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Cavins + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Orthography + As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois + +Author: Elmer W. Cavins + +Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25ex">ORTHOGRAPHY</span><br /><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 50%">AS OUTLINED IN THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 70%">STATE COURSE OF STUDY<br /> FOR ILLINOIS.</span></h1> + +<hr style="margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em" /> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: 120%; text-indent: 0em">SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.</p> + +<hr style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 4em" /> + +<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em">BY ELMER W. CAVINS,<br /> +<span style="font-size: 70%">TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL +UNIVERSITY.</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 2em; text-indent: 0em"><span style="font-size: 70%">INTRODUCTION BY</span><br /> +DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 2em; font-size: 70%; text-indent: 0em">SECOND EDITION—JANUARY, 1906.</p> + + +<p class="publisher"><i>PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,<br /> +TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS.</i></p> + +<hr style="margin-top: 4em" /> + +<p class="center">Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois +State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and +Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths +or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is, +teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text, +never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the +average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be +analyzed which contain the root <i>ann</i>, meaning year? He might turn in +the dictionary to <i>annual</i>, <i>anniversary</i>, and <i>annuity</i>, but he must +fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, <i>biennial</i>, +<i>centennial</i>, <i>millennium</i>, <i>perennial</i>, and <i>superannuate</i>. And +having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in +the analysis.</p> + +<p>The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient +form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of +Study.</p> + +<p>Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that +this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it. +When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis “What Words Say”, he +gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of +meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those +who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning. +Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the +understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of +words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret +<i>what words say</i>, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words, +for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various +departments for acquiring knowledge.</p> + +<p>Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904.<br /> +<span class="right smcap">E. W. Cavins.</span><br style="clear: both" /></p> + + + +<hr class="chapter" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 60%; letter-spacing: 0.25ex">BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.</span></h2> + + +<p>I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is +much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to +forward, anything that will promote such a study.</p> + +<p>Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it +will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision +of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.</p> + +<p>If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words +themselves,—their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to +each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from +their use,—he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it +will be more likely to increase than to diminish.</p> + +<p>It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably +with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has +acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience +and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one +master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English +words, <i>graph</i> means write; <i>ge</i> means earth; <i>phone</i> means sound; +<i>cur</i> means run; <i>fin</i> means limit; <i>port</i> means carry, etc.?</p> + +<p>And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is +it preposterous to train him to know the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> etymological significance of +a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?</p> + +<p>Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of +meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to, +their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to +understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal +significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded +that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very +profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.</p> + +<p>The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will +require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the +meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the +brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be +supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this +must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research +in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher, +such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own +thinking, and in his use of English speech.</p> + +<p>I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as +adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the +present work of the schools.</p> + +<p>Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904.<br /> + +<span class="right">E. C. H.</span><br style="clear: both" /></p> + + + +<hr class="chapter" /> + +<h2><a name="SUGGESTIONS_TO_TEACHERS" id="SUGGESTIONS_TO_TEACHERS"></a>SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></h2> + + +<p>1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your +opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.</p> + +<p>2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or +illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the +method of showing their <i>literal</i> significance. Further along in each +year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that +pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as +to show the <i>literal</i> meaning, else much of the value of the study is +lost.</p> + +<p>And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, <i>where it differs +from the literal</i>, should be given. Very many of the words have +various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This +necessitates a free use of the dictionary.</p> + +<p>It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when +necessary) try to find <i>an appropriate sentence to illustrate each +word</i> and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the +purpose.</p> + +<p>In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of +reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils, +especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings +are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.</p> + +<p>One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils +to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to +be analyzed according to the examples given under “Directions to +Pupils”, and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written +on the board.</p> + + + +<hr class="chapter" /> + +<h2><a name="DIRECTIONS_TO_PUPILS" id="DIRECTIONS_TO_PUPILS"></a>DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></h2> + + +<p>Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of +Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,—in all 142 elements +or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished +to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list +being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed, +or partially analyzed, is over 1200.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">TO ANALYZE A WORD.</p> + +<p>1. Name its component parts—root, prefix, and suffix—and give the +literal meaning of each.</p> + +<p>2. Combine these meanings in a definition, <i>supplying additional words +if necessary</i>, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases, +however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put +together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be +omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly +literal.</p> + +<p>3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.</p> + +<p>(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not +define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for +illustration, say <i>audible</i> is <i>that which</i> can be <i>heard</i>; but rather +say <i>audible</i> means <i>capable of</i> being <i>heard</i>.)</p> + + +<p class="subheading">EXAMPLES.</p> + +<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em"> +<table> +<tr><td class="example">avert:</td><td class="example">(1) <i>a</i>, away + <i>vert</i>, turn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(2) To <i>turn away</i>; to ward off.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(3) The evils which exist are necessary to <i>avert</i> greater evils.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div style="width: 380px; padding-bottom: 0.5em"> +<table> +<tr><td class="example">deify: </td><td class="example">(1) <i>dei</i>, god + <i>fy</i>, to make.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(2) To <i>make</i> a <i>god</i> of; to praise and revere as if a deity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(3) The people of India <i>deify</i> the Ganges River.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em"> +<table> +<tr><td class="example">hostile:</td><td class="example">(1) <i>host</i>, enemy + <i>ile</i>, belonging to.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(2) <i>Belonging to</i> or having the characteristics of an <i>enemy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the +<i>hostile</i> winds.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em"> +<table> +<tr><td class="example">portable:</td><td class="example"> (1) <i>port</i>, carry + <i>able</i>, capable of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(2) <i>capable of</i> being <i>carried</i> or moved from place to +place; not stationary.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(3) A <i>portable</i> photograph gallery stopped for three +days at the cross-roads near my home.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div style="width: 400px"> +<table> +<tr><td class="example">benefactor:</td><td class="example"> (1) <i>bene</i>, good + <i>fact</i>, make, do + <i>or</i>, one who.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example">(2) <i>One who does good</i>; especially one who makes +a charitable donation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="example"> </td><td class="example" style="text-indent: -2.5em; padding-left: 2.5em">(3) “He is a true <i>benefactor</i> and alone worthy of +honor who brings comfort where before was +wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow.”</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to +analyze words a pupil must—</p> + +<p>1. Learn some <i>facts</i>—meanings of the component parts of words.</p> + +<p>2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible +definition.</p> + +<p>3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.</p> + +<p>4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be +neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis. +Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his +help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might +suffice the entire class.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class="chapter" /> +<h2><a name="PART_ONE" id="PART_ONE"></a>PART ONE</h2> + +<h3>Word Analysis.</h3> + +<hr class="subheading" /> + +<h3 style="padding-top: 0em">SEVENTH YEAR.</h3> +<hr class="subheading" /> + +<p class="month">FIRST MONTH.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>a, ab, abs</b> = from, away.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>vert</i>, turn</td><td class="entry"> 6. ab <i>origin</i> es, beginning</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ab <i>brevi</i> ate, short</td><td class="entry"> 7. ab <i>rupt</i>, break</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. ab <i>duct</i>, lead</td><td class="entry"> 8. ab <i>sorb</i>, suck in</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. ab <i>ject</i>, cast</td><td class="entry"> 9. ab <i>solve</i>, loosen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. ab <i>lut</i> ion, wash</td><td class="entry">10. ab <i>use</i>, use.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 2. To <i>shorten</i>, to take <i>from</i>; to make briefer.</p> + +<p> 3. To <i>lead away</i>; to carry off by force; to kidnap.</p> + +<p> 4. An <i>abject</i> person is one sunk to low condition (as if <i>cast from</i> +the society of others).</p> + +<p> 5. An <i>ablution</i> is a <i>washing</i> or <i>cleansing</i>; especially a religious +rite.</p> + +<p> 6. The inhabitants of a country <i>from</i> the <i>beginning</i>. The earliest +inhabitants of which anything is known.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Broken</i> or appearing as if broken <i>away</i> or off; as an <i>abrupt</i> +cliff.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>suck</i> up; to drink in. A brick will <i>absorb</i> a pint of water.</p> + +<p> 9. To <i>loosen</i> or set free, as <i>from</i> some duty or obligation</p> + +<p>10. To divert <i>from</i> the proper <i>use</i>; to misuse.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>ambi, (amphi)</b> = both, on both sides, around.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ambi <i>dextr</i> ous, right hand</td><td class="entry">3. amphi <i>bi</i> ous, life</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ambi <i>ti</i> on, go</td><td class="entry">4. amphi <i>theatre</i>, view.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Having</i> skill with <i>both</i> hands (as if both were <i>right hands</i>).</p> + +<p>2. A <i>going around</i> or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes; +eager for favors; strongly desirous.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Living both</i> on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, +seals, otters, and beavers are <i>amphibious</i>.</p> + +<p>4. An <i>amphitheatre</i> is a building built circular so that spectators +may <i>view</i> a performance from <i>both sides</i> or from all <i>around</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>bene</b> = well, good.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. bene <i>dict</i> ion, speak</td><td class="entry"> 6. bene <i>fit</i>, do</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. bene <i>fact</i> ion, do</td><td class="entry"> 7. bene <i>vol</i> ent, will</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. bene fact <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry"> 8. beni <i>gn</i>, (genus) kind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. bene <i>fic</i> ent, do</td><td class="entry"> 9. beni gn <i>ant</i>, being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. bene fic <i>ial</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">10. <i>nota</i> bene, note</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The <i>act of speaking well</i> to or of; a blessing pronounced at the +close of divine service.</p> + +<p> 2. The <i>act of doing</i> good; making a charitable donation.</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Doing</i> or effecting <i>good</i>; performing acts of kindness.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Pertaining to</i> what <i>does good</i>, is useful or profitable.</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>good</i> deed <i>done</i>; an act of kindness.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Willing</i> to <i>do good</i>; well-wishing; charitable.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Good</i> and <i>kind</i> of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness. +Literally, of a <i>good kind</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Being kind</i> and gracious.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Note well</i>; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated +to N. B.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>circum</b> = around.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. circum <i>fer</i> ence, carry</td><td class="entry">5. circum <i>scribe</i>, write, draw</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. circum <i>flex</i>, bend</td><td class="entry">6. circum <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. circum <i>locut</i> ion, speak</td><td class="entry">7. circum <i>sta</i> nce, stand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. circum <i>navig</i> ate, sail</td><td class="entry">8. circum <i>vent</i>, come.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Think the <i>circumference</i> in the process of making;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> <i>carry</i> the +crayon <i>around</i> the circle to produce the <i>circumference</i>.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>bending around</i>; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a +rise and a fall on the same syllable.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>act of speaking</i> in a <i>round</i> about way; particularly a +studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.</p> + +<p>4. The <i>act of sailing around</i>; especially the earth or globe.</p> + +<p>5. To <i>draw</i> a bounding line <i>round</i>; hence to mark out the limits of.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Looking around</i> on all sides; examining carefully.</p> + +<p>7. That which attends or relates to (<i>stands around</i>, as it were,) an +event, a person or a thing.</p> + +<p>8. To <i>circumvent</i> one in any enterprise is to <i>come around</i> in an +unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>contra, (contro, counter)</b> = against</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. contra <i>dict</i>, speak</td><td class="entry">4. counter <i>act</i>, do</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. contra <i>vene</i>, come</td><td class="entry">5. counter <i>balance</i>, scales</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. contra <i>st</i>, stand</td><td class="entry">6. contro <i>versy</i>, turn</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. To <i>speak against</i>; to assert the opposite of.</p> + +<p>2. To <i>come against</i>; to oppose.</p> + +<p>3. To <i>stand against</i>; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects +of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.</p> + +<p>4. To act <i>against</i>; to <i>do</i> what hinders.</p> + +<p>5. To <i>weigh against</i> with equal weight; equal weight, power or +influence acting in opposition to.</p> + +<p>6. A <i>turning against</i>; debate, contention.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ann</b> = year.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. annu <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>cent</i> ennial, hundred</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. anni <i>vers</i> ary, turn</td><td class="entry">6. <i>mille</i> nnium, thousand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. annu <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> ennial, through</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>bi</i> ennial, two</td><td class="entry">8. <i>super</i> annuate, beyond</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Relating to</i> a <i>year</i>; yearly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. <i>That</i> day <i>which returns</i> once a <i>year</i> commemorating some event.</p> + +<p>3. A stated sum of money payable <i>yearly</i>.</p> + +<p>4. Happening once in <i>two years</i>; lasting two years.</p> + +<p>5. Consisting of or lasting a <i>hundred years</i>. Happening every hundred +years.</p> + +<p>6. A period or interval of a <i>thousand years</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Throughout</i> the <i>year</i>; lasting, perpetual.</p> + +<p>8. Condition of being <i>beyond</i> the <i>years</i> of active service; impaired +or disabled by length of years.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>art</b> = skill.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. art <i>ist</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">3. artist <i>ic</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. arti <i>fic</i> ial, make</td><td class="entry">4. art <i>less</i>, without</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>One who</i> is <i>skilled</i> or adept in any of the fine arts.</p> + +<p>2. Produced or <i>made</i> by <i>art</i> or <i>skill</i> rather than by nature.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Relating</i> to <i>skill</i> in any field.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Without skill</i>; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>aster, (astr)</b> = star.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. aster <i>isk</i>, little</td><td class="entry">3. astr <i>olog</i> er, speak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. aster <i>oid</i>, form</td><td class="entry">4. astr <i>onomy</i>, distribute</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>dis</i> aster, apart</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Literally, a <i>little star</i>; a mark like a star used to refer to a +note in the margin.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Formed</i> like a <i>star</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>One who speaks</i> about the <i>stars</i>; one who foretells events by the +stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.</p> + +<p>4. The science which treats of the <i>distribution</i>, arrangement and +size of heavenly bodies (<i>stars</i>).</p> + +<p>5. An unfavorable aspect of a <i>star</i> or planet, hence an ill portent, +a calamity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>aud</b> = hear.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. aud <i>ible</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">3. audit <i>ors</i>, those who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. audit <i>ory</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> audible, not</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Capable of</i> being <i>heard</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>hearing</i>, or the sense of hearing.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Those who hear</i>; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing +music or discourse.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Not capable</i> of being <i>heard</i>; indistinct.</p> +</div> + +<p class="month">SECOND MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>dis (dif)</b> = apart, from, away.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. dis <i>burse</i>, purse</td><td class="entry"> 7. dis <i>miss</i>, send</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. dis <i>cord</i>, heart</td><td class="entry"> 8. dis <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. dis <i>cuss</i>, shake</td><td class="entry"> 9. dis <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. dif <i>fer</i>, bear</td><td class="entry">10. dis <i>rupt</i>, break</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. dif <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">11. dis <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. dis <i>loc</i> ate, place</td><td class="entry">12. dis <i>tend</i>, stretch</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>disburse</i> money is to pay it out (<i>from</i> one's <i>purse</i>).</p> + +<p> 2. (Literally, <i>hearts apart</i>.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in +opinion, or in action.</p> + +<p> 3. The <i>discussion</i> of a question <i>shakes</i> it <i>apart</i>, for a more +thorough examination.</p> + +<p> 4. When two minds <i>differ</i>, one <i>bears</i> in one direction, the other in +another, and thus they <i>bear apart</i>. They do not agree.</p> + +<p> 5. To <i>pour</i> out and cause to spread <i>apart</i>, as a fluid; to +circulate; to scatter.</p> + +<p> 6. To <i>place apart</i> or out of proper position.</p> + +<p> 7. To <i>dismiss</i> a congregation is to <i>send</i> the people (or allow them +to go) <i>apart</i> to their homes.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>dispel</i> fear is to <i>drive</i> it <i>away</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. To <i>dispose</i> of property is to part with it (<i>put</i> it <i>apart</i> from +one).</p> + +<p>10. Rocks are <i>disrupted</i> when <i>broken apart</i>.</p> + +<p>11. To <i>dissect</i> the eye of an ox is to <i>cut</i> it <i>apart</i>, for the +purpose of examination.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + +<p>12. To <i>distend</i> is to <i>stretch apart</i> or spread in all directions; to +dilate, to expand.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>extra</b> = beyond.</p> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Extra <i>ordin</i> ary, order, rule (<i>ary</i>, relating to). <i>Relating to</i> +what is <i>beyond</i> or out of the common <i>rule</i> or <i>order</i>; exceptional, +unusual.</p> + +<p>2. Extra <i>vag</i> ant, <i>wander</i> (<i>ant</i>, ing). <i>Wandering beyond</i> bounds +or out of the regular course; excessive.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>inter</b> = between, among, through.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. inter <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry"> 7. inter <i>pose</i>, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. inter <i>cept</i>, take</td><td class="entry"> 8. inter <i>rogate</i>, ask</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. inter <i>course</i>, run</td><td class="entry"> 9. inter <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. inter <i>ject</i> ion, throw</td><td class="entry">10. inter <i>val</i>, wall</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. inter <i>lop</i> er, run</td><td class="entry">11. inter <i>vene</i>, come</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. inter <i>mingle</i>, mix</td><td class="entry">12. inter <i>view</i>, see</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>go between</i> parties for the purpose of reconciling those who +differ; to plead in favor of another.</p> + +<p> 2. To seize or <i>take between</i> the starting point and destination; as +to <i>intercept</i> a letter or messenger.</p> + +<p> 3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another +(a <i>running between</i>, to and fro).</p> + +<p> 4. An <i>interjection</i> is a word <i>thrown</i> in <i>between</i> other words to +express emotion or feeling.</p> + +<p> 5. An <i>interloper</i> is <i>one who runs</i> in <i>between</i> two parties to get +the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who +intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a +grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an +<i>interloper</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. To <i>mix between</i> or together.</p> + +<p> 7. To protect the eyes from a strong light <i>interpose</i> (<i>place +between</i> the eyes and light) a shade.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>interrogate</i> is to question. (The <i>questions</i> come <i>between</i> +the answers.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p> 9. One line <i>intersects</i> another when it <i>cuts</i> through it, or +<i>between</i> its parts.</p> + +<p>10. An <i>interval</i> is an open space or stretch between things or +limits. Formerly it meant a space <i>between walls</i>.</p> + +<p>11. To <i>come between</i> persons, things, or events.</p> + +<p>12. A mutual exchange of <i>views between</i> two or more people.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>non</b> = not, un.</p> + +<p>The prefix <i>non-</i> may be joined to the leading word by means of a +hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. noncommittal</td><td class="entry"> 7. nonpareil</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. non compos mentis</td><td class="entry"> 8. non-payment</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. nonconductor</td><td class="entry"> 9. nonplus</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. nondescript</td><td class="entry">10. non-resident</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. nonentity</td><td class="entry">11. nonsense</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. nonessential</td><td class="entry">12. nonsuit</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>2. <i>Com</i>, with + <i>pos</i>, power + <i>mentis</i>, of mind. Literally, <i>not +with power of mind</i>. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of +managing one's own affairs.</p> + +<p>4. That which has <i>not</i> been <i>described</i>; difficult to describe; new, +novel, odd.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Entity</i> means thing or being; hence a <i>nonentity</i> is <i>no thing</i> or +nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or +<i>nothing</i>.</p> + +<p>9. <i>Plus</i> means more. Literally, a person is <i>nonplused</i> when he can +do <i>no more</i>, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.</p> + +<p>(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other +words of the above list.)</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>per</b> = through, thoroughly, by.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. per <i>ambul</i> ate, walk</td><td class="entry"> 9. per <i>fume</i>, smoke</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. per <i>ceive</i>, take</td><td class="entry">10. per <i>mit</i>, let go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. per <i>cent</i>, hundred</td><td class="entry">11. per <i>plex</i>, entangle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. per <i>col</i> ate, filter</td><td class="entry">12. per <i>secute</i>, follow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. per <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">13. per <i>sist</i>, stand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. per <i>fect</i>, make</td><td class="entry">14. per <i>vade</i>, go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. per <i>for</i> ate, bore</td><td class="entry">15. per <i>vert</i>, turn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. per <i>form</i>, form</td><td class="entry">16. per <i>vi</i> ous, way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>walk through</i> or over. He got out of bed and <i>perambulated</i> the +room for some minutes.</p> + +<p> 2. To <i>take</i> or obtain knowledge <i>through</i> the senses. To <i>take</i> with +a <i>thorough</i> mental grasp; to understand.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>By</i> the <i>hundred</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. To pass <i>through</i>; as, a <i>filter</i> or strainer.</p> + +<p> 5. Lasting <i>through</i> the <i>year</i>, or through many years.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Thoroughly made</i>; finished in every part; without blemish or +defect.</p> + +<p> 7. To <i>bore through</i>; to make holes in; to pierce.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>form thoroughly</i>; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.</p> + +<p> 9. “To <i>perfume</i> means literally to <i>smoke thoroughly</i>. Hence to +impregnate or fill with scent or odor.”—<i>Kennedy.</i></p> + +<p>10. By this <i>permit</i> we may <i>go through</i> the factory.</p> + +<p>11. To <i>entangle thoroughly</i>. “Love with doubts <i>perplexes</i> still the +mind.”</p> + +<p>12. To <i>follow</i> with persistence or <i>thoroughness</i>. To follow close +after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a +particular creed. The early Christians suffered <i>persecution</i>.</p> + +<p>13. To take a <i>thorough stand</i>; to continue steadily in some state or +course of action; especially in spite of opposition.</p> + +<p>14. To <i>go through</i>; to spread throughout the whole.</p> + +<p>15. To turn in another direction; to <i>turn thoroughly</i> from a former +course. “Blessings unused <i>pervert</i> into a waste.”</p> + +<p>16. <i>Having</i> a <i>way through</i>. “—— to have their way free and +<i>pervious</i> to all places.”</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>clud, clus</b> = shut.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. close</td><td class="entry"> 7. exclus <i>ion</i>, act of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. clos <i>et</i>, little</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>in</i> clude, within</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> clude, together</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>pre</i> clude, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dis</i> close, un</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> cluse, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>en</i> close, in</td><td class="entry">11. <i>se</i> clude, aside</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ex</i> elude, out</td><td class="entry">12. se clus <i>ion</i>, state of being</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>shut</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> + +<p> 2. A <i>small</i> side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept +<i>shut</i> away from view.</p> + +<p> 3. To bring to an end. Literally to <i>shut</i> in or <i>together</i> +(obsolete); as, “The body of Christ was <i>concluded</i> in the grave.”</p> + +<p> 4. To <i>un-shut</i>; to open or uncover; to make known.</p> + +<p> 9. To put an obstacle <i>before</i>, or in the way of, in order to <i>shut</i> +out; to prevent or hinder.</p> + +<p>10. One who is <i>shut</i> up (or has <i>shut</i> himself <i>back</i>) from the world +or public view.</p> + +<p>11. To <i>shut</i> off or keep apart or <i>aside</i>, as from company or +society.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>cor, cord</b> = heart.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. core</td><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> cord, apart</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. cordi<i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">6. discord <i>ant</i>, being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> cord, with</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> cord, again</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. cord <i>ate</i>, shaped</td><td class="entry">8. cour <i>age</i>, having</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. The <i>heart</i> or innermost part of a thing; as the <i>core</i> of an +apple.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Relating to</i> the <i>heart</i>; hearty, sincere.</p> + +<p>3. Heart <i>with heart</i>; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. “Love +quarrels oft in <i>concord</i> end.”</p> + +<p>4. <i>Heart shaped</i>; as a <i>cordate</i> leaf.</p> + +<p>5. Heart <i>apart</i> from <i>heart</i>; hence disagreement or want of harmony.</p> + +<p>6. State of <i>being</i> out of harmony.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Record</i>; through the Latin <i>recordari</i>, to remember (or know +<i>again</i>). To get by <i>heart</i>; hence to register; to write or inscribe +an authentic account of.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Having heart</i>; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is +accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>corpus, corpor</b> = body.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. corpse</td><td class="entry">5. incorpor <i>ate</i>, make</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. corps (pronounce core)</td><td class="entry">6. corpus <i>cle</i>, small</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. corpor <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">7. corset</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. corpu <i>lent</i>, full of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>habeas</i> corpus. You may have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. The <i>body</i> only; hence a dead body.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>body</i> of soldiers.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Relating to</i> the <i>body</i>; as <i>corporal</i> punishment.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>corpulent</i> person is fleshy; literally <i>full of body</i>.</p> + +<p>5. To <i>make into</i> a <i>body</i> in the legal sense, so that a number of +individuals may transact business legally as one person.</p> + +<p>6. A <i>small body</i>; a minute particle.</p> + +<p>7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting <i>body</i> garment, having sleeves +and skirt.</p> + +<p>8. Literally, <i>you may have the body</i>. A writ requiring the body of a +person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the +lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>cura, curo</b> = care.