherd's hooked or knotted staff, + and wicker-worked bottle, before his tent. (Architecture + in right-hand foil restored.) + +_Inside Porch._ + +19, C. The Lord with the mason's line (vii. 8). + + Christ, again here, and henceforward always, with + crosslet nimbus, has a large trowel in His hand, which + He lays on the top of a half-built wall. There seems + a line twisted round the handle. + +19, D. The place where it rained not (iv. 7). + + Amos is gathering the leaves of the fruitless vine, + to feed the sheep, who find no grass. One of the + finest of the reliefs. + +20. OBADIAH. + +_Inside Porch._ + +20, A. "I hid them in a cave" (1 Kings xviii. 13). + + Three prophets at the mouth of a well, to whom + Obadiah brings loaves. + +20, B. "He fell on his face" (xviii. 7). + + He kneels before Elijah, who wears his rough + mantle. + +_To the front._ + +20, C. The captain of fifty. + + Elijah (?) speaking to an armed man under a tree. + +20, D. The Messenger. + + A messenger on his knees before a king. I cannot + interpret these two scenes (20, C and 20, D). + The uppermost _may_ mean the dialogue of Elijah + with the captains (2 Kings i. 2), and the lower one, + the return of the messengers (2 Kings i. 5). + +21. JONAH. + +21, A. Escaped from the sea. + +21, B. Under the gourd. A small grasshopper-like beast + gnawing the gourd stem. I should like to know + what insects _do_ attack the Amiens gourds. This may + be an entomological study, for aught we know. + +22. MICAH. + +_To the front._ + +22, A. The Tower of the Flock (iv. 8). + + The tower is wrapped in clouds, God appearing + above it. + +22, B. Each shall rest and "none shall make them afraid" (iv. 4). + + A man and his wife "under his vine and fig-tree." + +_Inside Porch._ + +22, C. "Swords into ploughshares" (iv. 3). + + Nevertheless, two hundred years after these medallions + were cut, the sword manufacture had become a + staple in Amiens! Not to her advantage. + +22, D. "Spears into pruning-hooks" (iv. 3). + +23. NAHUM. + +_Inside Porch._ + +23, A. "None shall look back" (ii. 8). + +23, B. The Burden of Nineveh (i. I).[65] + +[Footnote 65: The statue of the prophet, above, is the grandest of the +entire series; and note especially the "diadema" of his own luxuriant +hair plaited like a maiden's, indicating the Achillean force of this +most terrible of the prophets. (Compare 'Fors Clavigera,' Letter LXV., +page 157.) For the rest, this long flowing hair was always one of the +insignia of the Frankish kings, and their way of dressing both hair +and beard may be seen more nearly and definitely in the +angle-sculptures of the long font in the north transept, the most +interesting piece of work in the whole cathedral, in an antiquarian +sense, and of much artistic value also. (See ante chap. ii. p. 45.)] + +_To the front._ + +23, C. "Thy Princes and thy great ones" (iii. 17). + + 23, A, B, and C, are all incapable of sure interpretation. The + prophet in A is pointing down to a little hill, said by + the Pere Roze to be covered with grasshoppers. I + can only copy what he says of them. + +23, D. "Untimely figs" (iii. 12). + + Three people beneath a fig-tree catch its falling + fruit in their mouths. + +24. HABAKKUK. + +24, A. "I will watch to see what he will say unto me" (ii. 1). + + The prophet is writing on his tablet to Christ's + dictation. + +24, B. The ministry to Daniel. + + The traditional visit to Daniel. An angel carries + Habakkuk by the hair of his head; the prophet + has a loaf of bread in each hand. They break + through the roof of the cave. Daniel is stroking one + young lion on the back; the head of another is thrust + carelessly under his arm. Another is gnawing + bones in the bottom of the cave. + +25. ZEPHANIAH. + +_To the front._ + +25, A. The Lord strikes Ethiopia (ii. 12). + + Christ striking a city with a sword. Note that all + violent actions are in these bas-reliefs feebly or ludicrously + expressed; quiet ones always right. + +25, B. The beasts in Nineveh (ii. 15). + + Very fine. All kinds of crawling things among + the tottering walls, and peeping out of their rents + and crannies. A monkey sitting squat, developing + into a demon, reverses the Darwinian theory. + +_Inside porch._ + +25, C. The Lord visits Jerusalem (i. 12). + + Christ passing through the streets of Jerusalem, + with a lantern in each hand. + +25, D. The Hedgehog and Bittern[66] (ii. 14). + + With a singing bird in a cage in the window. + +[Footnote 66: See ante p. 117, note.] + +26. HAGGAI. + +_Inside Porch._ + +26, A. The houses of the princes, _ornees de lambris_ (i. 4). + + A perfectly built house of square stones gloomily + strong, the grating (of a prison?) in front of foundation. + +26, B. The Heaven is stayed from dew (i. 10). + + The heavens as a projecting mass, with stars, sun, + and moon on surface. Underneath, two withered + trees. + +_To the front._ + +26, C. The Lord's temple desolate (i. 4). + + The falling of the temple, "not one stone left on + another," grandly loose. Square stones again. Examine + the text (i. 6). + +26, D. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts" (i. 7). + + Christ pointing up to His ruined temple. + +27. ZECHARIAH. + +27, A. The lifting up of Iniquity (v. 6 to 9). + + Wickedness in the Ephah. + +27, B. "The angel that spake to me" (iv. 1). + + The prophet almost reclining, a glorious winged + angel hovering out of cloud. + +28. MALACHI. + +28, A. "Ye have wounded the Lord" (ii. 17). + + The priests are thrusting Christ through with a + barbed lance, whose point comes out at His back. + +28, B. "This commandment is to _you_" (ii. 1). + + In these panels, the undermost is often introductory + to the one above, an illustration of it. It is perhaps + chapter i. verse 6, that is meant to be spoken here by + the sitting figure of Christ, to the indignant priests. + +44. With this bas-relief terminates the series of sculpture in +illustration of Apostolic and Prophetic teaching, which constitutes +what I mean by the "Bible" of Amiens. But the two lateral porches +contain supplementary subjects necessary for completion of the +pastoral and traditional teaching addressed to her people in that day. + +The Northern Porch, dedicated to her first missionary St. Firmin, has +on its central pier his statue; above, on the flat field of the back +of the arch, the story of the finding of his body; on the sides of the +porch, companion saints and angels in the following order:-- + +CENTRAL STATUE. + +ST. FIRMIN. + + _Southern (left) side._ + + 41. St. Firmin the Confessor. + 42. St. Domice. + 43. St. Honore. + 44. St. Salve. + 45. St. Quentin. + 46. St. Gentian. + + _Northern (right) side._ + + 47. St. Geoffroy. + 48. An angel. + 49. St. Fuscien, martyr. + 50. St. Victoric, martyr. + 51. An angel. + 52. St. Ulpha. + +45. Of these saints, excepting St. Firmin and St. Honore, of whom I have +already spoken,[67] St. Geoffroy is more real for us than the rest; he +was born in the year of the battle of Hastings, at Molincourt in the +Soissonais, and was Bishop of Amiens from 1104 to 1150. A man of +entirely simple, pure, and right life: one of the severest of ascetics, +but without gloom--always gentle and merciful. Many miracles are +recorded of him, but all indicating a tenour of life which was chiefly +miraculous by its justice and peace. Consecrated at Rheims, and attended +by a train of other bishops and nobles to his diocese, he dismounts from +his horse at St. Acheul, the place of St. Firmin's first tomb, and walks +barefoot to his cathedral, along the causeway now so defaced: at another +time he walks barefoot from Amiens to Picquigny to ask from the Vidame +of Amiens the freedom of the Chatelain Adam. He maintained the +privileges of the citizens, with the help of Louis le Gros, against the +Count of Amiens, defeated him, and razed his castle; nevertheless, the +people not enough obeying him in the order of their life, he blames his +own weakness, rather than theirs, and retires to the Grande Chartreuse, +holding himself unfit to be their bishop. The Carthusian superior +questioning him on his reasons for retirement, and asking if he had ever +sold the offices of the Church, the Bishop answered, "My father, my +hands are pure of simony, but I have a thousand times allowed myself to +be seduced by praise." + +[Footnote 67: See ante Chap. I., pp. 5-6, for the history of St. +Firmin, and for St. Honore p. 95, Sec. 8 of this chapter, with the +reference there given.] + +46. St. Firmin the Confessor was the son of the Roman senator who +received St. Firmin himself. He preserved the tomb of the martyr in +his father's garden, and at last built a church over it, dedicated to +our Lady of martyrs, which was the first episcopal seat of Amiens, at +St. Acheul, spoken of above. St. Ulpha was an Amienoise girl, who +lived in a chalk cave above the marshes of the Somme;--if ever Mr. +Murray provides you with a comic guide to Amiens, no doubt the +enlightened composer of it will count much on your enjoyment of the +story of her being greatly disturbed at her devotions by the frogs, +and praying them silent. You are now, of course, wholly superior to +such follies, and are sure that God cannot, or will not, so much as +shut a frog's mouth for you. Remember, therefore, that as He also now +leaves open the mouth of the liar, blasphemer, and betrayer, you must +shut your own ears against _their_ voices as you can. + +Of her name, St. Wolf--or Guelph--see again Miss Yonge's Christian +names. Our tower of Wolf's stone, Ulverstone, and Kirk of Ulpha, are, +I believe, unconscious of Picard relatives. + +47. The other saints in this porch are all in like manner provincial, +and, as it were, personal friends of the Amienois; and under them, the +quatrefoils represent the pleasant order of the guarded and hallowed +year--the zodiacal signs above, and labours of the months below; little +differing from the constant representations of them--except in the May: +see below. The Libra also is a little unusual in the female figure +holding the scales; the lion especially good-tempered--and the 'reaping' +one of the most beautiful figures in the whole series of sculptures; +several of the others peculiarly refined and far-wrought. In Mr. +Kaltenbacher's photographs, as I have arranged them, the bas-reliefs may +be studied nearly as well as in the porch itself. Their order is as +follows, beginning with December, in the left-hand inner corner of the +porch:-- + +41. DECEMBER.--Killing and scalding swine. Above, Capricorn + with quickly diminishing tail; I cannot make out + the accessories. + +42. JANUARY.--Twin-headed, obsequiously served. Aquarius + feebler than most of the series. + +43. FEBRUARY.--Very fine; warming his feet and putting coals + on fire. Fish above, elaborate but uninteresting. + +44. MARCH.--At work in vine-furrows. Aries careful, but + rather stupid. + +45. APRIL.--Feeding his hawk--very pretty. Taurus above + with charming leaves to eat. + +46. MAY.--Very singularly, a middle-aged man sitting under + the trees to hear the birds sing; and Gemini above, a + bridegroom and bride. This quatrefoil joins the interior + angle ones of Zephaniah. + +52. JUNE.--Opposite, joining the interior angle ones of Haggai. + Mowing. Note the lovely flowers sculptured all + through the grass. Cancer above, with his shell superbly + modelled. + +51. JULY.--Reaping. Extremely beautiful. The smiling lion + completes the evidence that all the seasons and signs + are regarded as alike blessing and providentially kind. + +50. AUGUST.--Threshing. Virgo above, holding a flower, her + drapery very modern and confused for thirteenth-century + work. + +49. SEPTEMBER.--I am not sure of his action, whether pruning, + or in some way gathering fruit from the full-leaved + tree. Libra above; charming. + +[Illustration: ST. MARY.] + +48. OCTOBER.--Treading grapes. Scorpio, a very traditional + and gentle form--forked in the tail indeed, but stingless. + +47. NOVEMBER.