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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Orthography
+       As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois
+
+Author: Elmer W. Cavins
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ORTHOGRAPHY
+                          AS OUTLINED IN THE
+                  STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS.
+
+                       SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.
+
+                          BY ELMER W. CAVINS,
+      TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.
+
+                 INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+                    SECOND EDITION—JANUARY, 1906.
+
+                      _PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,
+                        TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS._
+
+                   Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.
+
+
+
+
+                               PREFACE.
+
+
+This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois
+State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and
+Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths
+or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is,
+teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text,
+never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the
+average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be
+analyzed which contain the root _ann_, meaning year? He might turn in
+the dictionary to _annual_, _anniversary_, and _annuity_, but he must
+fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, _biennial_,
+_centennial_, _millennium_, _perennial_, and _superannuate_. And
+having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in
+the analysis.
+
+The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient
+form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of
+Study.
+
+Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that
+this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it.
+When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis “What Words Say”, he
+gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of
+meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those
+who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning.
+Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the
+understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of
+words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret
+_what words say_, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words,
+for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various
+departments for acquiring knowledge.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. CAVINS.
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+                        BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+
+I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is
+much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to
+forward, anything that will promote such a study.
+
+Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it
+will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision
+of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.
+
+If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words
+themselves,—their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to
+each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from
+their use,—he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it
+will be more likely to increase than to diminish.
+
+It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably
+with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has
+acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience
+and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one
+master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English
+words, _graph_ means write; _ge_ means earth; _phone_ means sound;
+_cur_ means run; _fin_ means limit; _port_ means carry, etc.?
+
+And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is
+it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of
+a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?
+
+Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of
+meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to,
+their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to
+understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal
+significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded
+that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very
+profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.
+
+The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will
+require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the
+meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the
+brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be
+supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this
+must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research
+in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher,
+such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own
+thinking, and in his use of English speech.
+
+I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as
+adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the
+present work of the schools.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H.
+
+
+
+
+                       SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
+
+
+1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your
+opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.
+
+2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or
+illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the
+method of showing their _literal_ significance. Further along in each
+year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that
+pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as
+to show the _literal_ meaning, else much of the value of the study is
+lost.
+
+And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, _where it differs
+from the literal_, should be given. Very many of the words have
+various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This
+necessitates a free use of the dictionary.
+
+It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when
+necessary) try to find _an appropriate sentence to illustrate each
+word_ and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the
+purpose.
+
+In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of
+reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils,
+especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings
+are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.
+
+One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils
+to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to
+be analyzed according to the examples given under “Directions to
+Pupils”, and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written
+on the board.
+
+
+
+
+                         DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.
+
+
+Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of
+Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,—in all 142 elements
+or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished
+to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list
+being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed,
+or partially analyzed, is over 1200.
+
+
+                          TO ANALYZE A WORD.
+
+1. Name its component parts—root, prefix, and suffix—and give the
+literal meaning of each.
+
+2. Combine these meanings in a definition, _supplying additional words
+if necessary_, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases,
+however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put
+together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be
+omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly
+literal.
+
+3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.
+
+(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not
+define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for
+illustration, say _audible_ is _that which_ can be _heard_; but rather
+say _audible_ means _capable of_ being _heard_.)
+
+
+                               EXAMPLES.
+
+avert: (1) _a_, away + _vert_, turn.
+       (2) To _turn away_; to ward off.
+       (3) The evils which exist are necessary to _avert_ greater evils.
+
+deify: (1) _dei_, god + _fy_, to make.
+       (2) To _make_ a _god_ of; to praise and revere as if a deity.
+       (3) The people of India _deify_ the Ganges River.
+
+hostile: (1)_host_, enemy + _ile_, belonging to.
+         (2) _Belonging to_ or having the characteristics of an _enemy_.
+         (3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the
+             _hostile_ winds.
+
+portable: (1) _port_, carry + _able_, capable of.
+          (2) _capable of_ being _carried_ or moved from place to place;
+              not stationary.
+          (3) A _portable_ photograph gallery stopped for three
+              days at the cross-roads near my home.
+
+benefactor: (1) _bene_, good + _fact_, make, do + _or_, one who.
+            (2) _One who does good_; especially one who makes a
+                charitable donation.
+            (3) “He is a true _benefactor_ and alone worthy of honor who
+                brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries
+                the tear of sorrow.”
+
+A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to
+analyze words a pupil must—
+
+1. Learn some _facts_—meanings of the component parts of words.
+
+2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible
+definition.
+
+3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.
+
+4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be
+neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis.
+Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his
+help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might
+suffice the entire class.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART ONE
+
+                            Word Analysis.
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+
+#a, ab, abs# = from, away.
+
+1. a _vert_, turn
+2. ab _brevi_ ate, short
+3. ab _duct_, lead
+4. ab _ject_, cast
+5. ab _lut_ ion, wash
+6. ab _origin_ es, beginning
+7. ab _rupt_, break
+8. ab _sorb_, suck in
+9. ab _solve_, loosen
+10. ab _use_, use.
+
+2. To _shorten_, to take _from_; to make briefer.
+
+3. To _lead away_; to carry off by force; to kidnap.
+
+4. An _abject_ person is one sunk to low condition (as if _cast from_
+the society of others).
+
+5. An _ablution_ is a _washing_ or _cleansing_; especially a religious
+rite.
+
+6. The inhabitants of a country _from_ the _beginning_. The earliest
+inhabitants of which anything is known.
+
+7. _Broken_ or appearing as if broken _away_ or off; as an _abrupt_
+cliff.
+
+8. To _suck_ up; to drink in. A brick will _absorb_ a pint of water.
+
+9. To _loosen_ or set free, as _from_ some duty or obligation
+
+10. To divert _from_ the proper _use_; to misuse.
+
+
+#ambi, (amphi)# = both, on both sides, around.
+
+1. ambi _dextr_ ous, right hand
+2. ambi _ti_ on, go
+3. amphi _bi_ ous, life
+4. amphi _theatre_, view.
+
+1. _Having_ skill with _both_ hands (as if both were _right hands_).
+
+2. A _going around_ or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes;
+eager for favors; strongly desirous.
+
+3. _Living both_ on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles,
+seals, otters, and beavers are _amphibious_.
+
+4. An _amphitheatre_ is a building built circular so that spectators
+may _view_ a performance from _both sides_ or from all _around_.
+
+
+#bene# = well, good.
+
+1. bene _dict_ ion, speak
+2. bene _fact_ ion, do
+3. bene fact _or_, one who
+4. bene _fic_ ent, do
+5. bene fic _ial_, pertaining to
+6. bene _fit_, do
+7. bene _vol_ ent, will
+8. beni _gn_, (genus) kind
+9. beni gn _ant_, being
+10. _nota_ bene, note
+
+1. The _act of speaking well_ to or of; a blessing pronounced at the
+close of divine service.
+
+2. The _act of doing_ good; making a charitable donation.
+
+4. _Doing_ or effecting _good_; performing acts of kindness.
+
+5. _Pertaining to_ what _does good_, is useful or profitable.
+
+6. A _good_ deed _done_; an act of kindness.
+
+7. _Willing_ to _do good_; well-wishing; charitable.
+
+8. _Good_ and _kind_ of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness.
+Literally, of a _good kind_.
+
+9. _Being kind_ and gracious.
+
+10. _Note well_; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated
+to N. B.
+
+
+#circum# = around.
+
+1. circum _fer_ ence, carry
+2. circum _flex_, bend
+3. circum _locut_ ion, speak
+4. circum _navig_ ate, sail
+5. circum _scribe_, write, draw
+6. circum _spect_, look
+7. circum _sta_ nce, stand
+8. circum _vent_, come.
+
+1. Think the _circumference_ in the process of making; _carry_ the
+crayon _around_ the circle to produce the _circumference_.
+
+2. A _bending around_; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a
+rise and a fall on the same syllable.
+
+3. The _act of speaking_ in a _round_ about way; particularly a
+studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.
+
+4. The _act of sailing around_; especially the earth or globe.
+
+5. To _draw_ a bounding line _round_; hence to mark out the limits of.
+
+6. _Looking around_ on all sides; examining carefully.
+
+7. That which attends or relates to (_stands around_, as it were,) an
+event, a person or a thing.
+
+8. To _circumvent_ one in any enterprise is to _come around_ in an
+unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.
+
+
+#contra, (contro, counter)# = against
+
+1. contra _dict_, speak
+2. contra _vene_, come
+3. contra _st_, stand
+4. counter _act_, do
+5. counter _balance_, scales
+6. contro _versy_, turn
+
+1. To _speak against_; to assert the opposite of.
+
+2. To _come against_; to oppose.
+
+3. To _stand against_; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects
+of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.
+
+4. To act _against_; to _do_ what hinders.
+
+5. To _weigh against_ with equal weight; equal weight, power or
+influence acting in opposition to.
+
+6. A _turning against_; debate, contention.
+
+
+#ann# = year.
+
+1. annu _al_, relating to
+2. anni _vers_ ary, turn
+3. annu _ity_, that which
+4. _bi_ ennial, two
+5. _cent_ ennial, hundred
+6. _mille_ nnium, thousand
+7. _per_ ennial, through
+8. _super_ annuate, beyond
+
+1. _Relating to_ a _year_; yearly.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ once a _year_ commemorating some event.
+
+3. A stated sum of money payable _yearly_.
+
+4. Happening once in _two years_; lasting two years.
+
+5. Consisting of or lasting a _hundred years_. Happening every hundred
+years.
+
+6. A period or interval of a _thousand years_.
+
+7. _Throughout_ the _year_; lasting, perpetual.
+
+8. Condition of being _beyond_ the _years_ of active service; impaired
+or disabled by length of years.
+
+
+#art# = skill.
+
+1. art _ist_, one who
+2. arti _fic_ ial, make
+3. artist _ic_, relating to
+4. art _less_, without
+
+1. _One who_ is _skilled_ or adept in any of the fine arts.
+
+2. Produced or _made_ by _art_ or _skill_ rather than by nature.
+
+3. _Relating_ to _skill_ in any field.
+
+4. _Without skill_; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.
+
+
+#aster, (astr)# = star.
+
+1. aster _isk_, little
+2. aster _oid_, form
+3. astr _olog_ er, speak.
+4. astr _onomy_, distribute
+5. _dis_ aster, apart
+
+1. Literally, a _little star_; a mark like a star used to refer to a
+note in the margin.
+
+2. _Formed_ like a _star_.
+
+3. _One who speaks_ about the _stars_; one who foretells events by the
+stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.
+
+4. The science which treats of the _distribution_, arrangement and
+size of heavenly bodies (_stars_).
+
+5. An unfavorable aspect of a _star_ or planet, hence an ill portent,
+a calamity.
+
+
+#aud# = hear.
+
+1. aud _ible_, capable of
+2. audit _ory_, pertaining to
+3. audit _ors_, those who
+4. _in_ audible, not
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _heard_.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _hearing_, or the sense of hearing.
+
+3. _Those who hear_; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing
+music or discourse.
+
+4. _Not capable_ of being _heard_; indistinct.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#dis (dif)# = apart, from, away.
+
+1. dis _burse_, purse
+2. dis _cord_, heart
+3. dis _cuss_, shake
+4. dif _fer_, bear
+5. dif _fuse_, pour
+6. dis _loc_ ate, place
+7. dis _miss_, send
+8. dis _pel_, drive
+9. dis _pose_, put
+10. dis _rupt_, break
+11. dis _sect_, cut
+12. dis _tend_, stretch
+
+1. To _disburse_ money is to pay it out (_from_ one's _purse_).
+
+2. (Literally, _hearts apart_.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in
+opinion, or in action.
+
+3. The _discussion_ of a question _shakes_ it _apart_, for a more
+thorough examination.
+
+4. When two minds _differ_, one _bears_ in one direction, the other in
+another, and thus they _bear apart_. They do not agree.
+
+5. To _pour_ out and cause to spread _apart_, as a fluid; to
+circulate; to scatter.
+
+6. To _place apart_ or out of proper position.
+
+7. To _dismiss_ a congregation is to _send_ the people (or allow them
+to go) _apart_ to their homes.
+
+8. To _dispel_ fear is to _drive_ it _away_.
+
+9. To _dispose_ of property is to part with it (_put_ it _apart_ from
+one).
+
+10. Rocks are _disrupted_ when _broken apart_.
+
+11. To _dissect_ the eye of an ox is to _cut_ it _apart_, for the
+purpose of examination.
+
+12. To _distend_ is to _stretch apart_ or spread in all directions; to
+dilate, to expand.
+
+
+#extra# = beyond.
+
+1. Extra _ordin_ ary, order, rule (_ary_, relating to). _Relating to_
+what is _beyond_ or out of the common _rule_ or _order_; exceptional,
+unusual.
+
+2. Extra _vag_ ant, _wander_ (_ant_, ing). _Wandering beyond_ bounds
+or out of the regular course; excessive.
+
+
+#inter# = between, among, through.
+
+1. inter _cede_, go
+2. inter _cept_, take
+3. inter _course_, run
+4. inter _ject_ ion, throw
+5. inter _lop_ er, run
+6. inter _mingle_, mix
+7. inter _pose_, place
+8. inter _rogate_, ask
+9. inter _sect_, cut
+10. inter _val_, wall
+11. inter _vene_, come
+12. inter _view_, see
+
+1. To _go between_ parties for the purpose of reconciling those who
+differ; to plead in favor of another.
+
+2. To seize or _take between_ the starting point and destination; as
+to _intercept_ a letter or messenger.
+
+3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another
+(a _running between_, to and fro).
+
+4. An _interjection_ is a word _thrown_ in _between_ other words to
+express emotion or feeling.
+
+5. An _interloper_ is _one who runs_ in _between_ two parties to get
+the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who
+intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a
+grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an
+_interloper_.
+
+6. To _mix between_ or together.
+
+7. To protect the eyes from a strong light _interpose_ (_place
+between_ the eyes and light) a shade.
+
+8. To _interrogate_ is to question. (The _questions_ come _between_
+the answers.)
+
+9. One line _intersects_ another when it _cuts_ through it, or
+_between_ its parts.
+
+10. An _interval_ is an open space or stretch between things or
+limits. Formerly it meant a space _between walls_.
+
+11. To _come between_ persons, things, or events.
+
+12. A mutual exchange of _views between_ two or more people.
+
+
+#non# = not, un.
+
+The prefix _non-_ may be joined to the leading word by means of a
+hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.
+
+1. noncommittal
+2. non compos mentis
+3. nonconductor
+4. nondescript
+5. nonentity
+6. nonessential
+7. nonpareil
+8. non-payment
+9. nonplus
+10. non-resident
+11. nonsense
+12. nonsuit
+
+2. _Com_, with + _pos_, power + _mentis_, of mind. Literally, _not
+with power of mind_. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of
+managing one's own affairs.
+
+4. That which has _not_ been _described_; difficult to describe; new,
+novel, odd.
+
+5. _Entity_ means thing or being; hence a _nonentity_ is _no thing_ or
+nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or
+_nothing_.
+
+9. _Plus_ means more. Literally, a person is _nonplused_ when he can
+do _no more_, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.
+
+(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other
+words of the above list.)
+
+
+#per# = through, thoroughly, by.
+
+1. per _ambul_ ate, walk
+2. per _ceive_, take
+3. per _cent_, hundred
+4. per _col_ ate, filter
+5. per _enni_ al, year
+6. per _fect_, make
+7. per _for_ ate, bore
+8. per _form_, form
+9. per _fume_, smoke
+10. per _mit_, let go
+11. per _plex_, entangle
+12. per _secute_, follow
+13. per _sist_, stand
+14. per _vade_, go
+15. per _vert_, turn
+16. per _vi_ ous, way
+
+1. To _walk through_ or over. He got out of bed and _perambulated_ the
+room for some minutes.
+
+2. To _take_ or obtain knowledge _through_ the senses. To _take_ with
+a _thorough_ mental grasp; to understand.
+
+3. _By_ the _hundred_.
+
+4. To pass _through_; as, a _filter_ or strainer.
+
+5. Lasting _through_ the _year_, or through many years.
+
+6. _Thoroughly made_; finished in every part; without blemish or
+defect.
+
+7. To _bore through_; to make holes in; to pierce.
+
+8. To _form thoroughly_; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.
+
+9. “To _perfume_ means literally to _smoke thoroughly_. Hence to
+impregnate or fill with scent or odor.”—_Kennedy._
+
+10. By this _permit_ we may _go through_ the factory.
+
+11. To _entangle thoroughly_. “Love with doubts _perplexes_ still the
+mind.”
+
+12. To _follow_ with persistence or _thoroughness_. To follow close
+after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a
+particular creed. The early Christians suffered _persecution_.
+
+13. To take a _thorough stand_; to continue steadily in some state or
+course of action; especially in spite of opposition.
+
+14. To _go through_; to spread throughout the whole.
+
+15. To turn in another direction; to _turn thoroughly_ from a former
+course. “Blessings unused _pervert_ into a waste.”
+
+16. _Having_ a _way through_. “---- to have their way free and
+_pervious_ to all places.”
+
+
+#clud, clus# = shut.
+
+1. close
+2. clos _et_, little
+3. _con_ clude, together
+4. _dis_ close, un
+5. _en_ close, in
+6. _ex_ elude, out
+7. exclus _ion_, act of
+8. _in_ clude, within
+9. _pre_ clude, before
+10. _re_ cluse, back
+11. _se_ clude, aside
+12. se clus _ion_, state of being
+
+1. To _shut_.
+
+2. A _small_ side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept
+_shut_ away from view.
+
+3. To bring to an end. Literally to _shut_ in or _together_
+(obsolete); as, “The body of Christ was _concluded_ in the grave.”
+
+4. To _un-shut_; to open or uncover; to make known.
+
+9. To put an obstacle _before_, or in the way of, in order to _shut_
+out; to prevent or hinder.
+
+10. One who is _shut_ up (or has _shut_ himself _back_) from the world
+or public view.
+
+11. To _shut_ off or keep apart or _aside_, as from company or
+society.
+
+
+#cor, cord# = heart.
+
+1. core
+2. cordi_al_, relating to
+3. _con_ cord, with
+4. cord _ate_, shaped
+5. _dis_ cord, apart
+6. discord _ant_, being
+7. _re_ cord, again
+8. cour _age_, having
+
+1. The _heart_ or innermost part of a thing; as the _core_ of an
+apple.
+
+2. _Relating to_ the _heart_; hearty, sincere.
+
+3. Heart _with heart_; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. “Love
+quarrels oft in _concord_ end.”
+
+4. _Heart shaped_; as a _cordate_ leaf.
+
+5. Heart _apart_ from _heart_; hence disagreement or want of harmony.
+
+6. State of _being_ out of harmony.
+
+7. _Record_; through the Latin _recordari_, to remember (or know
+_again_). To get by _heart_; hence to register; to write or inscribe
+an authentic account of.
+
+8. _Having heart_; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is
+accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)
+
+
+#corpus, corpor# = body.
+
+1. corpse
+2. corps (pronounce core)
+3. corpor _al_, relating to
+4. corpu _lent_, full of
+5. incorpor _ate_, make
+6. corpus _cle_, small
+7. corset
+8. _habeas_ corpus. You may have
+
+1. The _body_ only; hence a dead body.
+
+2. A _body_ of soldiers.
+
+3. _Relating to_ the _body_; as _corporal_ punishment.
+
+4. A _corpulent_ person is fleshy; literally _full of body_.
+
+5. To _make into_ a _body_ in the legal sense, so that a number of
+individuals may transact business legally as one person.
+
+6. A _small body_; a minute particle.
+
+7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting _body_ garment, having sleeves
+and skirt.
+
+8. Literally, _you may have the body_. A writ requiring the body of a
+person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the
+lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.
+
+
+#cura, curo# = care.
+
+1. cure
+2. cur_able_, capable of
+3. cur_ate_, one who
+4. curi _ous_, full of
+5. _mani_ cure, hand
+6. _ac_ cur ate, to
+7. _pro_ cure, for
+8. _se_ cure, aside
+
+1. To take _care_ of; to restore to health.
+
+2. _Capable of_ being cured or restored by _care_.
+
+3. _One who_ has the _care_ of souls; a parish priest.
+
+4. Formerly, _curious_ meant _full of care_, or careful, nice,
+precise; as, “Men were not _curious_ what syllables or particles they
+used.” Eager to learn; inquisitive.
+
+5. To _care_ for the _hands_ and nails.
+
+6. A thing is made _accurate_ by giving _care to_ it.
+
+7. Literally, to _care for_; to look after; as, “I _procured_ that
+rumor to be spread.” To obtain; to get.
+
+8. _Aside_, or free, from _care_, anxiety, or fear; safe.
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+#pre# = before.
+
+1. pre _amble_, walk
+2. pre _cede_, go
+3. pre ced _ent_, that which
+4. pre _cip_ ice, head
+5. pre _clude_, shut
+6. pre _coc_ ious, cook, ripe
+7. pre _curs_ or, run
+8. pre _destinate_, to determine
+9. pre _dict_, speak
+10. pre _face_, say
+11. pre _fer_, bring
+12. pre _fix_, fasten
+13. pre _judice_, judgment
+14. pre _limin_ ary, threshold
+15. pre _mature_, ripe
+16. pre _monit_ ion, warning
+17. pre _pare_, make ready
+18. pre _posit_ ion, place
+19. pre _poster_ ous, after
+20. pre _scribe_, write
+
+1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly _preamble_ meant, to
+_walk_ over _before_hand; as, “I will take a thorough view of those
+who have _preambled_ this by path.”
+
+3. _That which_ has _gone before_. A previous example or usage which
+has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom,
+habit, or rule.
+
+4. A _head_long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, _head_ _fore_most.
+
+5. See second month, page 16.
+
+6. _Ripe_ in understanding at an early age or _before_ due time; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+7. A _precursor_ is a _forerunner_. That which precedes an event and
+indicates its approach.
+
+8. To _determine_ _before_hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree.
+“Whom He did foreknow He also did _predestinate_ to be conformed to
+the image of His Son.”
+
+11. To _prefer_ one thing to another is to _bring_ or set it before
+the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.
+
+13. A _prejudgment_ formed without due examination. “_Prejudice_ is
+the child of ignorance.”
+
+14. Literally, _before_ the _threshold_. Preceding or leading up to
+something more important; as _preliminary_ arrangements.
+
+18. A _preposition_ is so called because usually _placed before_ the
+word with which it is phrased.
+
+19. Anything is _preposterous_ when it is contrary to nature, reason,
+or common sense. Literally, having that _last_ which ought to be
+_first_; as, the “cart before the horse”.
+
+20. To lay down _before_hand in _writing_ as a rule of action.
+“_Prescribe_ not us our duties.”
+
+
+#re# = back, again.
+
+1. re _bound_, leap
+2. re _cede_, go
+3. re _claim_, call
+4. re _cluse_, shut
+5. re _cogn_ ize, know
+6. re con _struct_, build
+7. re _course_, run
+8. re _create_, make
+9. re _cruit_, grow
+10. re _cur_, run
+11. re _flect_, bend
+12. re _fresh_, new
+13. re _hash_, chop
+14. re im _burse_, purse
+15. re _ject_, throw
+16. re _juven_ ate, young
+17. re _lapse_, slip
+18. re _late_, carry
+19. re _lease_, loose
+20. re _mit_, send
+21. re _morse_, bite
+22. re _nov_ ate, new
+23. re _pel_, drive
+24. re _plen_ ish, full
+25. re _pulse_, drive
+26. re _sult_, leap
+27. re _sume_, take (up)
+28. re _surrect_ ion, rise
+29. re _tain_, hold
+30. re _tract_, draw
+
+Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning,
+thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will _rebound_ (_leap back_).
+
+
+#semi# = half.
+
+1. semicircle
+2. semicolon
+3. semidiameter
+4. semilunar
+5. semivowel
+6. semiweekly
+
+
+#super# = over, above, beyond.
+
+1. super _annu_ ate, year
+2. super _cili_ ous, pride
+3. super _fic_ ial, face
+4. super _flu_ ous, flow
+5. super _natur_ al, nature
+6. super _numer_ ary, number
+7. super _pose_, put
+8. super _script_ ion, write
+9. super _struct_ ure, build.
+10. super _vise_, see
+
+1. A _superannuate_ is one who has become impaired or disabled by
+length of years. Specifically, one living _beyond_ the _years_ of
+active service and allowed to retire on a pension.
+
+2. Lofty with _pride_; _over_bearing. “A _supercilious_ nabob of the
+east, haughty and purse-proud.”
+
+3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth _beyond_) the
+sur_face_; shallow. “She despised _superficiality_, and looked deeper
+than the color of things.”
+
+4. _Overflowing_; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding
+with _superfluous_ words.
+
+5. Being _beyond_ or exceeding the powers of _nature_. Miracles were
+performed by _supernatural_ power.
+
+6. _Beyond_ a stated or required _number_; as, a _supernumerary_
+officer in a regiment.
+
+7. To _put over_ or upon; as to _superpose_ one rock upon another.
+
+8. A _superscription_ is a _writing over_ or _upon_; especially an
+address on a letter.
+
+9. A _superstructure_ is something _built over_ something else;
+particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.
+
+10. To _oversee_; as, to _supervise_ the erection of a house.
+
+
+#tri# = three.
+
+1. tri _angle_, angle
+2. tri _cuspid_, point
+3. tri _cycle_, circle
+4. tri _dent_, tooth
+5. tri _enni_ al, year
+6. tri _gam_ ist, marriage.
+7. tri gon _ometry_, measure
+8. tri _later_ al, side
+9. tri _nomi_ al, term
+10. trio
+11. tri _pod_, foot
+12. tri _sect_, cut
+13. tri _syllable_, syllable
+14. trium _vir_, man
+15. tri _une_, one
+16. tri _via_ l, way
+
+2. A _tricuspid_ tooth has _three points_.
+
+4. A _three-toothed_ or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing
+spear.
+
+    “His nature is too noble for the world;
+     He would not flatter Neptune for his _trident_,
+     Or Jove for his power to thunder.”
+
+6. A _trigamist_ is one who has been _three_ times _married_;
+especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.
+
+7. _Trigonometry_ literally means _three angle measure_. That branch
+of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of
+triangles, and applies them to other figures.
+
+9. A _trinomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _three terms_.
+
+10. A _trio_ is a musical composition in _three_ parts.
+
+11. A _tripod_ has _three feet_ or legs; as a three-legged table or
+stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.
+
+14. A _triumvir_ is one of _three men_ united in office; specifically
+in ancient Rome.
+
+15. The _triune_ is _three_ in _one_; the three-fold personality of
+one divine being,—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
+
+16. _Trivial_ formerly meant, pertaining to _three ways_; where three
+ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace,
+such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little
+worth.
+
+
+#due# = lead, draw.
+
+1. _ab_ duct, away
+2 _ad_ duce, to
+3. _aque_ duct, water
+4. _con_ duct, with
+5. _de_ duct, from
+6. duct _ile_, capable of
+7. duke, a leader
+8. _e_ duc ate, out
+9. _in_ duce, into
+10. in duce _ment_, that which
+11. _intro_ duce, into
+12. _pro_ duce, forth
+13. _se_ duce, aside
+14. _re_ duce, back
+
+1. To _lead_ or carry _away_ wrongfully and usually by force; to
+kidnap; as, to _abduct_ a child.
+
+2. To _lead_ or bring _to_; to bring forward or offer as an argument
+in a case. “I too prize facts and shall _adduce_ nothing else.”
+
+3. An _aqueduct_ is a _lead_way or artificial channel for conveying
+_water_.
+
+4. A guide _conducts_ a traveler when he goes _with_ him and, in a
+sense, _leads_ him along a safe route.
+
+5. To _deduct_ is to take _from_; to _draw_ away.
+
+6. A _ductile_ metal is one _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire; as,
+copper, platinum, steel, etc.
+
+8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. _Educate_ literally
+means to _lead_ forth, to _draw out_.
+
+11. An _introduction_ is the initial step which _leads_ people _into_
+one another's acquaintance.
+
+14. (1) To _lead_ or bring _back_ to a former state; as,
+
+    “It were but right
+    And equal to _reduce_ me to my dust.”
+
+(2) To bring to any specific state or form.
+
+
+#fac, fact# = do, make.
+
+(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)
+
+1. fact
+2. fact _ory_, place where
+3. facil _ity_, quality of
+4. _bene_ fact or, good
+5. _manu_ fact ure, hand
+6. _ef_ fect, (ex.) out
+7. _per_ fect, thoroughly
+8. _im_ perfect, not
+9. _arti_ ficial, skill
+10. _bene_ ficial, good
+11. _sacri_ fice, sacred
+12. _paci_ fic, peace
+13. feat
+14. _de_ feat, un
+15. feas _ible_, capable of
+16. fashion.
+
+1. A _fact_ is something _done_ or brought to pass.
+
+3. _Quality_ of being easily _done_.
+
+5. _Manufacture_ formerly meant to _make_ by _hand_.
+
+6. An _effect_ is something worked _out_, or _done_.
+
+7. A thing is _perfect_ when _thoroughly made_, or _finished_.
+
+11. _Sacrifice_ literally means to _make sacred_; to set apart as
+sacred.
+
+12. _Pacific_ means pertaining to _peace_; suited to _make_ or restore
+peace.
+
+13. A _feat_ is an act, a deed, an exploit; something _done_.
+
+14. To _defeat_ means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to _un do_.
+
+16. The _fashion_ of a thing is, in a sense, the _make_ of it.
+
+NOTE.—_fy_, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too
+numerous to mention; as, purify (to _make pure_), rarefy (to _make
+rare_), classify (to _make_ or put into a _class_), etc.
+
+
+#fer, ferr# = carry, bear, bring.
+
+1. _circum_ fer ence, around
+2. _con_ fer, together
+3. _dif_ fer, apart
+4. fert _ile_, capable of
+5. _of_ fer, (ob) near.
+6. _pro_ (f)fer, forth
+7. _re_ fer, back
+8. re fer _ee_, one who
+9. _suf_ fer, (sub) under
+10. _trans_ fer, across
+
+1. See first month, page 10.
+
+2. When two or more persons _confer_ they _bring together_ opinions
+and facts on some special subject.
+
+3. See second month, page 13.
+
+5. To _bring near_ to; to present for acceptance; as, to _offer_ one's
+services.
+
+6. To _bring_ or put _forward_; to hold _forth_ so that a person may
+take; as, to _proffer_ a gift.
+
+7. To direct for information. Literally, to _carry back_; as, “Mahomet
+_referred_ his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he
+gave out they were made.”
+
+9. To _suffer_ is to _bear under_; to undergo.
+
+NOTE.—_Ferr_ is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which
+are: _fero_, _ferre_, _tuli_, _latus_. The last form is found in a
+number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate,
+superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in
+the ten given above, is _bear_, _carry_, or _bring_.
+
+
+#fest# = feast.
+
+1. fest _al_. _Pertaining to_ a _feast_, a holiday or celebration.
+
+2. fest _ive_. _Pertaining to_ or becoming a _feast_; festal, joyous,
+gay.
+
+3. festival. A time of _feasting_ or celebration.
+
+4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a _feast_.
+
+5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a _feast_.
+
+6. fête. Modern French, equivalent of _feast_.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#uni# = one.
+
+1. unit, one
+2. un _ity_, ness
+3. un _ion_, state of being
+4. unite
+5. _dis_ unite, not
+6. _re_ unite, again
+7. un _anim_ ous, mind
+8. unanim _ity_, state of being
+9. uni _corn_, horn
+10. uni _form_, form
+11. uni _son_, sound
+12. uni _verse_, turn
+13. unique
+14. onion
+
+9. The _unicorn_ is a fabulous _one-horned_ animal.
+
+12. The _universe_ consists of all things considered as _one_ whole.
+
+13. A thing is _unique_ when it is the only _one_ of its kind.
+
+14. _Onion_ comes from the Latin _unio_, which means _oneness_; also a
+single pearl of large size resembling the onion.
+
+
+#anti# = against, opposed to.
+
+1. anti _climax_, ladder
+2. anti _christ_, Christ
+3. anti _dote_, give
+4. anti _path_ y, feel
+5. anti _pod_ es, foot
+6. anti _thesis_, place
+7. anti _slave_ ry, slave
+8. anti _soci_ al, companion
+
+1. An _anti climax_ is _opposed to_ or in contrast with a _climax_. In
+rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt
+descent (down the _ladder_) from stronger to weaker expressions.
+
+3. An _antidote_ is something _given_ to counteract (act _against_)
+poison or disease.
+
+5. Those who live at _opposite_ points on the globe so that their
+_feet_ are directly toward each other are _antipodes_. Figuratively,
+things opposed to each other.
+
+6. In rhetoric an _antithesis_ is a figure of speech which consists of
+one idea _placed against_ another; a contrast.
+
+8. A person is _antisocial_ when he is averse or _opposed to_ society,
+social intercourse or _companionship_.
+
+
+#dia# = across, through, between.
+
+1. dia_gon_ al, angle
+2. dia _gram_, writing
+3. dia _lect_, speech
+4. dia _log_, speech
+5. dia _meter_, measure
+6. dia _pason_, all
+7. dia _phragm_, fence
+
+1. A _diagonal_ is a line _across_ from _angle_ to _angle_.
+
+2. A _diagram_ is that which is marked out by lines drawn or _written_
+across; as, a figure, a plan.
+
+3. _Dialect_ is _speech_ or language by means of which ideas are
+communicated (_across_) from one to another.
+
+6. The _diapason_ is one of certain stops in the organ, so called
+because it extends _through all_ notes of the scale.
+
+7. The _diaphragm_ is a membranous partition or _fence between_ the
+thorax and abdomen.
+
+
+#en# = on.
+
+1. en _dorse_, back
+2. en _grave_, carve
+3. en _throne_, throne
+4. en _list_, list
+
+1. To _endorse_ a check is to write one's name _on_ the _back_ of it.
+
+NOTE.—_en_ in most words is the equivalent of the Latin _in_, meaning
+in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage,
+enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop,
+enwrap.
+
+
+#foli# = leaf.
+
+1. foliage. A cluster of _leaves_.
+2. folio. A _leaf_-sheet folded once.
+3. foil. A thin _leaf_ of metal.
+4. _tre_foil. A plant with _three leaves_; as, clover.
+5. _port_-folio. A case for _carrying_ loose _leaves_ of paper.
+
+
+#fort, forc# = strong.
+
+1. fort
+2. forti _fy_, make
+3. fortr _ess_
+4. _ef_ fort, (ex.) out
+5. forti _tude_, quality of
+6. force
+7. forc _ible_, capable of
+8. _en_ force, on
+9. _com_ fort, with
+10. _piano_ forte, soft
+
+1. A _fort_ is a _strong_hold.
+
+2. To _make strong_; to strengthen or secure by means of forts,
+batteries, or other military works.
+
+3. _Ess_ is a feminine ending. A “maiden fortress” is a fortification
+which has never been taken. A _fortress_ is a very strong fort.
+
+4. An _effort_ is a putting _out_ of one's _strength_ for the
+accomplishment of some end.
+
+5. _Fortitude_ is _strength_ or firmness of mind in meeting danger,
+pain, or adversity.
+
+6. _Force_ is _strength_ in general, physical, mental, moral.
+
+9. To _comfort_ is to _strengthen_ with hope and cheer; to give
+consolation to.
+
+10. The _piano forte_ is an instrument having both _soft_ and loud
+(_strong_) tones. The name is generally shortened to _piano_.
+
+
+#fract, frang# = break.
+
+1. frail
+2. frail _ty_, quality
+3. fract _ure_, that which
+4. fract _ion_, that which
+5. fract _ious_, quality of
+6. frag _ile_, capable of
+7. frag _ment_, that which
+8. _in_ fringe, in
+
+1. A thing is _frail_ when it is easily _broken_.
+
+2. _Frailty_ is a _quality_ of things easily _broken_.
+
+3. A _fracture_ is a _break_; as of a bone.
+
+4. A _fraction_ is a part, as if _broken_ off.
+
+5. A _fractious_ person is one apt to _break_ out into a passion.
+
+6. “The stalk of ivy is tough and not _fragile_” (_capable of_ being
+_broken_).—_Bacon._
+
+7. A _fragment_ is _that which_ is _broken_ off.
+
+8. To _infringe_ is to _break in_ upon; to trespass on another's
+rights.
+
+
+#frater, fratr# = brother.
+
+1. fratern _al_, pertaining to
+2. fratern _ity_, that which
+3. fratern _ize_, make
+4. frater
+5. friar
+6. friary
+
+1. _Fraternal_ means _brotherly_; like brothers.
+
+2. An organization in _which_ the members hold one another in
+_brotherly_ relations.
+
+3. To _fraternize_ means to _make_ a _brother_ of; to receive into a
+fraternity.
+
+4. _Frater._ A _brother_; especially a monk.
+
+5. _Friar._ A _brother_ of any religious order, but especially one of
+certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.
+
+6. _Friary._ A home for friars (_brothers_); a monastery.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#mono# = one, single, alone, solitary.
+
+1. mon _arch_, rule
+2. mono _gam_ ist, marriage
+3. mono _gram_, write
+4. mono _logue_, speak
+5. mono _mania_, mind
+6. mo _nomi_ al, term
+7. mono _poly_, sell
+8. mono _syllable_, syllable
+9. mono _the_ ism, God
+10. mono _tone_, tone, sound
+
+1. A _monarch_ is a _sole_ or supreme _ruler_.
+
+2. A _monogamist_ is _one who_ believes in _marriage_ with _one_
+person only.
+
+3. A _monogram_ is a single character formed of two or more letters
+interwoven (as if done at _one writing_).
+
+4. A _speak_ing by _one_ person.
+
+5. _Monomania_ is a derangement of _mind_ in regard to a _single_
+subject only.
+
+6. A _monomial_ in algebra is a quantity which consists of a _single
+term_.
+
+7. A _monopoly_ is the sole (or _single_) right to _sell_ a certain
+article, or to sell it at a given place.
+
+9. _Monotheism_ is the doctrine of belief that there is but _one God_.
+
+10. A _monotone_ is a _single tone_ without harmony or variation in
+pitch.
+
+
+#para# = aside, beside, similar
+
+1. para _ble_ (ballo), throw
+2. para _graph_, write
+3. par _allel_, one another
+4. para _phrase_, speak
+5. para _site_, feed
+6. par en _thesis_, put
+
+1. A _parable_ is a short fictitious narrative placed (_thrown_)
+_beside_ something which it is intended to illustrate.
+
+2. A _paragraph_ was originally a mark or note of comment _written
+beside_ the line or place where a division should be made; now a
+distinct part of a discourse or writing.
+
+3. _Parallel_ lines extend _beside one another_.
+
+4. _Paraphrasing_ is telling (_speaking_) the _same_ thing in other
+words.
+
+5. A _parasite_ is an animal or plant which lives _beside_ or in
+another organism on which it _feeds_.
+
+6. Marks of _parenthesis_ are often used for a word, phrase, clause,
+or sentence _put in_ by way of explanation to what it stands _beside_.
+
+
+#peri# = around.
+
+1. peri _anth_, flower
+2. peri _cardium_, heart
+3. peri _meter_, measure
+4. peri _tone_ um, stretch
+5. peri _oste_ um
+
+1. The _perianth_ is the floral envelope _around_ the _flower_.
+
+2. The _pericardium_ is the membrane which _surrounds_ the _heart_.
+
+3. The _perimeter_ of a figure is the outer boundary or _measure
+around_ it.
+
+4. The _peritoneum_ is the membrane which is _stretched around_ the
+abdomen.
+
+5. The _periosteum_ is the membrane _around_ the _bones_.
+
+
+#syn (syl, sym)# = with, together.
+
+1. syl _lable_, take
+2. sym _pathy_, feel
+3. sym _phony_, sound
+4. syn _chron_ ous, time
+5. syn _onym_, name
+6. syn _ops_ is, view
+7. syn _thesis_, put, place
+
+1. Literally, a _syllable_ is two or more sounds _taken together_, or
+uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise
+but one sound.
+
+2. _Sympathy_ is _feeling with_ another, especially his sorrows and
+misfortunes.
+
+3. A _symphony_ is a _sounding together_; a harmony of sounds.
+
+4. _Synchronous._ Happening or existing at the _same time_.
+
+5. _Synonym._ Literally, a word having the _same name_. But it is
+applied to words of like or kindred meaning.
+
+6. A _synopsis_ is a _view_ of the whole _together_. A summary giving
+a general view of some subject.
+
+7. The _putting_ of two or more things _together_. _Synthesis_ is the
+opposite of analysis.
+
+
+#tele# = far (distance).
+
+1. tele _gram_, write
+2. tele _graph_, write
+3. tele _pathy_, feel
+4. tele _meter_, measure
+5. tele _phone_, sound
+6. tele _scope_, view
+
+1. A _telegram_ is a message transmitted (_written_) from _afar_.
+
+3. _Telepathy_ is the sympathetic communication at a _distance_ of one
+mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through _feeling_.
+
+4. _Telemeter._ An instrument for _measuring distances_ in surveying.
+
+
+#liber# = free.
+
+1. liber _al_, relating to
+2. _il_ liberal, not
+3. liberal _ity_, quality of
+4. liber _ate_, act of
+5. liberat _or_, one who
+6. liber _ty_, state of being
+7. liberal _ize_, make
+8. _de_ liver, from
+9. deliver _er_, one who
+10. deliver _y_, act of
+
+1. _Liberal._ Relating to or possessing a _free_ and generous heart.
+
+3. _Liberality_ is the quality of being _free_ or generous.
+
+7. To _liberalize_ is to _make free_, as to free from narrow views or
+prejudices.
+
+8. To _deliver_ means to set _free from_ bondage or restraint.
+
+
+#liter# = letter.
+
+1. letter
+2. letters
+3. liter _ary_, pert. to
+4. liter _ate_, condition of
+5. _il_ literate, not
+6. _al_ literation, (ad) to
+7. liter _al_, relating to
+8. _ob_ literate, against
+
+1. _Letter_ (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on
+parchment and not cut on wood.
+
+2. _Letters_ usually means literature in general; hence knowledge
+gained from books; literary culture.
+
+6. _Alliteration_ is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the
+beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: “A whole
+fleet of _b_ulky _b_ottomed _b_oats.” “What a _t_ale of _t_error now
+_t_heir _t_urbulency _t_ells.” Literally, _letter to letter_.
+
+8. In _obliterate_, _ob_ means _against_ or the reverse. The reverse
+of _besmear_ is to rub off; hence to _obliterate_ means to rub out, to
+erase.
+
+NOTE.—Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy,
+literati, literature, literalize, literalist.
+
+
+#man (manus)# = hand.
+
+1. _bi_ mana, two
+2. e man _cip_ ate, take
+3. man _acle_, cuff
+4. man _euver_, work
+5. man (n) _er_, relating to
+6. manu _al_, pert. to
+7. manu _fact_ ory, make
+8. manu _script_, write
+
+1. _Bimana_ is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia.
+Animals having _two hands_.
+
+2. To _emancipate_ a slave is to _take_ him _out_ of the _hands_ of
+his master.
+
+3. The word _manacle_ comes from _manicula_, which means _handcuff_.
+
+4. Literally, _maneuver_ means a _working_ with the _hands_. To make
+adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.
+
+5. _Manner relates to_ the way of _handling_ or doing things.
+
+6. _Manual._ Performed, made, or used by the _hands_; as manual labor,
+manual arts.
+
+
+#mater# = mother.
+
+1. _alma_ mater, foster
+2. matern _al_, pert. to
+3. matern _ity_, state of being
+4. matri _cide_, kill
+5. metro _polis_, city
+6. metropolit _an_, relating to
+7. matron
+8. matron _ly_, like
+
+1. Literally, _alma mater_ means _foster mother_. It is applied by
+students to the university or college in which they have been trained.
+
+5. _Metropolis_ means _mother city_; the chief city of a state or
+country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.
+
+6. _Metropolitan._ _Relating to_ the metropolis; as, a metropolitan
+newspaper.
+
+7. A _matron_ is a woman with _motherly_ duties; as the _matron_ of a
+school or hospital.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#able# = capable of, fit to be.
+
+1. _ar_ able, plow
+2. _cap_ able, take, hold
+3. _dur_ able, last, hard
+4. _lia_ ble, bind
+5. _mut_ able, change
+6. _laud_ able, praise
+7. _port_ able, carry
+8. _soci_ able, companion
+9. _ten_ able, hold
+10. _us_ able, use.
+
+1. _Arable_ land is _capable_ of being _plowed_.
+
+2. A _capable_ mind can _take_ and _hold_ ideas (understand and
+remember).
+
+4. One is _liable_ for a debt when legally _bound_ to pay it.
+
+7. A _portable_ library is one fitted for being _carried_ from place
+to place.
+
+9. _Tenable_ ground for argument is ground which is _capable of_ being
+_held_ or maintained.
+
+
+#acy# = state of being, office of.
+
+1. _celib_ acy, unmarried
+2. _delic_ acy, pleasing
+3. _magistr_ acy, master
+4. _obdur_ acy, hard
+5. _obstin_ acy, firmly set
+6. _pap_ acy, pope
+7. _intim_ acy, inmost
+8. _intric_ acy, entangle
+
+1. _Celibacy_ is the _state of being unmarried_; especially that of a
+bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.
+
+3. _Magistracy._ The _office of master_; of one clothed with power, as
+a civil officer.
+
+4. _Obduracy_ is the _state of being hardened_, especially against
+moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.
+
+6. The _papacy_ is the _office of_ the _pope_.
+
+7. _Intimacy_ is the _state of being inmost_ or near in relationship.
+
+
+#an# = pertaining to.
+
+This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states.
+It means, _pertaining to_ what is of that country or state; as,
+American history, American products, American people.
+
+1.  African
+2.  Alaskan
+3.  Armenian
+4.  Australian
+5.  Bolivian
+6.  Bulgarian
+7.  Corsican
+8.  European
+9.  Georgian
+10. Hawaiian
+11. Indian
+12. Mexican
+13. Ohioan
+14. Persian
+15. Russian
+16. amphibian
+17. republican
+18. metropolitan
+
+16. _Amphibian_: _amphi_, both (two); _bi_, life; _an_, pertaining to:
+_pertaining to two_ kinds of _life_; i. e. life on the land and in the
+water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers,
+etc., are _amphibians_, because they can live in water (for a time at
+least) and on land.
+
+18. _Metropolitan._ _Pertaining to_ the _mother city_. (See fifth
+month's work, page 32.)
+
+
+#ary# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _vers_ ary, turn
+2. _anni_ vers ary, year
+3. _antiqu_ ary, ancient
+4. _drom_ ed ary, run
+5. _miss_ ion ary, send
+6. _e_ miss ary, out
+7. _not_ ary, note
+8. _sal_ ary, salt
+9. _secret_ ary, secret
+
+1. Literally, an _adversary_ is _one who turns toward_ another (to
+oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ each _year_ commemorating some event is
+an _anniversary_.
+
+3. An _antiquary_ is _one who_ collects and examines old (_ancient_)
+things; as, coins, medals, weapons.
+
+4. A _dromedary_ is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than
+ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for _running_.
+
+5. A _missionary_ is _one who_ is _sent_ on a mission; especially one
+sent to propagate religion.
+
+6. An _emissary_ is _one who_ is _sent out_; especially one sent on
+secret business, as a spy. “I am charged with being an _emissary_ to
+France.”—_Robert Emmet._
+
+7. A _notary_ was formerly _one whose_ vocation was to make _notes_ or
+memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of
+as notary public.