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. cure</td><td class="entry">5. <i>mani</i> cure, hand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. cur<i>able</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">6. <i>ac</i> cur ate, to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. cur<i>ate</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>pro</i> cure, for</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. curi <i>ous</i>, full of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>se</i> cure, aside</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. To take <i>care</i> of; to restore to health.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Capable of</i> being cured or restored by <i>care</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>One who</i> has the <i>care</i> of souls; a parish priest.</p> + +<p>4. Formerly, <i>curious</i> meant <i>full of care</i>, or careful, nice, +precise; as, “Men were not <i>curious</i> what syllables or particles they +used.” Eager to learn; inquisitive.</p> + +<p>5. To <i>care</i> for the <i>hands</i> and nails.</p> + +<p>6. A thing is made <i>accurate</i> by giving <i>care to</i> it.</p> + +<p>7. Literally, to <i>care for</i>; to look after; as, “I <i>procured</i> that +rumor to be spread.” To obtain; to get.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Aside</i>, or free, from <i>care</i>, anxiety, or fear; safe.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">THIRD MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>pre</b> = before.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. pre <i>amble</i>, walk</td><td class="entry">11. pre <i>fer</i>, bring</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. pre <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">12. pre <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. pre ced <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">13. pre <i>judice</i>, judgment</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. pre <i>cip</i> ice, head</td><td class="entry">14. pre <i>limin</i> ary, threshold</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. pre <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">15. pre <i>mature</i>, ripe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. pre <i>coc</i> ious, cook, ripe</td><td class="entry">16. pre <i>monit</i> ion, warning</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. pre <i>curs</i> or, run</td><td class="entry">17. pre <i>pare</i>, make ready</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. pre <i>destinate</i>, to determine</td><td class="entry">18. pre <i>posit</i> ion, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. pre <i>dict</i>, speak</td><td class="entry">19. pre <i>poster</i> ous, after</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>10. pre <i>face</i>, say</td><td class="entry">20. pre <i>scribe</i>, write</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly <i>preamble</i> meant, to +<i>walk</i> over <i>before</i>hand; as, “I will take a thorough view of those +who have <i>preambled</i> this by path.”</p> + +<p> 3. <i>That which</i> has <i>gone before</i>. A previous example or usage which +has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom, +habit, or rule.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>head</i>long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, <i>head</i> <i>fore</i>most.</p> + +<p> 5. See second month, page 16.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Ripe</i> in understanding at an early age or <i>before</i> due time; as, a +<i>precocious</i> child.</p> + +<p> 7. A <i>precursor</i> is a <i>forerunner</i>. That which precedes an event and +indicates its approach.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>determine</i> <i>before</i>hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree. +“Whom He did foreknow He also did <i>predestinate</i> to be conformed to +the image of His Son.”</p> + +<p>11. To <i>prefer</i> one thing to another is to <i>bring</i> or set it before +the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.</p> + +<p>13. A <i>prejudgment</i> formed without due examination. “<i>Prejudice</i> is +the child of ignorance.”</p> + +<p>14. Literally, <i>before</i> the <i>threshold</i>. Preceding or leading up to +something more important; as <i>preliminary</i> arrangements.</p> + +<p>18. A <i>preposition</i> is so called because usually <i>placed before</i> the +word with which it is phrased.</p> + +<p>19. Anything is <i>preposterous</i> when it is contrary to nature, reason, +or common sense. Literally, having that <i>last</i> which ought to be +<i>first</i>; as, the “cart before the horse”.</p> + +<p>20. To lay down <i>before</i>hand in <i>writing</i> as a rule of action. +“<i>Prescribe</i> not us our duties.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>”</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>re</b> = back, again.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. re <i>bound</i>, leap</td><td class="entry">16. re <i>juven</i> ate, young</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. re <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">17. re <i>lapse</i>, slip</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. re <i>claim</i>, call</td><td class="entry">18. re <i>late</i>, carry</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. re <i>cluse</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">19. re <i>lease</i>, loose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. re <i>cogn</i> ize, know</td><td class="entry">20. re <i>mit</i>, send</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. re con <i>struct</i>, build</td><td class="entry">21. re <i>morse</i>, bite</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. re <i>course</i>, run</td><td class="entry">22. re <i>nov</i> ate, new</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. re <i>create</i>, make</td><td class="entry">23. re <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. re <i>cruit</i>, grow</td><td class="entry">24. re <i>plen</i> ish, full</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. re <i>cur</i>, run</td><td class="entry">25. re <i>pulse</i>, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">11. re <i>flect</i>, bend</td><td class="entry">26. re <i>sult</i>, leap</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">12. re <i>fresh</i>, new</td><td class="entry">27. re <i>sume</i>, take (up)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">13. re <i>hash</i>, chop</td><td class="entry">28. re <i>surrect</i> ion, rise</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">14. re im <i>burse</i>, purse</td><td class="entry">29. re <i>tain</i>, hold</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">15. re <i>ject</i>, throw</td><td class="entry">30. re <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning, +thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will <i>rebound</i> (<i>leap back</i>).</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>semi</b> = half.</p> + +<table style="padding-bottom: 1em"> +<tr><td class="entry">1. semicircle</td><td class="entry">4. semilunar</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. semicolon</td><td class="entry">5. semivowel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. semidiameter</td><td class="entry">6. semiweekly</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>super</b> = over, above, beyond.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. super <i>annu</i> ate, year</td><td class="entry"> 6. super <i>numer</i> ary, number</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. super <i>cili</i> ous, pride</td><td class="entry"> 7. super <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. super <i>fic</i> ial, face</td><td class="entry"> 8. super <i>script</i> ion, write</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. super <i>flu</i> ous, flow</td><td class="entry"> 9. super <i>struct</i> ure, build.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. super <i>natur</i> al, nature</td><td class="entry">10. super <i>vise</i>, see</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>superannuate</i> is one who has become impaired or disabled by +length of years. Specifically, one living <i>beyond</i> the <i>years</i> of +active service and allowed to retire on a pension.</p> + +<p> 2. Lofty with <i>pride</i>; <i>over</i>bearing. “A <i>supercilious</i> nabob of the +east, haughty and purse-proud.”</p> + +<p> 3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth <i>beyond</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> the +sur<i>face</i>; shallow. “She despised <i>superficiality</i>, and looked deeper +than the color of things.”</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Overflowing</i>; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding +with <i>superfluous</i> words.</p> + +<p> 5. Being <i>beyond</i> or exceeding the powers of <i>nature</i>. Miracles were +performed by <i>supernatural</i> power.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Beyond</i> a stated or required <i>number</i>; as, a <i>supernumerary</i> +officer in a regiment.</p> + +<p> 7. To <i>put over</i> or upon; as to <i>superpose</i> one rock upon another.</p> + +<p> 8. A <i>superscription</i> is a <i>writing over</i> or <i>upon</i>; especially an +address on a letter.</p> + +<p> 9. A <i>superstructure</i> is something <i>built over</i> something else; +particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>oversee</i>; as, to <i>supervise</i> the erection of a house.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>tri</b> = three.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. tri <i>angle</i>, angle</td><td class="entry"> 9. tri <i>nomi</i> al, term</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. tri <i>cuspid</i>, point</td><td class="entry">10. trio</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. tri <i>cycle</i>, circle</td><td class="entry">11. tri <i>pod</i>, foot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. tri <i>dent</i>, tooth</td><td class="entry">12. tri <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. tri <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">13. tri <i>syllable</i>, syllable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. tri <i>gam</i> ist, marriage.</td><td class="entry">14. trium <i>vir</i>, man</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. tri gon <i>ometry</i>, measure</td><td class="entry">15. tri <i>une</i>, one</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. tri <i>later</i> al, side</td><td class="entry">16. tri <i>via</i> l, way</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 2. A <i>tricuspid</i> tooth has <i>three points</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>three-toothed</i> or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing +spear.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“His nature is too noble for the world;<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> He would not flatter Neptune for his <i>trident</i>,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"> Or Jove for his power to thunder.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p> 6. A <i>trigamist</i> is one who has been <i>three</i> times <i>married</i>; +especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Trigonometry</i> literally means <i>three angle measure</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> That branch +of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of +triangles, and applies them to other figures.</p> + +<p> 9. A <i>trinomial</i> in algebra is a quantity consisting of <i>three terms</i>.</p> + +<p>10. A <i>trio</i> is a musical composition in <i>three</i> parts.</p> + +<p>11. A <i>tripod</i> has <i>three feet</i> or legs; as a three-legged table or +stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.</p> + +<p>14. A <i>triumvir</i> is one of <i>three men</i> united in office; specifically +in ancient Rome.</p> + +<p>15. The <i>triune</i> is <i>three</i> in <i>one</i>; the three-fold personality of +one divine being,—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Trivial</i> formerly meant, pertaining to <i>three ways</i>; where three +ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace, +such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little +worth.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>due</b> = lead, draw.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> duct, away</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>e</i> duc ate, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2 <i>ad</i> duce, to</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>in</i> duce, into</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>aque</i> duct, water</td><td class="entry">10. in duce <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> duct, with</td><td class="entry">11. <i>intro</i> duce, into</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>de</i> duct, from</td><td class="entry">12. <i>pro</i> duce, forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. duct <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">13. <i>se</i> duce, aside</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. duke, a leader</td><td class="entry">14. <i>re</i> duce, back</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>lead</i> or carry <i>away</i> wrongfully and usually by force; to +kidnap; as, to <i>abduct</i> a child.</p> + +<p> 2. To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>to</i>; to bring forward or offer as an argument +in a case. “I too prize facts and shall <i>adduce</i> nothing else.”</p> + +<p> 3. An <i>aqueduct</i> is a <i>lead</i>way or artificial channel for conveying +<i>water</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. A guide <i>conducts</i> a traveler when he goes <i>with</i> him and, in a +sense, <i>leads</i> him along a safe route.</p> + +<p> 5. To <i>deduct</i> is to take <i>from</i>; to <i>draw</i> away.</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>ductile</i> metal is one <i>capable of</i> being <i>drawn</i> into wire; as, +copper, platinum, steel, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<p> 8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. <i>Educate</i> literally +means to <i>lead</i> forth, to <i>draw out</i>.</p> + +<p>11. An <i>introduction</i> is the initial step which <i>leads</i> people <i>into</i> +one another's acquaintance.</p> + +<p>14. (1) To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>back</i> to a former state; as,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“It were but right<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And equal to <i>reduce</i> me to my dust.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>(2) To bring to any specific state or form.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>fac, fact</b> = do, make.<br /> + +<small>(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)</small></p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. fact</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>arti</i> ficial, skill</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. fact <i>ory</i>, place where</td><td class="entry">10. <i>bene</i> ficial, good</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. facil <i>ity</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>sacri</i> fice, sacred</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>bene</i> fact or, good</td><td class="entry">12. <i>paci</i> fic, peace</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>manu</i> fact ure, hand</td><td class="entry">13. feat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ef</i> fect, (ex.) out</td><td class="entry">14. <i>de</i> feat, un</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> fect, thoroughly</td><td class="entry">15. feas <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>im</i> perfect, not</td><td class="entry">16. fashion.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>fact</i> is something <i>done</i> or brought to pass.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Quality</i> of being easily <i>done</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Manufacture</i> formerly meant to <i>make</i> by <i>hand</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. An <i>effect</i> is something worked <i>out</i>, or <i>done</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. A thing is <i>perfect</i> when <i>thoroughly made</i>, or <i>finished</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Sacrifice</i> literally means to <i>make sacred</i>; to set apart as +sacred.</p> + +<p>12. <i>Pacific</i> means pertaining to <i>peace</i>; suited to <i>make</i> or restore +peace.</p> + +<p>13. A <i>feat</i> is an act, a deed, an exploit; something <i>done</i>.</p> + +<p>14. To <i>defeat</i> means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to <i>un do</i>.</p> + +<p>16. The <i>fashion</i> of a thing is, in a sense, the <i>make</i> of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—<i>fy</i>, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too +numerous to mention; as, purify (to <i>make pure</i>), rarefy (to <i>make +rare</i>), classify (to <i>make</i> or put into a <i>class</i>), etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>fer, ferr</b> = carry, bear, bring.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>circum</i> fer ence, around</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>pro</i> (f)fer, forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> fer, together</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>re</i> fer, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dif</i> fer, apart</td><td class="entry"> 8. re fer <i>ee</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. fert <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>suf</i> fer, (sub) under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>of</i> fer, (ob) near.</td><td class="entry">10. <i>trans</i> fer, across</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. See first month, page 10.</p> + +<p>2. When two or more persons <i>confer</i> they <i>bring together</i> opinions +and facts on some special subject.</p> + +<p>3. See second month, page 13.</p> + +<p>5. To <i>bring near</i> to; to present for acceptance; as, to <i>offer</i> one's +services.</p> + +<p>6. To <i>bring</i> or put <i>forward</i>; to hold <i>forth</i> so that a person may +take; as, to <i>proffer</i> a gift.</p> + +<p>7. To direct for information. Literally, to <i>carry back</i>; as, “Mahomet +<i>referred</i> his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he +gave out they were made.”</p> + +<p>9. To <i>suffer</i> is to <i>bear under</i>; to undergo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—<i>Ferr</i> is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which +are: <i>fero</i>, <i>ferre</i>, <i>tuli</i>, <i>latus</i>. The last form is found in a +number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate, +superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in +the ten given above, is <i>bear</i>, <i>carry</i>, or <i>bring</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>fest</b> = feast.</p> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. fest <i>al</i>. <i>Pertaining to</i> a <i>feast</i>, a holiday or celebration.</p> + +<p>2. fest <i>ive</i>. <i>Pertaining to</i> or becoming a <i>feast</i>; festal, joyous, +gay.</p> + +<p>3. festival. A time of <i>feasting</i> or celebration.</p> + +<p>4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a <i>feast</i>.</p> + +<p>5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a <i>feast</i>.</p> + +<p>6. fête. Modern French, equivalent of <i>feast</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">FOURTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>uni</b> = one.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. unit, one</td><td class="entry"> 8. unanim <i>ity</i>, state of being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. un <i>ity</i>, ness</td><td class="entry"> 9. uni <i>corn</i>, horn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. un <i>ion</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">10. uni <i>form</i>, form</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. unite</td><td class="entry">11. uni <i>son</i>, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> unite, not</td><td class="entry">12. uni <i>verse</i>, turn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> unite, again</td><td class="entry">13. unique</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. un <i>anim</i> ous, mind</td><td class="entry">14. onion</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 9. The <i>unicorn</i> is a fabulous <i>one-horned</i> animal.</p> + +<p>12. The <i>universe</i> consists of all things considered as <i>one</i> whole.</p> + +<p>13. A thing is <i>unique</i> when it is the only <i>one</i> of its kind.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Onion</i> comes from the Latin <i>unio</i>, which means <i>oneness</i>; also a +single pearl of large size resembling the onion.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>anti</b> = against, opposed to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. anti <i>climax</i>, ladder</td><td class="entry">5. anti <i>pod</i> es, foot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. anti <i>christ</i>, Christ</td><td class="entry">6. anti <i>thesis</i>, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. anti <i>dote</i>, give</td><td class="entry">7. anti <i>slave</i> ry, slave</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. anti <i>path</i> y, feel</td><td class="entry">8. anti <i>soci</i> al, companion</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. An <i>anti climax</i> is <i>opposed to</i> or in contrast with a <i>climax</i>. In +rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt +descent (down the <i>ladder</i>) from stronger to weaker expressions.</p> + +<p>3. An <i>antidote</i> is something <i>given</i> to counteract (act <i>against</i>) +poison or disease.</p> + +<p>5. Those who live at <i>opposite</i> points on the globe so that their +<i>feet</i> are directly toward each other are <i>antipodes</i>. Figuratively, +things opposed to each other.</p> + +<p>6. In rhetoric an <i>antithesis</i> is a figure of speech which consists of +one idea <i>placed against</i> another; a contrast.</p> + +<p>8. A person is <i>antisocial</i> when he is averse or <i>opposed to</i> society, +social intercourse or <i>companionship</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>dia</b> = across, through, between.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. dia<i>gon</i> al, angle</td><td class="entry">4. dia <i>log</i>, speech</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. dia <i>gram</i>, writing</td><td class="entry">5. dia <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. dia <i>lect</i>, speech</td><td class="entry">6. dia <i>pason</i>, all</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">7. dia <i>phragm</i>, fence</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>diagonal</i> is a line <i>across</i> from <i>angle</i> to <i>angle</i>.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>diagram</i> is that which is marked out by lines drawn or <i>written</i> +across; as, a figure, a plan.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Dialect</i> is <i>speech</i> or language by means of which ideas are +communicated (<i>across</i>) from one to another.</p> + +<p>6. The <i>diapason</i> is one of certain stops in the organ, so called +because it extends <i>through all</i> notes of the scale.</p> + +<p>7. The <i>diaphragm</i> is a membranous partition or <i>fence between</i> the +thorax and abdomen.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>en</b> = on.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. en <i>dorse</i>, back</td><td class="entry">3. en <i>throne</i>, throne</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. en <i>grave</i>, carve</td><td class="entry">4. en <i>list</i>, list</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. To <i>endorse</i> a check is to write one's name <i>on</i> the <i>back</i> of it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—<i>en</i> in most words is the equivalent of the Latin <i>in</i>, meaning +in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage, +enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop, +enwrap.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>foli</b> = leaf.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. foliage. A cluster of <i>leaves</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. folio. A <i>leaf</i>-sheet folded once.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. foil. A thin <i>leaf</i> of metal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>tre</i>foil. A plant with <i>three leaves</i>; as, clover.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>port</i>-folio. A case for <i>carrying</i> loose <i>leaves</i> of paper.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>fort, forc</b> = strong.</p> + +<table style="padding-top: 1em"> +<tr><td class="entry">1. fort</td><td class="entry"> 6. force</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. forti <i>fy</i>, make</td><td class="entry"> 7. forc <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. fortr <i>ess</i></td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>en</i> force, on</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ef</i> fort, (ex.) out</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>com</i> fort, with</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. forti <i>tude</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">10. <i>piano</i> forte, soft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>fort</i> is a <i>strong</i>hold.</p> + +<p> 2. To <i>make strong</i>; to strengthen or secure by means of forts, +batteries, or other military works.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Ess</i> is a feminine ending. A “maiden fortress” is a fortification +which has never been taken. A <i>fortress</i> is a very strong fort.</p> + +<p> 4. An <i>effort</i> is a putting <i>out</i> of one's <i>strength</i> for the +accomplishment of some end.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Fortitude</i> is <i>strength</i> or firmness of mind in meeting danger, +pain, or adversity.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Force</i> is <i>strength</i> in general, physical, mental, moral.</p> + +<p> 9. To <i>comfort</i> is to <i>strengthen</i> with hope and cheer; to give +consolation to.</p> + +<p>10. The <i>piano forte</i> is an instrument having both <i>soft</i> and loud +(<i>strong</i>) tones. The name is generally shortened to <i>piano</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>fract, frang</b> = break.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. frail</td><td class="entry">5. fract <i>ious</i>, quality of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. frail <i>ty</i>, quality</td><td class="entry">6. frag <i>ile</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. fract <i>ure</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. frag <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. fract <i>ion</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> fringe, in</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A thing is <i>frail</i> when it is easily <i>broken</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Frailty</i> is a <i>quality</i> of things easily <i>broken</i>.</p> + +<p>3. A <i>fracture</i> is a <i>break</i>; as of a bone.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>fraction</i> is a part, as if <i>broken</i> off.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>fractious</i> person is one apt to <i>break</i> out into a passion.</p> + +<p>6. “The stalk of ivy is tough and not <i>fragile</i>” (<i>capable of</i> being +<i>broken</i>).—<i>Bacon.</i></p> + +<p>7. A <i>fragment</i> is <i>that which</i> is <i>broken</i> off.</p> + +<p>8. To <i>infringe</i> is to <i>break in</i> upon; to trespass on another's +rights.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>frater, fratr</b> = brother.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. fratern <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. frater</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. fratern <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">5. friar</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. fratern <i>ize</i>, make</td><td class="entry">6. friary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Fraternal</i> means <i>brotherly</i>; like brothers.</p> + +<p>2. An organization in <i>which</i> the members hold one another in +<i>brotherly</i> relations.</p> + +<p>3. To <i>fraternize</i> means to <i>make</i> a <i>brother</i> of; to receive into a +fraternity.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Frater.</i> A <i>brother</i>; especially a monk.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Friar.</i> A <i>brother</i> of any religious order, but especially one of +certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Friary.</i> A home for friars (<i>brothers</i>); a monastery.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">FIFTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>mono</b> = one, single, alone, solitary.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. mon <i>arch</i>, rule</td><td class="entry"> 6. mo <i>nomi</i> al, term</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. mono <i>gam</i> ist, marriage</td><td class="entry"> 7. mono <i>poly</i>, sell</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. mono <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry"> 8. mono <i>syllable</i>, syllable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. mono <i>logue</i>, speak</td><td class="entry"> 9. mono <i>the</i> ism, God</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. mono <i>mania</i>, mind</td><td class="entry">10. mono <i>tone</i>, tone, sound</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>monarch</i> is a <i>sole</i> or supreme <i>ruler</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. A <i>monogamist</i> is <i>one who</i> believes in <i>marriage</i> with <i>one</i> +person only.</p> + +<p> 3. A <i>monogram</i> is a single character formed of two or more letters +interwoven (as if done at <i>one writing</i>).</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>speak</i>ing by <i>one</i> person.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Monomania</i> is a derangement of <i>mind</i> in regard to a <i>single</i> +subject only.</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>monomial</i> in algebra is a quantity which consists of a <i>single +term</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. A <i>monopoly</i> is the sole (or <i>single</i>) right to <i>sell</i> a certain +article, or to sell it at a given place.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Monotheism</i> is the doctrine of belief that there is but <i>one God</i>.</p> + +<p>10. A <i>monotone</i> is a <i>single tone</i> without harmony or variation in +pitch.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>para</b> = aside, beside, similar</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. para <i>ble</i> (ballo), throw</td><td class="entry">4. para <i>phrase</i>, speak</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. para <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. para <i>site</i>, feed</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. par <i>allel</i>, one another</td><td class="entry">6. par en <i>thesis</i>, put</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>parable</i> is a short fictitious narrative placed (<i>thrown</i>) +<i>beside</i> something which it is intended to illustrate.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>paragraph</i> was originally a mark or note of comment <i>written +beside</i> the line or place where a division should be made; now a +distinct part of a discourse or writing.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Parallel</i> lines extend <i>beside one another</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Paraphrasing</i> is telling (<i>speaking</i>) the <i>same</i> thing in other +words.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>parasite</i> is an animal or plant which lives <i>beside</i> or in +another organism on which it <i>feeds</i>.</p> + +<p>6. Marks of <i>parenthesis</i> are often used for a word, phrase, clause, +or sentence <i>put in</i> by way of explanation to what it stands <i>beside</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>peri</b> = around.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. peri <i>anth</i>, flower</td><td class="entry">3. peri <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. peri <i>cardium</i>, heart</td><td class="entry">4. peri <i>tone</i> um, stretch</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. peri <i>oste</i> um</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. The <i>perianth</i> is the floral envelope <i>around</i> the <i>flower</i>.</p> + +<p>2. The <i>pericardium</i> is the membrane which <i>surrounds</i> the <i>heart</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>perimeter</i> of a figure is the outer boundary or <i>measure +around</i> it.</p> + +<p>4. The <i>peritoneum</i> is the membrane which is <i>stretched around</i> the +abdomen.</p> + +<p>5. The <i>periosteum</i> is the membrane <i>around</i> the <i>bones</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>syn (syl, sym)</b> = with, together.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. syl <i>lable</i>, take</td><td class="entry">4. syn <i>chron</i> ous, time</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. sym <i>pathy</i>, feel</td><td class="entry">5. syn <i>onym</i>, name</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. sym <i>phony</i>, sound</td><td class="entry">6. syn <i>ops</i> is, view</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">7. syn <i>thesis</i>, put, place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Literally, a <i>syllable</i> is two or more sounds <i>taken together</i>, or +uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise +but one sound.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Sympathy</i> is <i>feeling with</i> another, especially his sorrows and +misfortunes.</p> + +<p>3. A <i>symphony</i> is a <i>sounding together</i>; a harmony of sounds.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Synchronous.</i> Happening or existing at the <i>same time</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Synonym.</i> Literally, a word having the <i>same name</i>. But it is +applied to words of like or kindred meaning.</p> + +<p>6. A <i>synopsis</i> is a <i>view</i> of the whole <i>together</i>. A summary giving +a general view of some subject.</p> + +<p>7. The <i>putting</i> of two or more things <i>together</i>. <i>Synthesis</i> is the +opposite of analysis.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>tele</b> = far (distance).</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. tele <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">4. tele <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. tele <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. tele <i>phone</i>, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. tele <i>pathy</i>, feel</td><td class="entry">6. tele <i>scope</i>, view</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>telegram</i> is a message transmitted (<i>written</i>) from <i>afar</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Telepathy</i> is the sympathetic communication at a <i>distance</i> of one +mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through <i>feeling</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Telemeter.</i> An instrument for <i>measuring distances</i> in surveying.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>liber</b> = free.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. liber <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry"> 6. liber <i>ty</i>, state of being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>il</i> liberal, not</td><td class="entry"> 7. liberal <i>ize</i>, make</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. liberal <i>ity</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>de</i> liver, from</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. liber <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry"> 9. deliver <i>er</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. liberat <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">10. deliver <i>y</i>, act of</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Liberal.</i> Relating to or possessing a <i>free</i> and generous heart.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. <i>Liberality</i> is the quality of being <i>free</i> or generous.</p> + +<p>7. To <i>liberalize</i> is to <i>make free</i>, as to free from narrow views or +prejudices.</p> + +<p>8. To <i>deliver</i> means to set <i>free from</i> bondage or restraint.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>liter</b> = letter.