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diff --git a/23402-8.txt b/23402-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f1d776 --- /dev/null +++ b/23402-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2412 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 75, April 5, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 75, April 5, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Other: George Bell + +Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23402] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{257} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 75.] +SATURDAY, APRIL 5. 1851. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + + Two Chancellors, by Edward Foss 257 + + Illustrations of Chaucer, No. III. 258 + + Folk Lore:--Cure of Hooping Cough--Charms from + Devonshire--Lent Lilies--Oak Webs, &c. 258 + + The Threnodia Carolina of Sir Thomas Herbert, by + Bolton Corney 259 + + Minor Notes:--Shakspeare's Venus and Adonis--Moorfields + in Charles II.'s Time--Derivation of Yankee--A + Word to Literary Men 260 + + QUERIES: + + Poems of John Seguard of Norwich, by Sir F. Madden 261 + + Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke 262 + + Minor Queries:--The Vellum-bound Junius--What is + a Tye?--"Marriage is such a Rabble Rout"--Arms + of Robert Nelson--Knebsend or Nebsend, co. York + --Moore's Almanack--Archbishop Loftus--Matrix + of Monastic Seal--Syriac Scriptures and Lexicon-- + Villiers Duke of Buckingham--Porci solidi-pedes-- + The Heywood Family--Was Charles II. ever in + Wales?--Dog's Head in the Pot--"Poor Alinda's + growing old" 262 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Who was the Author of + "The Modest Enquiry, &c."?--William Penn's Family + --Deal, Dover, and Harwich--Author of Broad + Stone of Honour--Pope Joan--The Well o' the + World's End--Sides and Angles--Meaning of Ratche + --"Feast of Reason," &c.--Tu autem 264 + + REPLIES:-- + + Barons of Hugh Lupus 266 + + Edmund Prideaux and the First Post-office 266 + + Lady Jane of Westmoreland 268 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--Ulm Manuscript--Father + Maximilian Hell--Meaning of "strained" as used by + Shakspeare--Headings of Chapters in English Bibles 269 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 269 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 270 + + Notices to Correspondents 270 + + Advertisements 271 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +TWO CHANCELLORS. + +Although neither your readers nor I are politicians enough to interfere in +the changes proposed with reference to the office of Lord Chancellor, I +doubt not that some of them, now the subject is on the _tapis_, may feel +interested in a fact connected with it, which our ancient records disclose: +namely, that on one occasion there were _two chancellors_ acting at the +same time for several months together, and both regularly appointed by the +king. + +It is an unique instance, occurring in the reign of Edward IV.: the two +chancellors being Thomas Rotheram, Bishop of Lincoln, and John Alcock, +Bishop of Rochester. The former received the Great Seal in May, 1474, in +the fourteenth year of the reign, and without any doubt continued +chancellor till the king's death; and yet, from April to September in the +following year, the latter was also addressed by the same title. During +that interval of five months, there are numerous writs of Privy Seal +addressed by the king to both, in which each of them is styled "our +chancellor." + +This curious circumstance may be thus accounted for. King Edward had for +some time been contemplating an invasion of France; and when his +preparations were completed (about April), as he required his chancellor, +Bishop Rotheram, to attend him on the expedition, it became necessary to +provide some competent person to transact the business of the Chancery in +his absence. On previous occasions of this nature, it had been usual to +place the seal that was used in England, when the king was abroad, in the +hands of the Master of the Rolls, or some other master in Chancery, with +the title of Keeper: but, for some unexplained reason (perhaps because +Bishop Alcock was a man whom the king delighted to honour), this prelate +was dignified with the superior designation, although Bishop Rotheram still +retained it. The voyage being delayed from April to July, during the whole +of that period, each being in England, both acted in the same character; +Privy Seals, as I have said, being sent to both, and bills in Chancery +being addressed also to Bishop Alcock as chancellor. Rotheram was with the +king in France as his chancellor, and is so described on opening the +negotiation in August, which led to the discreditable peace by which Edward +made himself a pensioner to the French king. No Privy Seals were addressed +to Alcock after September 28; which may therefore be considered the close +of this double chancellorship, and the date of Bishop Rotheram's return to +England. + +Who knows whether the discovery of this ancient authority may not suggest +to our legislators the division of the title between two possessors {258} +with distinct duties, in the same manner that two chief justices were +substituted in the reign of Henry III. for one chief justiciary? + +The immediate interest of this fact has prompted me to anticipate its +appearance in the volumes of my work, which you have been kind enough to +announce as being in the press. + +EDWARD FOSS. + + * * * * * + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER, NO. III. + + "Now flieth Venus in to Ciclinius tour. + * * * * * * + "Alas, and there hath she no socour, + For she ne found ne sey no maner wight. + * * * * * * + "Wherefore her selven for to hide and save, + Within the gate she fledde in to a cave. + * * * * * * + "Now God helpe sely Venus alone, + But as God wold it happed for to be, + That while the weping Venus made her mone, + Ciclinius riding in his chirachee, + _Fro Venus Valanus might this palais see;_ + And Venus he salveth and maketh chere, + And her receiveth as his frende full dere." + _Complaint of Mars and Venus._ + +Having in my last communication (Vol. iii., p. 235.) shown cause for the +alteration in the foregoing quotation of Ciclinius into Cyllenius, I shall +now endeavour to interpret the line in Italics, which in its present shape +is utterly without meaning. + +Whatever word _Valanus_ may be supposed to represent, whether a proper or a +common name, still the construction of the whole line is evidently corrupt. + +Taking Valanus, in the first place, as a proper name, the most probable +original would be VALENS; for the connexion of which with Mercury we must +refer to Cicero (_De Nat. Deor._ iii. 22.), where mention is made of it in +these words:-- + + "Alter (Mercurius) _Valentis_ et Phoronidis filius, is qui sub terris + habetur idem Trophonius." + +Here the identification with Trophonius strikes us at once as affording a +clue to THE CAVE into which Venus fled, giving great probability to Valens +as the true solution of Chaucer's meaning. + +But if we receive it as such, the following hypothesis becomes necessary, +viz., that Chaucer imagined a _double impersonation_ of Mercury--one +absent, the other present,--one sidereal, the other mythological,--one +Cyllenius, the other Valens. + +When Venus first enters Mercury's "palais," she "_ne found ne sey no maner +wight_." This signifies the absence from home of _Cyllenius_, who was +abroad upon "his chirachee" in attendance upon the Sun; and here again is +an instance of the nice astronomical accuracy of Chaucer. It was impossible +that the _planet_ Mercury could be in the sign Gemini, because his greatest +elongation, or apparent distance from the sun, does not exceed 29 degrees; +so that the Sun having but just entered Taurus, Mercury could not be in +Gemini. Neither could Venus see Valens (the other impersonation of +Mercury), because of his concealment in the cave; but when she entered the +cave, then she was welcomed and received by him. + +Now, to render the text conformable with this interpretation, some +alteration in the construction is necessary, as indeed it must be in any +attempt to render the passage intelligible. + +Taking, away the word "Fro," and transposing "might" to the other side of +"Valanus," the lines would stand thus,-- + + "---- it happed for to be + That, while the weping Venus made her mone, + (Cyllenius riding in his chirachee) + Venus might Valens in this palais see; + And Venus he salveth and maketh chere + And her receiveth as his frende full dere!" + +On the other supposition of "Valanus" being a common name, to which a +capital letter has been prefixed in mistake, then the only word for which +it would appear to be a probable substitution would be "Vallum," in the +sense of a border or rampart; but the application would be so far-fetched +that I shall not attempt it, especially as I look upon the explanation +afforded by "Valens" as most probably the true one. + +A. E. B. + +Leeds, March 20. 1851. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Cure of Hooping Cough._--There is a superstition in Cheshire that hooping +cough may be cured by holding a toad for a few moments with its head within +the mouth of the person affected. I heard only the other day of a cure by +this somewhat disagreeable process; the toad was said to have caught the +disease, which in this instance proved fatal to it in a few hours. + +A. H. H. + +_Charms from Devonshire._--The following charms were obtained from an old +woman in this parish, though probably they are all known to you already: + + (_a._) _For a Scald or Burn._ + + "There were three angels came from The East and West, + One brought fire and another brought frost, + And the third it was the Holy Ghost. + Out fire, in frost, in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the + Holy Ghost. Amen." + + (_b._) _For a Sprain._ + + "As our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was riding into + Jerusalem, His horse tripped and sprained his leg. Our Blessed Lord and + Saviour blessed it, and said, + + 'Bone to bone, and vein to vein, + O vein, turn to thy rest again!' + + M. N. so shall thine, in the Name," &c. + +{259} + + (_c._) _For stopping Blood._ + + "Our Blessed Saviour was born in Bethlehem and baptized in the river + Jordan. + + 'The Waters were wild and rude. + The child Jesus was meek, mild, and good.' + + He put His foot into the waters, and the waters stopped, and so shall + thy blood, in the Name," &c. + + (d.) _For the Tooth-ache._ + + "All glory! all glory! all glory! be to the Father, and to the Son, and + to the Holy Ghost. + + "As our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was walking in the garden of + Gethsamene, He saw Peter weeping. He called him unto Him, and said, + Peter why, weepest thou? Peter answered and said, Lord, I am grievously + tormented with pain, the pain of my tooth. Our Lord answered and said, + If thou wilt believe in Me, and My words abide with thee, thou shalt + never feel any more pain in thy tooth. Peter said, Lord, I believe, + help Thou my unbelief. In the Name, &c. + + "God grant M. N. ease from the pain in his teeth." + +(_e._) _For Fits._--Go into a church at midnight and walk three times round +the communion table. This was done in this parish a few years since. + +(_f._) An inhabitant of this parish told me that his father went into +Lydford Church, at twelve o'clock at night, and cut off some lead from +every diamond pane in the windows with which he made a heart, to be worn by +his wife afflicted with "_breastills_," i.e. _sore breasts_. + +(_g._) The skin cast by a snake is very useful in extracting thorns, &c. +from the body, but, unlike I other remedies, it is repellent, not +attractive; hence it must always be applied on the opposite side to that on +which the thorn entered. In some cases where the skin has been applied on +the same side, it has forced the thorn completely through the hand. + +_Lent Lilies.--Oak Webs, &c._--In this part of Cornwall, the native yellow +narcissus, known in most counties, and in the books, as _daffodils_ (the +"Daffy Down Dilly" of your correspondent, Vol. iii. p. 220.), are called +only by the name of _Lent lilies_, or simply _Lents_, and are commonly sold +by the poor children, frequently in exchange for _pins_. The pleasing name +reminds one of Michaelmas Daisy (_Chrysanthemum_), Christmas rose +(_Helleborus niger_), and the beautiful pasque flower (_Anemone +pulsatilla_). + +The common beetle called cockchafer is here known only as the _oak-web_, +and a smaller beetle as _fern-web_. It seems hard to guess why they should +be named _web_ (which in Anglo-Saxon means _weaver_), as they do not, I +think, form any cocoon. + +H. G. T. + +Launceston. + + * * * * * + +THE THRENODIA CAROLINA OF SIR THO. HERBERT. + +The _Threnodia Carolina_ of sir Thomas Herbert is a jewel of historical +composition, and I am persuaded that a new edition of it, if formed on a +collation of the best manuscripts, and illustrated by extracts from the +principal historians of the same period, would not only be received by the +public with thanks, but with expressions of surprise that so rare a +treasure should have been suffered to remain in such comparative obscurity. + +There are four manuscripts of the work in public libraries, two of which I +am enabled to describe. + +1. The Harleian Ms. in the British Museum, No. 7396. + +This Ms. is in folio. The preliminary leaves have the notes marked 1, 2, +3--the second being in the handwriting of sir William Dugdale. The +narrative occupies thirty-six pages, with interlinear corrections and +additions. This Ms. does not contain the words _This brief narrative_, &c. +nor the letter dated the 3d Nov. 1681. + + "THRENODIA CAROLINA." + + (1) "This book contains S^r Tho. Herberts memoirs being the original in + his own hand sent to S^r W^m Dugdale in 1678." + + (2) "A true and perfect narrative of the most remarkable passages + relating to king Charles the first of blessed memory, written by the + proper land of S^r Thomas Herbert baronet, who attended upon his + ma^{tie} from Newcastle upon Tine, when he was sold by the Scotts, + during the whole time of his greatest afflictions, till his death and + buriall; w^{ch} was sent to me S^r Will^m Dugdale knight, garter + principall king of armes, in Michaellmasse Terme a^o. 1678, by the said + S^r Thomas Herbert, from Yorke, where he resideth." + + "VERITAS ODIUM PARIT." + + (3) "Court passages in the two last yeares of the raigne of king + Charles the first, during y^e time of his affliction." + + 2. The Harleian Ms. in the British Museum, No. 4705. + + This Ms. is in small folio. It was formerly in the possession of Peter + le Neve, norroy. A preliminary leaf has the subjoined attestation by + sir William Dugdale. The narrative is much more ample and + circumstantial than in the former Ms., but it is not all in the + handwriting of sir Thomas Herbert. The letter dated 3 November 1681, + and the relations of Huntington, Cooke, and Firebrace, are added in the + handwriting of Dugdale; also, the names of persons who corresponded + with Charles I. while he was a prisoner in the Isle of Wight. The + passages transcribed by the REV. ALFRED GATTY appear in this Ms.--also + in the edition of 1702. The edition of 1813 is a _verbatim_ reprint of + the first and second articles of that of 1702. It was edited by Mr. + George Nicol. + + "CAROLINA THRENODIA." + + "This booke containeth a large answer to a short letter sent by S^r + Will^m Dugdale kn^t (garter; principall king of armes) unto S^r Thomas + Herbert baronet, {260} residing in the citty of Yorke. By w^{ch} letter + he did desire the sayd S^r Thomas Herbert to informe him of such + materiall passages, as he had observed touching the late king Charles + the first (of blessed memory) during the time that he the sayd S^r + Thomas did attend him in person; B^t for the two last yeares of his + afflicted life." + +The other Mss. alluded to are preserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. +The most important is No. 1141., which is minutely described in the +admirable catalogue compiled by Mr. Black. A transcript of the _Threnodia +Carolina_ by Ant. à Wood, also in the Ashmolean Museum, is recorded by +Huddesford. + +As there were two _recensions_ of the narrative, I have added a specimen of +each of the Harleian Mss., which may serve as a clue to the nature of other +copies, whether in public libraries, or in private hands. + + "The Lords ordered a girdle or circumscription of Capitall Letters to + be cutt in Lead and putt about the Coffin. being onely these wordes + + KING CHARLES + 1648. + + The kings body was then brought from the chamber to Saint Georges hall. + whence after a Little pause, it was w^{th} a slow pase & much sorrow + carrye'd by those gentlemen that were in mourninge: the Lords in blacks + following the royall Corpes & many gentlemen after them, and their + attendants."--THRENODIA CAROLINA, p. 36. Harleian MS. 7396. + + "The girdle or circumscription of Capitall Letters in Lead putt about + the Coffin had onely these words. + + KING-CHARLES. + 1648. + + The Kings body was then brought from his Bed-chamber, downe into S^t + Georges-hall; whence after a little stay, itt was with a slow and + solemn pace (much sorrow in most faces discernable) carryed by + gentlemen that were of some quallity and in mourning. the Lords in like + habitts followed the Royall Corps. the Governor, and severall + gentlemen, and officers, and attendants came after."--CAROLINA + THRENODIA, p. 80. Harleian MS. 4705. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + +_Sir Thomas Herbert's Memoirs of Charles I._--The question suggested by MR. +GATTY'S first note upon this subject was one of some importance, viz., +whether the original MS. in the possession of his friend contained anything +of Sir Thomas Herbert's not hitherto published? There is no doubt that the +"Memoir of the two last years of King Charles I." was written by Sir Thomas +Herbert, after his retirement to his native city of York, at the request of +the author of the _Athenæ Oxonienses_, who made use of nearly the whole of +it in compiling that great work, adapting different portions to his +biographical notices of the persons to whom they principally related. The +notices of Colonel Joyce and Colonel Cobbet are chiefly composed of +extracts from Herbert's Memoir; whilst under the name of Herbert himself +not more than about one-third of his own communication will be found. + +The first edition of the _Athenæ_ was not published until 1691, several +years after Sir Thomas Herbert's death; and the memoir in a complete form, +with the title of _Threnodia Carolina_, did not appear until the year 1702, +when it was published by Dr. Charles Goodall, physician to the Charter +House, together with other tracts relating to Charles I. This is doubtless +the volume described by MR. BOLTON CORNEY (vol. iii., p. 157.), who will, I +hope, favour your readers with the information requested by MR. GATTY (p. +222.). + +The Memoir, as published in 1813 by G. and W. Nicol, Booksellers, Pall +Mall, professes to be a faithful reprint of the former edition of 1702. The +commencing and concluding paragraphs in this reprint are precisely the same +as those transcribed by MR. GATTY'S friend from the MS. in his possession. +His idea, that an incorrect copy of his MS. was improperly obtained, and +published in 1813, seems to be without foundation. + +[Delta]. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Shakspeare's Venus and Adonis._--The following extract from an +advertisement in the _St. James's Chronicle_, April 15, 1779, is worth a +note as illustrative of the altered value of the book referred to:-- + + "If any person is possessed of an impression of Shakspeare's _Venus and + Adonis_, 4to. Printed by Richard Field for John Harrison, 1593, and + will bring it to Mr. Thomas Longman, bookseller, in Paternoster Row, he + will receive one guinea for it." + +Malone gave 25l. for the copy in his collection in the Bodleian. + +J. F. M. + +_Moorfields in Charles II.'s Time._--I copy this from _The New Help to +Discourse_, published about 1670: + + "Two gentlemen of Stepney going homewards over Moor-fields, about + twelve of the clock at night, were staid by an impertinent constable + with many frivolous questions, more by half to show his office than his + wit; one whereof was, If they were not afraid to go home at that time + of the night? They answered, 'No.' 'Well,' said he, 'I shall let you + pass at this time; but if you should be knockt on the lead before you + get home, you cannot but report that there was a good watch kept in + Moor-fields." + +BLOWEN. + +_Yankee, Derivation of._--The word _Yankee_ is nothing more than the word +_English_ so transformed by the imperfect pronunciation of the natives of +Massachusets--_Yenghis_, _Yanghis_, _Yankies_. The orthography of this +much-used epithet, which is not given, we believe, in any English or +American work, was communicated to M. Philarète {261} Charles by one of the +best-informed men of that province. + + "Le mot Yankee, appliqué aujourd'hui comme sobriquet aux populations + agricoles et commerçantes du nord, n'est autre que le mot _English_ + transformé par la prononciation défectueuse des indigènes du + Massachusets: _Yenghis_, _Yanghis_, _Yankies_. Nous tenons de l'un des + hommes les plus instruit de la province cette curieuse étymologie, que + ne donne aucun ouvrage americain ou anglais. Les Anglais, quand ils se + moquent des _Yankies_, se moquent d'eux-mèmes."--Philarète Charles, + "Les Americains," in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, May 15, 1850. + +J. M. + +_A Word to Literary Men_ (Vol. iii., p. 161.).--Perhaps MR. KENNETH R. H. +MACKENZIE will allow me to add the following as a _rider_ to his +suggestion:-- + + "Even after all the labours of the Prussian scholars," says Dr. Arnold, + "much remains to be done towards obtaining a complete knowledge of the + number, and still more of the value, of the Greek MSS. now existing in + Europe. It is not easy to know how many MSS. of any given writer are + extant, where they are to be found, and, above all, whether from their + age and character they are worth the trouble of an exact collation. A + labour of this kind cannot be accomplished by individuals; but the + present spirit of liberal co-operation, which seems to influence + literary as well as scientific men throughout Europe, renders its + accomplishment by the combined exertions of the scholars of different + countries by no meals impracticable. It would be exceedingly convenient + to possess an alphabetical list of all the extant Greek and Latin + writers, with a _catalogue raisonnée_ of the MSS. of each; and if such + a work were attempted, there is little doubt, I imagine, that in point + of number a very large addition would be made to the stock of MSS. + already known. What the result might be in point of value is another + question; still it is desirable to know what we have to trust to; and + when we have obtained a right estimate of our existing resources in + manuscripts, we shall then be better able to judge what modern + criticism will have to do from its own means towards bringing the text + of the ancient writers to the greatest possible state of + perfection."--Preface to _Thucydides_, vol. iii. page iv. 2d edit. + +M. N. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +POEMS OF JOHN SEGUARD OF NORWICH. + +In the _Letters on the British Museum_, 1767 (referred to Vol. iii., p. +208.), at p. 33. is given a short Latin poem, which the writer states he +"found among the manuscripts;" and adds, "It was written by John Seward in +the time of Henry V., who conquered Charles VI. of France." The poem is as +follows: + + "Ite per extremam Tanaim, pigrosque Triones, + Ite per arentem Lybiam, superate calores + Solis, et arcanos Nili deprendite fontes, + Herculeumque sinum, Bacchi transcurrite metas, + Angli juris erit quicquid complectitur orbis. + Anglis rubra dabunt pretiosas æquora conchas, + Indus ebur, ramos Panchaia, vellera Seres, + Dum viget Henricus, dum noster vivit Achilles; + Est etenim laudes longe transgressus avitas." + +If these lines are compared with the contemporary Leonine verses in praise +of Henry V., preserved in MS. Cott. Cleop. B. i. f. 173. beginning: + + "Ad Salvatoris laudes, titulos et honores." + +their great superiority, in point of Latinity, will be perceived, and this +Query forthwith arises: Who was John Seward? + +In reply to this, the following information has been collected. The name of +the author was not _Seward_, but _Seguard_. He is not mentioned by Leland, +but Bale calls him "insignis sui temporis rhetor ac poeta;" and states +further, that in the city of Norwich, "non sine magno auditorum fructu, +bonas artes ingenue profitebatur." He then gives a list of his writings, +among which is a work on Prosody, entitled _Metristenchiridion_, addressed +to Richard Courtney, Bishop of Norwich, who held the see only from Sept. +1413 to Sept. 1415, and therefore composed during that interval. He notices +also a tract _De miseria hominis_, together with _Carmina diversi generis_ +and _Epistolæ ad diversos_; all of which, he says, he himself saw in +manuscripts in Merton College, Oxford, and in the Royal Library of Edward +VI. Pits, the next authority in point of date, chiefly follows Bale in his +account of John Seguard; but adds, "Equestris ordinis in Anglia patre +natus," and among his writings inserts one not specified by Bale, _De +laudibus Regis Henrici Quinti, versu_. Tanner copies the first of these +statements, yet, singular enough, omits all notice of the poem on Henry V., +the very one, apparently, cited in the _Letters on the British Museum_. But +there are further difficulties. It was natural to suppose, that the MS. +seen by Bale in the Royal Library would be there still; and Tanner +unhesitatingly refers to the volume marked 15 A. xxii. art. 5., as the one +which contained the poem _De miseria hominis_, noted by Bale. On looking, +however, at this manuscript, it became apparent that both Bale and Tanner +are in error in ascribing this poem to Seguard. The handwriting is of the +early part of the thirteenth century, and consequently full a century and a +half before the Norwich poet was born! At the conclusion is this note, by +the same hand: + + "Hos versus, sicut nobis quidam veridicus retulit, Segardus junior de + Sancto Audomaro composuit." + +The writer here named is not mentioned in Fabricius, nor in the _Histoire +Littéraire de la France_. Besides the MS. in Merton College, Oxford, +referred to by Bale, which still exists there under the signature Q. 3. 1., +I find another in Bernard's _Catt._ {262} _MSS. Angliæ_, 1697, vol. ii. p. +216., among the manuscripts of Sir Henry Langley of Shropshire, "No. 22. +Jo. Segnard [_read_ Seguard] Poemata." I would therefore close these +remarks by requesting attention to the following Queries:-- + +1. As Blomefield is silent on the subject, is anything more known +respecting the biography of John Seguard? + +2. Can a list be obtained of the contents of the Merton manuscript? + +3. What became of the Langley MS., and where is it at present? + +4. In what manuscript of the British Museum is the poem on Henry V. +contained? + +F. MADDEN. + +P.S. Since I wrote the above, I have found in the Sale Catalogue of the +Towneley library, 1814, pt. i. lot 396.: + + "_Seguardi Opuscula._ Manuscript on vellum. This volume contains + several treatises not mentioned by Bale or Pits." + +It was purchased by Mr. Laing for 1l. 1s. May I, therefore, add one more +Query? + +5. Can the present owner of this MS. (which is probably the same as the +Langley copy) furnish a note of its contents? + +F. M. + + * * * * * + +EPITAPH ON THE COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE. + +Who was the writer of the oft-quoted lines, + + "Underneath this marble (sable) hearse," &c. + +intended, as all know, for an epitaph on Mary Sidney, afterwards Countess +of Pembroke, but not inscribed upon any monumental stone? They are almost +universally attributed to Ben Jonson, and are included amongst his poems. +But this is not conclusive evidence, as we also there find the epitaph on +Drayton, which was written by Quarles. In Aubrey's MS. _Memoires of +Naturall Remarques in Wilts_, these verses are said to have been "made by +Mr. Willi[=a]. Browne, who wrote the Pastoralls, and they are inserted +there." Mr. Britton, in his _Life of Aubrey_ (p. 96.), adds: + + "It is essential to observe, that Aubrey is not alone in stating them + to be by Browne; for, in his note upon the subject, he left a blank for + the latter's Christian name, 'William,' which was filled up by Evelyn + when he perused the manuscript. Indeed, Evelyn added as a further note, + '_William_, Governor to the now Earl of Oxford.'" + +But these lines are not to be found in Browne's _Pastorals_. In book ii., +song 4., there is an epitaph, but which bears little resemblance to the one +in question. It concludes with the following conceit: + + "If to the grave there ever was assign'd + One like this nymph in body and in minde, + We wish here in balme, not vainely spent, + To fit this maiden with a monument, + For brass, and marble, were they seated here, + Would fret, or melt in tears, to lye so near." + +Addison, in _The Spectator_, No. 323., speaks of this epitaph as "written +by an uncertain author." This was not more than seventy-five or eighty +years after Jonson's death. In the lives of the Sidneys, and in Ballard's +_Memoirs of Celebrated Ladies_ (1752), no author is mentioned; but the +latter speaks of the epitaph as likely to be more lasting than marble or +brass. To the six lines which generally stand alone, the following are +added in the two last-mentioned works: + + "Marble pyles let no man raise, + To her name, for after daies, + Some kind woman, born as she, + Reading this like Niobe, + Shall turn marble, and become, + Both her mourner and her tomb." + +These are also given by Brydges in his _Peers Of James II._, but they are +not in Jonson's works. Did they originally form part of the epitaph, or are +they the production of another and later author? + +That this epitaph should be attributed to Jonson, may possibly have arisen +from the following lines being confounded with it. Jacob, in his _English +Poets_, says-- + + "To show that Ben was famous at _epigram_, I need only transcribe the + epitaph he wrote on the Lady Elizabeth L. H.: + + "Underneath this stone doth lie + As much virtue as could die, + Which when alive did harbour give + To as much beauty as could live. + +J. H. M. + +Bath. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_The Vellum-bound Junius._--Mr. Cramp, in his late publication, _Junius and +his Works_, conjectures that the printer having bound a copy of _Junius_ +for and under the direction of the writer of the letters, followed the +pattern in the binding of other copies; and this, he says, "will account +for similar copies having been found in the libraries of so many persons, +which from time to time has occasioned so much speculation." With Mr. +Cramp's conjecture I do not concern myself; but I should be much obliged if +he would inform me, through your Journal, in what libraries, and where, +these many vellum-bound copies have been found, and where I can find the +speculations to which they have given rise. + +V. B. + +_The Vellum-bound Junius._--Some years ago, on reading the private letters +of Junius, addressed to H. S. Woodfall, and printed by G. Woodfall, 1812, I +was particularly struck by those of No. 58. and 59., wherein he states a +desire to have one set of his letters (which were published 3d March, 1772, +by Woodfall) _bound in vellum_. + +Constantly bearing in mind the fact of the vellum copy, I invariably +examined all the book {263} catalogues that came in my way for it. At last +the long-wished-for object appeared in the Stowe sale, and I immediately +gave my agent instruction to purchase the book for me, and he might offer +as much as 10l.: he bid 8l., and then it was intimated that it was no use +to go on; that fifty guineas would not purchase it, or any other sum. + +Query, Has this volume been in any other sale? if not, it certainly +connects the Buckingham family with Junius, though it does not prove the +author. + +W. D. HAGGARD. + + [The Stowe copy of Junius, it appears, was bought by Mr. Rodd for 9l., + no doubt upon commission.] + +_What is a "Tye?"_--In Essex, many parishes have a place called "the tye," +which I believe is always an out-lying place where three roads meet. In an +old map I have seen one place now called "Tye" written "Dei." Is it where a +cross once stood, and Tye a corruption of Dei? Forby, in his _East Anglian +Vocabulary_, mentions it, but cannot make it out. + +A. HOLT WHITE. + +_"Marriage is such a Rabble Rout."_--In D'Israeli's _Curiosities of +Literature_, Moxon's edition, in 1 vol. p. 118., or ed. edited by his son, +vol. i. p. 363., under the head "A Literary Wife," are the lines-- + + "Marriage is such a rabble rout, + That those that are out, would fain get in; + And those that are in, would fain get out:" + +quoted from Chaucer. I have heard these lines quoted as being from +_Hudibras_: as I cannot trace them in my editions of Chaucer of Butler, +perhaps some of your readers can tell me where I can find them? + +S. WMSON. + +_Arms of Robert Nelson._--Can any of the numerous readers and +correspondents of "NOTES AND QUERIES" describe the _armorial bearings_ of +_Robert Nelson, Esq._, the author of the _Companion for the Festivals and +Fasts of the Church of England_? He was buried in the burying-ground in +Lamb's Conduit Fields, January, 1714. + +G. F. + +_Knebsend or Nebsend, co. York._--Query, whereabouts in the county of York +is this place? I believe that one of the above is the way of spelling, but +at any rate they have the same sound. + +J. N. C. + +_Moore's Almanack._--Can any of your correspondents inform me as to the +history of _Moore's Almanack_? + +What is the date of its first appearance? Was Francis Moore a real +personage, or merely a myth? + +H. P. W. + +Temple. + +_Archbishop Loftus._--I shall be deeply obliged to any of your +correspondents who will inform me whether, and _where_, any diary or +private memoranda are known to exist of Adam Loftus, who was Archbishop of +Dublin nearly forty years, from 1567 to 1605, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, +and the first Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. He was an ancestor of the +Viscount Loftus, and of the Marquess of Ely. + +HENRY COTTON. + +Thurles, Ireland, March 20. + +_Matrix of Monastic Seal._--A brass matrix has fallen into my hands of a +period certainly not much anterior to the Revolution. Device, the Virgin +and Child, their heads surrounded with nimbi; the former holds in her right +hand three lilies, the latter a globe and cross. The legend is: + +"* SIG[=IL] . MON . [=B] . [=M] . DE . PRATO . ALIAS . DE . BONO . NVNCIO." + +In the field, a shield charged with three lions passant. Can any +correspondent aid me in assigning it rightly? There was an Abbey of St. +Mary de Pratis at Leicester (Vide _Gent. Mag._, vol. xciii. p. 9.); and +there is a church dedicated to "St. Mary in the Marsh at Norwich." In a +recent advertisement I find a notice of Scipio Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia and +Prato, so that the appellation is not very uncommon. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +_Syriac Scriptures and Lexicon._--What edition of the Peschito-Syriac +version of the Old and New Testaments, respectively, is considered the +best? Also, what Syriac Lexicon stands highest for value and accuracy? + +T. TN. + +_Villiers Duke of Buckingham._--There is a tradition in Portsmouth, that in +the evening preceding his assassination, Villiers Duke of Buckingham killed +a sailor. Is there any authority for this? + +E. D. + +_Porci solidi-pedes._--Can any of your readers inform me if any pigs with +single hoofs are in existence in any county in England? They are mentioned +in a letter from Sir Thomas Browne to Dugdale the antiquary. + +J. S. P. (a Subscriber). + +_The Heywood Family._--I am anxious to know if Thomas Heywood, the +dramatist, was in any way related to Nathaniel Heywood or Oliver Heywood, +the celebrated Nonconformist ministers in the seventeenth century? Could +any of your correspondents give me information on this point? + +H. A. B. + +Trin. Coll. Camb. + +_Was Charles II. ever in Wales?_--There is a tradition amongst the +inhabitants of Glamorganshire, that, after his defeat at the battle of +Worcester, Charles come to Wales and staid a night at a place called +Llancaiach Vawr, in the parish of Gelligaer. The place then belonged to a +Colonel Pritchard, an officer in the Parliamentary army; and the story +relates that he made himself known to his host, and threw himself upon his +generosity for safety. The colonel assented to his staying for {264} _one_ +night only, but went away himself, afraid, as the story goes, that the +Parliament should come to know he had succoured Charles. I know that +Llancaiach was a place of considerable note long after that, and that an +old farmer used to say he had heard tile story from his father. The +historians, I believe, are all silent as to his having fled to Wales +between the time of his defeat at Worcester and the time he left the +country. + +DAVYDD GAM. + + [Some accounts state that Charles I. was entertained by Colonel + Prichard, when that monarch, travelling through Wales, lost his way + between Tredegar and Brecknock. (See Lewis's _Topographical Dictionary + of Wales_, art. "Gellygaer.")] + +_Dog's Head in the Pot._--"Thomas Johnson, Citizen and Haberdasher of +London, by will, dated 3d Sept. 1563, gave 13s. 4d. annually to the +highways between Barkway and Dogshed-in-the-Pot, otherwise called +Horemayd." + +The Dogshed-in-the-Pot here mentioned was, as I infer, a public-house in +the parish of Great or Little Hormead in Hertfordshire, by the side of the +road from Barkway to London. In Akerman's _Tradesmen's Tokens current in +London_ I find one (numbered 1442) of the "Dogg's-Head-in-the-Potte" in Old +Street, having the device of a dog eating out of a pot; and the token of +Oliver Wallis, in Red Cross Street (No. 1610., A.D. 1667), has the device +of a dog eating out of a three-legged pot. In April, 1850, Hayward Brothers +(late R. Henly and Co.), wholesale and manufacturing builders ironmongers, +196. Blackfriars Road, and 117. and 118. Union Street, Borough, London (who +state their business to have been established 1783), put forth an +advertisement headed with a woodcut of a dog eating out of a three-legged +pot. + +Can any of your readers elucidate this sign of the "Dog's-head-in-the Pot?" + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, May 24. 1850. + +_"Poor Allinda's growing old."_--Charles II., to vex the Duchess of +Cleveland, caused Will Legge to sing to her-- + + "Poor Allinda's growing old, + Those charms are now no more." + +(See Lord Dartmouth's note in _Burnet_, vol. i. p. 458. ed. 1823.) Let me +ask, through "NOTES AND QUERIES," Dr. Rimbault, Mr. Chappell, or any +readers, where are these verses to be found? + +P. CUNNINGHAM. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_Who was the Author of "The Modest Enquiry, &c."?