+
+8. A _salary_ was formerly an allowance (_that which_ was) given to
+soldiers with which to buy _salt_.
+
+9. A _secretary_ was formerly _one who_ was intrusted with the private
+or _secret_ matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work.
+
+_Ary_ is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning _relating to_; as in,
+arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary,
+military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary.
+
+_Ary_ also means _place where_; as in, granary, infirmary, library,
+seminary, sanctuary.
+
+
+#ate# = having.
+
+1. _corpor_ ate, body
+2. de _sper_ ate, hope
+3. ef _femin_ ate, woman
+4. _fortun_ ate, luck
+5. in _anim_ ate, breath
+6. _cord_ ate, heart
+7. _cruci_ ate, cross
+8. _cuspid_ ate, point
+9. _dent_ ate, tooth
+10. _glomer_ ate, ball
+11. _labi_ ate, lip
+12. _lun_ ate, moon
+13. _pin_ (n) ate, feather
+14. _serr_ ate, saw
+15. _sagitt_ ate, arrow
+16. _stell_ ate, star
+
+1. _Corporate_ means _having_ a _body_. (See incorporate, second
+month, page 18.)
+
+2. _Having_ no _hope_; as, “Continued misfortune had rendered him
+_desperate_.”
+
+3. _Effeminate._ _Having_ the qualities of a _woman_; soft, delicate,
+to an unmanly degree. Applied to men.
+
+5. _Inanimate._ _Not having breath_; without life.
+
+6. _Cordate._ _Having_ the shape of a _heart_; as a cordate leaf.
+
+
+#pel, puls# = drive.
+
+1. _com_ pel, together
+2. compuls _ion_, act of
+3. _dis_ pel, apart
+4. _ex_ pel, out
+5. expuls _ion_, act of
+6. _im_ pel, on
+7. _im_ pulse, on
+8. pulse
+9. _pro_ pel, forward
+10. _re_ pel, back
+11. _re_ pulse, back
+12. repuls _ive_, quality
+
+1. To _compel_, literally means to _drive together_; as a herd (a
+Latinism and rare). To _drive_ or urge with force.
+
+8. The _pulse_ is caused by _driving_ the blood through the arteries.
+
+12. A person is _repulsive_ when he has _qualities_ which tend to
+_drive_ others _back_ or away.
+
+
+#pend, pens# = hang.
+
+1. _ap_ pend, to
+2. append _age_, that which
+3. _de_ pend, from
+4. depend _ent_, one who
+5. depend _ence_, state or quality of
+6. _in_ dependence, not
+7. independ_ent_, one who
+8. _im_ pend, over
+9. pend _ant_, that which
+10. pendulum
+11. _per_ pendicular, through
+12. _sus_ pend, under
+13. suspend _ers_, that which
+14. suspens _ion_, state of
+
+1. _Append._ To _hang_ or attach _to_.
+
+2. An _appendage_ is _that which hangs to_ something as a part of it.
+“This little pensive _appendage_ or tender (the moon) to our fuming
+engine of an earth.”—_De Quincey._
+
+3. _Depend._ To _hang from_; to be fastened or attached to something
+above; to rely upon.
+
+4. A _dependent_ is _one who hangs_ (figuratively), or relies on
+another for support.
+
+8. _Impend._ To _hang over_, be ready to fall; threaten. “We seriously
+consider the dreadful judgments that now _impend_ the nation.”—_Penn._
+
+9. A _pendant_ is _that which hangs_ from something else; as, an
+earring or a tassel.
+
+10. The _pendulum_ of a clock _hangs_ and swings to and fro.
+
+11. A plumb line is a line _perpendicular_ to the horizon, _hanging_
+(_through_ the air).
+
+12. _Suspend._ To _hang under_ or from beneath.
+
+13. _Suspenders_ are _that_ from _which_ trousers are _hung_.
+
+
+#ped (pod)# = foot.
+
+1. _anti_ podes, against
+2. _bi_ ped, two
+3. _centi_ ped, hundred
+4. _ex_ pedite, out
+5. expedi _ent_, that which
+6. _im_ pede, in
+7. impedi _ment_, that which
+8. ped _al_, pertaining to
+9. peddl _er_, one who
+10. pede _stal_, stand
+11. pedestr _ian_, one who
+12. pedun _cle_, little
+13. _quadru_ ped, four
+14. _tri_ pod, three
+15. _octo_ pus, eight
+16. pedi _gree_, crane
+
+1. See fourth month, page 25.
+
+2. _Biped._ A _two-footed_ animal, as man.
+
+3. _Centiped._ An animal so called from having a great many _feet_
+(indefinitely a _hundred_).
+
+4. _Expedite._ Literally, to take the _feet out_ of entanglement;
+hence, to hasten.
+
+6. _Impede._ Literally, to entangle the _feet_. To obstruct the
+progress, motion, or effect of.
+
+8. _The pedal_ is something made to be moved by the _feet_.
+
+9. A _peddler_, literally, is a trader _who_ travels on _foot_.
+
+10. _Pedestal._ That which forms the base (_standing_ place for the
+_feet_) of a statue, column, vase, etc.
+
+12. A _peduncle_ is a (_little_) _foot_stalk of a flower or leaf.
+
+15. An _octopus_ is an _eight-footed_ or armed cuttlefish.
+
+16. _Pedigree_ means, literally, _crane's foot_. Why so called is
+uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of
+the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot.
+(Compare _crow's foot_, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.)
+
+
+#pon, pos# = place, put.
+
+1. _ap_ position, to
+2. _com_ pose, together
+3. compos _ite_, being
+4. composit _ion_, act of
+5. compon _ent_, that which
+6. _com_ pound, together
+7. _de_ pose, down
+8. _de_ posit, down (away)
+9. deposit _ory_, place where
+10. _dis_ pose, apart
+11. _ex_ pose, out
+12. _im_ pose, upon
+13. _inter_ pose, between
+14. _im_ post, upon
+15. im post _or_, one who
+16. _op_ pose, (ob.) against
+17. oppos _ite_, being
+18. posit _ion_, state of being
+19. _pro_ pose, before
+20. _trans_ pose, across
+
+1. One word is in _apposition_ to another when it is _placed_ near
+_to_ it, by way of explanation.
+
+3. _Being_ made by _putting together_ separate parts or elements; as,
+a _composite_ flower.
+
+5. One of the several parts or elements _which_, when _placed
+together_, form the whole, is a _component_ part.
+
+6. To _compound_ is to _put_ or mix _together_ two or more elements or
+ingredients.
+
+8. To _put away_ for safe keeping; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank.
+
+10. To _dispose_ of anything is to _put_ it _apart_ from one; to get
+rid of it.
+
+11. To _place out_ where all may see; to uncover; as, to _expose_
+fraud.
+
+15. An _impostor_ is _one who puts_ burdens _on_ others; commonly
+applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving
+others.
+
+18. _Position._ The manner in which a thing is _placed_; the _state of
+being placed_.
+
+20. To _transpose_ a quantity from one side of an equation to another
+is to _place_ it _across_.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _arct_ ic, bear
+2. _aromat_ ic, spice
+3. _civ_ ic, citizen
+4. _class_ ic, first class
+5. _com_ ic, revelry
+6. _democrat_ ic, rule of the people
+7. _despot_ ic, master
+8. _domest_ ic, house
+9. _empir_ ic, experience
+10. _metr_ ic, measure
+11. _numer_ ic, number
+12. _phon_ ic, sound
+13. _prosa_ ic, prose
+14. _plast_ ic, form
+15. _graph_ ic, write
+
+1. _Arctic_ literally means _pertaining to_ the _Bear_; i. e. the
+northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence,
+pertaining to the northern polar regions.
+
+2. _Aromatic._ _Pertaining to_ an agreeable or _spicy_ odor; fragrant.
+
+3. One's _civic_ duties are those _pertaining to_ him as a _citizen_,
+in distinction from those as a soldier.
+
+4. _Classic pertains to_ what is _first class_ in literature or art,
+especially that of the Greeks and Romans.
+
+5. _Comic pertains to revelry_; to what provokes mirth; as a _comic_
+song.
+
+9. _Empiric pertains to experience_, or what is founded on experience;
+relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific
+knowledge.
+
+13. _Prosaic_ means _pertaining to prose_; especially to that which
+lacks animation or interest.
+
+14. _Plastic_ means _pertaining to_ the process of _forming_ or
+modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form.
+
+15. _Graphic_ means _pertaining to_ the art of _writing_ or drawing. A
+_graphic_ illustration is generally in the form of a drawing.
+
+
+#id# = (ness) quality, condition.
+
+1. _ac_ id, sour
+2. _flor_ id, flower
+3. _flu_ id, flow
+4. _frig_ id, cold
+5. in _sip_ id, taste
+6. in _trep_ id, tremble
+7. _luc_ id, light
+8. _morb_ id, disease
+9. _pal_(l) id, pale
+10. _splend_ id, shine
+11. _tep_ id, warm
+12. _torr_ id, parch
+13. _torp_ id, numb
+14. _viv_ id, life
+
+1. The distinguishing _quality_ of _acid_ is its _sour_ness.
+
+2. Having the _quality_ or appearance of _flowers_; specifically,
+flushed with red; as a _florid_ countenance.
+
+5. That which is _insipid_ has _not_ those _qualities_ which affect
+the _taste_; tasteless.
+
+6. An _intrepid_ person is brave and daring; he does _not tremble_
+with _fear_.
+
+13. _Torpid._ _Benumbed_; insensible; inactive; as an animal in
+hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep.
+
+
+#ity# = state or quality of being.
+
+1. _alacr_ ity, lively
+2. _brev_ ity, short
+3. _enm_ ity, enemy
+4. _fidel_ ity, faith
+5. _mortal_ ity, death
+6. _rotund_ ity, wheel
+7. _sanct_ ity, holy
+8. _seren_ ity, calm
+9. _tranquil_ (l)ity, quiet
+10. _un_ ity, one
+11. _util_ ity, use
+12. _veloc_ ity, swift
+
+5. _Mortality._ _State of being_ subject to _death_; frequency of
+death; hence the death-rate.
+
+
+#ive# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+2. _alter_ native, other
+3. _capt_ ive, take
+4. con _nect_ ive, bind
+5. ex _ecut_ ive, follow
+6. ex _plet_ ive, fill
+7. _fugit_ ive, flee
+8. in _finit_ ive, limit
+9. loco_mot_ive, move
+10. _nat_ ive, born
+11. _negat_ ive, deny
+12. _posit_ ive, place
+
+1. (_ad_, to) An _adjective_ is a word _which_ is added (_thrown_)
+_to_ a noun to qualify its meaning.
+
+2. _Alternative_ in the plural means two things of _which one_ or the
+_other_ may be taken as a choice.
+
+5. The _executive_ of a state or nation is the _one whose_ duty it is
+to _follow out_ the decrees of the law making bodies; i. e. to see
+that the laws are obeyed.
+
+6. An _expletive_ is _that_ word _which fills out_ the sentence that
+contains it; as an _expletive_ adverb.
+
+8. (_in_, not) An _infinitive_ is _that_ verb _which_ is _not limited_
+by person and number.
+
+9. (_loco_, place) A _locomotive_ is _that which_ can _move_ cars from
+_place_ to place.
+
+12. The _positive_ is _that which_ has a real standing _place_. Not
+admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated.
+
+
+#ment# = act of, that which.
+
+1. com _ple_ ment, fill
+2. _fila_ ment, thread
+3. _frag_ment, break
+4. _gar_ment, protect
+5. im_pedi_ ment, foot
+6. in_duce_ment, lead
+7. _liga_ ment, bind
+8. _monu_ ment, remind
+9. _orna_ ment, deck
+10. re_fresh_ ment, new
+
+1. _That which fills_ or _completes_.
+
+2. A _filament_ is _that which_ is _thread_like; as, the filament of
+silk, or flax.
+
+5. Literally, an _impediment_ is _that which_ entangles the _feet_;
+hence, that which hinders or interferes.
+
+10. _Refreshments_ consist of _that which_ makes one fresh or _new
+again_.
+
+
+#tang, tact, tig# = touch.
+
+1. _con_ tact, together
+2. contag_ion_, act of
+3. contag _ious_, quality of
+4. contamin _ate_, to make
+5. contigu _ity_, state of being
+6. contigu_ous_, quality of
+7. _en_ tire, not
+8. _in_ teger, not
+9. integr _al_, relating to
+10. integr _ity_, state of being
+11. tact
+12. _in_ tact, not
+13. tact _ile_, relating to
+14. tang_ent_, that which
+15. tang _ible_, capable of
+16. _in_ tangible, not
+
+1. The coming _together_ of two bodies; _touching_.
+
+2. The _act of_ communicating disease by the _touch_.
+
+3. Having the _quality of_ being imparted by _touch_; catching; as,
+_contagious_ diseases.
+
+4. To _contaminate_ is to make impure by mixture (_touching
+together_).
+
+5. _Contiguity_ is the _state of being_ within _touching_ distance.
+
+7. _Entire._ Whole or complete; _not touched_.
+
+8. An _integer_ is a complete or _not touched_ whole; a whole number.
+
+10. _State_ of _being untouched_ or unimpaired; freedom from
+corruption or impurity; as, _integrity_ of character.
+
+11. _Tact_ is skill in _touching_; nice perception or discernment in
+dealing with others.
+
+12. _Intact._ _Not touched_, especially by anything that misplaces,
+harms, or defiles.
+
+13. _Tactile._ _Relating to_ the sense of _touch_.
+
+14. A _tangent_ is a line _which touches_ a curve.
+
+15. Anything is _tangible_ when it is _capable of_ being _touched_, or
+perceived by senses.
+
+
+#tempor# = time.
+
+1. contempor _ary_, one who
+2. contemporane_ous_, quality of
+3. _ex_ tempore, out
+4. tempor _al_, relating to
+5. tempor _ary_, that which
+6. temporari _ly_, state of being
+7. tempor _ize_, do
+8. tense
+9. tempus _fugit_, flies
+
+1. (_con_, together) _One who_ lives at the same _time together_ with
+another is his _contemporary_; occurring or existing at the same time.
+
+3. _Extempore_ means, literally, _out_ of the _moment_. On the spur of
+the moment; without previous study or preparation.
+
+4. _Relating to time_ as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as,
+our _temporal_ affairs.
+
+5. _That which_ lasts for a brief _time_ only; not permanent; as, a
+_temporary_ scaffolding.
+
+7. To _temporize_ is to comply with the _time_ or occasion; to yield
+to the current of opinion or circumstances; to “_do_ as the _times_
+do”.
+
+8. The modification of verbs to indicate _time_, is called _tense_.
+
+9. _Tempus fugit_ is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It
+means, literally, _time flies_.
+
+
+#ten, tent, tain# = hold.
+
+1. _abs_ tain, from
+2. _con_ tain, together
+3. _de_ tain, from
+4. detent _ion_, act of
+5. _main_ tain, hand
+6. _re_ tain, back
+7. _sus_ tain, (sub) under
+8. ten _ant_, one who
+9. tenet
+10. ten _able_, capable of
+11. ten_acious_, quality of
+12. ten_ure_, that which
+
+1. To _abstain_ from drink is to _hold from_ it, to refrain
+voluntarily.
+
+2. A vessel _contains_ a liquid when it _holds_ its particles
+_together_.
+
+3. To _detain_ the wages of a laborer is to _hold_ them _from_ him
+after they are due.
+
+5. _Maintain_ literally means to _hold_ by the _hand_; to preserve
+from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to _maintain_
+one's ground in battle.
+
+7. _Sustain._ To _hold_ up from _beneath_; to uphold; to support; to
+endure.
+
+8. A _tenant_ is _one who holds_ land under another.
+
+9. A _tenet_ is an opinion or doctrine _held_ as true.
+
+10. _Tenable._ _Capable of_ being _held_; as ground taken for
+argument.
+
+11. _Tenacious._ Having the _quality_ of _holding_ fast.
+
+12. One's _tenure_ of office is _that_ time during _which_ he _holds_
+office.
+
+
+#terr# = earth.
+
+1. _in_ ter, in
+2. inter _ment_, act of
+3. _sub_ terranean, under
+4. terr _ace_, that which
+5. terra _cotta_, baked
+6. terrestri _al_, relating to
+7. terr _ier_, that which
+8. territ _ory_, relating to
+9. _Medi_ terranean, middle
+10. Terra del _Fuego_, fire
+11. Terre _Haute_, high
+12. terra _firma_, firm
+
+1. To bury _in_ the _earth_; as a dead body.
+
+3. Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the _earth_; as
+_subterranean_ forests—buried forests.
+
+4. A _terrace_ is a long mound or raised portion of _earth_.
+
+5. _Terra cotta_ is literally _baked earth_. A species of hard pottery
+used in building; ornamentation.
+
+6. _Terrestrial._ _Relating to_ the _earth_, earthly.
+
+7. A _terrier_ is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their
+propensity to scratch the ground or _earth_ in pursuit of prey.
+
+8. _Territory._ _Relating to_ the _earth_; a large extent or tract of
+land.
+
+9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the _middle_
+of the _land_. In the middle of the ancient known world.
+
+10. Terra del _Fuego_ means literally the land of fire (_del_, of).
+
+11. _Terre Haute_ means _high land_. A city in Indiana situated on
+high land.
+
+12. _Terra firma_ is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It
+means _firm land_.
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ac# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _cardi_ ac, heart
+2. _demoni_ ac, demon
+3. _mani_ ac, mad
+4. _zodi_ ac, animal
+
+1. _Cardiac._ _Pertaining to_ or resembling the _heart_; exciting
+action in the heart.
+
+2. _Demoniac._ _Pertaining to demons_; one possessed of an evil
+spirit; a lunatic.
+
+3. _Maniac._ Raving with _madness_; crazy; insane.
+
+4. _Zodiac._ _Pertaining to_ the imaginary _animals_ figured in the
+twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun.
+
+
+#ics# = science of.
+
+1. _civ_ ics, citizen
+2. _eth_ ics, character
+3. _econom_ ics, (see below)
+4. _mechan_ ics, machine
+5. _opt_ ics, see
+6. _phys_ ics, nature
+7. _phon_ ics, sound
+8. _polit_ ics, city
+
+1. _Civics._ The _Science_ which treats of _citizen_ship.
+
+2. _Ethics._ The _science_ of right conduct—of _character_-building.
+
+3. _Economics_ literally means, the science of _managing_ the
+_household_; the science of the production and distribution of wealth,
+or the means of living well.
+
+4. _Mechanics._ The _science of machinery_, or the theory of machines.
+
+5. _Optics._ The _science_ which treats of light and _vision_, and all
+that is connected with the phenomena of sight.
+
+6. _Physics._ The _science_ which treats _of_ the forces of _nature_;
+as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity.
+
+7. _Phonics._ The _science of sound_; especially of sounds produced by
+the human voice.
+
+8. _Politics._ The _science_ which treats of the government of states
+and _cities_.
+
+
+#ism# = state of being, theory of.
+
+1. _altru_ ism, other
+2. _barbar_ ism, foreign
+3. _ego_ tism, self, I
+4. _commun_ ism, common
+5. _hero_ ism, hero
+6. _hypnot_ ism, sleep
+7. _organ_ ism, organ
+8. _sensual_ ism, sense
+
+1. _Altruism._ The _theory_ that devotion to the interests of _others_
+is the highest good.
+
+2. _Barbarism._ The _state_ of _being foreign_; rude in point of
+manners, arts and literature.
+
+3. _Egotism._ The _state of being self_-centered, self-conceited, and
+unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic.
+
+4. _Communism._ A _theory of_ government and social order according to
+which property is held in _common_, and the profits of all labor
+devoted to the general good.
+
+5. The _state of being_ a _hero_ or having heroic qualities; as, lofty
+aim, fearlessness, fortitude.
+
+6. _Hypnotism._ An artificially induced _state of sleep_, in which the
+mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction.
+
+7. _Organism._ The _state of being_ composed of different _organs_ or
+parts, working together and each necessary to the whole.
+
+8. _Sensual_ism. The _state_ which regards the gratification of the
+_senses_ as the highest good.
+
+
+#y# = state of being.
+
+1. a _path_ y, feel
+2. _anti_ pathy, against
+3. an _arch_ y, rule
+4. bi _gam_ y, marriage
+5. eu _phon_ y, sound
+6. melan _chol_ y, bile
+7. mis _anthrop_ y, mankind
+8. _phil_ anthrop y, love
+9. mono _pol_y, sell
+10. _poly_ gam y, many
+11. _sym_ path y, with
+
+1. _Apathy_ (a = without). _State of being without feeling_; lack of
+interest; mental indifference; sluggishness.
+
+2. _Antipathy._ A _state of feeling against_ or antagonistic to a
+person or thing; as, _antipathy_ to spiders.
+
+3. _Anarchy_ (an = without). _State of being without rule_; social and
+political disorder.
+
+4. _Bigamy_ (bi = two). _State of being married twice_; having two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+5. _Euphony_ (eu = well). _State of being_ agreeable in _sound_;
+_well_-sounding.
+
+6. _Melancholy_ (melan = black). _State of having black bile_; gloomy
+state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition.
+
+7. _Misanthropy_ (mis = hatred). _State of having hatred_ for
+_mankind_; ill will for people in general.
+
+9. _Monopoly_ (mono = one). _State of having_ the exclusive (_sole_)
+privilege or power to _sell_ an article at a certain place and time.
+
+11. _Sympathy._ _State of feeling with_ another (as he feels) on
+account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy.
+
+NOTE.—The suffix _y_ has the same meaning in the following words.
+They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no
+simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny,
+chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly,
+showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy.
+
+
+#chron# = time.
+
+1. chron _ic_, pertaining to
+2. chronicl _er_, one who
+3. chron _ology_, science of
+4. chrono _meter_, measure
+5. _syn_ chron ous, together
+6. ana chron _ism_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to time_; continuing a long time, as a _chronic_
+disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress.
+
+2. _Chronicler._ _One who_ records events in the order of their
+occurrence in _time_.
+
+3. _Chronology._ The _science of_ ascertaining the true historic order
+(in _time_) of past events and their exact dates.
+
+4. _Chronometer._ Any instrument for _measuring time_; as, clock,
+watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on
+vessels for determining longitude.
+
+5. _Synchronous._ Occurring _together_ in _time_; happening or
+existing at the same time.
+
+6. _Anachronism_ (ana = back). Any error in respect to dates.
+Literally, _state of being_ placed at a wrong _time_. The significance
+of _ana_ in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was,
+the referring of an event to a _time back_ of its correct date.
+
+
+#ge# = earth.
+
+1. geo _graph_ y, write
+2. geo _logy_, science of
+3. geo _metr_ y, measure
+4. Ge_orge_, (erg) work
+
+1. _Geography._ A description (_writing_) of the _earth_ and its
+inhabitants.
+
+2. _Geology._ The _science_ which treats of the structure of the
+_earth_; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys,
+mountains, etc.
+
+3. _Geometry._ That branch of mathematics which treats of the
+measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because
+one of its earliest and most important applications was to the
+_measurement_ of the _earth's_ surface.
+
+4. _George._ A tiller (_worker_) of the _earth_; a farmer.
+
+NOTE 1.—Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form
+are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize,
+geologist.
+
+NOTE 2.—_O_ is no part of the root. It is the “wedding ring” that
+ties roots of families together.
+
+
+#graph# = write.
+
+1. _auto_ graph, self
+2. _bio_ graphy, life
+3. _chiro_ graphy, hand
+4. _tri_ graph, three
+5. graph_ic_, pertaining to
+6. graphite
+7. _litho_ graph, stone
+8. _mono_ graph, single
+9. ortho _graphy_, right
+10. _para_ graph, beside
+11. _phono_ graph, sound
+12. _photo_ graphy, light
+13. _steno_ graphy, narrow
+14. _topo_ graphy, place
+
+6. _Graphite_ is a mineral used in lead pencils for _writing_.
+
+7. _Lithograph._ A _writing_ on _stone_ [Rare]. Made by printing
+(_writing_) from _stone_; as a picture.
+
+8. _Monograph._ A _written_ account or description of a _single_
+thing, or class of things.
+
+9. _Orthography._ The art of _writing_ words correctly (_right_), or
+according to standard usage.
+
+10. _Paragraph._ (See fifth month, page 29.)
+
+12. A _photograph_ is produced by the action of _light_ (_writing_, as
+it were,) upon chemically prepared paper.
+
+13. _Stenography_ is short (in a somewhat vague sense _narrow_) hand
+_writing_.
+
+14. _Topography._ A _written_ description of a particular _place_,
+town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical
+features of a locality.
+
+
+#log, logy# = speech, reason, science of.
+
+1. logic
+2. logic _ian_, one who
+3. _apo_ logy, from
+4. _chrono_ logy, time
+5. _deca_ logue, ten
+6. _dia_ logue, between
+7. _epi_logue, upon
+8. _eu_ logy, well
+9. eulog _ize_, act of
+10. _geo_ logy, earth
+11. _mono_ logue, single
+12. _myth_ ology, fable
+13. _ornith_ ology, bird
+14. _psych_ ology, soul
+15. _pro_ logue, before
+16. _theo_ logy, God
+17. _dox_ ology, praise
+18. _zoo_ logy, animal
+
+1. _Logic._ The science of _reason_.
+
+3. An _apology_ is a _speech_ in defense of what appears to others
+wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief _from_ blame.
+
+5. _Decalogue._ The _ten_ commandments (_speeches_) given to Moses on
+Mount Sinai.
+
+7. _Epilogue._ A _speech_ or poem at the end of an argument or
+address; a speech _upon_ (on top of, or in addition to) what has been
+said.
+
+14. _Psychology._ The _science_ which treats of the human _soul_ (mind
+and spirit included) and its operations.
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+#ad# = to, toward.
+
+(ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as _ad_. The
+consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.)
+
+1. ad _dress_, direct
+2. ad _equate_, equal
+3. ad _here_, stick
+4. adher _ent_, one who
+5. a _dieu_, God
+6. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+7. ad _journ_, day
+8. ad _mon_ ish, warning
+9. ad _apt_, fit
+10. ad _opt_, choose
+11. ad _vent_, come
+12. ad _vert_ ise, turn
+13. ag _greg_ ate, flock
+14. al _lure_, entice
+15. an _nex_, bind
+16. ap _pend_, hang
+17. af _fix_, fasten
+18. ar _rive_, bank
+19. as _sail_, leap
+20. at _tach_, fasten
+
+1. To _address_ a letter is to _direct_ it _to_ its destination.
+
+2. One is _adequate_ to a duty or occasion when _equal to_ it.
+
+3. To _adhere_ is to _stick to_; as, a stamp to an envelope.
+
+4. “Every great man has his _adherents_” (_those who stick to_ him).
+
+5. _Adieu._ A farewell; a commendation _to_ the care of _God_.
+
+6. An _adjective_ is a word added (in a sense _thrown_) _to_ a noun to
+modify its meaning.
+
+7. _Adjourn._ To put off _to_ another _day_, or indefinitely.
+
+8. To _admonish_ is to give a friendly _warning to_; to give advice.
+
+9. To _adapt_ is to _fit to_ a certain purpose.
+
+10. To _adopt_ is to _choose_ (_to_ one's self); as to _adopt_ a
+child.
+
+11. _Advent._ The second _coming_ of Christ (_to_ the earth).
+
+12. To _advertise_ goods is to cause the public to _turn_ their
+attention _to_ them.
+
+13. To _aggregate_ is to collect _into_ a _flock_; to collect into a
+mass or sum.
+
+14. To _allure_ is to attempt to _entice_ or draw (_to_) by the offer
+of some good, real or apparent.
+
+15. To _annex_ is to _bind_, join or add _to_, as a smaller thing to a
+greater.
+
+16. _Append_ means to _hang_ or attach _to_, as by a string.
+
+17. _Affix._ To _fasten to_; to add at the close or end.
+
+18. _Arrive_ literally means to come _to_ the _bank_ or shore (from
+out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or
+result.
+
+19. _Assail._ To _leap toward_; to attack with violence.
+
+20. _Attach._ To _fasten to_; to affix or connect.
+
+
+#ante# = before.
+
+1. ante _ced_ ent, go
+2. ante di _luv_ ian, wash
+3. ante _meridi_ an, midday
+4. ante pen _ult_, last
+
+1. _Antecedent._ That which _goes before_ in time.
+
+2. _Antediluvian_ (di = away) (ian = one who). _One who_ lived
+_before_ the flood (_wash away_).
+
+3. _Antemeridian._ _Before_ the _middle_ of the _day_. Generally
+abbreviated to A. M.
+
+4. _Antepenult_ (pen = almost). _Before almost_ the _last_. The last
+syllable of a word but two.
+
+
+#bi (bis)# = two (twice).
+
+1. bi _ceps_, head
+2. bi _cuspid_, point
+3. bi _cycle_, circle.
+4. bi _ennial_, year
+5. bi _gamy_, marriage
+6. bi _mana_, hand
+7. bi _nomi_al, name or term
+8. bi _ped_, foot
+9. bis _cuit_, cook
+10. bi _sect_, cut
+11. bi _valve_, door
+12. ba _lance_, plate
+
+1. The _biceps_ is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called
+because it has _two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. The _bicuspid_ teeth have _two points_.
+
+3. A _bicycle_ has _two_ wheels or _circles_.
+
+4. _Biennial_ means lasting _two years_ or occurring once in two
+years.
+
+5. A _bigamist_ is one who has been _married twice_, and who has two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+6. The _bimana_ are animals having _two hands_; as man.
+
+7. A _binomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _two terms_.
+
+8. A _biped_ is an animal having but _two feet_; as man.
+
+9. _Biscuit_ were so called because formerly baked or _cooked twice_.
+
+10. To _bisect_ a line is to _cut_ it into _two_ equal parts.
+
+11. _Bivalve._ Having _two doors_; as the clam. (Each side or shell is
+comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.)
+
+12. _Balances_ are so called because they consist of _two plates_ or
+pans suspended from the balance beam.
+
+
+#con (col com cor)# = with, together.
+
+1. col _lapse_, slip, fall
+2. col _lect_, choose, gather
+3. col _lide_, strike
+4. col _loquy_, talk
+5. com _mingle_, mix
+6. com _miser_ate, pity
+7. com _motion_, move
+8. com _mute_, change
+9. com _pany_, bread
+10. com _posit_ion, put
+11. com _peer_ (_par_), equal
+12. con _cur_, run
+13. con _fide_, faith
+14. con _cord_, heart
+15. con _flict_, strike
+16. con _greg_ate, flock
+17. con _tact_, touch
+18. cor _robor_ ate, strength
+
+1. A building _collapses_ when its sides _fall together_; when it
+tumbles down.
+
+2. To _collect_ botanical specimens is to _gather_ them _together_.
+
+3. Two objects _collide_ when they _strike together_.
+
+4. A _colloquy_ is a _talking together_ of two or more people.
+
+5. _Commingle_ means to _mix together_; as people in society.
+
+6. _Commiserate._ To feel sorrow, pain or _pity_ (_with_ another).
+
+7. A _commotion_ is a _moving together_; a tumult.
+
+8. _Commute._ To _change_ one thing (_with_) for another; to exchange.
+To substitute a less thing for a greater.
+
+9. _Company_ formerly meant an assembly of people eating _bread
+together_.
+
+10. _Composition._ The act of _putting_ parts _together_ to produce a
+harmonious whole.
+
+11. One's _compeer_ is the _equal with_ himself in rank, age, prowess,
+etc.
+
+12. Two people _concur_ in regard to a matter when their minds _run
+together_; when they agree.
+
+13. To _confide_ in one is to have _faith_ in him; to intrust secrets
+_with_ him.
+
+14. _Concord_ means literally _heart with_ heart; agreement; harmony.
+
+15. _Conflict._ A _striking together_; hostile contest.
+
+16. To _congregate_ means to _flock_ or assemble _together_.
+
+17. _Contact._ A _touching together_; a close union of bodies.
+
+18. _Corroborate._ To _strengthen_; to make more certain; to confirm.
+Two statements _corroborate_ when one agrees _with_ the other; each
+thus _strengthens_ the other.
+
+
+#de# = down, from.
+
+1. de _capi_ tate, head
+2. de _cid_ uous, fall
+3. de _fine_, end, limit
+4. de _grade_, step, degree
+5. de _ject_ ed, cast
+6. de _pose_, place put
+7. de _preci_ ate, price
+8. de _scend_, climb
+9. de _spic_ able, look
+10. de _tract_, draw
+
+1. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body; to behead.
+
+2. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ (_down_) once a year.
+
+3. _Define._ To put _down_, or mark out the bounds or _limit_; to
+fence _from_; to determine the precise meaning; to describe
+accurately.
+
+4. _Degrade._ To reduce from a higher (_down_) to a lower rank or
+_degree_.
+
+5. _Dejected._ _Cast down_ in spirit; discouraged.
+
+6. _Depose._ To _put down_; especially to remove from a throne or high
+station.
+
+7. _Depreciate._ To put _down_ the _price_; to reduce the value of.
+
+8. _Descend._ To _climb down_.
+
+9. _Despicable._ Deserving to be _looked down_ upon; low, mean,
+contemptible.
+
+10. _Detract._ To _draw from_; to take away; as, to take credit or
+reputation from.
+
+
+#capt (caput)# = head.
+
+1. _bi_ ceps, two
+2. capit _al_, pertaining to
+3. capt _ain_, one who
+4. capit ul _ate_, act of
+5. _de_ capitate, from
+6. cab(b) _age_, that which
+7. _per_ capita, by
+8. cap.
+9. cape
+
+1. _Biceps._ A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has
+_two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _head_; chief; principal; as the _capital_
+city.
+
+3. _One who_ is at the _head_; a leader; as the _captain_ of a vessel,
+or a company of soldiers.
+
+4. _Capitulate._ To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to
+draw up items under _heads_ or chapters.
+
+5. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body.
+
+6. _Cabbage._ A vegetable _which_ has a _head_.
+
+7. _By_ the _head_; as a _per capita_ tax.
+
+8. A _cap_ is a covering for the _head_.
+
+9. A _cape_ is a _head_ of land.
+
+
+#cede, ced, cess# = go, yield.
+
+1. _ac_cede, to
+2. _ante_cedent, before
+3. _ex_ceed, out, beyond
+4. _inter_cede, between
+5. _pre_cede, before
+6. _pro_ceed, forward
+7. _re_cede, back
+8. _se_cede, aside
+9. _suc_ceed, (sub) after, under
+10. access
+11. an (te) cestor
+12. excess
+13. intercessor
+14. predecessor
+15. process
+16. recess
+17. secession
+18. successor
+
+1. _Accede._ To _yield to_; to agree; consent, concur; go to.
+
+2. The _antecedent_ of a pronoun is the noun which _goes before_ it,
+and for which the pronoun stands.
+
+3. _Exceed._ To _go beyond_ what is needed or expected.
+
+4. To _go between_ two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with
+the person who has some advantage over the other.
+
+5. _Precede._ To _go before_ in order of time.
+
+6. To _go_ on or _forward_; as _proceed_ with your work.
+
+7. _Recede._ To _go back_ from a given position.
+
+8. To _go aside_; to separate; as to _secede_ from the church.
+
+9. To _go_ or follow _after_ in order of time; as, one shock
+_succeeded_ another with great rapidity.
+
+NOTE 1.—The principal parts of the Latin verb are _cedo_, _cedere_,
+_cessi_, _cessum_. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are
+kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9.
+
+NOTE 2.—Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled
+_ceed_, in the others _cede_.
+
+
+#cent# = hundred.
+
+1. cent _enni_ al, year
+2. centi _grade_, step, degree
+3. centi _meter_, measure
+4. centi _ped_, foot
+5. _per_ cent, by
+
+1. Happening once in a _hundred years_. The _Centennial_ Exposition
+was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing
+of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+2. Divided into one _hundred degrees_. On the _centigrade_ thermometer
+there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the
+boiling point.
+
+3. _Centimeter._ The _hundredth_ part of a meter (standard of
+_measure_).
+
+4. _Centiped._ A segmented invertebrate animal of the class nyrapod
+(Greek for _many feet_), so called because it has a great many
+(indefinitely one _hundred_) _feet_.
+
+5. _By_ the _hundred_; as, six _per cent_; that is, six cents on the
+dollar.
+
+
+#civ# = citizen.
+
+1. _civ_ic, pertaining to
+2. civ _il_, quality of
+3. civil _ize_, to make
+4. civil _ian_, one who
+
+1. _Civic._ _Pertaining to_ a _citizen_, or the affairs of a city.
+
+2. _Civil._ Fit to live in a state or society with _citizens_.
+
+3. _Civilize._ To _make civil_. To instruct in the arts and customs of
+_citizen_ship.
+
+4. A _civilian_ is _one whose_ pursuits are those of a _citizen_ and
+not of a _soldier_.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#ex# = out, beyond, from.
+
+(_e_, _ec_, and _ef_, are euphonic variations of _ex_.)
+
+1. ex _ceed_, go
+2. ex _cept_, take
+3. ex _clude_, shut
+4. ex _curs_ion, run
+5. ex _cuse_, charge
+6. ex _hale_, breathe
+7. ex _it_, go
+8. ex _pand_, spread
+9. ex _pect_, look
+10. ex _ped_ ite, foot
+11. ex _pel_, drive
+12. ex _pire_, breathe
+13. ex _port_, carry
+14. ex _tent_, stretch
+15. ex _tract_, draw
+
+5. To _excuse_ is to relieve (take _out_) from the _charge_ of blame.
+
+10. To _expedite_ is to hurry forward; especially by removing
+hinderances (as _from_ the _feet_).
+
+
+#in (il, im, ir)# = in, into, on, not.
+
+1. il _leg_ al, law
+2. il _liter_ ate, letter
+3. im _bibe_, drink
+4. im _mature_, ripe
+5. im _mense_, measure
+6. im _merse_, plunge
+7. im _mort_ al, death
+8. im _mut_ able, change
+9. im _pel_, drive
+10. im per _vi_ ous, way
+11. im _pious_, reverent
+12. im _port_, carry
+13. im _pose_, put
+14. im _pulse_, drive
+15. im _pun_ ity, punish
+16. in _carn_ ate, flesh
+17. in _clem_ ent, mild
+18. in _cognito_, known
+19. in _clude_, shut
+20. in _crease_, grow
+21. in _cred_ ible, believe
+22. in _cur_, run
+23. in _dorse_, back
+24. in _duce_, lead
+25. in _del_ ible, rub out
+26. in _dent_, tooth
+27. in _evit_ able, avoid
+28. in _fid_el, faithful
+29. in _fant_, speak
+30. in _grate_, thankful
+31. in _hale_, breathe
+32. in _ject_, throw
+33. in _nate_, born
+34. in _nov_ ate, new
+35. in _sect_, cut
+30. in _spect_, look
+37. in _toxic_ ate, poison
+38. in _trude_, thrust
+39. in _vade_, go
+40. in _vert_, turn
+
+NOTE.—In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the
+prefix from the four given above (_in_, _into_, _on_, _not_) which is
+most suitable; thus: _imbibe_ means to drink _in_; immature, _not_
+ripe; immerse, to plunge _into_; indorse, to write _on_ the back of.
+
+2. An _illiterate_ person is one _not_ familiar with _letters_; one
+who has little or no learning.
+
+5. Literally, anything is _immense_ when it can _not_ be _measured_;
+of vast extent.
+
+7. _Immortal._ _Not_ liable to _death_.
+
+10. Having _no way through_ (per = through); as, cloth which is
+_impervious_ to water; waterproof.
+
+14. An _impulse_ is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to
+_drive_ one _on_ to say or do something.
+
+15. _Not_ liable to _punishment_; freedom from the bad consequences
+which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with
+_impunity_.
+
+16. _In_ the _flesh_; as Christ was the _incarnate_ Son of God.
+
+17. _Not mild_, but harsh and severe; as _inclement_ weather.
+
+18. _Not known_; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman
+traveling _incognito_.
+
+21. A story is _incredible_ when it is _not_ capable of being
+_believed_; unworthy of belief.
+
+26. _Indent._ To cut _into_ points like a row of _teeth_.
+
+29. _Infant._ A young babe (_not_ yet able to _speak_).
+
+35. _Insect._ A small animal apparently _cut into_ segments.
+
+40. _Invert._ To _turn_ the outside _in_; to place in a contrary way.
+
+
+#ob# = against, in the way of.
+
+(_oc_, _of_, _op_, are euphonic variations of _ob_.)
+
+1. ob _ject_, throw
+2. ob _loqu_ y, speak
+3. ob _sta_ cle, stand
+4. ob _struct_, build
+5. ob _trude_, thrust
+6. oc _cupy_, hold
+7. of _fend_, strike
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+
+1. An _objection_ to a proposition is an opinion _thrown against_ or
+in opposition to it.
+
+2. _Obloquy._ A _speaking against_; language that casts contempt on
+men and their actions.
+
+6. To take and _hold_ (_against_ the possession of another); as to
+preëmpt and _occupy_ a homestead.
+
+
+#post# = after, behind.
+
+1. post _date_, date 2. post _pone_, place 3. post _script_, write 4.
+post _meridian_, midday 5. post _mortem_, death 6. _pre_ poster ous,
+before
+
+6. _Preposterous_ originally meant, having that _first_ which ought to
+be _last_; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present
+day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd.
+
+
+#curr, curs# = run.
+
+1. couri _er_, one who
+2. _con_ cur, together
+3. _con_ course, together
+4. curs _ory_, ing
+5. course
+6. _ex_ curs ion, out
+7. _in_ cur, into
+8. _inter_ course, between
+9. _pre_ curs or, before
+10. _re_ course, back
+
+1. A _courier_ is _one who runs_, or goes hastily with a message.
+
+2. The opinions of people _concur_ when they agree, or _run together_.
+
+3. A _concourse_ is an assemblage of people who have come (or _run_)
+_together_.
+
+4. A _cursory_ glance is a hasty, and hence, a _running_ glance.
+
+5. A race _course_ is a place for _running_.
+
+7. To _incur_ a debt is to _run into_ it.
+
+10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words
+“without _recourse_”, says in effect, “You can't _run back_ on me for
+payment”.
+
+
+#dent# = tooth.
+
+1. dent
+2. dent _al_, pertaining to
+3. dent _ate_, shaped like
+4. dent _ist_, one who
+5. _e_ dent ate, without
+6. dan _de lion_, of lion
+
+1. A _dent_ is an impression like that made by a _tooth_.
+
+5. _Edentate_ animals, such as the sloth, are _without teeth_, or at
+least are without the incisors.
+
+6. The _dandelion_ has yellow compound flowers which resemble the
+_tooth of_ the _lion_.
+
+
+#dict# = speak, say, tell.
+
+1. _bene_ dict ion, well
+2. _contra_ dict, against
+3. diction _ary_, that which
+4. dict _ate_, act of
+5. _e_ dict, out
+6. _pre_ dict, before
+7. _ver_ dict, truth
+8. _male_ dict ion, bad
+
+1. A _benediction_ is a blessing (a _speech_ to the effect that it may
+be _well_ with thee).
+
+3. A _dictionary_ is a book in _which_ we may learn about words, the
+elements of _speech_.
+
+4. To _dictate_ is to _speak_ or _say_ what another shall _write_ or
+do.
+
+7. The _verdict_ of a jury is what they _say_ to be the _truth_ in the
+case.
+
+
+#doc, doct# = teach.
+
+1. doc _ile_, capable of
+2. doct _or_, one who
+3. doct _rine_, that which
+4. docu _ment_, that which
+
+1. _Docile._ Capable of being easily _taught_.
+
+2. A _doctor_ is _one who_, by virtue of his master's degree, is
+qualified to _teach_.
+
+3. Doctrine is _that which_ is _taught_; a principle taught as a part
+of a system of belief.
+
+4. A _document_ is _that which teaches_ by means of the evidence it
+gives.
+
+
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+
+#pro# = for, forth, forward, before.
+
+1. pro _bat_ ion, try, prove
+2. pro _bosc_ is, feed
+3. pro _crastin_ ate, tomorrow
+4. pro _duce_, lead
+5. pro (f) _fer_, bear, bring
+6. pro _fuse_, pour
+7. pro _gnostic_ ate, know
+8. pro _gram_, write
+9. pro _gress_, step
+10. pro _ject_, cast
+11. pro _logue_, speech
+12. pro _mise_, send
+13. pro _mote_, move
+14. pro _noun_, noun
+15. pro _pel_, drive
+16. pro _pose_, put
+17. pro _spect_, look
+18. pro _trude_, thrust
+19. pro _vide_, see
+20. pro _voke_, call
+
+1. One who joins a church on _probation_ is given a _trial_ to _prove_
+his worthiness _before_ being fully admitted.
+
+2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the _forward_
+portion) of the animal with which he _feeds_.
+
+3. To put _forward_ till _tomorrow_, or to put off from time to time.
+“Procrastination is the thief of time.”
+
+6. A _profuse_ speaker _pours forth_ ideas freely.
+
+12. One's _promise_ is his word, spoken or written, _sent forth_ as
+evidence of something more substantial to follow.
+
+16. When a young man _proposes_ he _puts_ the question _before_ his
+lady.
+
+19. A good _provider sees_ necessities _before_hand and prepares to
+meet them.
+
+20. To _provoke_ laughter is to _call_ it _forth_.
+
+
+#retro# = backward.
+
+1. retro _grade_, step
+2. retro _spect_, look
+
+
+#se (sed)# = aside.
+
+1. se _cede_, go
+2. se _clude_, shut
+3. se _cure_, care
+4. se _duce_, lead
+5. se _greg_ ate, flock
+6. se _lect_, gather
+
+3. _Secure._ Free (_aside_) from _care_, as to danger or risk; as,
+_secure_ from attack, or _secure_ against loss by fire.
+
+4. _Seduce._ To _lead_ or draw _aside_; especially from a path of
+rectitude. To lead into evil.
+
+5. _Segregate._ To place or group (_flock_) _aside_ from others or the
+rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class.
+
+
+#sub# = under, after, near.
+
+(_suc_, _suf_, _sug_, _sup_, _sur_, are euphonic variations of _sub_.)
+
+1. sub _due_ lead
+2. sub _jug_ ate, yoke
+3. sub _lunar_, moon
+4. sub _merge_, plunge
+5. sub _ordin_ ate, rank
+6. sub _poena_, penalty
+7. sub _scribe_, write
+8. sub _side_, sit
+9. sub _soil_, ground
+10. sub _stance_, stand
+11. sub _terr_ anean, earth
+12. sub _trahe_ nd, draw
+13. sub _urbs_, city
+14. sub _way_, way
+15. suc _cess_ or, go
+16. suc _cumb_, lie
+17. suf _fer_, bear
+18. suf _fix_, fasten
+19. suf _focate_, throat
+20. sup _port_, carry
+
+1. _Subdue._ To _lead_ or bring _under_ authority; to conquer.
+
+2. _Subjugate._ To bring _under_ the _yoke_ of power or dominion.
+
+3. _Sublunar._ Situated _under_neath the _moon_; hence earthly.
+
+6. _Subpoena._ A writ commanding attendance _under penalty_.
+
+7. _Subscribe._ To bind one's self to, by _writing_ one's name
+_under_neath; as to _subscribe_ to the terms of a contract.
+
+8. _Subside._ To _sit_ (or settle) _under_ (down).
+
+10. _Substance._ That which underlies (_stands under_) all outward
+manifestation.
+
+11. _Subterranean._ Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the
+_earth_.
+
+12. The _subtrahend_ is placed _under_ the minuend to be _drawn_ from
+it.