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. letter</td><td class="entry">5. <i>il</i> literate, not</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. letters</td><td class="entry">6. <i>al</i> literation, (ad) to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. liter <i>ary</i>, pert. to</td><td class="entry">7. liter <i>al</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. liter <i>ate</i>, condition of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>ob</i> literate, against</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Letter</i> (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on +parchment and not cut on wood.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Letters</i> usually means literature in general; hence knowledge +gained from books; literary culture.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Alliteration</i> is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the +beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: “A whole +fleet of <i>b</i>ulky <i>b</i>ottomed <i>b</i>oats.” “What a <i>t</i>ale of <i>t</i>error now +<i>t</i>heir <i>t</i>urbulency <i>t</i>ells.” Literally, <i>letter to letter</i>.</p> + +<p>8. In <i>obliterate</i>, <i>ob</i> means <i>against</i> or the reverse. The reverse +of <i>besmear</i> is to rub off; hence to <i>obliterate</i> means to rub out, to +erase.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy, +literati, literature, literalize, literalist.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>man (manus)</b> = hand.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bi</i> mana, two</td><td class="entry">5. man (n) <i>er</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. e man <i>cip</i> ate, take</td><td class="entry">6. manu <i>al</i>, pert. to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. man <i>acle</i>, cuff</td><td class="entry">7. manu <i>fact</i> ory, make</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. man <i>euver</i>, work</td><td class="entry">8. manu <i>script</i>, write</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Bimana</i> is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia. +Animals having <i>two hands</i>.</p> + +<p>2. To <i>emancipate</i> a slave is to <i>take</i> him <i>out</i> of the <i>hands</i> of +his master.</p> + +<p>3. The word <i>manacle</i> comes from <i>manicula</i>, which means <i>handcuff</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. Literally, <i>maneuver</i> means a <i>working</i> with the <i>hands</i>. To make +adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Manner relates to</i> the way of <i>handling</i> or doing things.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Manual.</i> Performed, made, or used by the <i>hands</i>; as manual labor, +manual arts.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>mater</b> = mother.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>alma</i> mater, foster</td><td class="entry">5. metro <i>polis</i>, city</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. matern <i>al</i>, pert. to</td><td class="entry">6. metropolit <i>an</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. matern <i>ity</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">7. matron</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. matri <i>cide</i>, kill</td><td class="entry">8. matron <i>ly</i>, like</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Literally, <i>alma mater</i> means <i>foster mother</i>. It is applied by +students to the university or college in which they have been trained.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Metropolis</i> means <i>mother city</i>; the chief city of a state or +country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Metropolitan.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the metropolis; as, a metropolitan +newspaper.</p> + +<p>7. A <i>matron</i> is a woman with <i>motherly</i> duties; as the <i>matron</i> of a +school or hospital.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">SIXTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>able</b> = capable of, fit to be.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ar</i> able, plow</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>laud</i> able, praise</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>cap</i> able, take, hold</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>port</i> able, carry</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dur</i> able, last, hard</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>soci</i> able, companion</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>lia</i> ble, bind</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>ten</i> able, hold</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>mut</i> able, change</td><td class="entry">10. <i>us</i> able, use.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Arable</i> land is <i>capable</i> of being <i>plowed</i>.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>capable</i> mind can <i>take</i> and <i>hold</i> ideas (understand and +remember).</p> + +<p>4. One is <i>liable</i> for a debt when legally <i>bound</i> to pay it.</p> + +<p>7. A <i>portable</i> library is one fitted for being <i>carried</i> from place +to place.</p> + +<p>9. <i>Tenable</i> ground for argument is ground which is <i>capable of</i> being +<i>held</i> or maintained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>acy</b> = state of being, office of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>celib</i> acy, unmarried</td><td class="entry">5. <i>obstin</i> acy, firmly set</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>delic</i> acy, pleasing</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pap</i> acy, pope</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>magistr</i> acy, master</td><td class="entry">7. <i>intim</i> acy, inmost</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>obdur</i> acy, hard</td><td class="entry">8. <i>intric</i> acy, entangle</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Celibacy</i> is the <i>state of being unmarried</i>; especially that of a +bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Magistracy.</i> The <i>office of master</i>; of one clothed with power, as +a civil officer.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Obduracy</i> is the <i>state of being hardened</i>, especially against +moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.</p> + +<p>6. The <i>papacy</i> is the <i>office of</i> the <i>pope</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Intimacy</i> is the <i>state of being inmost</i> or near in relationship.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>an</b> = pertaining to.</p> + +<p>This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states. +It means, <i>pertaining to</i> what is of that country or state; as, +American history, American products, American people.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. African</td><td class="entry">10. Hawaiian</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. Alaskan</td><td class="entry">11. Indian</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. Armenian</td><td class="entry">12. Mexican</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. Australian</td><td class="entry">13. Ohioan</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. Bolivian</td><td class="entry">14. Persian</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. Bulgarian</td><td class="entry">15. Russian</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. Corsican</td><td class="entry">16. amphibian</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. European</td><td class="entry">17. republican</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">9. Georgian</td><td class="entry">18. metropolitan</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>16. <i>Amphibian</i>: <i>amphi</i>, both (two); <i>bi</i>, life; <i>an</i>, pertaining to: +<i>pertaining to two</i> kinds of <i>life</i>; i. e. life on the land and in the +water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers, +etc., are <i>amphibians</i>, because they can live in water (for a time at +least) and on land.</p> + +<p>18. <i>Metropolitan.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>mother city</i>. (See fifth +month's work, page 32.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ary</b> = one who, that which.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>vers</i> ary, turn</td><td class="entry">5. <i>miss</i> ion ary, send</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>anni</i> vers ary, year</td><td class="entry">6. <i>e</i> miss ary, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>antiqu</i> ary, ancient</td><td class="entry">7. <i>not</i> ary, note</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>drom</i> ed ary, run</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sal</i> ary, salt</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. <i>secret</i> ary, secret</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Literally, an <i>adversary</i> is <i>one who turns toward</i> another (to +oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.</p> + +<p>2. <i>That</i> day <i>which returns</i> each <i>year</i> commemorating some event is +an <i>anniversary</i>.</p> + +<p>3. An <i>antiquary</i> is <i>one who</i> collects and examines old (<i>ancient</i>) +things; as, coins, medals, weapons.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>dromedary</i> is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than +ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for <i>running</i>.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>missionary</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>sent</i> on a mission; especially one +sent to propagate religion.</p> + +<p>6. An <i>emissary</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>sent out</i>; especially one sent on +secret business, as a spy. “I am charged with being an <i>emissary</i> to +France.”—<i>Robert Emmet.</i></p> + +<p>7. A <i>notary</i> was formerly <i>one whose</i> vocation was to make <i>notes</i> or +memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of +as notary public.</p> + +<p>8. A <i>salary</i> was formerly an allowance (<i>that which</i> was) given to +soldiers with which to buy <i>salt</i>.</p> + +<p>9. A <i>secretary</i> was formerly <i>one who</i> was intrusted with the private +or <i>secret</i> matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work.</p> + +<p><i>Ary</i> is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning <i>relating to</i>; as in, +arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary, +military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary.</p> + +<p><i>Ary</i> also means <i>place where</i>; as in, granary, infirmary, library, +seminary, sanctuary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>ate</b> = having.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>corpor</i> ate, body</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>dent</i> ate, tooth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. de <i>sper</i> ate, hope</td><td class="entry">10. <i>glomer</i> ate, ball</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. ef <i>femin</i> ate, woman</td><td class="entry">11. <i>labi</i> ate, lip</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fortun</i> ate, luck</td><td class="entry">12. <i>lun</i> ate, moon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. in <i>anim</i> ate, breath</td><td class="entry">13. <i>pin</i> (n) ate, feather</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>cord</i> ate, heart</td><td class="entry">14. <i>serr</i> ate, saw</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>cruci</i> ate, cross</td><td class="entry">15. <i>sagitt</i> ate, arrow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>cuspid</i> ate, point</td><td class="entry">16. <i>stell</i> ate, star</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Corporate</i> means <i>having</i> a <i>body</i>. (See incorporate, second +month, page 18.)</p> + +<p>2. <i>Having</i> no <i>hope</i>; as, “Continued misfortune had rendered him +<i>desperate</i>.”</p> + +<p>3. <i>Effeminate.</i> <i>Having</i> the qualities of a <i>woman</i>; soft, delicate, +to an unmanly degree. Applied to men.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Inanimate.</i> <i>Not having breath</i>; without life.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Cordate.</i> <i>Having</i> the shape of a <i>heart</i>; as a cordate leaf.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>pel, puls</b> = drive.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>com</i> pel, together</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>im</i> pulse, on</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. compuls <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry"> 8. pulse</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dis</i> pel, apart</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>pro</i> pel, forward</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> pel, out</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> pel, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. expuls <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>re</i> pulse, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>im</i> pel, on</td><td class="entry">12. repuls <i>ive</i>, quality</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>compel</i>, literally means to <i>drive together</i>; as a herd (a +Latinism and rare). To <i>drive</i> or urge with force.</p> + +<p> 8. The <i>pulse</i> is caused by <i>driving</i> the blood through the arteries.</p> + +<p>12. A person is <i>repulsive</i> when he has <i>qualities</i> which tend to +<i>drive</i> others <i>back</i> or away.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>pend, pens</b> = hang.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ap</i> pend, to</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>im</i> pend, over</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. append <i>age</i>, that which</td><td class="entry"> 9. pend <i>ant</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>de</i> pend, from</td><td class="entry">10. pendulum</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. depend <i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">11. <i>per</i> pendicular, through</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. depend <i>ence</i>, state or quality of</td><td class="entry">12. <i>sus</i> pend, under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>in</i> dependence, not</td><td class="entry">13. suspend <i>ers</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. independ<i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">14. suspens <i>ion</i>, state of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Append.</i> To <i>hang</i> or attach <i>to</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. An <i>appendage</i> is <i>that which hangs to</i> something as a part of it. +“This little pensive <i>appendage</i> or tender (the moon) to our fuming +engine of an earth.”—<i>De Quincey.</i></p> + +<p> 3. <i>Depend.</i> To <i>hang from</i>; to be fastened or attached to something +above; to rely upon.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>dependent</i> is <i>one who hangs</i> (figuratively), or relies on +another for support.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Impend.</i> To <i>hang over</i>, be ready to fall; threaten. “We seriously +consider the dreadful judgments that now <i>impend</i> the +nation.”—<i>Penn.</i></p> + +<p> 9. A <i>pendant</i> is <i>that which hangs</i> from something else; as, an +earring or a tassel.</p> + +<p>10. The <i>pendulum</i> of a clock <i>hangs</i> and swings to and fro.</p> + +<p>11. A plumb line is a line <i>perpendicular</i> to the horizon, <i>hanging</i> +(<i>through</i> the air).</p> + +<p>12. <i>Suspend.</i> To <i>hang under</i> or from beneath.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Suspenders</i> are <i>that</i> from <i>which</i> trousers are <i>hung</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ped (pod)</b> = foot.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>anti</i> podes, against</td><td class="entry"> 9. peddl <i>er</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bi</i> ped, two</td><td class="entry">10. pede <i>stal</i>, stand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>centi</i> ped, hundred</td><td class="entry">11. pedestr <i>ian</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> pedite, out</td><td class="entry">12. pedun <i>cle</i>, little</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. expedi <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">13. <i>quadru</i> ped, four</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>im</i> pede, in</td><td class="entry">14. <i>tri</i> pod, three</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. impedi <i>ment</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">15. <i>octo</i> pus, eight</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. ped <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">16. pedi <i>gree</i>, crane</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. See fourth month, page 25.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Biped.</i> A <i>two-footed</i> animal, as man.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Centiped.</i> An animal so called from having a great many <i>feet</i> +(indefinitely a <i>hundred</i>).</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Expedite.</i> Literally, to take the <i>feet out</i> of entanglement; +hence, to hasten.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Impede.</i> Literally, to entangle the <i>feet</i>. To obstruct the +progress, motion, or effect of.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> + +<p> 8. <i>The pedal</i> is something made to be moved by the <i>feet</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. A <i>peddler</i>, literally, is a trader <i>who</i> travels on <i>foot</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Pedestal.</i> That which forms the base (<i>standing</i> place for the +<i>feet</i>) of a statue, column, vase, etc.</p> + +<p>12. A <i>peduncle</i> is a (<i>little</i>) <i>foot</i>stalk of a flower or leaf.</p> + +<p>15. An <i>octopus</i> is an <i>eight-footed</i> or armed cuttlefish.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Pedigree</i> means, literally, <i>crane's foot</i>. Why so called is +uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of +the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot. +(Compare <i>crow's foot</i>, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.)</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>pon, pos</b> = place, put.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>ap</i> position, to</td><td class="entry">11. <i>ex</i> pose, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>com</i> pose, together</td><td class="entry">12. <i>im</i> pose, upon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. compos <i>ite</i>, being</td><td class="entry">13. <i>inter</i> pose, between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. composit <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">14. <i>im</i> post, upon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. compon <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">15. im post <i>or</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>com</i> pound, together</td><td class="entry">16. <i>op</i> pose, (ob.) against</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>de</i> pose, down</td><td class="entry">17. oppos <i>ite</i>, being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>de</i> posit, down (away)</td><td class="entry">18. posit <i>ion</i>, state of being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. deposit <i>ory</i>, place where</td><td class="entry">19. <i>pro</i> pose, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>dis</i> pose, apart</td><td class="entry">20. <i>trans</i> pose, across</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. One word is in <i>apposition</i> to another when it is <i>placed</i> near +<i>to</i> it, by way of explanation.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Being</i> made by <i>putting together</i> separate parts or elements; as, +a <i>composite</i> flower.</p> + +<p> 5. One of the several parts or elements <i>which</i>, when <i>placed +together</i>, form the whole, is a <i>component</i> part.</p> + +<p> 6. To <i>compound</i> is to <i>put</i> or mix <i>together</i> two or more elements or +ingredients.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>put away</i> for safe keeping; as, to <i>deposit</i> money in a bank.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>dispose</i> of anything is to <i>put</i> it <i>apart</i> from one; to get +rid of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p>11. To <i>place out</i> where all may see; to uncover; as, to <i>expose</i> +fraud.</p> + +<p>15. An <i>impostor</i> is <i>one who puts</i> burdens <i>on</i> others; commonly +applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving +others.</p> + +<p>18. <i>Position.</i> The manner in which a thing is <i>placed</i>; the <i>state of +being placed</i>.</p> + +<p>20. To <i>transpose</i> a quantity from one side of an equation to another +is to <i>place</i> it <i>across</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">SEVENTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ic</b> = pertaining to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>arct</i> ic, bear</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>domest</i> ic, house</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>aromat</i> ic, spice</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>empir</i> ic, experience</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>civ</i> ic, citizen</td><td class="entry">10. <i>metr</i> ic, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>class</i> ic, first class</td><td class="entry">11. <i>numer</i> ic, number</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>com</i> ic, revelry</td><td class="entry">12. <i>phon</i> ic, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>democrat</i> ic, rule of the people</td><td class="entry">13. <i>prosa</i> ic, prose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>despot</i> ic, master</td><td class="entry">14. <i>plast</i> ic, form</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">15. <i>graph</i> ic, write</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Arctic</i> literally means <i>pertaining to</i> the <i>Bear</i>; i. e. the +northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence, +pertaining to the northern polar regions.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Aromatic.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> an agreeable or <i>spicy</i> odor; fragrant.</p> + +<p> 3. One's <i>civic</i> duties are those <i>pertaining to</i> him as a <i>citizen</i>, +in distinction from those as a soldier.</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Classic pertains to</i> what is <i>first class</i> in literature or art, +especially that of the Greeks and Romans.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Comic pertains to revelry</i>; to what provokes mirth; as a <i>comic</i> +song.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Empiric pertains to experience</i>, or what is founded on experience; +relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific +knowledge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> + +<p>13. <i>Prosaic</i> means <i>pertaining to prose</i>; especially to that which +lacks animation or interest.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Plastic</i> means <i>pertaining to</i> the process of <i>forming</i> or +modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form.</p> + +<p>15. <i>Graphic</i> means <i>pertaining to</i> the art of <i>writing</i> or drawing. A +<i>graphic</i> illustration is generally in the form of a drawing.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>id</b> = (ness) quality, condition.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ac</i> id, sour</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>morb</i> id, disease</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>flor</i> id, flower</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>pal</i>(l) id, pale</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>flu</i> id, flow</td><td class="entry">10. <i>splend</i> id, shine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>frig</i> id, cold</td><td class="entry">11. <i>tep</i> id, warm</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. in <i>sip</i> id, taste</td><td class="entry">12. <i>torr</i> id, parch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. in <i>trep</i> id, tremble</td><td class="entry">13. <i>torp</i> id, numb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>luc</i> id, light</td><td class="entry">14. <i>viv</i> id, life</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The distinguishing <i>quality</i> of <i>acid</i> is its <i>sour</i>ness.</p> + +<p> 2. Having the <i>quality</i> or appearance of <i>flowers</i>; specifically, +flushed with red; as a <i>florid</i> countenance.</p> + +<p> 5. That which is <i>insipid</i> has <i>not</i> those <i>qualities</i> which affect +the <i>taste</i>; tasteless.</p> + +<p> 6. An <i>intrepid</i> person is brave and daring; he does <i>not tremble</i> +with <i>fear</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Torpid.</i> <i>Benumbed</i>; insensible; inactive; as an animal in +hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ity</b> = state or quality of being.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>alacr</i> ity, lively</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>sanct</i> ity, holy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>brev</i> ity, short</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>seren</i> ity, calm</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>enm</i> ity, enemy</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>tranquil</i> (l)ity, quiet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fidel</i> ity, faith</td><td class="entry">10. <i>un</i> ity, one</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>mortal</i> ity, death</td><td class="entry">11. <i>util</i> ity, use</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>rotund</i> ity, wheel</td><td class="entry">12. <i>veloc</i> ity, swift</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>5. <i>Mortality.</i> <i>State of being</i> subject to <i>death</i>; frequency of +death; hence the death-rate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ive</b> = one who, that which.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>ject</i> ive, throw</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>fugit</i> ive, flee</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>alter</i> native, other</td><td class="entry"> 8. in <i>finit</i> ive, limit</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>capt</i> ive, take</td><td class="entry"> 9. loco<i>mot</i>ive, move</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. con <i>nect</i> ive, bind</td><td class="entry">10. <i>nat</i> ive, born</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. ex <i>ecut</i> ive, follow</td><td class="entry">11. <i>negat</i> ive, deny</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. ex <i>plet</i> ive, fill</td><td class="entry">12. <i>posit</i> ive, place</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. (<i>ad</i>, to) An <i>adjective</i> is a word <i>which</i> is added (<i>thrown</i>) +<i>to</i> a noun to qualify its meaning.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Alternative</i> in the plural means two things of <i>which one</i> or the +<i>other</i> may be taken as a choice.</p> + +<p> 5. The <i>executive</i> of a state or nation is the <i>one whose</i> duty it is +to <i>follow out</i> the decrees of the law making bodies; i. e. to see +that the laws are obeyed.</p> + +<p> 6. An <i>expletive</i> is <i>that</i> word <i>which fills out</i> the sentence that +contains it; as an <i>expletive</i> adverb.</p> + +<p> 8. (<i>in</i>, not) An <i>infinitive</i> is <i>that</i> verb <i>which</i> is <i>not limited</i> +by person and number.</p> + +<p> 9. (<i>loco</i>, place) A <i>locomotive</i> is <i>that which</i> can <i>move</i> cars from +<i>place</i> to place.</p> + +<p>12. The <i>positive</i> is <i>that which</i> has a real standing <i>place</i>. Not +admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ment</b> = act of, that which.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. com <i>ple</i> ment, fill</td><td class="entry"> 6. in<i>duce</i>ment, lead</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>fila</i> ment, thread</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>liga</i> ment, bind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>frag</i>ment, break</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>monu</i> ment, remind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>gar</i>ment, protect</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>orna</i> ment, deck</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. im<i>pedi</i> ment, foot</td><td class="entry">10. re<i>fresh</i> ment, new</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>That which fills</i> or <i>completes</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. A <i>filament</i> is <i>that which</i> is <i>thread</i>like; as, the filament of +silk, or flax.</p> + +<p> 5. Literally, an <i>impediment</i> is <i>that which</i> entangles the <i>feet</i>; +hence, that which hinders or interferes.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Refreshments</i> consist of <i>that which</i> makes one fresh or <i>new +again</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>tang, tact, tig</b> = touch.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>con</i> tact, together</td><td class="entry"> 9. integr <i>al</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. contag<i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry"> 10. integr <i>ity</i>, state of being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. contag <i>ious</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">11. tact</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. contamin <i>ate</i>, to make</td><td class="entry">12. <i>in</i> tact, not</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. contigu <i>ity</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">13. tact <i>ile</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. contigu<i>ous</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">14. tang<i>ent</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>en</i> tire, not</td><td class="entry">15. tang <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> teger, not</td><td class="entry">16. <i>in</i> tangible, not</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The coming <i>together</i> of two bodies; <i>touching</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. The <i>act of</i> communicating disease by the <i>touch</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. Having the <i>quality of</i> being imparted by <i>touch</i>; catching; as, +<i>contagious</i> diseases.</p> + +<p> 4. To <i>contaminate</i> is to make impure by mixture (<i>touching +together</i>).</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Contiguity</i> is the <i>state of being</i> within <i>touching</i> distance.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Entire.</i> Whole or complete; <i>not touched</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. An <i>integer</i> is a complete or <i>not touched</i> whole; a whole number.</p> + +<p>10. <i>State</i> of <i>being untouched</i> or unimpaired; freedom from +corruption or impurity; as, <i>integrity</i> of character.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Tact</i> is skill in <i>touching</i>; nice perception or discernment in +dealing with others.</p> + +<p>12. <i>Intact.</i> <i>Not touched</i>, especially by anything that misplaces, +harms, or defiles.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Tactile.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the sense of <i>touch</i>.</p> + +<p>14. A <i>tangent</i> is a line <i>which touches</i> a curve.</p> + +<p>15. Anything is <i>tangible</i> when it is <i>capable of</i> being <i>touched</i>, or +perceived by senses.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>tempor</b> = time.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. contempor <i>ary</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">5. tempor <i>ary</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. contemporane<i>ous</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">6. temporari <i>ly</i>, state of being</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> tempore, out</td><td class="entry">7. tempor <i>ize</i>, do</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. tempor <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">8. tense</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. tempus <i>fugit</i>, flies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. (<i>con</i>, together) <i>One who</i> lives at the same <i>time together</i> with +another is his <i>contemporary</i>; occurring or existing at the same time.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Extempore</i> means, literally, <i>out</i> of the <i>moment</i>. On the spur of +the moment; without previous study or preparation.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Relating to time</i> as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as, +our <i>temporal</i> affairs.</p> + +<p>5. <i>That which</i> lasts for a brief <i>time</i> only; not permanent; as, a +<i>temporary</i> scaffolding.</p> + +<p>7. To <i>temporize</i> is to comply with the <i>time</i> or occasion; to yield +to the current of opinion or circumstances; to “<i>do</i> as the <i>times</i> +do”.</p> + +<p>8. The modification of verbs to indicate <i>time</i>, is called <i>tense</i>.</p> + +<p>9. <i>Tempus fugit</i> is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It +means, literally, <i>time flies</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ten, tent, tain</b> = hold.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>abs</i> tain, from</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>sus</i> tain, (sub) under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> tain, together</td><td class="entry"> 8. ten <i>ant</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>de</i> tain, from</td><td class="entry"> 9. tenet</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. detent <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">10. ten <i>able</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>main</i> tain, hand</td><td class="entry">11. ten<i>acious</i>, quality of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> tain, back</td><td class="entry">12. ten<i>ure</i>, that which</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>abstain</i> from drink is to <i>hold from</i> it, to refrain +voluntarily.</p> + +<p> 2. A vessel <i>contains</i> a liquid when it <i>holds</i> its particles +<i>together</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. To <i>detain</i> the wages of a laborer is to <i>hold</i> them <i>from</i> him +after they are due.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Maintain</i> literally means to <i>hold</i> by the <i>hand</i>; to preserve +from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to <i>maintain</i> +one's ground in battle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<p> 7. <i>Sustain.</i> To <i>hold</i> up from <i>beneath</i>; to uphold; to support; to +endure.</p> + +<p> 8. A <i>tenant</i> is <i>one who holds</i> land under another.</p> + +<p> 9. A <i>tenet</i> is an opinion or doctrine <i>held</i> as true.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Tenable.</i> <i>Capable of</i> being <i>held</i>; as ground taken for +argument.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Tenacious.</i> Having the <i>quality</i> of <i>holding</i> fast.</p> + +<p>12. One's <i>tenure</i> of office is <i>that</i> time during <i>which</i> he <i>holds</i> +office.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>terr</b> = earth.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>in</i> ter, in</td><td class="entry"> 7. terr <i>ier</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. inter <i>ment</i>, act of</td><td class="entry"> 8. territ <i>ory</i>, relating to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>sub</i> terranean, under</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>Medi</i> terranean, middle</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. terr <i>ace</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">10. Terra del <i>Fuego</i>, fire</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. terra <i>cotta</i>, baked</td><td class="entry">11. Terre <i>Haute</i>, high</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. terrestri <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">12. terra <i>firma</i>, firm</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To bury <i>in</i> the <i>earth</i>; as a dead body.</p> + +<p> 3. Situated or occurring <i>under</i> the surface of the <i>earth</i>; as +<i>subterranean</i> forests—buried forests.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>terrace</i> is a long mound or raised portion of <i>earth</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Terra cotta</i> is literally <i>baked earth</i>. A species of hard pottery +used in building; ornamentation.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Terrestrial.