_--There is an anonymous +tract, entitled _A Modest Enquiry, &c._, (4to. London, 1687), on the +question of St. Peter's ever having been at Rome: proving, in so far as a +negative in the case can be proved, in the most logical, full, clear, and +satisfactory manner, that--_He never was at Rome_; and _never was, either +nominally or otherwise, Bishop_ _of the Church there_: and showing the +grounds for the contrary assertion to be altogether baseless and untrue; +being a tissue of self-contradicting forgeries and frauds, invented long +subsequently to the time, evidently for the sole purpose of justifying the +Papal pretensions of succession and derivation from the Apostle; as those, +and all its other claims, are founded alone upon that fact, and must stand +or fall with it. + +The inquiry is conducted throughout with evidence of great acquaintance +with Scripture and much theological learning (though the writer states +himself to be a layman), without the least undue pretension, and with the +most perfect temperateness and impartiality. The work would seem now well +worth reprinting in a cheap and popular form. + +Who was the author? + +M. + + [In Francis Peck's _Catalogue of Discourses in the Time of King James + II._, No. 226., the name of HENRY CARE is given as the author. A list + of his other works may be found in Watt's _Bibliotheca_.] + +_William Penn's Family._--Can any of your correspondents inform me to whom +his eldest surviving son (William) was married, and also to whom the +children of the said son were married, as well as those of his daughter +Letitia (Mrs. Aubrey), if she had any? This son and daughter were William +Penn's children by his first marriage with Miss Springett. + +A. U. C. + + [William Penn, eldest son (of William Penn by Miss Springett), had two + children, Gulielma Maria, married to Charles Fell, and William Penn of + the Rocks in Sussex, who by his first wife, Christian Forbes, had a + daughter and heir, married to Peter Gaskell. Mrs. Aubrey was living in + 1718. Our correspondent may also be referred to Mr. Hepworth Dixon's + recently published _William Penn, an Historical Biography_.] + +_Deal, Dover, and Harwich._--Where do the following lines come from? + + "Deal, Dover, and Harwich, + The devil gave with his daughter in marriage; + And, by a codicil to his will, + He added Helvoet and the Brill." + +J. H. L. + + [Francis Grose, in his _Collection of Proverbs_, speaks of them as "A + satirical squib thrown at the innkeepers of those places, in return for + the many impositions practised on travellers, as well natives as + strangers. Equally applicable to most other sea-ports."] + +_Author of Broad Stone of Honour._--Who is the author of the _Broad Stone +of Honour_, of which mention is made in the _Guesses at Truth_, 1st series, +p. 230., &c., and in the _Ages of Faith_, p. 236., works of some interest +in reference to the Papal discussions which are raging at present? + +NEMO. + + [Kenelm M. Digby is the author of the _Broad Stone of Honour_.] + +{265} + +_Pope Joan._--Can any information be procured as to the origin of the game +called Pope Joan, and (what is of more importance) of the above title, +whether any such personage ever held the keys of St Peter and wore the +tiara? If so, at what period and for what time, and what is known of her +personal history? + +NEMO. + + [That _Papissa Joanna_ is merely a fictitious character, is now + universally acknowledged by the best authorities. "Clearer + confirmations must be drawn for the history of Pope Joan, who succeeded + Leo IV. and preceded Benedict III., than many we yet discover, and he + wants not grounds that doubts it." So thought Sir Thomas Browne, in his + _Vulgar Errors_, B. vii. Ch. 17. Gibbon, too, rejects it as fabulous. + "Till the Reformation," he says, "the tale was repeated and believed + without offence, and Joan's female statue long occupied her place among + the Popes in the Cathedral of Sienna. She has been annihilated by two + learned Protestants, Blondel and Bayle; but their brethren were + scandalized by this equitable and generous criticism. Spanheim and + L'Enfant attempted to save this poor engine of controversy, and even + Mosheim condescends to cherish some doubt and suspicion."--_The Decline + and Fall of the Roman Empire_, chap. xlix. Spanheim's work, _Joanna + Papissa Restituta_, was printed at Leyden in 1692.] + +_The Well o' the World's End._--I am very anxious to find out, whether +there still exists in print (or if it is known to any one now alive) an old +Scotch fairy tale called "The Weary Well at the World's End?" Charles +Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., who is unhappily dead lately, knew the story and +meant to write it down; but he became too infirm to do so, and though many +very old people in the hilly districts of Lammermoor and Roxburghshire +remember parts of it, and knew it in their youth, I cannot find one who +knows it entirely. + +L. M. M. R. + + [Some references to the story alluded to by our correspondent will be + found in Dr. Leyden's valuable introduction to _The Complaynt of + Scotland_; and the story itself in Chambers's admirable collection of + Scottish Folk Lore, _Popular Rhymes of Scotland_, p. 236. of the third + edition, which form vol. vii. of the _Select Writings of Robert + Chambers_.] + +_Sides and Angles._--What is the most simple and least complicated method +of determining the various relations of the sides and angles of the acute +and obtuse-angled triangles, without the aid of trigonometry, construction, +or, in fact, by any method except arithmetic? + +F. G. F. + +St. Andrew's. + + [The relations of sides and angles cannot be obtained without + trigonometry in some shape. A very easy work has lately been published + by Mr. Hemming, in which there is as little as possible of technical + trigonometry.] + +_Meaning of Ratche._--In John Frith's _Antithesis_, published in 1529, he +says: + + "The pope and bishops hunt the wild deer, the fox, and the hare, in + their closed parks, with great cries, and horns blowing, with hounds + and _ratches_ running." + +I should be glad to have the word _ratches_ satisfactorily explained. + +H. W. + + [From a note by Steevens on the line in _King Lear_ (Boswell's + _Shakspeare_, vol. x. p. 155.), it appears that the late Mr. Hawkins, + in his notes to _The Return from Parnassus_, p. 237., says, "That a + _rache_ is a dog that hunts by scent wild beasts, birds, and even + fishes, and that the female of it is called a _brache_:" and in + _Magnificence_, an ancient Interlude of Morality, by Skelton, printed + by Rastell, no date, is the following line: + + "Here is a leyshe of ratches to renne an hare." + +In a following note, Mr. Tollet, after saying "What is here said of a +_rache_, might, perhaps, be taken from Holinshed's _Description of +Scotland_, p. 14.," proceeds, "The females of all dogs were once called +_braches_; and Ulitius upon Gratius observes, 'Racha Saxonibus canem +significabat unde Scoti hodie _Rache_ pro cane foemina habent, quod Anglis +est _Brache_.'"] + +_"Feast of Reason," &c._--Seeing your correspondents ask where couplets are +to be found, I venture to ask whence comes the line-- + + "The feast of reason and the flow of soul." + +I have often heard it asked, but never answered. + +H. W. D. + + [It will be found in Pope's _Imitations of Horace_, Book ii. Satire i.: + + "There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl + The feast of reason and the flow of soul."] + +_Tu Autem._--In page 25. of "Hertfordshire," in Fuller's _Worthies_, there +is a story of one Alexander Nequam, who, wishing to become a monk of St. +Alban's, wrote thus to the abbot thereof: + + "Si vis, veniam. Sin autem, tu autem." + +To which the abbot replied: + + "Si bonus sis, venias. Si Nequam, nequaquam." + +Can any of your readers inform me of the meaning of "tu autem" in the first +line? as I have been long puzzled. + +This puts me in mind of a form which there was at Ch. Ch., Oxford, on +"gaudy" days. Some junior students went to the "high table" to say a Latin +grace, and when they had finished it, they were dismissed by the Dean +saying "Tu autem;" on which, I remember, there was invariably a smile +pervading the faces of those present, even that of the Dean himself, as no +one seemed to know the meaning of the phrase. I believe that it was in my +time an enigma to all. Can any of your ingenious readers solve me this? + +H. C. K. + +----Rectory, Hereford. + + [Pegge in his _Anonymiana_, Cent. iv. Sect. 32. says, "At St. John's + College, Cambridge, a scholar, in my time, read some part of a chapter + in a Latin Bible; and after he had read a short time, the President, or + {266} the Fellow that sat in his place cried, _Tu autem_. Some have + been at a loss for the meaning of this; but it is the beginning of the + suffrage, which was supposed to follow the reading of the Scripture, + which the reading scholar was to continue by saying _Miserere mei, + Domine_. But at last it came to mean no more than to be a cue to the + reader to desist or give over."] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +BARONS OF HUGH LUPUS. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 87. 