+
+13. _Suburb._ A town or village so _near_ to a _city_ that it may be
+used for residence by those doing business in the city.
+
+15. _One who goes_ or follows _after_; as, a _successor_ in office.
+
+16. _Succumb._ To _lie under_ discouragement, rather than to surmount
+it.
+
+19. Certain fumes or vapors _under_ the mouth (or _throat_), will
+_suffocate_ one.
+
+20. _Support._ To _carry_ on; keep up; as to _support_ a conversation;
+to _support_ a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up
+from beneath (_under_).
+
+
+#trans# = across, over, through.
+
+1. trans _act_, drive
+2. trans _alpine_, Alps
+3. trans _atlantic_, Atlantic
+4. tran _scend_, climb
+5. tran _scribe_, write
+6. trans _fer_, carry
+7. trans _form_, shape
+8. trans _fuse_, pour
+9. trans _gress_, step
+10. trans _it_, go
+11. trans _late_, carry
+12. trans _lucent_, shining
+13. trans _marine_, sea
+14. trans _migration_, moving
+15. trans _mit_, send
+16. trans _mute_, change
+17. trans _parent_, appear
+18. trans _port_, carry
+19. trans _pose_, put
+20. trans _verse_, turn
+
+The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent
+as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence.
+
+
+#fin# = end, limit.
+
+1. _Final._ _Pertaining to_ the _end_; the last.
+
+2. _Finale._ The _end_ of a musical composition.
+
+3. _Finish._ To _make_ an _end_ of.
+
+4. _Fine._ Well _finished_. Also, a penalty assessed at the _end_ of
+the case.
+
+5. _Refine._ Finished over (or _again_).
+
+6. _Finite._ Having a _limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+7. _Infinite._ Having _no limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+8. _Confine._ To keep _within limits_ or bounds.
+
+9. _Superfine._ _Over_ or extra finish.
+
+
+#firm# = strong, steadfast.
+
+1. _in_firm, not
+2. infirm _ity_, that which
+3. infirm _ary_, place where
+4. _con_ firm, with
+5. farm
+
+1. _Infirm._ _Not strong_, but weak and defective.
+
+2. _Infirmity._ _That_ with _which_ one is afflicted or infirm.
+
+4. The testimony of one witness is made _stronger_ when that of
+another witness agrees _with_ or _confirms_ it.
+
+5. A _farm_ is a substantial possession, _steadfast_ and immovable.
+
+
+#flex, flect# = bend, turn.
+
+1. flex _ible_, capable of
+2. _in_ flexible, not
+3. flexibil _ity_, quality
+4. flect _or_, that which
+5. _circum_ flex, around
+6. _de_ flect, from
+7. _re_ flection, back
+8. _re_ flex, back
+
+4. _That which bends_; as, the biceps muscle is the _flector_ which
+_bends_ the arm.
+
+5. A _circumflex_ is a _bending around_ of the voice,—a rise and a
+fall on the same syllable.
+
+7. _Reflection._ A _turning_ of the thoughts _back_ to things of the
+past.
+
+8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and _turned back_ without
+their reaching the brain results in _reflex_ action.
+
+
+#flu# = flow.
+
+1. flu _ent_, characteristic of
+2. _af_ fluence, (ad) to
+3. _con_ fluence, together
+4. _in_ fluence, in
+5. influenz _a_
+6. _in_ flux, in
+7. _super_ fluous, over
+8. fluid
+9. flush
+
+1. A _fluent_ speaker uses smooth and _flowing_ language.
+
+2. People of _affluence_ have wealth _flowing to_ them.
+
+3. The _confluence_ of two streams is their _flowing together_.
+
+4. _Influence_ literally means _flowing in_. The bringing about a
+result by a gradual process; gradual because _flowing_.
+
+5. _Influenza._ A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly
+attributed to the _influence_ of the stars.
+
+8. A _fluid_ is so called because it is capable of _flowing_.
+
+9. _Flush._ To _flow_ swiftly.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#vice# = instead of.
+
+1. vice president
+2. vice admiral
+3. vice _roy_, king
+4. vic _ar_, one who
+5. vice _versa_, turn
+
+3. _Viceroy._ A ruler acting with kingly authority _instead of_ the
+_king_.
+
+4. _Vicar._ In general, _one who_ is authorized to perform functions,
+especially religious ones, _instead of_ another.
+
+5. _Vice versa._ _Turned_, one _instead of_ the other, interchanged.
+
+
+#a (an)# = without, not.
+
+1. a _byss_, bottom
+2. a _cephal_ ous, head
+3. a _chrom_ atic, color
+4. a _gnostic_ ism, knowledge
+5. an _archy_, rule
+6. an _ecdote_, given out
+7. an _esthetic_, feeling
+8. an _onym_ ous, name
+9. a _pathy_, suffer, feel
+10. a _sylum_, right of seizure
+11. a _the_ ist, God
+12. a _tom_, cut
+
+4. _Agnosticism._ The doctrine or theory that man has _not_ any real
+or absolute _knowledge_ of anything, but can know only “impressions”.
+
+5. _Anarchy._ A state of society in which there is _no_ authority or
+_ruling_ power.
+
+6. _Anecdote_ [ec (ex) = out]. Originally a personal or biographical
+incident _not given out_ for publication.
+
+7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an
+_anesthetic_ is _without_ the _feeling_ of pain.
+
+10. _Asylum._ Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors
+were free from (_without_) the _right of seizure_.
+
+11. _Atheist._ _One who_ is _without_ belief in the existence of a
+_God_.
+
+12. _Atom._ The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which
+_cannot_ be further _cut_ or divided.
+
+
+#auto# = self.
+
+1. auto _crat_, rule
+2. auto _graph_, write
+3. auto _bio_ graphy, life
+4. auto _maton_, strive
+5. auto _mobile_, move
+6. aut _ops_ y, see
+
+1. _Autocrat._ An absolute sovereign, one who has the _ruling_ power
+all in him_self_.
+
+3. _Autobiography._ A _writing_ of one's _life_ by him_self_.
+
+4. _Automaton._ A _self_ acting (_striving_) machine; one having its
+motive power within itself.
+
+6. _Autopsy._ _Seeing_ by one's _self_; personal observation or
+examination.
+
+
+#epi# = upon.
+
+1. epi _cycle_, circle
+2. epi _demic_, people
+3. epi _dermis_, skin
+4. epi _gram_, write
+5. epi _sode_, way
+6. epi _taph_, tomb
+7. epi _thet_, place
+8. epi _zoötic_, animal
+
+1. _Epicycle._ A circle whose center moves around _upon_, or in, the
+circumference of another _circle_; as the orbit of the moon in its
+motion with the earth around the sun.
+
+4. _Epigram._ Literally, to _write upon_. A short, pointed poem, or a
+bright thought concisely and sharply expressed.
+
+5. _Episode._ Something which happens _upon_ the _way_, or comes in
+incidentally to the main enterprise.
+
+7. _Epithet._ An adjective or term _placed upon_ a person or thing and
+expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or
+thing.
+
+8. _Epizoötic._ A disease _upon_ many _animals_ in a community.
+
+
+#micro# = little.
+
+micro _be_, life; micro _cosm_, world; micro _scope_, see, view.
+
+
+#grat (grac)# = pleasing, favor, thankful.
+
+1. grati _tude_, ness
+2. grate _ful_, full of
+3. grati _fy_, make
+4. _in_ grati ate, into
+5. _in_ grate, not
+6. _un_ grateful, not
+7. _dis_ grace, from
+8. grac _ious_, having
+9. _a_ gree, (ad) according to
+10. gratis
+11. grace
+
+4. To become _ingratiated_ with another is to get _into_ his _favor_.
+“The pigmy had contrived to _ingratiate_ himself into every man's
+affection.”—_Stanley._
+
+5. An _ingrate_ is _not thankful_ for benefits received.
+
+7. One in _disgrace_ is out of (away _from_) _favor_ with others.
+
+9. An _agreement_ is entered into _according to_ the _pleasure_ of
+both parties.
+
+10. _Gratis._ Out of, or because of, _favor_; without recompense.
+
+11. _Grace._ Literally, _pleasing_; beloved.
+
+
+#greg# = flock, herd.
+
+1. _ag_ gregate, (ad) to
+2. _con_ gregate, together
+3. gregari _ous_, quality
+4. _se_ gregate, aside
+
+3. _Gregarious._ _Quality_ or characteristic of animals which tend to
+gather in _flocks_; as, sheep, geese, deer.
+
+4. _Segregate._ To separate (_aside_) from others and form into an
+isolated group (_flock_).
+
+
+#ject# = cast, throw.
+
+1. _ab_ ject, away
+2. _de_ jected, down
+3. _e_ ject, out
+4. _in_ ject, in
+5. _ob_ ject, against
+6. _pro_ ject, forth
+7. _re_ ject, back
+8. _ad_ jective, to
+9. _inter_ jection, between
+10. _sub_ ject, under
+
+
+#leg# = law.
+
+1. leg _al_, pertaining to
+2. _il_ legal, not
+3. legal _ity_, state of
+4. legal _ize_, make
+5. legis _late_, bring forth
+6. _privi_ lege, private
+
+6. A _private law_, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by
+others or by all, is a _privilege_.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#aceous# = having the quality of.
+
+[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix
+with the meaning of the root; thus, _cretaceous_ means having the
+quality of _chalk_.]
+
+1. _creta_ ceous, chalk
+2. _crust_ aceous, shell
+3. _carbon_ aceous, coal
+4. _farin_ aceous, grain
+5. _herb_ aceous, herb
+6. _sapon_ aceous, soap
+
+
+#al# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _capit_ al, head
+2. _corpor_ al, body
+3. _cymb_ al, cup
+4. _dent_ al, tooth
+5. _di_ al, day
+6. _fest_ al, feast
+7. _fili_ al, son, daughter
+8. _fin_ al, end
+9. _flor_ al, flower
+10. _frug_ al, fruit
+11. _jovi_ al, merry
+12. _leg_ al, law
+13. _miner_ al, mine
+14. _nas_ al, nose
+15. _nat_ al, born
+16. _nomin_ al, name
+17. _norm_ al, rule
+18. _pen_ al, punishment
+19. _plur_ al, more
+20. _reg_ al, king
+21. _roy_ al, king
+22. _rur_ al, country
+23. _vit_ al, life
+24. _voc_ al, voice
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the _head_, as, _capital_ punishment, which
+involves the forfeiture of the _head_.
+
+10. A _frugal_ person is economical with his means, hence _fruitful_
+in saving.
+
+16. _Pertaining to_ the _name_ only, not real; as, a _nominal_
+Christian.
+
+17. _Pertaining to_ the standard or _rule_; as, the _normal_ color of
+the crow is black.
+
+
+#ence#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. abs _tin_ ence, hold
+2. af _flu_ ence, flow
+3. bene _vol_ ence, wish
+4. con _dol_ ence, grief
+5. con _fid_ ence, faith
+6. de _pend_ ence, hang
+7. im _pot_ ence, power
+8. _omni_ pot ence, all
+9. re _tic_ ence, silent
+10. _sequ_ ence, follow
+
+1. _State of holding from_ something which tempts and entices; as,
+_abstinence_ from strong drink.
+
+2. (See third month, page 63.)
+
+3. _State of being_ actively desirous (_wishing_) for the _well_-being
+of others. “The laws of social _benevolence_ require that every man
+should try to assist others by his experience.”
+
+4. _Condolence._ _State of being_ in _grief_ or sympathy _with_ others
+on account of their afflictions.
+
+5. _Confidence._ _State of being_ confident (of having _faith_ in
+others or in one's self).
+
+6. _Dependence._ _State of being_ dependent (of _hanging_ [relying] on
+others for support).
+
+7. _Impotence._ _State of being_ impotent (of having no _power_; weak;
+feeble).
+
+8. _Omnipotence._ _State of being all powerful._
+
+9. _Reticence_. _State_ or quality _of being silent_; refraining from
+speech.
+
+10. _Sequence._ _State of being_ sequent (_following_); order of
+following.
+
+
+#ance#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. con _cord_ ance, heart
+2. con _son_ ance, sound
+3. dis _cord_ ance, heart
+4. dis _son_ ance, sound
+5. _domin_ ance, master
+6. ex _pect_ ance, look
+7. _fragr_ ance, scent
+8. re _pugn_ ance, fist
+9. _sembl_ ance, similar
+10. _temper_ ance, time
+
+1. _Concordance._ _State of being heart with heart_; harmony;
+agreement.
+
+2. _Consonance._ _State of_ agreement of _sound with sound_; tones in
+unison.
+
+8. _Repugnance._ Literally, the _state of being_ disposed to fight
+(strike) _back_ (with the _fist_) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion;
+dislike.
+
+10. _Temperance._ _State of being_ well _timed_ (regular in habits) in
+eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.
+
+
+#ent# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _her_ ent, stick
+2. ante _ced_ ent, go
+3. _belliger_ ent, wage war
+4. de _pend_ ent, hang
+5. equi _val_ ent, power
+6. in _solv_ ent, loosen
+7. pre _ced_ ent, go
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+9. re _pell_ ent, drive
+10. _tang_ ent, touch
+
+NOTE.—The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given.
+Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words
+when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which
+can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work
+of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.
+
+
+#ment# = mind.
+
+1. mental
+2. comments
+3. mention
+4. memento
+5. demented
+
+1. One's _mental_ powers are the powers of his _mind_, including
+intellect, feeling, and will.
+
+2. One's _comments_ on a topic generally reveal to some degree the
+state of his _mind_ in regard to it.
+
+3. The _mention_ of a thing calls it to _mind_.
+
+4. A _memento_ is a _reminder_.
+
+5. A _demented_ person has the powers of his _mind_ impaired.
+
+
+#mit, mitt# = send, let go.
+
+1. _ad_ mit, to
+2. _com_ mit, with
+3. _e_ mit, out
+4. _o_ mit, (ob) by
+5. _per_ mit, through
+6. _re_ mit, back
+7. _sub_ mit, under
+8. _trans_ mit, across
+
+1. A ticket will _admit_ you (_let_ you _go_) to the entertainment.
+
+2. To place in custody; to entrust _with_; as to _commit_ a fund to
+the care of trustees; to _commit_ (_send_) a prisoner to jail.
+
+3. To _send_ or give _out_; as, the fountain _emits_ water.
+
+4. To _let go by_; to neglect; to overlook; as, to _omit_ a fact.
+
+5. A _permit_ will _let_ you _go through_ the factory.
+
+6. To _remit_ is to _send_ (_back_) value for value received.
+
+7. To give up or _let_ one's self _go under_ the government of
+another; to yield, or surrender. “Do not _submit_ yourself to insult.”
+
+8. To _send_ (_across_) from one to another; as, to _transmit_ a
+message.
+
+
+#norm# = rule.
+
+1. norm _al_, pertaining to
+2. _ab_ normal, from
+3. _e_ normous, out
+4. enorm _ity_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the usual _rule_ or type; as, his pulse is
+_normal_.
+
+2. Deviating _from_ the natural condition, course, or _rule_; as, an
+_abnormal_ appetite.
+
+3. _Out_ of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual _rule_; as the
+death rate was _enormous_.
+
+4. The _state_ or quality _of_ being enormous; especially the quality
+of being extremely bad; as, the _enormity_ of his crime.
+
+
+#pater# = father.
+
+1. patern _al_, pertaining to
+2. patri _arch_, rule
+3. patron _ize_, act of
+4. patri _cide_, kill
+5. patri _ot_, one who
+6. patrimony
+
+1. Pertaining to a _father_; fatherly; as, _paternal_ love.
+
+2. _Patriarch._ One of the _fathers_ and _rulers_ of a tribe or race;
+particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.
+
+3. _Patronize._ To _act_ like a patron, or one who protects, fosters,
+or supports some enterprise, as a _father_ looks after those under his
+care.
+
+4. _Patricide._ The _killing_ of a _father_.
+
+5. _Patriot._ _One who_ loves and supports the institutions of his
+country somewhat as a _father_ cares for the interests of his family.
+
+6. _Patrimony._ An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's
+_father_.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#fy# = to make.
+
+1. _ampli_ fy, large
+2. _certi_ fy, certain
+3. _clari_ fy, clear
+4. _dei_ fy, god
+5. _exempli_ fy, example
+6. _falsi_ fy, false
+7. _forti_ fy, strong
+8. _horri_ fy, horror
+9. _identi_ fy, the same
+10. _justi_ fy, right
+11. _lique_ fy, liquid
+12. _magni_ fy, large
+13. _puri_ fy, pure
+14. _rare_ fy, rare
+15. _recti_ fy, right
+16. _terri_ fy, frighten
+17. _testi_ fy, witness
+18. _typi_ fy, type
+19. _veri_ fy, true
+20. _vivi_ fy, life
+
+
+#ile# = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.
+
+1. _ag_ ile, act
+2. _duct_ ile, draw
+3. _frag_ ile, break
+4. _fert_ ile, bear
+5. _host_ ile, enemy
+6. _juven_ ile, young
+7. _puer_ ile, child
+8. _serv_ ile, serve
+9. _vers_ atile, turn
+10. _vir_ ile, man
+
+2. A _ductile_ substance is one which is _capable of_ being _drawn_
+into wire.
+
+9. A _versatile_ person is _capable of turning_ readily from one thing
+to another; manysided.
+
+
+#ine# = belonging to, like.
+
+1. _aquil_ ine, eagle
+2. _bov_ ine, cow
+3. _can_ ine, dog
+4. _dent_ ine, tooth
+5. _div_ ine, deity
+6. _fel_ ine, cat
+7. _femin_ ine, woman
+8. _mar_ ine, sea
+9. _mascul_ ine, male
+10. _sal_ ine, salt
+
+1. An _aquiline_ nose is one hooked like the beak which _belongs_ to
+an _eagle_.
+
+3. The _canine_ teeth are so called because they correspond to those
+best developed in the _dog_.
+
+
+#ion# = the act of, ing. (In many words _ion_ means _that which_.)
+
+1. _ablut_ ion, washing away
+2. _bisect_ ion, cutting in two
+3. _expans_ ion, spreading out
+4. _expuls_ ion, driving out
+5. _inspect_ ion, looking into
+6. _intercess_ ion, going between
+7. _collect_ ion, gathering together
+8. _combust_ ion, burn
+9. _commot_ ion, move
+10. _frict_ ion, rub
+11. _junct_ ion, join
+12. _opt_ ion, choose
+13. _resurrect_ ion, rising again
+14. _secess_ ion, going aside
+15. _stat_ ion, stand
+16. _tens_ ion, stretch
+
+1. An _ablution_ is the _act of washing away_, or cleansing.
+
+15. A _station_ is a _standing_ place for the train.
+
+
+#ite# = one who.
+
+1. A _Canaanite_ is _one who_ dwelt in the land of _Canaan_.
+2. A _Dowieite_ is _one who_ is a follower of _Dowie_.
+3. A _favorite_ is _one who_ receives special _favor_.
+4. A _hypocrite_ is _one who pretends_ to be what he is not.
+5. An _Israelite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Israel_, or Jacob.
+6. A _Levite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Levi_.
+
+
+#port# = carry.
+
+1. port _able_, capable of
+2. port _folio_, leaf
+3. port _er_, one who
+4. _ex_ port, out
+5. _im_ port, into
+6. _re_ port, back
+7. _sup_ port, under
+8. _trans_ port, across
+9. port
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _carried_ or moved without difficulty; as, a
+_portable_ engine.
+
+2. _Portfolio._ A case or folder in which _leaves_ of loose paper or
+other stationery may be _carried_.
+
+3. _Porter._ Literally, _one who carries_ burdens.
+
+7. _Support._ To _carry_ or uphold from beneath (_under_).
+
+9. _Port._ The manner in which one _carries_ himself.
+
+
+#rupt# = break.
+
+1. _ab_ rupt, away
+2. _bank_ rupt, bench
+3. _dis_ rupt, apart
+4. _e_ ruption, out
+5. _inter_ rupt, between
+6. rupt _ure_, ing
+7. rout
+8. route
+
+2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in
+business had his _banca_, or money _bench, broken_; hence, one who is
+unable to pay his debts is _bankrupt_.
+
+6. A _rupture_ is a _breaking_ apart; as the _rupture_ of a blood
+vessel.
+
+7. To _break_ the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to _rout_ an
+enemy.
+
+8. _Route_ originally meant a road _broken_ through a new and
+untraveled section of country. After thus _broken_ it became a way or
+_route_ for travel.
+
+
+#scribe, script# = write.
+
+1. _circum_ scribe, around
+2. _de_ scribe, down
+3. _in_ scribe, in, upon
+4. _pre_ scribe, before
+5. _sub_ scribe, under
+6. _tran_ scribe, across
+7. _post_ script, after
+8. _in_ scription, upon
+9. scribe
+10. scribble
+11. script
+12. scripture
+
+1. _Circumscribe._ To draw (_write_) a bounding line _around_; hence,
+to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.
+
+9. A _scribe_, in Jewish history, was a custodian and _writer_ of the
+official records of the nation.
+
+10. To _scribble_ is to do hasty or careless _writing_.
+
+11. _Script_ consists of characters _written_ by hand.
+
+12. _Scripture._ The sacred _writings_ of any people.
+
+
+#spec, spect# = look, see, view.
+
+1. _a_ spect, (ad) toward
+2. _circum_ spect, around
+3. _ex_ pect, out
+4. _in_ spect, into
+5. _per_ spective, through
+6. _pro_ spect, before
+7. _retro_ spect, backward
+8. spectat _or_, one who
+9. _sus_ pect, under
+10. spectacle
+11. spectacles
+
+1. The appearance of a thing as _viewed_ (looked _toward_ or at) by
+the eye or mind; as, a stern _aspect_; the southern _aspect_ of a
+house.
+
+2. _Looking around_ in all directions, as against danger or error. “Of
+all these circumstances, the slow, _circumspect_ eye of the master
+took cognizance one by one.”
+
+5. _Perspective._ That which is _seen through_ an opening or vista.
+The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.
+
+9. _Suspect._ To _underlook_; to imagine or infer that appearances
+misrepresent; hence one who _suspects_ is inclined to _look beneath_
+the surface.
+
+10. _Spectacle._ Something exhibited to be _looked_ at, especially if
+it be held worthy of unusual notice.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ory# = place where.
+
+1. _arm_ ory, arms
+2. _deposit_ ory, put away
+3. _dorm_ itory, sleep
+4. _fact_ ory, make
+5. _laborat_ ory, work
+6. _manufact_ ory, hand made
+7. _observ_ atory, observe
+8. _prepar_ atory, to make ready
+9. _reform_ atory, form again
+10. _terr_ itory, land
+
+1. An _armory_ is a _place where arms_ and other instruments of war
+are kept.
+
+2. A _depository_ is a _place where_ things are or may be _put away_
+for safe keeping.
+
+5. A _laboratory_ is, literally, a _place_ for _labor_; particularly a
+place for scientific experimentation.
+
+6. A _manufactory_ was formerly so called because it named a _place
+where_ things were _made_ by _hand_. The first part of the word is now
+generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the
+work in a factory is done by hand.
+
+10. _Territory_ is extent of _land_ belonging to or ruled by the
+government. Literally it means a _place where_ there is _land_.
+
+
+#ous# = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.
+
+1. _amphi bi_ ous, double + life
+2. _aque_ ous, water
+3. _bili_ ous, bile
+4. _clamor_ ous, to cry out
+5. _decidu_ ous, fall
+6. _furi_ ous, rage
+7. _greg_ arious, flock
+8. _hetero gene_ ous, other + kind
+9. _homo gene_ ous, like + kind
+10. _im per vi_ ous, no + through + way
+11. _numer_ ous, number
+12. _preci_ ous, price, value
+13. _pre coci_ ous, early + ripe
+14. _ponder_ ous, weigh
+15. _pre poster_ ous, before + after
+16. _viv_ acious, life
+
+1. _Living both_ on land and in water. “Seals of _amphibious_ nature,
+are either for the land or water.”
+
+2. _Pertaining to_, or containing _water_; as, an _aqueous_ vapor.
+
+3. A _state of_ ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver,
+the gland which secretes _bile_.
+
+4. _Consisting of_ loud and repeated _outcries_ or noise; as, a
+_clamorous_ crowd.
+
+5. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ once a year.
+
+8. _Consisting_ of unlike elements or ingredients of different
+(_other_) _kinds_.
+
+13. _Having_ the mental faculties _prematurely_ developed; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally,
+_preposterous_ meant _having_ the _after_ part _before_.
+
+
+#ulent# = full of.
+
+1. _corp_ ulent, body
+2. _fraud_ ulent, fraud
+3. _op_ ulent, wealth
+4. _succ_ ulent, juice
+5. _esc_ ulent, food
+6. _vir_ ulent, poison
+
+1. A _corpulent_ person is one who has an excess of fat; hence,
+literally speaking, is _full of body_.
+
+4. _Succulent_ plants are _full of juice_; as, the stalk of the sugar
+cane.
+
+5. _Esculent_ plants are those suitable for _food_ (literally, _full
+of food_).
+
+“Every lover of that invaluable _esculent_ (the potato) has reason to
+remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry.”—_Whittier._
+
+
+#ure# = act or state of, that which.
+
+1. _capt_ ure, take
+2. _depart_ ure, from + part
+3. _en clos_ ure, within + shut
+4. _fixt_ ure, fasten
+5. _fract_ ure, break
+6. _gest_ ure, act, do
+7. _junct_ ure, join
+8. _manu fact_ ure, hand + make
+9. _overt_ ure, open
+10. _past_ ure, feed
+11. _pict_ ure, paint
+12. _pleas_ ure, please
+13 _post_ ure, place
+14. _pro ced_ ure, forward + go
+15. _rapt_ ure, carry away
+16. _script_ ure, write
+17. _signat_ ure, mark or sign
+18. _sut_ ure, sew
+19. _text_ ure, weave
+20. _verd_ ure, green
+
+
+#y# = state of being, full of, consisting or made of.
+
+1. bloody
+2. dewy
+3. dressy
+4. curly
+5. faulty
+6. filthy
+7. fleshy
+8. frosty
+9. fussy
+10. gaudy
+11. gloomy
+12. grassy
+13. guilty
+14. hardy
+15. hoary
+16. lofty
+17. marshy
+18. rainy
+19. rosy
+20. sandy
+21. shady
+22. spunky
+23. thirsty
+24. wealthy
+
+While the above words serve to illustrate the use of _y_ as a suffix,
+to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their
+simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no
+definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base
+definitions.
+
+The eight words following, which end in _y_, can, however, be analyzed
+with profit:
+
+1. _an arch_ y, without + rule
+2. _a path_ y, without + feel
+3. _aut ops_ y, self + see
+4. _col loqu_ y, together + speak
+5. _ob loqu_ y, against + speak
+6. _poly gam_ y, many + marriage
+7. _sym path_ y, together + feel
+8. _sym phon_ y, together + sound
+
+
+#tort, tors# = twist, wring, wrest.
+
+1. _con_ tort, together
+2. _dis_ tort, aside
+3. _ex_ tort, out
+4. _re_ tort, back
+5. torch
+6. tor _ment_, that which
+7. tortoise
+8. tort _ure_, that which
+
+1. To _twist together_; to turn awry. “A form _contorted_ and
+misshapen from that which nature gave.”
+
+2. To _twist aside_; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true
+meaning. “For gold the hireling judge _distorts_ the laws.”
+
+3. To _wring_ or wrest _out of_ or away from; to get by force or by
+taking unfair advantage. “'Till the injurious Romans did _extort_ this
+tribute from us, we were free.”
+
+4. To bend, _twist_ or turn _back_. A _retort_ is a short and pointed
+reply _turned back_ on an assailant. A _retort_ tube is one _twisted_
+or bent back at one end.
+
+5. The _torch_ is so called because the wick is _twisted_ like a rope.
+
+6. _Torment_ comes from _tormentum_, a machine (engine) for throwing
+stones to inflict _torture_.
+
+7. The _tortoise_ is so called because of its _twisted_ or crooked
+feet.
+
+8. _Wringing_ pain; anguish of body or mind. “In ancient Greece,
+_torture_ was never employed except in case of treason”.
+
+
+#tract# = draw.
+
+1. _abs_ tract, away
+2. _at_ tract, to
+3. _con_ tract, together
+4. _de_ tract, from
+5. _dis_ tract, apart
+6. _ex_ tract, out
+7. _pro_ tract, forward
+8. _re_ tract, back
+9. _re_ treat, back
+10. _sub_ tract, under
+11. trace
+12. tract _able_, capable of
+13. trail
+14. train
+
+1. To _draw away_; to consider apart. “In truth the object and
+sensation are the same thing and cannot be _abstracted_ from each
+other.”
+
+2. To _draw to_ or toward. A magnet _attracts_ iron filings.
+
+3. To _draw together_ or closer. Heat expands and cold _contracts_.
+
+4. To _draw_ away _from_. To take away a part of something, especially
+from one's credit. “Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of
+merit in myself.”
+
+5. To _draw apart_ or away. The attention is _distracted_ when it is
+_drawn apart_ from the thing in hand.
+
+6. To _draw out_, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes _extracted_ from the
+honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.
+
+7. To _draw_ forward; to extend or prolong; as, “England desired not
+to _protract_ the war.”
+
+8. To _draw back_; to take back what has been said. When one finds he
+has said a hasty thing he would do well to _retract_ it.
+
+9. To _draw back_, as from an enemy. “Come, shepherd, let us make an
+honorable _retreat_.”
+
+10. To _draw_ away; as apart from the whole. Literally to _draw_ away
+from _under_, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is
+very seldom used literally.
+
+11. A _trace_ is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is
+_drawn_.
+
+12. A _tractable_ child is one which can be easily led or _drawn_.
+
+13. _Trail_ means to _draw_ along, or what is _drawn_.
+
+14. A _train_ consists of cars _drawn_ by a locomotive.
+
+
+#ven, vent# = come.
+
+1. _ad_ vent, to
+2. _ad_ vent ure, upon
+3. _a_ venue, to
+4. _con_ vene, together
+5. _circum_ vent, around
+6. _e_ vent, out
+7. _inter_ vention, between
+8. _in_ vent, upon
+9. _re_ venue, back
+10. _pre_ vent, before
+
+1. A _coming_ or arrival of any important event or personage. The
+_advent_ of summer. An _Adventist_ is one who makes the second
+personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.
+
+2. An _adventure_ is a stirring experience, _come upon_, as it were,
+suddenly and unexpectedly.
+
+3. That which _comes to_ a certain place. Formerly an _avenue_ was a
+roadway bordered with trees which _comes to_ a residence.
+
+4. To _come together_. “The household fowls _convene_.”
+
+5. To _circumvent_ an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a
+secret and round about (_coming around_) way.
+
+6. The _outcome_ of an occurrence; as, “In that _event_ all will be
+right.” “Marriage is the principal _event_ for good or evil in all
+lives.”
+
+7. The act of _coming between_ persons or objects; especially
+interference with the acts of others.
+
+8. To _come upon_; to find out or discover.
+
+9. _Revenue_ is that which _comes back_, as from an investment; income
+from all forms of one's property.
+
+10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures.
+Originally _prevent_ meant to _come before_; as in Matt. xvii:25:
+“When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him.”
+
+
+#vers, vert# = turn.
+
+1. _ad_ verse, to (against)
+2. ad vers _ity_, state of
+3. _ad_ vert, to
+4. ad vert _ise_, act of
+5. _a_ vers ion, away
+6. _a_ vert, away
+7. _di_ verse, apart
+8. _di_ version, aside
+9. _di_ vorce, apart
+10. _in_ vert, into
+11. _per_ verse, thoroughly
+12. _re_ verse, back
+13. _trans_ verse, across
+14. _versat_ ile, capable of
+15. vers _ion_, that which
+16. vertex
+17. vertigo
+18. vortex
+
+1. _Turned against_; antagonistic. _Adverse_ winds. “Error is
+_adverse_ to human happiness.”
+
+2. _State of_ adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or
+unhappiness. “Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved
+you out of all _adversities_.”
+
+3. To _turn_ the mind or attention _to_; as, “I will only _advert_ to
+some leading points in the argument.”—_Emerson._
+
+4. To _advertise_ an article is to cause the public to _turn_
+attention _to_ it.
+
+5. A _turning away_ from. “Adhesion to vice and _aversion_ to
+goodness.”
+
+6. To _turn away_ or aside. “Till ardent prayer _averts_ the public
+woe.”
+
+7. _Diverse_ ways are different ways—they _turn apart_.
+
+8. The act of _turning aside_ from a course; as the _diversion_ of the
+mind from study.
+
+9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus _turning_
+husband and wife _apart_ from each other.
+
+10. To _turn into_ another position; as, upside down, inside out, end
+for end, etc.
+
+11. A _perverse_ inclination is one _thoroughly_ wrong or _turned_
+from the right.
+
+12. To _turn back_; as to _reverse_ an engine.
+
+13. A _transverse_ beam is one _turned across_ others.
+
+14. _Capable of_ moving or _turning_ around; as a _versatile_ spindle;
+turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a
+_versatile_ writer.
+
+15. _That which_ is translated (or _turned_) from another language;
+as, the King James _version_ of the Bible.
+
+16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the _turning_ point.
+
+17. A _turning_ or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.
+
+    “That old _vertigo_ in his head
+     Will never leave him till he's dead.”
+
+18. A _whirl_pool. (_Vortex_ is another form of _vertex_.)
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _aqua_ tic, water
+2. _arc_ tic, bear
+3. _barbar_ ic, foreign; uncivilized
+4. _chron_ ic, time
+5. _civ_ ic, citizen
+6. _dom_ estic, house
+7. _epi dem_ ic, upon + people
+8. _erra_ tic, wander
+9. _Homer_ ic, Homer
+10. _luna_ tic, moon
+11. _lyr_ ic, lyre, harp
+12. _metal_ lic, metal
+13. _metr_ ic, measure
+14. _numer_ ic, number
+15. _op_ tic, eye
+16. _pan_ ic, Pan
+17. _phon_ ic, sound
+18. _publ_ ic, people
+19. _rust_ ic, country
+20. _techn_ ic, art, trade
+
+2. _Arctic_ means, literally, _pertaining to_ the northern
+constellations called the Great and Little _Bears_; hence pertaining
+to the north polar regions.
+
+8. _Erratic_ means _wandering_ from the proper or usual course in
+opinion or conduct.
+
+9. _Homeric_ means _relating to Homer_, the great epic poet of ancient
+Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.
+
+10. A _lunatic_ is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of
+sanity (as if affected by the _moon_).
+
+11. _Lyric_ poetry is that which is adapted to the _lyre_ or harp; fit
+to be sung to an accompaniment.
+
+16. _Panic_ means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to
+have been caused by _Pan_, the god of pastures and forests.
+
+
+#ise, (ize)# = make, do, cause.
+
+1. _ad vert_ ise, to + turn
+2. _critic_ ise, judge
+3. _familiar_ ize, family
+4. _fertil_ ize, bear, produce
+5. _leg_ alize, law
+6. _re cogn_ ize, again + know
+7. _sym path_ ize, with + feel
+8. _tan tal_ ize, Tantalus
+9. agonize
+10. brutalize
+11. civilize
+12. crystallize
+13. equalize
+14. generalize
+15. harmonize
+16. humanize
+17. idolize
+18. magnetize
+19. modernize
+20. naturalize
+21. organize
+22. realize
+23. systematize
+24. tyrannize
+
+1. A merchant when he _advertises_ goods hopes thereby to _cause_
+people to _turn_ their attention _to_ them.
+
+2. To _criticise_ is to (_make_) pass _judgment_ upon.
+
+3. To _familiarize_ means, literally, to _make_ as one of the
+_family_, to become intimate with.
+
+4. Ground is _fertilized_ when it is _caused_ to _produce_ more
+abundantly.
+
+5. Any conduct is _legalized_ when it is _made lawful_.
+
+6. We _recognize_ a person when we _know_ him _again_; as, one whom we
+have known before.
+
+7. To _sympathize_ is to _feel with_ another.
+
+8. _Tantalize_ is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who,
+according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being
+placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over
+him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he
+sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to
+tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and
+frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.
+
+Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by
+using some meaning of the suffix _ize_ in the definition with the
+first part of the word; thus, _agonize_ means to _cause_ to have
+_agony_.
+
+
+#ist# = one who.
+
+1. _agri cultur_ ist, field + culture
+2. _an arch_ ist, without + rule
+3. _art_ ist, art
+4. _a the_ ist, without + god
+5. _botan_ ist, plant
+6. _de_ ist, god
+7. _dent_ ist, tooth
+8. _flor_ ist, flower
+9. _ge olog_ ist, earth + science
+10. _hypno_ tist, sleep
+11. _journ_ alist, day
+12. _jur_ ist, right
+13. _loy_ alist, law
+14. _oc_ ulist, eye
+15. _optim_ ist, best
+16. _pessim_ ist, worst
+17. _re viv_ alist, again + life
+18. _roy_ alist, king
+19. _sci_ entist, knowledge
+20. _somn ambul_ ist, sleep + walk
+
+4. An _atheist_ is _one who_ is _without_ belief in a personal _God_.
+
+6. A _deist_ is _one who_ believes in _God_ but denies revealed
+religion.
+
+15. An _optimist_ is _one who_ holds the opinion that all events are
+ordered for the _best_.
+
+16. A _pessimist_ is _one who_ has a disposition to take the least
+hopeful (_worst_) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate
+tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.
+
+
+#oid# = having the form of, shaped like.
+
+1. _aster_ oid, star
+2. _dent_ oid, tooth
+3. _ethm_ oid, sieve
+4. _spher_ oid, sphere
+5. _typh_ oid, cloud, stupor
+6. _variol_ oid, various
+
+
+#meter, metr# = measure.
+
+1. _anemo_ meter, wind
+2. _baro_ meter, weight
+3. _chrono_ meter, time
+4. _dia_ meter, across
+5. _gas_ ometer, gas
+6. _ge_ ometer, earth
+7. _hexa_ meter, six
+8. _hydro_ meter, water
+9. _lacto_ meter, milk
+10. metr _ic_, pertaining to
+11. _penta_ meter, five
+12. _peri_ meter, around
+13. _thermo_ meter, heat
+14. _tri gon_ ometry, three + angle
+
+1. The _anemometer_ is an instrument for _measuring_ the force and
+velocity of the _wind_.
+
+2. The _barometer measures_ the _weight_ of the atmosphere, and thus
+aids in determining the indications of the weather.
+
+3. A _chronometer_ is an instrument for _measuring time_.
+Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in
+astronomical observations.
+
+6. _Geometry_ literally means _earth measure_. It treats of the
+measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the _measurement_
+of _land_.
+
+7. The _hexameter_ in poetry is a _measure_ having _six_ poetic feet
+to the line.
+
+8. The _hydrometer_ is used for _measuring_ the specific gravity of
+_water_ and other liquids.
+
+9. The _lactometer_ is used for _measuring_ the purity and richness of
+_milk_.
+
+10. The _metric_ system of weights and measures is one in which the
+meter is the unit of _measure_.
+
+12. The _perimeter_ is the _measure around_ a body or figure.
+
+14. _Trigonometry_ treats of _measurements_ based on the triangle
+(_three angles_).
+
+
+#phon# = sound.
+
+1. _eu_ phony, well
+2. phon _etic_, pertaining to
+3. phon _ic_, pertaining to
+4. phono _graph_, write
+5. _sym_ phony, with
+6. _tele_ phone, far
+
+
+#polis# = city.
+
+1. _acro_ polis, high, upper
+2. _Anna_ polis, Ann
+3. _Constantin_ ople, Constanine
+4. _Indiana_ polis, Indiana
+5. _metro_ polis, mother
+6. _Minne_ apolis, Minne
+7. police
+8. politics
+
+1. The _acropolis_ was the _upper_ part of a Grecian _city_. It
+commanded a view of the surrounding country.
+
+2. Named for Queen _Ann_.
+
+3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for _Constantine_.
+
+4. _Indiana_ means, literally, the _land_ of the _Indians_.
+_Indianapolis_ means _city_ of _Indiana_.
+
+5. The _metropolis_ is the chief, or _mother city_, of the state or
+country.
+
+6. The _city_ of _Minne_ (haha).
+
+7. A _police_ force is a body of civil officers in a _city_ organized
+for its protection.
+
+8. _Politics_ is the science of government in state or _city_.
+
+
+#scop# = view.
+
+1. _horo_ scope, hour
+2. _kaleido_ scope, beautiful + form
+3. _micro_ scope, small
+4. _stereo_ scope, solid
+5. _tele_ scope, far
+
+1. The _horoscope_ is an instrument for _viewing_ the heavens at the
+_hour_ of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell
+the events of a person's life.
+
+2. The _kaleidoscope_ is an optical instrument in which an endless
+variety of _beautiful_ patterns or _forms_ may be _viewed_ by changing
+its position.
+
+4. The _stereoscope_ is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for
+giving to pictures the appearance of _solid_ forms as seen in nature.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART TWO
+
+                  Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words,
+                   Principles of Pronunciation, and
+                          Rules of Spelling.
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+                            (First Month.)
+
+                         TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
+
+An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
+
+There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As
+there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters
+represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
+characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
+called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
+
+PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
+a distinct printed character or letter.
+
+The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
+or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as ā, ĕ.
+
+The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the
+tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
+undertone; as b, d, g, r.
+
+The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely
+breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
+sounds; as p, t, s.
+
+
+                      TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
+
+                   [From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
+
+
+                _I. Vocals._
+
+  +--------------+----------------------+
+  |   a            ā-le, āi-m
+  |   ä            ä-lms, ä-rt
+  |   a̤            a̤-ll, b-a̤-ll
+  |   ă            ă-n, m-ă-n
+  |   â            c̵-â-re, â-ir
+  |   ȧ            ȧ-sk, f-ȧ-st
+  |   ē            ē-ve, b-ē
+  |   ě            ě-nd, m-ě-n
+  |   ẽ            h-ẽ-r, ẽ-rr
+  |   ī, ȳ          ī-ce, b-ȳ
+  |   ĭ, y̆          ĭ-t, h-y̆-mn
+  |   ō            ō-ld, n-ō
+  |   ǒ            ǒ-n, n-ǒ-t
+  |   o̤, o͞o        m-o-ve, m-o͞o-n
+  |   ū            ū-se, m-ū-şe
+  |   ǔ            ǔ-p, b-ǔ-t
+  |   û            û-rge, b-û-rn
+  |   ụ, o͝o        f-ụ-ll, w-o͝o-l
+  |  oi, oy        oi-l, b-oy
+  |  ou, ow        ou-t, ow-l
+  +--------------+----------------------+
+
+
+                _II. Subvocals._
+
+  +----------+-----------------------+
+  | b          b-i-b, b-a-be
+  | d          d-i-d, d-ea-d
+  | ḡ          ḡ-i-ḡ, ḡ-a-ḡ
+  | j          j-ar, j-et
+  | l          l-u-ll, te-ll
+  | m          m-ai-m, c̵a-me
+  | n          n-u-n, n-o-ne
+  | ng, ṉ      ri-ng, i-ṉ-k
+  | r          r-oa-r, r-ea-r
+  | th         th-ese, wi-th
+  | v          val-ue, v-ain
+  | w          w-ell, w-eb
+  | y          y-es, y-et
+  | z          z-one, z-est
+  | zh, z      a-z´-ure, sei-z´-ure
+  +----------+-----------------------+
+
+
+                _III. Aspirates._
+
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+  |  f           | f-i-fe, o-ff            |
+  |  h           | h-at, h-ome             |
+  |  k           | k-ite, k-ill            |
+  |  p           | p-i-pe, to-p            |
+  |  s           | s-un, s-ame             |
+  |  t           | t-en-t, t-ar-t          |
+  |  ch          | ch-ur-ch, ch-ild        |
+  |  sh          | sh-all, wi-sh           |
+  |  th          | th-in, th-ree           |
+  |  wh          | wh-ere, wh-y            |
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+
+NOTE.—The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the
+English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other
+letters, as shown in the following:
+
+
+                     #IV.—Table of Equivalents.#
+
+                 [Dictionary Work—Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
+
+  CHAR.   EQUIV.
+   ē = ī
+   ẽ = ĩ = û
+   ā = e̱
+   â = ê
+   ô = a̤ (_broad a_)
+   o̤ = o͞o = ṳ
+   ĭ = y̆
+   ŭ = ȯ
+
+   ŏ = ạ
+   ọ = o͝o = ụ
+   ī = ȳ
+  oi = oy
+  ou = ow
+   ū = ew
+
+  CHAR.   EQUIV.
+   j = ġ (soft)
+   g = ḡ (hard)
+   z = ṣ̱
+   k = c̵ = c̵h
+   f = ph
+   s = ç (_cedilla c_)
+  sh = çh
+   ṉ = ng
+   x = ks
+   x̱ = gz
+
+COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech
+in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows:
+_Vowels_: ā ĕ, ē ĭ, â ă, ä ȧ, a̤ ŏ, û ŭ, ōō o͝o; _consonants_: g´ k,
+b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                               LETTERS.
+
+A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,—usually an
+elementary sound.
+
+An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a
+language.
+
+The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows:
+English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22,
+Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no
+alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
+
+The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
+
+LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print.
+
+There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old
+English, and Script.
+
+As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                VOWELS.
+
+A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The
+vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by
+the various positions of the tongue and lips.
+
+A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice,
+and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
+
+There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain
+vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so
+close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have
+the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, _i_, _u_, _w_, and
+_y_.
+
+“_Y_ as a vowel is a substitute for _i_, and _i_ is a consonant as a
+substitute for _y_. _W_ and _y_ are vowels: (1) When they end words or
+syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same
+syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same
+syllable. _W_ and _y_ are consonants when they begin words or
+syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. _I_ is a consonant
+when it represents the consonant _y_, as in _alien_. _U_ is a
+consonant when it represents the consonant _w_, as in _quick_,
+_language_.”—_Irish's Orthography._
+
+A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as _o_ and _i_
+in _boil_.
+
+An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels
+in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in _rain_,
+_teach_.
+
+The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use,
+viz.: t_oi_l, t_oy_, s_ou_nd, c_ow_, p_ea_l, _oi_l, _au_dible,
+_aw_ning, s_ay_, s_ei_ne, p_eo_ple, f_eu_d, ob_ey_, esch_ew_,
+bel_ie_ve, l_oa_n, h_oe_, h_ue_, j_ui_ce. Of these _oi_, _oy_, _ou_,
+and _ow_ are the only _proper_ diphthongs.
+
+A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But
+there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
+
+A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the
+three vowels is silent; as in ad_ieu_, b_eau_ty.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+                              CONSONANTS.
+
+CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows:
+
+I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS.
+
+The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the
+mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice
+is momentarily _mute_.
+
+The four subvocals _b_, _d_, _j_, _g_, and their cognates, _p_, _t_,
+_ch_, and _k_, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see
+if they do not represent _explosive_ sounds.
+
+All other consonants are _semivowels_, and are pronounced with a
+_continuous_ sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath
+lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive
+utterance.
+
+II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of
+the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called _voice_ consonants
+and the aspirates _breath_ consonants. These are fit terms, for they
+indicate the basis of classification.
+
+III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification
+of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the
+table from left to right. The _lips_ have most to do with making the
+labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the
+_tongue_ in contact with the _teeth_, the palatals between the tongue
+and hard and soft _palate_.
+
+
+                 #Consonant Table.#
+
+          #Subvocals.#    #Aspirates.#
+          (Voice.)              (Breath.)