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the <i>earth</i>, earthly.</p> + +<p> 7. A <i>terrier</i> is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their +propensity to scratch the ground or <i>earth</i> in pursuit of prey.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Territory.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the <i>earth</i>; a large extent or tract of +land.</p> + +<p> 9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the <i>middle</i> +of the <i>land</i>. In the middle of the ancient known world.</p> + +<p>10. Terra del <i>Fuego</i> means literally the land of fire (<i>del</i>, of).</p> + +<p>11. <i>Terre Haute</i> means <i>high land</i>. A city in Indiana situated on +high land.</p> + +<p>12. <i>Terra firma</i> is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It +means <i>firm land</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">EIGHTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ac</b> = pertaining to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>cardi</i> ac, heart</td><td class="entry">3. <i>mani</i> ac, mad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>demoni</i> ac, demon</td><td class="entry">4. <i>zodi</i> ac, animal</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Cardiac.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> or resembling the <i>heart</i>; exciting +action in the heart.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Demoniac.</i> <i>Pertaining to demons</i>; one possessed of an evil +spirit; a lunatic.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Maniac.</i> Raving with <i>madness</i>; crazy; insane.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Zodiac.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the imaginary <i>animals</i> figured in the +twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ics</b> = science of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>civ</i> ics, citizen</td><td class="entry">5. <i>opt</i> ics, see</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>eth</i> ics, character</td><td class="entry">6. <i>phys</i> ics, nature</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>econom</i> ics, (see below)</td><td class="entry">7. <i>phon</i> ics, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>mechan</i> ics, machine</td><td class="entry">8. <i>polit</i> ics, city</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Civics.</i> The <i>Science</i> which treats of <i>citizen</i>ship.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Ethics.</i> The <i>science</i> of right conduct—of <i>character</i>-building.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Economics</i> literally means, the science of <i>managing</i> the +<i>household</i>; the science of the production and distribution of wealth, +or the means of living well.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Mechanics.</i> The <i>science of machinery</i>, or the theory of machines.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Optics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of light and <i>vision</i>, and all +that is connected with the phenomena of sight.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Physics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats <i>of</i> the forces of <i>nature</i>; +as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Phonics.</i> The <i>science of sound</i>; especially of sounds produced by +the human voice.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Politics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the government of states +and <i>cities</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ism</b> = state of being, theory of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>altru</i> ism, other</td><td class="entry">5. <i>hero</i> ism, hero</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>barbar</i> ism, foreign</td><td class="entry">6. <i>hypnot</i> ism, sleep</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ego</i> tism, self, I</td><td class="entry">7. <i>organ</i> ism, organ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>commun</i> ism, common</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sensual</i> ism, sense</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Altruism.</i> The <i>theory</i> that devotion to the interests of <i>others</i> +is the highest good.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Barbarism.</i> The <i>state</i> of <i>being foreign</i>; rude in point of +manners, arts and literature.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Egotism.</i> The <i>state of being self</i>-centered, self-conceited, and +unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Communism.</i> A <i>theory of</i> government and social order according to +which property is held in <i>common</i>, and the profits of all labor +devoted to the general good.</p> + +<p>5. The <i>state of being</i> a <i>hero</i> or having heroic qualities; as, lofty +aim, fearlessness, fortitude.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Hypnotism.</i> An artificially induced <i>state of sleep</i>, in which the +mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Organism.</i> The <i>state of being</i> composed of different <i>organs</i> or +parts, working together and each necessary to the whole.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Sensual</i>ism. The <i>state</i> which regards the gratification of the +<i>senses</i> as the highest good.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>y</b> = state of being.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>path</i> y, feel</td><td class="entry"> 6. melan <i>chol</i> y, bile</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>anti</i> pathy, against</td><td class="entry"> 7. mis <i>anthrop</i> y, mankind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. an <i>arch</i> y, rule</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>phil</i> anthrop y, love</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. bi <i>gam</i> y, marriage</td><td class="entry"> 9. mono <i>pol</i>y, sell</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. eu <i>phon</i> y, sound</td><td class="entry">10. <i>poly</i> gam y, many</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">11. <i>sym</i> path y, with</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Apathy</i> (a = without). <i>State of being without feeling</i>; lack of +interest; mental indifference; sluggishness.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Antipathy.</i> A <i>state of feeling against</i> or antagonistic to a +person or thing; as, <i>antipathy</i> to spiders.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p> 3. <i>Anarchy</i> (an = without). <i>State of being without rule</i>; social and +political disorder.</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Bigamy</i> (bi = two). <i>State of being married twice</i>; having two +wives or two husbands at the same time.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Euphony</i> (eu = well). <i>State of being</i> agreeable in <i>sound</i>; +<i>well</i>-sounding.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Melancholy</i> (melan = black). <i>State of having black bile</i>; gloomy +state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Misanthropy</i> (mis = hatred). <i>State of having hatred</i> for +<i>mankind</i>; ill will for people in general.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Monopoly</i> (mono = one). <i>State of having</i> the exclusive (<i>sole</i>) +privilege or power to <i>sell</i> an article at a certain place and time.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Sympathy.</i> <i>State of feeling with</i> another (as he feels) on +account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The suffix <i>y</i> has the same meaning in the following words. +They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no +simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny, +chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly, +showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>chron</b> = time.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. chron <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. chrono <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. chronicl <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">5. <i>syn</i> chron ous, together</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. chron <i>ology</i>, science of</td><td class="entry">6. ana chron <i>ism</i>, state of</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Pertaining to time</i>; continuing a long time, as a <i>chronic</i> +disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Chronicler.</i> <i>One who</i> records events in the order of their +occurrence in <i>time</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Chronology.</i> The <i>science of</i> ascertaining the true historic order +(in <i>time</i>) of past events and their exact dates.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Chronometer.</i> Any instrument for <i>measuring time</i>; as, clock, +watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on +vessels for determining longitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. <i>Synchronous.</i> Occurring <i>together</i> in <i>time</i>; happening or +existing at the same time.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Anachronism</i> (ana = back). Any error in respect to dates. +Literally, <i>state of being</i> placed at a wrong <i>time</i>. The significance +of <i>ana</i> in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was, +the referring of an event to a <i>time back</i> of its correct date.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ge</b> = earth.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. geo <i>graph</i> y, write</td><td class="entry">3. geo <i>metr</i> y, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. geo <i>logy</i>, science of</td><td class="entry">4. Ge<i>orge</i>, (erg) work</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Geography.</i> A description (<i>writing</i>) of the <i>earth</i> and its +inhabitants.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Geology.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the structure of the +<i>earth</i>; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, +mountains, etc.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Geometry.</i> That branch of mathematics which treats of the +measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because +one of its earliest and most important applications was to the +<i>measurement</i> of the <i>earth's</i> surface.</p> + +<p>4. <i>George.</i> A tiller (<i>worker</i>) of the <i>earth</i>; a farmer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 1.—Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form +are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize, +geologist.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 2.—<i>O</i> is no part of the root. It is the “wedding ring” that +ties roots of families together.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>graph</b> = write.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>auto</i> graph, self</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>mono</i> graph, single</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bio</i> graphy, life</td><td class="entry">9. ortho <i>graphy</i>, right</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>chiro</i> graphy, hand</td><td class="entry">10. <i>para</i> graph, beside</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>tri</i> graph, three</td><td class="entry">11. <i>phono</i> graph, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. graph<i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">12. <i>photo</i> graphy, light</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. graphite</td><td class="entry">13. <i>steno</i> graphy, narrow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>litho</i> graph, stone</td><td class="entry">14. <i>topo</i> graphy, place</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 6. <i>Graphite</i> is a mineral used in lead pencils for <i>writing</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p> 7. <i>Lithograph.</i> A <i>writing</i> on <i>stone</i> [Rare]. Made by printing +(<i>writing</i>) from <i>stone</i>; as a picture.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Monograph.</i> A <i>written</i> account or description of a <i>single</i> +thing, or class of things.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Orthography.</i> The art of <i>writing</i> words correctly (<i>right</i>), or +according to standard usage.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Paragraph.</i> (See fifth month, page 29.)</p> + +<p>12. A <i>photograph</i> is produced by the action of <i>light</i> (<i>writing</i>, as +it were,) upon chemically prepared paper.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Stenography</i> is short (in a somewhat vague sense <i>narrow</i>) hand +<i>writing</i>.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Topography.</i> A <i>written</i> description of a particular <i>place</i>, +town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical +features of a locality.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>log, logy</b> = speech, reason, science of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. logic</td><td class="entry">10. <i>geo</i> logy, earth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. logic <i>ian</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">11. <i>mono</i> logue, single</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>apo</i> logy, from</td><td class="entry">12. <i>myth</i> ology, fable</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>chrono</i> logy, time</td><td class="entry">13. <i>ornith</i> ology, bird</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>deca</i> logue, ten</td><td class="entry">14. <i>psych</i> ology, soul</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>dia</i> logue, between</td><td class="entry">15. <i>pro</i> logue, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>epi</i>logue, upon</td><td class="entry">16. <i>theo</i> logy, God</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>eu</i> logy, well</td><td class="entry">17. <i>dox</i> ology, praise</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">9. eulog <i>ize</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">18. <i>zoo</i> logy, animal</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Logic.</i> The science of <i>reason</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. An <i>apology</i> is a <i>speech</i> in defense of what appears to others +wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief <i>from</i> blame.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Decalogue.</i> The <i>ten</i> commandments (<i>speeches</i>) given to Moses on +Mount Sinai.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Epilogue.</i> A <i>speech</i> or poem at the end of an argument or +address; a speech <i>upon</i> (on top of, or in addition to) what has been +said.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Psychology.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the human <i>soul</i> (mind +and spirit included) and its operations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<h3 style="padding-top: 2em"><a name="EIGHTH_YEAR" id="EIGHTH_YEAR"></a>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3> + +<hr class="subheading" /> + +<p class="month">FIRST MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ad</b> = to, toward.</p> + +<p>(ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as <i>ad</i>. The +consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.)</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. ad <i>dress</i>, direct</td><td class="entry">11. ad <i>vent</i>, come</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. ad <i>equate</i>, equal</td><td class="entry">12. ad <i>vert</i> ise, turn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. ad <i>here</i>, stick</td><td class="entry">13. ag <i>greg</i> ate, flock</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. adher <i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">14. al <i>lure</i>, entice</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. a <i>dieu</i>, God</td><td class="entry">15. an <i>nex</i>, bind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. ad <i>ject</i> ive, throw</td><td class="entry">16. ap <i>pend</i>, hang</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. ad <i>journ</i>, day</td><td class="entry">17. af <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. ad <i>mon</i> ish, warning</td><td class="entry">18. ar <i>rive</i>, bank</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. ad <i>apt</i>, fit</td><td class="entry">19. as <i>sail</i>, leap</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. ad <i>opt</i>, choose</td><td class="entry">20. at <i>tach</i>, fasten</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>address</i> a letter is to <i>direct</i> it <i>to</i> its destination.</p> + +<p> 2. One is <i>adequate</i> to a duty or occasion when <i>equal to</i> it.</p> + +<p> 3. To <i>adhere</i> is to <i>stick to</i>; as, a stamp to an envelope.</p> + +<p> 4. “Every great man has his <i>adherents</i>” (<i>those who stick to</i> him).</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Adieu.</i> A farewell; a commendation <i>to</i> the care of <i>God</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. An <i>adjective</i> is a word added (in a sense <i>thrown</i>) <i>to</i> a noun to +modify its meaning.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Adjourn.</i> To put off <i>to</i> another <i>day</i>, or indefinitely.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>admonish</i> is to give a friendly <i>warning to</i>; to give advice.</p> + +<p> 9. To <i>adapt</i> is to <i>fit to</i> a certain purpose.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>adopt</i> is to <i>choose</i> (<i>to</i> one's self); as to <i>adopt</i> a +child.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Advent.</i> The second <i>coming</i> of Christ (<i>to</i> the earth).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<p>12. To <i>advertise</i> goods is to cause the public to <i>turn</i> their +attention <i>to</i> them.</p> + +<p>13. To <i>aggregate</i> is to collect <i>into</i> a <i>flock</i>; to collect into a +mass or sum.</p> + +<p>14. To <i>allure</i> is to attempt to <i>entice</i> or draw (<i>to</i>) by the offer +of some good, real or apparent.</p> + +<p>15. To <i>annex</i> is to <i>bind</i>, join or add <i>to</i>, as a smaller thing to a +greater.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Append</i> means to <i>hang</i> or attach <i>to</i>, as by a string.</p> + +<p>17. <i>Affix.</i> To <i>fasten to</i>; to add at the close or end.</p> + +<p>18. <i>Arrive</i> literally means to come <i>to</i> the <i>bank</i> or shore (from +out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or +result.</p> + +<p>19. <i>Assail.</i> To <i>leap toward</i>; to attack with violence.</p> + +<p>20. <i>Attach.</i> To <i>fasten to</i>; to affix or connect.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ante</b> = before.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ante <i>ced</i> ent, go</td><td class="entry">3. ante <i>meridi</i> an, midday</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ante di <i>luv</i> ian, wash</td><td class="entry">4. ante pen <i>ult</i>, last</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Antecedent.</i> That which <i>goes before</i> in time.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Antediluvian</i> (di = away) (ian = one who). <i>One who</i> lived +<i>before</i> the flood (<i>wash away</i>).</p> + +<p>3. <i>Antemeridian.</i> <i>Before</i> the <i>middle</i> of the <i>day</i>. Generally +abbreviated to A. M.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Antepenult</i> (pen = almost). <i>Before almost</i> the <i>last</i>. The last +syllable of a word but two.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>bi (bis)</b> = two (twice).</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. bi <i>ceps</i>, head</td><td class="entry"> 7. bi <i>nomi</i>al, name or term</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. bi <i>cuspid</i>, point</td><td class="entry"> 8. bi <i>ped</i>, foot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. bi <i>cycle</i>, circle.</td><td class="entry"> 9. bis <i>cuit</i>, cook</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. bi <i>ennial</i>, year</td><td class="entry">10. bi <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. bi <i>gamy</i>, marriage</td><td class="entry">11. bi <i>valve</i>, door</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. bi <i>mana</i>, hand</td><td class="entry">12. ba <i>lance</i>, plate</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The <i>biceps</i> is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called +because it has <i>two heads</i> or origins.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + +<p> 2. The <i>bicuspid</i> teeth have <i>two points</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. A <i>bicycle</i> has <i>two</i> wheels or <i>circles</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Biennial</i> means lasting <i>two years</i> or occurring once in two +years.</p> + +<p> 5. A <i>bigamist</i> is one who has been <i>married twice</i>, and who has two +wives or two husbands at the same time.</p> + +<p> 6. The <i>bimana</i> are animals having <i>two hands</i>; as man.</p> + +<p> 7. A <i>binomial</i> in algebra is a quantity consisting of <i>two terms</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. A <i>biped</i> is an animal having but <i>two feet</i>; as man.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Biscuit</i> were so called because formerly baked or <i>cooked twice</i>.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>bisect</i> a line is to <i>cut</i> it into <i>two</i> equal parts.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Bivalve.</i> Having <i>two doors</i>; as the clam. (Each side or shell is +comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.)</p> + +<p>12. <i>Balances</i> are so called because they consist of <i>two plates</i> or +pans suspended from the balance beam.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>con (col com cor)</b> = with, together.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. col <i>lapse</i>, slip, fall</td><td class="entry">10. com <i>posit</i>ion, put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. col <i>lect</i>, choose, gather</td><td class="entry">11. com <i>peer</i> (<i>par</i>), equal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. col <i>lide</i>, strike</td><td class="entry">12. con <i>cur</i>, run</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. col <i>loquy</i>, talk</td><td class="entry">13. con <i>fide</i>, faith</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. com <i>mingle</i>, mix</td><td class="entry">14. con <i>cord</i>, heart</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. com <i>miser</i>ate, pity</td><td class="entry">15. con <i>flict</i>, strike</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. com <i>motion</i>, move</td><td class="entry">16. con <i>greg</i>ate, flock</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. com <i>mute</i>, change</td><td class="entry">17. con <i>tact</i>, touch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">9. com <i>pany</i>, bread</td><td class="entry">18. cor <i>robor</i> ate, strength</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A building <i>collapses</i> when its sides <i>fall together</i>; when it +tumbles down.</p> + +<p> 2. To <i>collect</i> botanical specimens is to <i>gather</i> them <i>together</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. Two objects <i>collide</i> when they <i>strike together</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>colloquy</i> is a <i>talking together</i> of two or more people.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Commingle</i> means to <i>mix together</i>; as people in society.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> + +<p> 6. <i>Commiserate.</i> To feel sorrow, pain or <i>pity</i> (<i>with</i> another).</p> + +<p> 7. A <i>commotion</i> is a <i>moving together</i>; a tumult.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Commute.</i> To <i>change</i> one thing (<i>with</i>) for another; to exchange. +To substitute a less thing for a greater.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Company</i> formerly meant an assembly of people eating <i>bread +together</i>.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Composition.</i> The act of <i>putting</i> parts <i>together</i> to produce a +harmonious whole.</p> + +<p>11. One's <i>compeer</i> is the <i>equal with</i> himself in rank, age, prowess, +etc.</p> + +<p>12. Two people <i>concur</i> in regard to a matter when their minds <i>run +together</i>; when they agree.</p> + +<p>13. To <i>confide</i> in one is to have <i>faith</i> in him; to intrust secrets +<i>with</i> him.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Concord</i> means literally <i>heart with</i> heart; agreement; harmony.</p> + +<p>15. <i>Conflict.</i> A <i>striking together</i>; hostile contest.</p> + +<p>16. To <i>congregate</i> means to <i>flock</i> or assemble <i>together</i>.</p> + +<p>17. <i>Contact.</i> A <i>touching together</i>; a close union of bodies.</p> + +<p>18. <i>Corroborate.</i> To <i>strengthen</i>; to make more certain; to confirm. +Two statements <i>corroborate</i> when one agrees <i>with</i> the other; each +thus <i>strengthens</i> the other.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>de</b> = down, from.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. de <i>capi</i> tate, head</td><td class="entry"> 6. de <i>pose</i>, place put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. de <i>cid</i> uous, fall</td><td class="entry"> 7. de <i>preci</i> ate, price</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. de <i>fine</i>, end, limit</td><td class="entry"> 8. de <i>scend</i>, climb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. de <i>grade</i>, step, degree</td><td class="entry"> 9. de <i>spic</i> able, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. de <i>ject</i> ed, cast</td><td class="entry">10. de <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Decapitate.</i> To take the <i>head from</i> the body; to behead.</p> + +<p> 2. The leaves of <i>deciduous</i> trees <i>fall</i> (<i>down</i>) once a year.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Define.</i> To put <i>down</i>, or mark out the bounds or <i>limit</i>; to +fence <i>from</i>; to determine the precise meaning; to describe +accurately.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<p> 4. <i>Degrade.</i> To reduce from a higher (<i>down</i>) to a lower rank or +<i>degree</i>.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Dejected.</i> <i>Cast down</i> in spirit; discouraged.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Depose.</i> To <i>put down</i>; especially to remove from a throne or high +station.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Depreciate.</i> To put <i>down</i> the <i>price</i>; to reduce the value of.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Descend.</i> To <i>climb down</i>.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Despicable.</i> Deserving to be <i>looked down</i> upon; low, mean, +contemptible.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Detract.</i> To <i>draw from</i>; to take away; as, to take credit or +reputation from.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>capt (caput)</b> = head.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bi</i> ceps, two</td><td class="entry">5. <i>de</i> capitate, from</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. capit <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">6. cab(b) <i>age</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. capt <i>ain</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> capita, by</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. capit ul <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">8. cap.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. cape</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Biceps.</i> A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has +<i>two heads</i> or origins.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>head</i>; chief; principal; as the <i>capital</i> +city.</p> + +<p>3. <i>One who</i> is at the <i>head</i>; a leader; as the <i>captain</i> of a vessel, +or a company of soldiers.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Capitulate.</i> To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to +draw up items under <i>heads</i> or chapters.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Decapitate.</i> To take the <i>head from</i> the body.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Cabbage.</i> A vegetable <i>which</i> has a <i>head</i>.</p> + +<p>7. <i>By</i> the <i>head</i>; as a <i>per capita</i> tax.</p> + +<p>8. A <i>cap</i> is a covering for the <i>head</i>.</p> + +<p>9. A <i>cape</i> is a <i>head</i> of land.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>cede, ced, cess</b> = go, yield.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ac</i>cede, to</td><td class="entry">10. access</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ante</i>cedent, before</td><td class="entry">11. an (te) cestor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i>ceed, out, beyond</td><td class="entry">12. excess</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>inter</i>cede, between</td><td class="entry">13. intercessor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>pre</i>cede, before</td><td class="entry">14. predecessor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>pro</i>ceed, forward</td><td class="entry">15. process</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i>cede, back</td><td class="entry">16. recess</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>8. <i>se</i>cede, aside</td><td class="entry">17. secession</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">9. <i>suc</i>ceed, (sub) after, under</td><td class="entry">18. successor</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Accede.</i> To <i>yield to</i>; to agree; consent, concur; go to.</p> + +<p>2. The <i>antecedent</i> of a pronoun is the noun which <i>goes before</i> it, +and for which the pronoun stands.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Exceed.</i> To <i>go beyond</i> what is needed or expected.</p> + +<p>4. To <i>go between</i> two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with +the person who has some advantage over the other.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Precede.</i> To <i>go before</i> in order of time.</p> + +<p>6. To <i>go</i> on or <i>forward</i>; as <i>proceed</i> with your work.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Recede.</i> To <i>go back</i> from a given position.</p> + +<p>8. To <i>go aside</i>; to separate; as to <i>secede</i> from the church.</p> + +<p>9. To <i>go</i> or follow <i>after</i> in order of time; as, one shock +<i>succeeded</i> another with great rapidity.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 1.—The principal parts of the Latin verb are <i>cedo</i>, <i>cedere</i>, +<i>cessi</i>, <i>cessum</i>. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are +kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 2.—Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled +<i>ceed</i>, in the others <i>cede</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>cent</b>—hundred.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. cent <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">3. centi <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. centi <i>grade</i>, step, degree</td><td class="entry">4. centi <i>ped</i>, foot</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>per</i> cent, by</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Happening once in a <i>hundred years</i>. The <i>Centennial</i> Exposition +was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing +of the Declaration of Independence.</p> + +<p>2. Divided into one <i>hundred degrees</i>. On the <i>centigrade</i> thermometer +there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the +boiling point.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Centimeter.</i> The <i>hundredth</i> part of a meter (standard of +<i>measure</i>).</p> + +<p>4. <i>Centiped.</i> A segmented invertebrate animal of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> class nyrapod +(Greek for <i>many feet</i>), so called because it has a great many +(indefinitely one <i>hundred</i>) <i>feet</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>By</i> the <i>hundred</i>; as, six <i>per cent</i>; that is, six cents on the +dollar.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>civ</b> = citizen.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>civ</i>ic, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">3. civil <i>ize</i>, to make</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. civ <i>il</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">4. civil <i>ian</i>, one who</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Civic.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> a <i>citizen</i>, or the affairs of a city.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Civil.</i> Fit to live in a state or society with <i>citizens</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Civilize.</i> To <i>make civil</i>. To instruct in the arts and customs of +<i>citizen</i>ship.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>civilian</i> is <i>one whose</i> pursuits are those of a <i>citizen</i> and +not of a <i>soldier</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">SECOND MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ex</b> = out, beyond, from.</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>e</i>, <i>ec</i>, and <i>ef</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>ex</i>.)</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ex <i>ceed</i>, go</td><td class="entry"> 8. ex <i>pand</i>, spread</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ex <i>cept</i>, take</td><td class="entry"> 9. ex <i>pect</i>, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. ex <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">10. ex <i>ped</i> ite, foot</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. ex <i>curs</i>ion, run</td><td class="entry">11. ex <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. ex <i>cuse</i>, charge</td><td class="entry">12. ex <i>pire</i>, breathe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. ex <i>hale</i>, breathe</td><td class="entry">13. ex <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. ex <i>it</i>, go</td><td class="entry">14. ex <i>tent</i>, stretch</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">15. ex <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 5. To <i>excuse</i> is to relieve (take <i>out</i>) from the <i>charge</i> of blame.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>expedite</i> is to hurry forward; especially by removing +hinderances (as <i>from</i> the <i>feet</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>in (il, im, ir)</b> = in, into, on, not.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. il <i>leg</i> al, law</td><td class="entry">21. in <i>cred</i> ible, believe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. il <i>liter</i> ate, letter</td><td class="entry">22. in <i>cur</i>, run</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. im <i>bibe</i>, drink</td><td class="entry">23. in <i>dorse</i>, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. im <i>mature</i>, ripe</td><td class="entry">24. in <i>duce</i>, lead</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. im <i>mense</i>, measure</td><td class="entry">25. in <i>del</i> ible, rub out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. im <i>merse</i>, plunge</td><td class="entry">26. in <i>dent</i>, tooth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. im <i>mort</i> al, death</td><td class="entry">27. in <i>evit</i> able, avoid</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. im <i>mut</i> able, change</td><td class="entry">28. in <i>fid</i>el, faithful</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. im <i>pel</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">29. in <i>fant</i>, speak</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. im per <i>vi</i> ous, way</td><td class="entry">30. in <i>grate</i>, thankful</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">11. im <i>pious</i>, reverent</td><td class="entry">31. in <i>hale</i>, breathe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">12. im <i>port</i>, carry</td><td class="entry">32. in <i>ject</i>, throw</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">13. im <i>pose</i>, put</td><td class="entry">33. in <i>nate</i>, born</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">14. im <i>pulse</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">34. in <i>nov</i> ate, new</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">15. im <i>pun</i> ity, punish</td><td class="entry">35. in <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">16. in <i>carn</i> ate, flesh</td><td class="entry">30. in <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">17. in <i>clem</i> ent, mild</td><td class="entry">37. in <i>toxic</i> ate, poison</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">18. in <i>cognito</i>, known</td><td class="entry">38. in <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">19. in <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">39. in <i>vade</i>, go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">20. in <i>crease</i>, grow</td><td class="entry">40. in <i>vert</i>, turn</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the +prefix from the four given above (<i>in</i>, <i>into</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>not</i>) which is +most suitable; thus: <i>imbibe</i> means to drink <i>in</i>; immature, <i>not</i> +ripe; immerse, to plunge <i>into</i>; indorse, to write <i>on</i> the back of.