--Sowing, with Sagittarius, half concealed + when this photograph was taken by the beautiful + arrangements always now going on for some job or + other in French cathedrals:--they never can let them + alone for ten minutes. + +48. And now, last of all, if you care to see it, we will go into the +Madonna's porch--only, if you come at all, good Protestant feminine +reader--come civilly: and be pleased to recollect, if you have, in +known history, material for recollection, this (or if you cannot +recollect--be you very solemnly assured of this): that neither +Madonna-worship, nor Lady-worship of any sort, whether of dead ladies +or living ones, ever did any human creature any harm,--but that Money +worship, Wig worship, Cocked-Hat-and-Feather worship, Plate worship, +Pot worship and Pipe worship, have done, and are doing, a great +deal,--and that any of these, and all, are quite million-fold more +offensive to the God of Heaven and Earth and the Stars, than all the +absurdest and lovingest mistakes made by any generations of His simple +children, about what the Virgin-mother could, or would, or might do, +or feel for them. + +49. And next, please observe this broad historical fact about the +three sorts of Madonnas. + +There is first the Madonna Dolorosa; the Byzantine type, and +Cimabue's. It is the noblest of all; and the earliest, in distinct +popular influence.[68] + +[Footnote 68: See the description of the Madonna of Murano, in second +volume of 'Stones of Venice.'] + +Secondly. The Madone Reine, who is essentially the Frank and Norman +one; crowned, calm, and full of power and gentleness. She is the one +represented in this porch. + +Thirdly. The Madone Nourrice, who is the Raphaelesque and generally +late and decadence one. She is seen here in a good French type in the +south transept porch, as before noticed. + +An admirable comparison will be found instituted by M. Viollet le Duc +(the article 'Vierge,' in his dictionary, is altogether deserving of +the most attentive study) between this statue of the Queen-Madonna of +the southern porch and the Nurse-Madonna of the transept. I may +perhaps be able to get a photograph made of his two drawings, side by +side: but, if I can, the reader will please observe that he has a +little flattered the Queen, and a little vulgarized the Nurse, which +is not fair. The statue in this porch is in thirteenth-century style, +extremely good: but there is no reason for making any fuss about +it--the earlier Byzantine types being far grander. + +50. The Madonna's story, in its main incidents, is told in the series +of statues round the porch, and in the quatrefoils below--several of +which refer, however, to a legend about the Magi to which I have not +had access, and I am not sure of their interpretation. + +The large statues are on the left hand, reading outwards as usual. + + 29. The Angel Gabriel. + 30. Virgin Annunciate. + 31. Virgin Visitant. + 32. St. Elizabeth. + 33. Virgin in Presentation. + 34. St. Simeon. + +On the right hand, reading outward, + + 35, 36, 37, The three Kings. + 38. Herod. + 39. Solomon. + 40. The Queen of Sheba. + +51. I am not sure of rightly interpreting the introduction of these two +last statues: but I believe the idea of the designer was that virtually +the Queen Mary visited Herod when she sent, or had sent for her, the +Magi to tell him of her presence at Bethlehem: and the contrast between +Solomon's reception of the Queen of Sheba, and Herod's driving out the +Madonna into Egypt, is dwelt on throughout this side of the porch, with +their several consequences to the two Kings and to the world. + +The quatrefoils underneath the great statues run as follows: + +29. Under Gabriel-- + A. Daniel seeing the stone cut out without hands. + B. Moses and the burning bush. + +30. Under Virgin Annunciate-- + A. Gideon and the dew on the fleece. + B. Moses with written law, retiring; Aaron, dominant, points to + his budding rod. + +31. Under Virgin Visitant-- + A. The message to Zacharias: "Fear not, for thy prayer is heard." + B. The dream of Joseph: "Fear not to take unto thee Mary thy + wife." (?) + +32. Under St. Elizabeth-- + A. The silence of Zacharias: "They perceived that he had seen a + vision in the temple." + B. "There is none of thy kindred that is called by this name." + "He wrote saying, His name is John." + +33. Under Virgin in Presentation-- + A. Flight into Egypt. + B. Christ with the Doctors. + +34. Under St. Simeon-- + A. Fall of the idols in Egypt. + B. The return to Nazareth. + + These two last quatrefoils join the beautiful C and D of Amos. + +Then on the opposite side, under the Queen of Sheba, and +joining the A and B of Obadiah-- + +40. A. Solomon entertains the Queen of Sheba. The Grace cup. + B. Solomon teaches the Queen of Sheba, "God is above." + +39. Under Solomon-- + A. Solomon on his throne of judgment. + B. Solomon praying before his temple-gate. + +38. Under Herod-- + A. Massacre of Innocents. + B. Herod orders the ship of the Kings to be burned. + +37. Under the third King-- + A. Herod inquires of the Kings. + B. Burning of the ship. + +36. Under the second King-- + A. Adoration in Bethlehem?--not certain. + B. The voyage of the Kings. + +35. Under the first King-- + A. The Star in the East. + B. "Being warned in a dream that they should not return to Herod." + +I have no doubt of finding out in time the real sequence of these +subjects: but it is of little import,--this group of quatrefoils being +of less interest than the rest, and that of the Massacre of the +Innocents curiously illustrative of the incapability of the sculptor +to give strong action or passion. + +But into questions respecting the art of these bas-reliefs I do not +here attempt to enter. They were never intended to serve as more than +signs, or guides to thought. And if the reader follows this guidance +quietly, he may create for himself better pictures in his heart; and +at all events may recognize these following general truths, as their +united message. + +52. First, that throughout the Sermon on this Amiens Mount, Christ +never appears, or is for a moment thought of, as the Crucified, nor as +the Dead: but as the Incarnate Word--as the present Friend--as the +Prince of Peace on Earth,--and as the Everlasting King in Heaven. What +His life _is_, what His commands _are_, and what His judgment _will +be_, are the things here taught: not what He once did, nor what He +once suffered, but what He is now doing--and what He requires us to +do. That is the pure, joyful, beautiful lesson of Christianity; and +the fall from that faith, and all the corruptions of its abortive +practice, may be summed briefly as the habitual contemplation of +Christ's death instead of His Life, and the substitution of His past +suffering for our present duty. + +53. Then, secondly, though Christ bears not _His_ cross, the mourning +prophets,--the persecuted apostles--and the martyred disciples _do_ +bear theirs. For just as it is well for you to remember what your +undying Creator is _doing_ for you--it is well for you to remember +what your dying fellow-creatures _have done_: the Creator you may at +your pleasure deny or defy--the Martyr you can only forget; deny, you +cannot. Every stone of this building is cemented with his blood, and +there is no furrow of its pillars that was not ploughed by his pain. + +54. Keeping, then, these things in your heart, look back now to the +central statue of Christ, and hear His message with understanding. He +holds the Book of the Eternal Law in His left hand; with His right He +blesses,--but blesses on condition. "This do, and thou shalt live"; +nay, in stricter and more piercing sense, This _be_ and thou shalt +live: to show Mercy is nothing--thy soul must be full of mercy; to be +pure in act is nothing--thou shalt be pure in heart also. + +And with this further word of the unabolished law--"This if thou do +_not_, this if thou art not, thou shalt die." + +55. Die (whatever Death means)--totally and irrevocably. There is no +word in thirteenth-century Theology of the pardon (in our modern +sense) of sins; and there is none of the Purgatory of them. Above that +image of Christ with us, our Friend, is set the image of Christ over +us, our Judge. For this present life--here is His helpful Presence. +After this life--there is His coming to take account of our deeds, and +of our desires in them; and the parting asunder of the Obedient from +the Disobedient, of the Loving from the Unkind, with no hope given to +the last of recall or reconciliation. I do not know what commenting or +softening doctrines were written in frightened minuscule by the +Fathers, or hinted in hesitating whispers by the prelates of the early +Church. But I know that the language of every graven stone and every +glowing window,--of things daily seen and universally understood by +the people, was absolutely and alone, this teaching of Moses from +Sinai in the beginning, and of St. John from Patmos in the end, of the +Revelation of God to Israel. + +This it was, simply--sternly--and continually, for the great three +hundred years of Christianity in her strength (eleventh, twelfth, and +thirteenth centuries), and over the whole breadth and depth of her +dominion, from Iona to Cyrene,--and from Calpe to Jerusalem. At what +time the doctrine of Purgatory was openly accepted by Catholic +Doctors, I neither know nor care to know. It was first formalized by +Dante, but never accepted for an instant by the sacred artist teachers +of his time--or by those of any great school or time whatsoever.[69] + +[Footnote 69: The most authentic foundations of the Purgatorial scheme +in art-teaching are in the renderings, subsequent to the thirteenth +century, of the verse "by which also He went and preached unto the +spirits in prison," forming gradually into the idea of the deliverance +of the waiting saints from the power of the grave. + +In literature and tradition, the idea is originally, I believe, +Platonic; certainly not Homeric. Egyptian possibly--but I have read +nothing yet of the recent discoveries in Egypt. Not, however, quite +liking to leave the matter in the complete emptiness of my own +resources, I have appealed to my general investigator, Mr. Anderson +(James R.), who writes as follows:-- + +"There is no possible question about the doctrine and universal +inculcation of it, ages before Dante. Curiously enough, though, the +statement of it in the Summa Theologiae as we have it is a later +insertion; but I find by references that St. Thomas teaches it +elsewhere. Albertus Magnus developes it at length. If you refer to the +'Golden Legend' under All Souls' Day, you will see how the idea is +assumed as a commonplace in a work meant for popular use in the +thirteenth century. St. Gregory (the Pope) argues for it (Dial. iv. +38) on two scriptural quotations: (1), the sin that is forgiven +neither in hoc saeculo _nor in that which is to come_, and (2), the +fire which shall try every man's work. I think Platonic philosophy and +the Greek mysteries must have had a good deal to do with introducing +the idea originally; but with them--as to Virgil--it was part of the +Eastern vision of a circling stream of life from which only a few +drops were at intervals tossed to a definitely permanent Elysium or a +definitely permanent Hell. It suits that scheme better than it does +the Christian one, which attaches ultimately in all cases infinite +importance to the results of life in hoc saeculo. + +"Do you know any representation of Heaven or Hell unconnected with the +Last Judgment? I don't remember any, and as Purgatory is by that time +past, this would account for the absence of pictures of it. + +"Besides, Purgatory precedes the Resurrection--there is continual +question among divines what manner of purgatorial fire it may be that +affects spirits separate from the body--perhaps Heaven and Hell, as +opposed to Purgatory, were felt to be picturable because not only +spirits, but the risen bodies too are conceived in them. + +"Bede's account of the Ayrshire seer's vision gives Purgatory in words +very like Dante's description of the second stormy circle in Hell; and +the angel which ultimately saves the Scotchman from the fiends comes +through