+Labials. {   b                        p
+(Lips.)  {   v                        f
+         {   w                        wh
+         {   m
+
+Lingua-  {   d                        t
+Dentals. {   z                        s
+(Point of{   th (sonant) (non-sonant) th
+tongue.) {   l
+         {   n
+         {   r
+
+Palatals.{   zh                       sh
+(Between {   j                        ch
+tongue   {   g                        k
+and      {   y
+palate.) {   h
+         {   ng
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+                              SYLLABLES.
+
+SYLLABLE literally means _taken together_.
+
+A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of
+elementary sounds, uttered _together_, or with a single impulse of the
+voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
+
+A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the
+rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
+
+As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables
+depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show
+the derivation the division is made with reference to the component
+parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to
+indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For
+illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show
+derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate,
+phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct
+pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate,
+pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
+
+While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one
+purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the
+majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided
+for one purpose or for the other.
+
+In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to
+indicate pronunciation.
+
+The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (_ultimus_ = last); the
+PENULTIMATE is next to the last (_pen_ = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE
+is the third from the last (literally, _before almost_ the _last_);
+the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally,
+_before_ the one that is _before_ the one _almost last_).
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                                ACCENT.
+
+ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a
+word.
+
+In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But
+one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The
+stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the
+SECONDARY. Thus, in _am´ mu ni´ tion_ the primary accent falls on the
+third syllable and the secondary on the first.
+
+The “PRINCIPLES” which govern the placing of accent are complicated.
+The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to
+determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: “All
+attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only
+serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded.”
+
+There are, however, certain _tendencies_ which mature pupils might
+profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not
+permit me to attempt to set them forth.
+
+In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of
+meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the
+first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
+
+abstract
+accent
+compound
+conflict
+concert
+contract
+contrast
+converse
+convict
+desert
+escort
+export
+ferment
+forecast
+frequent
+incense
+insult
+permit
+prefix
+present
+produce
+project
+record
+survey
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                WORDS.
+
+A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
+
+A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of
+the language; as, _fix_, _strike_, _man_.
+
+A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it
+internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, _men_, _suffix_,
+_strikers_.
+
+A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or
+derivative.
+
+A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as,
+buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
+
+A word of one syllable is a _monosyllable_ (mono = one); of two
+syllables, a _dissyllable_ (dis = two); of three syllables, a
+_trisyllable_ (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a
+_polysyllable_ (poly = many).
+
+The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries
+the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or
+suffix; as, _ge_ (earth), _graph_ (write), _vol_ (wish).
+
+A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word;
+as, _auto_graph, _circum_vent, _amphi_theater.
+
+A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as,
+man _ly_, fert _ile_, ment _ion_.
+
+AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied
+to either or to both together.
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+                            SILENT LETTERS.
+
+Silent letters have at least four uses:
+
+1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
+
+Drop final silent _e_ from such words as the following and note the
+effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: _bare_,
+_pure_, _ripe_, _lame_.
+
+2. To indicate pronunciation.
+
+In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation
+changes when the final silent _e_ is dropped.
+
+Another class of words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the final silent
+_e_ on adding a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ to preserve the soft
+sound of _c_ and _g_, and with it the correct pronunciation of the
+word; as, _serviceable_, _noticeable_, _changeable_, _courageous_.
+
+3. To show the meaning of words.
+
+Illustrations: _clime_, _climb_, _plumb_, _belle_, _butt_, _dyeing_,
+_singeing_, _guilt_, _damn_.
+
+4. To show the derivation of words.
+
+Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In
+_chronic_, and _chronology_, the _h_ is silent, but serves to indicate
+that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root _chron_,
+which means _time_. Similarly the _g_ in _gnostic_, the _e_ in
+_eulogy_, _p_ in _pneumonia_, the _h_ in _chromatic_.
+
+In _honour_ and _favour_ _u_ is silent, and therefore a useless
+letter, so far as sound is concerned. The _u_ signifies that the word
+came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The
+question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra
+letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical
+association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but
+others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling
+reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great
+many silent letters will go the way of the _u_ in _labour_, _favour_,
+and the like.
+
+The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters
+together with the principle found to be operative through them.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+“_E_ final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same
+syllable.”
+
+change   sense     adverse    Chinese   condense
+brace    quite     bade       oppose    deceive
+force    scribe    burlesque  embrace   machine
+crease   measure   canine     emerge    endorse
+cease    absolve   caprice    examine   advise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+“_B_ is usually silent before _t_ or after _m_ in the same syllable.”
+
+lamb   tomb      numb    debt     bomb
+comb   thumb     dumb    doubt    crumb
+limb   climb     plumb   redoubt  jamb
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+“_C_ is silent before _k_ in the same syllable. _C_ is silent in czar,
+victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut.”
+
+back    deck   lack    stack    Patrick
+buck    duck   hack    stick    reckon
+burdock chick  luck    suck     thicken
+clock   click  lick    beckon   Cossack
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+“_D_ is silent before _g_ in the same syllable.”
+
+edge    hedge   ridge    lodge     misjudge
+wedge   budge   bridge   sledge    judgment
+pledge  drudge  fudge    begrudge  lodgment
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+“_G_ is silent before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable.”
+
+phlegm   malign     gnaw    campaign  gnash
+arraign  paradigm   feign   foreign   gnu
+benign   diaphragm  reign   design    seignior
+resign   gnat       assign  gnarl     consign
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+“_H_ is silent when it follows _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable.”
+
+ghost    myrrh       rheumatism  rhapsody  rhinoceros
+aghast   hemorrhage  rhyme       rhythm    Rhine
+gherkin  rhubarb     rhombus     rhomboid  catarrh
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+“_K_ is silent before _n_ in the same syllable.”
+
+knack   kneel    knot    knap sack  knob
+knave   knife    knock   knowledge  knucks
+knead   knight   knoll   knuckle    knarl
+knee    knit     know    knell      knout
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+“_N_ final after _l_ or _m_ is silent.”
+
+hymn    contemn    solemn    limn      damn
+kiln    condemn    column    autumn
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+“_T_ is silent before _ch_ in the same syllable.”
+
+hitch      pitch    match    notch       catch
+kitchen    botch    hatch    scratch     patch
+latch      Dutch    watch    Mitchell    satchel
+thatch     ditch    witch    batch       Scotch
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+“_W_ is silent before _r_ in the same syllable.”
+
+wrestle    wren      wrist     writing    wreak
+wrong      wrote     wreck     wrest      writ
+wring      wraith    awry      write      wrought
+wrath      wretch    wreath    wrinkle    wrangle
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+“_Gh_ is always silent after _i_ and, when not a substitute for _f_ or
+_k_, is also silent after _au_ and _ou_.”
+
+sight    plight    weigh      fraught     through
+light    wright    weight     caught      although
+fight    height    freight    thought     slaughter
+might    wight     aught      daughter    laughter
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+            PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+“_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian
+_a_.”
+
+again      America      banana    fatality    papa
+alas       amuse        canine    fatigue     parasol
+algebra    apparatus    China     lapel       pica
+alkali     area         data      massacre    sacrament
+amass      arena        drama     ornament    valise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+“_E_ constituting or ending a syllable is long.”
+
+depot       memento      obedience    really        society
+event       museum       penal        recess        superior
+feline      nausea       precedence   resource      theater
+frequent    negro        precise      sacrilegious  theology
+mechanic    notoriety    pretense     secretary     veto
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+“_O_ constituting or ending a syllable is long.”
+
+broken       explosive   melodeon    poem       spoken
+chosen       gondola     melody      police     tobacco
+composition  licorice    open        potato     trophy
+coquet       location    opponent    promotion  zodiac
+cupola       locust      pantomime   proviso    zoölogy
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+“_I_constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is
+always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if
+unaccented.”
+
+divide    tirade       sentinel    fidelity    residence
+direct    intimate     continent   digest      levity
+finance   indivisible  defensible  hilarious   reticent
+imitate   equidistant  predicate   maritime    reticule
+piazza    nobility     finance     invitation  direction
+
+In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_,
+_tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_.
+
+idea        biology      climatic    primeval    tripod
+idle        Chinese      criterion   triangular  triune
+isothermal  chirography  biennial    binomial    priority
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+_E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and
+also in most other words.
+
+given   stolen   ridden   bidden   forsaken
+taken   proven   shaken   woven    gotten
+broken  driven   written  shaven   risen
+spoken  frozen   arisen   chidden  smitten
+fallen  hidden   beaten   eaten    stricken
+
+also
+
+heaven  oaken    happen   burden   leaven
+often   leaden   seven    garden   brazen
+widen   golden   even     eleven   christen
+
+But in the following words _e_ should be sounded:
+
+hyphen  chicken  marten   lichen   sudden
+linden  linen    gluten   mitten   aspen
+
+_E_ should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which
+terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_.
+
+women   Ellen    Helen    omen     pollen
+barren  linen    woolen   Allen    Warren
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+“_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded.”
+
+Abel    model    morsel   cancel   marvel
+level   travel   rebel    gravel   barrel
+nickel  apparel  towel    channel  kennel
+chapel  citadel  revel    Mabel    libel
+camel   laurel   bevel    funnel   parcel
+
+But in the following words and in their derivatives _e_ before
+terminal _l_ should not be sounded:
+
+easel   weasel   ravel    mantel   shekel
+navel   chattel  shrivel  drivel   snivel
+shovel  grovel   mussel   hazel    teasel
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+“In most words _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ should be sounded.”
+
+Latin    vigil    anvil    goblin    coffin
+cavil    cabin    council  rosin     origin
+javelin  pencil   axil     assassin  tranquil
+resin    bobbin   violin   peril     moccasin
+retail   satin    utensil  pistil    daffodil
+
+In the following words _i_ should not be sounded:
+
+devil    basin    evil     cousin    weevil     raisin
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+“_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long
+_e_.”
+
+pique       quarantine  police   critique   unique
+machine     routine     ravine   regime     intrigue
+caprice     suite       valise   Bastile    magazine
+guillotine  fatigue     antique
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                          RULES OF SPELLING.
+
+Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they
+are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is
+certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great
+many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words
+difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions
+that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled
+according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and
+all of the exceptions could be learned “for keeps” by a pupil in an
+hour. But _pupils must have drill in applying the rules_ or they may
+be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to
+spell the words coming under them.
+
+Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year,
+and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the
+other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that “_silent final e
+is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added_”, we
+naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: “_Silent final e is retained
+when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added._”
+
+To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the
+application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by
+turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following
+model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care +
+less.]
+
+“The suffix _able_ begins with the vowel _a_; therefore when it is
+added to the word _love_ the final silent _e_ is dropped, and the word
+is spelled _lovable_.” Or,
+
+“The suffix _less_ begins with the consonant _l_; therefore, when it
+is added to the word _care_ the final silent _e_ is not dropped, and
+the word is spelled _careless_.”
+
+Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,—those in
+which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in
+which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be
+thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he
+can proceed according to the model, concluding with, “but this word is
+an exception to the rule”.
+
+Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who
+want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+love—able        adventure—ous   decide—ing
+care—less        change—ing      ice—berg
+blame—able       extreme—ly      house—keeper
+achieve—ment     fickle—ness     idle—ness
+brake—man        fore—cast       excite—ment
+cure—able        compare—able    console—able
+discourage—ment  continue—ally   endure—ance
+prove—able       contrive—ance   amaze—ment
+move—able        guide—ance      fierce—ness
+acquire—ing      forgive—ness    peace—ful
+else—where       hate—ful        deface—ment
+enlarge—ment     believe—ing     disgrace—ful
+admire—able      converse—ed     blue—ish
+abide—ing        hedge—hog       lodge—ing
+advertise—ment   achieve—ing     amuse—ment
+eye—brow         hoarse—ness     dine—ing
+pursue—ing       argue—ing       revenge—ful
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+Words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the _e_ when a suffix beginning
+with _a_ or _o_ is added.
+
+changeable    challengeable  pronounceable
+exchangeable  peaceable      advantageous
+chargeable    serviceable    outrageous
+manageable    traceable      courageous
+marriageable  noticeable     vengeance
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+hoeing   singeing  seer       nursling   truly
+shoeing  tingeing  seeing     loathsome  duty
+toeing   freeing   agreeable  awful      wisdom
+dyeing   fleeing   mileage    duly       wholly
+
+Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment,
+lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
+
+The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions
+to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The
+value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the
+exceptions.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+Rule II: “When a suffix is added to a word ending in _y_, preceded by
+a consonant, the _y_ is changed to _i_, unless the suffix begins with
+_i_.”
+
+Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on
+the board):
+
+“The _y_ in _supply_ is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the
+suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is changed to _i_ and the word is
+spelled, _supplied_.” Or,
+
+“The _y_ in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix
+_ed_ is added the _y_ is not changed, and the word is spelled,
+_displayed_.”
+
+carry + ed    study + es    espy + ed     juicy + est
+hurry + es    destroy + ed  deny + ing    homely + est
+marry + ing   pity + ing    survey + ed   pity + ful
+decay + ed    pity + less   employ + ing  rally + es
+annoy + s     joy + less    noisy + est   pretty + est
+copy + ed     city + es     mighty + er   pity + able
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+_y_ does not change before _'s_; as in
+
+la´dy's     en´e my's   ba´by's     coun´try's
+
+Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
+
+staid (_or_ stayed) slain      dry´ly               la´dy like
+paid                dai´ly     dry ness             la dy bug
+laid                sly ly     (_but_, dri´er,      la dy ship
+said                sly ness   dri´est)             ba by hood
+saith               shy ly     shy ness             ba by house
+
+
+                     #[Fourth and Fifth Months.]#
+
+Rule III: “Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable,
+ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the
+final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.” This
+rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not
+doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
+
+Model for drill on this rule:
+
+“_Refer_ is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last
+syllable; it ends in a single consonant _r_, preceded by a single
+vowel _e_; therefore, on adding the suffix _ed_, beginning with the
+vowel _e_, the final consonant _r_ is doubled, and the word is
+spelled, _referred_.”
+
+refer + ed    gallop + ed    suspend + ed    suffer + ing
+omit + ed     abhor + ence   kidnap + ed     travel + ed
+cheat + ed    join + ing     admit + ing     rebel + ious
+flatter + ed  benefit + ed   differ + ence   fertil + izer
+prefer + ing  permit + ed    enamel + ed     quarrel + ing
+remit + ance  map + ing      drug + ist      brag + art
+heap + ing    connect + ing  emit + ed       unfit + ed
+confer + ing  offer + ed     conceal + ed    parallel + ed
+acquit + ed*  commit + ee    shelter + ed    stir + ing
+root + ed     squeal + ing   intermit + ent  equal + ed
+depend + ent  begin + er     cheer + ed      vigor + ous
+occur + ed    shovel + ed    forgot + en     regret + ed
+submit + ed   transmit + ed  drum + er       spin + ing
+
+* After _q_, _u_ is a consonant.
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent
+is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, _re fer´_,
+_ref´er ence_.
+
+ref´er ence    def´er ence    ref er ee´
+pref er ence   in fer ence    ref´er a ble _or_
+con fer ence   pref er a ble   re fer´ri ble
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+gas es         (but gassy)     tranquillity
+gas eous       humbug ging     trans fer able
+crystallize    humbug ged      ex cellence
+chagrined
+
+NOTE.—There is a large class of words ending in _l_, and accented on
+some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the _l_ is
+doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the
+language not to double the _l_. Such words are the following: apparel,
+cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal,
+gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,
+peril, quarrel.
+
+
+
+
+                     REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
+
+
+_able_, see ble
+_age_, that which, having
+_ain_, see ian
+_al_, pertaining to
+_an_, pertaining to, one who
+_ant_, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
+_ary_, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of,
+       pertaining to
+_ate_, act of, state of, shaped like
+_ble_, capable of, fit to be
+_cle_, little, that which
+_ed_,  condition of
+_ee_, one who
+_ence_, see ant
+_ent_, see ant
+_er_, one who, that which
+_es_, see er
+_et_, little
+_ful_, full of, having
+_fy_, to make
+_ial_, see al
+_ian_, one who
+_ible_, see ble
+_ic_, pertaining to
+_il_, see ile
+_ile_, capable of, quality of
+_ion_, act of, state of, that which
+_ious_, see ous
+_ish_, act of
+_is_, that which
+_ise_, see ize
+_ism_, state of, doctrine of
+_ist_, one who
+_ity_, that which, state of being, quality of
+_ive_, that which, quality of
+_ize_, act of
+_lent_, full of
+_less_, without
+_ly_, state of being
+_ment_, that which
+_oid_, form
+_or_, one who
+_ory_, see ary
+_ous_, full of, quality of, having
+_tic_, see ic
+_tude_, quality of
+_ty_, see ity
+_ure_, that which, act of
+_y_, that which
+
+
+
+
+                            INDEX TO ROOTS.
+
+
+This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words
+in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
+
+                    Page.
+
+act                11, 61
+ambl               15, 18, 82
+anim               25, 35
+*ann               11
+aqua               74, 80
+arch               28, 45, 82
+*art               12
+*aster             12
+*aud               13
+bi, be             9, 64, 65, 74
+brev               9, 39
+burse              13, 20
+*capt, caput       53
+*ced, cess         53
+*cent              54
+cept               14, 55
+*chron             46
+cep, cip           18, 50
+*civ               55
+clam, claim        20, 74
+clud, clus         16
+cogn               20, 56, 81
+*cord, card        17
+*corpus, corpor    17
+*cura, curo        18
+*curr              58
+cuspid             21, 35, 50
+cycl               21, 50, 64
+*dent              58
+*dict              58
+*doc, doct         59
+dors               26, 56
+dote               25, 63
+*duc               22
+dur                32, 33
+*fac, fec, fic     23
+femin              35, 71
+*fer, lat          24
+*fest              24
+fid                39, 51, 56, 67
+*fin               62
+*firm              62
+fix                19, 49, 60
+*flex, flect       62
+flor               39, 66, 82
+*flu               63
+*foli              26
+form               15, 25, 61, 73
+*fort              26
+*fract, frang      27
+*frater            27
+fresh              20, 40
+fuse               13, 59, 61
+fy                 70
+gam                21, 28, 45
+*ge                47
+gnost              59, 63
+gon                26, 83
+grad, gress        52, 54, 59, 60, 61
+*graph             47
+*grat, grac        65
+*greg              65
+hale               55, 56
+hypnot             45, 82
+itio, it           9, 55, 61
+*ject              66
+journ              49, 82
+junct              71, 75
+juven              20, 70
+laps               20, 51
+lect               51, 60, 71
+*leg               66
+*liber             30
+*liter             31
+loc                13, 40
+*log, logy         48
+loqu               51, 57, 59, 76
+luc                39, 61
+luna               60, 80
+lut, luv           9, 50
+*manu              31
+mar                61, 71
+*mater             32
+matur              19, 56
+*ment              68
+meridi             50, 57
+*meter             83
+mingle             14, 51
+*mit               69
+moni               19, 49
+mort               39, 56, 57
+mot                40, 51, 59, 71
+mut                32, 51, 56, 61
+nat                40, 56, 66
+nomi               21, 28, 50, 66
+*norm              69
+nov                20, 56
+numer              38, 74
+opo, opt           29, 44, 64, 76, 80
+*pater             69
+path               25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
+*ped, pod          36
+*pel, puls         35
+*pend, pens        35
+*phon              83
+ple, plen          20, 40
+*polis             84
+*pon, pos          37
+*port              72
+preci              52, 74
+roy                63, 66, 82
+*rupt              72
+sal                34, 71
+scend              52, 61
+*scop              84
+*scrib, scrip      72
+secu               15, 40
+sect               13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
+soci               25, 32
+solv               9, 68
+son                25, 68
+*spec              73
+sta, sist          11, 15, 57, 60, 71
+struct             20, 57
+surrect            20, 71
+*tang, tact        41
+*tempor            41
+*ten, tain         42
+*terr              43
+thesis             25, 29, 64
+*tors, tort        76
+*tract             77
+trude              56, 57, 59
+une                21, 39
+use, uti           9, 32, 39
+vade               15, 56
+*ven               78
+*vers, vert        79
+via, vi            15, 21, 56, 74
+vir                21, 70
+viv                39, 70, 74, 82
+vol                10, 67
+zoo                48, 64
+
+    * Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO PREFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page.
+
+a (an)              63
+a, ab, abs          9
+ad (ac, etc.)       49
+ambi, amphi         9
+ante                50
+anti                25
+auto                64
+bene                10
+bi                  50
+circum              10
+con (col, etc.)     51
+contra              11
+de                  52
+dia                 26
+dis                 13
+en (on)             26
+epi                 64
+ex (e, ec)          55
+extra               14
+in (im)             56
+inter               14
+micro               65
+non                 15
+mono                28
+ob (op)             57
+para                29
+per                 15
+peri                29
+post                57
+pre                 18
+pro                 59
+re                  20
+retro               60
+se                  60
+semi                20
+sub (suc, etc.)     60
+super               20
+syn (sym)           29
+tele                30
+trans               61
+tri                 21
+uni                 25
+vice                63
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page
+
+able                32
+ac                  44
+aceous              66
+acy                 33
+al                  66
+an                  33
+ance                68
+ary                 34
+ate                 35
+ence                67
+ent                 68
+fy                  70
+ic                  38, 80
+ics                 44
+id                  39
+ile                 70
+ine                 71
+ion                 71
+ise                 81
+ist                 82
+ism                 45
+ite                 71
+ity                 39
+ive                 40
+ment                40
+oid                 82
+ory                 73
+ous                 74
+ulent               75
+ure                 75
+y                   45, 75
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+Seventh Year.
+
+
+First Month.                                Page.
+  Word Analysis                             9-13
+  Elementary Sounds                         85
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             13-18
+  Letters, Alphabet, etc.                   87
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             18-24
+  Vowels                                    88
+  Rule of Spelling                          101
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             25-28
+  Consonants                                89
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             28-32
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  93
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             32-38
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                96
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             38-43
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             44-48
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+
+Eighth Year.
+
+
+First Month.
+  Word Analysis                             49-55
+  Syllables                                 90
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  95
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             55-59
+  Accent                                    91
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  95
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             59-63
+  Words                                     92
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  95
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             63-66
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             66-70
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             70-73
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             73-80
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             80-84
+  Silent Letters—Principle                  96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Reference Table of Suffixes                 105
+
+Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes      106-107
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+
+Title: Orthography
+       As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois
+
+Author: Elmer W. Cavins
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ORTHOGRAPHY
+                          AS OUTLINED IN THE
+                  STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS.
+
+                       SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.
+
+                          BY ELMER W. CAVINS,
+      TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.
+
+                 INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+                    SECOND EDITION--JANUARY, 1906.
+
+                      _PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,
+                        TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS._
+
+                   Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.
+
+
+
+
+                               PREFACE.
+
+
+This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois
+State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and
+Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths
+or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is,
+teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text,
+never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the
+average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be
+analyzed which contain the root _ann_, meaning year? He might turn in
+the dictionary to _annual_, _anniversary_, and _annuity_, but he must
+fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, _biennial_,
+_centennial_, _millennium_, _perennial_, and _superannuate_. And
+having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in
+the analysis.
+
+The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient
+form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of
+Study.
+
+Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that
+this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it.
+When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis "What Words Say", he
+gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of
+meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those
+who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning.
+Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the
+understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of
+words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret
+_what words say_, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words,
+for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various
+departments for acquiring knowledge.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. CAVINS.
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+                        BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+
+I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is
+much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to
+forward, anything that will promote such a study.
+
+Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it
+will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision
+of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.
+
+If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words
+themselves,--their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to
+each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from
+their use,--he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it
+will be more likely to increase than to diminish.
+
+It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably
+with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has
+acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience
+and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one
+master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English
+words, _graph_ means write; _ge_ means earth; _phone_ means sound;
+_cur_ means run; _fin_ means limit; _port_ means carry, etc.?
+
+And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is
+it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of
+a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?
+
+Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of
+meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to,
+their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to
+understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal
+significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded
+that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very
+profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.
+
+The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will
+require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the
+meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the
+brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be
+supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this
+must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research
+in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher,
+such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own
+thinking, and in his use of English speech.
+
+I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as
+adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the
+present work of the schools.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H.
+
+
+
+
+                       SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
+
+
+1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your
+opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.
+
+2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or
+illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the
+method of showing their _literal_ significance. Further along in each
+year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that
+pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as
+to show the _literal_ meaning, else much of the value of the study is
+lost.
+
+And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, _where it differs
+from the literal_, should be given. Very many of the words have
+various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This
+necessitates a free use of the dictionary.
+
+It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when
+necessary) try to find _an appropriate sentence to illustrate each
+word_ and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the
+purpose.
+
+In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of
+reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils,
+especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings
+are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.
+
+One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils
+to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to
+be analyzed according to the examples given under "Directions to
+Pupils", and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written
+on the board.
+
+
+
+
+                         DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.
+
+
+Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of
+Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,--in all 142 elements
+or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished
+to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list
+being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed,
+or partially analyzed, is over 1200.
+
+
+                          TO ANALYZE A WORD.
+
+1. Name its component parts--root, prefix, and suffix--and give the
+literal meaning of each.
+
+2. Combine these meanings in a definition, _supplying additional words
+if necessary_, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases,
+however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put
+together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be
+omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly
+literal.
+
+3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.
+
+(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not
+define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for
+illustration, say _audible_ is _that which_ can be _heard_; but rather
+say _audible_ means _capable of_ being _heard_.)
+
+
+                               EXAMPLES.
+
+avert: (1) _a_, away + _vert_, turn.
+       (2) To _turn away_; to ward off.
+       (3) The evils which exist are necessary to _avert_ greater evils.
+
+deify: (1) _dei_, god + _fy_, to make.
+       (2) To _make_ a _god_ of; to praise and revere as if a deity.
+       (3) The people of India _deify_ the Ganges River.
+
+hostile: (1)_host_, enemy + _ile_, belonging to.
+         (2) _Belonging to_ or having the characteristics of an _enemy_.
+         (3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the
+             _hostile_ winds.
+
+portable: (1) _port_, carry + _able_, capable of.
+          (2) _capable of_ being _carried_ or moved from place to place;
+              not stationary.
+          (3) A _portable_ photograph gallery stopped for three
+              days at the cross-roads near my home.
+
+benefactor: (1) _bene_, good + _fact_, make, do + _or_, one who.
+            (2) _One who does good_; especially one who makes a
+                charitable donation.
+            (3) "He is a true _benefactor_ and alone worthy of honor who
+                brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries
+                the tear of sorrow."
+
+A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to
+analyze words a pupil must--
+
+1. Learn some _facts_--meanings of the component parts of words.
+
+2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible
+definition.
+
+3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.
+
+4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be
+neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis.
+Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his
+help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might
+suffice the entire class.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART ONE
+
+                            Word Analysis.
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+
+#a, ab, abs# = from, away.
+
+1. a _vert_, turn
+2. ab _brevi_ ate, short
+3. ab _duct_, lead
+4. ab _ject_, cast
+5. ab _lut_ ion, wash
+6. ab _origin_ es, beginning
+7. ab _rupt_, break
+8. ab _sorb_, suck in
+9. ab _solve_, loosen
+10. ab _use_, use.
+
+2. To _shorten_, to take _from_; to make briefer.
+
+3. To _lead away_; to carry off by force; to kidnap.
+
+4. An _abject_ person is one sunk to low condition (as if _cast from_
+the society of others).
+
+5. An _ablution_ is a _washing_ or _cleansing_; especially a religious
+rite.
+
+6. The inhabitants of a country _from_ the _beginning_. The earliest
+inhabitants of which anything is known.
+
+7. _Broken_ or appearing as if broken _away_ or off; as an _abrupt_
+cliff.
+
+8. To _suck_ up; to drink in. A brick will _absorb_ a pint of water.
+
+9. To _loosen_ or set free, as _from_ some duty or obligation
+
+10. To divert _from_ the proper _use_; to misuse.
+
+
+#ambi, (amphi)# = both, on both sides, around.
+
+1. ambi _dextr_ ous, right hand
+2. ambi _ti_ on, go
+3. amphi _bi_ ous, life
+4. amphi _theatre_, view.
+
+1. _Having_ skill with _both_ hands (as if both were _right hands_).
+
+2. A _going around_ or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes;
+eager for favors; strongly desirous.
+
+3. _Living both_ on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles,
+seals, otters, and beavers are _amphibious_.
+
+4. An _amphitheatre_ is a building built circular so that spectators
+may _view_ a performance from _both sides_ or from all _around_.
+
+
+#bene# = well, good.
+
+1. bene _dict_ ion, speak
+2. bene _fact_ ion, do
+3. bene fact _or_, one who
+4. bene _fic_ ent, do
+5. bene fic _ial_, pertaining to
+6. bene _fit_, do
+7. bene _vol_ ent, will
+8. beni _gn_, (genus) kind
+9. beni gn _ant_, being
+10. _nota_ bene, note
+
+1. The _act of speaking well_ to or of; a blessing pronounced at the
+close of divine service.
+
+2. The _act of doing_ good; making a charitable donation.
+
+4. _Doing_ or effecting _good_; performing acts of kindness.
+
+5. _Pertaining to_ what _does good_, is useful or profitable.
+
+6. A _good_ deed _done_; an act of kindness.
+
+7. _Willing_ to _do good_; well-wishing; charitable.
+
+8. _Good_ and _kind_ of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness.
+Literally, of a _good kind_.
+
+9. _Being kind_ and gracious.
+
+10. _Note well_; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated
+to N. B.
+
+
+#circum# = around.
+
+1. circum _fer_ ence, carry
+2. circum _flex_, bend
+3. circum _locut_ ion, speak
+4. circum _navig_ ate, sail
+5. circum _scribe_, write, draw
+6. circum _spect_, look
+7. circum _sta_ nce, stand
+8. circum _vent_, come.
+
+1. Think the _circumference_ in the process of making; _carry_ the
+crayon _around_ the circle to produce the _circumference_.
+
+2. A _bending around_; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a
+rise and a fall on the same syllable.
+
+3. The _act of speaking_ in a _round_ about way; particularly a
+studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.
+
+4. The _act of sailing around_; especially the earth or globe.
+
+5. To _draw_ a bounding line _round_; hence to mark out the limits of.
+
+6. _Looking around_ on all sides; examining carefully.
+
+7. That which attends or relates to (_stands around_, as it were,) an
+event, a person or a thing.
+
+8. To _circumvent_ one in any enterprise is to _come around_ in an
+unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.
+
+
+#contra, (contro, counter)# = against
+
+1. contra _dict_, speak
+2. contra _vene_, come
+3. contra _st_, stand
+4. counter _act_, do
+5. counter _balance_, scales
+6. contro _versy_, turn
+
+1. To _speak against_; to assert the opposite of.
+
+2. To _come against_; to oppose.
+
+3. To _stand against_; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects
+of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.
+
+4. To act _against_; to _do_ what hinders.
+
+5. To _weigh against_ with equal weight; equal weight, power or
+influence acting in opposition to.
+
+6. A _turning against_; debate, contention.
+
+
+#ann# = year.
+
+1. annu _al_, relating to
+2. anni _vers_ ary, turn
+3. annu _ity_, that which
+4. _bi_ ennial, two
+5. _cent_ ennial, hundred
+6. _mille_ nnium, thousand
+7. _per_ ennial, through
+8. _super_ annuate, beyond
+
+1. _Relating to_ a _year_; yearly.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ once a _year_ commemorating some event.
+
+3. A stated sum of money payable _yearly_.
+
+4. Happening once in _two years_; lasting two years.
+
+5. Consisting of or lasting a _hundred years_. Happening every hundred
+years.
+
+6. A period or interval of a _thousand years_.
+
+7. _Throughout_ the _year_; lasting, perpetual.
+
+8. Condition of being _beyond_ the _years_ of active service; impaired
+or disabled by length of years.
+
+
+#art# = skill.
+
+1. art _ist_, one who
+2. arti _fic_ ial, make
+3. artist _ic_, relating to
+4. art _less_, without
+
+1. _One who_ is _skilled_ or adept in any of the fine arts.
+
+2. Produced or _made_ by _art_ or _skill_ rather than by nature.
+
+3. _Relating_ to _skill_ in any field.
+
+4. _Without skill_; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.
+
+
+#aster, (astr)# = star.
+
+1. aster _isk_, little
+2. aster _oid_, form
+3. astr _olog_ er, speak.
+4. astr _onomy_, distribute
+5. _dis_ aster, apart
+
+1. Literally, a _little star_; a mark like a star used to refer to a
+note in the margin.
+
+2. _Formed_ like a _star_.
+
+3. _One who speaks_ about the _stars_; one who foretells events by the
+stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.
+
+4. The science which treats of the _distribution_, arrangement and
+size of heavenly bodies (_stars_).
+
+5. An unfavorable aspect of a _star_ or planet, hence an ill portent,
+a calamity.
+
+
+#aud# = hear.
+
+1. aud _ible_, capable of
+2. audit _ory_, pertaining to
+3. audit _ors_, those who
+4. _in_ audible, not
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _heard_.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _hearing_, or the sense of hearing.
+
+3. _Those who hear_; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing
+music or discourse.
+
+4. _Not capable_ of being _heard_; indistinct.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#dis (dif)# = apart, from, away.
+
+1. dis _burse_, purse
+2. dis _cord_, heart
+3. dis _cuss_, shake
+4. dif _fer_, bear
+5. dif _fuse_, pour
+6. dis _loc_ ate, place
+7. dis _miss_, send
+8. dis _pel_, drive
+9. dis _pose_, put
+10. dis _rupt_, break
+11. dis _sect_, cut
+12. dis _tend_, stretch
+
+1. To _disburse_ money is to pay it out (_from_ one's _purse_).
+
+2. (Literally, _hearts apart_.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in
+opinion, or in action.
+
+3. The _discussion_ of a question _shakes_ it _apart_, for a more
+thorough examination.
+
+4. When two minds _differ_, one _bears_ in one direction, the other in
+another, and thus they _bear apart_. They do not agree.
+
+5. To _pour_ out and cause to spread _apart_, as a fluid; to
+circulate; to scatter.
+
+6. To _place apart_ or out of proper position.
+
+7. To _dismiss_ a congregation is to _send_ the people (or allow them
+to go) _apart_ to their homes.
+
+8. To _dispel_ fear is to _drive_ it _away_.
+
+9. To _dispose_ of property is to part with it (_put_ it _apart_ from
+one).
+
+10. Rocks are _disrupted_ when _broken apart_.
+
+11. To _dissect_ the eye of an ox is to _cut_ it _apart_, for the
+purpose of examination.
+
+12. To _distend_ is to _stretch apart_ or spread in all directions; to
+dilate, to expand.
+
+
+#extra# = beyond.
+
+1. Extra _ordin_ ary, order, rule (_ary_, relating to). _Relating to_
+what is _beyond_ or out of the common _rule_ or _order_; exceptional,
+unusual.
+
+2. Extra _vag_ ant, _wander_ (_ant_, ing). _Wandering beyond_ bounds
+or out of the regular course; excessive.
+
+
+#inter# = between, among, through.
+
+1. inter _cede_, go
+2. inter _cept_, take
+3. inter _course_, run
+4. inter _ject_ ion, throw
+5. inter _lop_ er, run
+6. inter _mingle_, mix
+7. inter _pose_, place
+8. inter _rogate_, ask
+9. inter _sect_, cut
+10. inter _val_, wall
+11. inter _vene_, come
+12. inter _view_, see
+
+1. To _go between_ parties for the purpose of reconciling those who
+differ; to plead in favor of another.
+
+2. To seize or _take between_ the starting point and destination; as
+to _intercept_ a letter or messenger.
+
+3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another
+(a _running between_, to and fro).
+
+4. An _interjection_ is a word _thrown_ in _between_ other words to
+express emotion or feeling.
+
+5. An _interloper_ is _one who runs_ in _between_ two parties to get
+the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who
+intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a
+grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an
+_interloper_.
+
+6. To _mix between_ or together.
+
+7. To protect the eyes from a strong light _interpose_ (_place
+between_ the eyes and light) a shade.
+
+8. To _interrogate_ is to question. (The _questions_ come _between_
+the answers.)
+
+9. One line _intersects_ another when it _cuts_ through it, or
+_between_ its parts.
+
+10. An _interval_ is an open space or stretch between things or
+limits. Formerly it meant a space _between walls_.
+
+11. To _come between_ persons, things, or events.
+
+12. A mutual exchange of _views between_ two or more people.
+
+
+#non# = not, un.
+
+The prefix _non-_ may be joined to the leading word by means of a
+hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.
+
+1. noncommittal
+2. non compos mentis
+3. nonconductor
+4. nondescript
+5. nonentity
+6. nonessential
+7. nonpareil
+8. non-payment
+9. nonplus
+10. non-resident
+11. nonsense
+12. nonsuit
+
+2. _Com_, with + _pos_, power + _mentis_, of mind. Literally, _not
+with power of mind_. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of
+managing one's own affairs.
+
+4. That which has _not_ been _described_; difficult to describe; new,
+novel, odd.
+
+5. _Entity_ means thing or being; hence a _nonentity_ is _no thing_ or
+nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or
+_nothing_.
+
+9. _Plus_ means more. Literally, a person is _nonplused_ when he can
+do _no more_, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.
+
+(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other
+words of the above list.)
+
+
+#per# = through, thoroughly, by.
+
+1. per _ambul_ ate, walk
+2. per _ceive_, take
+3. per _cent_, hundred
+4. per _col_ ate, filter
+5. per _enni_ al, year
+6. per _fect_, make
+7. per _for_ ate, bore
+8. per _form_, form
+9. per _fume_, smoke
+10. per _mit_, let go
+11. per _plex_, entangle
+12. per _secute_, follow
+13. per _sist_, stand
+14. per _vade_, go
+15. per _vert_, turn
+16. per _vi_ ous, way
+
+1. To _walk through_ or over. He got out of bed and _perambulated_ the
+room for some minutes.
+
+2. To _take_ or obtain knowledge _through_ the senses. To _take_ with
+a _thorough_ mental grasp; to understand.
+
+3. _By_ the _hundred_.
+
+4. To pass _through_; as, a _filter_ or strainer.
+
+5. Lasting _through_ the _year_, or through many years.
+
+6. _Thoroughly made_; finished in every part; without blemish or
+defect.
+
+7. To _bore through_; to make holes in; to pierce.
+
+8. To _form thoroughly_; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.
+
+9. "To _perfume_ means literally to _smoke thoroughly_. Hence to
+impregnate or fill with scent or odor."--_Kennedy._
+
+10. By this _permit_ we may _go through_ the factory.
+
+11. To _entangle thoroughly_. "Love with doubts _perplexes_ still the
+mind."
+
+12. To _follow_ with persistence or _thoroughness_. To follow close
+after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a
+particular creed. The early Christians suffered _persecution_.
+
+13. To take a _thorough stand_; to continue steadily in some state or
+course of action; especially in spite of opposition.
+
+14. To _go through_; to spread throughout the whole.
+
+15. To turn in another direction; to _turn thoroughly_ from a former
+course. "Blessings unused _pervert_ into a waste."
+
+16. _Having_ a _way through_. "---- to have their way free and
+_pervious_ to all places."
+
+
+#clud, clus# = shut.
+
+1. close
+2. clos _et_, little
+3. _con_ clude, together
+4. _dis_ close, un
+5. _en_ close, in
+6. _ex_ elude, out
+7. exclus _ion_, act of
+8. _in_ clude, within
+9. _pre_ clude, before
+10. _re_ cluse, back
+11. _se_ clude, aside
+12. se clus _ion_, state of being
+
+1. To _shut_.
+
+2. A _small_ side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept
+_shut_ away from view.
+
+3. To bring to an end. Literally to _shut_ in or _together_
+(obsolete); as, "The body of Christ was _concluded_ in the grave."
+
+4. To _un-shut_; to open or uncover; to make known.
+
+9. To put an obstacle _before_, or in the way of, in order to _shut_
+out; to prevent or hinder.
+
+10. One who is _shut_ up (or has _shut_ himself _back_) from the world
+or public view.
+
+11. To _shut_ off or keep apart or _aside_, as from company or
+society.
+
+
+#cor, cord# = heart.
+
+1. core
+2. cordi_al_, relating to
+3. _con_ cord, with
+4. cord _ate_, shaped
+5. _dis_ cord, apart
+6. discord _ant_, being
+7. _re_ cord, again
+8. cour _age_, having
+
+1. The _heart_ or innermost part of a thing; as the _core_ of an
+apple.
+
+2. _Relating to_ the _heart_; hearty, sincere.
+
+3. Heart _with heart_; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. "Love
+quarrels oft in _concord_ end."
+
+4. _Heart shaped_; as a _cordate_ leaf.
+
+5. Heart _apart_ from _heart_; hence disagreement or want of harmony.
+
+6. State of _being_ out of harmony.
+
+7. _Record_; through the Latin _recordari_, to remember (or know
+_again_). To get by _heart_; hence to register; to write or inscribe
+an authentic account of.
+
+8. _Having heart_; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is
+accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)
+
+
+#corpus, corpor# = body.
+
+1. corpse
+2. corps (pronounce core)
+3. corpor _al_, relating to
+4. corpu _lent_, full of
+5. incorpor _ate_, make
+6. corpus _cle_, small
+7. corset
+8. _habeas_ corpus. You may have
+
+1. The _body_ only; hence a dead body.
+
+2. A _body_ of soldiers.
+
+3. _Relating to_ the _body_; as _corporal_ punishment.
+
+4. A _corpulent_ person is fleshy; literally _full of body_.
+
+5. To _make into_ a _body_ in the legal sense, so that a number of
+individuals may transact business legally as one person.
+
+6. A _small body_; a minute particle.
+
+7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting _body_ garment, having sleeves
+and skirt.
+
+8. Literally, _you may have the body_. A writ requiring the body of a
+person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the
+lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.
+
+
+#cura, curo# = care.
+
+1. cure
+2. cur_able_, capable of
+3. cur_ate_, one who
+4. curi _ous_, full of
+5. _mani_ cure, hand
+6. _ac_ cur ate, to
+7. _pro_ cure, for
+8. _se_ cure, aside
+
+1. To take _care_ of; to restore to health.
+
+2. _Capable of_ being cured or restored by _care_.
+
+3. _One who_ has the _care_ of souls; a parish priest.
+
+4. Formerly, _curious_ meant _full of care_, or careful, nice,
+precise; as, "Men were not _curious_ what syllables or particles they
+used." Eager to learn; inquisitive.
+
+5. To _care_ for the _hands_ and nails.
+
+6. A thing is made _accurate_ by giving _care to_ it.
+
+7. Literally, to _care for_; to look after; as, "I _procured_ that
+rumor to be spread." To obtain; to get.
+
+8. _Aside_, or free, from _care_, anxiety, or fear; safe.
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+#pre# = before.
+
+1. pre _amble_, walk
+2. pre _cede_, go
+3. pre ced _ent_, that which
+4. pre _cip_ ice, head
+5. pre _clude_, shut
+6. pre _coc_ ious, cook, ripe
+7. pre _curs_ or, run
+8. pre _destinate_, to determine
+9. pre _dict_, speak
+10. pre _face_, say
+11. pre _fer_, bring
+12. pre _fix_, fasten
+13. pre _judice_, judgment
+14. pre _limin_ ary, threshold
+15. pre _mature_, ripe
+16. pre _monit_ ion, warning
+17. pre _pare_, make ready
+18. pre _posit_ ion, place
+19. pre _poster_ ous, after
+20. pre _scribe_, write
+
+1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly _preamble_ meant, to
+_walk_ over _before_hand; as, "I will take a thorough view of those
+who have _preambled_ this by path."
+
+3. _That which_ has _gone before_. A previous example or usage which
+has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom,
+habit, or rule.
+
+4. A _head_long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, _head_ _fore_most.
+
+5. See second month, page 16.
+
+6. _Ripe_ in understanding at an early age or _before_ due time; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+7. A _precursor_ is a _forerunner_. That which precedes an event and
+indicates its approach.
+
+8. To _determine_ _before_hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree.
+"Whom He did foreknow He also did _predestinate_ to be conformed to
+the image of His Son."
+
+11. To _prefer_ one thing to another is to _bring_ or set it before
+the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.
+
+13. A _prejudgment_ formed without due examination. "_Prejudice_ is
+the child of ignorance."
+
+14. Literally, _before_ the _threshold_. Preceding or leading up to
+something more important; as _preliminary_ arrangements.
+
+18. A _preposition_ is so called because usually _placed before_ the
+word with which it is phrased.
+
+19. Anything is _preposterous_ when it is contrary to nature, reason,
+or common sense. Literally, having that _last_ which ought to be
+_first_; as, the "cart before the horse".
+
+20. To lay down _before_hand in _writing_ as a rule of action.
+"_Prescribe_ not us our duties."
+
+
+#re# = back, again.
+
+1. re _bound_, leap
+2. re _cede_, go
+3. re _claim_, call
+4. re _cluse_, shut
+5. re _cogn_ ize, know
+6. re con _struct_, build
+7. re _course_, run
+8. re _create_, make
+9. re _cruit_, grow
+10. re _cur_, run
+11. re _flect_, bend
+12. re _fresh_, new
+13. re _hash_, chop
+14. re im _burse_, purse
+15. re _ject_, throw
+16. re _juven_ ate, young
+17. re _lapse_, slip
+18. re _late_, carry
+19. re _lease_, loose
+20. re _mit_, send
+21. re _morse_, bite
+22. re _nov_ ate, new
+23. re _pel_, drive
+24. re _plen_ ish, full
+25. re _pulse_, drive
+26. re _sult_, leap
+27. re _sume_, take (up)
+28. re _surrect_ ion, rise
+29. re _tain_, hold
+30. re _tract_, draw
+
+Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning,
+thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will _rebound_ (_leap back_).
+
+
+#semi# = half.
+
+1. semicircle
+2. semicolon
+3. semidiameter
+4. semilunar
+5. semivowel
+6. semiweekly
+
+
+#super# = over, above, beyond.
+
+1. super _annu_ ate, year
+2. super _cili_ ous, pride
+3. super _fic_ ial, face
+4. super _flu_ ous, flow
+5. super _natur_ al, nature
+6. super _numer_ ary, number
+7. super _pose_, put
+8. super _script_ ion, write
+9. super _struct_ ure, build.
+10. super _vise_, see
+
+1. A _superannuate_ is one who has become impaired or disabled by
+length of years. Specifically, one living _beyond_ the _years_ of
+active service and allowed to retire on a pension.
+
+2. Lofty with _pride_; _over_bearing. "A _supercilious_ nabob of the
+east, haughty and purse-proud."
+
+3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth _beyond_) the
+sur_face_; shallow. "She despised _superficiality_, and looked deeper
+than the color of things."
+
+4. _Overflowing_; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding
+with _superfluous_ words.
+
+5. Being _beyond_ or exceeding the powers of _nature_. Miracles were
+performed by _supernatural_ power.
+
+6. _Beyond_ a stated or required _number_; as, a _supernumerary_
+officer in a regiment.
+
+7. To _put over_ or upon; as to _superpose_ one rock upon another.
+
+8. A _superscription_ is a _writing over_ or _upon_; especially an
+address on a letter.
+
+9. A _superstructure_ is something _built over_ something else;
+particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.
+
+10. To _oversee_; as, to _supervise_ the erection of a house.
+
+
+#tri# = three.
+
+1. tri _angle_, angle
+2. tri _cuspid_, point
+3. tri _cycle_, circle
+4. tri _dent_, tooth
+5. tri _enni_ al, year
+6. tri _gam_ ist, marriage.