189.) + +The inquiry of P., in p. 87., seems to indicate an impression that all the +witnesses to the charter of Hugh Lupus to Chester Abbey were barons of the +Palatinate, but only a few of them were such, the rest being of England +generally. + +The original barons of the Palatinate were clearly distinguishable by +possession of privileges confirmed to them by a well-known charter of Earl +Ranulph III.; and all the Norman founders of their baronies will be found, +under Cestrescire, in Domesday, as tenants in capite, from the Earl +Palatine, of lordships within the lyme of his county. + +_Bigod de Loges_ (one of the subjects of P.'s inquiry) will not bear this +test, unless he was identical with Bigot, Norman lord of the manors +afterwards comprised in Aldford Fee, which is not known to have been the +case. For this last-named Bigot, whose lands descended through the Alfords +to Arderne, reference may be made to the _History of Cheshire_, I. xxix., +II. 411. + +_William Malbanc_, the other subject of inquiry, who has eluded M. J. T.'s +searches, is easily identified. He was the Norman baron of Nantwich, the +Willelmus Malbedeng of the _Domesday Survey_ (vol. i. p. 265. col. 2.), and +the name is also written thus in the copy of H. Lupus's charter referred +to, which was ratified under inspection by Guncelyn de Badlesmere, +Justiciary of Chester in 8 Edw. I. + +The charter, with Badlesmere's attestation prefixed, will be found in +Leycester's _Cheshire Antiquities_, p. 109., and in Ormerod's _Hist. of +Cheshire_, vol. i. p. 12. In the latter work, in vol. iii., the inquirer +will also find an account of William Malbedeng or Malbanc, his estates, his +descendant coheirs, and their several subdivisions, extending from p. 217. +to p. 222., under the proper head of Nantwich or _Wich Malbanc_, a still +existing Palatine barony. + +LANCASTRIENSIS. + +Your correspondent M. J. T. says it appears from-- + + "_The MS. Catalogue_ of the Norman nobility before the Conquest, that + Robert and Roger de Loges possessed lordships in the districts of + Coutances in Normandy." + +Will he be so good as to say what _MS. Catalogue_ he refers to? He seems to +speak of _the MS._ _Catalogue_ of Norman nobility as if it were some +well-known public and authentic record. + +Q. G. + + * * * * * + +EDMUND PRIDEAUX AND THE FIRST POST-OFFICE. + +(Vol. iii., p. 186.) + +In a recent number of "NOTES AND QUERIES" (which, by the way, I have only +recently become acquainted with) I saw the Queries of your correspondent +G. P. P. upon the above subject, and having some time ago had occasion to +investigate it, I accumulated a mass of notes from various sources,--and +these I send you, rough and unpolished as they are, in the hope that in the +absence of better information, they may prove to be acceptable. + +Herodotus (viii. 98.) mentions the existence of a method of communication +among the Persians, by means of horsemen placed at certain distances. + +In the Close and Misæ Rolls (_temp. King John et post_) payments are +recorded for nuncii who were charged with the carriage of letters. + +In 1481, Edward IV., during his war with Scotland, established horse riders +at _posts_ twenty miles apart, by which letters were conveyed two hundred +miles in two days (Gale's _Hist. Croyland_); and the Scottish Parliament +issued an ordinance for facilitating the expedition of couriers throughout +the kingdom. Carriers of letters also existed in England about this time, +for in a letter from Sir J. Paston, written in 1471, we are informed that +"Courby, the carrier, hath had 40d. for the third hired horse," for a +journey from Norwich to London and back. (Fenn's _Paston Letters_, 4to. +vol. v. p. 73.) + +In 1542, letters reached Edinburgh on the fourth day from their despatch +from London. (Sadler's _Letters and Negociations_.) + +In 1548, the rate to be charged for post-horse hire was fixed by statute (2 +& 3 Edw. VI. cap. 3.) at one penny per mile. + +In 1581 (according to Camden), Thomas Randolph was appointed the first +Chief Postmaster of all England. + +James I. established (date unknown) the office of Foreign Postmaster, which +was first held by Mathewe le Questor. + +In 1631, Charles I. appointed William Frizell and Thomas Witherings (in +reversion) to the sole management of the foreign post-office. And at this +date it seems a regular home post was also carried on, as appears by the +following entry from the Corporation Books of Great Yarmouth:--"1631. +Agreed, June 6, with the Postmaster of Ipswich to have Quarterly 20s. paid +him for carrying and bringing letters to and from London to Yarmouth for +the vse of the Towne." + +In 1635, Charles I. issued a proclamation for the establishment of "a +running post or two, to {267} run night and day between Edinburgh and +Scotland and the City of London, to go thither and come back again in six +days:" branch posts were also to be established with all the principal +towns on the road: the rates of postage were fixed at 2d. under 80 miles; +4d. for 140 miles; 6d. beyond; and 8d. to Scotland. This is conclusive +evidence that a regular post-office establishment existed nearly ten years +_before Prideaux had anything to do with the post-office_. + +In 1640, a proclamation was issued by the Long Parliament, by which the +offices of Foreign and Inland Postmaster (then held by Witherings) were +sequestrated into the hands of one Philip Burlamachy, a city merchant. Soon +after this we find a Committee of the Commons, with "Master Edmund +Prideaux" for chairman, inquiring into the matter. + +In 1644, a resolution of the Commons declared that "Edmund Prideaux, Esq., +a member of the House," was "constituted master of the posts, messengers, +and couriers." + +In 1649 Prideaux established a weekly conveyance to every part of the +kingdom; and also appears to have introduced other judicious reforms and +improvements,--indeed he seems to have been the Rowland Hill of those days; +but he has not the slightest claim to be considered as the "Inventor of the +Post-office." The mistake may have arisen from a misapprehension of the +following statement frown Blackstone: "Prideaux first established a weekly +conveyance of letters into all parts of the nation, _thereby saving to the +public the charge of maintaining postmasters_, to the amount of 7000l. per +annum." + +I have not been able to obtain any particulars of Prideaux's personal +history. + +MERCURII. + +Jememutha Magna. + +_Edmund Prideaux and the First Post-office._--See the Appendix to the +Report of the Secret Committee of the House of Commons on the Detaining and +Opening of Letters at the Post-Office, 1844, which contains copies of +numerous documents furnished by Mr. Lechmere and Sir Francis Palgrave. + +ARUN. + + [We avail ourselves of this opportunity of inserting the following + extract from Mr. Rowland Hill's _Post-Office Reform; its Importance and + Practicability_, p. 86. of the third edition, published in 1837, as it + shows clearly the use which Mr. Rowland Hill made of the story in his + great work of Postage Reform; and that Miss Martineau had clearly no + authority for fathering the story in question upon that gentleman:-- + + "Coleridge tells a story which shows how much the Post-office is open + to fraud, in consequence of the option as to pre-payment which now + exists. The story is as follows:-- + + 'One day, when I had not a shilling which I could spare, I was passing + by a cottage not far from Keswick, where a letter-carrier was demanding + a shilling for a letter, which the woman of the house appeared + unwilling to pay, and at last declined to take. I paid the postage, and + when the man was out of sight, she told me that the letter was from her + son, who took that means of letting her know that he was well; the + letter was _not to be paid for_. It was then opened and found to be + blank!'[1] + + "This trick is so obvious a one that in all probability it is + extensively practised."] + +[Footnote 1: _Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S. T. +Coleridge_, vol. ii. p. 114.] + +The quotations of your correspondent G. P. P., from Polwhele's _Cornwall_, +relate to the same individual, and a more general construction must, I +think, be put upon the expression "our countryman," than that it inferred a +native of the county. The family of Prideaux was one of great antiquity, +and originated in Cornwall (their first seat being at Prideaux Castle +there), and had estates there in the time of the above Edmund. His father, +Sir Edmund Prideaux, of Netherton (the first baronet), studied the law in +the Inner Temple, where he became very eminent for his skill and learning. +He is stated to have raised a large estate in the counties of Devon and +Cornwall. He married * * *; secondly, Catherine, daughter of Piers +Edgecombe, of Mount Edgecombe, Esq., by whom he had two sons, Sir Peter his +successor, and Edmund, the subject of your correspondent's Queries, who is +thus described in Prince's _Worthies of Devon_, p. 509.:-- + + "This gentleman was bred to the law, and of so great a reputation, as + well for zeal to religion as skill in the law, it is not strange he was + chosen a Member of that which was called the Long Parliament, wherein + he became a very leading man; for, striking in with the prevailing + party of those times (though he never joined with them in setting upon + the life of his Sovereign), he grew up to great wealth and dignity. He + was made Commissioner of the Great Seal [1643. Rushworth, vol. iii. p. + 242.], worth 1500l. a-year and by ordinance of Parliament practised + within the bar as one of the king's counsel, worth 5000l. per annum. + After that he was Attorney General, _worth what he pleased to make it_ + [!!], and then _Postmaster General_ ... from all which rich employments + he acquired a great estate, and among other things purchased the _Abbey + of Ford_, lying in the Parish of Thorncombe, in Devonshire, where he + built a noble new house out of the ruins of the old," &c. + +Prideaux cannot be called the inventor of the Post-office, although to him +may be attributed the extension of the system. The first inland letter +office, which, however, extended to some of the principal roads only, was +established by Charles I. in 1635, under the direction of Thomas +Witherings, who was superseded in 1640. On the breaking out of the civil +war, great confusion was occasioned in the conduct of the office, and about +that time Prideaux's plan seems to have been conceived. {268} He was +chairman of a committee in 1642 for considering the rates upon inland +letters; and afterwards (1644) appointed Postmaster, in the execution of +which office he first established a weekly conveyance of letters into all +parts of the nation. Prior to this, letters were sent by special +messengers, or postmasters, whose duty it was to supply relays of horses at +a certain mileage. (_Blackstone_, book i. c. 8. s. 3.) + +I am unable to discover when Edmund Prideaux died; but it appears that +either he, or one of his descendants, took part in the rising of the Duke +of Monmouth in the West of England, upon which occasion the "great estate" +was found of great service in providing a bribe for Lord Jeffreys. In the +Life of Lord Jeffreys, annexed to the _Western Martyrology; or, Bloody +Assizes_ (5th ed. 266. London, 1705), it is said that "A western +gentleman's purchase came to fifteen or sixteen hundred guineas, which my +Lord Chancellor had." And Rapin, vol. ii. p. 270., upon the authority of +Echard, iii. p. 775., states that in 1685 one Mr. Prideaux, of Ford Abbey, +Somerset, gave Jeffreys 14000l. [probably misprint for 1400l.] "to save his +life." + +I think it likely that your correspondent may find further information upon +the subject of this note, in the _Life of Dr. Humphrey Prideaux, Dean of +Norwich_ (born 1648, died 1724), published in 1748. + +J. B. COLMAN. + +Eye, March 18. 