hell, 'quasi fulgor stellae micantis inter tenebras'--'qual sul +presso del mattino Per gli grossi vapor Marte rosseggia.' Bede's name +was great in the middle ages. Dante meets him in Heaven, and, I like +to hope, may have been helped by the vision of my fellow-countryman +more than six hundred years before."] + +56. Neither do I know nor care to know--at what time the notion of +Justification by Faith, in the modern sense, first got itself +distinctively fixed in the minds of the heretical sects and schools of +the North. Practically its strength was founded by its first authors +on an asceticism which differed from monastic rule in being only able +to destroy, never to build; and in endeavouring to force what severity +it thought proper for itself on everybody else also; and so striving +to make one artless, letterless, and merciless monastery of all the +world. Its virulent effort broke down amidst furies of reactionary +dissoluteness and disbelief, and remains now the basest of popular +solders and plasters for every condition of broken law and bruised +conscience which interest can provoke, or hypocrisy disguise. + +57. With the subsequent quarrels between the two great sects of the +corrupted church, about prayers for the Dead, Indulgences to the +Living, Papal supremacies, or Popular liberties, no man, woman, or +child need trouble themselves in studying the history of Christianity: +they are nothing but the squabbles of men, and laughter of fiends +among its ruins. The Life, and Gospel, and Power of it, are all +written in the mighty works of its true believers: in Normandy and +Sicily, on river islets of France and in the river glens of England, +on the rocks of Orvieto, and by the sands of Arno. But of all, the +simplest, completest, and most authoritative in its lessons to the +active mind of North Europe, is this on the foundation stones of +Amiens. + +58. Believe it or not, reader, as you will: understand only how +thoroughly it _was_ once believed; and that all beautiful things were +made, and all brave deeds done in the strength of it--until what we may +call 'this present time,' in which it is gravely asked whether Religion +has any effect on morals, by persons who have essentially no idea +whatever of the meaning of either Religion or Morality. + +Concerning which dispute, this much perhaps you may have the patience +finally to read, as the Fleche of Amiens fades in the distance, and +your carriage rushes towards the Isle of France, which now exhibits +the most admired patterns of European Art, intelligence, and +behaviour. + +59. All human creatures, in all ages and places of the world, who have +had warm affections, common sense, and self-command, have been, and +are, Naturally Moral. Human nature in its fulness is necessarily +Moral,--without Love, it is inhuman, without sense,[70] +inhuman,--without discipline, inhuman. + +[Footnote 70: I don't mean aesthesis,--but [Greek: nous], if you _must_ +talk in Greek slang.] + +In the exact proportion in which men are bred capable of these things, +and are educated to love, to think, and to endure, they become +noble,--live happily--die calmly: are remembered with perpetual honour +by their race, and for the perpetual good of it. All wise men know and +have known these things, since the form of man was separated from the +dust. The knowledge and enforcement of them have nothing to do with +religion: a good and wise man differs from a bad and idiotic one, +simply as a good dog from a cur, and as any manner of dog from a wolf +or a weasel. And if you are to believe in, or preach without half +believing in, a spiritual world or law--only in the hope that whatever +you do, or anybody else does, that is foolish or beastly, may be in +them and by them mended and patched and pardoned and worked up again +as good as new--the less you believe in--and most solemnly, the less +you talk about--a spiritual world, the better. + +60. But if, loving well the creatures that are like yourself, you feel +that you would love still more dearly, creatures better than +yourself--were they revealed to you;--if striving with all your might +to mend what is evil, near you and around, you would fain look for a day +when some Judge of all the Earth shall wholly do right, and the little +hills rejoice on every side; if, parting with the companions that have +given you all the best joy you had on Earth, you desire ever to meet +their eyes again and clasp their hands,--where eyes shall no more be +dim, nor hands fail;--if, preparing yourselves to lie down beneath the +grass in silence and loneliness, seeing no more beauty, and feeling no +more gladness--you would care for the promise to you of a time when you +should see God's light again, and know the things you have longed to +know, and walk in the peace of everlasting Love--_then_, the Hope of +these things to you is religion, the Substance of them in your life is +Faith. And in the power of them, it is promised us, that the kingdoms of +this world shall yet become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ. + +[Illustration: Plan of West porches of Amiens Cathedral] + + + + +APPENDICES. + + +I. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS REFERRED TO IN + THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.' + +II. REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING + CHAPTER IV. + +III. GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.' + +APPENDIX I. + +_CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS + REFERRED TO IN THE 'BIBLE OF AMIENS.'_ + + + A.D. PAGE + + 250. Rise of the Franks 33 + 301. St. Firmin comes to Amiens 5 + 332. St. Martin 15 + 345. St. Jerome born 75 + 350. First church at Amiens, over St. Firmin's grave 99 + 358. Franks defeated by Julian near Strasburg 44 + 405. St. Jerome's Bible 50 + 420. St. Jerome dies 78 _seq._ + 421. St. Genevieve born. Venice founded 27 + 445. Franks cross the Rhine and take Amiens 7 + 447. Merovee king at Amiens 7, 8 + 451. Battle of Chalons. Attila defeated by Aetius 7 + 457. Merovee dies. Childeric king at Amiens 8 + 466. Clovis born 7 + 476. Roman Empire in Italy ended by Odoacer 8 + 481. Roman Empire ended in France 9 + Clovis crowned at Amiens 8, 27 + St. Benedict born 27 + 485. Battle of Soissons. Clovis defeats Syagrius 8, 52 + 486. Syagrius dies at the court of Alaric 52 + 489. Battle of Verona. Theodoric defeats Odoacer 54 + 493. Clovis marries Clotilde 8 + 496. Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis defeats the Alemanni 53 + Clovis crowned at Rheims by St. Remy 9 + Clovis baptized by St. Remy 13 + 508. Battle of Poitiers. Clovis defeats the Visigoths + under Alaric. Death of Alaric 9 + + + + +APPENDIX II. + +_REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS + ILLUSTRATING CHAPTER IV._ + + +The quatrefoils on the foundation of the west front of Amiens +Cathedral, described in the course of the fourth chapter, had never +been engraved or photographed in any form accessible to the public +until last year, when I commissioned M. Kaltenbacher (6, Passage du +Commerce), who had photographed them for M. Viollet le Duc, to obtain +negatives of the entire series, with the central pedestal of the +Christ. + +The proofs are entirely satisfactory to me, and extremely honourable +to M. Kaltenbacher's skill: and it is impossible to obtain any more +instructive and interesting, in exposition of the manner of central +thirteenth-century sculpture. + +I directed their setting so that the entire succession of the +quatrefoils might be included in eighteen plates; the front and two +sides of the pedestal raise their number to twenty-one: the whole, +unmounted, sold by my agent Mr. Ward (the negatives being my own +property) for four guineas; or separately, each five shillings. + +Besides these of my own, I have chosen four general views of the +cathedral from M. Kaltenbacher's formerly-taken negatives, which, +together with the first-named series, (twenty-five altogether,) will +form a complete body of illustrations for the fourth chapter of the +'BIBLE OF AMIENS'; costing in all five guineas, forwarded free by post +from Mr. Ward's (2, Church Terrace, Richmond, Surrey). In addition to +these, Mr. Ward will supply the photograph of the four scenes from the +life of St. Firmin, mentioned on page 5 of Chapter I.; price five +shillings. + +For those who do not care to purchase the whole series, I have marked +with an asterisk the plates which are especially desirable. + + * * * * * + +The two following lists will enable readers who possess the plates to +refer without difficulty both from the photographs to the text, and +from the text to the photographs, which will be found to fall into the +following groups:-- + + Photographs. + + 1-3. THE CENTRAL PEDESTAL. + DAVID. + + 4-7. THE CENTRAL PORCH. + VIRTUES AND VICES. + + 8-9. THE CENTRAL PORCH. + THE MAJOR PROPHETS, WITH MICAH AND NAHUM. + + 10-13. THE FACADE. + THE MINOR PROPHETS. + + 14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH. + THE MONTHS AND ZODIACAL SIGNS, WITH ZEPHANIAH AND + HAGGAI. + + 18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH. + SCRIPTURAL HISTORY, WITH OBADIAH AND AMOS. + + 22-25. MISCELLANEOUS. + + +PART I. + +LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THE QUATREFOILS, ETC. + + + Photographs. + 1-3. CENTRAL PEDASTAL. See pp. 109-110, Sec.Sec. 32-33. + + *1. FRONT David. Lion and Dragon. Vine. + *2. NORTH SIDE Lily and Cockatrice. + *3. SOUTH SIDE Rose and Adder. + + 4-7. CENTRAL PORCH. + _Virtues and Vices_ (pp. 114, 117, Sec.Sec. 39 & 41). + + 4. 1 A. Courage. 2 A. Patience. 3 A. Gentillesse. + 1 B. Cowardice. 2 B. Anger. 3 B. Churlishness. + + 5. 4 A. Love. 5 A. Obedience. 6 A. Perseverance. + 4 B. Discord. 5 B. Rebellion. 6 B. Atheism. + + 6. 9 A. Charity. 8 A. Hope. 7 A. Faith. + 9 B. Avarice 8 B. Despair. 7 B. Idolatry. + + 7. 12 A. Humility. 11 A. Wisdom. 10 A. Chastity. + 12 B. Pride. 11 B. Folly. 10 B. Lust. + + 8-9. CENTRAL PORCH. + _The Major Prophets_ (pp. 114, 121, Sec.Sec. 39, 42), _with + Micah and Nahum_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43). + + *8. ISAIAH. JEREMIAH. MICAH. + 13 A. 14 A. 22 C. + 13 B. 14 B. 22 D. + + 9. NAHUM. DANIEL. EZEKIEL. + 23 A. 16 A. 15 A. + 23 B. 16 B. 15 B. + + 10-13. THE FACADE. + _The Minor Prophets_ (pp. 114, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43). + + *10. AMOS. JOEL. HOSEA. + 19 A. 18 A. 17 A. + 19 B. 18 B. 17 B. + + *11. MICAH. JONAH. OBADIAH. + 22 A. 21 A. 20 C. + 22 B. 21 B. 20 D. + + *12. ZEPHANIAH. HABAKKUK. NAHUM. + 25 A. 24 A. 23 C. + 25 B. 24 B. 23 D. + + 13. MALACHI. ZECHARIAH. HAGGAI. + 28 A. 27 A. 26 C. + 28 B. 27 B. 26 D. + + 14-17. THE NORTHERN PORCH. + _The Months and Zodiacal Signs_ (pp. 129-131, Sec. 47), + _with Zephaniah and Haggai_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 43). + + 41. 42. 43. 44. + 14. CAPRICORN. AQUARIUS. PISCES. ARIES. + December. January. February. March. + + 45. 46. 25 C. + 15. TAURUS. GEMINI. ZEPHANIAH. + April. May. 25 D. + + 26 A. 52. 51. + 16. HAGGAI. CANCER. LEO. + 26 B. June. July. + + 50. 49. 48. 47. + 17. VIRGO. LIBRA. SCORPIO. SAGITTARIUS. + August. September. October. November. + + 18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH. + _Scriptural History_ (pp. 132-134, Sec. 51), _with Obadiah + and Amos_ (pp. 115, 127, Sec.Sec. 40, 42, 43). + + *18. 29 A. Daniel and the stone. 30 A. Gideon and the fleece. + 29 B. Moses and the burning Bush. 30 B. Moses and Aaron. + 31 A. The message to Zacharias. 32 A. The silence of Zacharias. + 31 B. Dream of Joseph. 32 B. "His name is John." + + 19. 33 A. The Flight 34 A. The Fall of 19 C. Amos. + into Egypt. the Idols. + 33 B. Christ and 34 B. Return to Nazareth. 19 D. Amos. + the Doctors. + + 20. 20 A. Obadiah. 40 A. Solomon and the 39 A. Solomon + Queen of Sheba. enthroned. + The Grace Cup. + 20 B. Obadiah. 40 B. Solomon teaching 39 B. Solomon + the Queen of Sheba. in prayer. + "God is above." + + 21. 38 A. Holy Innocents. 37 A. Herod and the Kings. + 38 B. Herod orders the Kings' 37 B. The burning of the + ship to be burnt. ship. + 36 A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?) 