+7. tri gon _ometry_, measure
+8. tri _later_ al, side
+9. tri _nomi_ al, term
+10. trio
+11. tri _pod_, foot
+12. tri _sect_, cut
+13. tri _syllable_, syllable
+14. trium _vir_, man
+15. tri _une_, one
+16. tri _via_ l, way
+
+2. A _tricuspid_ tooth has _three points_.
+
+4. A _three-toothed_ or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing
+spear.
+
+    "His nature is too noble for the world;
+     He would not flatter Neptune for his _trident_,
+     Or Jove for his power to thunder."
+
+6. A _trigamist_ is one who has been _three_ times _married_;
+especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.
+
+7. _Trigonometry_ literally means _three angle measure_. That branch
+of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of
+triangles, and applies them to other figures.
+
+9. A _trinomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _three terms_.
+
+10. A _trio_ is a musical composition in _three_ parts.
+
+11. A _tripod_ has _three feet_ or legs; as a three-legged table or
+stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.
+
+14. A _triumvir_ is one of _three men_ united in office; specifically
+in ancient Rome.
+
+15. The _triune_ is _three_ in _one_; the three-fold personality of
+one divine being,--Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
+
+16. _Trivial_ formerly meant, pertaining to _three ways_; where three
+ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace,
+such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little
+worth.
+
+
+#due# = lead, draw.
+
+1. _ab_ duct, away
+2 _ad_ duce, to
+3. _aque_ duct, water
+4. _con_ duct, with
+5. _de_ duct, from
+6. duct _ile_, capable of
+7. duke, a leader
+8. _e_ duc ate, out
+9. _in_ duce, into
+10. in duce _ment_, that which
+11. _intro_ duce, into
+12. _pro_ duce, forth
+13. _se_ duce, aside
+14. _re_ duce, back
+
+1. To _lead_ or carry _away_ wrongfully and usually by force; to
+kidnap; as, to _abduct_ a child.
+
+2. To _lead_ or bring _to_; to bring forward or offer as an argument
+in a case. "I too prize facts and shall _adduce_ nothing else."
+
+3. An _aqueduct_ is a _lead_way or artificial channel for conveying
+_water_.
+
+4. A guide _conducts_ a traveler when he goes _with_ him and, in a
+sense, _leads_ him along a safe route.
+
+5. To _deduct_ is to take _from_; to _draw_ away.
+
+6. A _ductile_ metal is one _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire; as,
+copper, platinum, steel, etc.
+
+8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. _Educate_ literally
+means to _lead_ forth, to _draw out_.
+
+11. An _introduction_ is the initial step which _leads_ people _into_
+one another's acquaintance.
+
+14. (1) To _lead_ or bring _back_ to a former state; as,
+
+    "It were but right
+    And equal to _reduce_ me to my dust."
+
+(2) To bring to any specific state or form.
+
+
+#fac, fact# = do, make.
+
+(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)
+
+1. fact
+2. fact _ory_, place where
+3. facil _ity_, quality of
+4. _bene_ fact or, good
+5. _manu_ fact ure, hand
+6. _ef_ fect, (ex.) out
+7. _per_ fect, thoroughly
+8. _im_ perfect, not
+9. _arti_ ficial, skill
+10. _bene_ ficial, good
+11. _sacri_ fice, sacred
+12. _paci_ fic, peace
+13. feat
+14. _de_ feat, un
+15. feas _ible_, capable of
+16. fashion.
+
+1. A _fact_ is something _done_ or brought to pass.
+
+3. _Quality_ of being easily _done_.
+
+5. _Manufacture_ formerly meant to _make_ by _hand_.
+
+6. An _effect_ is something worked _out_, or _done_.
+
+7. A thing is _perfect_ when _thoroughly made_, or _finished_.
+
+11. _Sacrifice_ literally means to _make sacred_; to set apart as
+sacred.
+
+12. _Pacific_ means pertaining to _peace_; suited to _make_ or restore
+peace.
+
+13. A _feat_ is an act, a deed, an exploit; something _done_.
+
+14. To _defeat_ means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to _un do_.
+
+16. The _fashion_ of a thing is, in a sense, the _make_ of it.
+
+NOTE.--_fy_, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too
+numerous to mention; as, purify (to _make pure_), rarefy (to _make
+rare_), classify (to _make_ or put into a _class_), etc.
+
+
+#fer, ferr# = carry, bear, bring.
+
+1. _circum_ fer ence, around
+2. _con_ fer, together
+3. _dif_ fer, apart
+4. fert _ile_, capable of
+5. _of_ fer, (ob) near.
+6. _pro_ (f)fer, forth
+7. _re_ fer, back
+8. re fer _ee_, one who
+9. _suf_ fer, (sub) under
+10. _trans_ fer, across
+
+1. See first month, page 10.
+
+2. When two or more persons _confer_ they _bring together_ opinions
+and facts on some special subject.
+
+3. See second month, page 13.
+
+5. To _bring near_ to; to present for acceptance; as, to _offer_ one's
+services.
+
+6. To _bring_ or put _forward_; to hold _forth_ so that a person may
+take; as, to _proffer_ a gift.
+
+7. To direct for information. Literally, to _carry back_; as, "Mahomet
+_referred_ his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he
+gave out they were made."
+
+9. To _suffer_ is to _bear under_; to undergo.
+
+NOTE.--_Ferr_ is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which
+are: _fero_, _ferre_, _tuli_, _latus_. The last form is found in a
+number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate,
+superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in
+the ten given above, is _bear_, _carry_, or _bring_.
+
+
+#fest# = feast.
+
+1. fest _al_. _Pertaining to_ a _feast_, a holiday or celebration.
+
+2. fest _ive_. _Pertaining to_ or becoming a _feast_; festal, joyous,
+gay.
+
+3. festival. A time of _feasting_ or celebration.
+
+4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a _feast_.
+
+5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a _feast_.
+
+6. f�te. Modern French, equivalent of _feast_.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#uni# = one.
+
+1. unit, one
+2. un _ity_, ness
+3. un _ion_, state of being
+4. unite
+5. _dis_ unite, not
+6. _re_ unite, again
+7. un _anim_ ous, mind
+8. unanim _ity_, state of being
+9. uni _corn_, horn
+10. uni _form_, form
+11. uni _son_, sound
+12. uni _verse_, turn
+13. unique
+14. onion
+
+9. The _unicorn_ is a fabulous _one-horned_ animal.
+
+12. The _universe_ consists of all things considered as _one_ whole.
+
+13. A thing is _unique_ when it is the only _one_ of its kind.
+
+14. _Onion_ comes from the Latin _unio_, which means _oneness_; also a
+single pearl of large size resembling the onion.
+
+
+#anti# = against, opposed to.
+
+1. anti _climax_, ladder
+2. anti _christ_, Christ
+3. anti _dote_, give
+4. anti _path_ y, feel
+5. anti _pod_ es, foot
+6. anti _thesis_, place
+7. anti _slave_ ry, slave
+8. anti _soci_ al, companion
+
+1. An _anti climax_ is _opposed to_ or in contrast with a _climax_. In
+rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt
+descent (down the _ladder_) from stronger to weaker expressions.
+
+3. An _antidote_ is something _given_ to counteract (act _against_)
+poison or disease.
+
+5. Those who live at _opposite_ points on the globe so that their
+_feet_ are directly toward each other are _antipodes_. Figuratively,
+things opposed to each other.
+
+6. In rhetoric an _antithesis_ is a figure of speech which consists of
+one idea _placed against_ another; a contrast.
+
+8. A person is _antisocial_ when he is averse or _opposed to_ society,
+social intercourse or _companionship_.
+
+
+#dia# = across, through, between.
+
+1. dia_gon_ al, angle
+2. dia _gram_, writing
+3. dia _lect_, speech
+4. dia _log_, speech
+5. dia _meter_, measure
+6. dia _pason_, all
+7. dia _phragm_, fence
+
+1. A _diagonal_ is a line _across_ from _angle_ to _angle_.
+
+2. A _diagram_ is that which is marked out by lines drawn or _written_
+across; as, a figure, a plan.
+
+3. _Dialect_ is _speech_ or language by means of which ideas are
+communicated (_across_) from one to another.
+
+6. The _diapason_ is one of certain stops in the organ, so called
+because it extends _through all_ notes of the scale.
+
+7. The _diaphragm_ is a membranous partition or _fence between_ the
+thorax and abdomen.
+
+
+#en# = on.
+
+1. en _dorse_, back
+2. en _grave_, carve
+3. en _throne_, throne
+4. en _list_, list
+
+1. To _endorse_ a check is to write one's name _on_ the _back_ of it.
+
+NOTE.--_en_ in most words is the equivalent of the Latin _in_, meaning
+in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage,
+enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop,
+enwrap.
+
+
+#foli# = leaf.
+
+1. foliage. A cluster of _leaves_.
+2. folio. A _leaf_-sheet folded once.
+3. foil. A thin _leaf_ of metal.
+4. _tre_foil. A plant with _three leaves_; as, clover.
+5. _port_-folio. A case for _carrying_ loose _leaves_ of paper.
+
+
+#fort, forc# = strong.
+
+1. fort
+2. forti _fy_, make
+3. fortr _ess_
+4. _ef_ fort, (ex.) out
+5. forti _tude_, quality of
+6. force
+7. forc _ible_, capable of
+8. _en_ force, on
+9. _com_ fort, with
+10. _piano_ forte, soft
+
+1. A _fort_ is a _strong_hold.
+
+2. To _make strong_; to strengthen or secure by means of forts,
+batteries, or other military works.
+
+3. _Ess_ is a feminine ending. A "maiden fortress" is a fortification
+which has never been taken. A _fortress_ is a very strong fort.
+
+4. An _effort_ is a putting _out_ of one's _strength_ for the
+accomplishment of some end.
+
+5. _Fortitude_ is _strength_ or firmness of mind in meeting danger,
+pain, or adversity.
+
+6. _Force_ is _strength_ in general, physical, mental, moral.
+
+9. To _comfort_ is to _strengthen_ with hope and cheer; to give
+consolation to.
+
+10. The _piano forte_ is an instrument having both _soft_ and loud
+(_strong_) tones. The name is generally shortened to _piano_.
+
+
+#fract, frang# = break.
+
+1. frail
+2. frail _ty_, quality
+3. fract _ure_, that which
+4. fract _ion_, that which
+5. fract _ious_, quality of
+6. frag _ile_, capable of
+7. frag _ment_, that which
+8. _in_ fringe, in
+
+1. A thing is _frail_ when it is easily _broken_.
+
+2. _Frailty_ is a _quality_ of things easily _broken_.
+
+3. A _fracture_ is a _break_; as of a bone.
+
+4. A _fraction_ is a part, as if _broken_ off.
+
+5. A _fractious_ person is one apt to _break_ out into a passion.
+
+6. "The stalk of ivy is tough and not _fragile_" (_capable of_ being
+_broken_).--_Bacon._
+
+7. A _fragment_ is _that which_ is _broken_ off.
+
+8. To _infringe_ is to _break in_ upon; to trespass on another's
+rights.
+
+
+#frater, fratr# = brother.
+
+1. fratern _al_, pertaining to
+2. fratern _ity_, that which
+3. fratern _ize_, make
+4. frater
+5. friar
+6. friary
+
+1. _Fraternal_ means _brotherly_; like brothers.
+
+2. An organization in _which_ the members hold one another in
+_brotherly_ relations.
+
+3. To _fraternize_ means to _make_ a _brother_ of; to receive into a
+fraternity.
+
+4. _Frater._ A _brother_; especially a monk.
+
+5. _Friar._ A _brother_ of any religious order, but especially one of
+certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.
+
+6. _Friary._ A home for friars (_brothers_); a monastery.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#mono# = one, single, alone, solitary.
+
+1. mon _arch_, rule
+2. mono _gam_ ist, marriage
+3. mono _gram_, write
+4. mono _logue_, speak
+5. mono _mania_, mind
+6. mo _nomi_ al, term
+7. mono _poly_, sell
+8. mono _syllable_, syllable
+9. mono _the_ ism, God
+10. mono _tone_, tone, sound
+
+1. A _monarch_ is a _sole_ or supreme _ruler_.
+
+2. A _monogamist_ is _one who_ believes in _marriage_ with _one_
+person only.
+
+3. A _monogram_ is a single character formed of two or more letters
+interwoven (as if done at _one writing_).
+
+4. A _speak_ing by _one_ person.
+
+5. _Monomania_ is a derangement of _mind_ in regard to a _single_
+subject only.
+
+6. A _monomial_ in algebra is a quantity which consists of a _single
+term_.
+
+7. A _monopoly_ is the sole (or _single_) right to _sell_ a certain
+article, or to sell it at a given place.
+
+9. _Monotheism_ is the doctrine of belief that there is but _one God_.
+
+10. A _monotone_ is a _single tone_ without harmony or variation in
+pitch.
+
+
+#para# = aside, beside, similar
+
+1. para _ble_ (ballo), throw
+2. para _graph_, write
+3. par _allel_, one another
+4. para _phrase_, speak
+5. para _site_, feed
+6. par en _thesis_, put
+
+1. A _parable_ is a short fictitious narrative placed (_thrown_)
+_beside_ something which it is intended to illustrate.
+
+2. A _paragraph_ was originally a mark or note of comment _written
+beside_ the line or place where a division should be made; now a
+distinct part of a discourse or writing.
+
+3. _Parallel_ lines extend _beside one another_.
+
+4. _Paraphrasing_ is telling (_speaking_) the _same_ thing in other
+words.
+
+5. A _parasite_ is an animal or plant which lives _beside_ or in
+another organism on which it _feeds_.
+
+6. Marks of _parenthesis_ are often used for a word, phrase, clause,
+or sentence _put in_ by way of explanation to what it stands _beside_.
+
+
+#peri# = around.
+
+1. peri _anth_, flower
+2. peri _cardium_, heart
+3. peri _meter_, measure
+4. peri _tone_ um, stretch
+5. peri _oste_ um
+
+1. The _perianth_ is the floral envelope _around_ the _flower_.
+
+2. The _pericardium_ is the membrane which _surrounds_ the _heart_.
+
+3. The _perimeter_ of a figure is the outer boundary or _measure
+around_ it.
+
+4. The _peritoneum_ is the membrane which is _stretched around_ the
+abdomen.
+
+5. The _periosteum_ is the membrane _around_ the _bones_.
+
+
+#syn (syl, sym)# = with, together.
+
+1. syl _lable_, take
+2. sym _pathy_, feel
+3. sym _phony_, sound
+4. syn _chron_ ous, time
+5. syn _onym_, name
+6. syn _ops_ is, view
+7. syn _thesis_, put, place
+
+1. Literally, a _syllable_ is two or more sounds _taken together_, or
+uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise
+but one sound.
+
+2. _Sympathy_ is _feeling with_ another, especially his sorrows and
+misfortunes.
+
+3. A _symphony_ is a _sounding together_; a harmony of sounds.
+
+4. _Synchronous._ Happening or existing at the _same time_.
+
+5. _Synonym._ Literally, a word having the _same name_. But it is
+applied to words of like or kindred meaning.
+
+6. A _synopsis_ is a _view_ of the whole _together_. A summary giving
+a general view of some subject.
+
+7. The _putting_ of two or more things _together_. _Synthesis_ is the
+opposite of analysis.
+
+
+#tele# = far (distance).
+
+1. tele _gram_, write
+2. tele _graph_, write
+3. tele _pathy_, feel
+4. tele _meter_, measure
+5. tele _phone_, sound
+6. tele _scope_, view
+
+1. A _telegram_ is a message transmitted (_written_) from _afar_.
+
+3. _Telepathy_ is the sympathetic communication at a _distance_ of one
+mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through _feeling_.
+
+4. _Telemeter._ An instrument for _measuring distances_ in surveying.
+
+
+#liber# = free.
+
+1. liber _al_, relating to
+2. _il_ liberal, not
+3. liberal _ity_, quality of
+4. liber _ate_, act of
+5. liberat _or_, one who
+6. liber _ty_, state of being
+7. liberal _ize_, make
+8. _de_ liver, from
+9. deliver _er_, one who
+10. deliver _y_, act of
+
+1. _Liberal._ Relating to or possessing a _free_ and generous heart.
+
+3. _Liberality_ is the quality of being _free_ or generous.
+
+7. To _liberalize_ is to _make free_, as to free from narrow views or
+prejudices.
+
+8. To _deliver_ means to set _free from_ bondage or restraint.
+
+
+#liter# = letter.
+
+1. letter
+2. letters
+3. liter _ary_, pert. to
+4. liter _ate_, condition of
+5. _il_ literate, not
+6. _al_ literation, (ad) to
+7. liter _al_, relating to
+8. _ob_ literate, against
+
+1. _Letter_ (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on
+parchment and not cut on wood.
+
+2. _Letters_ usually means literature in general; hence knowledge
+gained from books; literary culture.
+
+6. _Alliteration_ is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the
+beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: "A whole
+fleet of _b_ulky _b_ottomed _b_oats." "What a _t_ale of _t_error now
+_t_heir _t_urbulency _t_ells." Literally, _letter to letter_.
+
+8. In _obliterate_, _ob_ means _against_ or the reverse. The reverse
+of _besmear_ is to rub off; hence to _obliterate_ means to rub out, to
+erase.
+
+NOTE.--Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy,
+literati, literature, literalize, literalist.
+
+
+#man (manus)# = hand.
+
+1. _bi_ mana, two
+2. e man _cip_ ate, take
+3. man _acle_, cuff
+4. man _euver_, work
+5. man (n) _er_, relating to
+6. manu _al_, pert. to
+7. manu _fact_ ory, make
+8. manu _script_, write
+
+1. _Bimana_ is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia.
+Animals having _two hands_.
+
+2. To _emancipate_ a slave is to _take_ him _out_ of the _hands_ of
+his master.
+
+3. The word _manacle_ comes from _manicula_, which means _handcuff_.
+
+4. Literally, _maneuver_ means a _working_ with the _hands_. To make
+adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.
+
+5. _Manner relates to_ the way of _handling_ or doing things.
+
+6. _Manual._ Performed, made, or used by the _hands_; as manual labor,
+manual arts.
+
+
+#mater# = mother.
+
+1. _alma_ mater, foster
+2. matern _al_, pert. to
+3. matern _ity_, state of being
+4. matri _cide_, kill
+5. metro _polis_, city
+6. metropolit _an_, relating to
+7. matron
+8. matron _ly_, like
+
+1. Literally, _alma mater_ means _foster mother_. It is applied by
+students to the university or college in which they have been trained.
+
+5. _Metropolis_ means _mother city_; the chief city of a state or
+country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.
+
+6. _Metropolitan._ _Relating to_ the metropolis; as, a metropolitan
+newspaper.
+
+7. A _matron_ is a woman with _motherly_ duties; as the _matron_ of a
+school or hospital.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#able# = capable of, fit to be.
+
+1. _ar_ able, plow
+2. _cap_ able, take, hold
+3. _dur_ able, last, hard
+4. _lia_ ble, bind
+5. _mut_ able, change
+6. _laud_ able, praise
+7. _port_ able, carry
+8. _soci_ able, companion
+9. _ten_ able, hold
+10. _us_ able, use.
+
+1. _Arable_ land is _capable_ of being _plowed_.
+
+2. A _capable_ mind can _take_ and _hold_ ideas (understand and
+remember).
+
+4. One is _liable_ for a debt when legally _bound_ to pay it.
+
+7. A _portable_ library is one fitted for being _carried_ from place
+to place.
+
+9. _Tenable_ ground for argument is ground which is _capable of_ being
+_held_ or maintained.
+
+
+#acy# = state of being, office of.
+
+1. _celib_ acy, unmarried
+2. _delic_ acy, pleasing
+3. _magistr_ acy, master
+4. _obdur_ acy, hard
+5. _obstin_ acy, firmly set
+6. _pap_ acy, pope
+7. _intim_ acy, inmost
+8. _intric_ acy, entangle
+
+1. _Celibacy_ is the _state of being unmarried_; especially that of a
+bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.
+
+3. _Magistracy._ The _office of master_; of one clothed with power, as
+a civil officer.
+
+4. _Obduracy_ is the _state of being hardened_, especially against
+moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.
+
+6. The _papacy_ is the _office of_ the _pope_.
+
+7. _Intimacy_ is the _state of being inmost_ or near in relationship.
+
+
+#an# = pertaining to.
+
+This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states.
+It means, _pertaining to_ what is of that country or state; as,
+American history, American products, American people.
+
+1.  African
+2.  Alaskan
+3.  Armenian
+4.  Australian
+5.  Bolivian
+6.  Bulgarian
+7.  Corsican
+8.  European
+9.  Georgian
+10. Hawaiian
+11. Indian
+12. Mexican
+13. Ohioan
+14. Persian
+15. Russian
+16. amphibian
+17. republican
+18. metropolitan
+
+16. _Amphibian_: _amphi_, both (two); _bi_, life; _an_, pertaining to:
+_pertaining to two_ kinds of _life_; i. e. life on the land and in the
+water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers,
+etc., are _amphibians_, because they can live in water (for a time at
+least) and on land.
+
+18. _Metropolitan._ _Pertaining to_ the _mother city_. (See fifth
+month's work, page 32.)
+
+
+#ary# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _vers_ ary, turn
+2. _anni_ vers ary, year
+3. _antiqu_ ary, ancient
+4. _drom_ ed ary, run
+5. _miss_ ion ary, send
+6. _e_ miss ary, out
+7. _not_ ary, note
+8. _sal_ ary, salt
+9. _secret_ ary, secret
+
+1. Literally, an _adversary_ is _one who turns toward_ another (to
+oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ each _year_ commemorating some event is
+an _anniversary_.
+
+3. An _antiquary_ is _one who_ collects and examines old (_ancient_)
+things; as, coins, medals, weapons.
+
+4. A _dromedary_ is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than
+ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for _running_.
+
+5. A _missionary_ is _one who_ is _sent_ on a mission; especially one
+sent to propagate religion.
+
+6. An _emissary_ is _one who_ is _sent out_; especially one sent on
+secret business, as a spy. "I am charged with being an _emissary_ to
+France."--_Robert Emmet._
+
+7. A _notary_ was formerly _one whose_ vocation was to make _notes_ or
+memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of
+as notary public.
+
+8. A _salary_ was formerly an allowance (_that which_ was) given to
+soldiers with which to buy _salt_.
+
+9. A _secretary_ was formerly _one who_ was intrusted with the private
+or _secret_ matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work.
+
+_Ary_ is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning _relating to_; as in,
+arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary,
+military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary.
+
+_Ary_ also means _place where_; as in, granary, infirmary, library,
+seminary, sanctuary.
+
+
+#ate# = having.
+
+1. _corpor_ ate, body
+2. de _sper_ ate, hope
+3. ef _femin_ ate, woman
+4. _fortun_ ate, luck
+5. in _anim_ ate, breath
+6. _cord_ ate, heart
+7. _cruci_ ate, cross
+8. _cuspid_ ate, point
+9. _dent_ ate, tooth
+10. _glomer_ ate, ball
+11. _labi_ ate, lip
+12. _lun_ ate, moon
+13. _pin_ (n) ate, feather
+14. _serr_ ate, saw
+15. _sagitt_ ate, arrow
+16. _stell_ ate, star
+
+1. _Corporate_ means _having_ a _body_. (See incorporate, second
+month, page 18.)
+
+2. _Having_ no _hope_; as, "Continued misfortune had rendered him
+_desperate_."
+
+3. _Effeminate._ _Having_ the qualities of a _woman_; soft, delicate,
+to an unmanly degree. Applied to men.
+
+5. _Inanimate._ _Not having breath_; without life.
+
+6. _Cordate._ _Having_ the shape of a _heart_; as a cordate leaf.
+
+
+#pel, puls# = drive.
+
+1. _com_ pel, together
+2. compuls _ion_, act of
+3. _dis_ pel, apart
+4. _ex_ pel, out
+5. expuls _ion_, act of
+6. _im_ pel, on
+7. _im_ pulse, on
+8. pulse
+9. _pro_ pel, forward
+10. _re_ pel, back
+11. _re_ pulse, back
+12. repuls _ive_, quality
+
+1. To _compel_, literally means to _drive together_; as a herd (a
+Latinism and rare). To _drive_ or urge with force.
+
+8. The _pulse_ is caused by _driving_ the blood through the arteries.
+
+12. A person is _repulsive_ when he has _qualities_ which tend to
+_drive_ others _back_ or away.
+
+
+#pend, pens# = hang.
+
+1. _ap_ pend, to
+2. append _age_, that which
+3. _de_ pend, from
+4. depend _ent_, one who
+5. depend _ence_, state or quality of
+6. _in_ dependence, not
+7. independ_ent_, one who
+8. _im_ pend, over
+9. pend _ant_, that which
+10. pendulum
+11. _per_ pendicular, through
+12. _sus_ pend, under
+13. suspend _ers_, that which
+14. suspens _ion_, state of
+
+1. _Append._ To _hang_ or attach _to_.
+
+2. An _appendage_ is _that which hangs to_ something as a part of it.
+"This little pensive _appendage_ or tender (the moon) to our fuming
+engine of an earth."--_De Quincey._
+
+3. _Depend._ To _hang from_; to be fastened or attached to something
+above; to rely upon.
+
+4. A _dependent_ is _one who hangs_ (figuratively), or relies on
+another for support.
+
+8. _Impend._ To _hang over_, be ready to fall; threaten. "We seriously
+consider the dreadful judgments that now _impend_ the nation."--_Penn._
+
+9. A _pendant_ is _that which hangs_ from something else; as, an
+earring or a tassel.
+
+10. The _pendulum_ of a clock _hangs_ and swings to and fro.
+
+11. A plumb line is a line _perpendicular_ to the horizon, _hanging_
+(_through_ the air).
+
+12. _Suspend._ To _hang under_ or from beneath.
+
+13. _Suspenders_ are _that_ from _which_ trousers are _hung_.
+
+
+#ped (pod)# = foot.
+
+1. _anti_ podes, against
+2. _bi_ ped, two
+3. _centi_ ped, hundred
+4. _ex_ pedite, out
+5. expedi _ent_, that which
+6. _im_ pede, in
+7. impedi _ment_, that which
+8. ped _al_, pertaining to
+9. peddl _er_, one who
+10. pede _stal_, stand
+11. pedestr _ian_, one who
+12. pedun _cle_, little
+13. _quadru_ ped, four
+14. _tri_ pod, three
+15. _octo_ pus, eight
+16. pedi _gree_, crane
+
+1. See fourth month, page 25.
+
+2. _Biped._ A _two-footed_ animal, as man.
+
+3. _Centiped._ An animal so called from having a great many _feet_
+(indefinitely a _hundred_).
+
+4. _Expedite._ Literally, to take the _feet out_ of entanglement;
+hence, to hasten.
+
+6. _Impede._ Literally, to entangle the _feet_. To obstruct the
+progress, motion, or effect of.
+
+8. _The pedal_ is something made to be moved by the _feet_.
+
+9. A _peddler_, literally, is a trader _who_ travels on _foot_.
+
+10. _Pedestal._ That which forms the base (_standing_ place for the
+_feet_) of a statue, column, vase, etc.
+
+12. A _peduncle_ is a (_little_) _foot_stalk of a flower or leaf.
+
+15. An _octopus_ is an _eight-footed_ or armed cuttlefish.
+
+16. _Pedigree_ means, literally, _crane's foot_. Why so called is
+uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of
+the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot.
+(Compare _crow's foot_, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.)
+
+
+#pon, pos# = place, put.
+
+1. _ap_ position, to
+2. _com_ pose, together
+3. compos _ite_, being
+4. composit _ion_, act of
+5. compon _ent_, that which
+6. _com_ pound, together
+7. _de_ pose, down
+8. _de_ posit, down (away)
+9. deposit _ory_, place where
+10. _dis_ pose, apart
+11. _ex_ pose, out
+12. _im_ pose, upon
+13. _inter_ pose, between
+14. _im_ post, upon
+15. im post _or_, one who
+16. _op_ pose, (ob.) against
+17. oppos _ite_, being
+18. posit _ion_, state of being
+19. _pro_ pose, before
+20. _trans_ pose, across
+
+1. One word is in _apposition_ to another when it is _placed_ near
+_to_ it, by way of explanation.
+
+3. _Being_ made by _putting together_ separate parts or elements; as,
+a _composite_ flower.
+
+5. One of the several parts or elements _which_, when _placed
+together_, form the whole, is a _component_ part.
+
+6. To _compound_ is to _put_ or mix _together_ two or more elements or
+ingredients.
+
+8. To _put away_ for safe keeping; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank.
+
+10. To _dispose_ of anything is to _put_ it _apart_ from one; to get
+rid of it.
+
+11. To _place out_ where all may see; to uncover; as, to _expose_
+fraud.
+
+15. An _impostor_ is _one who puts_ burdens _on_ others; commonly
+applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving
+others.
+
+18. _Position._ The manner in which a thing is _placed_; the _state of
+being placed_.
+
+20. To _transpose_ a quantity from one side of an equation to another
+is to _place_ it _across_.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _arct_ ic, bear
+2. _aromat_ ic, spice
+3. _civ_ ic, citizen
+4. _class_ ic, first class
+5. _com_ ic, revelry
+6. _democrat_ ic, rule of the people
+7. _despot_ ic, master
+8. _domest_ ic, house
+9. _empir_ ic, experience
+10. _metr_ ic, measure
+11. _numer_ ic, number
+12. _phon_ ic, sound
+13. _prosa_ ic, prose
+14. _plast_ ic, form
+15. _graph_ ic, write
+
+1. _Arctic_ literally means _pertaining to_ the _Bear_; i. e. the
+northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence,
+pertaining to the northern polar regions.
+
+2. _Aromatic._ _Pertaining to_ an agreeable or _spicy_ odor; fragrant.
+
+3. One's _civic_ duties are those _pertaining to_ him as a _citizen_,
+in distinction from those as a soldier.
+
+4. _Classic pertains to_ what is _first class_ in literature or art,
+especially that of the Greeks and Romans.
+
+5. _Comic pertains to revelry_; to what provokes mirth; as a _comic_
+song.
+
+9. _Empiric pertains to experience_, or what is founded on experience;
+relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific
+knowledge.
+
+13. _Prosaic_ means _pertaining to prose_; especially to that which
+lacks animation or interest.
+
+14. _Plastic_ means _pertaining to_ the process of _forming_ or
+modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form.
+
+15. _Graphic_ means _pertaining to_ the art of _writing_ or drawing. A
+_graphic_ illustration is generally in the form of a drawing.
+
+
+#id# = (ness) quality, condition.
+
+1. _ac_ id, sour
+2. _flor_ id, flower
+3. _flu_ id, flow
+4. _frig_ id, cold
+5. in _sip_ id, taste
+6. in _trep_ id, tremble
+7. _luc_ id, light
+8. _morb_ id, disease
+9. _pal_(l) id, pale
+10. _splend_ id, shine
+11. _tep_ id, warm
+12. _torr_ id, parch
+13. _torp_ id, numb
+14. _viv_ id, life
+
+1. The distinguishing _quality_ of _acid_ is its _sour_ness.
+
+2. Having the _quality_ or appearance of _flowers_; specifically,
+flushed with red; as a _florid_ countenance.
+
+5. That which is _insipid_ has _not_ those _qualities_ which affect
+the _taste_; tasteless.
+
+6. An _intrepid_ person is brave and daring; he does _not tremble_
+with _fear_.
+
+13. _Torpid._ _Benumbed_; insensible; inactive; as an animal in
+hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep.
+
+
+#ity# = state or quality of being.
+
+1. _alacr_ ity, lively
+2. _brev_ ity, short
+3. _enm_ ity, enemy
+4. _fidel_ ity, faith
+5. _mortal_ ity, death
+6. _rotund_ ity, wheel
+7. _sanct_ ity, holy
+8. _seren_ ity, calm
+9. _tranquil_ (l)ity, quiet
+10. _un_ ity, one
+11. _util_ ity, use
+12. _veloc_ ity, swift
+
+5. _Mortality._ _State of being_ subject to _death_; frequency of
+death; hence the death-rate.
+
+
+#ive# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+2. _alter_ native, other
+3. _capt_ ive, take
+4. con _nect_ ive, bind
+5. ex _ecut_ ive, follow
+6. ex _plet_ ive, fill
+7. _fugit_ ive, flee
+8. in _finit_ ive, limit
+9. loco_mot_ive, move
+10. _nat_ ive, born
+11. _negat_ ive, deny
+12. _posit_ ive, place
+
+1. (_ad_, to) An _adjective_ is a word _which_ is added (_thrown_)
+_to_ a noun to qualify its meaning.
+
+2. _Alternative_ in the plural means two things of _which one_ or the
+_other_ may be taken as a choice.
+
+5. The _executive_ of a state or nation is the _one whose_ duty it is
+to _follow out_ the decrees of the law making bodies; i. e. to see
+that the laws are obeyed.
+
+6. An _expletive_ is _that_ word _which fills out_ the sentence that
+contains it; as an _expletive_ adverb.
+
+8. (_in_, not) An _infinitive_ is _that_ verb _which_ is _not limited_
+by person and number.
+
+9. (_loco_, place) A _locomotive_ is _that which_ can _move_ cars from
+_place_ to place.
+
+12. The _positive_ is _that which_ has a real standing _place_. Not
+admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated.
+
+
+#ment# = act of, that which.
+
+1. com _ple_ ment, fill
+2. _fila_ ment, thread
+3. _frag_ment, break
+4. _gar_ment, protect
+5. im_pedi_ ment, foot
+6. in_duce_ment, lead
+7. _liga_ ment, bind
+8. _monu_ ment, remind
+9. _orna_ ment, deck
+10. re_fresh_ ment, new
+
+1. _That which fills_ or _completes_.
+
+2. A _filament_ is _that which_ is _thread_like; as, the filament of
+silk, or flax.
+
+5. Literally, an _impediment_ is _that which_ entangles the _feet_;
+hence, that which hinders or interferes.
+
+10. _Refreshments_ consist of _that which_ makes one fresh or _new
+again_.
+
+
+#tang, tact, tig# = touch.
+
+1. _con_ tact, together
+2. contag_ion_, act of
+3. contag _ious_, quality of
+4. contamin _ate_, to make
+5. contigu _ity_, state of being
+6. contigu_ous_, quality of
+7. _en_ tire, not
+8. _in_ teger, not
+9. integr _al_, relating to
+10. integr _ity_, state of being
+11. tact
+12. _in_ tact, not
+13. tact _ile_, relating to
+14. tang_ent_, that which
+15. tang _ible_, capable of
+16. _in_ tangible, not
+
+1. The coming _together_ of two bodies; _touching_.
+
+2. The _act of_ communicating disease by the _touch_.
+
+3. Having the _quality of_ being imparted by _touch_; catching; as,
+_contagious_ diseases.
+
+4. To _contaminate_ is to make impure by mixture (_touching
+together_).
+
+5. _Contiguity_ is the _state of being_ within _touching_ distance.
+
+7. _Entire._ Whole or complete; _not touched_.
+
+8. An _integer_ is a complete or _not touched_ whole; a whole number.
+
+10. _State_ of _being untouched_ or unimpaired; freedom from
+corruption or impurity; as, _integrity_ of character.
+
+11. _Tact_ is skill in _touching_; nice perception or discernment in
+dealing with others.
+
+12. _Intact._ _Not touched_, especially by anything that misplaces,
+harms, or defiles.
+
+13. _Tactile._ _Relating to_ the sense of _touch_.
+
+14. A _tangent_ is a line _which touches_ a curve.
+
+15. Anything is _tangible_ when it is _capable of_ being _touched_, or
+perceived by senses.
+
+
+#tempor# = time.
+
+1. contempor _ary_, one who
+2. contemporane_ous_, quality of
+3. _ex_ tempore, out
+4. tempor _al_, relating to
+5. tempor _ary_, that which
+6. temporari _ly_, state of being
+7. tempor _ize_, do
+8. tense
+9. tempus _fugit_, flies
+
+1. (_con_, together) _One who_ lives at the same _time together_ with
+another is his _contemporary_; occurring or existing at the same time.
+
+3. _Extempore_ means, literally, _out_ of the _moment_. On the spur of
+the moment; without previous study or preparation.
+
+4. _Relating to time_ as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as,
+our _temporal_ affairs.
+
+5. _That which_ lasts for a brief _time_ only; not permanent; as, a
+_temporary_ scaffolding.
+
+7. To _temporize_ is to comply with the _time_ or occasion; to yield
+to the current of opinion or circumstances; to "_do_ as the _times_
+do".
+
+8. The modification of verbs to indicate _time_, is called _tense_.
+
+9. _Tempus fugit_ is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It
+means, literally, _time flies_.
+
+
+#ten, tent, tain# = hold.
+
+1. _abs_ tain, from
+2. _con_ tain, together
+3. _de_ tain, from
+4. detent _ion_, act of
+5. _main_ tain, hand
+6. _re_ tain, back
+7. _sus_ tain, (sub) under
+8. ten _ant_, one who
+9. tenet
+10. ten _able_, capable of
+11. ten_acious_, quality of
+12. ten_ure_, that which
+
+1. To _abstain_ from drink is to _hold from_ it, to refrain
+voluntarily.
+
+2. A vessel _contains_ a liquid when it _holds_ its particles
+_together_.
+
+3. To _detain_ the wages of a laborer is to _hold_ them _from_ him
+after they are due.
+
+5. _Maintain_ literally means to _hold_ by the _hand_; to preserve
+from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to _maintain_
+one's ground in battle.
+
+7. _Sustain._ To _hold_ up from _beneath_; to uphold; to support; to
+endure.
+
+8. A _tenant_ is _one who holds_ land under another.
+
+9. A _tenet_ is an opinion or doctrine _held_ as true.
+
+10. _Tenable._ _Capable of_ being _held_; as ground taken for
+argument.
+
+11. _Tenacious._ Having the _quality_ of _holding_ fast.
+
+12. One's _tenure_ of office is _that_ time during _which_ he _holds_
+office.
+
+
+#terr# = earth.
+
+1. _in_ ter, in
+2. inter _ment_, act of
+3. _sub_ terranean, under
+4. terr _ace_, that which
+5. terra _cotta_, baked
+6. terrestri _al_, relating to
+7. terr _ier_, that which
+8. territ _ory_, relating to
+9. _Medi_ terranean, middle
+10. Terra del _Fuego_, fire
+11. Terre _Haute_, high
+12. terra _firma_, firm
+
+1. To bury _in_ the _earth_; as a dead body.
+
+3. Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the _earth_; as
+_subterranean_ forests--buried forests.
+
+4. A _terrace_ is a long mound or raised portion of _earth_.
+
+5. _Terra cotta_ is literally _baked earth_. A species of hard pottery
+used in building; ornamentation.
+
+6. _Terrestrial._ _Relating to_ the _earth_, earthly.
+
+7. A _terrier_ is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their
+propensity to scratch the ground or _earth_ in pursuit of prey.
+
+8. _Territory._ _Relating to_ the _earth_; a large extent or tract of
+land.
+
+9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the _middle_
+of the _land_. In the middle of the ancient known world.
+
+10. Terra del _Fuego_ means literally the land of fire (_del_, of).
+
+11. _Terre Haute_ means _high land_. A city in Indiana situated on
+high land.
+
+12. _Terra firma_ is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It
+means _firm land_.
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ac# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _cardi_ ac, heart
+2. _demoni_ ac, demon
+3. _mani_ ac, mad
+4. _zodi_ ac, animal
+
+1. _Cardiac._ _Pertaining to_ or resembling the _heart_; exciting
+action in the heart.
+
+2. _Demoniac._ _Pertaining to demons_; one possessed of an evil
+spirit; a lunatic.
+
+3. _Maniac._ Raving with _madness_; crazy; insane.
+
+4. _Zodiac._ _Pertaining to_ the imaginary _animals_ figured in the
+twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun.
+
+
+#ics# = science of.
+
+1. _civ_ ics, citizen
+2. _eth_ ics, character
+3. _econom_ ics, (see below)
+4. _mechan_ ics, machine
+5. _opt_ ics, see
+6. _phys_ ics, nature
+7. _phon_ ics, sound
+8. _polit_ ics, city
+
+1. _Civics._ The _Science_ which treats of _citizen_ship.
+
+2. _Ethics._ The _science_ of right conduct--of _character_-building.
+
+3. _Economics_ literally means, the science of _managing_ the
+_household_; the science of the production and distribution of wealth,
+or the means of living well.
+
+4. _Mechanics._ The _science of machinery_, or the theory of machines.
+
+5. _Optics._ The _science_ which treats of light and _vision_, and all
+that is connected with the phenomena of sight.
+
+6. _Physics._ The _science_ which treats _of_ the forces of _nature_;
+as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity.
+
+7. _Phonics._ The _science of sound_; especially of sounds produced by
+the human voice.
+
+8. _Politics._ The _science_ which treats of the government of states
+and _cities_.
+
+
+#ism# = state of being, theory of.
+
+1. _altru_ ism, other
+2. _barbar_ ism, foreign
+3. _ego_ tism, self, I
+4. _commun_ ism, common
+5. _hero_ ism, hero
+6. _hypnot_ ism, sleep
+7. _organ_ ism, organ
+8. _sensual_ ism, sense
+
+1. _Altruism._ The _theory_ that devotion to the interests of _others_
+is the highest good.
+
+2. _Barbarism._ The _state_ of _being foreign_; rude in point of
+manners, arts and literature.
+
+3. _Egotism._ The _state of being self_-centered, self-conceited, and
+unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic.
+
+4. _Communism._ A _theory of_ government and social order according to
+which property is held in _common_, and the profits of all labor
+devoted to the general good.
+
+5. The _state of being_ a _hero_ or having heroic qualities; as, lofty
+aim, fearlessness, fortitude.
+
+6. _Hypnotism._ An artificially induced _state of sleep_, in which the
+mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction.
+
+7. _Organism._ The _state of being_ composed of different _organs_ or
+parts, working together and each necessary to the whole.
+
+8. _Sensual_ism. The _state_ which regards the gratification of the
+_senses_ as the highest good.
+
+
+#y# = state of being.
+
+1. a _path_ y, feel
+2. _anti_ pathy, against
+3. an _arch_ y, rule
+4. bi _gam_ y, marriage
+5. eu _phon_ y, sound
+6. melan _chol_ y, bile
+7. mis _anthrop_ y, mankind
+8. _phil_ anthrop y, love
+9. mono _pol_y, sell
+10. _poly_ gam y, many
+11. _sym_ path y, with
+
+1. _Apathy_ (a = without). _State of being without feeling_; lack of
+interest; mental indifference; sluggishness.
+
+2. _Antipathy._ A _state of feeling against_ or antagonistic to a
+person or thing; as, _antipathy_ to spiders.
+
+3. _Anarchy_ (an = without). _State of being without rule_; social and
+political disorder.
+
+4. _Bigamy_ (bi = two). _State of being married twice_; having two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+5. _Euphony_ (eu = well). _State of being_ agreeable in _sound_;
+_well_-sounding.
+
+6. _Melancholy_ (melan = black). _State of having black bile_; gloomy
+state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition.
+
+7. _Misanthropy_ (mis = hatred). _State of having hatred_ for
+_mankind_; ill will for people in general.
+
+9. _Monopoly_ (mono = one). _State of having_ the exclusive (_sole_)
+privilege or power to _sell_ an article at a certain place and time.
+
+11. _Sympathy._ _State of feeling with_ another (as he feels) on
+account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy.
+
+NOTE.--The suffix _y_ has the same meaning in the following words.
+They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no
+simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny,
+chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly,
+showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy.
+
+
+#chron# = time.
+
+1. chron _ic_, pertaining to
+2. chronicl _er_, one who
+3. chron _ology_, science of
+4. chrono _meter_, measure
+5. _syn_ chron ous, together
+6. ana chron _ism_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to time_; continuing a long time, as a _chronic_
+disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress.
+
+2. _Chronicler._ _One who_ records events in the order of their
+occurrence in _time_.
+
+3. _Chronology._ The _science of_ ascertaining the true historic order
+(in _time_) of past events and their exact dates.
+
+4. _Chronometer._ Any instrument for _measuring time_; as, clock,
+watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on
+vessels for determining longitude.
+
+5. _Synchronous._ Occurring _together_ in _time_; happening or
+existing at the same time.
+
+6. _Anachronism_ (ana = back). Any error in respect to dates.
+Literally, _state of being_ placed at a wrong _time_. The significance
+of _ana_ in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was,
+the referring of an event to a _time back_ of its correct date.
+
+
+#ge# = earth.
+
+1. geo _graph_ y, write
+2. geo _logy_, science of
+3. geo _metr_ y, measure
+4. Ge_orge_, (erg) work
+
+1. _Geography._ A description (_writing_) of the _earth_ and its
+inhabitants.
+
+2. _Geology._ The _science_ which treats of the structure of the
+_earth_; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys,
+mountains, etc.
+
+3. _Geometry._ That branch of mathematics which treats of the
+measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because
+one of its earliest and most important applications was to the
+_measurement_ of the _earth's_ surface.
+
+4. _George._ A tiller (_worker_) of the _earth_; a farmer.
+
+NOTE 1.--Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form
+are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize,
+geologist.
+
+NOTE 2.--_O_ is no part of the root. It is the "wedding ring" that
+ties roots of families together.
+
+
+#graph# = write.
+
+1. _auto_ graph, self
+2. _bio_ graphy, life
+3. _chiro_ graphy, hand
+4. _tri_ graph, three
+5. graph_ic_, pertaining to
+6. graphite
+7. _litho_ graph, stone
+8. _mono_ graph, single
+9. ortho _graphy_, right
+10. _para_ graph, beside
+11. _phono_ graph, sound
+12. _photo_ graphy, light
+13. _steno_ graphy, narrow
+14. _topo_ graphy, place
+
+6. _Graphite_ is a mineral used in lead pencils for _writing_.
+
+7. _Lithograph._ A _writing_ on _stone_ [Rare]. Made by printing
+(_writing_) from _stone_; as a picture.
+
+8. _Monograph._ A _written_ account or description of a _single_
+thing, or class of things.
+
+9. _Orthography._ The art of _writing_ words correctly (_right_), or
+according to standard usage.
+
+10. _Paragraph._ (See fifth month, page 29.)
+
+12. A _photograph_ is produced by the action of _light_ (_writing_, as
+it were,) upon chemically prepared paper.
+
+13. _Stenography_ is short (in a somewhat vague sense _narrow_) hand
+_writing_.
+
+14. _Topography._ A _written_ description of a particular _place_,
+town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical
+features of a locality.
+
+
+#log, logy# = speech, reason, science of.
+
+1. logic
+2. logic _ian_, one who
+3. _apo_ logy, from
+4. _chrono_ logy, time
+5. _deca_ logue, ten
+6. _dia_ logue, between
+7. _epi_logue, upon
+8. _eu_ logy, well
+9. eulog _ize_, act of
+10. _geo_ logy, earth
+11. _mono_ logue, single
+12. _myth_ ology, fable
+13. _ornith_ ology, bird
+14. _psych_ ology, soul
+15. _pro_ logue, before
+16. _theo_ logy, God
+17. _dox_ ology, praise
+18. _zoo_ logy, animal
+
+1. _Logic._ The science of _reason_.
+
+3. An _apology_ is a _speech_ in defense of what appears to others
+wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief _from_ blame.
+
+5. _Decalogue._ The _ten_ commandments (_speeches_) given to Moses on
+Mount Sinai.