</p> + +<p> 2. An <i>illiterate</i> person is one <i>not</i> familiar with <i>letters</i>; one +who has little or no learning.</p> + +<p> 5. Literally, anything is <i>immense</i> when it can <i>not</i> be <i>measured</i>; +of vast extent.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Immortal.</i> <i>Not</i> liable to <i>death</i>.</p> + +<p>10. Having <i>no way through</i> (per = through); as, cloth which is +<i>impervious</i> to water; waterproof.</p> + +<p>14. An <i>impulse</i> is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to +<i>drive</i> one <i>on</i> to say or do something.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p>15. <i>Not</i> liable to <i>punishment</i>; freedom from the bad consequences +which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with +<i>impunity</i>.</p> + +<p>16. <i>In</i> the <i>flesh</i>; as Christ was the <i>incarnate</i> Son of God.</p> + +<p>17. <i>Not mild</i>, but harsh and severe; as <i>inclement</i> weather.</p> + +<p>18. <i>Not known</i>; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman +traveling <i>incognito</i>.</p> + +<p>21. A story is <i>incredible</i> when it is <i>not</i> capable of being +<i>believed</i>; unworthy of belief.</p> + +<p>26. <i>Indent.</i> To cut <i>into</i> points like a row of <i>teeth</i>.</p> + +<p>29. <i>Infant.</i> A young babe (<i>not</i> yet able to <i>speak</i>).</p> + +<p>35. <i>Insect.</i> A small animal apparently <i>cut into</i> segments.</p> + +<p>40. <i>Invert.</i> To <i>turn</i> the outside <i>in</i>; to place in a contrary way.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ob</b> = against, in the way of.</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>oc</i>, <i>of</i>, <i>op</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>ob</i>.)</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ob <i>ject</i>, throw</td><td class="entry">5. ob <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ob <i>loqu</i> y, speak</td><td class="entry">6. oc <i>cupy</i>, hold</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. ob <i>sta</i> cle, stand</td><td class="entry">7. of <i>fend</i>, strike</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. ob <i>struct</i>, build</td><td class="entry">8. op <i>pon</i> ent, place</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. An <i>objection</i> to a proposition is an opinion <i>thrown against</i> or +in opposition to it.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Obloquy.</i> A <i>speaking against</i>; language that casts contempt on +men and their actions.</p> + +<p>6. To take and <i>hold</i> (<i>against</i> the possession of another); as to +preëmpt and <i>occupy</i> a homestead.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>post</b> = after, behind.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. post <i>date</i>, date</td><td class="entry">4. post <i>meridian</i>, midday</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. post <i>pone</i>, place</td><td class="entry">5. post <i>mortem</i>, death</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. post <i>script</i>, write</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pre</i> poster ous, before</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>6. <i>Preposterous</i> originally meant, having that <i>first</i> which ought to +be <i>last</i>; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present +day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>curr, curs</b> = run.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. couri <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>ex</i> curs ion, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> cur, together</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>in</i> cur, into</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> course, together</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>inter</i> course, between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. curs <i>ory</i>, ing</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>pre</i> curs or, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. course</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> course, back</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>courier</i> is <i>one who runs</i>, or goes hastily with a message.</p> + +<p> 2. The opinions of people <i>concur</i> when they agree, or <i>run together</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. A <i>concourse</i> is an assemblage of people who have come (or <i>run</i>) +<i>together</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. A <i>cursory</i> glance is a hasty, and hence, a <i>running</i> glance.</p> + +<p> 5. A race <i>course</i> is a place for <i>running</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. To <i>incur</i> a debt is to <i>run into</i> it.</p> + +<p>10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words +“without <i>recourse</i>”, says in effect, “You can't <i>run back</i> on me for +payment”.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>dent</b> = tooth.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. dent</td><td class="entry">4. dent <i>ist</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. dent <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>e</i> dent ate, without</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. dent <i>ate</i>, shaped like</td><td class="entry">6. dan <i>de lion</i>, of lion</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>dent</i> is an impression like that made by a <i>tooth</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Edentate</i> animals, such as the sloth, are <i>without teeth</i>, or at +least are without the incisors.</p> + +<p>6. The <i>dandelion</i> has yellow compound flowers which resemble the +<i>tooth of</i> the <i>lion</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>dict</b> = speak, say, tell.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bene</i> dict ion, well</td><td class="entry">5. <i>e</i> dict, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>contra</i> dict, against</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pre</i> dict, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. diction <i>ary</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. <i>ver</i> dict, truth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. dict <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>male</i> dict ion, bad</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>benediction</i> is a blessing (a <i>speech</i> to the effect that it may +be <i>well</i> with thee).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. A <i>dictionary</i> is a book in <i>which</i> we may learn about words, the +elements of <i>speech</i>.</p> + +<p>4. To <i>dictate</i> is to <i>speak</i> or <i>say</i> what another shall <i>write</i> or +do.</p> + +<p>7. The <i>verdict</i> of a jury is what they <i>say</i> to be the <i>truth</i> in the +case.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>doc, doct</b> = teach.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. doc <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">3. doct <i>rine</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. doct <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">4. docu <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Docile.</i> Capable of being easily <i>taught</i>.</p> + +<p>2. A <i>doctor</i> is <i>one who</i>, by virtue of his master's degree, is +qualified to <i>teach</i>.</p> + +<p>3. Doctrine is <i>that which</i> is <i>taught</i>; a principle taught as a part +of a system of belief.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>document</i> is <i>that which teaches</i> by means of the evidence it +gives.</p> +</div> + + + +<p class="month"><a name="THIRD_MONTH" id="THIRD_MONTH"></a>THIRD MONTH.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>pro</b> = for, forth, forward, before.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. pro <i>bat</i> ion, try, prove</td><td class="entry">11. pro <i>logue</i>, speech</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. pro <i>bosc</i> is, feed</td><td class="entry">12. pro <i>mise</i>, send</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. pro <i>crastin</i> ate, tomorrow</td><td class="entry">13. pro <i>mote</i>, move</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. pro <i>duce</i>, lead</td><td class="entry">14. pro <i>noun</i>, noun</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. pro (f) <i>fer</i>, bear, bring</td><td class="entry">15. pro <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. pro <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">16. pro <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. pro <i>gnostic</i> ate, know</td><td class="entry">17. pro <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. pro <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">18. pro <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. pro <i>gress</i>, step</td><td class="entry">19. pro <i>vide</i>, see</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. pro <i>ject</i>, cast</td><td class="entry">20. pro <i>voke</i>, call</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. One who joins a church on <i>probation</i> is given a <i>trial</i> to <i>prove</i> +his worthiness <i>before</i> being fully admitted.</p> + +<p> 2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the <i>forward</i> +portion) of the animal with which he <i>feeds</i>.</p> + +<p> 3. To put <i>forward</i> till <i>tomorrow</i>, or to put off from time to time. +“Procrastination is the thief of time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>”</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>profuse</i> speaker <i>pours forth</i> ideas freely.</p> + +<p>12. One's <i>promise</i> is his word, spoken or written, <i>sent forth</i> as +evidence of something more substantial to follow.</p> + +<p>16. When a young man <i>proposes</i> he <i>puts</i> the question <i>before</i> his +lady.</p> + +<p>19. A good <i>provider sees</i> necessities <i>before</i>hand and prepares to +meet them.</p> + +<p>20. To <i>provoke</i> laughter is to <i>call</i> it <i>forth</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>retro</b> = backward.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. retro <i>grade</i>, step</td> +<td class="entry">2. retro <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>se (sed)</b> = aside.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. se <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">4. se <i>duce</i>, lead</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. se <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">5. se <i>greg</i> ate, flock</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. se <i>cure</i>, care</td><td class="entry">6. se <i>lect</i>, gather</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>3. <i>Secure.</i> Free (<i>aside</i>) from <i>care</i>, as to danger or risk; as, +<i>secure</i> from attack, or <i>secure</i> against loss by fire.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Seduce.</i> To <i>lead</i> or draw <i>aside</i>; especially from a path of +rectitude. To lead into evil.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Segregate.</i> To place or group (<i>flock</i>) <i>aside</i> from others or the +rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>sub</b> = under, after, near.</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>suc</i>, <i>suf</i>, <i>sug</i>, <i>sup</i>, <i>sur</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>sub</i>.)</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. sub <i>due</i> lead</td><td class="entry">11. sub <i>terr</i> anean, earth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. sub <i>jug</i> ate, yoke</td><td class="entry">12. sub <i>trahe</i> nd, draw</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. sub <i>lunar</i>, moon</td><td class="entry">13. sub <i>urbs</i>, city</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. sub <i>merge</i>, plunge</td><td class="entry">14. sub <i>way</i>, way</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. sub <i>ordin</i> ate, rank</td><td class="entry">15. suc <i>cess</i> or, go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. sub <i>poena</i>, penalty</td><td class="entry">16. suc <i>cumb</i>, lie</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. sub <i>scribe</i>, write</td><td class="entry">17. suf <i>fer</i>, bear</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. sub <i>side</i>, sit</td><td class="entry">18. suf <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. sub <i>soil</i>, ground</td><td class="entry">19. suf <i>focate</i>, throat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. sub <i>stance</i>, stand</td><td class="entry">20. sup <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Subdue.</i> To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>under</i> authority; to conquer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> + +<p> 2. <i>Subjugate.</i> To bring <i>under</i> the <i>yoke</i> of power or dominion.</p> + +<p> 3. <i>Sublunar.</i> Situated <i>under</i>neath the <i>moon</i>; hence earthly.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Subpoena.</i> A writ commanding attendance <i>under penalty</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Subscribe.</i> To bind one's self to, by <i>writing</i> one's name +<i>under</i>neath; as to <i>subscribe</i> to the terms of a contract.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Subside.</i> To <i>sit</i> (or settle) <i>under</i> (down).</p> + +<p>10. <i>Substance.</i> That which underlies (<i>stands under</i>) all outward +manifestation.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Subterranean.</i> Situated or occurring <i>under</i> the surface of the +<i>earth</i>.</p> + +<p>12. The <i>subtrahend</i> is placed <i>under</i> the minuend to be <i>drawn</i> from +it.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Suburb.</i> A town or village so <i>near</i> to a <i>city</i> that it may be +used for residence by those doing business in the city.</p> + +<p>15. <i>One who goes</i> or follows <i>after</i>; as, a <i>successor</i> in office.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Succumb.</i> To <i>lie under</i> discouragement, rather than to surmount +it.</p> + +<p>19. Certain fumes or vapors <i>under</i> the mouth (or <i>throat</i>), will +<i>suffocate</i> one.</p> + +<p>20. <i>Support.</i> To <i>carry</i> on; keep up; as to <i>support</i> a conversation; +to <i>support</i> a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up +from beneath (<i>under</i>).</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>trans</b> = across, over, through.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. trans <i>act</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">11. trans <i>late</i>, carry</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. trans <i>alpine</i>, Alps</td><td class="entry">12. trans <i>lucent</i>, shining</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. trans <i>atlantic</i>, Atlantic</td><td class="entry">13. trans <i>marine</i>, sea</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. tran <i>scend</i>, climb</td><td class="entry">14. trans <i>migration</i>, moving</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. tran <i>scribe</i>, write</td><td class="entry">15. trans <i>mit</i>, send</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. trans <i>fer</i>, carry</td><td class="entry">16. trans <i>mute</i>, change</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. trans <i>form</i>, shape</td><td class="entry">17. trans <i>parent</i>, appear</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. trans <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">18. trans <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. trans <i>gress</i>, step</td><td class="entry">19. trans <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. trans <i>it</i>, go</td><td class="entry">20. trans <i>verse</i>, turn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent +as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>fin</b> = end, limit.</p> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Final.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>end</i>; the last.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Finale.</i> The <i>end</i> of a musical composition.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Finish.</i> To <i>make</i> an <i>end</i> of.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Fine.</i> Well <i>finished</i>. Also, a penalty assessed at the <i>end</i> of +the case.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Refine.</i> Finished over (or <i>again</i>).</p> + +<p>6. <i>Finite.</i> Having a <i>limit</i> in power or knowledge.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Infinite.</i> Having <i>no limit</i> in power or knowledge.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Confine.</i> To keep <i>within limits</i> or bounds.</p> + +<p>9. <i>Superfine.</i> <i>Over</i> or extra finish.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>firm</b> = strong, steadfast.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>in</i>firm, not</td><td class="entry">3. infirm <i>ary</i>, place where</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. infirm <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> firm, with</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. farm</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Infirm.</i> <i>Not strong</i>, but weak and defective.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Infirmity.</i> <i>That</i> with <i>which</i> one is afflicted or infirm.</p> + +<p>4. The testimony of one witness is made <i>stronger</i> when that of +another witness agrees <i>with</i> or <i>confirms</i> it.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>farm</i> is a substantial possession, <i>steadfast</i> and immovable.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>flex, flect</b> = bend, turn.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. flex <i>ible</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">5. <i>circum</i> flex, around</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>in</i> flexible, not</td><td class="entry">6. <i>de</i> flect, from</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. flexibil <i>ity</i>, quality</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> flection, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. flect <i>or</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">8. <i>re</i> flex, back</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>4. <i>That which bends</i>; as, the biceps muscle is the <i>flector</i> which +<i>bends</i> the arm.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>circumflex</i> is a <i>bending around</i> of the voice,—a rise and a +fall on the same syllable.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Reflection.</i> A <i>turning</i> of the thoughts <i>back</i> to things of the +past.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<p>8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and <i>turned back</i> without +their reaching the brain results in <i>reflex</i> action.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>flu</b> = flow.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. flu <i>ent</i>, characteristic of</td><td class="entry">5. influenz <i>a</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>af</i> fluence, (ad) to</td><td class="entry">6. <i>in</i> flux, in</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> fluence, together</td><td class="entry">7. <i>super</i> fluous, over</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> fluence, in</td><td class="entry">8. fluid</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. flush</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>fluent</i> speaker uses smooth and <i>flowing</i> language.</p> + +<p>2. People of <i>affluence</i> have wealth <i>flowing to</i> them.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>confluence</i> of two streams is their <i>flowing together</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Influence</i> literally means <i>flowing in</i>. The bringing about a +result by a gradual process; gradual because <i>flowing</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Influenza.</i> A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly +attributed to the <i>influence</i> of the stars.</p> + +<p>8. A <i>fluid</i> is so called because it is capable of <i>flowing</i>.</p> + +<p>9. <i>Flush.</i> To <i>flow</i> swiftly.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">FOURTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>vice</b> = instead of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. vice president</td><td class="entry">3. vice <i>roy</i>, king</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. vice admiral</td><td class="entry">4. vic <i>ar</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. vice <i>versa</i>, turn</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>3. <i>Viceroy.</i> A ruler acting with kingly authority <i>instead of</i> the +<i>king</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Vicar.</i> In general, <i>one who</i> is authorized to perform functions, +especially religious ones, <i>instead of</i> another.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Vice versa.</i> <i>Turned</i>, one <i>instead of</i> the other, interchanged.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>a (an)</b> = without, not.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>byss</i>, bottom</td><td class="entry"> 7. an <i>esthetic</i>, feeling</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. a <i>cephal</i> ous, head</td><td class="entry"> 8. an <i>onym</i> ous, name</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. a <i>chrom</i> atic, color</td><td class="entry"> 9. a <i>pathy</i>, suffer, feel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. a <i>gnostic</i> ism, knowledge</td><td class="entry">10. a <i>sylum</i>, right of seizure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. an <i>archy</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">11. a <i>the</i> ist, God</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. an <i>ecdote</i>, given out</td><td class="entry">12. a <i>tom</i>, cut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 4. <i>Agnosticism.</i> The doctrine or theory that man has <i>not</i> any real +or absolute <i>knowledge</i> of anything, but can know only “impressions”.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Anarchy.</i> A state of society in which there is <i>no</i> authority or +<i>ruling</i> power.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Anecdote</i> [ec (ex) = out]. Originally a personal or biographical +incident <i>not given out</i> for publication.</p> + +<p> 7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an +<i>anesthetic</i> is <i>without</i> the <i>feeling</i> of pain.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Asylum.</i> Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors +were free from (<i>without</i>) the <i>right of seizure</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Atheist.</i> <i>One who</i> is <i>without</i> belief in the existence of a +<i>God</i>.</p> + +<p>12. <i>Atom.</i> The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which +<i>cannot</i> be further <i>cut</i> or divided.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>auto</b> = self.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. auto <i>crat</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">4. auto <i>maton</i>, strive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. auto <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. auto <i>mobile</i>, move</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. auto <i>bio</i> graphy, life</td><td class="entry">6. aut <i>ops</i> y, see</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Autocrat.</i> An absolute sovereign, one who has the <i>ruling</i> power +all in him<i>self</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Autobiography.</i> A <i>writing</i> of one's <i>life</i> by him<i>self</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Automaton.</i> A <i>self</i> acting (<i>striving</i>) machine; one having its +motive power within itself.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Autopsy.</i> <i>Seeing</i> by one's <i>self</i>; personal observation or +examination.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>epi</b> = upon.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. epi <i>cycle</i>, circle</td><td class="entry">5. epi <i>sode</i>, way</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. epi <i>demic</i>, people</td><td class="entry">6. epi <i>taph</i>, tomb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. epi <i>dermis</i>, skin</td><td class="entry">7. epi <i>thet</i>, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. epi <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">8. epi <i>zoötic</i>, animal</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Epicycle.</i> A circle whose center moves around <i>upon</i>, or in, the +circumference of another <i>circle</i>; as the orbit of the moon in its +motion with the earth around the sun.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <i>Epigram.</i> Literally, to <i>write upon</i>. A short, pointed poem, or a +bright thought concisely and sharply expressed.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Episode.</i> Something which happens <i>upon</i> the <i>way</i>, or comes in +incidentally to the main enterprise.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Epithet.</i> An adjective or term <i>placed upon</i> a person or thing and +expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or +thing.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Epizoötic.</i> A disease <i>upon</i> many <i>animals</i> in a community.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>micro</b> = little.</p> + +<p class="center">micro <i>be</i>, life; micro <i>cosm</i>, world; micro <i>scope</i>, see, view.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>grat (grac)</b> = pleasing, favor, thankful.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. grati <i>tude</i>, ness</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>un</i> grateful, not</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. grate <i>ful</i>, full of</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>dis</i> grace, from</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. grati <i>fy</i>, make</td><td class="entry"> 8. grac <i>ious</i>, having</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> grati ate, into</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>a</i> gree, (ad) according to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>in</i> grate, not</td><td class="entry">10. gratis</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-right: 4em">11. grace</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 4. To become <i>ingratiated</i> with another is to get <i>into</i> his <i>favor</i>. +“The pigmy had contrived to <i>ingratiate</i> himself into every man's +affection.”—<i>Stanley.</i></p> + +<p> 5. An <i>ingrate</i> is <i>not thankful</i> for benefits received.</p> + +<p> 7. One in <i>disgrace</i> is out of (away <i>from</i>) <i>favor</i> with others.</p> + +<p> 9. An <i>agreement</i> is entered into <i>according to</i> the <i>pleasure</i> of +both parties.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Gratis.</i> Out of, or because of, <i>favor</i>; without recompense.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Grace.</i> Literally, <i>pleasing</i>; beloved.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>greg</b> = flock, herd.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ag</i> gregate, (ad) to</td><td class="entry">3. gregari <i>ous</i>, quality</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> gregate, together</td><td class="entry">4. <i>se</i> gregate, aside</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>3. <i>Gregarious.</i> <i>Quality</i> or characteristic of animals which tend to +gather in <i>flocks</i>; as, sheep, geese, deer.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Segregate.</i> To separate (<i>aside</i>) from others and form into an +isolated group (<i>flock</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ject</b> = cast, throw.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> ject, away</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pro</i> ject, forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>de</i> jected, down</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> ject, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> ject, out</td><td class="entry">8. <i>ad</i> jective, to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> ject, in</td><td class="entry">9. <i>inter</i> jection, between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>ob</i> ject, against</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sub</i> ject, under</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>leg</b> = law.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. leg <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. legal <i>ize</i>, make</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>il</i> legal, not</td><td class="entry">5. legis <i>late</i>, bring forth</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. legal <i>ity</i>, state of</td><td class="entry">6. <i>privi</i> lege, private</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>6. A <i>private law</i>, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by +others or by all, is a <i>privilege</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">FIFTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>aceous</b> = having the quality of.</p> + +<p>[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix +with the meaning of the root; thus, <i>cretaceous</i> means having the +quality of <i>chalk</i>.]</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>creta</i> ceous, chalk</td><td class="entry">4. <i>farin</i> aceous, grain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>crust</i> aceous, shell</td><td class="entry">5. <i>herb</i> aceous, herb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>carbon</i> aceous, coal</td><td class="entry">6. <i>sapon</i> aceous, soap</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>al</b> = pertaining to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>capit</i> al, head</td><td class="entry">13. <i>miner</i> al, mine</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>corpor</i> al, body</td><td class="entry">14. <i>nas</i> al, nose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>cymb</i> al, cup</td><td class="entry">15. <i>nat</i> al, born</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>dent</i> al, tooth</td><td class="entry">16. <i>nomin</i> al, name</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>di</i> al, day</td><td class="entry">17. <i>norm</i> al, rule</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>fest</i> al, feast</td><td class="entry">18. <i>pen</i> al, punishment</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>fili</i> al, son, daughter</td><td class="entry">19. <i>plur</i> al, more</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>fin</i> al, end</td><td class="entry">20. <i>reg</i> al, king</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. <i>flor</i> al, flower</td><td class="entry">21. <i>roy</i> al, king</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>frug</i> al, fruit</td><td class="entry">22. <i>rur</i> al, country</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">11. <i>jovi</i> al, merry</td><td class="entry">23. <i>vit</i> al, life</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">12. <i>leg</i> al, law</td><td class="entry">24. <i>voc</i> al, voice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>head</i>, as, <i>capital</i> punishment, which +involves the forfeiture of the <i>head</i>.</p> + +<p>10. A <i>frugal</i> person is economical with his means, hence <i>fruitful</i> +in saving.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>name</i> only, not real; as, a <i>nominal</i> +Christian.</p> + +<p>17. <i>Pertaining to</i> the standard or <i>rule</i>; as, the <i>normal</i> color of +the crow is black.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ence</b>, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means <i>state of being</i>.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. abs <i>tin</i> ence, hold</td><td class="entry"> 6. de <i>pend</i> ence, hang</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. af <i>flu</i> ence, flow</td><td class="entry"> 7. im <i>pot</i> ence, power</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. bene <i>vol</i> ence, wish</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>omni</i> pot ence, all</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. con <i>dol</i> ence, grief</td><td class="entry"> 9. re <i>tic</i> ence, silent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. con <i>fid</i> ence, faith</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sequ</i> ence, follow</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>State of holding from</i> something which tempts and entices; as, +<i>abstinence</i> from strong drink.</p> + +<p> 2. (See third month, page 63.)</p> + +<p> 3. <i>State of being</i> actively desirous (<i>wishing</i>) for the <i>well</i>-being +of others. “The laws of social <i>benevolence</i> require that every man +should try to assist others by his experience.”</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Condolence.</i> <i>State of being</i> in <i>grief</i> or sympathy <i>with</i> others +on account of their afflictions.</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Confidence.</i> <i>State of being</i> confident (of having <i>faith</i> in +others or in one's self).</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Dependence.</i> <i>State of being</i> dependent (of <i>hanging</i> [relying] on +others for support).</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Impotence.</i> <i>State of being</i> impotent (of having no <i>power</i>; weak; +feeble).</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Omnipotence.</i> <i>State of being all powerful.</i></p> + +<p> 9. <i>Reticence</i>. <i>State</i> or quality <i>of being silent</i>; refraining from +speech.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Sequence.</i> <i>State of being</i> sequent (<i>following</i>); order of +following.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ance</b>, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means <i>state of being</i>.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. con <i>cord</i> ance, heart</td><td class="entry"> 6. ex <i>pect</i> ance, look</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. con <i>son</i> ance, sound</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>fragr</i> ance, scent</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. dis <i>cord</i> ance, heart</td><td class="entry"> 8. re <i>pugn</i> ance, fist</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. dis <i>son</i> ance, sound</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>sembl</i> ance, similar</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>domin</i> ance, master</td><td class="entry">10. <i>temper</i> ance, time</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Concordance.</i> <i>State of being heart with heart</i>; harmony; +agreement.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Consonance.</i> <i>State of</i> agreement of <i>sound with sound</i>; tones in +unison.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Repugnance.</i> Literally, the <i>state of being</i> disposed to fight +(strike) <i>back</i> (with the <i>fist</i>) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion; +dislike.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Temperance.</i> <i>State of being</i> well <i>timed</i> (regular in habits) in +eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ent</b> = one who, that which.