35 A. The Star in the East. + 36 B. The voyage of the Kings. 35 B. The Kings warned in a + dream. + + 22-25. MISCELLANEOUS. + *22. THE WESTERN PORCHES. + *23. THE PORCH OF ST. HONORE. + 24. THE SOUTH TRANSEPT AND FLECHE. + 25. GENERAL VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE OTHER BANK + OF THE SOMME. + + * * * * * + +PART II.--LIST OF QUATREFOILS WITH REFERENCE TO THE + PHOTOGRAPHS. + +Black Page and No. +letter Name of Statue. Subject of Quatrefoil. Section of +No. in where Photograph. +text. described. + + _The Apostles._ _Virtues and Vices._ + + {A. Courage p. 114, Sec. 39 } +1. ST. PETER { p. 117, Sec. 41 } + {B. Cowardice " " } + } + {A. Patience p. 114, Sec. 39 } +2. ST. ANDREW { p. 118, Sec. 41 } 4 + {B. Anger " " } + } + {A. Gentillesse " " } +3. ST. JAMES { } + {B. Churlishness " " } + + {A. Love " " } +4. ST. JOHN { p. 114, Sec. 39 } + {B. Discord p. 118, Sec. 41 } + } + {A. Obedience p. 114, Sec. 39 } +5. ST. MATTHEW { p. 118, Sec. 41 } 5 + {B. Rebellion p. 119, " } + } + {A. Perseverance. " " } +6. ST. SIMON { {p. 114, Sec. 39 } + {B. Atheism {p. 119, Sec. 41 } + + {A. Faith {p. 115, Sec. 39 } +7. ST. PAUL { {p. 119, Sec. 41 } + {B. Idolatry " " } + } + {A. Hope p. 115, Sec. 39 } +8. ST. JAMES THE { p. 119, Sec. 41 } 6 + BISHOP {B. Despair " " } + } + {A. Charity " " } +9. ST. PHILIP {B. Avarice {p. 115, Sec. 39 } + { {p. 120, Sec. 41 } + + {A. Chastity " " } +10. ST. BARTHOLEMEW { } + {B. Lust " " } + } + {A. Wisdom " " } +11. ST. THOMAS { } 7 + {B. Folly " " } + } + {A. Humility p. 115, Sec. 39 } +12. ST. JUDE { p. 121, Sec. 41 } + {B. Pride " " } + + + _The Major Prophets._ + + {A. The Lord enthroned p. 115, Sec. 39 } +13. ISAIAH {B. Lo! this hath touched } + thy lips p. 121, Sec. 42 } + } 8 + {A. The burial of the girdle p.115, Sec. 39} +14. JEREMIAH { } + {B. The breaking of the } + yoke p. 122, Sec. 42 } + + {A. Wheel within wheel p. 115, Sec. 39 } +15. EZEKIEL { } + {B. Set thy face towards } + Jerusalem " " } + } + {A. He hath shut the lions' } + { mouths " " } 9 +16. DANIEL { } + {B. Fingers of a man's hand p. 115, Sec. 39} + p. 122, Sec. 42} + + + _The Minor Prophets._ + + {A. So I bought her to {p. 116, Sec. 40 } + { me {p. 122, Sec. 43 } +17. HOSEA { } + {B. So will I also be for {p. 116, Sec. 40 } + { thee {p. 123, Sec. 43 } + } + {A. The sun and moon {p. 116, Sec. 40 } + { lightless {p. 123, Sec. 48 } 10 +18. JOEL { } + {B. The fig-tree and vine } + { leafless " " } + } + {A. The Lord will cry from } + { Zion " " } + } + {Facade {B. The habitations of the } + { shepherds " " } + { +19. AMOS{ {C. The Lord with the } + {Porch { mason's line p. 116, Sec. 40 } + { {D. The place where it } 19 + { rained not p. 123, Sec. 43 } + + {A. I hid them in a cave " " } + {Porch {B. He fell on his face p. 124, " } 20 +20. OBADIAH{ + { {C. The captain of fifty " " } 11 + {Facade {D. The messenger " " } + + {A. Escaped from the sea p. 124, Sec. 43 } +21. JONAH { {p. 116, Sec. 40 } + {B. Under the gourd {p. 124, Sec. 43 } + } + {A. The tower of the Flock " " } 11 + {Facade { } + { {B. Each shall rest " " } +22. MICAH { + { {C. Swords into ploughshares } + {Porch { p. 116, Sec. 40 } 8 + { {D. Spears into pruning-hooks } + { p. 124, Sec. 43 } + + {A. None shall look back p. 125, " } 9 + {Porch {B. The Burden of Nineveh " " } +23. NAHUM { { + { {C. Thy Princes and great {p. 116, Sec.40 } + {Facade { ones {p. 125, Sec.43 } + {D. Untimely figs " " } + } + {A. I will watch " " } +24. HABAKKUK { } 12 + {B. The ministry to Daniel " " } + } + {A. The Lord strikes {p. 117, Sec. 40 } + {Facade { Ethiopia {p. 126, Sec. 43 } + { {B. The beasts in Nineveh " " } +25. ZEPHANIAH{ + { {C. The Lord visits Jerusalem " " } + {Porch { } 15 + {D. The Hedgehog and Bittern " " } + + {A. The houses of the } + { princes p. 117, Sec. 40 } + { Porch { } + { {B. The Heaven stayed } 16 +26. HAGGAI{ { from dew p. 126, Sec. 43 } + { + { {C. The temple desolate " " } + { Facade { } + {D. Thus saith the Lord. p. 127, " } + } + {A. The lifting up of Iniquity p. 127, Sec. 43} +27. ZECHARIAH { } 13 + {B. The angel that spake to me " " } + } + {A. Ye have wounded the {p. 117, Sec. 40 } +28. MALACHI { Lord {p. 127, Sec. 43 } + {B. This commandment is } + to _you_ " " } + + SOUTHERN PORCH--_to the Virgin_. + + {A. Daniel and the stone } + { cut without hands p. 133, Sec. 51 } +29. GABRIEL { } + {B. Moses and the burning bush " " } + } + {A. Gideon and the fleece " " } +30. VIRGIN { } + ANNUNCIATE {B. Moses and the law } + Aaron and his rod " " } 13 + } + {A. The message to Zacharias! " " } +31. VIRGIN VISITANT { } + {B. The dream of Joseph " " } + } + {A. The silence of Zacharias " " } +32. ST. ELIZABETH { } + {B. "His name is John" " " } + + {A. Flight into Egypt " " } +33. VIRGIN IN { } + PRESENTATION {B. Christ with the Doctors " " } 19 + } + {A. Fall of idols in Egypt " " } +34. ST. SIMEON { } + {B. The Return to Nazareth " " } + + {A. The Star in the East. p. 134, Sec. 51 } +35. THE FIRST KING { } + {B. "Warned in a dream" " " } + } + {A. Adoration in Bethlehem (?) " " } +36. THE SECOND KING { } + {B. The voyage of the Kings " " } + } + {A. Herod inquires of the } 21 + { Kings " " } +37. THE THIRD KING { } + {B. The burning of the ship " " } + } + {A. Massacre of the Innocents " " } +38. HEROD { } + {B. Herod orders the ship } + to be burnt " " } + + {A. Solomon enthroned p. 133, Sec. 51 } +39. SOLOMON { } + {B. Solomon in prayer " " } + } 20 + {A. The Grace cup " " } +40. QUEEN OF SHEBA { } + {B. "God is above" " " } + + + NORTHERN PORCH--_to St. Firmin_ (p. 127, Sec. 44). + + {A. Capricorn p. 130, Sec. 47 } +41. ST. FIRMIN { } + CONFESSOR { } + {B. December " " } + } + {A. Aquarius " " } +42. ST. DOMICE { } + {B. January " " } + } 14 + {A. Pisces " " } +43. ST. HONORE { } + {B. February " " } + } + {A. Aries. " " } +44. ST. SALVE { } + {B. March " " } + + {A. Taurus " " } +45. ST. QUENTIN { } + {B. April " " } + } 15 + {A. Gemini " " } +46. ST. GENTIAN { } + {B. May " " } + + {A. Sagittarius p. 131, Sec. 47 } +47. ST. GEOFFREY { } + {B. November " " } + } + {A. Scorpio " " } +48. AN ANGEL { } + {B. October " " } + } + {A. Libra " " } 17 +49. ST. FUSCIEN, { } + MARTYR {B. September " " } + } + {A. Virgo " " } +50. ST. VICTORIC, { } + MARTYR {B. August " " } + + {A. Leo p. 130, Sec. 47 } +51. AN ANGEL { } + {B. July " " } + } 16 + {A. Cancer " " } +52. ST. ULPHA { } + {B. June " " } + + + + +APPENDIX III. + +_GENERAL PLAN OF 'OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US.'_[71] + + +[Footnote 71: Reprinted from the "Advice," issued with Chap. III +(March, 1882).] + +The first part of 'Our Fathers have told us,' now submitted to the +public, is enough to show the proposed character and tendencies of the +work, to which, contrary to my usual custom, I now invite +subscription, because the degree in which I can increase its +usefulness by engraved illustration must greatly depend on the known +number of its supporters. + +I do not recognize, in the present state of my health, any reason to +fear more loss of general power, whether in conception or industry, +than is the proper and appointed check of an old man's enthusiasm: of +which, however, enough remains in me to warrant my readers against the +abandonment of a purpose entertained already for twenty years. + +The work, if I live to complete it, will consist of ten parts, each +taking up some local division of Christian history, and gathering, +towards their close, into united illustration of the power of the +Church in the Thirteenth Century. + +The present volume completes the first part, descriptive of the early +Frank power, and of its final skill, in the Cathedral of Amiens. + +The second part, "Ponte della Pietra," will, I hope, do more for +Theodoric and Verona than I have been able to do for Clovis and the +first capital of France. + +The third, "Ara Celi," will trace the foundations of the Papal power. + +The fourth, "Ponte-a-Mare," and fifth, "Ponte Vecchio," will only with +much difficulty gather into brief form what I have by me of scattered +materials respecting Pisa and Florence. + +The sixth, "Valle Crucis," will be occupied with the monastic +architecture of England and Wales. + +The seventh, "The Springs of Eure," will be wholly given to the +cathedral of Chartres. + +The eighth, "Domremy," to that of Rouen and the schools of +architecture which it represents. + +The ninth, "The Bay of Uri," to the Pastoral forms of Catholicism, +reaching to our own times. + +And the tenth, "The Bells of Cluse," to the pastoral Protestantism of +Savoy, Geneva, and the Scottish border. + +Each part will consist of four sections only; and one of them, the +fourth, will usually be descriptive of some monumental city or +cathedral, the resultant and remnant of the religious power examined +in the preparatory chapters. + +One illustration at least will be given with each chapter, and +drawings made for others, which will be placed at once in the +Sheffield museum for public reference, and engraved as I find support, +or opportunity for binding with the completed work. + +As in the instance of Chapter IV. of this first part, a smaller +edition of the descriptive chapters will commonly be printed in +reduced form for travellers and non-subscribers; but otherwise, I +intend this work to be furnished to subscribers only. + + + + +INDEX. + +[_Except in the case of Chapter 1., which is not divided into numbered +sections, the references in this index are to both page and section. +Thus_ 206. iv. 51 _is to page_ 206, _Chapter_ IV., Sec. 51.] + + +Aaron's rod, 133. iv. 51. + +Adder, the deaf, 110. iv. 33-4. + +Admiration, test of, 96. iv. 8. + +Afghan war, 48. ii. 43. + +Agricola, 67. iii. 21. + +Aisles of aspen and of stone, 97. iv. 10. + +Alaric (son-in-law of Theodoric), defeated and killed by Clovis at + Poitiers, 9; 52. ii. 49. + +---- the younger, 52, ii. 49. + +Albofleda, sister of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Alemannia (Germany) 34. ii. 19. + +Alexander III. and Barbarossa, 111. iv. 35. + +Alfred, King, of England, religious feeling under, 21. + +Algeria, 63. iii. 13. + +Alphabet, the, and Moesia, 68. iii. 22. + +Alps, the, and climbing, 72. iii. 29. + +Amiens. (1) History; (2) Town; (3) Cathedral. + + (1) _History of_:-- + early people of, and Roman gods, 4. + taken by the Franks under Clodion, 445 A.D., 7. + manufactures of, early, 2, 3. + " swords, 124. iv. 43. + " woollen, 118, 120. iv. 41. + religion, and Christianity:-- + the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90, 111. iv. 3, 36. + S. Firmin the first to preach there, 300 A.D., 5. + the first bishopric of France, 6. + the first church there, 350 A.D., 5, 6; 99. iv. 14. + under S. Geoffroy, 1104-50 A.D., 128-9. iv. 45. + + (2) _The Town_:-- + country round, 2. + highest land near, 14. + manufactory chimneys, 3. + railway station, 1, 3. + Roman gate near, 15. + S. Acheul, chimney of, 6, 14. + streams and rivers of, 1. + the "Venice of France," 1. + + (3) _The Cathedral_:-- + (a) History,-- + books on, 93 n. iv. 1. 2. n. + building of, 89. iv. 1. 2. + " by whom? 97-8, iv. 12. + completion of, rhyme on the, 99. sq. iv. 12. + history of successive churches on its site, 99. iv. 14. + (b) General aspect of,-- + as compared with other cathedrals, 88. iv. 1. + the consummation of Frankish character, 46. ii. 38. + the "Parthenon of Gothic architecture," 88. iv. 1. + (c) Detailed examination of,-- + approaches to, which best, 92. sq. iv. 6. + apse, the, its height, 96. iv. 9 + " the first perfect piece of Northern architecture, 97. + iv. 11. + choir, the, and wood-carving, 91 & n. iv. 5 & n. + facade, 108 sq. iv. 28 sq. + " the central porch, + " " apostles of, 108. iv. 29. + " " Christ-Immanuel, David, 108. iv. 28. + " " prophets of, 108. iv. 29. + " the northern porch (S. Firmin), 127 sq. iv. 44. + " the southern porch (Madonna), 131 sq. iv. 48. + fleche, from station, 3, 4; 94. iv. 7; 138. iv. 58. + foundation steps, the old, removed, 107. iv. 27. + restoration of, 107. iv. 27; 123. iv. 43. + rose moulding of, 107. iv. 27. + sculptures of, 133-4. iv. 51. + " of virtues less good than of prophets, 121. iv. 42. + transepts of; North, rose window, 95-6. iv. 8. + " " sculpture of, 125. n. iv. 43 n. + " South, Madonna on, 94. iv. 7. + +Amos, figure and quatrefoils, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Anchorites, early, 72, 73. iii. 29, 30. + +Anderson, J. R., on purgatory, 136 n. iv. 55 n. + +Angelico, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46. + +Anger, bides its time, 48. ii. 42. + +Anger, a feminine vice, 118. iv. 41. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Angouleme, legend of its walls falling, 50 n. ii. 47. + +Aphrodite, 27. ii. 3. + +Apocrypha, the, received by the Church, 78. iii. 40. + +Apostles, the, and virtues, Amiens Cathedral, 112. iv. 37 sq. + +Arab, Gothic and Classic, 63. iii. 13. + +Arabia, 63. iii. 13. + " power of, 65. iii. 19. + " religion of, 66. iii. 19. + " Sir F. Palgrave's book on, 64-65. iii. 17-18. + +Architecture, Egyptian, origin of, 71. iii. 27. + " literal character of early Christian, 90. iv. 4. + " and nature, 97. iv. 10. + " Northern gets as much light as possible, 89. iv. 2. + " " passion of, 97. iv. 10. + " "Purity of style" in, 88. iv. 2. + +Arianism of Visigoths, 9. + +Arles, defeat of Clovis by Theodoric at, 50, 54. ii. 47, 53. + +Armour, early Frankish, 43. ii. 33. + +Art, the Bible as influencing and influenced by Christian, 80-81. + iii. 45-6. + " all great, praise, pref. v. + " and literature, mental action of, 81. iii. 47. + +Asceticism, our power of rightly estimating, 72. iii. 29. + +Asia, seven churches of, 63. iii. 12. + " Minor, a misnomer, 62. iii. 12. + " religious feeling of Asiatics, 21 n. + +Assyria, ancient kingdom of, and the Jews, 65. iii. 18. + +Astronomy from Egypt, 71. iii. 27. + +Atheism, barefoot figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " very wise men may be idolaters, cannot be atheists, 119. iv. 41. + " Modern: see "Infidelity." + +Athena, 86. iii. 53. + +Athens, influence of, on Europe, 62. iii. 12. + +Atlantic cable, 61. iii. 8. + +Attila, defeated at Chalons, 7. + +Attuarii, 34, 38 n. ii. 18, 28 n. + +Augurs, college of, 70 n. iii. 26 n. + +Aurelian, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Auroch herds, of Scythia, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Author, the:-- + art teaching of, 85. iii. 52. + Bible training of, 86. iii. 52. + on his own books, 85. iii. 52. + cathedrals, his love of, 88. iv. 1. + conservative, pref. iii. + +Author, the: + discursiveness of, 47. ii. 40. + on Greek myths, 86. iii. 52. + on Homer and Horace, 86. iii. 52. + religion of, 135 sq. iv. 55 sq. + on Roman religion, 86. iii. 52. + travels abroad; earliest tour on Continent, 99. iv. 13. + " at Amiens, in early life, 107. iv. 27. + " at Avallon, Aug. 28, 82. 87. iii. 54. + books of quoted or referred to:-- + Ariadne Florentina, on "franchise," 39 n. ii. 28. + Arrows of the Chace, letters to Glasgow, pref. iii. + Fiction Fair and Foul, 111. iv. 35 n. + Fors Clavigera, Letter 61, Vol. VI., p. --, 102 n. iv. 20 n. + " " " 65, Vol. VI., p. --, 125 n. iv. 43 n. + Laws of Fesole, pref. v. + " " " 60. iii. 7. + Modern Painters, plate 73, 20. + St. Mark's Rest, 27. ii. 2. + " " 83 n. iii. 48 n. + " " 113 n. iv. 36. + Stones of Venice, 131 n. iv. 49 n. + Two Paths, 95 n. iv. 8 n. + Val d'Arno, 39 n. ii. 28 n. + +Auvergnats, 10. + +Avarice, modern, 111. iv. 35; 120. iv. 41. + " figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + + +Bacteria, the, 13. + +Baltic, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11, 12. + +Baptism, not essential to salvation, 18. + +Barbarossa, in the porch of St. Mark's, 111. iv. 35. + +Batavians, 49. ii. 45. + +Battle-axe, French, or Achon, 42. ii. 32. + +Bayeux, Bishop of, surrender of Lord Salisbury to, 105. iv. 24. + +Beauvais, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + +Beggars, how to give to, 95. iv. 8. + +Belshazzar's feast, 122. iv. 42. + +"Bible of Amiens," meaning of title, 127. iv. 44 + +----, the Holy-- + art, as influenced by, 80. iii. 45. + and Clovis, 50. ii. 47. + contents and matchless compass of, 85. iii. 51. + disobedience of accepting only what we like in it, 79. iii. 41. + history of, and acceptance by the Church, 77-8. iii. 39, 40. + influence of, sentimental, intellectual, moral, 79. iii. 42. + +Bible, inspiration of the, 82. iii. 48. + the "library of Europe," 76. iii. 36. + literature and, 80. iii. 44. + St. Jerome's, 70. iii. 26. + study of, by the author as a child, 86. iii. 52. + " honest and dishonest, 79. iii. 42. + " one-sided, and its results, 79. iii. 41. + teaching of, general and special, 84. iii. 49. + Ulphilas' Gothic, 68. iii. 22. + the word 'Bible,' its meaning, 77. iii. 37. + quoted or referred to:--[72] + Gen. xviii. 25, Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? 139. + iv. 60. + Ex. xiv. 15, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward, + 102 n. iv. 21 n. + Deut. xxvi. 5, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, 63. iii. 14. + 1 Sam. xvii. 28, With whom hast thou left those few sheep in the + wilderness? 70. iii. 26. + Ps. xi. 4, The Lord is in His holy temple, 90. iv. 2. + Ps. xiv. 1, The fool hath said (_Dixit insipiens_), 119, iv. 41. + Ps. xxiv. Who is the King of Glory? 112. iv. 36. + Ps. lxv. 12, The little hills rejoice on every side, 139. iv. 60. + Song of Solomon vii. 1, How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, 119. + iv. 41. + Isa. xi. 9, Hurt nor destroy in all the holy mountain, 87. iii. 54. + Matt. x. 37, He that loveth father or mother more than me, 76. iii. 36. + " xvi. 24, Let him take up his cross and follow me, 79. iii. 43. + " xvii. 5, This is my beloved Son ... hear ye Him, 109, iv. 30. + " xviii. 20, Where two or three are gathered together, 90. iv, 3. + " xxi. 9, Hosanna to the Son of David, 109. iv. 31. + Luke i. 80, The child grew ... and was in the deserts, 70. iii. 26. + " x. 5, Peace be to this house, 114. iv. 38. + " x. 28, This do, and thou shalt live, 135. iv. 54. + " xvi. 31, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, 177. iii. 38. + John vi. 29, This is the work of God, that ye believe him, 4. + " vi. 55, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, 119. iv. 41. + " xvii. 23, I in them, and thou in me, 118. iv. 41. + " xxi. 16, Feed my sheep, 106. iv. 26. + Rom. viii. 4, 6, 13, The righteousness of the law ... for to be + carnally minded, is death, 84 n. iii. 48 n. + 1 Cor. xiii. 6, Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in the truth, pref. v. + 2 Cor. vi. 16, I will be their God and they shall be my people, 90. + iv. 3. + Eph. iv. 26, Let not the sun go down upon your wrath, 48. iii. 42. + " vi. 15, Your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of + peace, 119. iv. 41. + James v. 7, 8, Be ye also patient, 120. iv. 41. + Rev. iii. 11, Hold fast that which thou hast, 119. iv. 41. + " xi. 15, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our + Lord and of his Christ, 139. iv. 60. + +[Footnote 72: References merely descriptive of one of the sculptures of the + facade of Amiens Cathedral are omitted in this index.] + +Bibliotheca, 77. iii. 37. + +Bishops, French, in battle, 105. iv. 24. _See_ Everard and S. Geoffrey. + +Bittern and hedgehog, 126. iv. 43. + +Black's atlas, 36. ii. 24. + +Black Prince, the, his leopard coinage, 117. iv. 41. + " " " at Limoges, 118. iv. 41. + +Blasphemy and slang, 105. iv. 25. + +Blight, as a type of punishment, 123. iv. 43. + +Boden see, the, 37. ii. 25. + +Boulin, Arnold, carves choir of Amiens Cathedral, 92 n. iv. 5. + +Bourges, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + +Bouvines, battle of, 105. iv. 24. + +Bretons, in France, 6, 8, 11. + +Britain, gives Christianity its first deeds and final legends, 32. ii. 15. + " divisions of, 69. iii. 24. + " and Roman Empire, 29-30. ii. 9. + +Brocken summit, the, 35. ii. 22. + +Bructeri, 34. ii. 18. + +Bunyan, John, 16. + +Burgundy, and France distinct, 6, 8, 11. + " extent of kingdom, _temp._ Clotilde, 52 n. ii 49. + " king of, uncle of Clotilde, 52. ii. 50. + +Bussey and Gaspey's History of France, 52 n. ii. 50. + +Butler, Colonel, "Far out Rovings retold," pref. iv., 35. + +Byron's "Cain," 80. iii. 44. + +Byzantine Madonna, 131. iv. 49. + " scheme of the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36. + +Byzantium, influence of on Europe, 62. iii. 12. + + +Calais, road from, to Paris, 10. + +Callousness of modern public opinion, 48. ii. 42. + +Camels, disobedient and ill-tempered, 118. iv. 41. + +Canary Islands, 63. iii. 13. + +Cancan, the, 118. iv. 41. + +Canterbury, S. Martin's church at, and S. Augustine, 18. + +Canute, 64. iii. 16. + +Carlyle, T., description of Poland and Prussia, 30 n. ii. 10. + " "Frederick the Great" quoted, 81. iii. 47. + +Carpaccio, draperies in the pictures of, 2. + +Carthage, 63. iii. 13. + +Cary's Dante, 112 n. iv. 36. + " " 120. iv. 41. + " " See "Dante," 120. + +Cassel, 36. ii. 24. + +Cathedrals, author's love of, 88. iv. 1. + " custodians of, 88. iv. 1. + " different, French and English, compared with that of Amiens, 88. + iv. 1. + " plan of mediaeval, and its religious meaning, 91. iv. 4. + " points of compass in, 107. iv. 28. + +Catti, the, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27. + +Cattle, huge, of nomad tribes, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Centuries, division of the, into four periods, 26. ii. 1. + +Chalons, defeat of Attila at, 7. + +Chamavi, 34. ii. 18. + +Chapman, George, his last prayer, 102. iv. 20-21. + +Charity, giving to beggars, 95. iv. 8. + " indiscriminate, 121. iv. 41. + +Charlemagne, religion under, 21 n. + +Chartres cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + +Chastity, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Chaucer, "Romaunt of Rose" quoted on franchise, 39 n. ii. 28. + +Chauci, 34, 38. ii. 18, 27. + +Childebert (son of Clovis), first Frank king of Paris, 51. ii. 48. + " meaning of the word, 51. ii. 48. + +Childeric, son of Merovee, king of Franks, exiled 447 A.D., 7. + +Chivalry, its dawn and darkening, 43 ii. 33. + " its Egyptian origin, 71. iii. 27. + " feudal, 54. ii. 54. + +Chlodomir, second son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Chlodowald, son of Chlodomir, 51. ii. 48. + +Christ, the Beau Christ d'Amiens, 90. 111. iv. 3, 36. + " and the doctors, 133. iv. 51. + " His life, not His death, to be mainly contemplated, 134. iv. 52. + " His return to Nazareth, 133. iv. 51. + " realization of His presence by mediaeval burghers, 90. iv. 3. + " statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 108. iv. 28. + " " " " 111. iv. 36. + " " " " its conception and meaning, 134. iv. 52. + +Christian," "The (newspaper), 83. iii. 48. + +Christianity and the Bible, 70. iii. 26. + " of Clovis, 13. + " early, share of Britain, Gaul and Germany in, 33. ii. 15. + " fifth century, at end of, 54. ii. 54. + " Gentile, 77. iii 39. + " Gothic, Classic, Arab, 69. iii. 25. + " literature as influencing, 70. iii. 26. + " mediaeval, Saxon and Frank, 21. + " modern, 17. + " modest minds, the best recipients of, 77. iii. 39. + " monastic life, 70. iii. 26. + " S. Jerome's Bible, and, 77. iii. 37. + " true, defined, 136. iv. 55. + " " " 137. iv. 57. + " See "Religion." + +Church, the first French, at Amiens, 5, 6. + +Churlishness, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Cimabue's Madonna, 131. iv. 49. + +Cincinnatus, 67. iii. 21. + +Circumstances, man the creature of, 58, 59. iii. 1, 3. + +Classic countries of Europe, (Gothic, and Arab,) 62 sq. iii. 11. + " literature, there is a _sacred_, 86. iii. 53. + +Claudius, the Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Clergymen, modern, 17. + " protestant, 74. iii. 33. + +Climate, and nationality, 9. + " races divided by, 61. iii. 9. + " and race, their influence on man, 61. iii. 9. + +Cloak, legend of S. Martin's, 14, 15. + +Clodion, leads Franks over Rhine and takes Amiens, 445 A.D., 7. + +Clotaire, son of Clovis, 51. ii. 48. + +Clotilde (wife of Clovis, daughter of Chilperic), 6, 21. + " education of, 52 n. ii. 49. + " the god of, 7, 9, 13. + " " " " 54. ii. 54. + " journeys to France, 52. ii. 50. + " marriage of, 13; 51. ii. 48. + " mother of, 52 n. ii. 49. + " name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48. + +----, daughter of Clovis and Clotilde, 51. ii. 48. + +Clovis, King of the Franks, 7. + " birth of, 466 A.D., 52. ii. 49. + " character of, 13. + " death and last years of, 49 sq. ii. 44. + " family of, 51. ii. 48. + " name, meaning of the, 51. ii. 48. + " reign of, 13. + " crowned at Amiens, 481 A.D., 27. ii. 2. + " " at Rheims, 9. + " defeat of by Ostrogoths, at Arles, 50. ii. 47. + " passes the Loire, at Tours, 20. + " and the Soissons vase, 47-8. ii. 41-3. + " summary of its events, 51. ii. 49. + " victories of, (Soissons, Poitiers, Tolbiac,) 9. 