+
+7. _Epilogue._ A _speech_ or poem at the end of an argument or
+address; a speech _upon_ (on top of, or in addition to) what has been
+said.
+
+14. _Psychology._ The _science_ which treats of the human _soul_ (mind
+and spirit included) and its operations.
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+#ad# = to, toward.
+
+(ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as _ad_. The
+consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.)
+
+1. ad _dress_, direct
+2. ad _equate_, equal
+3. ad _here_, stick
+4. adher _ent_, one who
+5. a _dieu_, God
+6. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+7. ad _journ_, day
+8. ad _mon_ ish, warning
+9. ad _apt_, fit
+10. ad _opt_, choose
+11. ad _vent_, come
+12. ad _vert_ ise, turn
+13. ag _greg_ ate, flock
+14. al _lure_, entice
+15. an _nex_, bind
+16. ap _pend_, hang
+17. af _fix_, fasten
+18. ar _rive_, bank
+19. as _sail_, leap
+20. at _tach_, fasten
+
+1. To _address_ a letter is to _direct_ it _to_ its destination.
+
+2. One is _adequate_ to a duty or occasion when _equal to_ it.
+
+3. To _adhere_ is to _stick to_; as, a stamp to an envelope.
+
+4. "Every great man has his _adherents_" (_those who stick to_ him).
+
+5. _Adieu._ A farewell; a commendation _to_ the care of _God_.
+
+6. An _adjective_ is a word added (in a sense _thrown_) _to_ a noun to
+modify its meaning.
+
+7. _Adjourn._ To put off _to_ another _day_, or indefinitely.
+
+8. To _admonish_ is to give a friendly _warning to_; to give advice.
+
+9. To _adapt_ is to _fit to_ a certain purpose.
+
+10. To _adopt_ is to _choose_ (_to_ one's self); as to _adopt_ a
+child.
+
+11. _Advent._ The second _coming_ of Christ (_to_ the earth).
+
+12. To _advertise_ goods is to cause the public to _turn_ their
+attention _to_ them.
+
+13. To _aggregate_ is to collect _into_ a _flock_; to collect into a
+mass or sum.
+
+14. To _allure_ is to attempt to _entice_ or draw (_to_) by the offer
+of some good, real or apparent.
+
+15. To _annex_ is to _bind_, join or add _to_, as a smaller thing to a
+greater.
+
+16. _Append_ means to _hang_ or attach _to_, as by a string.
+
+17. _Affix._ To _fasten to_; to add at the close or end.
+
+18. _Arrive_ literally means to come _to_ the _bank_ or shore (from
+out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or
+result.
+
+19. _Assail._ To _leap toward_; to attack with violence.
+
+20. _Attach._ To _fasten to_; to affix or connect.
+
+
+#ante# = before.
+
+1. ante _ced_ ent, go
+2. ante di _luv_ ian, wash
+3. ante _meridi_ an, midday
+4. ante pen _ult_, last
+
+1. _Antecedent._ That which _goes before_ in time.
+
+2. _Antediluvian_ (di = away) (ian = one who). _One who_ lived
+_before_ the flood (_wash away_).
+
+3. _Antemeridian._ _Before_ the _middle_ of the _day_. Generally
+abbreviated to A. M.
+
+4. _Antepenult_ (pen = almost). _Before almost_ the _last_. The last
+syllable of a word but two.
+
+
+#bi (bis)# = two (twice).
+
+1. bi _ceps_, head
+2. bi _cuspid_, point
+3. bi _cycle_, circle.
+4. bi _ennial_, year
+5. bi _gamy_, marriage
+6. bi _mana_, hand
+7. bi _nomi_al, name or term
+8. bi _ped_, foot
+9. bis _cuit_, cook
+10. bi _sect_, cut
+11. bi _valve_, door
+12. ba _lance_, plate
+
+1. The _biceps_ is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called
+because it has _two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. The _bicuspid_ teeth have _two points_.
+
+3. A _bicycle_ has _two_ wheels or _circles_.
+
+4. _Biennial_ means lasting _two years_ or occurring once in two
+years.
+
+5. A _bigamist_ is one who has been _married twice_, and who has two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+6. The _bimana_ are animals having _two hands_; as man.
+
+7. A _binomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _two terms_.
+
+8. A _biped_ is an animal having but _two feet_; as man.
+
+9. _Biscuit_ were so called because formerly baked or _cooked twice_.
+
+10. To _bisect_ a line is to _cut_ it into _two_ equal parts.
+
+11. _Bivalve._ Having _two doors_; as the clam. (Each side or shell is
+comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.)
+
+12. _Balances_ are so called because they consist of _two plates_ or
+pans suspended from the balance beam.
+
+
+#con (col com cor)# = with, together.
+
+1. col _lapse_, slip, fall
+2. col _lect_, choose, gather
+3. col _lide_, strike
+4. col _loquy_, talk
+5. com _mingle_, mix
+6. com _miser_ate, pity
+7. com _motion_, move
+8. com _mute_, change
+9. com _pany_, bread
+10. com _posit_ion, put
+11. com _peer_ (_par_), equal
+12. con _cur_, run
+13. con _fide_, faith
+14. con _cord_, heart
+15. con _flict_, strike
+16. con _greg_ate, flock
+17. con _tact_, touch
+18. cor _robor_ ate, strength
+
+1. A building _collapses_ when its sides _fall together_; when it
+tumbles down.
+
+2. To _collect_ botanical specimens is to _gather_ them _together_.
+
+3. Two objects _collide_ when they _strike together_.
+
+4. A _colloquy_ is a _talking together_ of two or more people.
+
+5. _Commingle_ means to _mix together_; as people in society.
+
+6. _Commiserate._ To feel sorrow, pain or _pity_ (_with_ another).
+
+7. A _commotion_ is a _moving together_; a tumult.
+
+8. _Commute._ To _change_ one thing (_with_) for another; to exchange.
+To substitute a less thing for a greater.
+
+9. _Company_ formerly meant an assembly of people eating _bread
+together_.
+
+10. _Composition._ The act of _putting_ parts _together_ to produce a
+harmonious whole.
+
+11. One's _compeer_ is the _equal with_ himself in rank, age, prowess,
+etc.
+
+12. Two people _concur_ in regard to a matter when their minds _run
+together_; when they agree.
+
+13. To _confide_ in one is to have _faith_ in him; to intrust secrets
+_with_ him.
+
+14. _Concord_ means literally _heart with_ heart; agreement; harmony.
+
+15. _Conflict._ A _striking together_; hostile contest.
+
+16. To _congregate_ means to _flock_ or assemble _together_.
+
+17. _Contact._ A _touching together_; a close union of bodies.
+
+18. _Corroborate._ To _strengthen_; to make more certain; to confirm.
+Two statements _corroborate_ when one agrees _with_ the other; each
+thus _strengthens_ the other.
+
+
+#de# = down, from.
+
+1. de _capi_ tate, head
+2. de _cid_ uous, fall
+3. de _fine_, end, limit
+4. de _grade_, step, degree
+5. de _ject_ ed, cast
+6. de _pose_, place put
+7. de _preci_ ate, price
+8. de _scend_, climb
+9. de _spic_ able, look
+10. de _tract_, draw
+
+1. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body; to behead.
+
+2. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ (_down_) once a year.
+
+3. _Define._ To put _down_, or mark out the bounds or _limit_; to
+fence _from_; to determine the precise meaning; to describe
+accurately.
+
+4. _Degrade._ To reduce from a higher (_down_) to a lower rank or
+_degree_.
+
+5. _Dejected._ _Cast down_ in spirit; discouraged.
+
+6. _Depose._ To _put down_; especially to remove from a throne or high
+station.
+
+7. _Depreciate._ To put _down_ the _price_; to reduce the value of.
+
+8. _Descend._ To _climb down_.
+
+9. _Despicable._ Deserving to be _looked down_ upon; low, mean,
+contemptible.
+
+10. _Detract._ To _draw from_; to take away; as, to take credit or
+reputation from.
+
+
+#capt (caput)# = head.
+
+1. _bi_ ceps, two
+2. capit _al_, pertaining to
+3. capt _ain_, one who
+4. capit ul _ate_, act of
+5. _de_ capitate, from
+6. cab(b) _age_, that which
+7. _per_ capita, by
+8. cap.
+9. cape
+
+1. _Biceps._ A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has
+_two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _head_; chief; principal; as the _capital_
+city.
+
+3. _One who_ is at the _head_; a leader; as the _captain_ of a vessel,
+or a company of soldiers.
+
+4. _Capitulate._ To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to
+draw up items under _heads_ or chapters.
+
+5. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body.
+
+6. _Cabbage._ A vegetable _which_ has a _head_.
+
+7. _By_ the _head_; as a _per capita_ tax.
+
+8. A _cap_ is a covering for the _head_.
+
+9. A _cape_ is a _head_ of land.
+
+
+#cede, ced, cess# = go, yield.
+
+1. _ac_cede, to
+2. _ante_cedent, before
+3. _ex_ceed, out, beyond
+4. _inter_cede, between
+5. _pre_cede, before
+6. _pro_ceed, forward
+7. _re_cede, back
+8. _se_cede, aside
+9. _suc_ceed, (sub) after, under
+10. access
+11. an (te) cestor
+12. excess
+13. intercessor
+14. predecessor
+15. process
+16. recess
+17. secession
+18. successor
+
+1. _Accede._ To _yield to_; to agree; consent, concur; go to.
+
+2. The _antecedent_ of a pronoun is the noun which _goes before_ it,
+and for which the pronoun stands.
+
+3. _Exceed._ To _go beyond_ what is needed or expected.
+
+4. To _go between_ two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with
+the person who has some advantage over the other.
+
+5. _Precede._ To _go before_ in order of time.
+
+6. To _go_ on or _forward_; as _proceed_ with your work.
+
+7. _Recede._ To _go back_ from a given position.
+
+8. To _go aside_; to separate; as to _secede_ from the church.
+
+9. To _go_ or follow _after_ in order of time; as, one shock
+_succeeded_ another with great rapidity.
+
+NOTE 1.--The principal parts of the Latin verb are _cedo_, _cedere_,
+_cessi_, _cessum_. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are
+kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9.
+
+NOTE 2.--Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled
+_ceed_, in the others _cede_.
+
+
+#cent#--hundred.
+
+1. cent _enni_ al, year
+2. centi _grade_, step, degree
+3. centi _meter_, measure
+4. centi _ped_, foot
+5. _per_ cent, by
+
+1. Happening once in a _hundred years_. The _Centennial_ Exposition
+was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing
+of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+2. Divided into one _hundred degrees_. On the _centigrade_ thermometer
+there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the
+boiling point.
+
+3. _Centimeter._ The _hundredth_ part of a meter (standard of
+_measure_).
+
+4. _Centiped._ A segmented invertebrate animal of the class nyrapod
+(Greek for _many feet_), so called because it has a great many
+(indefinitely one _hundred_) _feet_.
+
+5. _By_ the _hundred_; as, six _per cent_; that is, six cents on the
+dollar.
+
+
+#civ# = citizen.
+
+1. _civ_ic, pertaining to
+2. civ _il_, quality of
+3. civil _ize_, to make
+4. civil _ian_, one who
+
+1. _Civic._ _Pertaining to_ a _citizen_, or the affairs of a city.
+
+2. _Civil._ Fit to live in a state or society with _citizens_.
+
+3. _Civilize._ To _make civil_. To instruct in the arts and customs of
+_citizen_ship.
+
+4. A _civilian_ is _one whose_ pursuits are those of a _citizen_ and
+not of a _soldier_.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#ex# = out, beyond, from.
+
+(_e_, _ec_, and _ef_, are euphonic variations of _ex_.)
+
+1. ex _ceed_, go
+2. ex _cept_, take
+3. ex _clude_, shut
+4. ex _curs_ion, run
+5. ex _cuse_, charge
+6. ex _hale_, breathe
+7. ex _it_, go
+8. ex _pand_, spread
+9. ex _pect_, look
+10. ex _ped_ ite, foot
+11. ex _pel_, drive
+12. ex _pire_, breathe
+13. ex _port_, carry
+14. ex _tent_, stretch
+15. ex _tract_, draw
+
+5. To _excuse_ is to relieve (take _out_) from the _charge_ of blame.
+
+10. To _expedite_ is to hurry forward; especially by removing
+hinderances (as _from_ the _feet_).
+
+
+#in (il, im, ir)# = in, into, on, not.
+
+1. il _leg_ al, law
+2. il _liter_ ate, letter
+3. im _bibe_, drink
+4. im _mature_, ripe
+5. im _mense_, measure
+6. im _merse_, plunge
+7. im _mort_ al, death
+8. im _mut_ able, change
+9. im _pel_, drive
+10. im per _vi_ ous, way
+11. im _pious_, reverent
+12. im _port_, carry
+13. im _pose_, put
+14. im _pulse_, drive
+15. im _pun_ ity, punish
+16. in _carn_ ate, flesh
+17. in _clem_ ent, mild
+18. in _cognito_, known
+19. in _clude_, shut
+20. in _crease_, grow
+21. in _cred_ ible, believe
+22. in _cur_, run
+23. in _dorse_, back
+24. in _duce_, lead
+25. in _del_ ible, rub out
+26. in _dent_, tooth
+27. in _evit_ able, avoid
+28. in _fid_el, faithful
+29. in _fant_, speak
+30. in _grate_, thankful
+31. in _hale_, breathe
+32. in _ject_, throw
+33. in _nate_, born
+34. in _nov_ ate, new
+35. in _sect_, cut
+30. in _spect_, look
+37. in _toxic_ ate, poison
+38. in _trude_, thrust
+39. in _vade_, go
+40. in _vert_, turn
+
+NOTE.--In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the
+prefix from the four given above (_in_, _into_, _on_, _not_) which is
+most suitable; thus: _imbibe_ means to drink _in_; immature, _not_
+ripe; immerse, to plunge _into_; indorse, to write _on_ the back of.
+
+2. An _illiterate_ person is one _not_ familiar with _letters_; one
+who has little or no learning.
+
+5. Literally, anything is _immense_ when it can _not_ be _measured_;
+of vast extent.
+
+7. _Immortal._ _Not_ liable to _death_.
+
+10. Having _no way through_ (per = through); as, cloth which is
+_impervious_ to water; waterproof.
+
+14. An _impulse_ is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to
+_drive_ one _on_ to say or do something.
+
+15. _Not_ liable to _punishment_; freedom from the bad consequences
+which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with
+_impunity_.
+
+16. _In_ the _flesh_; as Christ was the _incarnate_ Son of God.
+
+17. _Not mild_, but harsh and severe; as _inclement_ weather.
+
+18. _Not known_; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman
+traveling _incognito_.
+
+21. A story is _incredible_ when it is _not_ capable of being
+_believed_; unworthy of belief.
+
+26. _Indent._ To cut _into_ points like a row of _teeth_.
+
+29. _Infant._ A young babe (_not_ yet able to _speak_).
+
+35. _Insect._ A small animal apparently _cut into_ segments.
+
+40. _Invert._ To _turn_ the outside _in_; to place in a contrary way.
+
+
+#ob# = against, in the way of.
+
+(_oc_, _of_, _op_, are euphonic variations of _ob_.)
+
+1. ob _ject_, throw
+2. ob _loqu_ y, speak
+3. ob _sta_ cle, stand
+4. ob _struct_, build
+5. ob _trude_, thrust
+6. oc _cupy_, hold
+7. of _fend_, strike
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+
+1. An _objection_ to a proposition is an opinion _thrown against_ or
+in opposition to it.
+
+2. _Obloquy._ A _speaking against_; language that casts contempt on
+men and their actions.
+
+6. To take and _hold_ (_against_ the possession of another); as to
+pre�mpt and _occupy_ a homestead.
+
+
+#post# = after, behind.
+
+1. post _date_, date 2. post _pone_, place 3. post _script_, write 4.
+post _meridian_, midday 5. post _mortem_, death 6. _pre_ poster ous,
+before
+
+6. _Preposterous_ originally meant, having that _first_ which ought to
+be _last_; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present
+day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd.
+
+
+#curr, curs# = run.
+
+1. couri _er_, one who
+2. _con_ cur, together
+3. _con_ course, together
+4. curs _ory_, ing
+5. course
+6. _ex_ curs ion, out
+7. _in_ cur, into
+8. _inter_ course, between
+9. _pre_ curs or, before
+10. _re_ course, back
+
+1. A _courier_ is _one who runs_, or goes hastily with a message.
+
+2. The opinions of people _concur_ when they agree, or _run together_.
+
+3. A _concourse_ is an assemblage of people who have come (or _run_)
+_together_.
+
+4. A _cursory_ glance is a hasty, and hence, a _running_ glance.
+
+5. A race _course_ is a place for _running_.
+
+7. To _incur_ a debt is to _run into_ it.
+
+10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words
+"without _recourse_", says in effect, "You can't _run back_ on me for
+payment".
+
+
+#dent# = tooth.
+
+1. dent
+2. dent _al_, pertaining to
+3. dent _ate_, shaped like
+4. dent _ist_, one who
+5. _e_ dent ate, without
+6. dan _de lion_, of lion
+
+1. A _dent_ is an impression like that made by a _tooth_.
+
+5. _Edentate_ animals, such as the sloth, are _without teeth_, or at
+least are without the incisors.
+
+6. The _dandelion_ has yellow compound flowers which resemble the
+_tooth of_ the _lion_.
+
+
+#dict# = speak, say, tell.
+
+1. _bene_ dict ion, well
+2. _contra_ dict, against
+3. diction _ary_, that which
+4. dict _ate_, act of
+5. _e_ dict, out
+6. _pre_ dict, before
+7. _ver_ dict, truth
+8. _male_ dict ion, bad
+
+1. A _benediction_ is a blessing (a _speech_ to the effect that it may
+be _well_ with thee).
+
+3. A _dictionary_ is a book in _which_ we may learn about words, the
+elements of _speech_.
+
+4. To _dictate_ is to _speak_ or _say_ what another shall _write_ or
+do.
+
+7. The _verdict_ of a jury is what they _say_ to be the _truth_ in the
+case.
+
+
+#doc, doct# = teach.
+
+1. doc _ile_, capable of
+2. doct _or_, one who
+3. doct _rine_, that which
+4. docu _ment_, that which
+
+1. _Docile._ Capable of being easily _taught_.
+
+2. A _doctor_ is _one who_, by virtue of his master's degree, is
+qualified to _teach_.
+
+3. Doctrine is _that which_ is _taught_; a principle taught as a part
+of a system of belief.
+
+4. A _document_ is _that which teaches_ by means of the evidence it
+gives.
+
+
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+
+#pro# = for, forth, forward, before.
+
+1. pro _bat_ ion, try, prove
+2. pro _bosc_ is, feed
+3. pro _crastin_ ate, tomorrow
+4. pro _duce_, lead
+5. pro (f) _fer_, bear, bring
+6. pro _fuse_, pour
+7. pro _gnostic_ ate, know
+8. pro _gram_, write
+9. pro _gress_, step
+10. pro _ject_, cast
+11. pro _logue_, speech
+12. pro _mise_, send
+13. pro _mote_, move
+14. pro _noun_, noun
+15. pro _pel_, drive
+16. pro _pose_, put
+17. pro _spect_, look
+18. pro _trude_, thrust
+19. pro _vide_, see
+20. pro _voke_, call
+
+1. One who joins a church on _probation_ is given a _trial_ to _prove_
+his worthiness _before_ being fully admitted.
+
+2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the _forward_
+portion) of the animal with which he _feeds_.
+
+3. To put _forward_ till _tomorrow_, or to put off from time to time.
+"Procrastination is the thief of time."
+
+6. A _profuse_ speaker _pours forth_ ideas freely.
+
+12. One's _promise_ is his word, spoken or written, _sent forth_ as
+evidence of something more substantial to follow.
+
+16. When a young man _proposes_ he _puts_ the question _before_ his
+lady.
+
+19. A good _provider sees_ necessities _before_hand and prepares to
+meet them.
+
+20. To _provoke_ laughter is to _call_ it _forth_.
+
+
+#retro# = backward.
+
+1. retro _grade_, step
+2. retro _spect_, look
+
+
+#se (sed)# = aside.
+
+1. se _cede_, go
+2. se _clude_, shut
+3. se _cure_, care
+4. se _duce_, lead
+5. se _greg_ ate, flock
+6. se _lect_, gather
+
+3. _Secure._ Free (_aside_) from _care_, as to danger or risk; as,
+_secure_ from attack, or _secure_ against loss by fire.
+
+4. _Seduce._ To _lead_ or draw _aside_; especially from a path of
+rectitude. To lead into evil.
+
+5. _Segregate._ To place or group (_flock_) _aside_ from others or the
+rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class.
+
+
+#sub# = under, after, near.
+
+(_suc_, _suf_, _sug_, _sup_, _sur_, are euphonic variations of _sub_.)
+
+1. sub _due_ lead
+2. sub _jug_ ate, yoke
+3. sub _lunar_, moon
+4. sub _merge_, plunge
+5. sub _ordin_ ate, rank
+6. sub _poena_, penalty
+7. sub _scribe_, write
+8. sub _side_, sit
+9. sub _soil_, ground
+10. sub _stance_, stand
+11. sub _terr_ anean, earth
+12. sub _trahe_ nd, draw
+13. sub _urbs_, city
+14. sub _way_, way
+15. suc _cess_ or, go
+16. suc _cumb_, lie
+17. suf _fer_, bear
+18. suf _fix_, fasten
+19. suf _focate_, throat
+20. sup _port_, carry
+
+1. _Subdue._ To _lead_ or bring _under_ authority; to conquer.
+
+2. _Subjugate._ To bring _under_ the _yoke_ of power or dominion.
+
+3. _Sublunar._ Situated _under_neath the _moon_; hence earthly.
+
+6. _Subpoena._ A writ commanding attendance _under penalty_.
+
+7. _Subscribe._ To bind one's self to, by _writing_ one's name
+_under_neath; as to _subscribe_ to the terms of a contract.
+
+8. _Subside._ To _sit_ (or settle) _under_ (down).
+
+10. _Substance._ That which underlies (_stands under_) all outward
+manifestation.
+
+11. _Subterranean._ Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the
+_earth_.
+
+12. The _subtrahend_ is placed _under_ the minuend to be _drawn_ from
+it.
+
+13. _Suburb._ A town or village so _near_ to a _city_ that it may be
+used for residence by those doing business in the city.
+
+15. _One who goes_ or follows _after_; as, a _successor_ in office.
+
+16. _Succumb._ To _lie under_ discouragement, rather than to surmount
+it.
+
+19. Certain fumes or vapors _under_ the mouth (or _throat_), will
+_suffocate_ one.
+
+20. _Support._ To _carry_ on; keep up; as to _support_ a conversation;
+to _support_ a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up
+from beneath (_under_).
+
+
+#trans# = across, over, through.
+
+1. trans _act_, drive
+2. trans _alpine_, Alps
+3. trans _atlantic_, Atlantic
+4. tran _scend_, climb
+5. tran _scribe_, write
+6. trans _fer_, carry
+7. trans _form_, shape
+8. trans _fuse_, pour
+9. trans _gress_, step
+10. trans _it_, go
+11. trans _late_, carry
+12. trans _lucent_, shining
+13. trans _marine_, sea
+14. trans _migration_, moving
+15. trans _mit_, send
+16. trans _mute_, change
+17. trans _parent_, appear
+18. trans _port_, carry
+19. trans _pose_, put
+20. trans _verse_, turn
+
+The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent
+as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence.
+
+
+#fin# = end, limit.
+
+1. _Final._ _Pertaining to_ the _end_; the last.
+
+2. _Finale._ The _end_ of a musical composition.
+
+3. _Finish._ To _make_ an _end_ of.
+
+4. _Fine._ Well _finished_. Also, a penalty assessed at the _end_ of
+the case.
+
+5. _Refine._ Finished over (or _again_).
+
+6. _Finite._ Having a _limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+7. _Infinite._ Having _no limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+8. _Confine._ To keep _within limits_ or bounds.
+
+9. _Superfine._ _Over_ or extra finish.
+
+
+#firm# = strong, steadfast.
+
+1. _in_firm, not
+2. infirm _ity_, that which
+3. infirm _ary_, place where
+4. _con_ firm, with
+5. farm
+
+1. _Infirm._ _Not strong_, but weak and defective.
+
+2. _Infirmity._ _That_ with _which_ one is afflicted or infirm.
+
+4. The testimony of one witness is made _stronger_ when that of
+another witness agrees _with_ or _confirms_ it.
+
+5. A _farm_ is a substantial possession, _steadfast_ and immovable.
+
+
+#flex, flect# = bend, turn.
+
+1. flex _ible_, capable of
+2. _in_ flexible, not
+3. flexibil _ity_, quality
+4. flect _or_, that which
+5. _circum_ flex, around
+6. _de_ flect, from
+7. _re_ flection, back
+8. _re_ flex, back
+
+4. _That which bends_; as, the biceps muscle is the _flector_ which
+_bends_ the arm.
+
+5. A _circumflex_ is a _bending around_ of the voice,--a rise and a
+fall on the same syllable.
+
+7. _Reflection._ A _turning_ of the thoughts _back_ to things of the
+past.
+
+8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and _turned back_ without
+their reaching the brain results in _reflex_ action.
+
+
+#flu# = flow.
+
+1. flu _ent_, characteristic of
+2. _af_ fluence, (ad) to
+3. _con_ fluence, together
+4. _in_ fluence, in
+5. influenz _a_
+6. _in_ flux, in
+7. _super_ fluous, over
+8. fluid
+9. flush
+
+1. A _fluent_ speaker uses smooth and _flowing_ language.
+
+2. People of _affluence_ have wealth _flowing to_ them.
+
+3. The _confluence_ of two streams is their _flowing together_.
+
+4. _Influence_ literally means _flowing in_. The bringing about a
+result by a gradual process; gradual because _flowing_.
+
+5. _Influenza._ A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly
+attributed to the _influence_ of the stars.
+
+8. A _fluid_ is so called because it is capable of _flowing_.
+
+9. _Flush._ To _flow_ swiftly.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#vice# = instead of.
+
+1. vice president
+2. vice admiral
+3. vice _roy_, king
+4. vic _ar_, one who
+5. vice _versa_, turn
+
+3. _Viceroy._ A ruler acting with kingly authority _instead of_ the
+_king_.
+
+4. _Vicar._ In general, _one who_ is authorized to perform functions,
+especially religious ones, _instead of_ another.
+
+5. _Vice versa._ _Turned_, one _instead of_ the other, interchanged.
+
+
+#a (an)# = without, not.
+
+1. a _byss_, bottom
+2. a _cephal_ ous, head
+3. a _chrom_ atic, color
+4. a _gnostic_ ism, knowledge
+5. an _archy_, rule
+6. an _ecdote_, given out
+7. an _esthetic_, feeling
+8. an _onym_ ous, name
+9. a _pathy_, suffer, feel
+10. a _sylum_, right of seizure
+11. a _the_ ist, God
+12. a _tom_, cut
+
+4. _Agnosticism._ The doctrine or theory that man has _not_ any real
+or absolute _knowledge_ of anything, but can know only "impressions".
+
+5. _Anarchy._ A state of society in which there is _no_ authority or
+_ruling_ power.
+
+6. _Anecdote_ [ec (ex) = out]. Originally a personal or biographical
+incident _not given out_ for publication.
+
+7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an
+_anesthetic_ is _without_ the _feeling_ of pain.
+
+10. _Asylum._ Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors
+were free from (_without_) the _right of seizure_.
+
+11. _Atheist._ _One who_ is _without_ belief in the existence of a
+_God_.
+
+12. _Atom._ The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which
+_cannot_ be further _cut_ or divided.
+
+
+#auto# = self.
+
+1. auto _crat_, rule
+2. auto _graph_, write
+3. auto _bio_ graphy, life
+4. auto _maton_, strive
+5. auto _mobile_, move
+6. aut _ops_ y, see
+
+1. _Autocrat._ An absolute sovereign, one who has the _ruling_ power
+all in him_self_.
+
+3. _Autobiography._ A _writing_ of one's _life_ by him_self_.
+
+4. _Automaton._ A _self_ acting (_striving_) machine; one having its
+motive power within itself.
+
+6. _Autopsy._ _Seeing_ by one's _self_; personal observation or
+examination.
+
+
+#epi# = upon.
+
+1. epi _cycle_, circle
+2. epi _demic_, people
+3. epi _dermis_, skin
+4. epi _gram_, write
+5. epi _sode_, way
+6. epi _taph_, tomb
+7. epi _thet_, place
+8. epi _zo�tic_, animal
+
+1. _Epicycle._ A circle whose center moves around _upon_, or in, the
+circumference of another _circle_; as the orbit of the moon in its
+motion with the earth around the sun.
+
+4. _Epigram._ Literally, to _write upon_. A short, pointed poem, or a
+bright thought concisely and sharply expressed.
+
+5. _Episode._ Something which happens _upon_ the _way_, or comes in
+incidentally to the main enterprise.
+
+7. _Epithet._ An adjective or term _placed upon_ a person or thing and
+expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or
+thing.
+
+8. _Epizo�tic._ A disease _upon_ many _animals_ in a community.
+
+
+#micro# = little.
+
+micro _be_, life; micro _cosm_, world; micro _scope_, see, view.
+
+
+#grat (grac)# = pleasing, favor, thankful.
+
+1. grati _tude_, ness
+2. grate _ful_, full of
+3. grati _fy_, make
+4. _in_ grati ate, into
+5. _in_ grate, not
+6. _un_ grateful, not
+7. _dis_ grace, from
+8. grac _ious_, having
+9. _a_ gree, (ad) according to
+10. gratis
+11. grace
+
+4. To become _ingratiated_ with another is to get _into_ his _favor_.
+"The pigmy had contrived to _ingratiate_ himself into every man's
+affection."--_Stanley._
+
+5. An _ingrate_ is _not thankful_ for benefits received.
+
+7. One in _disgrace_ is out of (away _from_) _favor_ with others.
+
+9. An _agreement_ is entered into _according to_ the _pleasure_ of
+both parties.
+
+10. _Gratis._ Out of, or because of, _favor_; without recompense.
+
+11. _Grace._ Literally, _pleasing_; beloved.
+
+
+#greg# = flock, herd.
+
+1. _ag_ gregate, (ad) to
+2. _con_ gregate, together
+3. gregari _ous_, quality
+4. _se_ gregate, aside
+
+3. _Gregarious._ _Quality_ or characteristic of animals which tend to
+gather in _flocks_; as, sheep, geese, deer.
+
+4. _Segregate._ To separate (_aside_) from others and form into an
+isolated group (_flock_).
+
+
+#ject# = cast, throw.
+
+1. _ab_ ject, away
+2. _de_ jected, down
+3. _e_ ject, out
+4. _in_ ject, in
+5. _ob_ ject, against
+6. _pro_ ject, forth
+7. _re_ ject, back
+8. _ad_ jective, to
+9. _inter_ jection, between
+10. _sub_ ject, under
+
+
+#leg# = law.
+
+1. leg _al_, pertaining to
+2. _il_ legal, not
+3. legal _ity_, state of
+4. legal _ize_, make
+5. legis _late_, bring forth
+6. _privi_ lege, private
+
+6. A _private law_, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by
+others or by all, is a _privilege_.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#aceous# = having the quality of.
+
+[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix
+with the meaning of the root; thus, _cretaceous_ means having the
+quality of _chalk_.]
+
+1. _creta_ ceous, chalk
+2. _crust_ aceous, shell
+3. _carbon_ aceous, coal
+4. _farin_ aceous, grain
+5. _herb_ aceous, herb
+6. _sapon_ aceous, soap
+
+
+#al# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _capit_ al, head
+2. _corpor_ al, body
+3. _cymb_ al, cup
+4. _dent_ al, tooth
+5. _di_ al, day
+6. _fest_ al, feast
+7. _fili_ al, son, daughter
+8. _fin_ al, end
+9. _flor_ al, flower
+10. _frug_ al, fruit
+11. _jovi_ al, merry
+12. _leg_ al, law
+13. _miner_ al, mine
+14. _nas_ al, nose
+15. _nat_ al, born
+16. _nomin_ al, name
+17. _norm_ al, rule
+18. _pen_ al, punishment
+19. _plur_ al, more
+20. _reg_ al, king
+21. _roy_ al, king
+22. _rur_ al, country
+23. _vit_ al, life
+24. _voc_ al, voice
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the _head_, as, _capital_ punishment, which
+involves the forfeiture of the _head_.
+
+10. A _frugal_ person is economical with his means, hence _fruitful_
+in saving.
+
+16. _Pertaining to_ the _name_ only, not real; as, a _nominal_
+Christian.
+
+17. _Pertaining to_ the standard or _rule_; as, the _normal_ color of
+the crow is black.
+
+
+#ence#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. abs _tin_ ence, hold
+2. af _flu_ ence, flow
+3. bene _vol_ ence, wish
+4. con _dol_ ence, grief
+5. con _fid_ ence, faith
+6. de _pend_ ence, hang
+7. im _pot_ ence, power
+8. _omni_ pot ence, all
+9. re _tic_ ence, silent
+10. _sequ_ ence, follow
+
+1. _State of holding from_ something which tempts and entices; as,
+_abstinence_ from strong drink.
+
+2. (See third month, page 63.)
+
+3. _State of being_ actively desirous (_wishing_) for the _well_-being
+of others. "The laws of social _benevolence_ require that every man
+should try to assist others by his experience."
+
+4. _Condolence._ _State of being_ in _grief_ or sympathy _with_ others
+on account of their afflictions.
+
+5. _Confidence._ _State of being_ confident (of having _faith_ in
+others or in one's self).
+
+6. _Dependence._ _State of being_ dependent (of _hanging_ [relying] on
+others for support).
+
+7. _Impotence._ _State of being_ impotent (of having no _power_; weak;
+feeble).
+
+8. _Omnipotence._ _State of being all powerful._
+
+9. _Reticence_. _State_ or quality _of being silent_; refraining from
+speech.
+
+10. _Sequence._ _State of being_ sequent (_following_); order of
+following.
+
+
+#ance#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. con _cord_ ance, heart
+2. con _son_ ance, sound
+3. dis _cord_ ance, heart
+4. dis _son_ ance, sound
+5. _domin_ ance, master
+6. ex _pect_ ance, look
+7. _fragr_ ance, scent
+8. re _pugn_ ance, fist
+9. _sembl_ ance, similar
+10. _temper_ ance, time
+
+1. _Concordance._ _State of being heart with heart_; harmony;
+agreement.
+
+2. _Consonance._ _State of_ agreement of _sound with sound_; tones in
+unison.
+
+8. _Repugnance._ Literally, the _state of being_ disposed to fight
+(strike) _back_ (with the _fist_) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion;
+dislike.
+
+10. _Temperance._ _State of being_ well _timed_ (regular in habits) in
+eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.
+
+
+#ent# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _her_ ent, stick
+2. ante _ced_ ent, go
+3. _belliger_ ent, wage war
+4. de _pend_ ent, hang
+5. equi _val_ ent, power
+6. in _solv_ ent, loosen
+7. pre _ced_ ent, go
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+9. re _pell_ ent, drive
+10. _tang_ ent, touch
+
+NOTE.--The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given.
+Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words
+when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which
+can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work
+of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.
+
+
+#ment# = mind.
+
+1. mental
+2. comments
+3. mention
+4. memento
+5. demented
+
+1. One's _mental_ powers are the powers of his _mind_, including
+intellect, feeling, and will.
+
+2. One's _comments_ on a topic generally reveal to some degree the
+state of his _mind_ in regard to it.
+
+3. The _mention_ of a thing calls it to _mind_.
+
+4. A _memento_ is a _reminder_.
+
+5. A _demented_ person has the powers of his _mind_ impaired.
+
+
+#mit, mitt# = send, let go.
+
+1. _ad_ mit, to
+2. _com_ mit, with
+3. _e_ mit, out
+4. _o_ mit, (ob) by
+5. _per_ mit, through
+6. _re_ mit, back
+7. _sub_ mit, under
+8. _trans_ mit, across
+
+1. A ticket will _admit_ you (_let_ you _go_) to the entertainment.
+
+2. To place in custody; to entrust _with_; as to _commit_ a fund to
+the care of trustees; to _commit_ (_send_) a prisoner to jail.
+
+3. To _send_ or give _out_; as, the fountain _emits_ water.
+
+4. To _let go by_; to neglect; to overlook; as, to _omit_ a fact.
+
+5. A _permit_ will _let_ you _go through_ the factory.
+
+6. To _remit_ is to _send_ (_back_) value for value received.
+
+7. To give up or _let_ one's self _go under_ the government of
+another; to yield, or surrender. "Do not _submit_ yourself to insult."
+
+8. To _send_ (_across_) from one to another; as, to _transmit_ a
+message.
+
+
+#norm# = rule.
+
+1. norm _al_, pertaining to
+2. _ab_ normal, from
+3. _e_ normous, out
+4. enorm _ity_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the usual _rule_ or type; as, his pulse is
+_normal_.
+
+2. Deviating _from_ the natural condition, course, or _rule_; as, an
+_abnormal_ appetite.
+
+3. _Out_ of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual _rule_; as the
+death rate was _enormous_.
+
+4. The _state_ or quality _of_ being enormous; especially the quality
+of being extremely bad; as, the _enormity_ of his crime.
+
+
+#pater# = father.
+
+1. patern _al_, pertaining to
+2. patri _arch_, rule
+3. patron _ize_, act of
+4. patri _cide_, kill
+5. patri _ot_, one who
+6. patrimony
+
+1. Pertaining to a _father_; fatherly; as, _paternal_ love.
+
+2. _Patriarch._ One of the _fathers_ and _rulers_ of a tribe or race;
+particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.
+
+3. _Patronize._ To _act_ like a patron, or one who protects, fosters,
+or supports some enterprise, as a _father_ looks after those under his
+care.
+
+4. _Patricide._ The _killing_ of a _father_.
+
+5. _Patriot._ _One who_ loves and supports the institutions of his
+country somewhat as a _father_ cares for the interests of his family.
+
+6. _Patrimony._ An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's
+_father_.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#fy# = to make.
+
+1. _ampli_ fy, large
+2. _certi_ fy, certain
+3. _clari_ fy, clear
+4. _dei_ fy, god
+5. _exempli_ fy, example
+6. _falsi_ fy, false
+7. _forti_ fy, strong
+8. _horri_ fy, horror
+9. _identi_ fy, the same
+10. _justi_ fy, right
+11. _lique_ fy, liquid
+12. _magni_ fy, large
+13. _puri_ fy, pure
+14. _rare_ fy, rare
+15. _recti_ fy, right
+16. _terri_ fy, frighten
+17. _testi_ fy, witness
+18. _typi_ fy, type
+19. _veri_ fy, true
+20. _vivi_ fy, life
+
+
+#ile# = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.
+
+1. _ag_ ile, act
+2. _duct_ ile, draw
+3. _frag_ ile, break
+4. _fert_ ile, bear
+5. _host_ ile, enemy
+6. _juven_ ile, young
+7. _puer_ ile, child
+8. _serv_ ile, serve
+9. _vers_ atile, turn
+10. _vir_ ile, man
+
+2. A _ductile_ substance is one which is _capable of_ being _drawn_
+into wire.
+
+9. A _versatile_ person is _capable of turning_ readily from one thing
+to another; manysided.
+
+
+#ine# = belonging to, like.
+
+1. _aquil_ ine, eagle
+2. _bov_ ine, cow
+3. _can_ ine, dog
+4. _dent_ ine, tooth
+5. _div_ ine, deity
+6. _fel_ ine, cat
+7. _femin_ ine, woman
+8. _mar_ ine, sea
+9. _mascul_ ine, male
+10. _sal_ ine, salt
+
+1. An _aquiline_ nose is one hooked like the beak which _belongs_ to
+an _eagle_.
+
+3. The _canine_ teeth are so called because they correspond to those
+best developed in the _dog_.
+
+
+#ion# = the act of, ing. (In many words _ion_ means _that which_.)
+
+1. _ablut_ ion, washing away
+2. _bisect_ ion, cutting in two
+3. _expans_ ion, spreading out
+4. _expuls_ ion, driving out
+5. _inspect_ ion, looking into
+6. _intercess_ ion, going between
+7. _collect_ ion, gathering together
+8. _combust_ ion, burn
+9. _commot_ ion, move
+10. _frict_ ion, rub
+11. _junct_ ion, join
+12. _opt_ ion, choose
+13. _resurrect_ ion, rising again
+14. _secess_ ion, going aside
+15. _stat_ ion, stand
+16. _tens_ ion, stretch
+
+1. An _ablution_ is the _act of washing away_, or cleansing.
+
+15. A _station_ is a _standing_ place for the train.
+
+
+#ite# = one who.
+
+1. A _Canaanite_ is _one who_ dwelt in the land of _Canaan_.
+2. A _Dowieite_ is _one who_ is a follower of _Dowie_.
+3. A _favorite_ is _one who_ receives special _favor_.
+4. A _hypocrite_ is _one who pretends_ to be what he is not.
+5. An _Israelite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Israel_, or Jacob.
+6. A _Levite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Levi_.
+
+
+#port# = carry.
+
+1. port _able_, capable of
+2. port _folio_, leaf
+3. port _er_, one who
+4. _ex_ port, out
+5. _im_ port, into
+6. _re_ port, back
+7. _sup_ port, under
+8. _trans_ port, across
+9. port
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _carried_ or moved without difficulty; as, a
+_portable_ engine.
+
+2. _Portfolio._ A case or folder in which _leaves_ of loose paper or
+other stationery may be _carried_.
+
+3. _Porter._ Literally, _one who carries_ burdens.
+
+7. _Support._ To _carry_ or uphold from beneath (_under_).
+
+9. _Port._ The manner in which one _carries_ himself.
+
+
+#rupt# = break.
+
+1. _ab_ rupt, away
+2. _bank_ rupt, bench
+3. _dis_ rupt, apart
+4. _e_ ruption, out
+5. _inter_ rupt, between
+6. rupt _ure_, ing
+7. rout
+8. route
+
+2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in
+business had his _banca_, or money _bench, broken_; hence, one who is
+unable to pay his debts is _bankrupt_.
+
+6. A _rupture_ is a _breaking_ apart; as the _rupture_ of a blood
+vessel.
+
+7. To _break_ the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to _rout_ an
+enemy.
+
+8. _Route_ originally meant a road _broken_ through a new and
+untraveled section of country. After thus _broken_ it became a way or
+_route_ for travel.
+
+
+#scribe, script# = write.
+
+1. _circum_ scribe, around
+2. _de_ scribe, down
+3. _in_ scribe, in, upon
+4. _pre_ scribe, before
+5. _sub_ scribe, under
+6. _tran_ scribe, across
+7. _post_ script, after
+8. _in_ scription, upon
+9. scribe
+10. scribble
+11. script
+12. scripture
+
+1. _Circumscribe._ To draw (_write_) a bounding line _around_; hence,
+to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.
+
+9. A _scribe_, in Jewish history, was a custodian and _writer_ of the
+official records of the nation.
+
+10. To _scribble_ is to do hasty or careless _writing_.
+
+11. _Script_ consists of characters _written_ by hand.
+
+12. _Scripture._ The sacred _writings_ of any people.
+
+
+#spec, spect# = look, see, view.
+
+1. _a_ spect, (ad) toward
+2. _circum_ spect, around
+3. _ex_ pect, out
+4. _in_ spect, into
+5. _per_ spective, through
+6. _pro_ spect, before
+7. _retro_ spect, backward
+8. spectat _or_, one who
+9. _sus_ pect, under
+10. spectacle
+11. spectacles
+
+1. The appearance of a thing as _viewed_ (looked _toward_ or at) by
+the eye or mind; as, a stern _aspect_; the southern _aspect_ of a
+house.
+
+2. _Looking around_ in all directions, as against danger or error. "Of
+all these circumstances, the slow, _circumspect_ eye of the master
+took cognizance one by one."
+
+5. _Perspective._ That which is _seen through_ an opening or vista.
+The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.
+
+9. _Suspect._ To _underlook_; to imagine or infer that appearances
+misrepresent; hence one who _suspects_ is inclined to _look beneath_
+the surface.
+
+10. _Spectacle._ Something exhibited to be _looked_ at, especially if
+it be held worthy of unusual notice.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ory# = place where.
+
+1. _arm_ ory, arms
+2. _deposit_ ory, put away
+3. _dorm_ itory, sleep
+4. _fact_ ory, make
+5. _laborat_ ory, work
+6. _manufact_ ory, hand made
+7. _observ_ atory, observe
+8. _prepar_ atory, to make ready
+9. _reform_ atory, form again
+10. _terr_ itory, land
+
+1. An _armory_ is a _place where arms_ and other instruments of war
+are kept.
+
+2. A _depository_ is a _place where_ things are or may be _put away_
+for safe keeping.
+
+5. A _laboratory_ is, literally, a _place_ for _labor_; particularly a
+place for scientific experimentation.
+
+6. A _manufactory_ was formerly so called because it named a _place
+where_ things were _made_ by _hand_. The first part of the word is now
+generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the
+work in a factory is done by hand.
+
+10. _Territory_ is extent of _land_ belonging to or ruled by the
+government. Literally it means a _place where_ there is _land_.
+
+
+#ous# = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.
+
+1. _amphi bi_ ous, double + life
+2. _aque_ ous, water
+3. _bili_ ous, bile
+4. _clamor_ ous, to cry out
+5. _decidu_ ous, fall
+6. _furi_ ous, rage
+7. _greg_ arious, flock
+8. _hetero gene_ ous, other + kind
+9. _homo gene_ ous, like + kind
+10. _im per vi_ ous, no + through + way
+11. _numer_ ous, number
+12. _preci_ ous, price, value
+13. _pre coci_ ous, early + ripe
+14. _ponder_ ous, weigh
+15. _pre poster_ ous, before + after
+16. _viv_ acious, life
+
+1. _Living both_ on land and in water. "Seals of _amphibious_ nature,
+are either for the land or water."
+
+2. _Pertaining to_, or containing _water_; as, an _aqueous_ vapor.
+
+3. A _state of_ ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver,
+the gland which secretes _bile_.
+
+4. _Consisting of_ loud and repeated _outcries_ or noise; as, a
+_clamorous_ crowd.
+
+5. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ once a year.
+
+8. _Consisting_ of unlike elements or ingredients of different
+(_other_) _kinds_.
+
+13. _Having_ the mental faculties _prematurely_ developed; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally,
+_preposterous_ meant _having_ the _after_ part _before_.
+
+
+#ulent# = full of.
+
+1. _corp_ ulent, body
+2. _fraud_ ulent, fraud
+3. _op_ ulent, wealth
+4. _succ_ ulent, juice
+5. _esc_ ulent, food
+6. _vir_ ulent, poison
+
+1. A _corpulent_ person is one who has an excess of fat; hence,
+literally speaking, is _full of body_.
+
+4. _Succulent_ plants are _full of juice_; as, the stalk of the sugar
+cane.
+
+5. _Esculent_ plants are those suitable for _food_ (literally, _full
+of food_).
+
+"Every lover of that invaluable _esculent_ (the potato) has reason to
+remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry."--_Whittier._
+
+
+#ure# = act or state of, that which.