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>her</i> ent, stick</td><td class="entry"> 6. in <i>solv</i> ent, loosen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ante <i>ced</i> ent, go</td><td class="entry"> 7. pre <i>ced</i> ent, go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>belliger</i> ent, wage war</td><td class="entry"> 8. op <i>pon</i> ent, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. de <i>pend</i> ent, hang</td><td class="entry"> 9. re <i>pell</i> ent, drive</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. equi <i>val</i> ent, power</td><td class="entry">10. <i>tang</i> ent, touch</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given. +Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words +when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which +can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work +of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ment</b> = mind.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. mental</td><td class="entry">3. mention</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. comments</td><td class="entry">4. memento</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. demented</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. One's <i>mental</i> powers are the powers of his <i>mind</i>, including +intellect, feeling, and will.</p> + +<p>2. One's <i>comments</i> on a topic generally reveal to some degree the +state of his <i>mind</i> in regard to it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. The <i>mention</i> of a thing calls it to <i>mind</i>.</p> + +<p>4. A <i>memento</i> is a <i>reminder</i>.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>demented</i> person has the powers of his <i>mind</i> impaired.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>mit, mitt</b> = send, let go.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> mit, to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>per</i> mit, through</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>com</i> mit, with</td><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> mit, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> mit, out</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sub</i> mit, under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>o</i> mit, (ob) by</td><td class="entry">8. <i>trans</i> mit, across</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A ticket will <i>admit</i> you (<i>let</i> you <i>go</i>) to the entertainment.</p> + +<p>2. To place in custody; to entrust <i>with</i>; as to <i>commit</i> a fund to +the care of trustees; to <i>commit</i> (<i>send</i>) a prisoner to jail.</p> + +<p>3. To <i>send</i> or give <i>out</i>; as, the fountain <i>emits</i> water.</p> + +<p>4. To <i>let go by</i>; to neglect; to overlook; as, to <i>omit</i> a fact.</p> + +<p>5. A <i>permit</i> will <i>let</i> you <i>go through</i> the factory.</p> + +<p>6. To <i>remit</i> is to <i>send</i> (<i>back</i>) value for value received.</p> + +<p>7. To give up or <i>let</i> one's self <i>go under</i> the government of +another; to yield, or surrender. “Do not <i>submit</i> yourself to insult.”</p> + +<p>8. To <i>send</i> (<i>across</i>) from one to another; as, to <i>transmit</i> a +message.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>norm</b> = rule.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. norm <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> normous, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ab</i> normal, from</td><td class="entry">4. enorm <i>ity</i>, state of</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Pertaining to</i> the usual <i>rule</i> or type; as, his pulse is +<i>normal</i>.</p> + +<p>2. Deviating <i>from</i> the natural condition, course, or <i>rule</i>; as, an +<i>abnormal</i> appetite.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Out</i> of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual <i>rule</i>; as the +death rate was <i>enormous</i>.</p> + +<p>4. The <i>state</i> or quality <i>of</i> being enormous; especially the quality +of being extremely bad; as, the <i>enormity</i> of his crime.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>pater</b> = father.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. patern <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. patri <i>cide</i>, kill</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. patri <i>arch</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">5. patri <i>ot</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. patron <i>ize</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">6. patrimony<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. Pertaining to a <i>father</i>; fatherly; as, <i>paternal</i> love.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Patriarch.</i> One of the <i>fathers</i> and <i>rulers</i> of a tribe or race; +particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Patronize.</i> To <i>act</i> like a patron, or one who protects, fosters, +or supports some enterprise, as a <i>father</i> looks after those under his +care.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Patricide.</i> The <i>killing</i> of a <i>father</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Patriot.</i> <i>One who</i> loves and supports the institutions of his +country somewhat as a <i>father</i> cares for the interests of his family.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Patrimony.</i> An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's +<i>father</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">SIXTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>fy</b> = to make.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>ampli</i> fy, large</td><td class="entry">11. <i>lique</i> fy, liquid</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>certi</i> fy, certain</td><td class="entry">12. <i>magni</i> fy, large</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>clari</i> fy, clear</td><td class="entry">13. <i>puri</i> fy, pure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>dei</i> fy, god</td><td class="entry">14. <i>rare</i> fy, rare</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>exempli</i> fy, example</td><td class="entry">15. <i>recti</i> fy, right</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>falsi</i> fy, false</td><td class="entry">16. <i>terri</i> fy, frighten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>forti</i> fy, strong</td><td class="entry">17. <i>testi</i> fy, witness</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>horri</i> fy, horror</td><td class="entry">18. <i>typi</i> fy, type</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. <i>identi</i> fy, the same</td><td class="entry">19. <i>veri</i> fy, true</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>justi</i> fy, right</td><td class="entry">20. <i>vivi</i> fy, life</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>ile</b> = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ag</i> ile, act</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>juven</i> ile, young</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>duct</i> ile, draw</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>puer</i> ile, child</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>frag</i> ile, break</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>serv</i> ile, serve</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fert</i> ile, bear</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>vers</i> atile, turn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>host</i> ile, enemy</td><td class="entry">10. <i>vir</i> ile, man</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>2. A <i>ductile</i> substance is one which is <i>capable of</i> being <i>drawn</i> +into wire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<p>9. A <i>versatile</i> person is <i>capable of turning</i> readily from one thing +to another; manysided.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ine</b> = belonging to, like.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>aquil</i> ine, eagle</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>fel</i> ine, cat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bov</i> ine, cow</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>femin</i> ine, woman</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>can</i> ine, dog</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>mar</i> ine, sea</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dent</i> ine, tooth</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>mascul</i> ine, male</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>div</i> ine, deity</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sal</i> ine, salt</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. An <i>aquiline</i> nose is one hooked like the beak which <i>belongs</i> to +an <i>eagle</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>canine</i> teeth are so called because they correspond to those +best developed in the <i>dog</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ion</b> = the act of, ing. (In many words <i>ion</i> means <i>that which</i>.)</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ablut</i> ion, washing away</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>commot</i> ion, move</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bisect</i> ion, cutting in two</td><td class="entry">10. <i>frict</i> ion, rub</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>expans</i> ion, spreading out</td><td class="entry">11. <i>junct</i> ion, join</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>expuls</i> ion, driving out</td><td class="entry">12. <i>opt</i> ion, choose</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>inspect</i> ion, looking into</td><td class="entry">13. <i>resurrect</i> ion, rising again</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>intercess</i> ion, going between</td><td class="entry">14. <i>secess</i> ion, going aside</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>collect</i> ion, gathering together</td><td class="entry">15. <i>stat</i> ion, stand</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>combust</i> ion, burn</td><td class="entry">16. <i>tens</i> ion, stretch</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. An <i>ablution</i> is the <i>act of washing away</i>, or cleansing.</p> + +<p>15. A <i>station</i> is a <i>standing</i> place for the train.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ite</b> = one who.</p> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>Canaanite</i> is <i>one who</i> dwelt in the land of <i>Canaan</i>.</p> +<p>2. A <i>Dowieite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a follower of <i>Dowie</i>.</p> +<p>3. A <i>favorite</i> is <i>one who</i> receives special <i>favor</i>.</p> +<p>4. A <i>hypocrite</i> is <i>one who pretends</i> to be what he is not.</p> +<p>5. An <i>Israelite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a descendant of <i>Israel</i>, or +Jacob.</p> +<p>6. A <i>Levite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a descendant of <i>Levi</i>. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>port</b> = carry.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. port <i>able</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">5. <i>im</i> port, into</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. port <i>folio</i>, leaf</td><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> port, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. port <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sup</i> port, under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> port, out</td><td class="entry">8. <i>trans</i> port, across</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. port</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Capable of</i> being <i>carried</i> or moved without difficulty; as, a +<i>portable</i> engine.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Portfolio.</i> A case or folder in which <i>leaves</i> of loose paper or +other stationery may be <i>carried</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Porter.</i> Literally, <i>one who carries</i> burdens.</p> + +<p>7. <i>Support.</i> To <i>carry</i> or uphold from beneath (<i>under</i>).</p> + +<p>9. <i>Port.</i> The manner in which one <i>carries</i> himself.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>rupt</b> = break.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> rupt, away</td><td class="entry">5. <i>inter</i> rupt, between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bank</i> rupt, bench</td><td class="entry">6. rupt <i>ure</i>, ing</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dis</i> rupt, apart</td><td class="entry">7. rout</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>e</i> ruption, out</td><td class="entry">8. route</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in +business had his <i>banca</i>, or money <i>bench, broken</i>; hence, one who is +unable to pay his debts is <i>bankrupt</i>.</p> + +<p>6. A <i>rupture</i> is a <i>breaking</i> apart; as the <i>rupture</i> of a blood +vessel.</p> + +<p>7. To <i>break</i> the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to <i>rout</i> an +enemy.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Route</i> originally meant a road <i>broken</i> through a new and +untraveled section of country. After thus <i>broken</i> it became a way or +<i>route</i> for travel.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>scribe, script</b> = write.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>circum</i> scribe, around</td><td class="entry">7. <i>post</i> script, after</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>de</i> scribe, down</td><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> scription, upon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>in</i> scribe, in, upon</td><td class="entry">9. scribe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>pre</i> scribe, before</td><td class="entry">10. scribble</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>sub</i> scribe, under</td><td class="entry">11. script</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>tran</i> scribe, across</td><td class="entry">12. scripture +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. <i>Circumscribe.</i> To draw (<i>write</i>) a bounding line <i>around</i>; hence, +to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.</p> + +<p>9. A <i>scribe</i>, in Jewish history, was a custodian and <i>writer</i> of the +official records of the nation.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>scribble</i> is to do hasty or careless <i>writing</i>.</p> + +<p>11. <i>Script</i> consists of characters <i>written</i> by hand.</p> + +<p>12. <i>Scripture.</i> The sacred <i>writings</i> of any people.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>spec, spect</b> = look, see, view.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>a</i> spect, (ad) toward</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>pro</i> spect, before</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>circum</i> spect, around</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>retro</i> spect, backward</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> pect, out</td><td class="entry"> 8. spectat <i>or</i>, one who</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> spect, into</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>sus</i> pect, under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>per</i> spective, through</td><td class="entry">10. spectacle</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">11. spectacles</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The appearance of a thing as <i>viewed</i> (looked <i>toward</i> or at) by +the eye or mind; as, a stern <i>aspect</i>; the southern <i>aspect</i> of a +house.</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Looking around</i> in all directions, as against danger or error. “Of +all these circumstances, the slow, <i>circumspect</i> eye of the master +took cognizance one by one.”</p> + +<p> 5. <i>Perspective.</i> That which is <i>seen through</i> an opening or vista. +The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Suspect.</i> To <i>underlook</i>; to imagine or infer that appearances +misrepresent; hence one who <i>suspects</i> is inclined to <i>look beneath</i> +the surface.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Spectacle.</i> Something exhibited to be <i>looked</i> at, especially if +it be held worthy of unusual notice.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="month">SEVENTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ory</b> = place where.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>arm</i> ory, arms</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>manufact</i> ory, hand made</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>deposit</i> ory, put away</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>observ</i> atory, observe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dorm</i> itory, sleep</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>prepar</i> atory, to make ready</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fact</i> ory, make</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>reform</i> atory, form again</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>laborat</i> ory, work</td><td class="entry">10. <i>terr</i> itory, land +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. An <i>armory</i> is a <i>place where arms</i> and other instruments of war +are kept.</p> + +<p> 2. A <i>depository</i> is a <i>place where</i> things are or may be <i>put away</i> +for safe keeping.</p> + +<p> 5. A <i>laboratory</i> is, literally, a <i>place</i> for <i>labor</i>; particularly a +place for scientific experimentation.</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>manufactory</i> was formerly so called because it named a <i>place +where</i> things were <i>made</i> by <i>hand</i>. The first part of the word is now +generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the +work in a factory is done by hand.</p> + +<p>10. <i>Territory</i> is extent of <i>land</i> belonging to or ruled by the +government. Literally it means a <i>place where</i> there is <i>land</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ous</b> = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>amphi bi</i> ous, double + life</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>homo gene</i> ous, like + kind</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>aque</i> ous, water</td><td class="entry">10. <i>im per vi</i> ous, no + through + way</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>bili</i> ous, bile</td><td class="entry">11. <i>numer</i> ous, number</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>clamor</i> ous, to cry out</td><td class="entry">12. <i>preci</i> ous, price, value</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>decidu</i> ous, fall</td><td class="entry">13. <i>pre coci</i> ous, early + ripe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>furi</i> ous, rage</td><td class="entry">14. <i>ponder</i> ous, weigh</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>greg</i> arious, flock</td><td class="entry">15. <i>pre poster</i> ous, before + after</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>hetero gene</i> ous, other + kind</td><td class="entry">16. <i>viv</i> acious, life</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Living both</i> on land and in water. “Seals of <i>amphibious</i> nature, +are either for the land or water.”</p> + +<p> 2. <i>Pertaining to</i>, or containing <i>water</i>; as, an <i>aqueous</i> vapor.</p> + +<p> 3. A <i>state of</i> ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver, +the gland which secretes <i>bile</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. <i>Consisting of</i> loud and repeated <i>outcries</i> or noise; as, a +<i>clamorous</i> crowd.</p> + +<p> 5. The leaves of <i>deciduous</i> trees <i>fall</i> once a year.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Consisting</i> of unlike elements or ingredients of different +(<i>other</i>) <i>kinds</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Having</i> the mental faculties <i>prematurely</i> developed; as, a +<i>precocious</i> child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> + +<p>15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally, +<i>preposterous</i> meant <i>having</i> the <i>after</i> part <i>before</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ulent</b> = full of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>corp</i> ulent, body</td><td class="entry">4. <i>succ</i> ulent, juice</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>fraud</i> ulent, fraud</td><td class="entry">5. <i>esc</i> ulent, food</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>op</i> ulent, wealth</td><td class="entry">6. <i>vir</i> ulent, poison</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A <i>corpulent</i> person is one who has an excess of fat; hence, +literally speaking, is <i>full of body</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Succulent</i> plants are <i>full of juice</i>; as, the stalk of the sugar +cane.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Esculent</i> plants are those suitable for <i>food</i> (literally, <i>full +of food</i>).</p> + +<p>“Every lover of that invaluable <i>esculent</i> (the potato) has reason to +remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry.”—<i>Whittier.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ure</b> = act or state of, that which.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>capt</i> ure, take</td><td class="entry">11. <i>pict</i> ure, paint</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>depart</i> ure, from + part</td><td class="entry">12. <i>pleas</i> ure, please</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>en clos</i> ure, within + shut</td><td class="entry">13 <i>post</i> ure, place</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>fixt</i> ure, fasten</td><td class="entry">14. <i>pro ced</i> ure, forward + go</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>fract</i> ure, break</td><td class="entry">15. <i>rapt</i> ure, carry away</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>gest</i> ure, act, do</td><td class="entry">16. <i>script</i> ure, write</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>junct</i> ure, join</td><td class="entry">17. <i>signat</i> ure, mark or sign</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>manu fact</i> ure, hand + make</td><td class="entry">18. <i>sut</i> ure, sew</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. <i>overt</i> ure, open</td><td class="entry">19. <i>text</i> ure, weave</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>past</i> ure, feed</td><td class="entry">20. <i>verd</i> ure, green</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>y</b> = state of being, full of, consisting or made of.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. bloody</td><td class="entry">7. fleshy</td><td class="entry">13. guilty</td><td class="entry">19. rosy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. dewy</td><td class="entry">8. frosty</td><td class="entry">14. hardy</td><td class="entry">20. sandy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. dressy</td><td class="entry">9. fussy</td><td class="entry">15. hoary</td><td class="entry">21. shady</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. curly</td><td class="entry">10. gaudy</td><td class="entry">16. lofty</td><td class="entry">22. spunky</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. faulty</td><td class="entry">11. gloomy</td><td class="entry">17. marshy</td><td class="entry">23. thirsty</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. filthy</td><td class="entry">12. grassy</td><td class="entry">18. rainy</td><td class="entry">24. wealthy +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>While the above words serve to illustrate the use of <i>y</i> as a suffix, +to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their +simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no +definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base +definitions.</p> + +<p>The eight words following, which end in <i>y</i>, can, however, be analyzed +with profit:</p> +</div> + +<table style="padding-top: 1em"> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>an arch</i> y, without + rule</td><td class="entry">5. <i>ob loqu</i> y, against + speak</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>a path</i> y, without + feel</td><td class="entry">6. <i>poly gam</i> y, many + marriage</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>aut ops</i> y, self + see</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sym path</i> y, together + feel</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>col loqu</i> y, together + speak</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sym phon</i> y, together + sound</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>tort, tors</b> = twist, wring, wrest.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>con</i> tort, together</td><td class="entry">5. torch</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>dis</i> tort, aside</td><td class="entry">6. tor <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> tort, out</td><td class="entry">7. tortoise</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>re</i> tort, back</td><td class="entry">8. tort <i>ure</i>, that which</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. To <i>twist together</i>; to turn awry. “A form <i>contorted</i> and +misshapen from that which nature gave.”</p> + +<p>2. To <i>twist aside</i>; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true +meaning. “For gold the hireling judge <i>distorts</i> the laws.”</p> + +<p>3. To <i>wring</i> or wrest <i>out of</i> or away from; to get by force or by +taking unfair advantage. “'Till the injurious Romans did <i>extort</i> this +tribute from us, we were free.”</p> + +<p>4. To bend, <i>twist</i> or turn <i>back</i>. A <i>retort</i> is a short and pointed +reply <i>turned back</i> on an assailant. A <i>retort</i> tube is one <i>twisted</i> +or bent back at one end.</p> + +<p>5. The <i>torch</i> is so called because the wick is <i>twisted</i> like a rope.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Torment</i> comes from <i>tormentum</i>, a machine (engine) for throwing +stones to inflict <i>torture</i>.</p> + +<p>7. The <i>tortoise</i> is so called because of its <i>twisted</i> or crooked +feet.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Wringing</i> pain; anguish of body or mind. “In ancient Greece, +<i>torture</i> was never employed except in case of treason”.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>tract</b> = draw.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>abs</i> tract, away</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>re</i> tract, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>at</i> tract, to</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>re</i> treat, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> tract, together</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sub</i> tract, under</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>de</i> tract, from</td><td class="entry">11. trace</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> tract, apart</td><td class="entry">12. tract <i>able</i>, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ex</i> tract, out</td><td class="entry">13. trail</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>pro</i> tract, forward</td><td class="entry">14. train</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. To <i>draw away</i>; to consider apart. “In truth the object and +sensation are the same thing and cannot be <i>abstracted</i> from each +other.”</p> + +<p> 2. To <i>draw to</i> or toward. A magnet <i>attracts</i> iron filings.</p> + +<p> 3. To <i>draw together</i> or closer. Heat expands and cold <i>contracts</i>.</p> + +<p> 4. To <i>draw</i> away <i>from</i>. To take away a part of something, especially +from one's credit. “Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of +merit in myself.”</p> + +<p> 5. To <i>draw apart</i> or away. The attention is <i>distracted</i> when it is +<i>drawn apart</i> from the thing in hand.</p> + +<p> 6. To <i>draw out</i>, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes <i>extracted</i> from the +honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.</p> + +<p> 7. To <i>draw</i> forward; to extend or prolong; as, “England desired not +to <i>protract</i> the war.”</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>draw back</i>; to take back what has been said. When one finds he +has said a hasty thing he would do well to <i>retract</i> it.</p> + +<p> 9. To <i>draw back</i>, as from an enemy. “Come, shepherd, let us make an +honorable <i>retreat</i>.”</p> + +<p>10. To <i>draw</i> away; as apart from the whole. Literally to <i>draw</i> away +from <i>under</i>, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is +very seldom used literally.</p> + +<p>11. A <i>trace</i> is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is +<i>drawn</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + +<p>12. A <i>tractable</i> child is one which can be easily led or <i>drawn</i>.</p> + +<p>13. <i>Trail</i> means to <i>draw</i> along, or what is <i>drawn</i>.</p> + +<p>14. A <i>train</i> consists of cars <i>drawn</i> by a locomotive.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ven, vent</b> = come.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> vent, to</td><td class="entry"> 6. <i>e</i> vent, out</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ad</i> vent ure, upon</td><td class="entry"> 7. <i>inter</i> vention, between</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>a</i> venue, to</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>in</i> vent, upon</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> vene, together</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>re</i> venue, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>circum</i> vent, around</td><td class="entry">10. <i>pre</i> vent, before</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. A <i>coming</i> or arrival of any important event or personage. The +<i>advent</i> of summer. An <i>Adventist</i> is one who makes the second +personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.</p> + +<p> 2. An <i>adventure</i> is a stirring experience, <i>come upon</i>, as it were, +suddenly and unexpectedly.</p> + +<p> 3. That which <i>comes to</i> a certain place. Formerly an <i>avenue</i> was a +roadway bordered with trees which <i>comes to</i> a residence.</p> + +<p> 4. To <i>come together</i>. “The household fowls <i>convene</i>.”</p> + +<p> 5. To <i>circumvent</i> an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a +secret and round about (<i>coming around</i>) way.</p> + +<p> 6. The <i>outcome</i> of an occurrence; as, “In that <i>event</i> all will be +right.” “Marriage is the principal <i>event</i> for good or evil in all +lives.”</p> + +<p> 7. The act of <i>coming between</i> persons or objects; especially +interference with the acts of others.</p> + +<p> 8. To <i>come upon</i>; to find out or discover.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Revenue</i> is that which <i>comes back</i>, as from an investment; income +from all forms of one's property.</p> + +<p>10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures. +Originally <i>prevent</i> meant to <i>come before</i>; as in Matt. xvii:25: +“When Peter was come into the house, Jesus <i>prevented</i> him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>”</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>vers, vert</b> = turn.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> verse, to (against)</td><td class="entry">10. <i>in</i> vert, into</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. ad vers <i>ity</i>, state of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>per</i> verse, thoroughly</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ad</i> vert, to</td><td class="entry">12. <i>re</i> verse, back</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. ad vert <i>ise</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">13. <i>trans</i> verse, across</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>a</i> vers ion, away</td><td class="entry">14. <i>versat</i> ile, capable of</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>a</i> vert, away</td><td class="entry">15. vers <i>ion</i>, that which</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>di</i> verse, apart</td><td class="entry">16. vertex</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>di</i> version, aside</td><td class="entry">17. vertigo</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">9. <i>di</i> vorce, apart</td><td class="entry">18. vortex</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. <i>Turned against</i>; antagonistic. <i>Adverse</i> winds. “Error is +<i>adverse</i> to human happiness.”</p> + +<p> 2. <i>State of</i> adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or +unhappiness. “Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved +you out of all <i>adversities</i>.”</p> + +<p> 3. To <i>turn</i> the mind or attention <i>to</i>; as, “I will only <i>advert</i> to +some leading points in the argument.”—<i>Emerson.</i></p> + +<p> 4. To <i>advertise</i> an article is to cause the public to <i>turn</i> +attention <i>to</i> it.</p> + +<p> 5. A <i>turning away</i> from. “Adhesion to vice and <i>aversion</i> to +goodness.”</p> + +<p> 6. To <i>turn away</i> or aside. “Till ardent prayer <i>averts</i> the public +woe.”</p> + +<p> 7. <i>Diverse</i> ways are different ways—they <i>turn apart</i>.</p> + +<p> 8. The act of <i>turning aside</i> from a course; as the <i>diversion</i> of the +mind from study.</p> + +<p> 9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus <i>turning</i> +husband and wife <i>apart</i> from each other.</p> + +<p>10. To <i>turn into</i> another position; as, upside down, inside out, end +for end, etc.</p> + +<p>11. A <i>perverse</i> inclination is one <i>thoroughly</i> wrong or <i>turned</i> +from the right.</p> + +<p>12. To <i>turn back</i>; as to <i>reverse</i> an engine.</p> + +<p>13. A <i>transverse</i> beam is one <i>turned across</i> others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<p>14. <i>Capable of</i> moving or <i>turning</i> around; as a <i>versatile</i> spindle; +turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a +<i>versatile</i> writer.</p> + +<p>15. <i>That which</i> is translated (or <i>turned</i>) from another language; +as, the King James <i>version</i> of the Bible.</p> + +<p>16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the <i>turning</i> point.</p> + +<p>17. A <i>turning</i> or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“That old <i>vertigo</i> in his head<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Will never leave him till he's dead.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>18. A <i>whirl</i>pool. (<i>Vortex</i> is another form of <i>vertex</i>.)</p> +</div> + +<p class="month">EIGHTH MONTH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ic</b> = pertaining to.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>aqua</i> tic, water</td><td class="entry">11. <i>lyr</i> ic, lyre, harp</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>arc</i> tic, bear</td><td class="entry">12. <i>metal</i> lic, metal</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>barbar</i> ic, foreign; uncivilized</td><td class="entry">13. <i>metr</i> ic, measure</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>chron</i> ic, time</td><td class="entry">14. <i>numer</i> ic, number</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>civ</i> ic, citizen</td><td class="entry">15. <i>op</i> tic, eye</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>dom</i> estic, house</td><td class="entry">16. <i>pan</i> ic, Pan</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>epi dem</i> ic, upon + people</td><td class="entry">17. <i>phon</i> ic, sound</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>erra</i> tic, wander</td><td class="entry">18. <i>publ</i> ic, people</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. <i>Homer</i> ic, Homer</td><td class="entry">19. <i>rust</i> ic, country</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>luna</i> tic, moon</td><td class="entry">20. <i>techn</i> ic, art, trade</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 2. <i>Arctic</i> means, literally, <i>pertaining to</i> the northern +constellations called the Great and Little <i>Bears</i>; hence pertaining +to the north polar regions.</p> + +<p> 8. <i>Erratic</i> means <i>wandering</i> from the proper or usual course in +opinion or conduct.</p> + +<p> 9. <i>Homeric</i> means <i>relating to Homer</i>, the great epic poet of ancient +Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.</p> + +<p>10. A <i>lunatic</i> is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of +sanity (as if affected by the <i>moon</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> + +<p>11. <i>Lyric</i> poetry is that which is adapted to the <i>lyre</i> or harp; fit +to be sung to an accompaniment.</p> + +<p>16. <i>Panic</i> means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to +have been caused by <i>Pan</i>, the god of pastures and forests.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ise, (ize)</b> = make, do, cause.