21. i. n. + " " the Franks after his, 46. ii. 38. + " religion of:-- + " prays to the God of Clotilde, 7, 9, 13; 54. ii. 54. + " conversion to Christianity by S. Remy, 13, 14. + " his previous respect for Christianity, 52 n. ii. 49 n. + " " " " " S. Martin's Abbey, 20. + " his Christianity, analysed, 50. ii. 47. + " Rheims enriched by, 52. ii. 49. + " S. Genevieve, Paris, founded by, 55. ii. 55. + +----, son of Childeric, 7. + " " " " invades Italy, 38 n. ii. 28 n. + " " " " reign of, 7. + +Cockatrice, sculpture of the, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 33-4. + +Cockneyism, history writing and, 13. + +Cockneyism, 'Mossoo,' 38. ii. 27. + " priests and, 119. iv. 41. + +Coinage, the Black Prince's leopard, 117. iv. 41. + +Colchos, tribes of the lake of, 31. ii. 11. + +Cologne, battlefield of Tolbiac from, 54. ii. 54. + +Commerce and protestantism, 79. iii. 43. + +Competition will not produce art, 90 n. iv. 4. + " " and the Franks, 41 n. ii. 31. + +Constantine, Emperor, power of, 54. ii. 54. + " " lascivious court of, 67. iii. 20. + +Constantius, Emperor, a Dacian, 32 n. ii. 15. + +Courage, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Covetousness, and atheism, 119. iv. 41. + +Cowardice, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 117. iv. 41. + +Creasy, Sir E., "History of England," 59 iii. 5, 6. + +Crecy, battle of, Edward II. fords the, 1. + +Crime, the history of, its possible lessons, 12. + +Cross, the power of the, in history, 79. iii. 42. + " protestant view of the, as a raft of salvation, 80. iii. 43. + +Crown, the, of Hope, 119. iv. 41. + +Cyrene, 63. iii. 13. + + +Dacia, contest of, with Rome, 30. ii. 9. + " five Roman emperors from, 32 n. ii. 15 n. + +Daedalus, 101, iv. 19. + +Dalmatia, 68. iii. 23. + +Danes, the, 31. ii. 12. + +Daniel, statue, etc., of, Amiens Cathedral, 114. iv. 38; 121. iv. 42. + quatrefoils: 'traditional visit of Habakkuk to,' 125. iv. 43. + " the stone cut without hands, 133. iv. 51. + +Dante, as a result of the Bible, 80. iii. 44. + " Christian-heathen poet, 102. iv. 20. + " Virgil's influence on, 86. iii. 53. + " quoted: "Paradise" (28), 111 n. iv. 36. + " " " (125), 120. iv. 41. + +Danube, tribes of the, 31. ii. 1. + +Darwinism, 40. ii. 30; 126. iv. 43. + +Dates, recollection of exact, 26, 33. ii. 1, 2, 17. + +David and monastic life, 70. iii. 26. + " statue of, Amiens Cathedral, 109 sq. iv. 31. + +Dead, recognition of the, in a future life, 139. iv. 60. + +Denmark, under Canute, 64. iii. 16. + +Despair, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Devil, St. Martin's answer to the, 17. + +Diocletian, retirement of, 66. iii. 20. + +Discipline, essential to man, 108. iv. 29. + +Dniester, importance of the, 61. iii. 9-10. + +Doctor, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48 n. + +Douglas, Bishop, translation of Virgil, 135; 86. iii. 53; 102. iv. 20. + +Dove, the, a type of humility, 120. iv. 41. + " " Isaac Walton's river, 1. + +Dover cliff and parade, 96. iv. 9. + +Drachenfels, district of the, 35. ii. 20, 22. + +Dragon, under feet of the Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34. + +Druids, in France, 4. + +Durham Cathedral, 89. iv. 1. + +Dusevel's history of Amiens, 2 n. + + +East, geography of the, 64, 65. iii. 17, 18. + +Eder, the, 36. ii. 24. + +Egypt, 63. iii. 13. + " The Flight into, 132. iv. 51. + " Idols, the fall of, in, 133. iv. 51. + " influence of, 65. iii. 19. + " and the origin of learning, 71. iii. 27. + " theology of, and Greece, 71. iii. 27. + +Eisenach, 36. ii. 24. + +Elbe, tribes of the, 31. ii. 11. + +Elijah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Engel-bach, 36. ii. 24. + +England, dominions of (story of C. Fox and Frenchman), 59. iii. 5-6. + " modern politics of: Afghan war, 48. ii. 43. + " " " Ireland, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii. 6. + " " " Scotch crofters, 6. iii. 6. + " " " Zulu land, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6. + " pride of wealth, 60. iii. 7. + " St. Germain comes to, 28. ii. 5. + " streams of (Croydon, Guildford, Winchester), 3. + +English cathedrals, 88. iv. 1. + " character, stolid, French active, 40. ii. 30. + " language, its virtues, nobler than Latin, 105. iv. 24. + " tourist, the, 72. iii. 29. + " " " initial-cutting by, 98. iv. 12. + +Ethiopia, the Lord striking, 126. iv. 43. + +Europe, condition and history of, 1-500 A.D., 31. 54. ii. 13, 54. + " countries of, twelve, 63. iii. 14. + " division of, into Gothic and Classic, 62 sq. iii. 11 sq. + " " by Vistula and Dniester, 61. iii. 9-10. + " geography of, 61-65, 68, 69. iii. 9-18, 22-3 sq. + " Greek part of, 62. iii. 12. + " " imagination, and Roman order, influence of, 66. iii. 20. + " nomad tribes of, 31 & n. ii. 11. + +Europe, peasant life of early, 82. ii. 13. + +Evangelical doctrine and commerce, 79. iii. 43. + +Everard, Bishop of Amiens, his tomb, 104. iv. 24. + +Executions, ancient and modern, 48. ii. 43. + +Ezekiel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 122. iv. 42. + + +Faith, justification by, 137. iv. 56. + " mediaeval, 90. iv. 3. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " "the substance of things hoped for," 138. iv. 60. + " symbolism of, with cup and cross, 119. iv. 41. + " and works, 134. iv. 52 sq. + +Fanaticism, and the Bible, 79. iii. 41. + +Fathers, the, Scriptural commentaries of, 81. iii. 46. + " theology of the, 135. iv. 55. + +Faust, Goethe's, 8; 35. ii. 21; 80. iii. 44. + +Favine, Andre (historian, 1620) on Frankish character, 40. ii. 30, 32. + +Feud, etymology of, 101 n. iv. 17 n. + +Florence, Duomo of, 88. iv. 1. + +Folly, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41. + +Fortitude, sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Fox, Charles, his boast of England, 59. iii. 5. + " Dr., quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48. + +France, Amiens and Calais, country between, 2. + " architecture of, no stone saw used, 89. iv. 2 n. + " books on: Pictorial History of, 48. ii. 43. + " " "Villes de France," 52 n. ii. 50. + " cathedrals of, the, 88. iv. 1. + " their outside "the wrong side of the stuff," 96. iv. 8. + " restoration of, 130. iv. 47. + " churches of, the first, at Amiens, 6. + " colours of the shield of, 43. ii. 48. + " early tribes of, 6, 8. + " and the Franks, 7. + " geography and geology of northern, 10. + " the Isle of, Paris, 138. iv. 58. + " Kings of (Philip the Wise, Louis VIII., St. Louis), 100. iv. 16. + " map of, showing early divisions, 8. + " Merovingian dynasty, 21. + " peoples of, divided by climates, 10. + " provinces of, 10, 11. + " Prussia, war with, 33. ii. 17. + " rivers of, the five, 8. + (See below, "French"). + +Franchise, 38 n. ii. 28. + +Francisca (Frankish weapon), 42. ii. 32. + +Frank, meaning of the word, 'brave' rather than 'free,' 37-8. ii. 27-8. + +Frankenberg, 36. ii. 24-5. + +Frankness, meaning of, 6; 38. ii. 28. + " opposite of shyness, 39. ii. 28. + +Franks, the, agriculture, sport, and trade of, 45. ii. 37. + " appearance of, 43. ii. + " character of, 32, 44, 45, ii. 15, 35, 38. + " etymology of word, 42. ii. 32. + " hair, manner of wearing the, by, 45, 125 n. ii. 36, iv. 43 n. + " and Holland, 40. ii. 30. + " and Julian (defeated by him, 358 A.D.), 41 n. 44. ii. 31, 35. + " Kings of the, 7. + " modern, 21. + " race of, originally German, from Waldeck, 33, 36. ii. 15, 17, 24. + " religion of, under S. Louis, 21. + " rise of, 250 A.D., 7, 8; 33. ii. 17. + " settled in France, 6. + " extension of power, to the Loire, 8. + " " " to the Pyrenees, 8. + " Gaul becomes France, 64. iii. 16. + " the Rhine refortified against them, 38 n., 41. ii. 28, 31. + " tribes of, Gibbon on the, 33-4. ii. 18. + " weapons of the, Achon and Francisca, 42. ii. 32, 33. + +French character, early, 8. + " " its activity, 40. ii. 29. + " " its loyalty, "good subjects of a good king," 40. ii. 29. + " " makes perfect servants, 39. ii. 28. + " " its innate truth, 52. ii. 33. + " frogs, 41. ii. 30. + " liberty and activity, 30. ii. 29. + " " equality, and fraternity, under Clovis, 47. ii. 42. + " politeness, 32. ii. 15. + " religion, old and new, 117. iv. 41. + " Revolution, "They may eat grass," 20. + " " a revolt against lies, 33. ii. 16. + " " and irreligion, 95-104. iv. 7, 23. + +Froissart, quoted, 43. ii. 33. + +Fulda, towns on the, 36. ii. 24. + +Future life, recognition of the dead in a, 139. iv. 60. + + +Gabriel, the Angel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 132. iv. 50. + +Gascons, the, not really French, 10. + +Gauls, the, in France, 6. + " become French, 64. iii. 16. + " meaning of the word, 29 sq. ii. 8. + " and Rome, 29. ii. 9. + +Gentillesse, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Geoffrey, Bishop (see "S. Geoffrey"). + +Geometry, from Egypt, 71. iii. 27. + +Germany, Alemannia, 34. ii. 19. + " and the Franks, 9; 32 n. 33. ii. 15, 17. + " and Rome, 29. ii. 9. + " domestic manners of, 38. ii. 23. + " dukedoms of, small, 34. ii. 19. + " geography of, 35. ii. 20. + " geology of, 37. ii. 25. + " maps of, 34. ii. 19. + " mountains of, 36. ii. 23. + " railroads of, 34. ii. 19. + " S. Martin, and the Emperor of, 19 + " tribes, Germanic, 33. ii. 18. + +Gibbon's "Roman Empire." (_a_) its general character; (_b_) references + to it + (_a_) its general character:-- + contempt for Christianity, 49. ii. 44. + its errors, 72 n. iii. 29 n. + inaccurate generalization, 66 n. iii. 23-4. + its epithets always gratis, 44. ii. 34. + no fixed opinion on anything, 41 n. ii. 31 n. + not always consistent, 45. ii. 38. + satisfied moral serenity of, 37. ii. 27. + sneers of, 50. ii. 48. + style, rhetorical, 44, 45, 50; 67. ii. 35, 37; 47. iii. 21. + (_b_) references to, in present book:-- + on Angouleme, its walls falling (xxxviii. 53),[73] 50 n. ii. 47. + on asceticism (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29. + Christianity (xv. 23, 33), 77. iii. 39. + Clovis (xxxviii. 17), 49, 51. ii. 45-6, 49. + Egypt and monasticism (xxxvii. 6), 71. iii. 27. + Europe, divisions of (xxv.), 68. iii. 23. + " nations of (lvi.), 65 n. iii. 19. + Franks, the:-- + " their armour (xxxv. 18), 43. ii. 34-5. + " " aspect (xxxv. 18), 45-46. ii. 36-8. + " " character (xix. 79, 80), 45-46. ii. 36-8. + " " freemen (x. 73), 41 n. ii. 31. + " " rise (x. 69), 33. ii. 17. + " crossing the Rhine (xix. 64), 41 n. ii. 31. + after Tolbiac (xxxviii. 24), 50. ii. 52. + Gnostics (xv. 23, 33), 78 n. iii. 39. + +[Footnote 73: The references to Gibbon in this index are to the chapters of + his history, together with the number of the note nearest to + which the quotation occurs.] + +Gibbon's Justinian (xl. 2), 32 n. ii. 15. + miracles (xxxviii. 53), 50 n. ii. 47, + monasticism (xxxvii.), 70 sq. iii. 26. + monkish character (xxxvii. 72), 72 n. iii. 29. + Roman Empire and its divisions (xxv. 29), 67. iii. 21-2. + Scots and Celts (xxv. 109, 111), 69 n. iii. 24 n. + Theodobert's death (xli. 103), 31 n. ii. 11 n. + Theodoric, government of (xxxix. 43), 54. ii. 53. + " at Verona (xxxix. 19), 54. ii. 54. + Tolbiac, battle of (xxxviii. 