1851. + +Polwhele was clearly wrong in designating Edmund Prideaux, the +Attorney-General, a Cornishman, as he belonged to the family long seated in +Devonshire, and was fourteenth in descent from Hickedon Prideaux, of +Orcharton, in that county, second son of Nicholas, lord of Prideaux, in +Cornwall, who died in 1169. + +The four Queries of G. P. P. may be more or less fully answered by +reference to Prince's _Worthies of Devon_, ed. 1810, p. 651.; and an +excellent history of the Post-office in the _Penny Magazine_ for 1834, p. +33. + +Is it too much to ask of your correspondent, who writes from Putney under +my initials, that he will be so good as to change his signature? I think +that I have strong reasons for the request, but I will only urge that I was +first in the field, under the designation which he has adopted.[2] + +J. D. S. + +[Footnote 2: [Would J. D. S. No 1, and J. D. S. No. 2, add the final letter +of their respective names, _h n s y_, or whatever it may be, the difficulty +may probably be avoided. We have now so many correspondents that +coincidence of signature can scarcely be avoided.]] + + * * * * * + +LADY JANE OF WESTMORELAND. + +(Vol. i., p. 103.; Vol. ii., p. 485.) + +_Jane_, Countess of Henry Neville, _fifth_ Earl of Westmoreland, was +daughter of SIR ROGER CHOLMLEY, of Kinthorpe and Roxby, co. York. (_Vis. +York. Harl. MS._ 1487. _fol._ 354.) She is often confused with his other +wife, Anne Manners, and also with her own sister, Margaret Gascoigne, both +in the Neville and Cholmley pedigrees as _printed_. (Burke's _Extinct +Baronetage_, art. _Cholmley_, and _Extinct Peerage_, art. _Neville_.) But +while the Manners pedigree in Collins's _Peerage_ (by Longmate, vol. i. p. +433.), as cited by Q. D., removes the former difficulty, that of Gascoigne +is disposed of by the Cholmley pedigree in Harl. MS. above quoted, as well +as by that (though otherwise very incorrect) in Charlton's _Whitby_, book +iii. pp. 290, 291. 313., and by the Gascoigne pedigree in Whitaker's +_Richmondshire_, vol. i. p. 77. Thus we possess _legal and cotemporary_ +evidence who JANE, Countess of _Henry_, _fifth_ Earl of Westmoreland, +really was, without any authentic obstacle or unremoveable contradiction to +its reception, viz. that she was a _Cholmley_. + +But I conceive your correspondent's identification is _totally_ erroneous. +It is true he only puts an hypothesis on the subject; but this hypothesis +has no solid foundation. In the first place, Henry, fifth Earl of +Westmoreland, died in 1549; and all authorities seem to agree that his +first wife was Anne Manners, and his second Cholmley's daughter. Thus, if +either of his countesses were living in 1585, it must have been the +_latter_, by which means all chance of appropriation is removed from +Manners to Cholmley. But I shall now give reasons for contending that +neither of these ladies was your correspondent's Countess of Westmoreland, +by referring him (2ndly) to Longmate's _Collins's Peerage_, vol. i. p. 96., +where he will find that _Jane_, daughter of Henry Howard, the talented and +accomplished Earl of Surry, married Charles Neville, _sixth_ Earl of +Westmoreland. He has evidently passed her over, through seeing her called +_Anne_ in the Neville pedigrees: "Anne" and "Jane" being often mutually +misread in old writing, from the cross upon the initial letter of the last +name. + +I offer it to your correspondent's consideration, whether his "Jane, +Countess of Westmoreland," was not wife of the said Charles Neville, +_sixth_ Earl of Westmoreland, who was attainted 18 Eliz. (1575-6). His date +is evidently most favourable to this view. It is true the attainder stands +in the way; but if even this affords an obstacle, the next candidate for +appropriation would be Jane _Cholmley_. Assuming, however, that your +correspondent allows this lady as a candidate for the appropriation, her +pedigree corroborates the claim. I have found, by long and minute +observation, that hereditary talent, &c. usually descends by the _mesmeric_ +{269} tie of affection and favoritism, from fathers to the eldest daughter, +and from mothers to the eldest son; and the pedigree of _Jane_, Countess of +Charles, _sixth_ Earl of Westmoreland, stands thus:-- + + EDWARD STAFFORD, Duke of Buckingham; great, + good, and accomplished, and fell a victim to envy.== + | + ---------------------------------- + | + _1st Dau._ ELIZABETH, wife of Thomas Howard, third + Duke of Norfolk. == + | + --- + | + _1st Son._ HENRY HOWARD, Earl of Surry, the poet; + great, good, and accomplished, and fell a victim to + envy == as physical heir of his mat. grandfather. + | + ------- + | + _1st Dau._ JANE, wife of Charles Neville, sixth Earl of + Westmoreland (and qu. the authoress in question?). + +Besides being eldest daughter of the celebrated poet, the said Jane, +Countess of Westmoreland, was sister of Henry Howard, the learned Earl of +Northampton, her father's younger son--(some younger son, like eldest +daughters, generally inheriting, physically, in some prominent feature, +from the father). + +WILLIAM D'OYLY BAYLEY. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Ulm Manuscript_ (Vol. iii., pp. 60. 191.).--In addition to the information +supplied by MR. FOSS, it may be mentioned that this manuscript is so called +from having been referred to by Griesbach as the _Codex Ulmensis apud +Gerbert_. This takes us to the _Iter Alemannicum, Italicum et Gallicum_ of +Martin Gerbert, published in 1765, at p. 192. of which work he informs us, +that in the year 1760 this manuscript was preserved at Ulm in the library +of the family of Krafft, which consisted of 6000 volumes, printed and +manuscript. Of its history from this period till it came into Bishop +Butler's hands, I am ignorant. Its reference at present in the British +Museum is _MSS. Add._ 11,852. + +[mu]. + +_Father Maximilian Hell_ (Vol. iii., p. 167.).--A querist is in conscience +bound to be a respondent; I therefore hasten to tell you that Dr. Watt +(_Biblioth. Britan._ iv. MAGNETISM, ANIMAL) should have written _Hell_ +instead of _Hehl_. It was that eminent astronomer, Maximilian _Hell_, who +supposed that magnets affected the human frame, and, at first, approved of +Mesmer's views. The latter was at Vienna in 1774; and perhaps got some +parts of his theory from Father Hell, of whom he was afterwards jealous, +and therefore very abusive. The life of Hell in Dr. Aikin's _General +Biography_ is an unsatisfactory compilation drawn up by Mr. W. Johnston, to +whom we are indebted for the current barbarism _so-called_. In that account +there is not one word on Hell's _Treatise on Arti__ficial Magnets_, Vienna, +1763; in which the germ of animal magnetism may probably be found. + +ENGASTRIMYTHUS. + +_Meaning of "strained" as used by Shakspeare_ (Vol. iii., p. 185.).--The +context of the passage quoted by L. S. explains the sense in which +Shakspeare used the word "strain'd:" + + "_Portia._ Then _must_ the Jew be merciful. + _Shylock._ On what _compulsion_ must I? tell me that. + _Portia._ The quality of mercy is not strain'd," &c. + +that is, there is nothing forced, nothing of compulsion in the quality of +mercy. + +Johnson gives: "To strain, to force, to constrain." + +Q. D. + +L. S. will find his difficulty solved by Johnson's Dictionary (a work to +which he himself refers), if he compares the following quotation with +Portia's reply to Shylock:-- + + "He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth + Is forced and strained," &c. + +EGDUF. + + [We have also to thank, for replying to this Query, our correspondents + R. F., R. T. G. H., P. K., J. H. KERSHAW, C. M., Y., E. N. W., C. D. + LAMONT, and also MR. SNOW, who remarks that "actresses rarely commence + this speech satisfactorily, or give, or seem to feel, the point of + contrast between the _must_ and _no must_, the _compulsion_ and _no + compulsion_. In fact, the whole of it is usually mouthed out, without + much reference to Shylock or the play, as if it had been learned by + rote from a school speech-book. Hazlitt says, in his _Characters of + Shakspeare's Plays_, 'The speech about mercy is very well, but there + are a thousand finer ones in Shakspeare.'"] + +_Headings of Chapters in English Bibles_ (Vol. iii., p. 141.).--The +summaries of the contents of each chapter, as found in the authorised +editions of our English Bible, were prefixed by Miles Smith, bishop of +Gloucester, one of the original translators, who also wrote the preface, +and, in conjunction with Bishop Bilson, finally reviewed the whole work. +Your correspondent will find full answers to his other queries in +Stackhouse and Tomlins; in Johnson's _History of English Translations_, +&c.; and in T. H. Horne's _Introduction_. + +COWGILL. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The author of _The History of the Church of Rome to the end of the +Episcopate of Damasus_, A.D. 384, which has just been published by Messrs. +Longman, well remarks, "that he is not aware that there is any account of +the Church of Rome, framed on the simple and obvious principle of merely +collecting and arranging the testimony of history with regard to facts, and +so presented to the reader as that he should leave a right to believe that +when he has read what is before him, he {270} has learnt all that is to +known. This is strange, considering the points at issue, and the extent, +duration, and intensity of the controversies which have been carried on +between that Church and the rest of Christendom." It is indeed strange, and +it happens fortunately, looking at the all-important question which now +agitates the public mind, that the subject should have engaged for some +years the attention of a learned, acute, and laborious scholar like Mr. +Shepherd, so that he is enabled to put forth the result of his inquiries +upon this interesting topic at this moment. Mr. Shepherd's book is indeed a +startling one: and when we tell our readers that he "has proved, or, to say +the least, has given such indications as will lead to the proof that some +documents which have been quoted as authorities in the History of the Early +Christian Church, are neither genuine nor authentic;" that he has pretty +well resolved St. Cyprian into a purely mythic personage; and shown that +all the letters in his works passed between imagined or imaginary +correspondents,--we think we are justified in pronouncing his _History of +the Church of Rome_ a work calculated to excite the deepest interest in all +who peruse it (and by the omission of all long quotations in the learned +languages, it is adapted for the perusal of all), to exercise great +influence on the public mind, and to awaken a host of endeavours to combat +and overthrow arguments which appear to us, however, to be irresistible. + +The Council of the Shakspeare Society has just issued to the members the +first volume for the present year. It contains _Two Historical Plays on the +Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, by Thomas Heywood_, which are very ably +edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Mr. Collier; and we have no +doubt will be very acceptable; first, from the interest of the plays +themselves, the second of which appears to have been extremely popular; +and, lastly, as a further instalment towards a complete collection of +Heywood's dramatic works. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson will sell on Tuesday and Wednesday next a +valuable portion of the Library of a gentleman, including the late Charles +Mathews' copy of the Second Shakspeare; a valuable series of works on +Annuities, &c.; and another on the History and Antiquities of London. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Supplement on the Doctrine and Discipline of the Greek +Church._ We characterised Mr. Appleyard's interesting little volume, +entitled, _The Greek Church_, as historical rather than doctrinal. The +title of this Supplement shows that it expressly supplies the very material +in which the original work was deficient.--_Archæologia Cambrensis, New +Series, No. VI._ A very good number of this record of the Antiquities of +Wales and its Marches, and in which are commenced two series of papers of +great interest to the Principality: one on the Architectural Antiquities of +Monmouthshire, by Mr. Freeman; the other on the Poems of Taliessin, by Mr. +Stephens. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--W. Brown's (46. High Holborn) Catalogue Part 52. of +Valuable Second-hand Books, Ancient and Modern;--Cole's (15. Great +Turnstile, Holborn) List No. 33. of very Cheap Books; B. Quaritch's (16. +Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 27. of Antiquarian, +Historical, Heraldic, Numismatic, and Topographical Books; Charles Skeet's +(21. King William Street, Strand) List No. 2. of Miscellaneous Books just +purchased. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + + WOOD'S ATHENÆ, by Bliss. Vol. 3. 4to. + + DIBDIN'S TYPOGRAPHICAL ANTIQUITIES. Vols. 2. and 4. 4to. + + NICHOLS' LITERARY ANECDOTES. Vol. 4. 8vo. 1812. + + MEDE'S WORKS, by Worthington. 1664. Fol. Vol. 1. + + DODD'S CATHOLIC CHURCH HISTORY. Vol. 2. Fol. edition. + + WARBURTON'S (BISHOP) WORKS. 4to. edition. Vol. 1. + + A MIRROR FOR MATHEMATICS, by Robert Tanner, Gent. London, 1587. + +*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_We are reluctantly compelled, by want of room, to postpone until next +week_ MR. SINGER'S _Paper on a passage in Shakspeare's_ Anthony and +Cleopatra; _one by_ MR. DAWSON TURNER _on the Authors of the Rolliad; and +many other interesting communications._ + +CROMWELL'S DEVLINGS WITH THE DEVIL. S. H. H. _is thanked for the curious +MS. he has forwarded upon this subject, which shall appear next week, when +the original shall be carefully returned. We should be glad to see the +other paper referred to by_ S. H. H. + +A. L. _is thanked. The only reason for the non-appearance of any of his +communications is, that they were not sent_ separately, _and we have not +had time to make a selection. We take this opportunity of again begging +correspondents who write to us on several subjects to oblige us by writing +on separate papers; and_ (_which does not refer to_ A. L.) _by writing_ +plainly, _more particularly_ proper names _and_ quotations. + +K. R. H. M. _Received._ + +NOCAB _has our very best thanks for his kind letter, and his endeavours to +increase our circulation. We are endeavouring to arrange for a permanent +enlargement of our paper, and propose shortly to make use of_ NOCAB'S +_communication and valuable hint._ + +SING'S _reminder, that Saturday last, the 29th of March, was "the centenary +anniversary of the death of Captain Coram, the worthy founder of the +Foundling," reached us too late for us to call attention to it._ + +MR. A. J. DUNKIN'S _communication on the subject of his proposed_ Monumenta +Anglicana _shall have our early attention._ + +KERRIENSIS _is thanked for several interesting communications of which we +propose to make an early use._ + +_Will_ L. M. M. R. _send his address? The book he wants has been reported +to the publisher._ + +REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Mathew's Med. Passage--San Grail--Nettle in. &c.--The +Tanthony--Treatise by Engelbert--Circulation of the Blood--Sir A. +Chadwick--Rowley Powley--Langholme Fair--Epitaph on a Turncoat--Gig +Hill--Damasked Linen--Endeavour--Meaning of Strained--Rack--Daughter of +James II.--Snail-eating--Munchausen's Travels--Mitre, &c.--Cloven +Tongues--"Going the whole hog"--Expression in Milton--Haybands in +Seals--King John at Lincoln--Handbell--Vineyards--Mazer Wood._ + +VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price +9s. 6d. each._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and +Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it +regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c. are, probably, not yet +aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND +QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._ + +_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be +addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street. + +_Errata._--P. 236, Col. 2. l. 26, for _Hanse town_ read _hamlet_; p. 238, +col. 1. l. 27, for "_cr_atus" read "_n_atus"; p. 217, col. 1. l. 29. for +"Cou_n_t" read "Cou_r_t"; p. 250, col. 1. l. 4, for "_T_edley" read +"_S_edley," col. 2. l. 23, for "tant_us_" read "tant_as_." + +{271} + + * * * * * + + +On the 31st of March was commenced the Publication of a + +NATIONAL ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY, + +In Monthly Volumes, each containing Three Hundred and Twenty Pages, and +from Thirty to a Hundred Engravings, + +Price Half-a-Crown, Beautifully Bound. + + * * * * * + +The Age in which we live is essentially of a _practical_ character, and the +predominant principle influencing all classes is a marked desire for +_cheapness_. Cheapness, however, is too often found without excellence, and +hence this proposition to supply a deficiency at present existing in the +popular literature of this country. + +For some time past the projectors of the present undertaking have felt +interested in watching the result of an experiment simultaneously made by +the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Book Trades; and, having seen that cheap, +and occasionally indifferent literature, "got up" in a most inferior +manner, _will sell_, they feel assured that good and judiciously selected +works, having the additional advantage of COPIOUS ILLUSTRATION, being +produced with the utmost attention to general excellence, and published at +the moderate price fixed upon, cannot fail to secure extensive patronage +from the Reading Public. The principle upon which they can undertake to +supply good books at a low rate is, that being themselves the _actual +producers_, they are enabled to save the public the expense of all +_intermediate profit_. + +As a practical explanation of the above views, THREE SAMPLE VOLUMES of the +"NATIONAL ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY" were published on the 31st of March. It will +be observed that these volumes are widely different in character, in order +that the public may form some idea of the extent and variety of the series +generally. Afterwards, one volume will be issued monthly. Each volume will +contain at least 320 crown octavo pages, illustrated according to the +requirements of the subject-matter, by from 30 to 100 illustrations, and +will be _strongly bound_ in ornamental cloth boards. Thus, for 30s. a year, +in the course of a short period, a Library of great extent and interest may +be formed, which shall furnish materials for instruction and amusement +during the course of a long life. + +The chief advantages which this series of works will present over all +others--more especially the closely printed double column editions, and the +new fashioned, though equally objectionable, Shilling books, with their +numerous errors, thin paper, and flimsy binding, are the following:-- + + 1. A carefully Revised Text. + 2. Judicious Explanatory Foot Notes. + 3. Engravings really Illustrating the Text. + 4. A new and legible Type. + 5. Good Paper and Printing. + 6. Strong neat Binding. + +In carrying out their undertaking it will be the endeavour of the +projectors to bestow upon Half-crown Volumes for the _many_ the same +typographical accuracy, and the same artistic ability, hitherto almost +exclusively devoted to high-priced books for the _few_. 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