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>ad vert</i> ise, to + turn</td><td class="entry">13. equalize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>critic</i> ise, judge</td><td class="entry">14. generalize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>familiar</i> ize, family</td><td class="entry">15. harmonize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>fertil</i> ize, bear, produce</td><td class="entry">16. humanize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>leg</i> alize, law</td><td class="entry">17. idolize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>re cogn</i> ize, again + know</td><td class="entry">18. magnetize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>sym path</i> ize, with + feel</td><td class="entry">19. modernize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>tan tal</i> ize, Tantalus</td><td class="entry">20. naturalize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. agonize</td><td class="entry">21. organize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. brutalize</td><td class="entry">22. realize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">11. civilize</td><td class="entry">23. systematize</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">12. crystallize</td><td class="entry">24. tyrannize</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. A merchant when he <i>advertises</i> goods hopes thereby to <i>cause</i> +people to <i>turn</i> their attention <i>to</i> them.</p> + +<p>2. To <i>criticise</i> is to (<i>make</i>) pass <i>judgment</i> upon.</p> + +<p>3. To <i>familiarize</i> means, literally, to <i>make</i> as one of the +<i>family</i>, to become intimate with.</p> + +<p>4. Ground is <i>fertilized</i> when it is <i>caused</i> to <i>produce</i> more +abundantly.</p> + +<p>5. Any conduct is <i>legalized</i> when it is <i>made lawful</i>.</p> + +<p>6. We <i>recognize</i> a person when we <i>know</i> him <i>again</i>; as, one whom we +have known before.</p> + +<p>7. To <i>sympathize</i> is to <i>feel with</i> another.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Tantalize</i> is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who, +according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being +placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over +him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he +sought to satisfy his hunger or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> thirst. Hence tantalize means to +tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and +frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.</p> + +<p>Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by +using some meaning of the suffix <i>ize</i> in the definition with the +first part of the word; thus, <i>agonize</i> means to <i>cause</i> to have +<i>agony</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>ist</b> = one who.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry"> 1. <i>agri cultur</i> ist, field + culture</td><td class="entry">11. <i>journ</i> alist, day</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 2. <i>an arch</i> ist, without + rule</td><td class="entry">12. <i>jur</i> ist, right</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 3. <i>art</i> ist, art</td><td class="entry">13. <i>loy</i> alist, law</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 4. <i>a the</i> ist, without + god</td><td class="entry">14. <i>oc</i> ulist, eye</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 5. <i>botan</i> ist, plant</td><td class="entry">15. <i>optim</i> ist, best</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 6. <i>de</i> ist, god</td><td class="entry">16. <i>pessim</i> ist, worst</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 7. <i>dent</i> ist, tooth</td><td class="entry">17. <i>re viv</i> alist, again + life</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 8. <i>flor</i> ist, flower</td><td class="entry">18. <i>roy</i> alist, king</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry"> 9. <i>ge olog</i> ist, earth + science</td><td class="entry">19. <i>sci</i> entist, knowledge</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>hypno</i> tist, sleep</td><td class="entry">20. <i>somn ambul</i> ist, sleep + walk</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 4. An <i>atheist</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>without</i> belief in a personal <i>God</i>.</p> + +<p> 6. A <i>deist</i> is <i>one who</i> believes in <i>God</i> but denies revealed +religion.</p> + +<p>15. An <i>optimist</i> is <i>one who</i> holds the opinion that all events are +ordered for the <i>best</i>.</p> + +<p>16. A <i>pessimist</i> is <i>one who</i> has a disposition to take the least +hopeful (<i>worst</i>) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate +tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>oid</b> = having the form of, shaped like.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>aster</i> oid, star</td><td class="entry">4. <i>spher</i> oid, sphere</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>dent</i> oid, tooth</td><td class="entry">5. <i>typh</i> oid, cloud, stupor</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ethm</i> oid, sieve</td><td class="entry">6. <i>variol</i> oid, various +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>meter, metr</b> = measure.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>anemo</i> meter, wind</td><td class="entry"> 8. <i>hydro</i> meter, water</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>baro</i> meter, weight</td><td class="entry"> 9. <i>lacto</i> meter, milk</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>chrono</i> meter, time</td><td class="entry">10. metr <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dia</i> meter, across</td><td class="entry">11. <i>penta</i> meter, five</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>gas</i> ometer, gas</td><td class="entry">12. <i>peri</i> meter, around</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ge</i> ometer, earth</td><td class="entry">13. <i>thermo</i> meter, heat</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>hexa</i> meter, six</td><td class="entry">14. <i>tri gon</i> ometry, three + angle</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p> 1. The <i>anemometer</i> is an instrument for <i>measuring</i> the force and +velocity of the <i>wind</i>.</p> + +<p> 2. The <i>barometer measures</i> the <i>weight</i> of the atmosphere, and thus +aids in determining the indications of the weather.</p> + +<p> 3. A <i>chronometer</i> is an instrument for <i>measuring time</i>. +Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in +astronomical observations.</p> + +<p> 6. <i>Geometry</i> literally means <i>earth measure</i>. It treats of the +measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the <i>measurement</i> +of <i>land</i>.</p> + +<p> 7. The <i>hexameter</i> in poetry is a <i>measure</i> having <i>six</i> poetic feet +to the line.</p> + +<p> 8. The <i>hydrometer</i> is used for <i>measuring</i> the specific gravity of +<i>water</i> and other liquids.</p> + +<p> 9. The <i>lactometer</i> is used for <i>measuring</i> the purity and richness of +<i>milk</i>.</p> + +<p>10. The <i>metric</i> system of weights and measures is one in which the +meter is the unit of <i>measure</i>.</p> + +<p>12. The <i>perimeter</i> is the <i>measure around</i> a body or figure.</p> + +<p>14. <i>Trigonometry</i> treats of <i>measurements</i> based on the triangle +(<i>three angles</i>).</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>phon</b> = sound.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>eu</i> phony, well</td><td class="entry">4. phono <i>graph</i>, write</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. phon <i>etic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>sym</i> phony, with</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. phon <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">6. <i>tele</i> phone, far +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"><b>polis</b> = city.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>acro</i> polis, high, upper</td><td class="entry">5. <i>metro</i> polis, mother</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>Anna</i> polis, Ann</td><td class="entry">6. <i>Minne</i> apolis, Minne</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>Constantin</i> ople, Constanine</td><td class="entry">7. police</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>Indiana</i> polis, Indiana</td><td class="entry">8. politics</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. The <i>acropolis</i> was the <i>upper</i> part of a Grecian <i>city</i>. It +commanded a view of the surrounding country.</p> + +<p>2. Named for Queen <i>Ann</i>.</p> + +<p>3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for <i>Constantine</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Indiana</i> means, literally, the <i>land</i> of the <i>Indians</i>. +<i>Indianapolis</i> means <i>city</i> of <i>Indiana</i>.</p> + +<p>5. The <i>metropolis</i> is the chief, or <i>mother city</i>, of the state or +country.</p> + +<p>6. The <i>city</i> of <i>Minne</i> (haha).</p> + +<p>7. A <i>police</i> force is a body of civil officers in a <i>city</i> organized +for its protection.</p> + +<p>8. <i>Politics</i> is the science of government in state or <i>city</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>scop</b> = view.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>horo</i> scope, hour</td><td class="entry">3. <i>micro</i> scope, small</td></tr> +<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>kaleido</i> scope, beautiful + form</td><td class="entry">4. <i>stereo</i> scope, solid</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>tele</i> scope, far</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="mylist"> +<p>1. The <i>horoscope</i> is an instrument for <i>viewing</i> the heavens at the +<i>hour</i> of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell +the events of a person's life.</p> + +<p>2. The <i>kaleidoscope</i> is an optical instrument in which an endless +variety of <i>beautiful</i> patterns or <i>forms</i> may be <i>viewed</i> by changing +its position.</p> + +<p>4. The <i>stereoscope</i> is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for +giving to pictures the appearance of <i>solid</i> forms as seen in nature.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> +</div> + + +<hr class="chapter" /> + +<h2><a name="PART_TWO" id="PART_TWO"></a>PART TWO</h2> + +<h3>Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words, Principles<br /> of Pronunciation, and +Rules of Spelling.</h3> + +<hr class="subheading" /> + +<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.</h3> + +<p class="subheading">(First Month.)<br /><br /> + +TERMS TO BE DEFINED.</p> + +<p>An <small>ELEMENTARY SOUND</small> is the simplest sound of spoken language.</p> + +<p>There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As +there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters +represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing +characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are +called <small>DIACRITICAL MARKS</small>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Phonotypy</span> is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by +a distinct printed character or letter.</p> + +<p>The <small>VOCALS</small> or <small>TONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified +or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as ā, ĕ.</p> + +<p>The <small>SUBVOCALS</small> or <small>SUBTONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by the +tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an +undertone; as b, d, g, r.</p> + +<p>The <small>ASPIRATES</small> or <small>ATONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by merely +breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath +sounds; as p, t, s.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="subheading">TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.<br /> + +<span style="font-size: 90%">[From Swett's Normal Word Book.]</span></p> + + +<h4><i>I. Vocals.</i></h4> + +<table class="letters"> +<tr><td class="letters">a</td><td class="entry"> ā-le,</td><td class="examples"> āi-m</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ä</td><td class="entry"> ä-lms,</td><td class="examples"> ä-rt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">a̤</td><td class="entry"> a̤-ll,</td><td class="examples"> b-a̤-ll</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ă</td><td class="entry"> ă-n,</td><td class="examples"> m-ă-n</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">â</td><td class="entry"> c̵-â-re,</td><td class="examples"> â-ir</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ȧ</td><td class="entry"> ȧ-sk,</td><td class="examples"> f-ȧ-st</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ē</td><td class="entry"> ē-ve,</td><td class="examples"> b-ē</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ě</td><td class="entry"> ě-nd,</td><td class="examples"> m-ě-n</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ẽ</td><td class="entry"> h-ẽ-r,</td><td class="examples"> ẽ-rr</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ī, ȳ</td><td class="entry"> ī-ce,</td><td class="examples"> b-ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ĭ, y̆</td><td class="entry"> ĭ-t,</td><td class="examples"> h-y̆-mn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ō</td><td class="entry"> ō-ld,</td><td class="examples"> n-ō</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ǒ</td><td class="entry"> ǒ-n,</td><td class="examples"> n-ǒ-t</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">o̤, o͞o</td><td class="entry"> m-o̤-ve,</td><td class="examples"> m-o͞o-n</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ū</td><td class="entry"> ū-se,</td><td class="examples"> m-ū-şe</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ǔ</td><td class="entry"> ǔ-p,</td><td class="examples"> b-ǔ-t</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">û</td><td class="entry"> û-rge,</td><td class="examples"> b-û-rn</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ụ, o͝o</td><td class="entry"> f-ụ-ll,</td><td class="examples"> w-o͝o-l</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">oi, oy</td><td class="entry"> oi-l,</td><td class="examples"> b-oy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ou, ow</td><td class="entry"> ou-t,</td><td class="examples"> ow-l</td></tr> +</table> + + +<h4><i>II. Subvocals.</i></h4> + +<table class="letters"> +<tr><td class="letters">b</td><td class="entry"> b-i-b,</td><td class="examples"> b-a-be</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">d</td><td class="entry"> d-i-d,</td><td class="examples"> d-ea-d</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ḡ</td><td class="entry"> ḡ-i-ḡ,</td><td class="examples"> ḡ-a-ḡ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">j</td><td class="entry"> j-ar,</td><td class="examples"> j-et</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">l</td><td class="entry"> l-u-ll,</td><td class="examples"> te-ll</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">m</td><td class="entry"> m-ai-m,</td><td class="examples"> c̵a-me</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">n</td><td class="entry"> n-u-n,</td><td class="examples"> n-o-ne</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ng, ṉ</td><td class="entry"> ri-ng,</td><td class="examples"> i-ṉ-k</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">r</td><td class="entry"> r-oa-r,</td><td class="examples"> r-ea-r</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">th</td><td class="entry"> th-ese,</td><td class="examples"> wi-th</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">v</td><td class="entry"> val-ue,</td><td class="examples"> v-ain</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">w</td><td class="entry"> w-ell,</td><td class="examples"> w-eb</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">y</td><td class="entry"> y-es,</td><td class="examples"> y-et</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">z</td><td class="entry"> z-one,</td><td class="examples"> z-est</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">zh, z</td><td class="entry"> a-z´-ure,</td><td class="examples"> sei-z´-ure</td></tr> +</table> + + +<h4><i>III. Aspirates.</i></h4> + +<table class="letters"> +<tr><td class="letters">f</td><td class="entry">f-i-fe,</td><td class="examples"> o-ff</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">h</td><td class="entry">h-at,</td><td class="examples"> h-ome</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">k</td><td class="entry">k-ite,</td><td class="examples"> k-ill</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">p</td><td class="entry">p-i-pe,</td><td class="examples"> to-p</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">s</td><td class="entry">s-un,</td><td class="examples"> s-ame</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">t</td><td class="entry">t-en-t,</td><td class="examples"> t-ar-t</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">ch</td><td class="entry">ch-ur-ch,</td><td class="examples"> ch-ild</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">sh</td><td class="entry">sh-all,</td><td class="examples"> wi-sh</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">th</td><td class="entry">th-in,</td><td class="examples"> th-ree</td></tr> +<tr><td class="letters">wh</td><td class="entry">wh-ere,</td><td class="examples"> wh-y</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> employed in the +English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other +letters, as shown in the following:</p> + + +<h4><i>IV.—Table of Equivalents.</i><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 80%">[Dictionary Work—Metcalf & DeGarmo.]</span></h4> + +<table class="equivalents"> +<tr style="font-size: 70%"><td class="equivalents">CHAR.<span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td class="equivalents">CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td>CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">ē = ī</td><td class="equivalents">ĭ = y̆</td><td>ī = ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">ẽ = ĩ = û</td><td class="equivalents">ŭ = ȯ</td><td>oi = oy</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">ā = ̱e</td><td class="equivalents"> </td><td>ou = ow</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">â = ê</td><td class="equivalents"> </td><td>ū = ew</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">ô = ̤a (<i>broad a</i>)</td><td class="equivalents">ŏ = ạ</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">o̤ = o͞o = ṳ</td><td class="equivalents">ọ = o͝o = ụ</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> +<tr style="font-size: 70%"><td class="equivalents">CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td class="equivalents">CHAR.<span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td>CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">j = ġ (soft)</td><td class="equivalents">k = c̵ = ̵ch</td><td>ṉ = ng</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">g = ḡ (hard)</td><td class="equivalents">f = ph</td><td>x = ks</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents">z = ṣ̱</td><td class="equivalents">s = ç (<i>cedilla c</i>)</td><td>x̄ = gz</td></tr> +<tr><td class="equivalents"> </td><td class="equivalents">sh = çh</td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cognate</span> sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech +in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows: +<i>Vowels</i>: ā ĕ, ē ĭ, â ă, ä ȧ, a̤ ŏ, û ŭ, ōō o͝o; <i>consonants</i>: g´ k, +b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]<br /> +LETTERS.</p> + +<p>A <small>LETTER</small> is a mark or character used to represent a sound,—usually an +elementary sound.</p> + +<p>An <small>ALPHABET</small> is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a +language.</p> + +<p>The <small>NUMBER OF LETTERS</small> in the different alphabets vary, as follows: +English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22, +Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no +alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.</p> + +<p>The <small>POWER OF A LETTER</small> is the elementary sound for which it stands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters as to form</span> are either script or print.</p> + +<p>There are many different <small>STYLES OF LETTERS</small>; as, Roman, Italic, Old +English, and Script.</p> + +<p>As to <small>SIZE</small> letters are both capital and lower case.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]<br /> +VOWELS.</p> + +<p>A <small>VOWEL</small> sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The +vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by +the various positions of the tongue and lips.</p> + +<p>A <small>CONSONANT</small> sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice, +and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.</p> + +<p>There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain +vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so +close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have +the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>w</i>, and +<i>y</i>.</p> + +<p>“<i>Y</i> as a vowel is a substitute for <i>i</i>, and <i>i</i> is a consonant as a +substitute for <i>y</i>. <i>W</i> and <i>y</i> are vowels: (1) When they end words or +syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same +syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same +syllable. <i>W</i> and <i>y</i> are consonants when they begin words or +syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. <i>I</i> is a consonant +when it represents the consonant <i>y</i>, as in <i>alien</i>. <i>U</i> is a +consonant when it represents the consonant <i>w</i>, as in <i>quick</i>, +<i>language</i>.”—<i>Irish's Orthography.</i></p> + +<p>A <small>DIPHTHONG</small> is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the +same syllable.</p> + +<p>A diphthong is <small>PROPER</small> if both the vowels are sounded; as <i>o</i> and <i>i</i> +in <i>boil</i>.</p> + +<p>An <small>IMPROPER DIPHTHONG</small> or <small>DIGRAPH</small> is merely a collection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> of two vowels +in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in <i>rain</i>, +<i>teach</i>.</p> + +<p>The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use, +viz.: t<i>oi</i>l, t<i>oy</i>, s<i>ou</i>nd, c<i>ow</i>, p<i>ea</i>l, <i>oi</i>l, <i>au</i>dible, +<i>aw</i>ning, s<i>ay</i>, s<i>ei</i>ne, p<i>eo</i>ple, f<i>eu</i>d, ob<i>ey</i>, esch<i>ew</i>, +bel<i>ie</i>ve, l<i>oa</i>n, h<i>oe</i>, h<i>ue</i>, j<i>ui</i>ce. Of these <i>oi</i>, <i>oy</i>, <i>ou</i>, +and <i>ow</i> are the only <i>proper</i> diphthongs.</p> + +<p>A <small>TRIPHTHONG</small> is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the +same syllable.</p> + +<p>A triphthong is <small>PROPER</small> if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But +there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)</p> + +<p>A triphthong is <small>IMPROPER</small> or is called a <small>TRIGRAPH</small> if one or two of the +three vowels is silent; as in ad<i>ieu</i>, b<i>eau</i>ty.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]<br /> +CONSONANTS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Consonants</span> are divided on three different bases; as follows:</p> + +<p>I. <span class="smcap">Mutes</span> and <small>SEMIVOWELS</small>.</p> + +<p>The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the +mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice +is momentarily <i>mute</i>.</p> + +<p>The four subvocals <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>j</i>, <i>g</i>, and their cognates, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, +<i>ch</i>, and <i>k</i>, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see +if they do not represent <i>explosive</i> sounds.</p> + +<p>All other consonants are <i>semivowels</i>, and are pronounced with a +<i>continuous</i> sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath +lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive +utterance.</p> + +<p>II. The <small>SUBVOCALS</small> and <small>ASPIRATES</small> are shown in the vertical columns of +the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called <i>voice</i> consonants +and the aspirates <i>breath</i> consonants. These are fit terms, for they +indicate the basis of classification.</p> + +<p>III. <span class="smcap">Labials</span>, <small>LINGUA-DENTALS</small>, and <small>PALATALS</small> constitute a classification +of the consonants with respect to the place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> of formation. Bead the +table from left to right. The <i>lips</i> have most to do with making the +labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the +<i>tongue</i> in contact with the <i>teeth</i>, the palatals between the tongue +and hard and soft <i>palate</i>.</p> + + +<h4>Consonant Table.</h4> + + +<table class="consonant"> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center"><b>Subvocals.<br /> (Voice.)</b></td><td colspan="5"> </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b>Aspirates.<br /> (Breath.)</b></td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="4" class="cons">Labials.<br /> (Lips.)</td><td rowspan="4" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>b</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td> p</td></tr> +<tr><td>v</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td> f</td></tr> +<tr><td>w</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>wh</td></tr> +<tr><td>m</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="6" class="cons">Lingua-<br />Dentals.<br /> (Point of<br /> tongue.)</td><td rowspan="6" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>d</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td> t</td></tr> +<tr><td>z</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td> s</td></tr> +<tr><td>th</td><td colspan="2">(sonant)</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td colspan="3">(non-sonant)</td><td> th</td></tr> +<tr><td>l</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>n</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>r</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="11"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td rowspan="6" class="cons">Palatals.<br /> (Between<br /> tongue<br /> and<br /> palate.)</td><td rowspan="6" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>zh</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>sh</td></tr> +<tr><td>j</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>ch</td></tr> +<tr><td>g</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td> k</td></tr> +<tr><td>y</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>h</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>ng</td><td colspan="8"> </td></tr> +</table> + + +<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3> + +<p class="subheading">[First Month.]<br /> +SYLLABLES.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Syllable</span> literally means <i>taken together</i>.</p> + +<p>A <small>SPOKEN SYLLABLE</small> is an elementary sound, or a combination of +elementary sounds, uttered <i>together</i>, or with a single impulse of the +voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.</p> + +<p>A <small>WRITTEN</small> or printed syllable is a part of a word separated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> from the +rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.</p> + +<p>As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables +depends upon the <small>PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION</small>. When the purpose is to show +the derivation the division is made with reference to the component +parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to +indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For +illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show +derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate, +phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct +pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate, +pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.</p> + +<p>While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one +purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the +majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided +for one purpose or for the other.</p> + +<p>In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to +indicate pronunciation.</p> + +<p>The <small>ULTIMATE</small> syllable of a word is the last (<i>ultimus</i> = last); the +<small>PENULTIMATE</small> is next to the last (<i>pen</i> = almost); the <small>ANTEPENULTIMATE</small> +is the third from the last (literally, <i>before almost</i> the <i>last</i>); +the <small>PREANTEPENULTIMATE</small> is the fourth from the last (literally, +<i>before</i> the one that is <i>before</i> the one <i>almost last</i>).</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]<br /> + +ACCENT.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Accent</span> is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a +word.</p> + +<p>In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But +one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The +stronger accent is called the <small>PRIMARY</small> accent, the weaker is called the +<small>SECONDARY</small>. Thus, in <i>am´ mu ni´ tion</i> the primary accent falls on the +third syllable and the secondary on the first.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p>The “<small>PRINCIPLES</small>” which govern the placing of accent are complicated. +The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to +determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: “All +attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only +serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded.”</p> + +<p>There are, however, certain <i>tendencies</i> which mature pupils might +profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not +permit me to attempt to set them forth.</p> + +<p>In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of +meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the +first syllable; when verbs, on the second:</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>abstract</td><td>contrast</td><td>ferment</td><td>prefix</td></tr> +<tr><td>accent</td><td>converse</td><td>forecast</td><td>present</td></tr> +<tr><td>compound</td><td>convict</td><td>frequent</td><td>produce</td></tr> +<tr><td>conflict</td><td>desert</td><td>incense</td><td>project</td></tr> +<tr><td>concert</td><td>escort</td><td>insult</td><td>record</td></tr> +<tr><td>contract</td><td>export</td><td>permit</td><td>survey</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]<br /> + +WORDS.</p> + +<p>A <small>WORD</small> is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.</p> + +<p>A <small>PRIMITIVE</small>, <small>OR ROOT</small>, word is one not derived from any other word of +the language; as, <i>fix</i>, <i>strike</i>, <i>man</i>.</p> + +<p>A <small>DERIVATIVE</small> is a word formed from a primitive by changing it +internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, <i>men</i>, <i>suffix</i>, +<i>strikers</i>.</p> + +<p>A <small>SIMPLE WORD</small> is a single word. It may be either primitive or +derivative.</p> + +<p>A <small>COMPOUND WORD</small> is a combination of two or more simple words; as, +buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.</p> + +<p>A word of one syllable is a <i>monosyllable</i> (mono = one); of two +syllables, a <i>dissyllable</i> (dis = two); of three syllables, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +<i>trisyllable</i> (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a +<i>polysyllable</i> (poly = many).</p> + +<p>The <small>ROOT</small> of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries +the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or +suffix; as, <i>ge</i> (earth), <i>graph</i> (write), <i>vol</i> (wish).</p> + +<p>A <small>PREFIX</small> is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word; +as, <i>auto</i>graph, <i>circum</i>vent, <i>amphi</i>theater.</p> + +<p>A <small>SUFFIX</small> is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as, +man <i>ly</i>, fert <i>ile</i>, ment <i>ion</i>.</p> + +<p><small>AFFIX</small> is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied +to either or to both together.</p> + + + +<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.</h3> + +<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]<br /> +SILENT LETTERS.</p> + +<p>Silent letters have at least four uses:</p> + +<p>1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.</p> + +<p>Drop final silent <i>e</i> from such words as the following and note the +effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: <i>bare</i>, +<i>pure</i>, <i>ripe</i>, <i>lame</i>.</p> + +<p>2. To indicate pronunciation.</p> + +<p>In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation +changes when the final silent <i>e</i> is dropped.</p> + +<p>Another class of words ending in <i>ce</i> and <i>ge</i> retain the final silent +<i>e</i> on adding a suffix beginning with <i>a</i> or <i>o</i> to preserve the soft +sound of <i>c</i> and <i>g</i>, and with it the correct pronunciation of the +word; as, <i>serviceable</i>, <i>noticeable</i>, <i>changeable</i>, <i>courageous</i>.</p> + +<p>3. To show the meaning of words.</p> + +<p>Illustrations: <i>clime</i>, <i>climb</i>, <i>plumb</i>, <i>belle</i>, <i>butt</i>, <i>dyeing</i>, +<i>singeing</i>, <i>guilt</i>, <i>damn</i>.</p> + +<p>4. To show the derivation of words.</p> + +<p>Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> the Greek. In +<i>chronic</i>, and <i>chronology</i>, the <i>h</i> is silent, but serves to indicate +that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root <i>chron</i>, +which means <i>time</i>. Similarly the <i>g</i> in <i>gnostic</i>, the <i>e</i> in +<i>eulogy</i>, <i>p</i> in <i>pneumonia</i>, the <i>h</i> in <i>chromatic</i>.</p> + +<p>In <i>honour</i> and <i>favour</i> <i>u</i> is silent, and therefore a useless +letter, so far as sound is concerned. The <i>u</i> signifies that the word +came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The +question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra +letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical +association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but +others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling +reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great +many silent letters will go the way of the <i>u</i> in <i>labour</i>, <i>favour</i>, +and the like.</p> + +<p>The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters +together with the principle found to be operative through them.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>E</i> final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same +syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>change</td><td>sense</td><td>adverse</td><td>Chinese</td><td>condense</td></tr> +<tr><td>brace</td><td>quite</td><td>bade</td><td>oppose</td><td>deceive</td></tr> +<tr><td>force</td><td>scribe</td><td>burlesque</td><td>embrace</td><td>machine</td></tr> +<tr><td>crease</td><td>measure</td><td>canine</td><td>emerge</td><td>endorse</td></tr> +<tr><td>cease</td><td>absolve</td><td>caprice</td><td>examine</td><td>advise</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>B</i> is usually silent before <i>t</i> or after <i>m</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>lamb</td><td>tomb</td><td>numb</td><td>debt</td><td>bomb</td></tr> +<tr><td>comb</td><td>thumb</td><td>dumb</td><td>doubt</td><td>crumb</td></tr> +<tr><td>limb </td><td>climb</td><td>plumb</td><td>redoubt</td><td>jamb +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>C</i> is silent before <i>k</i> in the same syllable. <i>C</i> is silent in czar, +victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>back</td><td>deck</td><td>lack</td><td>stack</td><td>Patrick</td></tr> +<tr><td>buck</td><td>duck</td><td>hack</td><td>stick</td><td>reckon</td></tr> +<tr><td>burdock</td><td>chick</td><td>luck</td><td>suck</td><td>thicken</td></tr> +<tr><td>clock</td><td>click</td><td>lick</td><td>beckon</td><td>Cossack</td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3> + + +<p class="subheading">[First Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>D</i> is silent before <i>g</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>edge</td><td>hedge</td><td>ridge</td><td>lodge</td><td>misjudge</td></tr> +<tr><td>wedge</td><td>budge</td><td>bridge</td><td>sledge</td><td>judgment</td></tr> +<tr><td>pledge</td><td>drudge</td><td>fudge</td><td>begrudge</td><td>lodgment</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>G</i> is silent before <i>m</i> or <i>n</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>phlegm</td><td>malign</td><td>gnaw</td><td>campaign</td><td>gnash</td></tr> +<tr><td>arraign</td><td>paradigm</td><td>feign</td><td>foreign</td><td>gnu</td></tr> +<tr><td>benign</td><td>diaphragm</td><td>reign</td><td>design</td><td>seignior</td></tr> +<tr><td>resign</td><td>gnat</td><td>assign</td><td>gnarl</td><td>consign</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>H</i> is silent when it follows <i>g</i> or <i>r</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>ghost</td><td>myrrh</td><td>rheumatism</td><td>rhapsody</td><td>rhinoceros</td></tr> +<tr><td>aghast</td><td>hemorrhage</td><td>rhyme</td><td>rhythm</td><td>Rhine</td></tr> +<tr><td>gherkin</td><td>rhubarb</td><td>rhombus</td><td>rhomboid</td><td>catarrh</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>K</i> is silent before <i>n</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>knack</td><td>kneel</td><td>knot</td><td>knap sack</td><td>knob</td></tr> +<tr><td>knave</td><td>knife</td><td>knock</td><td>knowledge</td><td>knucks</td></tr> +<tr><td>knead</td><td>knight</td><td>knoll</td><td>knuckle</td><td>knarl</td></tr> +<tr><td>knee</td><td>knit</td><td>know</td><td>knell</td><td>knout +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>N</i> final after <i>l</i> or <i>m</i> is silent.