24), 53. ii. 52. + +Gideon and the dewy fleece, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 133. iv. 51. + +Gilbert, Mons., on Amiens Cathedral, 99. iv. 14. + " " " " the bronze tombs in, 103. iv. 23. + +Ginevra and Imogen, 27. ii. 3. + +Giotto, scriptural teaching of, 81. iii. 46. + +Globe, divisions of the, 61. iii. 8. + +Gnostics, 78. iii. 39. + +God's kingdom in our hearts, 87. iii. 54. + +Godfrey (see "S. Geoffroy"). + +Gonfalon standard, the, 119. iv. 41. + +Gothic architecture, aim of a builder of, 89. iv. 2. + " cathedral, the five doors of a, 107. iv. 28. + " classic and Arab, 63. iii. 19. + " and Classic Europe, 62. iii. 11. + " wars with Rome, 66. iii. 20. + +Goths, the: see "Ostrogoths," "Visigoths." + +Gourds, of Amiens, 124. iv. 43. + +Government, and nationality, 64. iii. 15. + +Goyer, Mons. (bookseller), Amiens, 120. iv. 41. + +Grass, pillage of, and Clovis, 20. + +Greek, the alphabet how far, 68. iii. 22. + " all Europe south of Danube is, 62, 68. iii. 12, 22. + " imagination in Europe, 66. iii. 20. + " myths and Christian legends, 86. iii. 53. + +Greeks, the, and Roman Empire, 31. ii. 12. + +Greta and Tees, 36. ii. 24. + +Guards, the Queen's (in Ireland, 1880), pref. i. + +Guelph, etymology of, 129. iv. 46. + +Guinevere, 27. ii. 3. + + +Habakkuk, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. iv. 43. + +Haggai, " " " 126. iv. 43. + +Hair, Frankish manner of wearing the, 45. ii. 36; 125 n. iv. 43. + +Hartz mountains, 35. ii. 20. + +Hedgehog and bittern, 126. iv. 43. + +Heligoland, 31. ii. 12. + +Henry VIII. and the Pope, 119. iv. 41. + +Heraldry, English leopard from France, 42. ii. 31. + " Frankish, early, 40, ii. 30 + " French colours, 27. ii. 3. + " " " 42. ii. 32. + " Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Hercules and the Nemean Lion, 87. iii. 54. + +Herod, and the three Kings (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1. + +Herodotus on Egyptian influence in Greece, 71. iii. 27. + +Hilda, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +Hildebert, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +Hildebrandt, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +History, division of, into four periods of 500 years each, 26. ii. 1. + " how it is usually written, 12-13. + " how it should be written, pref. i. 12. + " popular, its effect on youthful minds, 12. + " should record facts, not make reflections, 70. iii. 26. + " " " " " or suppositions, 74 n. iii. 33. + +Holy Land, 63. iii. 14. + +Honour, of son to father, 101. iv. 17. + +Hope, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Hosea, " " " 122. iv. 43. + +Huet. Alexander, and Amiens Cathedral choir, 91 n. iv. 5. + +Humanity, its essentials (love, sense, discipline), 138. iv. 59. + +Humility, no longer a virtue, 59. iii. 4. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 121. iv. 41. + +Huns, the, in France, 10. + + +Idolatry and Atheism, 119. iv. 41. + " figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + " and symbolism, distinct, 112. iv. 36. + +Illyria, 68. iii. 23. + +Immortality, 32. ii. 13. + +India and England, 64. iii. 16. + +Indians, North American, 51. ii. 48. + +Infidelity, modern, 20, 39. ii. 28. + " " 58. iii. 2. + +Ingelow, Miss, quoted, "Songs of Seven," 28. ii. 4. + +Innocents, the Holy (Amiens Cathedral), 134. iv. 51. + +Inscription on tombs of Bishops Everard and Geoffroy, 104. iv. 24, 26. + +Inspiration of acts and words, not distinct, 83. iii. 48. + " of Scripture, modern views of, 83. iii. 48. + +Invasion is not possession of a country, 66. iii. 16. + +Ireland and England, 1880, pref. iii., iv.; 60. iii 6. + " tribes of, in early Britain, 69 n. iii. 24. + +Isaiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42. + +Italy, under the Ostrogoths, 64. iii. 16. + + +Jacob's pillow, 70. iii. 26. + +Jameson, Mrs., "Legendary Art" quoted, 17, 20. + +Jeremiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 115, 121. iv. 38, 42. + +Jerusalem, fall of, 77. iii. 39. + +Jews, the, and Assyria, 65. iii. 18. + +Jews, the, return to Jerusalem, 77, iii. 39. + " " substitute usury for prophecy, 66. iii. 19. + +Joan of Arc, 29. ii. 7; 55. ii. 55; 95. iv. 7. + +Joel, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Johnson, Dr., 101 n. iv. 17. + +Jonah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Julian, the Emperor, rejects auguries, 70 n. iii. 26. + " " and Constantius, 41 n. ii. 31. + " " death of, 363 A.D., 75, 76. iii. 34, 36. + " " defeats the Franks, 358 A.D., 44. ii. 35. + " " refortifies the Rhine against the Franks, 38 n. ii. 28. + " " and S. Martin, 16. + " victory of, at Strasbourg, 44. ii. 35. + +Justinian, a Dacian by birth, 32 n. ii. 15. + " means "upright," 32 n. ii. 15. + + +Kaltenbacher, Mons., photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47. + +Karr, Alphonse, his work and the author's sympathy with it, 22. + " " his 'Grains de Bons Sens,' 'Bourdonnements,' 33. + +Kempis, Thomas a, 80. iii, 44. + +Kingliness, 48. ii. 43. + +Kings, the three (Amiens Cathedral), 132-4. iv. 50-51. + +Knighthood, belted, meaning of, 44. ii. 34. + +Knowledge, true, is of virtue, pref. v. + + +Laon cathedral, legend of, and oxen, 118 n. iv. 41. n. + +Latin and English compared, 104. iv. 24 sq. + +Law, the force of, and government, 64. iii. 15. + " old and new forms of, 48. ii. 43. + +Lear, King, story of, reduced to its bare facts, 11-12. + +Legends, whether true or not, immaterial, 15, 16, 18; 86-87. iii. 54. + " modern contempt for, 129. iv. 46. + " rationalization of, its value, 50. n. ii. 47. + +Leopard, English heraldic, 42. ii. 31. + +Leucothea, 27. ii. 3. + +Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, 47. ii, 42. + +Liberty, and activity, 40. ii. 29. + " and "franchise," 38, 38 n. ii. 27, 28 n. + +Libya, 63. iii. 13. + " and Vandal invasion, 64. iii. 16. + +Lily on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32. + +Limousins, 10. + +Lion, under feet of Christ, Amiens Cathedral, 111. iv. 34. + +Literature and art, distinct mental actions, 82. iii. 47. + " and the Bible, 85. iii. 51. + " cheap (penny edition of Scott), 60. iii. 7. + +Louis, derivation of, 51. ii. 48. + +---- I., of France, 47. ii. 40. + +---- VIII., 100. iv. 16. + (See "St. Louis.") + +Love, divine and human (Amiens Cathedral), 118. iv. 41. + " no humanity without it, 138. iv. 59. + +Luca della Robbia, 81. iii. 46. + +Luini, 81. iii. 46. + +Lune, the river, 2. + +Lust (Amiens Cathedral), 120. iv. 41. + +Lydia, 62. iii. 12. + + +Madonna, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 94. iv. 7. + " porch to, " " 107. iv. 28. + " three types of (Dolorosa, Reine, Nourrice), 131. iv. 49. + " worship of, and its modern substitutes, 131. iv. 48. + +Malachi, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43. + +Man, races of, divided by climate, 61. iii. 8. + +Man's nature, 58. iii. 1. + +Manchester, 59. iii. 3. + +Map-drawing, 60. iii 7. + " of English dominions (Sir E. Creasy), 59-60. iii. 5-6. + " of France, 8. + " on Mercator's projection, 59-60. iii. 6. + +Marquise, village near Calais, 10. + +Martin's, John, "Belshazzar's feast," 122. iv. 42. + +Martinmas, 18. + +Martyrdom, the lessons of, 135. iv. 53. + +Martyrs, female, many not in calendar, 29. ii. 7. + +Meleager, 31. ii. 11. + +Memory, "Memoria technica," 26. ii. 1. + +Mercator, 60. iii. 6. + +Merovee, seizes Amiens, on death of Clodion, 447 A.D., 7, 21. + +Micah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 124. iv. 43. + +Millennium, the, 86. iii. 54. + +Milman's History of Christianity, 68-70 n., 73. iii. 22, 26, 32. + " " " on Rome in time of St. Jerome, 75-76. + iii. 35. + +Milton's "Paradise Lost," and the Bible, 80. iii. 44. + " " " quoted, 118. iv. 41. + +Mind, disease of, noble and ignoble passion, 72. iii. 29. + +Mines, coal, Plimsoll on, 48. ii. 42. + +Missals, atheism represented as barefoot in, of 1100-1300, 119. ii. 41. + +Modernism, avarice and pride of, 111. iv. 35. See "Christianity," + "Commerce," "England," "History," "Humility," "Infidelity," + "Philosophy," "Public Opinion," "Science." + +Moesia, and the alphabet, 68. iii. 22. + +Monasteries of Italy, made barracks of, 72 n. iii. 29. + +Monasticism, its rise, 70-71. iii. 26-8. + +Monks, type of character of, 72 n. iii. 29; 137. iv. 56. + " orders of, the main, 137. iii. 26. + +Months, the, quatrefoils illustrative of (Amiens Cathedral), 130. iv. 47. + +Morality, natural to man, 138. iv. 59. + " and religion, 138. iv. 58. + +More, Sir Thomas, execution of, 48. ii. 43. + +Morocco, extent of, 63. iii. 13. + +Moses, 70. iii. 26. + " and Aaron, 133. iv. 51. + " and the burning bush, 133. iv. 51. + +"Mysteries of Paris," 28. ii. 5. + + +Nahum, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 125. & n. iv. 43 & n. + +Names, Frankish, etymology of, 51. ii. 48. + +Nanterre, village of S. Genevieve, 28, 29. ii. 5, 8. + +Nationality, depends on race and climate, not on rule, 64. iii. 15-16. + +Nemean Lion, 86. iii. 53. + +Netherlands, the, 37. ii. 26. + +Nineveh, the beasts in, 126. iv. 43. + " the burden of, 125. iv. 43. + +Nitocris, 29. ii. 6. + +Nogent, Benedictine abbey of, 52. ii. 49. + +Nomad tribes of northern Europe, 30. ii. 10. + +Normans, rise of the, 31. ii. 12. + +[Greek: Nous], 138 n. iv. 59 n. + + +Obadiah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 123. iv. 43. + +Obedience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Odoacer, ends Roman Empire in Italy, 8; 67. iii. 21. + +Orcagna, 81. iii. 46. + +Origen, 81. iii. 47. + +Ostrogoths, 3. ii. 12. + " defeat Clovis at Aries, 50. ii. 47. + +"Our Fathers have told us," how begun, its aim and plan, pref. iii. + " " general plan of, Appendix iii. + " " plan for notes to, 21. + +Oxen, story of, and Laon Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + " patience of, 118. iv. 41. + +Oxford, the "happy valley," 92-93. iv. 6. + + +Palestine, 63. iii. 14. + +Palgrave, Sir F., on Arabia, 64-65 & n. iii. 17-18 & n. + " " on the camel, 118-119. iv. 41. + +Papacy, origin of the, 76. n. iii. 35. + +Paris, church of S. Genevieve at, 55. ii. 55. + " the Isle of France, 138. iv. 58. + " the model of manners, 138. iv. 58. + " print-shops at, 118. iv. 41. + +Patience, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 118. iv. 41. + +Peasant life of early Europe, 32, sq. ii. 13. + +Perseverance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Persia, the real power of the East, 65. iii. 18. + +Philip the Wise, of France, 100-101. iv. 16-17. + +Philistia, 63. iii. 14. + +Philosophy, modern, its manner of history, 12. + +Phoenix, the, and chastity, 120. iv. 41. + +Photographs of Amiens Cathedral, 117 n. iv. 41 n.; 122 n. iv. 43 n.; 130. + iv. 130. And see Appendix II. + +"Pilgrim's Progress," 16. + +Pillage of subjects, to punish kings, 53. ii. 51. + +Plimsoll, on coal mines, 48. ii. 42. + +Poets, the three Christian-heathen, 102. iv. 20. + +Poitiers, battle of, 508 A.D., Clovis and Alaric, 9, 21. + " " and the walls of Angouleme, 50 n. ii. 47. + " " 1356 A.D., Froissart on, 43. ii. 33. + +Polacks, the, 31. ii. 12. + +Politicians, their proper knowledge, pref. v. + +Politics: see "England." + +Posting days, Calais to Paris, 10. + +Power, motive of desire for, 74. iii. 33. + +Praise, all great art, act, and thought is, pref. v. + +Prayer, George Chapman's last, 102. iv. 20. + +Pride, and avarice, 111. iv. 35. + " faults and virtues of, 104-105. iv. 24. + " infidelity of, and the cockatrice, 110. iv. 33; 121. iv. 41. + +Priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33. + +Probus, the Emperor, 32 n. ii. 15; 67. iii, 21. + +Prophets, figures of the, Amiens Cathedral, general view of, 114. iv. 39. + " " " " in detail, 121-122. iv. 42-3. + +Protestantism, and the study of the Bible, 80. iii. 45. + " and popular histories, 12. + " and priestly ambition, 74. iii. 33. + " and Roman Catholicism, 137. iv. 57. + " views of S. Jerome, 73. iii. 31. + +Provence, early, 8, 9. + +Providence, God's, and history, 13. + +Psalms, the scope of the, 85, iii. 50. + +Public opinion, callousness of modern, 48. ii. 42. + +Purgatory, doctrine of, 136 n. iv. 55 n. + +Puritan malice, 34. ii. 19. + + +Quaker, preaching at Matlock, 83 n. iii. 48. + +Queen's Guards, in Ireland, 1880, pref. iii. + + +Races of Europe, divided by climate, 61. iii. 9. See "Climate." + +Rachel, the Syrian, 63. iii. 14. + +Railroads, modern, of Germany, 59. iii. 4. + " travelling by, I, 3. + +Raphael's Madonnas, 131. iv. 49. + +Rebellion, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 119. iv. 41. + +Religion, definition of true, 138-139. iv. 60. (And see "Bible," + "Christianity," "Inspiration," "Protestantism.") + " to desire the right, 82. iii. 48. + " common idea that our own enemies are God's also, 14. + " and morality, 138. iv. 58. + " natural, 102. iv. 20. + " of Arabia, 65. iii. 19. + " of Egypt, 63. iii. 13. + " Eastern and Western, Col. Butler on, 21 n. + +Restoration, modern, 107 n. iv. 27 n. + +Rheims, Clovis crowned at, 9. + " " enriches church of, 52. ii. 49. + +Rheims Cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + " " its traceries, 97. iv. 11. + +Rhine, the, refortified by Julian, 38 n., 41. ii. 31. + " " tribes from Vistula to, 30. ii. 10. + +Right and left, in description of cathedrals, 107. iv. 28. + +Rivers, strength and straightness, 61 n. iii. 10. + +Robert, of Luzarches, builder of Amiens Cathedral, 97. iv. 12. + +Roman Catholics, half Wellington's army Irish, pref. iv. + " " and Protestantism, 137. iv. 57. + " " servants, 72. iii. 29. + +Roman Emperors, five, from Dacia, 32 n. ii. 15. + " " as supreme Pontiffs, 75. iii. 35. + +Roman Empire, divisions of (Illyria, Italy, Gaul), 67. iii. 21-2. + " " Eastern and Western division, 67. iii. 21. + " " end of the, 66-67. iii. 20-21. + " " fall of, 31. ii. 12. + " " " and Julian and the augurs, 70. iii. 26. + " " its main foes, 30. ii. 9. + " " its true importance, 66. iii. 20. + " " a power, not a nation, 65. iii. 19 n. + +Roman Empire, power of, in France, ended, 481 A.D., 4, 6-8 sq. + " " " in Italy, ended, 476 A.D., 8. + +Roman gate of Twins, at Amiens, 14. + +"Romaunt of Rose," quoted, 39. ii. 28 n. + +Rome, aspect of the city, in time of S. Jerome, 75. iii. 35. + " gives order to Europe, as Greece imagination, 66. iii. 20. + " wild nations opposed to, 30. ii. 9. + +Romsey, 3. + +Rose, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 109-110. iv. 32. + +Rosin forest, 35. ii. 20-1. + +Royalties, taxes and, 47. ii. 41. + +Roze, Pere, on Amiens Cathedral, 98. iv. 13; 104 n. iv. 24 n.; 125. iv. 43. + + +S. Acheul, near Amiens, 128-129. iv. 45-6. + +S. Agnes, character of, 27. ii. 3. + +S. Ambrogio, Verona, plain of, 54, ii. 54. + +S. Augustine, his first converts, 18. + " and S. Jerome, 81. iii. 47. + " town of Hippo, 63. iii. 13. + +S. Benedict, born 481 A.D., 27. ii. 3; 70. iii. 26. + +S. Clotilde, of France, 51. ii. 48. + +S. Cloud, etymology of, 51. ii. 48. + +S. Domice, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Elizabeth, 132. iv. 50. + +S. Elizabeth, of Marburg, 35-6. ii. 21-3. + +S. Firmin, his history, 5; 99. iv. 14; 128. iv. 45. + " beheaded and buried, 5. + " his Roman disciple, 5. + " his grave, 5-6; 129. iv. 46. + " and S. Martin, compared, 17, 18. + " porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 107. iv. 28; 127 sq. iv. 44. + " sculpture of, Amiens Cathedral, 5. + +---- Confessor, 128. iv. 44-6. + +S. Fuscien, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Genevieve, actually existed, 29. ii. 7. + " biographies of her, numerous, 29. ii. 7. + " birth of, 421 A.D., 27. ii. 3. + " birthplace of, Nanterre, 28. ii. 5. + " character of, 28, 29. ii. 5-7. + " church to, at Paris, 55. ii. 55. + " and Clovis and his father, 55. ii. 55. + " conversion of, by S. Germain, 28. ii. 5. + " a pure Gaul, 29, 33. ii. 8, 15. + " of what typical, 27. ii. 3. + " peacefulness, 29. ii. 6. + " quiet force, 29. ii. 7. + +S. Genevieve, S. Phyllis, 28. ii. 5. + +S. Gentian, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Geoffroy, Bishop of Amiens, history of, 128. iv. 44-5. + " " " tomb of (Amiens), 104-105; iv. 24, 26. + +S. Germain converts S. Genevieve, on his way to England, 28. ii. 6. + +S. Hilda (Whitby Cliff), 51. ii. 48. + +S. Honore, 128. iv. 44-5. + " porch to, Amiens Cathedral, 95. iv. 7. + +S. James, apostle of hope, 120. iv. 41. + +S. Jerome, his Bible, 70, 76, 77, 78. iii. 26, 36, 37-40. + " gives the Bible to the West, 50. ii. 47. + " Galatians, commentary on Epistle to the, 81. iii. 47. + " character of, candour its basis, 76. iii. 36. + " childhood and early studies, 75. iii. 34-5. + " death of, at Bethlehem, 78. iii. 40. + " Hebrew, studied by, 77. iii. 38. + " not a mere hermit, 73. iii. 31. + " his lion, 86. iii. 53. + " Milman, Dean, on, 74. iii. 32 sq. + " protestant view of, 73. iii. 31. + " Queen Sophia's letter to Vota on, 81. iii. 47. + " scholarship, will not give up his, 76. iii. 36. + " style of writing shown, 81. iii. 47. + +S. John, the apostle of love, 112. iv. 37. + " his greatness, 101. iv. 16. + +S. Louis, religion under, 21 n. + +S. Mark's, Venice, Baptistery of and the virtues, 112 n. iv. 36 n. + +S. Martin, baptism and conversion of, 15. + " character of, gentle and cheerful, 17, 19. + " " patient, 29. ii. 7. + " " serene and sweet, 17. + " cloak given to the beggar by, 332 A.D., 15. + " Clovis and, 20. + " Devil, answer to the, 17. + " drinks to a beggar, 19. + " fame of, universal (places called after), 18. + " history of, how relevant to this book, 20. + " 's Lane, London, 18. + " and Julian, 16. + " Tours, his abbey there, 20. + " " and bishopric, 16, 20. + " vision of, 15. + " wine, the patron of, 18, 19. + +S. Nicholas," "Journal de, 120 n. iv. 41. + +S. Peter, Apostle of courage, 112. iv. 37. + +S. Quentin, 128. iv. 44. + +S. Remy crowns Clovis, 9. + " preaches to Clovis, 13. + " and the Soissons vase, 47. ii. 41. + +S. Sauve 100, 128. iv. 14, 44. + +S. Simeon, 132. iv. 50. + +S. Ulpha, 128, 129. iv. 44, 46. + +S. Victoric, 128. iv. 44. + +Salian, epithet of the French, 40, 41. ii. 30-31. + +Salii, the, 40. ii. 30. + +Salique law, 40. ii. 30. + +Salisbury Cathedral, 88. iv. 1. + +"Salts," old and young, 41. ii. 31. + +Salvation, Protestant theory of, 79. iii. 43. + +Sands, English, 2. + +Savage races, love of war in, 51. ii. 48. + " women, endurance a point of honour with, 51. ii. 48. + +Saxons, the, 31, ii. 12. + " religion of, 21. + +Scandinavia, 61. iii. 10. + " becomes Norman, 31. ii. 12. + +Scepticism, modern, 13. See "Infidelity." + +Science, modern, its view of man, 58. iii. 1. + +Scotch crofters and England, 60. iii. 6. + +Scots, Picts and, 69 n. iii. 24. + +Scott, Sir Walter, his nomenclature deeply founded, 34. ii. 18. + " " novels of, "Antiquary" (Martin Waldeck), 34. ii. 18. + " " "Monastery," 72 n. iii. 29. + " " penny edition of, 60. iii. 7. + +Sculpture, of a Gothic cathedral, 89. iv. 2. + " no pathos in primary, 101 n. iv. 19 n. + +Scythia, tribes of, 61, 65. iii. 10, 17. + +Semiramis, 29. ii. 6. + +Sense ([Greek: nous]), essential to humanity, 138. iv. 59. + +Servants, catholic, character of, 72 n. iii. 29. + " French, perfect, 39. ii. 28. + +Severn, the, 2. + +Shakspeare's Imogen, 27. ii. 3. + " "King Lear," reduced to its bare facts, 11. + " "Winter's Tale"--"lilies of all kinds," 110. iv. 32. + +Sheba, Queen of, and Solomon, Amiens sculptures, 132 sq. iv. 50-51. + +Shield, the, of the Franks, 44. ii. 35. See "Heraldry," "Uri." + +Shyness and frankness, 39 & n. ii. 28. + +Siberian wilderness, 61. iii. 9, 10. + +Sicambri, 34, 38. ii. 18. 27. + +Sidney, Sir Philip, 15. + +Sin, carnal, the most distinctly human, 111. iv. 34. + +Sin, deceit, its essence, 49. ii. 44. + " pardon of, doctrine of, 135. iv. 55. + +Slang, 105. iv. 25. + " Greek, 138. iv. 59. + +Smith's Dictionary, _s_, "Gallia," 29. ii. 9. + +Soissons, battle of, 485 A.D., 7 n.; 9, 20, 52. ii. 49. + " vase of, 47 sq. ii. 40 sq. + " " and Clovis' revenge, 48. ii. 43. + +Solomon and Queen of Sheba (Amiens Cathedral), 132 sq. iv. 50-1. + +Solway, the, 2. + +Sons, honour of fathers by, 101. iv. 17. + +Spain, Theodoric in, 54. ii. 53. + +Spiritual world, the, 138. iv. 59. + +Staubbach, the, 96. iv. 9. + +Stone saw, not used in France, 88 n. iv. 2 n. + +Strigi, S. Jerome born at, 75. iii. 34. + +Suicide and heroism, 120. iv. 41. + +"Suisse Historique" quoted, 53 n. ii. 49. + +Sword, belted, meaning of, 43. ii. 34. + " manufacture, Amiens, 124. iv. 43. + +Syagrius defeated by Clovis, 52. ii. 49. + " dies, 486 A.D., 52. ii. 49. + +Syria, 63. iii. 14. + + +Temperance, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Teutonic nations and Roman Empire, 68. iii. 22. + +Theodobert, the death of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Theodoric, king of Ostrogoths, 51. ii. 48. + " defeats Franks at Aries, 54. ii. 53. + " power of, in Europe, 54. ii. 53. + " at Verona, 54. ii. 54. + +Thrace, 68. iii. 23. + +Thuringia, 7. + +Tolbiac, battle of, 9, 21 n. + " field of, 54. ii. 54. + " its real importance, 53. ii. 52. + +Tombs, bronze, Amiens Cathedral, 103 sq. iv. 23. + " " only two left in France, 103. iv. 23. + +Tours, archbishop of, on war, 43. ii. 33. + " S. Martin, bishop of, 16. + +Town, a modern, defined, 90. iv. 3. + +Tripoli, 63. iii. 13. + +Troy, 62. iii. 12. + +Trupin, Jean, and choir of Amiens Cathedral, 91 n. iv. 5 n. + +Truth, only, can be polished, 33. ii, 16. + " of French character, 33. ii. 16. + +Tunis, 63. iii. 13. + +Turner's "Loire side," 20. + +Tyre, 63. iii. 13. + + +Ulphilas, Bible of, 68. iii. 22. + +Ulverstone, etymology of, 129. iv. 46. + +Uri, shield of, 31 n. ii. 11. + +Usury and the church, 12. + " and the Jews, 66. iii. 19. + +Utilitas, 8. + + +Valens, his prefecture of the East, 67. iii. 21. + +Valentinian, and the division of the Empire, 67. iii. 21. + +Vandals, invasion of Libya by, 64. iii. 16. + +Venice, founded 421 A.D., 2. + +Verona, cathedral of, 88. iv. 1. + " battle of, Theodoric defeats Odoacer, 490 A.D., 54. ii. 54. + " field of, from Fra Giocondo's bridge, 54. ii. 54. + +Vestal Virgins, 70. iii. 26. + +Violence, expression of, in sculptures of Amiens, 126. iv. 43. + +Viollet le Duc, quoted, 88 n. iv. 1; 88 & n. iv. 2; 97. iv. 11; 103 n. + iv. 23. n.; 111. iv. 36; 118 n. iv. 41 n.; 132. iv. 49. + +Vine, on statue of David, Amiens Cathedral, 110. iv. 32. + +Virgil's influence on Dante, 110. iii. 53. + +Virgil quoted (AEneid vi. 27 sq.), 101 n. iv. 18-19 n. + +Virgin, the: _see_ Madonna. + +Virtue, to be known and recognized, pref. v. + +Virtues, of Apostles (Amiens Cathedral), 112 sq. iv. 37 sq. + " Byzantine, rank of, 111. iv. 36 n. + +Visigoths, the, 31. ii. 12. + " " in France, 9, 10. + " " at Poitiers, defeated by Clovis, 9. + +Vistula, the, its importance, 61. iii. 9, 10. + " " tribes of, from Rhine to, 30, 31. ii. 10, 12. + " " " " Weser to, 37. ii. 26. + +Vobiscum," a "Pax, 114 n. iv. 38 n. + +Vota, the Jesuit, letter of Queen Sophia of Prussia to, on S. Jerome, + 81. iii. 47. (See Carlyle's "Frederick," Bk. I., cap. iv.) + +Vulgate, Ps. xci. 13, "Inculcabis super leonem," 111. iv. 34. + + +Waldeck, 34, ii. 18. + +Walter's houses, Germany, 37. ii. 25. + +Walton, Isaac, 1. + +Wandle, the, 1. + +War, savage love of, 51. ii. 48. + +Wartzburg, 37. ii. 24. + +Wellington, Duke of, on Roman Catholic valour, pref. iv. + +Weser, the course of the, 34, 37. ii. 19, 26. + " sources of the (Eder, Fulda, Werra), 36. ii. 24. + " tribes of the, up to Rhine and Vistula, 37. ii. 26. + +Whitby Cliff, 51. ii. 48. + +Wisdom, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 120. iv. 41. + +Women, endurance a point of honour with savage, 51. ii. 48. + " respect for, by Franks and Goths, 54. ii. 54. + +Wood-carving of Picardy (Amiens Cathedral), 91 sq. iv. 5 sq. + +Wool manufacture, Amiens, see _s_. "Amiens." + +Wordsworth quoted, "Filling more and more with crystal light," 55. ii. 55. + + +Yonge, Miss, "History of Christian Names," Franks, 38. ii. 27. + " " " " " Ulpha, 129. iv. 46. + + +Zacharias, 133, iv. 51. + +Zechariah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 127. iv. 43. + +Zenobia, 29. ii. 6. + +Zephaniah, figure of, Amiens Cathedral, 126. iv. 43. + +Zodiac, signs of, sculptures, Amiens Cathedral, 130. iv. 47. + +Zulu war, the, 48. ii. 43; 60. iii. 6. + + +THE END. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Fathers Have Told Us, by John Ruskin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR FATHERS HAVE TOLD US *** + +***** This file should be named 24428.txt or 24428.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/4/2/24428/ + +Produced by Stacy Brown, Simple Simon, Juliet Sutherland +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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