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>hymn</td><td>contemn</td><td>solemn</td><td>limn</td><td>damn</td></tr> +<tr><td>kiln</td><td>condemn</td><td>column</td><td>autumn</td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>T</i> is silent before <i>ch</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>hitch</td><td>pitch</td><td>match</td><td>notch</td><td>catch</td></tr> +<tr><td>kitchen</td><td>botch</td><td>hatch</td><td>scratch</td><td>patch</td></tr> +<tr><td>latch</td><td>Dutch</td><td>watch</td><td>Mitchell</td><td>satchel</td></tr> +<tr><td>thatch</td><td>ditch</td><td>witch</td><td>batch</td><td>Scotch</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>W</i> is silent before <i>r</i> in the same syllable.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>wrestle</td><td>wren</td><td>wrist</td><td>writing</td><td>wreak</td></tr> +<tr><td>wrong</td><td>wrote</td><td>wreck</td><td>wrest</td><td>writ</td></tr> +<tr><td>wring</td><td>wraith</td><td>awry</td><td>write</td><td>wrought</td></tr> +<tr><td>wrath</td><td>wretch</td><td>wreath</td><td>wrinkle</td><td>wrangle</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>Gh</i> is always silent after <i>i</i> and, when not a substitute for <i>f</i> or +<i>k</i>, is also silent after <i>au</i> and <i>ou</i>.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>sight</td><td>plight</td><td>weigh</td><td>fraught</td><td>through</td></tr> +<tr><td>light</td><td>wright</td><td>weight</td><td>caught</td><td>although</td></tr> +<tr><td>fight</td><td>height</td><td>freight</td><td>thought</td><td>slaughter</td></tr> +<tr><td>might</td><td>wight</td><td>aught</td><td>daughter</td><td>laughter</td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.<br /> +<small>PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.</small></h3> + + +<p class="subheading"><b>[Sixth Month.]</b></p> + +<p>“<i>A</i> constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian +<i>a</i>.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>again</td><td>America</td><td>banana</td><td>fatality</td><td>papa</td></tr> +<tr><td>alas</td><td>amuse</td><td>canine</td><td>fatigue</td><td>parasol</td></tr> +<tr><td>algebra</td><td>apparatus</td><td>China</td><td>lapel</td><td>pica</td></tr> +<tr><td>alkali</td><td>area</td><td>data</td><td>massacre</td><td>sacrament</td></tr> +<tr><td>amass</td><td>arena</td><td>drama</td><td>ornament</td><td>valise +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>E</i> constituting or ending a syllable is long.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>depot</td><td>memento</td><td>obedience</td><td>really</td><td>society</td></tr> +<tr><td>event</td><td>museum</td><td>penal</td><td>recess</td><td>superior</td></tr> +<tr><td>feline</td><td>nausea</td><td>precedence</td><td>resource</td><td>theater</td></tr> +<tr><td>frequent</td><td>negro</td><td>precise</td><td>sacrilegious</td><td>theology</td></tr> +<tr><td>mechanic</td><td>notoriety</td><td>pretense</td><td>secretary</td><td>veto</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>O</i> constituting or ending a syllable is long.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>broken</td><td>explosive</td><td>melodeon</td><td>poem</td><td>spoken</td></tr> +<tr><td>chosen</td><td>gondola</td><td>melody</td><td>police</td><td>tobacco</td></tr> +<tr><td>composition</td><td>licorice</td><td>open</td><td>potato</td><td>trophy</td></tr> +<tr><td>coquet</td><td>location</td><td>opponent</td><td>promotion</td><td>zodiac</td></tr> +<tr><td>cupola</td><td>locust</td><td>pantomime</td><td>proviso</td><td>zoölogy</td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3> + + +<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>I</i> constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is +always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if +unaccented.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>divide</td><td>tirade</td><td>sentinel</td><td>fidelity</td><td>residence</td></tr> +<tr><td>direct</td><td>intimate</td><td>continent</td><td>digest</td><td>levity</td></tr> +<tr><td>finance</td><td>indivisible</td><td>defensible</td><td>hilarious</td><td>reticent</td></tr> +<tr><td>imitate</td><td>equidistant</td><td>predicate</td><td>maritime</td><td>reticule</td></tr> +<tr><td>piazza</td><td>nobility</td><td>finance</td><td>invitation</td><td>direction</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In the <i>initial</i> syllables <i>i</i>, <i>bi</i>, <i>chi</i>, <i>cli</i>, <i>cri</i>, <i>pri</i>, +<i>tri</i>, however, <i>i</i> is generally <i>long</i>.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>idea</td><td>biology</td><td>climatic</td><td>primeval</td><td>tripod</td></tr> +<tr><td>idle</td><td>Chinese</td><td>criterion</td><td>triangular</td><td>triune</td></tr> +<tr><td>isothermal</td><td>chirography</td><td>biennial</td><td>binomial</td><td>priority +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]</p> + +<p><i>E</i> before terminal <i>n</i> should always be silent in participles, and +also in most other words.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>given</td><td>stolen</td><td>ridden</td><td>bidden</td><td>forsaken</td></tr> +<tr><td>taken</td><td>proven</td><td>shaken</td><td>woven</td><td>gotten</td></tr> +<tr><td>broken</td><td>driven</td><td>written</td><td>shaven</td><td>risen</td></tr> +<tr><td>spoken</td><td>frozen</td><td>arisen</td><td>chidden</td><td>smitten</td></tr> +<tr><td>fallen</td><td>hidden</td><td>beaten</td><td>eaten</td><td>stricken</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">also</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>heaven</td><td>oaken</td><td>happen</td><td>burden</td><td>leaven</td></tr> +<tr><td>often</td><td>leaden</td><td>seven</td><td>garden</td><td>brazen</td></tr> +<tr><td>widen</td><td>golden</td><td>even</td><td>eleven</td><td>christen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>But in the following words <i>e</i> should be sounded:</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>hyphen</td><td>chicken</td><td>marten</td><td>lichen</td><td>sudden</td></tr> +<tr><td>linden</td><td>linen</td><td>gluten</td><td>mitten</td><td>aspen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><i>E</i> should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which +terminal <i>en</i> is immediately preceded by <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, or <i>r</i>.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>women</td><td>Ellen</td><td>Helen</td><td>omen</td><td>pollen</td></tr> +<tr><td>barren</td><td>linen</td><td>woolen</td><td>Allen</td><td>Warren</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>E</i> before terminal <i>l</i> should usually be sounded.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>Abel</td><td>model</td><td>morsel</td><td>cancel</td><td>marvel</td></tr> +<tr><td>level</td><td>travel</td><td>rebel</td><td>gravel</td><td>barrel</td></tr> +<tr><td>nickel</td><td>apparel</td><td>towel</td><td>channel</td><td>kennel</td></tr> +<tr><td>chapel</td><td>citade</td><td>revel</td><td>Mabel</td><td>libel</td></tr> +<tr><td>camel</td><td>laurel</td><td>bevel</td><td>funnel</td><td>parcel</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>But in the following words and in their derivatives <i>e</i> before +terminal <i>l</i> should not be sounded:</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>easel</td><td>weasel</td><td>ravel</td><td>mantel</td><td>shekel</td></tr> +<tr><td>navel</td><td>chattel</td><td>shrivel</td><td>drivel</td><td>snivel</td></tr> +<tr><td>shovel</td><td>grovel</td><td>mussel</td><td>hazel</td><td>teasel +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p> + +<p>“In most words <i>i</i> before terminal <i>l</i> or <i>n</i> should be sounded.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>Latin</td><td>vigil</td><td>anvil</td><td>goblin</td><td>coffin</td></tr> +<tr><td>cavil</td><td>cabin</td><td>council</td><td>rosin</td><td>origin</td></tr> +<tr><td>javelin</td><td>pencil</td><td>axil</td><td>assassin</td><td>tranquil</td></tr> +<tr><td>resin</td><td> bobbin</td><td>violin</td><td>peril</td><td>moccasin</td></tr> +<tr><td>retail</td><td>satin</td><td>utensil</td><td>pistil</td><td>daffodil</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In the following words <i>i</i> should not be sounded:</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>devil</td><td>basin</td><td>evil</td><td>cousin</td><td>weevil</td><td>raisin</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p> + +<p>“<i>I</i> accented in most words from the French has the sound of long +<i>e</i>.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>pique</td><td>quarantine</td><td>police</td><td>critique</td><td>unique</td></tr> +<tr><td>machine</td><td>routine</td><td>ravine</td><td>regime</td><td>intrigue</td></tr> +<tr><td>caprice</td><td>suite</td><td>valise</td><td>Bastile</td><td> magazine</td></tr> +<tr><td>guillotine</td><td>fatigue</td><td>antique</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.<br /> + +<small>RULES OF SPELLING</small>.</h3> + +<p>Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they +are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is +certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great +many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words +difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions +that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled +according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and +all of the exceptions could be learned “for keeps” by a pupil in an +hour. But <i>pupils must have drill in applying the rules</i> or they may +be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to +spell the words coming under them.</p> + +<p>Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year, +and that given for the second month, are counterparts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> each of the +other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that “<i>silent final e +is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added</i>”, we +naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: “<i>Silent final e is retained +when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added.</i>”</p> + +<p>To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the +application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by +turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following +model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care + less.]</p> + +<p>“The suffix <i>able</i> begins with the vowel <i>a</i>; therefore when it is +added to the word <i>love</i> the final silent <i>e</i> is dropped, and the word +is spelled <i>lovable</i>.” Or,</p> + +<p>“The suffix <i>less</i> begins with the consonant <i>l</i>; therefore, when it +is added to the word <i>care</i> the final silent <i>e</i> is not dropped, and +the word is spelled <i>careless</i>.”</p> + +<p>Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,—those in +which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in +which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be +thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he +can proceed according to the model, concluding with, “but this word is +an exception to the rule”.</p> + +<p>Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who +want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[First Month.]</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>love–able</td><td>adventure–ous</td><td>decide–ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>care–less</td><td>change–ing</td><td>ice–berg</td></tr> +<tr><td>blame–able</td><td>extreme–ly</td><td>house–keeper</td></tr> +<tr><td>achieve–ment</td><td>fickle–ness</td><td>idle–ness</td></tr> +<tr><td>brake–man</td><td>fdore–cast</td><td>excite–ment</td></tr> +<tr><td>cure–able</td><td>compare–able</td><td>console–able</td></tr> +<tr><td>discourage–ment</td><td>continue–ally</td><td>endure–ance</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>prove–able</td><td>contrive–ance</td><td>amaze–ment</td></tr> +<tr><td>move–able</td><td>guide–ance</td><td>fierce–ness</td></tr> +<tr><td>acquire–ing</td><td>forgive–ness</td><td>peace–ful</td></tr> +<tr><td>else–where</td><td>hate–ful</td><td>deface–ment</td></tr> +<tr><td>enlarge–ment</td><td>believe–ing</td><td>disgrace–ful</td></tr> +<tr><td>admire–able</td><td>converse–ed</td><td>blue–ish</td></tr> +<tr><td>abide–ing</td><td>hedge–hog</td><td>lodge–ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>advertise–ment</td><td>achieve–ing</td><td>amuse–ment</td></tr> +<tr><td>eye–brow</td><td>hoarse–ness</td><td>dine–ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>pursue–ing</td><td>argue–ing</td><td>revenge–ful</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p> + +<p>Words ending in <i>ce</i> and <i>ge</i> retain the <i>e</i> when a suffix beginning +with <i>a</i> or <i>o</i> is added.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>changeable</td><td>challengeable</td><td>pronounceable</td></tr> +<tr><td>exchangeable</td><td> peaceable</td><td>advantageous</td></tr> +<tr><td>chargeable</td><td>serviceable</td><td>outrageous</td></tr> +<tr><td>manageable</td><td>traceable</td><td>courageous</td></tr> +<tr><td>marriageable</td><td>noticeable</td><td>vengeance</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">OTHER EXCEPTIONS.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>hoeing</td><td>singeing</td><td>seer</td><td>nursling</td><td>truly</td></tr> +<tr><td>shoeing</td><td>tingeing</td><td>seeing</td><td>loathsome</td><td>duty</td></tr> +<tr><td>toeing</td><td>freeing</td><td>agreeable</td><td>awful</td><td>wisdom</td></tr> +<tr><td>dyeing</td><td>fleeing</td><td>mileage</td><td>duly</td><td>wholly</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment, +lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.</p> + +<p>The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions +to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The +value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the +exceptions.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]</p> + +<p>Rule II: “When a suffix is added to a word ending in <i>y</i>, preceded by +a consonant, the <i>y</i> is changed to <i>i</i>, unless the suffix begins with +<i>i</i>.”</p> + +<p>Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on +the board):<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> + +<p>“The <i>y</i> in <i>supply</i> is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the +suffix <i>ed</i> is added the <i>y</i> is changed to <i>i</i> and the word is +spelled, <i>supplied</i>.” Or,</p> + +<p>“The <i>y</i> in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix +<i>ed</i> is added the <i>y</i> is not changed, and the word is spelled, +<i>displayed</i>.”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>carry + ed</td><td>study + es</td><td> espy + ed</td><td>juicy + est</td></tr> +<tr><td>hurry + es</td><td>destroy + ed</td><td> deny + ing</td><td>homely + est</td></tr> +<tr><td>marry + ing</td><td>pity + ing</td><td>survey + ed</td><td>pity + ful</td></tr> +<tr><td>decay + ed</td><td>pity + less</td><td>employ + ing</td><td>rally + es</td></tr> +<tr><td>annoy + s</td><td>joy + less</td><td>noisy + est</td><td>pretty + est</td></tr> +<tr><td>copy + ed</td><td>city + es</td><td>mighty + er</td><td>pity + able</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p> + +<p><i>y</i> does not change before <i>'s</i>; as in</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>la´dy's</td><td> en´e my's</td><td>ba´by's</td><td>coun´try's</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>staid (<i>or</i> stayed)</td><td>slain</td><td>dry´ly</td><td>la´dy like</td></tr> +<tr><td>paid</td><td>dai´ly</td><td>dry ness</td><td>la dy bug</td></tr> +<tr><td>laid</td><td>sly ly</td><td>(<i>but</i>, dri´er,</td><td>la dy ship</td></tr> +<tr><td>said</td><td>sly ness</td><td>dri´est)</td><td>ba by hood</td></tr> +<tr><td>saith</td><td>shy ly</td><td>shy ness</td><td>ba by house</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">[Fourth and Fifth Months.]</p> + +<p>Rule III: “Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, +ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the +final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.” This +rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not +doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.</p> + +<p>Model for drill on this rule:</p> + +<p>“<i>Refer</i> is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last +syllable; it ends in a single consonant <i>r</i>, preceded by a single +vowel <i>e</i>; therefore, on adding the suffix <i>ed</i>, beginning with the +vowel <i>e</i>, the final consonant <i>r</i> is doubled, and the word is +spelled, <i>referred</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>”</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>refer + ed</td><td>gallop + ed</td><td>suspend + ed</td><td>suffer + ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>omit + ed</td><td>abhor + ence</td><td>kidnap + ed</td><td>travel + ed</td></tr> +<tr><td>cheat + ed</td><td>join + ing</td><td>admit + ing</td><td>rebel + ious</td></tr> +<tr><td>flatter + ed</td><td>benefit + ed</td><td>differ + ence</td><td>fertil + izer</td></tr> +<tr><td>prefer + ing</td><td>permit + ed</td><td>enamel + ed</td><td>quarrel + ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>remit + ance</td><td>map + ing</td><td>drug + ist</td><td>brag + art</td></tr> +<tr><td>heap + ing</td><td>connect + ing</td><td>emit + ed</td><td>unfit + ed</td></tr> +<tr><td>confer + ing</td><td>offer + ed</td><td>conceal + ed</td><td>parallel + ed</td></tr> +<tr><td>acquit + ed*</td><td>commit + ee</td><td>shelter + ed</td><td>stir + ing</td></tr> +<tr><td>root + ed</td><td>squeal + ing</td><td>intermit + ent</td><td>equal + ed</td></tr> +<tr><td>depend + ent</td><td>begin + er</td><td>cheer + ed</td><td>vigor + ous</td></tr> +<tr><td>occur + ed</td><td>shovel + ed</td><td>forgot + en</td><td>regret + ed</td></tr> +<tr><td>submit + ed</td><td>transmit + ed</td><td>drum + er</td><td>spin + ing</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>* After <i>q</i>, <i>u</i> is a consonant.</p> + + +<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p> + +<p>The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent +is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, <i>re fer´</i>, +<i>ref´er ence</i>.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>ref´er ence</td><td>def´er ence</td><td>ref er ee´</td></tr> +<tr><td>pref er ence</td><td>in fer ence</td><td>ref´er a ble <i>or</i></td></tr> +<tr><td>con fer ence</td><td>pref er a ble</td><td>re fer´ri ble</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="subheading">OTHER EXCEPTIONS.</p> + +<table class="words"> +<tr><td>gas es</td><td>(but gassy)</td><td>tranquillity</td></tr> +<tr><td>gas eous</td><td>humbug ging</td><td>trans fer able</td></tr> +<tr><td>crystallize</td><td> humbug ged</td><td>ex cellence</td></tr> +<tr><td>chagrined</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—There is a large class of words ending in <i>l</i>, and accented on +some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the <i>l</i> is +doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the +language not to double the <i>l</i>. Such words are the following: apparel, +cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, +gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +peril, quarrel.</p> + + + +<h3><a name="REFERENCE_TABLE_OF_SUFFIXES" id="REFERENCE_TABLE_OF_SUFFIXES"></a>REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></h3> + + +<div class="column_left"> +<ul> +<li><i>able</i>, see ble</li> +<li><i>age</i>, that which, having</li> +<li><i>ain</i>, see ian</li> +<li><i>al</i>, pertaining to</li> +<li><i>an</i>, pertaining to, one who</li> +<li><i>ant</i>, one who, that which, quality of, condition of</li> +<li><i>ary</i>, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to</li> +<li><i>ate</i>, act of, state of, shaped like</li> +<li><i>ble</i>, capable of, fit to be</li> +<li><i>cle</i>, little, that which</li> +<li><i>ed</i>, condition of</li> +<li><i>ee</i>, one who</li> +<li><i>ence</i>, see ant</li> +<li><i>ent</i>, see ant</li> +<li><i>er</i>, one who, that which</li> +<li><i>es</i>, see er</li> +<li><i>et</i>, little</li> +<li><i>ful</i>, full of, having</li> +<li><i>fy</i>, to make</li> +<li><i>ial</i>, see al</li> +<li><i>ian</i>, one who</li> +<li><i>ible</i>, see ble</li> +<li><i>ic</i>, pertaining to</li> + +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="column_right"> +<ul> +<li><i>il</i>, see ile</li> +<li><i>ile</i>, capable of, quality of</li> +<li><i>ion</i>, act of, state of, that which</li> +<li><i>ious</i>, see ous</li> +<li><i>ish</i>, act of</li> +<li><i>is</i>, that which</li> +<li><i>ise</i>, see ize</li> +<li><i>ism</i>, state of, doctrine of</li> +<li><i>ist</i>, one who</li> +<li><i>ity</i>, that which, state of being, quality of</li> +<li><i>ive</i>, that which, quality of</li> +<li><i>ize</i>, act of</li> +<li><i>lent</i>, full of</li> +<li><i>less</i>, without</li> +<li><i>ly</i>, state of being</li> +<li><i>ment</i>, that which</li> +<li><i>oid</i>, form</li> +<li><i>or</i>, one who</li> +<li><i>ory</i>, see ary</li> +<li><i>ous</i>, full of, quality of, having</li> +<li><i>tic</i>, see ic</li> +<li><i>tude</i>, quality of</li> +<li><i>ty</i>, see ity</li> +<li><i>ure</i>, that which, act of</li> +<li><i>y</i>, that which</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="clear"> </div> + + + +<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_ROOTS" id="INDEX_TO_ROOTS"></a>INDEX TO ROOTS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></h3> + + +<p>This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words +in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr> +<tr><td>act</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*fort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>nov</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ambl</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*fract, frang</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td>numer</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>anim</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td><td>*frater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td>opo, opt</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*ann</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td><td>fresh</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td>*pater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>aqua</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>fuse</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>path</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>arch</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>fy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>*ped, pod</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*art</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td><td>gam</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></td><td>*pel, puls</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*aster</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td><td>*ge</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td><td>*pend, pens</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*aud</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td><td>gnost</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>*phon</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>bi, be</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td>gon</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></td><td>ple, plen</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>brev</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>grad, gress</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*polis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>burse</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></td><td>*graph</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td><td>*pon, pos</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*capt, caput</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>*grat, grac</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>*port</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*ced, cess</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>*greg</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>preci</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*cent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td><td>hale</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>roy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>cept</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>hypnot</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*rupt</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*chron</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td><td>itio, it</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>sal</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>cep, cip</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>*ject</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>scend</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*civ</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>journ</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*scop</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>clam, claim</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td>junct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></td><td>*scrib, scrip</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>clud, clus</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td><td>juven</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>secu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>cogn</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td><td>laps</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>sect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*cord, card</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td>lect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>soci</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*corpus, corpor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td>*leg</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>solv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*cura, curo</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>*liber</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td><td>son</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*curr</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>*liter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td><td>*spec</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>cuspid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>loc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td>sta, sist</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>cycl</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>*log, logy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td><td>struct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*dent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>loqu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td><td>surrect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*dict</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>luc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*tang, tact</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*doc, doct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td><td>luna</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>*tempor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>dors</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>lut, luv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>*ten, tain</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>dote</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>*manu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td><td>*terr</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*duc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td><td>mar</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>thesis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>dur</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>*mater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td><td>*tors, tort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*fac, fec, fic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td><td>matur</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>*tract</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>femin</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>*ment</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>trude</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*fer, lat</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td><td>meridi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>une</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*fest</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td><td>*meter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td><td>use, uti</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>fid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td><td>mingle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>vade</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*fin</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>*mit</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td><td>*ven</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*firm</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>moni</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td><td>*vers, vert</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>fix</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td><td>mort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>via, vi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*flex, flect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>mot</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>vir</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>flor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>mut</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>viv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*flu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>nat</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>vol</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>*foli</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>nomi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>zoo</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>form</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td><td>*norm</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="clear"> </div> + +<p>* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.</p> + + + +<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_PREFIXES" id="INDEX_TO_PREFIXES"></a>INDEX TO PREFIXES.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></h3> + +<table class="index"> +<tr><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr> +<tr><td>a (an)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>contra</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td><td>non</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>se</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>a, ab, abs</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>de</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td><td>mono</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td><td>semi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ad (ac, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td><td>dia</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>ob (op)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>sub (suc, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ambi, amphi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>dis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td><td>para</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td><td>super</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ante</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>en (on)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>per</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>syn (sym)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>anti</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td><td>epi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>peri</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td><td>tele</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>auto</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>ex (e, ec)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>post</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>trans</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>bene</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td><td>extra</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td><td>pre</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>tri</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>bi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>in (im)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>pro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td><td>uni</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>circum</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td><td>inter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td><td>re</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td><td>vice</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>con (col, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>micro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>retro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> +</table> + + +<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_SUFFIXES" id="INDEX_TO_SUFFIXES"></a>INDEX TO SUFFIXES.</h3> + +<table class="index"> +<tr><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td> </td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr> +<tr><td>ac</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td>ence</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td><td>ion</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>oid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>aceous</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>ent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>ise</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td><td>ory</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>acy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>fy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>vist</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>ous</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>al</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>ic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>ism</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td><td>ulent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>an</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>ics</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td>ite</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>ure</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ance</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>id</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>ity</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>y</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>ary</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td><td>ile</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>ive</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + +<h3><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></h3> + + +<table class="contents"> +<tr><th>Seventh Year.</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>First Month.</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Elementary Sounds</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Second Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Letters, Alphabet, etc.</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Third Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Vowels</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Fourth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Consonants</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Fifth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Sixth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Eighth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> + +<tr><th>Eighth Year.</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2">First Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Syllables</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Second Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Accent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Third Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Words</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Fourth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Fifth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Sixth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Eighth Month.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters—Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Reference Table of Suffixes</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. 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