+
+1. _capt_ ure, take
+2. _depart_ ure, from + part
+3. _en clos_ ure, within + shut
+4. _fixt_ ure, fasten
+5. _fract_ ure, break
+6. _gest_ ure, act, do
+7. _junct_ ure, join
+8. _manu fact_ ure, hand + make
+9. _overt_ ure, open
+10. _past_ ure, feed
+11. _pict_ ure, paint
+12. _pleas_ ure, please
+13 _post_ ure, place
+14. _pro ced_ ure, forward + go
+15. _rapt_ ure, carry away
+16. _script_ ure, write
+17. _signat_ ure, mark or sign
+18. _sut_ ure, sew
+19. _text_ ure, weave
+20. _verd_ ure, green
+
+
+#y# = state of being, full of, consisting or made of.
+
+1. bloody
+2. dewy
+3. dressy
+4. curly
+5. faulty
+6. filthy
+7. fleshy
+8. frosty
+9. fussy
+10. gaudy
+11. gloomy
+12. grassy
+13. guilty
+14. hardy
+15. hoary
+16. lofty
+17. marshy
+18. rainy
+19. rosy
+20. sandy
+21. shady
+22. spunky
+23. thirsty
+24. wealthy
+
+While the above words serve to illustrate the use of _y_ as a suffix,
+to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their
+simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no
+definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base
+definitions.
+
+The eight words following, which end in _y_, can, however, be analyzed
+with profit:
+
+1. _an arch_ y, without + rule
+2. _a path_ y, without + feel
+3. _aut ops_ y, self + see
+4. _col loqu_ y, together + speak
+5. _ob loqu_ y, against + speak
+6. _poly gam_ y, many + marriage
+7. _sym path_ y, together + feel
+8. _sym phon_ y, together + sound
+
+
+#tort, tors# = twist, wring, wrest.
+
+1. _con_ tort, together
+2. _dis_ tort, aside
+3. _ex_ tort, out
+4. _re_ tort, back
+5. torch
+6. tor _ment_, that which
+7. tortoise
+8. tort _ure_, that which
+
+1. To _twist together_; to turn awry. "A form _contorted_ and
+misshapen from that which nature gave."
+
+2. To _twist aside_; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true
+meaning. "For gold the hireling judge _distorts_ the laws."
+
+3. To _wring_ or wrest _out of_ or away from; to get by force or by
+taking unfair advantage. "'Till the injurious Romans did _extort_ this
+tribute from us, we were free."
+
+4. To bend, _twist_ or turn _back_. A _retort_ is a short and pointed
+reply _turned back_ on an assailant. A _retort_ tube is one _twisted_
+or bent back at one end.
+
+5. The _torch_ is so called because the wick is _twisted_ like a rope.
+
+6. _Torment_ comes from _tormentum_, a machine (engine) for throwing
+stones to inflict _torture_.
+
+7. The _tortoise_ is so called because of its _twisted_ or crooked
+feet.
+
+8. _Wringing_ pain; anguish of body or mind. "In ancient Greece,
+_torture_ was never employed except in case of treason".
+
+
+#tract# = draw.
+
+1. _abs_ tract, away
+2. _at_ tract, to
+3. _con_ tract, together
+4. _de_ tract, from
+5. _dis_ tract, apart
+6. _ex_ tract, out
+7. _pro_ tract, forward
+8. _re_ tract, back
+9. _re_ treat, back
+10. _sub_ tract, under
+11. trace
+12. tract _able_, capable of
+13. trail
+14. train
+
+1. To _draw away_; to consider apart. "In truth the object and
+sensation are the same thing and cannot be _abstracted_ from each
+other."
+
+2. To _draw to_ or toward. A magnet _attracts_ iron filings.
+
+3. To _draw together_ or closer. Heat expands and cold _contracts_.
+
+4. To _draw_ away _from_. To take away a part of something, especially
+from one's credit. "Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of
+merit in myself."
+
+5. To _draw apart_ or away. The attention is _distracted_ when it is
+_drawn apart_ from the thing in hand.
+
+6. To _draw out_, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes _extracted_ from the
+honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.
+
+7. To _draw_ forward; to extend or prolong; as, "England desired not
+to _protract_ the war."
+
+8. To _draw back_; to take back what has been said. When one finds he
+has said a hasty thing he would do well to _retract_ it.
+
+9. To _draw back_, as from an enemy. "Come, shepherd, let us make an
+honorable _retreat_."
+
+10. To _draw_ away; as apart from the whole. Literally to _draw_ away
+from _under_, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is
+very seldom used literally.
+
+11. A _trace_ is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is
+_drawn_.
+
+12. A _tractable_ child is one which can be easily led or _drawn_.
+
+13. _Trail_ means to _draw_ along, or what is _drawn_.
+
+14. A _train_ consists of cars _drawn_ by a locomotive.
+
+
+#ven, vent# = come.
+
+1. _ad_ vent, to
+2. _ad_ vent ure, upon
+3. _a_ venue, to
+4. _con_ vene, together
+5. _circum_ vent, around
+6. _e_ vent, out
+7. _inter_ vention, between
+8. _in_ vent, upon
+9. _re_ venue, back
+10. _pre_ vent, before
+
+1. A _coming_ or arrival of any important event or personage. The
+_advent_ of summer. An _Adventist_ is one who makes the second
+personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.
+
+2. An _adventure_ is a stirring experience, _come upon_, as it were,
+suddenly and unexpectedly.
+
+3. That which _comes to_ a certain place. Formerly an _avenue_ was a
+roadway bordered with trees which _comes to_ a residence.
+
+4. To _come together_. "The household fowls _convene_."
+
+5. To _circumvent_ an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a
+secret and round about (_coming around_) way.
+
+6. The _outcome_ of an occurrence; as, "In that _event_ all will be
+right." "Marriage is the principal _event_ for good or evil in all
+lives."
+
+7. The act of _coming between_ persons or objects; especially
+interference with the acts of others.
+
+8. To _come upon_; to find out or discover.
+
+9. _Revenue_ is that which _comes back_, as from an investment; income
+from all forms of one's property.
+
+10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures.
+Originally _prevent_ meant to _come before_; as in Matt. xvii:25:
+"When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him."
+
+
+#vers, vert# = turn.
+
+1. _ad_ verse, to (against)
+2. ad vers _ity_, state of
+3. _ad_ vert, to
+4. ad vert _ise_, act of
+5. _a_ vers ion, away
+6. _a_ vert, away
+7. _di_ verse, apart
+8. _di_ version, aside
+9. _di_ vorce, apart
+10. _in_ vert, into
+11. _per_ verse, thoroughly
+12. _re_ verse, back
+13. _trans_ verse, across
+14. _versat_ ile, capable of
+15. vers _ion_, that which
+16. vertex
+17. vertigo
+18. vortex
+
+1. _Turned against_; antagonistic. _Adverse_ winds. "Error is
+_adverse_ to human happiness."
+
+2. _State of_ adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or
+unhappiness. "Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved
+you out of all _adversities_."
+
+3. To _turn_ the mind or attention _to_; as, "I will only _advert_ to
+some leading points in the argument."--_Emerson._
+
+4. To _advertise_ an article is to cause the public to _turn_
+attention _to_ it.
+
+5. A _turning away_ from. "Adhesion to vice and _aversion_ to
+goodness."
+
+6. To _turn away_ or aside. "Till ardent prayer _averts_ the public
+woe."
+
+7. _Diverse_ ways are different ways--they _turn apart_.
+
+8. The act of _turning aside_ from a course; as the _diversion_ of the
+mind from study.
+
+9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus _turning_
+husband and wife _apart_ from each other.
+
+10. To _turn into_ another position; as, upside down, inside out, end
+for end, etc.
+
+11. A _perverse_ inclination is one _thoroughly_ wrong or _turned_
+from the right.
+
+12. To _turn back_; as to _reverse_ an engine.
+
+13. A _transverse_ beam is one _turned across_ others.
+
+14. _Capable of_ moving or _turning_ around; as a _versatile_ spindle;
+turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a
+_versatile_ writer.
+
+15. _That which_ is translated (or _turned_) from another language;
+as, the King James _version_ of the Bible.
+
+16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the _turning_ point.
+
+17. A _turning_ or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.
+
+    "That old _vertigo_ in his head
+     Will never leave him till he's dead."
+
+18. A _whirl_pool. (_Vortex_ is another form of _vertex_.)
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _aqua_ tic, water
+2. _arc_ tic, bear
+3. _barbar_ ic, foreign; uncivilized
+4. _chron_ ic, time
+5. _civ_ ic, citizen
+6. _dom_ estic, house
+7. _epi dem_ ic, upon + people
+8. _erra_ tic, wander
+9. _Homer_ ic, Homer
+10. _luna_ tic, moon
+11. _lyr_ ic, lyre, harp
+12. _metal_ lic, metal
+13. _metr_ ic, measure
+14. _numer_ ic, number
+15. _op_ tic, eye
+16. _pan_ ic, Pan
+17. _phon_ ic, sound
+18. _publ_ ic, people
+19. _rust_ ic, country
+20. _techn_ ic, art, trade
+
+2. _Arctic_ means, literally, _pertaining to_ the northern
+constellations called the Great and Little _Bears_; hence pertaining
+to the north polar regions.
+
+8. _Erratic_ means _wandering_ from the proper or usual course in
+opinion or conduct.
+
+9. _Homeric_ means _relating to Homer_, the great epic poet of ancient
+Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.
+
+10. A _lunatic_ is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of
+sanity (as if affected by the _moon_).
+
+11. _Lyric_ poetry is that which is adapted to the _lyre_ or harp; fit
+to be sung to an accompaniment.
+
+16. _Panic_ means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to
+have been caused by _Pan_, the god of pastures and forests.
+
+
+#ise, (ize)# = make, do, cause.
+
+1. _ad vert_ ise, to + turn
+2. _critic_ ise, judge
+3. _familiar_ ize, family
+4. _fertil_ ize, bear, produce
+5. _leg_ alize, law
+6. _re cogn_ ize, again + know
+7. _sym path_ ize, with + feel
+8. _tan tal_ ize, Tantalus
+9. agonize
+10. brutalize
+11. civilize
+12. crystallize
+13. equalize
+14. generalize
+15. harmonize
+16. humanize
+17. idolize
+18. magnetize
+19. modernize
+20. naturalize
+21. organize
+22. realize
+23. systematize
+24. tyrannize
+
+1. A merchant when he _advertises_ goods hopes thereby to _cause_
+people to _turn_ their attention _to_ them.
+
+2. To _criticise_ is to (_make_) pass _judgment_ upon.
+
+3. To _familiarize_ means, literally, to _make_ as one of the
+_family_, to become intimate with.
+
+4. Ground is _fertilized_ when it is _caused_ to _produce_ more
+abundantly.
+
+5. Any conduct is _legalized_ when it is _made lawful_.
+
+6. We _recognize_ a person when we _know_ him _again_; as, one whom we
+have known before.
+
+7. To _sympathize_ is to _feel with_ another.
+
+8. _Tantalize_ is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who,
+according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being
+placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over
+him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he
+sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to
+tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and
+frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.
+
+Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by
+using some meaning of the suffix _ize_ in the definition with the
+first part of the word; thus, _agonize_ means to _cause_ to have
+_agony_.
+
+
+#ist# = one who.
+
+1. _agri cultur_ ist, field + culture
+2. _an arch_ ist, without + rule
+3. _art_ ist, art
+4. _a the_ ist, without + god
+5. _botan_ ist, plant
+6. _de_ ist, god
+7. _dent_ ist, tooth
+8. _flor_ ist, flower
+9. _ge olog_ ist, earth + science
+10. _hypno_ tist, sleep
+11. _journ_ alist, day
+12. _jur_ ist, right
+13. _loy_ alist, law
+14. _oc_ ulist, eye
+15. _optim_ ist, best
+16. _pessim_ ist, worst
+17. _re viv_ alist, again + life
+18. _roy_ alist, king
+19. _sci_ entist, knowledge
+20. _somn ambul_ ist, sleep + walk
+
+4. An _atheist_ is _one who_ is _without_ belief in a personal _God_.
+
+6. A _deist_ is _one who_ believes in _God_ but denies revealed
+religion.
+
+15. An _optimist_ is _one who_ holds the opinion that all events are
+ordered for the _best_.
+
+16. A _pessimist_ is _one who_ has a disposition to take the least
+hopeful (_worst_) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate
+tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.
+
+
+#oid# = having the form of, shaped like.
+
+1. _aster_ oid, star
+2. _dent_ oid, tooth
+3. _ethm_ oid, sieve
+4. _spher_ oid, sphere
+5. _typh_ oid, cloud, stupor
+6. _variol_ oid, various
+
+
+#meter, metr# = measure.
+
+1. _anemo_ meter, wind
+2. _baro_ meter, weight
+3. _chrono_ meter, time
+4. _dia_ meter, across
+5. _gas_ ometer, gas
+6. _ge_ ometer, earth
+7. _hexa_ meter, six
+8. _hydro_ meter, water
+9. _lacto_ meter, milk
+10. metr _ic_, pertaining to
+11. _penta_ meter, five
+12. _peri_ meter, around
+13. _thermo_ meter, heat
+14. _tri gon_ ometry, three + angle
+
+1. The _anemometer_ is an instrument for _measuring_ the force and
+velocity of the _wind_.
+
+2. The _barometer measures_ the _weight_ of the atmosphere, and thus
+aids in determining the indications of the weather.
+
+3. A _chronometer_ is an instrument for _measuring time_.
+Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in
+astronomical observations.
+
+6. _Geometry_ literally means _earth measure_. It treats of the
+measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the _measurement_
+of _land_.
+
+7. The _hexameter_ in poetry is a _measure_ having _six_ poetic feet
+to the line.
+
+8. The _hydrometer_ is used for _measuring_ the specific gravity of
+_water_ and other liquids.
+
+9. The _lactometer_ is used for _measuring_ the purity and richness of
+_milk_.
+
+10. The _metric_ system of weights and measures is one in which the
+meter is the unit of _measure_.
+
+12. The _perimeter_ is the _measure around_ a body or figure.
+
+14. _Trigonometry_ treats of _measurements_ based on the triangle
+(_three angles_).
+
+
+#phon# = sound.
+
+1. _eu_ phony, well
+2. phon _etic_, pertaining to
+3. phon _ic_, pertaining to
+4. phono _graph_, write
+5. _sym_ phony, with
+6. _tele_ phone, far
+
+
+#polis# = city.
+
+1. _acro_ polis, high, upper
+2. _Anna_ polis, Ann
+3. _Constantin_ ople, Constanine
+4. _Indiana_ polis, Indiana
+5. _metro_ polis, mother
+6. _Minne_ apolis, Minne
+7. police
+8. politics
+
+1. The _acropolis_ was the _upper_ part of a Grecian _city_. It
+commanded a view of the surrounding country.
+
+2. Named for Queen _Ann_.
+
+3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for _Constantine_.
+
+4. _Indiana_ means, literally, the _land_ of the _Indians_.
+_Indianapolis_ means _city_ of _Indiana_.
+
+5. The _metropolis_ is the chief, or _mother city_, of the state or
+country.
+
+6. The _city_ of _Minne_ (haha).
+
+7. A _police_ force is a body of civil officers in a _city_ organized
+for its protection.
+
+8. _Politics_ is the science of government in state or _city_.
+
+
+#scop# = view.
+
+1. _horo_ scope, hour
+2. _kaleido_ scope, beautiful + form
+3. _micro_ scope, small
+4. _stereo_ scope, solid
+5. _tele_ scope, far
+
+1. The _horoscope_ is an instrument for _viewing_ the heavens at the
+_hour_ of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell
+the events of a person's life.
+
+2. The _kaleidoscope_ is an optical instrument in which an endless
+variety of _beautiful_ patterns or _forms_ may be _viewed_ by changing
+its position.
+
+4. The _stereoscope_ is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for
+giving to pictures the appearance of _solid_ forms as seen in nature.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART TWO
+
+                  Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words,
+                   Principles of Pronunciation, and
+                          Rules of Spelling.
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+                            (First Month.)
+
+                         TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
+
+An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
+
+There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As
+there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters
+represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
+characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
+called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
+
+PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
+a distinct printed character or letter.
+
+The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
+or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as [=a], [)e].
+
+The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the
+tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
+undertone; as b, d, g, r.
+
+The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely
+breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
+sounds; as p, t, s.
+
+
+                      TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
+
+                   [From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
+
+
+                _I. Vocals._
+
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+  |   a          | [=a]-le, [=a]i-m        |
+  |   �          | �-lms, �-rt             |
+  | [a:]         | [a:]-ll, b-[a:]-ll      |
+  | [)a]         | [)a]-n, m-[)a]-n        |
+  |   �          | [-c]-�-re, �-ir         |
+  | [.a]         | [.a]-sk, f-[.a]-st      |
+  | [=e]         | [=e]-ve, b-[=e]         |
+  | [ve]         | [ve]-nd, m-[ve]-n       |
+  | [~e]         | h-[~e]-r, [~e]-rr       |
+  | [=i], [=y]   | [=i]-ce, b-[=y]         |
+  | [)i], [)y]   | [)i]-t, h-[)y]-mn       |
+  | [=o]         | [=o]-ld, n-[=o]         |
+  | [vo]         | [vo]-n, n-[vo]-t        |
+  | [o:], [=oo]  | m-[o:]-ve, m-[=oo]-n    |
+  | [=u]         | [=u]-se, m-[=u]-[s,]e   |
+  | [vu]         | [vu]-p, b-[vu]-t        |
+  |   �          | �-rge, b-�-rn           |
+  | [u.], [)oo]  | f-[u.]-ll, w-[)oo]-l    |
+  |  oi, oy      | oi-l, b-oy              |
+  |  ou, ow      | ou-t, ow-l              |
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+
+
+                _II. Subvocals._
+
+  +----------+-------------------------------+
+  | b        | b-i-b, b-a-be                 |
+  | d        | d-i-d, d-ea-d                 |
+  | [=g]     | [=g]-i-[=g], [=g]-a-[=g]      |
+  | j        | j-ar, j-et                    |
+  | l        | l-u-ll, te-ll                 |
+  | m        | m-ai-m, [-c]a-me              |
+  | n        | n-u-n, n-o-ne                 |
+  | ng, [n=] | ri-ng, i-[n=]-k               |
+  | r        | r-oa-r, r-ea-r                |
+  | th       | th-ese, wi-th                 |
+  | v        | val-ue, v-ain                 |
+  | w        | w-ell, w-eb                   |
+  | y        | y-es, y-et                    |
+  | z        | z-one, z-est                  |
+  | zh, z    | a-z'-ure, sei-z'-ure          |
+  +----------+-------------------------------+
+
+
+                _III. Aspirates._
+
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+  |  f           | f-i-fe, o-ff            |
+  |  h           | h-at, h-ome             |
+  |  k           | k-ite, k-ill            |
+  |  p           | p-i-pe, to-p            |
+  |  s           | s-un, s-ame             |
+  |  t           | t-en-t, t-ar-t          |
+  |  ch          | ch-ur-ch, ch-ild        |
+  |  sh          | sh-all, wi-sh           |
+  |  th          | th-in, th-ree           |
+  |  wh          | wh-ere, wh-y            |
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+
+NOTE.--The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the
+English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other
+letters, as shown in the following:
+
+
+                     #IV.--Table of Equivalents.#
+
+                 [Dictionary Work--Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
+
+CHAR.    EQUIV.
+[=e] = [=i]
+[~e] = [~i] = �
+[=a] = [e=]
+   � = �
+   � = [a:] (_broad a_)
+[o:] = [=oo] = [u:]
+[)i] = [)y]
+[)u] = [.o]
+
+[)o] = [a.]
+[o.] = [)oo] = [u.]
+[=i] = [=y]
+  oi = oy
+  ou = ow
+[=u] = ew
+
+CHAR.     EQUIV.
+   j = [.g] (soft)
+   g = [=g] (hard)
+   z = [[s.]=]
+   k = [-c] = [-c]h
+   f = ph
+   s = � (_cedilla c_)
+  sh = �h
+[n=] = ng
+   x = ks
+[x=] = gz
+
+COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech
+in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows:
+_Vowels_: [=a] [)e], [=e] [)i], � [)a], � [.a], [a:] [)o], � [)u],
+[=o][=o] [)oo]; _consonants_: g' k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                               LETTERS.
+
+A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,--usually an
+elementary sound.
+
+An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a
+language.
+
+The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows:
+English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22,
+Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no
+alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
+
+The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
+
+LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print.
+
+There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old
+English, and Script.
+
+As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                VOWELS.
+
+A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The
+vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by
+the various positions of the tongue and lips.
+
+A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice,
+and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
+
+There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain
+vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so
+close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have
+the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, _i_, _u_, _w_, and
+_y_.
+
+"_Y_ as a vowel is a substitute for _i_, and _i_ is a consonant as a
+substitute for _y_. _W_ and _y_ are vowels: (1) When they end words or
+syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same
+syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same
+syllable. _W_ and _y_ are consonants when they begin words or
+syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. _I_ is a consonant
+when it represents the consonant _y_, as in _alien_. _U_ is a
+consonant when it represents the consonant _w_, as in _quick_,
+_language_."--_Irish's Orthography._
+
+A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as _o_ and _i_
+in _boil_.
+
+An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels
+in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in _rain_,
+_teach_.
+
+The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use,
+viz.: t_oi_l, t_oy_, s_ou_nd, c_ow_, p_ea_l, _oi_l, _au_dible,
+_aw_ning, s_ay_, s_ei_ne, p_eo_ple, f_eu_d, ob_ey_, esch_ew_,
+bel_ie_ve, l_oa_n, h_oe_, h_ue_, j_ui_ce. Of these _oi_, _oy_, _ou_,
+and _ow_ are the only _proper_ diphthongs.
+
+A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But
+there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
+
+A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the
+three vowels is silent; as in ad_ieu_, b_eau_ty.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+                              CONSONANTS.
+
+CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows:
+
+I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS.
+
+The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the
+mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice
+is momentarily _mute_.
+
+The four subvocals _b_, _d_, _j_, _g_, and their cognates, _p_, _t_,
+_ch_, and _k_, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see
+if they do not represent _explosive_ sounds.
+
+All other consonants are _semivowels_, and are pronounced with a
+_continuous_ sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath
+lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive
+utterance.
+
+II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of
+the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called _voice_ consonants
+and the aspirates _breath_ consonants. These are fit terms, for they
+indicate the basis of classification.
+
+III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification
+of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the
+table from left to right. The _lips_ have most to do with making the
+labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the
+_tongue_ in contact with the _teeth_, the palatals between the tongue
+and hard and soft _palate_.
+
+
+                 #Consonant Table.#
+
+          #Subvocals.#    #Aspirates.#
+          (Voice.)              (Breath.)
+Labials. {   b                        p
+(Lips.)  {   v                        f
+         {   w                        wh
+         {   m
+
+Lingua-  {   d                        t
+Dentals. {   z                        s
+(Point of{   th (sonant) (non-sonant) th
+tongue.) {   l
+         {   n
+         {   r
+
+Palatals.{   zh                       sh
+(Between {   j                        ch
+tongue   {   g                        k
+and      {   y
+palate.) {   h
+         {   ng
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+                              SYLLABLES.
+
+SYLLABLE literally means _taken together_.
+
+A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of
+elementary sounds, uttered _together_, or with a single impulse of the
+voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
+
+A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the
+rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
+
+As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables
+depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show
+the derivation the division is made with reference to the component
+parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to
+indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For
+illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show
+derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate,
+phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct
+pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate,
+pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
+
+While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one
+purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the
+majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided
+for one purpose or for the other.
+
+In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to
+indicate pronunciation.
+
+The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (_ultimus_ = last); the
+PENULTIMATE is next to the last (_pen_ = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE
+is the third from the last (literally, _before almost_ the _last_);
+the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally,
+_before_ the one that is _before_ the one _almost last_).
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                                ACCENT.
+
+ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a
+word.
+
+In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But
+one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The
+stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the
+SECONDARY. Thus, in _am' mu ni' tion_ the primary accent falls on the
+third syllable and the secondary on the first.
+
+The "PRINCIPLES" which govern the placing of accent are complicated.
+The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to
+determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: "All
+attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only
+serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded."
+
+There are, however, certain _tendencies_ which mature pupils might
+profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not
+permit me to attempt to set them forth.
+
+In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of
+meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the
+first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
+
+abstract
+accent
+compound
+conflict
+concert
+contract
+contrast
+converse
+convict
+desert
+escort
+export
+ferment
+forecast
+frequent
+incense
+insult
+permit
+prefix
+present
+produce
+project
+record
+survey
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                WORDS.
+
+A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
+
+A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of
+the language; as, _fix_, _strike_, _man_.
+
+A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it
+internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, _men_, _suffix_,
+_strikers_.
+
+A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or
+derivative.
+
+A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as,
+buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
+
+A word of one syllable is a _monosyllable_ (mono = one); of two
+syllables, a _dissyllable_ (dis = two); of three syllables, a
+_trisyllable_ (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a
+_polysyllable_ (poly = many).
+
+The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries
+the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or
+suffix; as, _ge_ (earth), _graph_ (write), _vol_ (wish).
+
+A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word;
+as, _auto_graph, _circum_vent, _amphi_theater.
+
+A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as,
+man _ly_, fert _ile_, ment _ion_.
+
+AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied
+to either or to both together.
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+                            SILENT LETTERS.
+
+Silent letters have at least four uses:
+
+1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
+
+Drop final silent _e_ from such words as the following and note the
+effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: _bare_,
+_pure_, _ripe_, _lame_.
+
+2. To indicate pronunciation.
+
+In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation
+changes when the final silent _e_ is dropped.
+
+Another class of words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the final silent
+_e_ on adding a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ to preserve the soft
+sound of _c_ and _g_, and with it the correct pronunciation of the
+word; as, _serviceable_, _noticeable_, _changeable_, _courageous_.
+
+3. To show the meaning of words.
+
+Illustrations: _clime_, _climb_, _plumb_, _belle_, _butt_, _dyeing_,
+_singeing_, _guilt_, _damn_.
+
+4. To show the derivation of words.
+
+Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In
+_chronic_, and _chronology_, the _h_ is silent, but serves to indicate
+that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root _chron_,
+which means _time_. Similarly the _g_ in _gnostic_, the _e_ in
+_eulogy_, _p_ in _pneumonia_, the _h_ in _chromatic_.
+
+In _honour_ and _favour_ _u_ is silent, and therefore a useless
+letter, so far as sound is concerned. The _u_ signifies that the word
+came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The
+question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra
+letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical
+association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but
+others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling
+reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great
+many silent letters will go the way of the _u_ in _labour_, _favour_,
+and the like.
+
+The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters
+together with the principle found to be operative through them.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_E_ final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same
+syllable."
+
+change   sense     adverse    Chinese   condense
+brace    quite     bade       oppose    deceive
+force    scribe    burlesque  embrace   machine
+crease   measure   canine     emerge    endorse
+cease    absolve   caprice    examine   advise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_B_ is usually silent before _t_ or after _m_ in the same syllable."
+
+lamb   tomb      numb    debt     bomb
+comb   thumb     dumb    doubt    crumb
+limb   climb     plumb   redoubt  jamb
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_C_ is silent before _k_ in the same syllable. _C_ is silent in czar,
+victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut."
+
+back    deck   lack    stack    Patrick
+buck    duck   hack    stick    reckon
+burdock chick  luck    suck     thicken
+clock   click  lick    beckon   Cossack
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+"_D_ is silent before _g_ in the same syllable."
+
+edge    hedge   ridge    lodge     misjudge
+wedge   budge   bridge   sledge    judgment
+pledge  drudge  fudge    begrudge  lodgment
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+"_G_ is silent before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable."
+
+phlegm   malign     gnaw    campaign  gnash
+arraign  paradigm   feign   foreign   gnu
+benign   diaphragm  reign   design    seignior
+resign   gnat       assign  gnarl     consign
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+"_H_ is silent when it follows _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable."
+
+ghost    myrrh       rheumatism  rhapsody  rhinoceros
+aghast   hemorrhage  rhyme       rhythm    Rhine
+gherkin  rhubarb     rhombus     rhomboid  catarrh
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+"_K_ is silent before _n_ in the same syllable."
+
+knack   kneel    knot    knap sack  knob
+knave   knife    knock   knowledge  knucks
+knead   knight   knoll   knuckle    knarl
+knee    knit     know    knell      knout
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+"_N_ final after _l_ or _m_ is silent."
+
+hymn    contemn    solemn    limn      damn
+kiln    condemn    column    autumn
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_T_ is silent before _ch_ in the same syllable."
+
+hitch      pitch    match    notch       catch
+kitchen    botch    hatch    scratch     patch
+latch      Dutch    watch    Mitchell    satchel
+thatch     ditch    witch    batch       Scotch
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_W_ is silent before _r_ in the same syllable."
+
+wrestle    wren      wrist     writing    wreak
+wrong      wrote     wreck     wrest      writ
+wring      wraith    awry      write      wrought
+wrath      wretch    wreath    wrinkle    wrangle
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_Gh_ is always silent after _i_ and, when not a substitute for _f_ or
+_k_, is also silent after _au_ and _ou_."
+
+sight    plight    weigh      fraught     through
+light    wright    weight     caught      although
+fight    height    freight    thought     slaughter
+might    wight     aught      daughter    laughter
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+            PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian
+_a_."
+
+again      America      banana    fatality    papa
+alas       amuse        canine    fatigue     parasol
+algebra    apparatus    China     lapel       pica
+alkali     area         data      massacre    sacrament
+amass      arena        drama     ornament    valise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_E_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
+
+depot       memento      obedience    really        society
+event       museum       penal        recess        superior
+feline      nausea       precedence   resource      theater
+frequent    negro        precise      sacrilegious  theology
+mechanic    notoriety    pretense     secretary     veto
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_O_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
+
+broken       explosive   melodeon    poem       spoken
+chosen       gondola     melody      police     tobacco
+composition  licorice    open        potato     trophy
+coquet       location    opponent    promotion  zodiac
+cupola       locust      pantomime   proviso    zo�logy
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+"_I_constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is
+always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if
+unaccented."
+
+divide    tirade       sentinel    fidelity    residence
+direct    intimate     continent   digest      levity
+finance   indivisible  defensible  hilarious   reticent
+imitate   equidistant  predicate   maritime    reticule
+piazza    nobility     finance     invitation  direction
+
+In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_,
+_tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_.
+
+idea        biology      climatic    primeval    tripod
+idle        Chinese      criterion   triangular  triune
+isothermal  chirography  biennial    binomial    priority
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+_E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and
+also in most other words.
+
+given   stolen   ridden   bidden   forsaken
+taken   proven   shaken   woven    gotten
+broken  driven   written  shaven   risen
+spoken  frozen   arisen   chidden  smitten
+fallen  hidden   beaten   eaten    stricken
+
+also
+
+heaven  oaken    happen   burden   leaven
+often   leaden   seven    garden   brazen
+widen   golden   even     eleven   christen
+
+But in the following words _e_ should be sounded:
+
+hyphen  chicken  marten   lichen   sudden
+linden  linen    gluten   mitten   aspen
+
+_E_ should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which
+terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_.
+
+women   Ellen    Helen    omen     pollen
+barren  linen    woolen   Allen    Warren
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded."
+
+Abel    model    morsel   cancel   marvel
+level   travel   rebel    gravel   barrel
+nickel  apparel  towel    channel  kennel
+chapel  citadel  revel    Mabel    libel
+camel   laurel   bevel    funnel   parcel
+
+But in the following words and in their derivatives _e_ before
+terminal _l_ should not be sounded:
+
+easel   weasel   ravel    mantel   shekel
+navel   chattel  shrivel  drivel   snivel
+shovel  grovel   mussel   hazel    teasel
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"In most words _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ should be sounded."
+
+Latin    vigil    anvil    goblin    coffin
+cavil    cabin    council  rosin     origin
+javelin  pencil   axil     assassin  tranquil
+resin    bobbin   violin   peril     moccasin
+retail   satin    utensil  pistil    daffodil
+
+In the following words _i_ should not be sounded:
+
+devil    basin    evil     cousin    weevil     raisin
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long
+_e_."
+
+pique       quarantine  police   critique   unique
+machine     routine     ravine   regime     intrigue
+caprice     suite       valise   Bastile    magazine
+guillotine  fatigue     antique
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                          RULES OF SPELLING.
+
+Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they
+are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is
+certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great
+many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words
+difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions
+that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled
+according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and
+all of the exceptions could be learned "for keeps" by a pupil in an
+hour. But _pupils must have drill in applying the rules_ or they may
+be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to
+spell the words coming under them.
+
+Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year,
+and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the
+other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that "_silent final e
+is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added_", we
+naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: "_Silent final e is retained
+when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added._"
+
+To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the
+application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by
+turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following
+model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care +
+less.]
+
+"The suffix _able_ begins with the vowel _a_; therefore when it is
+added to the word _love_ the final silent _e_ is dropped, and the word
+is spelled _lovable_." Or,
+
+"The suffix _less_ begins with the consonant _l_; therefore, when it
+is added to the word _care_ the final silent _e_ is not dropped, and
+the word is spelled _careless_."
+
+Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,--those in
+which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in
+which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be
+thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he
+can proceed according to the model, concluding with, "but this word is
+an exception to the rule".
+
+Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who
+want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+love--able        adventure--ous   decide--ing
+care--less        change--ing      ice--berg
+blame--able       extreme--ly      house--keeper
+achieve--ment     fickle--ness     idle--ness
+brake--man        fore--cast       excite--ment
+cure--able        compare--able    console--able
+discourage--ment  continue--ally   endure--ance
+prove--able       contrive--ance   amaze--ment
+move--able        guide--ance      fierce--ness
+acquire--ing      forgive--ness    peace--ful
+else--where       hate--ful        deface--ment
+enlarge--ment     believe--ing     disgrace--ful
+admire--able      converse--ed     blue--ish
+abide--ing        hedge--hog       lodge--ing
+advertise--ment   achieve--ing     amuse--ment
+eye--brow         hoarse--ness     dine--ing
+pursue--ing       argue--ing       revenge--ful
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+Words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the _e_ when a suffix beginning
+with _a_ or _o_ is added.
+
+changeable    challengeable  pronounceable
+exchangeable  peaceable      advantageous
+chargeable    serviceable    outrageous
+manageable    traceable      courageous
+marriageable  noticeable     vengeance
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+hoeing   singeing  seer       nursling   truly
+shoeing  tingeing  seeing     loathsome  duty
+toeing   freeing   agreeable  awful      wisdom
+dyeing   fleeing   mileage    duly       wholly
+
+Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment,
+lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
+
+The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions
+to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The
+value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the
+exceptions.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+Rule II: "When a suffix is added to a word ending in _y_, preceded by
+a consonant, the _y_ is changed to _i_, unless the suffix begins with
+_i_."
+
+Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on
+the board):
+
+"The _y_ in _supply_ is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the
+suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is changed to _i_ and the word is
+spelled, _supplied_." Or,
+
+"The _y_ in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix
+_ed_ is added the _y_ is not changed, and the word is spelled,
+_displayed_."
+
+carry + ed    study + es    espy + ed     juicy + est
+hurry + es    destroy + ed  deny + ing    homely + est
+marry + ing   pity + ing    survey + ed   pity + ful
+decay + ed    pity + less   employ + ing  rally + es
+annoy + s     joy + less    noisy + est   pretty + est
+copy + ed     city + es     mighty + er   pity + able
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+_y_ does not change before _'s_; as in
+
+la'dy's     en'e my's   ba'by's     coun'try's
+
+Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
+
+staid (_or_ stayed) slain      dry'ly               la'dy like
+paid                     dai'ly     dry ness             la dy bug
+laid                     sly ly     (_but_, dri'er, la dy ship
+said                     sly ness   dri'est)             ba by hood
+saith                    shy ly     shy ness             ba by house
+
+
+                     #[Fourth and Fifth Months.]#
+
+Rule III: "Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable,
+ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the
+final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel." This
+rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not
+doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
+
+Model for drill on this rule:
+
+"_Refer_ is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last
+syllable; it ends in a single consonant _r_, preceded by a single
+vowel _e_; therefore, on adding the suffix _ed_, beginning with the
+vowel _e_, the final consonant _r_ is doubled, and the word is
+spelled, _referred_."
+
+refer + ed    gallop + ed    suspend + ed    suffer + ing
+omit + ed     abhor + ence   kidnap + ed     travel + ed
+cheat + ed    join + ing     admit + ing     rebel + ious
+flatter + ed  benefit + ed   differ + ence   fertil + izer
+prefer + ing  permit + ed    enamel + ed     quarrel + ing
+remit + ance  map + ing      drug + ist      brag + art
+heap + ing    connect + ing  emit + ed       unfit + ed
+confer + ing  offer + ed     conceal + ed    parallel + ed
+acquit + ed*  commit + ee    shelter + ed    stir + ing
+root + ed     squeal + ing   intermit + ent  equal + ed
+depend + ent  begin + er     cheer + ed      vigor + ous
+occur + ed    shovel + ed    forgot + en     regret + ed
+submit + ed   transmit + ed  drum + er       spin + ing
+
+* After _q_, _u_ is a consonant.
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent
+is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, _re fer'_,
+_ref'er ence_.
+
+ref'er ence    def'er ence    ref er ee'
+pref er ence   in fer ence    ref'er a ble _or_
+con fer ence   pref er a ble   re fer'ri ble
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+gas es         (but gassy)     tranquillity
+gas eous       humbug ging     trans fer able
+crystallize    humbug ged      ex cellence
+chagrined
+
+NOTE.--There is a large class of words ending in _l_, and accented on
+some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the _l_ is
+doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the
+language not to double the _l_. Such words are the following: apparel,
+cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal,
+gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,
+peril, quarrel.
+
+
+
+
+                     REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
+
+
+_able_, see ble
+_age_, that which, having
+_ain_, see ian
+_al_, pertaining to
+_an_, pertaining to, one who
+_ant_, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
+_ary_, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of,
+       pertaining to
+_ate_, act of, state of, shaped like
+_ble_, capable of, fit to be
+_cle_, little, that which
+_ed_,  condition of
+_ee_, one who
+_ence_, see ant
+_ent_, see ant
+_er_, one who, that which
+_es_, see er
+_et_, little
+_ful_, full of, having
+_fy_, to make
+_ial_, see al
+_ian_, one who
+_ible_, see ble
+_ic_, pertaining to
+_il_, see ile
+_ile_, capable of, quality of
+_ion_, act of, state of, that which
+_ious_, see ous
+_ish_, act of
+_is_, that which
+_ise_, see ize
+_ism_, state of, doctrine of
+_ist_, one who
+_ity_, that which, state of being, quality of
+_ive_, that which, quality of
+_ize_, act of
+_lent_, full of
+_less_, without
+_ly_, state of being
+_ment_, that which
+_oid_, form
+_or_, one who
+_ory_, see ary
+_ous_, full of, quality of, having
+_tic_, see ic
+_tude_, quality of
+_ty_, see ity
+_ure_, that which, act of
+_y_, that which
+
+
+
+
+                            INDEX TO ROOTS.
+
+
+This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words
+in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
+
+                    Page.
+
+act                11, 61
+ambl               15, 18, 82
+anim               25, 35
+*ann               11
+aqua               74, 80
+arch               28, 45, 82
+*art               12
+*aster             12
+*aud               13
+bi, be             9, 64, 65, 74
+brev               9, 39
+burse              13, 20
+*capt, caput       53
+*ced, cess         53
+*cent              54
+cept               14, 55
+*chron             46
+cep, cip           18, 50
+*civ               55
+clam, claim        20, 74
+clud, clus         16
+cogn               20, 56, 81
+*cord, card        17
+*corpus, corpor    17
+*cura, curo        18
+*curr              58
+cuspid             21, 35, 50
+cycl               21, 50, 64
+*dent              58
+*dict              58
+*doc, doct         59
+dors               26, 56
+dote               25, 63
+*duc               22
+dur                32, 33
+*fac, fec, fic     23
+femin              35, 71
+*fer, lat          24
+*fest              24
+fid                39, 51, 56, 67
+*fin               62
+*firm              62
+fix                19, 49, 60
+*flex, flect       62
+flor               39, 66, 82
+*flu               63
+*foli              26
+form               15, 25, 61, 73
+*fort              26
+*fract, frang      27
+*frater            27
+fresh              20, 40
+fuse               13, 59, 61
+fy                 70
+gam                21, 28, 45
+*ge                47
+gnost              59, 63
+gon                26, 83
+grad, gress        52, 54, 59, 60, 61
+*graph             47
+*grat, grac        65
+*greg              65
+hale               55, 56
+hypnot             45, 82
+itio, it           9, 55, 61
+*ject              66
+journ              49, 82
+junct              71, 75
+juven              20, 70
+laps               20, 51
+lect               51, 60, 71
+*leg               66
+*liber             30
+*liter             31
+loc                13, 40
+*log, logy         48
+loqu               51, 57, 59, 76
+luc                39, 61
+luna               60, 80
+lut, luv           9, 50
+*manu              31
+mar                61, 71
+*mater             32
+matur              19, 56
+*ment              68
+meridi             50, 57
+*meter             83
+mingle             14, 51
+*mit               69
+moni               19, 49
+mort               39, 56, 57
+mot                40, 51, 59, 71
+mut                32, 51, 56, 61
+nat                40, 56, 66
+nomi               21, 28, 50, 66
+*norm              69
+nov                20, 56
+numer              38, 74
+opo, opt           29, 44, 64, 76, 80
+*pater             69
+path               25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
+*ped, pod          36
+*pel, puls         35
+*pend, pens        35
+*phon              83
+ple, plen          20, 40
+*polis             84
+*pon, pos          37
+*port              72
+preci              52, 74
+roy                63, 66, 82
+*rupt              72
+sal                34, 71
+scend              52, 61
+*scop              84
+*scrib, scrip      72
+secu               15, 40
+sect               13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
+soci               25, 32
+solv               9, 68
+son                25, 68
+*spec              73
+sta, sist          11, 15, 57, 60, 71
+struct             20, 57
+surrect            20, 71
+*tang, tact        41
+*tempor            41
+*ten, tain         42
+*terr              43
+thesis             25, 29, 64
+*tors, tort        76
+*tract             77
+trude              56, 57, 59
+une                21, 39
+use, uti           9, 32, 39
+vade               15, 56
+*ven               78
+*vers, vert        79
+via, vi            15, 21, 56, 74
+vir                21, 70
+viv                39, 70, 74, 82
+vol                10, 67
+zoo                48, 64
+
+    * Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO PREFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page.
+
+a (an)              63
+a, ab, abs          9
+ad (ac, etc.)       49
+ambi, amphi         9
+ante                50
+anti                25
+auto                64
+bene                10
+bi                  50
+circum              10
+con (col, etc.)     51
+contra              11
+de                  52
+dia                 26
+dis                 13
+en (on)             26
+epi                 64
+ex (e, ec)          55
+extra               14
+in (im)             56
+inter               14
+micro               65
+non                 15
+mono                28
+ob (op)             57
+para                29
+per                 15
+peri                29
+post                57
+pre                 18
+pro                 59
+re                  20
+retro               60
+se                  60
+semi                20
+sub (suc, etc.)     60
+super               20
+syn (sym)           29
+tele                30
+trans               61
+tri                 21
+uni                 25
+vice                63
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page
+
+able                32
+ac                  44
+aceous              66
+acy                 33
+al                  66
+an                  33
+ance                68
+ary                 34
+ate                 35
+ence                67
+ent                 68
+fy                  70
+ic                  38, 80
+ics                 44
+id                  39
+ile                 70
+ine                 71
+ion                 71
+ise                 81
+ist                 82
+ism                 45
+ite                 71
+ity                 39
+ive                 40
+ment                40
+oid                 82
+ory                 73
+ous                 74
+ulent               75
+ure                 75
+y                   45, 75
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+Seventh Year.
+
+
+First Month.                                Page.
+  Word Analysis                             9-13
+  Elementary Sounds                         85
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             13-18
+  Letters, Alphabet, etc.                   87
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             18-24
+  Vowels                                    88
+  Rule of Spelling                          101
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             25-28
+  Consonants                                89
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             28-32
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 93
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             32-38
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                96
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             38-43
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             44-48
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+
+Eighth Year.
+
+
+First Month.
+  Word Analysis                             49-55
+  Syllables                                 90
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             55-59
+  Accent                                    91
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             59-63
+  Words                                     92
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             63-66
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             66-70
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             70-73
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             73-80
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             80-84
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Reference Table of Suffixes                 105
+
+Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes      106-107
+
+
+
+
+                         Transcriber's notes:
+
+              The legend for reading accented characters:
+
+[=x] macron (straight line) above the letter
+[x_] macron (straight line) below the letter
+[:x] diaeresis (umlaut) above the letter
+[x:] diaeresis (umlaut) below the letter
+[)x] breve above the letter
+[x)] breve below the letter
+[~x] tilde above the letter
+[x~] tilde below the letter
+[-x] overlay hyphen through the letter
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Orthography
+       As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois
+
+Author: Elmer W. Cavins
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h1><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25ex">ORTHOGRAPHY</span><br /><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%">AS OUTLINED IN THE</span><br /><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 70%">STATE COURSE OF STUDY<br /> FOR ILLINOIS.</span></h1>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em" />
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 120%; text-indent: 0em">SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.</p>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 4em" />
+
+<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em">BY ELMER W. CAVINS,<br />
+<span style="font-size: 70%">TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL
+UNIVERSITY.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 2em; text-indent: 0em"><span style="font-size: 70%">INTRODUCTION BY</span><br />
+DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold; padding-top: 2em; font-size: 70%; text-indent: 0em">SECOND EDITION&mdash;JANUARY, 1906.</p>
+
+
+<p class="publisher"><i>PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,<br />
+TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="margin-top: 4em" />
+
+<p class="center">Copyright, 1904, by C.&nbsp;M. Parker.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois
+State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and
+Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths
+or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is,
+teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text,
+never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the
+average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be
+analyzed which contain the root <i>ann</i>, meaning year? He might turn in
+the dictionary to <i>annual</i>, <i>anniversary</i>, and <i>annuity</i>, but he must
+fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, <i>biennial</i>,
+<i>centennial</i>, <i>millennium</i>, <i>perennial</i>, and <i>superannuate</i>. And
+having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in
+the analysis.</p>
+
+<p>The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient
+form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of
+Study.</p>
+
+<p>Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that
+this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it.
+When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis &#8220;What Words Say&#8221;, he
+gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of
+meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those
+who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning.
+Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the
+understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of
+words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret
+<i>what words say</i>, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words,
+for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various
+departments for acquiring knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904.<br />
+<span class="right smcap">E.&nbsp;W. Cavins.</span><br style="clear: both" /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 60%; letter-spacing: 0.25ex">BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is
+much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to
+forward, anything that will promote such a study.</p>
+
+<p>Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it
+will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision
+of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.</p>
+
+<p>If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words
+themselves,&mdash;their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to
+each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from
+their use,&mdash;he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it
+will be more likely to increase than to diminish.</p>
+
+<p>It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably
+with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has
+acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience
+and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one
+master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English
+words, <i>graph</i> means write; <i>ge</i> means earth; <i>phone</i> means sound;
+<i>cur</i> means run; <i>fin</i> means limit; <i>port</i> means carry, etc.?</p>
+
+<p>And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is
+it preposterous to train him to know the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> etymological significance of
+a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?</p>
+
+<p>Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of
+meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to,
+their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to
+understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal
+significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded
+that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very
+profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.</p>
+
+<p>The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will
+require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the
+meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the
+brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be
+supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this
+must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research
+in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher,
+such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own
+thinking, and in his use of English speech.</p>
+
+<p>I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as
+adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the
+present work of the schools.</p>
+
+<p>Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904.<br />
+
+<span class="right">E.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;H.</span><br style="clear: both" /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapter" />
+
+<h2><a name="SUGGESTIONS_TO_TEACHERS" id="SUGGESTIONS_TO_TEACHERS"></a>SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your
+opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.</p>
+
+<p>2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or
+illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the
+method of showing their <i>literal</i> significance. Further along in each
+year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that
+pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as
+to show the <i>literal</i> meaning, else much of the value of the study is
+lost.</p>
+
+<p>And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, <i>where it differs
+from the literal</i>, should be given. Very many of the words have
+various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This
+necessitates a free use of the dictionary.</p>
+
+<p>It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when
+necessary) try to find <i>an appropriate sentence to illustrate each
+word</i> and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of
+reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils,
+especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings
+are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils
+to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to
+be analyzed according to the examples given under &#8220;Directions to
+Pupils&#8221;, and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written
+on the board.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapter" />
+
+<h2><a name="DIRECTIONS_TO_PUPILS" id="DIRECTIONS_TO_PUPILS"></a>DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of
+Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,&mdash;in all 142 elements
+or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished
+to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list
+being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed,
+or partially analyzed, is over 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">TO ANALYZE A WORD.</p>
+
+<p>1. Name its component parts&mdash;root, prefix, and suffix&mdash;and give the
+literal meaning of each.</p>
+
+<p>2. Combine these meanings in a definition, <i>supplying additional words
+if necessary</i>, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases,
+however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put
+together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be
+omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly
+literal.</p>
+
+<p>3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.</p>
+
+<p>(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not
+define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for
+illustration, say <i>audible</i> is <i>that which</i> can be <i>heard</i>; but rather
+say <i>audible</i> means <i>capable of</i> being <i>heard</i>.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">EXAMPLES.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em">
+<table>
+<tr><td class="example">avert:</td><td class="example">(1) <i>a</i>, away&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>vert</i>, turn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(2) To <i>turn away</i>; to ward off.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(3) The evils which exist are necessary to <i>avert</i> greater evils.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div style="width: 380px; padding-bottom: 0.5em">
+<table>
+<tr><td class="example">deify:&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(1) <i>dei</i>, god&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>fy</i>, to make.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(2) To <i>make</i> a <i>god</i> of; to praise and revere as if a deity.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(3) The people of India <i>deify</i> the Ganges River.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em">
+<table>
+<tr><td class="example">hostile:</td><td class="example">(1) <i>host</i>, enemy&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>ile</i>, belonging to.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(2) <i>Belonging to</i> or having the characteristics of an <i>enemy</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the
+<i>hostile</i> winds.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div style="width: 400px; padding-bottom: 0.5em">
+<table>
+<tr><td class="example">portable:</td><td class="example"> (1) <i>port</i>, carry&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>able</i>, capable of.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(2) <i>capable of</i> being <i>carried</i> or moved from place to
+place; not stationary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(3) A <i>portable</i> photograph gallery stopped for three
+days at the cross-roads near my home.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div style="width: 400px">
+<table>
+<tr><td class="example">benefactor:</td><td class="example"> (1) <i>bene</i>, good&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>fact</i>, make, do&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>or</i>, one who.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example">(2) <i>One who does good</i>; especially one who makes
+a charitable donation.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="example">&nbsp;</td><td class="example" style="text-indent: -2.5em; padding-left: 2.5em">(3) &#8220;He is a true <i>benefactor</i> and alone worthy of
+honor who brings comfort where before was
+wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow.&#8221;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to
+analyze words a pupil must&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Learn some <i>facts</i>&mdash;meanings of the component parts of words.</p>
+
+<p>2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible
+definition.</p>
+
+<p>3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.</p>
+
+<p>4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be
+neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis.
+Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his
+help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might
+suffice the entire class.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="PART_ONE" id="PART_ONE"></a>PART ONE</h2>
+
+<h3>Word Analysis.</h3>
+
+<hr class="subheading" />
+
+<h3 style="padding-top: 0em">SEVENTH YEAR.</h3>
+<hr class="subheading" />
+
+<p class="month">FIRST MONTH.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>a, ab, abs</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;from, away.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>vert</i>, turn</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. ab <i>origin</i> es, beginning</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ab <i>brevi</i> ate, short</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. ab <i>rupt</i>, break</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. ab <i>duct</i>, lead</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. ab <i>sorb</i>, suck in</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. ab <i>ject</i>, cast</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. ab <i>solve</i>, loosen</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. ab <i>lut</i> ion, wash</td><td class="entry">10. ab <i>use</i>, use.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>shorten</i>, to take <i>from</i>; to make briefer.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To <i>lead away</i>; to carry off by force; to kidnap.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. An <i>abject</i> person is one sunk to low condition (as if <i>cast from</i>
+the society of others).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. An <i>ablution</i> is a <i>washing</i> or <i>cleansing</i>; especially a religious
+rite.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. The inhabitants of a country <i>from</i> the <i>beginning</i>. The earliest
+inhabitants of which anything is known.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Broken</i> or appearing as if broken <i>away</i> or off; as an <i>abrupt</i>
+cliff.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>suck</i> up; to drink in. A brick will <i>absorb</i> a pint of water.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To <i>loosen</i> or set free, as <i>from</i> some duty or obligation</p>
+
+<p>10. To divert <i>from</i> the proper <i>use</i>; to misuse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ambi, (amphi)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;both, on both sides, around.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ambi <i>dextr</i> ous, right hand</td><td class="entry">3. amphi <i>bi</i> ous, life</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ambi <i>ti</i> on, go</td><td class="entry">4. amphi <i>theatre</i>, view.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Having</i> skill with <i>both</i> hands (as if both were <i>right hands</i>).</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>going around</i> or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes;
+eager for favors; strongly desirous.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Living both</i> on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles,
+seals, otters, and beavers are <i>amphibious</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. An <i>amphitheatre</i> is a building built circular so that spectators
+may <i>view</i> a performance from <i>both sides</i> or from all <i>around</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>bene</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;well, good.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. bene <i>dict</i> ion, speak</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. bene <i>fit</i>, do</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. bene <i>fact</i> ion, do</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. bene <i>vol</i> ent, will</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. bene fact <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. beni <i>gn</i>, (genus) kind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. bene <i>fic</i> ent, do</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. beni gn <i>ant</i>, being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. bene fic <i>ial</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">10. <i>nota</i> bene, note</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The <i>act of speaking well</i> to or of; a blessing pronounced at the
+close of divine service.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The <i>act of doing</i> good; making a charitable donation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Doing</i> or effecting <i>good</i>; performing acts of kindness.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Pertaining to</i> what <i>does good</i>, is useful or profitable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>good</i> deed <i>done</i>; an act of kindness.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Willing</i> to <i>do good</i>; well-wishing; charitable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Good</i> and <i>kind</i> of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness.
+Literally, of a <i>good kind</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Being kind</i> and gracious.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Note well</i>; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated
+to N.&nbsp;B.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>circum</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;around.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. circum <i>fer</i> ence, carry</td><td class="entry">5. circum <i>scribe</i>, write, draw</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. circum <i>flex</i>, bend</td><td class="entry">6. circum <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. circum <i>locut</i> ion, speak</td><td class="entry">7. circum <i>sta</i> nce, stand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. circum <i>navig</i> ate, sail</td><td class="entry">8. circum <i>vent</i>, come.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Think the <i>circumference</i> in the process of making;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> <i>carry</i> the
+crayon <i>around</i> the circle to produce the <i>circumference</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>bending around</i>; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a
+rise and a fall on the same syllable.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>act of speaking</i> in a <i>round</i> about way; particularly a
+studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.</p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>act of sailing around</i>; especially the earth or globe.</p>
+
+<p>5. To <i>draw</i> a bounding line <i>round</i>; hence to mark out the limits of.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Looking around</i> on all sides; examining carefully.</p>
+
+<p>7. That which attends or relates to (<i>stands around</i>, as it were,) an
+event, a person or a thing.</p>
+
+<p>8. To <i>circumvent</i> one in any enterprise is to <i>come around</i> in an
+unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>contra, (contro, counter)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;against</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. contra <i>dict</i>, speak</td><td class="entry">4. counter <i>act</i>, do</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. contra <i>vene</i>, come</td><td class="entry">5. counter <i>balance</i>, scales</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. contra <i>st</i>, stand</td><td class="entry">6. contro <i>versy</i>, turn</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. To <i>speak against</i>; to assert the opposite of.</p>
+
+<p>2. To <i>come against</i>; to oppose.</p>
+
+<p>3. To <i>stand against</i>; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects
+of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.</p>
+
+<p>4. To act <i>against</i>; to <i>do</i> what hinders.</p>
+
+<p>5. To <i>weigh against</i> with equal weight; equal weight, power or
+influence acting in opposition to.</p>
+
+<p>6. A <i>turning against</i>; debate, contention.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ann</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;year.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. annu <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>cent</i> ennial, hundred</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. anni <i>vers</i> ary, turn</td><td class="entry">6. <i>mille</i> nnium, thousand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. annu <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> ennial, through</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>bi</i> ennial, two</td><td class="entry">8. <i>super</i> annuate, beyond</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Relating to</i> a <i>year</i>; yearly.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2. <i>That</i> day <i>which returns</i> once a <i>year</i> commemorating some event.</p>
+
+<p>3. A stated sum of money payable <i>yearly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. Happening once in <i>two years</i>; lasting two years.</p>
+
+<p>5. Consisting of or lasting a <i>hundred years</i>. Happening every hundred
+years.</p>
+
+<p>6. A period or interval of a <i>thousand years</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Throughout</i> the <i>year</i>; lasting, perpetual.</p>
+
+<p>8. Condition of being <i>beyond</i> the <i>years</i> of active service; impaired
+or disabled by length of years.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>art</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;skill.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. art <i>ist</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">3. artist <i>ic</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. arti <i>fic</i> ial, make</td><td class="entry">4. art <i>less</i>, without</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>One who</i> is <i>skilled</i> or adept in any of the fine arts.</p>
+
+<p>2. Produced or <i>made</i> by <i>art</i> or <i>skill</i> rather than by nature.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Relating</i> to <i>skill</i> in any field.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Without skill</i>; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>aster, (astr)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;star.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. aster <i>isk</i>, little</td><td class="entry">3. astr <i>olog</i> er, speak.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. aster <i>oid</i>, form</td><td class="entry">4. astr <i>onomy</i>, distribute</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>dis</i> aster, apart</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Literally, a <i>little star</i>; a mark like a star used to refer to a
+note in the margin.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Formed</i> like a <i>star</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>One who speaks</i> about the <i>stars</i>; one who foretells events by the
+stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.</p>
+
+<p>4. The science which treats of the <i>distribution</i>, arrangement and
+size of heavenly bodies (<i>stars</i>).</p>
+
+<p>5. An unfavorable aspect of a <i>star</i> or planet, hence an ill portent,
+a calamity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>aud</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;hear.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. aud <i>ible</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">3. audit <i>ors</i>, those who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. audit <i>ory</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> audible, not</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Capable of</i> being <i>heard</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>hearing</i>, or the sense of hearing.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Those who hear</i>; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing
+music or discourse.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Not capable</i> of being <i>heard</i>; indistinct.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="month">SECOND MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>dis (dif)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;apart, from, away.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. dis <i>burse</i>, purse</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. dis <i>miss</i>, send</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. dis <i>cord</i>, heart</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. dis <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. dis <i>cuss</i>, shake</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. dis <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. dif <i>fer</i>, bear</td><td class="entry">10. dis <i>rupt</i>, break</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. dif <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">11. dis <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. dis <i>loc</i> ate, place</td><td class="entry">12. dis <i>tend</i>, stretch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>disburse</i> money is to pay it out (<i>from</i> one's <i>purse</i>).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. (Literally, <i>hearts apart</i>.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in
+opinion, or in action.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. The <i>discussion</i> of a question <i>shakes</i> it <i>apart</i>, for a more
+thorough examination.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. When two minds <i>differ</i>, one <i>bears</i> in one direction, the other in
+another, and thus they <i>bear apart</i>. They do not agree.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. To <i>pour</i> out and cause to spread <i>apart</i>, as a fluid; to
+circulate; to scatter.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. To <i>place apart</i> or out of proper position.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To <i>dismiss</i> a congregation is to <i>send</i> the people (or allow them
+to go) <i>apart</i> to their homes.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>dispel</i> fear is to <i>drive</i> it <i>away</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To <i>dispose</i> of property is to part with it (<i>put</i> it <i>apart</i> from
+one).</p>
+
+<p>10. Rocks are <i>disrupted</i> when <i>broken apart</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>dissect</i> the eye of an ox is to <i>cut</i> it <i>apart</i>, for the
+purpose of examination.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>12. To <i>distend</i> is to <i>stretch apart</i> or spread in all directions; to
+dilate, to expand.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>extra</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;beyond.</p>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Extra <i>ordin</i> ary, order, rule (<i>ary</i>, relating to). <i>Relating to</i>
+what is <i>beyond</i> or out of the common <i>rule</i> or <i>order</i>; exceptional,
+unusual.</p>
+
+<p>2. Extra <i>vag</i> ant, <i>wander</i> (<i>ant</i>, ing). <i>Wandering beyond</i> bounds
+or out of the regular course; excessive.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>inter</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;between, among, through.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. inter <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. inter <i>pose</i>, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. inter <i>cept</i>, take</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. inter <i>rogate</i>, ask</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. inter <i>course</i>, run</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. inter <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. inter <i>ject</i> ion, throw</td><td class="entry">10. inter <i>val</i>, wall</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. inter <i>lop</i> er, run</td><td class="entry">11. inter <i>vene</i>, come</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. inter <i>mingle</i>, mix</td><td class="entry">12. inter <i>view</i>, see</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>go between</i> parties for the purpose of reconciling those who
+differ; to plead in favor of another.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To seize or <i>take between</i> the starting point and destination; as
+to <i>intercept</i> a letter or messenger.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another
+(a <i>running between</i>, to and fro).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. An <i>interjection</i> is a word <i>thrown</i> in <i>between</i> other words to
+express emotion or feeling.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. An <i>interloper</i> is <i>one who runs</i> in <i>between</i> two parties to get
+the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who
+intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a
+grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an
+<i>interloper</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. To <i>mix between</i> or together.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To protect the eyes from a strong light <i>interpose</i> (<i>place
+between</i> the eyes and light) a shade.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>interrogate</i> is to question. (The <i>questions</i> come <i>between</i>
+the answers.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. One line <i>intersects</i> another when it <i>cuts</i> through it, or
+<i>between</i> its parts.</p>
+
+<p>10. An <i>interval</i> is an open space or stretch between things or
+limits. Formerly it meant a space <i>between walls</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>come between</i> persons, things, or events.</p>
+
+<p>12. A mutual exchange of <i>views between</i> two or more people.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>non</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;not, un.</p>
+
+<p>The prefix <i>non-</i> may be joined to the leading word by means of a
+hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. noncommittal</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. nonpareil</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. non compos mentis</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. non-payment</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. nonconductor</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. nonplus</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. nondescript</td><td class="entry">10. non-resident</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. nonentity</td><td class="entry">11. nonsense</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. nonessential</td><td class="entry">12. nonsuit</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>2. <i>Com</i>, with&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>pos</i>, power&nbsp;+&nbsp;<i>mentis</i>, of mind. Literally, <i>not
+with power of mind</i>. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of
+managing one's own affairs.</p>
+
+<p>4. That which has <i>not</i> been <i>described</i>; difficult to describe; new,
+novel, odd.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Entity</i> means thing or being; hence a <i>nonentity</i> is <i>no thing</i> or
+nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or
+<i>nothing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Plus</i> means more. Literally, a person is <i>nonplused</i> when he can
+do <i>no more</i>, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.</p>
+
+<p>(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other
+words of the above list.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>per</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;through, thoroughly, by.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. per <i>ambul</i> ate, walk</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. per <i>fume</i>, smoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. per <i>ceive</i>, take</td><td class="entry">10. per <i>mit</i>, let go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. per <i>cent</i>, hundred</td><td class="entry">11. per <i>plex</i>, entangle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. per <i>col</i> ate, filter</td><td class="entry">12. per <i>secute</i>, follow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. per <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">13. per <i>sist</i>, stand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. per <i>fect</i>, make</td><td class="entry">14. per <i>vade</i>, go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. per <i>for</i> ate, bore</td><td class="entry">15. per <i>vert</i>, turn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. per <i>form</i>, form</td><td class="entry">16. per <i>vi</i> ous, way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>walk through</i> or over. He got out of bed and <i>perambulated</i> the
+room for some minutes.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>take</i> or obtain knowledge <i>through</i> the senses. To <i>take</i> with
+a <i>thorough</i> mental grasp; to understand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>By</i> the <i>hundred</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To pass <i>through</i>; as, a <i>filter</i> or strainer.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Lasting <i>through</i> the <i>year</i>, or through many years.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Thoroughly made</i>; finished in every part; without blemish or
+defect.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To <i>bore through</i>; to make holes in; to pierce.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>form thoroughly</i>; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. &#8220;To <i>perfume</i> means literally to <i>smoke thoroughly</i>. Hence to
+impregnate or fill with scent or odor.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Kennedy.</i></p>
+
+<p>10. By this <i>permit</i> we may <i>go through</i> the factory.</p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>entangle thoroughly</i>. &#8220;Love with doubts <i>perplexes</i> still the
+mind.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>12. To <i>follow</i> with persistence or <i>thoroughness</i>. To follow close
+after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a
+particular creed. The early Christians suffered <i>persecution</i>.</p>
+
+<p>13. To take a <i>thorough stand</i>; to continue steadily in some state or
+course of action; especially in spite of opposition.</p>
+
+<p>14. To <i>go through</i>; to spread throughout the whole.</p>
+
+<p>15. To turn in another direction; to <i>turn thoroughly</i> from a former
+course. &#8220;Blessings unused <i>pervert</i> into a waste.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Having</i> a <i>way through</i>. &#8220;&mdash;&mdash; to have their way free and
+<i>pervious</i> to all places.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>clud, clus</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;shut.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. close</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. exclus <i>ion</i>, act of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. clos <i>et</i>, little</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>in</i> clude, within</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> clude, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>pre</i> clude, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dis</i> close, un</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> cluse, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>en</i> close, in</td><td class="entry">11. <i>se</i> clude, aside</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ex</i> elude, out</td><td class="entry">12. se clus <i>ion</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>shut</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A <i>small</i> side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept
+<i>shut</i> away from view.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To bring to an end. Literally to <i>shut</i> in or <i>together</i>
+(obsolete); as, &#8220;The body of Christ was <i>concluded</i> in the grave.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To <i>un-shut</i>; to open or uncover; to make known.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To put an obstacle <i>before</i>, or in the way of, in order to <i>shut</i>
+out; to prevent or hinder.</p>
+
+<p>10. One who is <i>shut</i> up (or has <i>shut</i> himself <i>back</i>) from the world
+or public view.</p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>shut</i> off or keep apart or <i>aside</i>, as from company or
+society.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>cor, cord</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;heart.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. core</td><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> cord, apart</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. cordi<i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">6. discord <i>ant</i>, being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> cord, with</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> cord, again</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. cord <i>ate</i>, shaped</td><td class="entry">8. cour <i>age</i>, having</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. The <i>heart</i> or innermost part of a thing; as the <i>core</i> of an
+apple.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Relating to</i> the <i>heart</i>; hearty, sincere.</p>
+
+<p>3. Heart <i>with heart</i>; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. &#8220;Love
+quarrels oft in <i>concord</i> end.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Heart shaped</i>; as a <i>cordate</i> leaf.</p>
+
+<p>5. Heart <i>apart</i> from <i>heart</i>; hence disagreement or want of harmony.</p>
+
+<p>6. State of <i>being</i> out of harmony.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Record</i>; through the Latin <i>recordari</i>, to remember (or know
+<i>again</i>). To get by <i>heart</i>; hence to register; to write or inscribe
+an authentic account of.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Having heart</i>; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is
+accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>corpus, corpor</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;body.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. corpse</td><td class="entry">5. incorpor <i>ate</i>, make</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. corps (pronounce core)</td><td class="entry">6. corpus <i>cle</i>, small</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. corpor <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">7. corset</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. corpu <i>lent</i>, full of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>habeas</i> corpus. You may have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. The <i>body</i> only; hence a dead body.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>body</i> of soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Relating to</i> the <i>body</i>; as <i>corporal</i> punishment.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>corpulent</i> person is fleshy; literally <i>full of body</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. To <i>make into</i> a <i>body</i> in the legal sense, so that a number of
+individuals may transact business legally as one person.</p>
+
+<p>6. A <i>small body</i>; a minute particle.</p>
+
+<p>7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting <i>body</i> garment, having sleeves
+and skirt.</p>
+
+<p>8. Literally, <i>you may have the body</i>. A writ requiring the body of a
+person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the
+lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>cura, curo</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;care.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. cure</td><td class="entry">5. <i>mani</i> cure, hand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. cur<i>able</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">6. <i>ac</i> cur ate, to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. cur<i>ate</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>pro</i> cure, for</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. curi <i>ous</i>, full of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>se</i> cure, aside</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. To take <i>care</i> of; to restore to health.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Capable of</i> being cured or restored by <i>care</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>One who</i> has the <i>care</i> of souls; a parish priest.</p>
+
+<p>4. Formerly, <i>curious</i> meant <i>full of care</i>, or careful, nice,
+precise; as, &#8220;Men were not <i>curious</i> what syllables or particles they
+used.&#8221; Eager to learn; inquisitive.</p>
+
+<p>5. To <i>care</i> for the <i>hands</i> and nails.</p>
+
+<p>6. A thing is made <i>accurate</i> by giving <i>care to</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>7. Literally, to <i>care for</i>; to look after; as, &#8220;I <i>procured</i> that
+rumor to be spread.&#8221; To obtain; to get.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Aside</i>, or free, from <i>care</i>, anxiety, or fear; safe.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">THIRD MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>pre</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;before.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. pre <i>amble</i>, walk</td><td class="entry">11. pre <i>fer</i>, bring</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. pre <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">12. pre <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. pre ced <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">13. pre <i>judice</i>, judgment</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. pre <i>cip</i> ice, head</td><td class="entry">14. pre <i>limin</i> ary, threshold</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. pre <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">15. pre <i>mature</i>, ripe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. pre <i>coc</i> ious, cook, ripe</td><td class="entry">16. pre <i>monit</i> ion, warning</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. pre <i>curs</i> or, run</td><td class="entry">17. pre <i>pare</i>, make ready</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. pre <i>destinate</i>, to determine</td><td class="entry">18. pre <i>posit</i> ion, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. pre <i>dict</i>, speak</td><td class="entry">19. pre <i>poster</i> ous, after</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>10. pre <i>face</i>, say</td><td class="entry">20. pre <i>scribe</i>, write</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly <i>preamble</i> meant, to
+<i>walk</i> over <i>before</i>hand; as, &#8220;I will take a thorough view of those
+who have <i>preambled</i> this by path.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>That which</i> has <i>gone before</i>. A previous example or usage which
+has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom,
+habit, or rule.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>head</i>long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, <i>head</i> <i>fore</i>most.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. See second month, page 16.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Ripe</i> in understanding at an early age or <i>before</i> due time; as, a
+<i>precocious</i> child.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A <i>precursor</i> is a <i>forerunner</i>. That which precedes an event and
+indicates its approach.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>determine</i> <i>before</i>hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree.
+&#8220;Whom He did foreknow He also did <i>predestinate</i> to be conformed to
+the image of His Son.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>prefer</i> one thing to another is to <i>bring</i> or set it before
+the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.</p>
+
+<p>13. A <i>prejudgment</i> formed without due examination. &#8220;<i>Prejudice</i> is
+the child of ignorance.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>14. Literally, <i>before</i> the <i>threshold</i>. Preceding or leading up to
+something more important; as <i>preliminary</i> arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>18. A <i>preposition</i> is so called because usually <i>placed before</i> the
+word with which it is phrased.</p>
+
+<p>19. Anything is <i>preposterous</i> when it is contrary to nature, reason,
+or common sense. Literally, having that <i>last</i> which ought to be
+<i>first</i>; as, the &#8220;cart before the horse&#8221;.</p>
+
+<p>20. To lay down <i>before</i>hand in <i>writing</i> as a rule of action.
+&#8220;<i>Prescribe</i> not us our duties.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>re</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;back, again.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. re <i>bound</i>, leap</td><td class="entry">16. re <i>juven</i> ate, young</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. re <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">17. re <i>lapse</i>, slip</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. re <i>claim</i>, call</td><td class="entry">18. re <i>late</i>, carry</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. re <i>cluse</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">19. re <i>lease</i>, loose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. re <i>cogn</i> ize, know</td><td class="entry">20. re <i>mit</i>, send</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. re con <i>struct</i>, build</td><td class="entry">21. re <i>morse</i>, bite</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. re <i>course</i>, run</td><td class="entry">22. re <i>nov</i> ate, new</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. re <i>create</i>, make</td><td class="entry">23. re <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. re <i>cruit</i>, grow</td><td class="entry">24. re <i>plen</i> ish, full</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. re <i>cur</i>, run</td><td class="entry">25. re <i>pulse</i>, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">11. re <i>flect</i>, bend</td><td class="entry">26. re <i>sult</i>, leap</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">12. re <i>fresh</i>, new</td><td class="entry">27. re <i>sume</i>, take (up)</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">13. re <i>hash</i>, chop</td><td class="entry">28. re <i>surrect</i> ion, rise</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">14. re im <i>burse</i>, purse</td><td class="entry">29. re <i>tain</i>, hold</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">15. re <i>ject</i>, throw</td><td class="entry">30. re <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning,
+thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will <i>rebound</i> (<i>leap back</i>).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>semi</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;half.</p>
+
+<table style="padding-bottom: 1em">
+<tr><td class="entry">1. semicircle</td><td class="entry">4. semilunar</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. semicolon</td><td class="entry">5. semivowel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. semidiameter</td><td class="entry">6. semiweekly</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>super</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;over, above, beyond.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. super <i>annu</i> ate, year</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. super <i>numer</i> ary, number</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. super <i>cili</i> ous, pride</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. super <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. super <i>fic</i> ial, face</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. super <i>script</i> ion, write</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. super <i>flu</i> ous, flow</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. super <i>struct</i> ure, build.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. super <i>natur</i> al, nature</td><td class="entry">10. super <i>vise</i>, see</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>superannuate</i> is one who has become impaired or disabled by
+length of years. Specifically, one living <i>beyond</i> the <i>years</i> of
+active service and allowed to retire on a pension.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Lofty with <i>pride</i>; <i>over</i>bearing. &#8220;A <i>supercilious</i> nabob of the
+east, haughty and purse-proud.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Literally, not extending below (i.&nbsp;e. in depth <i>beyond</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> the
+sur<i>face</i>; shallow. &#8220;She despised <i>superficiality</i>, and looked deeper
+than the color of things.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Overflowing</i>; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding
+with <i>superfluous</i> words.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Being <i>beyond</i> or exceeding the powers of <i>nature</i>. Miracles were
+performed by <i>supernatural</i> power.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Beyond</i> a stated or required <i>number</i>; as, a <i>supernumerary</i>
+officer in a regiment.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To <i>put over</i> or upon; as to <i>superpose</i> one rock upon another.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. A <i>superscription</i> is a <i>writing over</i> or <i>upon</i>; especially an
+address on a letter.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A <i>superstructure</i> is something <i>built over</i> something else;
+particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>oversee</i>; as, to <i>supervise</i> the erection of a house.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tri</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;three.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. tri <i>angle</i>, angle</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. tri <i>nomi</i> al, term</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. tri <i>cuspid</i>, point</td><td class="entry">10. trio</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. tri <i>cycle</i>, circle</td><td class="entry">11. tri <i>pod</i>, foot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. tri <i>dent</i>, tooth</td><td class="entry">12. tri <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. tri <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">13. tri <i>syllable</i>, syllable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. tri <i>gam</i> ist, marriage.</td><td class="entry">14. trium <i>vir</i>, man</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. tri gon <i>ometry</i>, measure</td><td class="entry">15. tri <i>une</i>, one</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. tri <i>later</i> al, side</td><td class="entry">16. tri <i>via</i> l, way</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A <i>tricuspid</i> tooth has <i>three points</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>three-toothed</i> or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing
+spear.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#8220;His nature is too noble for the world;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;He would not flatter Neptune for his <i>trident</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&nbsp;Or Jove for his power to thunder.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>trigamist</i> is one who has been <i>three</i> times <i>married</i>;
+especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Trigonometry</i> literally means <i>three angle measure</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> That branch
+of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of
+triangles, and applies them to other figures.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A <i>trinomial</i> in algebra is a quantity consisting of <i>three terms</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. A <i>trio</i> is a musical composition in <i>three</i> parts.</p>
+
+<p>11. A <i>tripod</i> has <i>three feet</i> or legs; as a three-legged table or
+stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.</p>
+
+<p>14. A <i>triumvir</i> is one of <i>three men</i> united in office; specifically
+in ancient Rome.</p>
+
+<p>15. The <i>triune</i> is <i>three</i> in <i>one</i>; the three-fold personality of
+one divine being,&mdash;Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Trivial</i> formerly meant, pertaining to <i>three ways</i>; where three
+ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace,
+such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little
+worth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>due</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;lead, draw.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> duct, away</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>e</i> duc ate, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2 <i>ad</i> duce, to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>in</i> duce, into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>aque</i> duct, water</td><td class="entry">10. in duce <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> duct, with</td><td class="entry">11. <i>intro</i> duce, into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>de</i> duct, from</td><td class="entry">12. <i>pro</i> duce, forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. duct <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">13. <i>se</i> duce, aside</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. duke, a leader</td><td class="entry">14. <i>re</i> duce, back</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>lead</i> or carry <i>away</i> wrongfully and usually by force; to
+kidnap; as, to <i>abduct</i> a child.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>to</i>; to bring forward or offer as an argument
+in a case. &#8220;I too prize facts and shall <i>adduce</i> nothing else.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. An <i>aqueduct</i> is a <i>lead</i>way or artificial channel for conveying
+<i>water</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A guide <i>conducts</i> a traveler when he goes <i>with</i> him and, in a
+sense, <i>leads</i> him along a safe route.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. To <i>deduct</i> is to take <i>from</i>; to <i>draw</i> away.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>ductile</i> metal is one <i>capable of</i> being <i>drawn</i> into wire; as,
+copper, platinum, steel, etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. <i>Educate</i> literally
+means to <i>lead</i> forth, to <i>draw out</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. An <i>introduction</i> is the initial step which <i>leads</i> people <i>into</i>
+one another's acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>14. (1) To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>back</i> to a former state; as,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#8220;It were but right<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And equal to <i>reduce</i> me to my dust.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>(2) To bring to any specific state or form.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>fac, fact</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;do, make.<br />
+
+<small>(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)</small></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. fact</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>arti</i> ficial, skill</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. fact <i>ory</i>, place where</td><td class="entry">10. <i>bene</i> ficial, good</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. facil <i>ity</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>sacri</i> fice, sacred</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>bene</i> fact or, good</td><td class="entry">12. <i>paci</i> fic, peace</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>manu</i> fact ure, hand</td><td class="entry">13. feat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ef</i> fect, (ex.) out</td><td class="entry">14. <i>de</i> feat, un</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> fect, thoroughly</td><td class="entry">15. feas <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>im</i> perfect, not</td><td class="entry">16. fashion.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>fact</i> is something <i>done</i> or brought to pass.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Quality</i> of being easily <i>done</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Manufacture</i> formerly meant to <i>make</i> by <i>hand</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. An <i>effect</i> is something worked <i>out</i>, or <i>done</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A thing is <i>perfect</i> when <i>thoroughly made</i>, or <i>finished</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Sacrifice</i> literally means to <i>make sacred</i>; to set apart as
+sacred.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Pacific</i> means pertaining to <i>peace</i>; suited to <i>make</i> or restore
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>13. A <i>feat</i> is an act, a deed, an exploit; something <i>done</i>.</p>
+
+<p>14. To <i>defeat</i> means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to <i>un do</i>.</p>
+
+<p>16. The <i>fashion</i> of a thing is, in a sense, the <i>make</i> of it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;<i>fy</i>, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too
+numerous to mention; as, purify (to <i>make pure</i>), rarefy (to <i>make
+rare</i>), classify (to <i>make</i> or put into a <i>class</i>), etc.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>fer, ferr</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;carry, bear, bring.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>circum</i> fer ence, around</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>pro</i> (f)fer, forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> fer, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>re</i> fer, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dif</i> fer, apart</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. re fer <i>ee</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. fert <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>suf</i> fer, (sub) under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>of</i> fer, (ob) near.</td><td class="entry">10. <i>trans</i> fer, across</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. See first month, page 10.</p>
+
+<p>2. When two or more persons <i>confer</i> they <i>bring together</i> opinions
+and facts on some special subject.</p>
+
+<p>3. See second month, page 13.</p>
+
+<p>5. To <i>bring near</i> to; to present for acceptance; as, to <i>offer</i> one's
+services.</p>
+
+<p>6. To <i>bring</i> or put <i>forward</i>; to hold <i>forth</i> so that a person may
+take; as, to <i>proffer</i> a gift.</p>
+
+<p>7. To direct for information. Literally, to <i>carry back</i>; as, &#8220;Mahomet
+<i>referred</i> his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he
+gave out they were made.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>9. To <i>suffer</i> is to <i>bear under</i>; to undergo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;<i>Ferr</i> is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which
+are: <i>fero</i>, <i>ferre</i>, <i>tuli</i>, <i>latus</i>. The last form is found in a
+number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate,
+superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in
+the ten given above, is <i>bear</i>, <i>carry</i>, or <i>bring</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>fest</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;feast.</p>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. fest <i>al</i>. <i>Pertaining to</i> a <i>feast</i>, a holiday or celebration.</p>
+
+<p>2. fest <i>ive</i>. <i>Pertaining to</i> or becoming a <i>feast</i>; festal, joyous,
+gay.</p>
+
+<p>3. festival. A time of <i>feasting</i> or celebration.</p>
+
+<p>4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a <i>feast</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a <i>feast</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. f&ecirc;te. Modern French, equivalent of <i>feast</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">FOURTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>uni</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. unit, one</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. unanim <i>ity</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. un <i>ity</i>, ness</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. uni <i>corn</i>, horn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. un <i>ion</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">10. uni <i>form</i>, form</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. unite</td><td class="entry">11. uni <i>son</i>, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> unite, not</td><td class="entry">12. uni <i>verse</i>, turn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> unite, again</td><td class="entry">13. unique</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. un <i>anim</i> ous, mind</td><td class="entry">14. onion</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. The <i>unicorn</i> is a fabulous <i>one-horned</i> animal.</p>
+
+<p>12. The <i>universe</i> consists of all things considered as <i>one</i> whole.</p>
+
+<p>13. A thing is <i>unique</i> when it is the only <i>one</i> of its kind.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Onion</i> comes from the Latin <i>unio</i>, which means <i>oneness</i>; also a
+single pearl of large size resembling the onion.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>anti</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;against, opposed to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. anti <i>climax</i>, ladder</td><td class="entry">5. anti <i>pod</i> es, foot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. anti <i>christ</i>, Christ</td><td class="entry">6. anti <i>thesis</i>, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. anti <i>dote</i>, give</td><td class="entry">7. anti <i>slave</i> ry, slave</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. anti <i>path</i> y, feel</td><td class="entry">8. anti <i>soci</i> al, companion</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. An <i>anti climax</i> is <i>opposed to</i> or in contrast with a <i>climax</i>. In
+rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt
+descent (down the <i>ladder</i>) from stronger to weaker expressions.</p>
+
+<p>3. An <i>antidote</i> is something <i>given</i> to counteract (act <i>against</i>)
+poison or disease.</p>
+
+<p>5. Those who live at <i>opposite</i> points on the globe so that their
+<i>feet</i> are directly toward each other are <i>antipodes</i>. Figuratively,
+things opposed to each other.</p>
+
+<p>6. In rhetoric an <i>antithesis</i> is a figure of speech which consists of
+one idea <i>placed against</i> another; a contrast.</p>
+
+<p>8. A person is <i>antisocial</i> when he is averse or <i>opposed to</i> society,
+social intercourse or <i>companionship</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>dia</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;across, through, between.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. dia<i>gon</i> al, angle</td><td class="entry">4. dia <i>log</i>, speech</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. dia <i>gram</i>, writing</td><td class="entry">5. dia <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. dia <i>lect</i>, speech</td><td class="entry">6. dia <i>pason</i>, all</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">7. dia <i>phragm</i>, fence</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>diagonal</i> is a line <i>across</i> from <i>angle</i> to <i>angle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>diagram</i> is that which is marked out by lines drawn or <i>written</i>
+across; as, a figure, a plan.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Dialect</i> is <i>speech</i> or language by means of which ideas are
+communicated (<i>across</i>) from one to another.</p>
+
+<p>6. The <i>diapason</i> is one of certain stops in the organ, so called
+because it extends <i>through all</i> notes of the scale.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>diaphragm</i> is a membranous partition or <i>fence between</i> the
+thorax and abdomen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>en</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;on.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. en <i>dorse</i>, back</td><td class="entry">3. en <i>throne</i>, throne</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. en <i>grave</i>, carve</td><td class="entry">4. en <i>list</i>, list</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. To <i>endorse</i> a check is to write one's name <i>on</i> the <i>back</i> of it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;<i>en</i> in most words is the equivalent of the Latin <i>in</i>, meaning
+in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage,
+enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop,
+enwrap.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>foli</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;leaf.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. foliage. A cluster of <i>leaves</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. folio. A <i>leaf</i>-sheet folded once.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. foil. A thin <i>leaf</i> of metal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>tre</i>foil. A plant with <i>three leaves</i>; as, clover.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>port</i>-folio. A case for <i>carrying</i> loose <i>leaves</i> of paper.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>fort, forc</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;strong.</p>
+
+<table style="padding-top: 1em">
+<tr><td class="entry">1. fort</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. force</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. forti <i>fy</i>, make</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. forc <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. fortr <i>ess</i></td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>en</i> force, on</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ef</i> fort, (ex.) out</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>com</i> fort, with</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. forti <i>tude</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">10. <i>piano</i> forte, soft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>fort</i> is a <i>strong</i>hold.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>make strong</i>; to strengthen or secure by means of forts,
+batteries, or other military works.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Ess</i> is a feminine ending. A &#8220;maiden fortress&#8221; is a fortification
+which has never been taken. A <i>fortress</i> is a very strong fort.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. An <i>effort</i> is a putting <i>out</i> of one's <i>strength</i> for the
+accomplishment of some end.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Fortitude</i> is <i>strength</i> or firmness of mind in meeting danger,
+pain, or adversity.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Force</i> is <i>strength</i> in general, physical, mental, moral.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To <i>comfort</i> is to <i>strengthen</i> with hope and cheer; to give
+consolation to.</p>
+
+<p>10. The <i>piano forte</i> is an instrument having both <i>soft</i> and loud
+(<i>strong</i>) tones. The name is generally shortened to <i>piano</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>fract, frang</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;break.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. frail</td><td class="entry">5. fract <i>ious</i>, quality of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. frail <i>ty</i>, quality</td><td class="entry">6. frag <i>ile</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. fract <i>ure</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. frag <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. fract <i>ion</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> fringe, in</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A thing is <i>frail</i> when it is easily <i>broken</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Frailty</i> is a <i>quality</i> of things easily <i>broken</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. A <i>fracture</i> is a <i>break</i>; as of a bone.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>fraction</i> is a part, as if <i>broken</i> off.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>fractious</i> person is one apt to <i>break</i> out into a passion.</p>
+
+<p>6. &#8220;The stalk of ivy is tough and not <i>fragile</i>&#8221; (<i>capable of</i> being
+<i>broken</i>).&mdash;<i>Bacon.</i></p>
+
+<p>7. A <i>fragment</i> is <i>that which</i> is <i>broken</i> off.</p>
+
+<p>8. To <i>infringe</i> is to <i>break in</i> upon; to trespass on another's
+rights.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>frater, fratr</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;brother.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. fratern <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. frater</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. fratern <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">5. friar</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. fratern <i>ize</i>, make</td><td class="entry">6. friary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Fraternal</i> means <i>brotherly</i>; like brothers.</p>
+
+<p>2. An organization in <i>which</i> the members hold one another in
+<i>brotherly</i> relations.</p>
+
+<p>3. To <i>fraternize</i> means to <i>make</i> a <i>brother</i> of; to receive into a
+fraternity.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Frater.</i> A <i>brother</i>; especially a monk.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Friar.</i> A <i>brother</i> of any religious order, but especially one of
+certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Friary.</i> A home for friars (<i>brothers</i>); a monastery.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">FIFTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>mono</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one, single, alone, solitary.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. mon <i>arch</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. mo <i>nomi</i> al, term</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. mono <i>gam</i> ist, marriage</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. mono <i>poly</i>, sell</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. mono <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. mono <i>syllable</i>, syllable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. mono <i>logue</i>, speak</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. mono <i>the</i> ism, God</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. mono <i>mania</i>, mind</td><td class="entry">10. mono <i>tone</i>, tone, sound</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>monarch</i> is a <i>sole</i> or supreme <i>ruler</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A <i>monogamist</i> is <i>one who</i> believes in <i>marriage</i> with <i>one</i>
+person only.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. A <i>monogram</i> is a single character formed of two or more letters
+interwoven (as if done at <i>one writing</i>).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>speak</i>ing by <i>one</i> person.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Monomania</i> is a derangement of <i>mind</i> in regard to a <i>single</i>
+subject only.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>monomial</i> in algebra is a quantity which consists of a <i>single
+term</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A <i>monopoly</i> is the sole (or <i>single</i>) right to <i>sell</i> a certain
+article, or to sell it at a given place.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Monotheism</i> is the doctrine of belief that there is but <i>one God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. A <i>monotone</i> is a <i>single tone</i> without harmony or variation in
+pitch.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>para</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;aside, beside, similar</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. para <i>ble</i> (ballo), throw</td><td class="entry">4. para <i>phrase</i>, speak</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. para <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. para <i>site</i>, feed</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. par <i>allel</i>, one another</td><td class="entry">6. par en <i>thesis</i>, put</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>parable</i> is a short fictitious narrative placed (<i>thrown</i>)
+<i>beside</i> something which it is intended to illustrate.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>paragraph</i> was originally a mark or note of comment <i>written
+beside</i> the line or place where a division should be made; now a
+distinct part of a discourse or writing.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Parallel</i> lines extend <i>beside one another</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Paraphrasing</i> is telling (<i>speaking</i>) the <i>same</i> thing in other
+words.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>parasite</i> is an animal or plant which lives <i>beside</i> or in
+another organism on which it <i>feeds</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. Marks of <i>parenthesis</i> are often used for a word, phrase, clause,
+or sentence <i>put in</i> by way of explanation to what it stands <i>beside</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>peri</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;around.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. peri <i>anth</i>, flower</td><td class="entry">3. peri <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. peri <i>cardium</i>, heart</td><td class="entry">4. peri <i>tone</i> um, stretch</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. peri <i>oste</i> um</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. The <i>perianth</i> is the floral envelope <i>around</i> the <i>flower</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. The <i>pericardium</i> is the membrane which <i>surrounds</i> the <i>heart</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>perimeter</i> of a figure is the outer boundary or <i>measure
+around</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>peritoneum</i> is the membrane which is <i>stretched around</i> the
+abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>periosteum</i> is the membrane <i>around</i> the <i>bones</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>syn (syl, sym)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;with, together.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. syl <i>lable</i>, take</td><td class="entry">4. syn <i>chron</i> ous, time</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. sym <i>pathy</i>, feel</td><td class="entry">5. syn <i>onym</i>, name</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. sym <i>phony</i>, sound</td><td class="entry">6. syn <i>ops</i> is, view</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">7. syn <i>thesis</i>, put, place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Literally, a <i>syllable</i> is two or more sounds <i>taken together</i>, or
+uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise
+but one sound.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Sympathy</i> is <i>feeling with</i> another, especially his sorrows and
+misfortunes.</p>
+
+<p>3. A <i>symphony</i> is a <i>sounding together</i>; a harmony of sounds.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Synchronous.</i> Happening or existing at the <i>same time</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Synonym.</i> Literally, a word having the <i>same name</i>. But it is
+applied to words of like or kindred meaning.</p>
+
+<p>6. A <i>synopsis</i> is a <i>view</i> of the whole <i>together</i>. A summary giving
+a general view of some subject.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>putting</i> of two or more things <i>together</i>. <i>Synthesis</i> is the
+opposite of analysis.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tele</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;far (distance).</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. tele <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">4. tele <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. tele <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. tele <i>phone</i>, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. tele <i>pathy</i>, feel</td><td class="entry">6. tele <i>scope</i>, view</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>telegram</i> is a message transmitted (<i>written</i>) from <i>afar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Telepathy</i> is the sympathetic communication at a <i>distance</i> of one
+mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through <i>feeling</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Telemeter.</i> An instrument for <i>measuring distances</i> in surveying.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>liber</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;free.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. liber <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. liber <i>ty</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>il</i> liberal, not</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. liberal <i>ize</i>, make</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. liberal <i>ity</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>de</i> liver, from</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. liber <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. deliver <i>er</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. liberat <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">10. deliver <i>y</i>, act of</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Liberal.</i> Relating to or possessing a <i>free</i> and generous heart.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Liberality</i> is the quality of being <i>free</i> or generous.</p>
+
+<p>7. To <i>liberalize</i> is to <i>make free</i>, as to free from narrow views or
+prejudices.</p>
+
+<p>8. To <i>deliver</i> means to set <i>free from</i> bondage or restraint.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>liter</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;letter.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. letter</td><td class="entry">5. <i>il</i> literate, not</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. letters</td><td class="entry">6. <i>al</i> literation, (ad) to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. liter <i>ary</i>, pert. to</td><td class="entry">7. liter <i>al</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. liter <i>ate</i>, condition of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>ob</i> literate, against</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Letter</i> (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on
+parchment and not cut on wood.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Letters</i> usually means literature in general; hence knowledge
+gained from books; literary culture.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Alliteration</i> is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the
+beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: &#8220;A whole
+fleet of <i>b</i>ulky <i>b</i>ottomed <i>b</i>oats.&#8221; &#8220;What a <i>t</i>ale of <i>t</i>error now
+<i>t</i>heir <i>t</i>urbulency <i>t</i>ells.&#8221; Literally, <i>letter to letter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>8. In <i>obliterate</i>, <i>ob</i> means <i>against</i> or the reverse. The reverse
+of <i>besmear</i> is to rub off; hence to <i>obliterate</i> means to rub out, to
+erase.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy,
+literati, literature, literalize, literalist.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>man (manus)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;hand.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bi</i> mana, two</td><td class="entry">5. man (n) <i>er</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. e man <i>cip</i> ate, take</td><td class="entry">6. manu <i>al</i>, pert. to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. man <i>acle</i>, cuff</td><td class="entry">7. manu <i>fact</i> ory, make</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. man <i>euver</i>, work</td><td class="entry">8. manu <i>script</i>, write</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Bimana</i> is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia.
+Animals having <i>two hands</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. To <i>emancipate</i> a slave is to <i>take</i> him <i>out</i> of the <i>hands</i> of
+his master.</p>
+
+<p>3. The word <i>manacle</i> comes from <i>manicula</i>, which means <i>handcuff</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>4. Literally, <i>maneuver</i> means a <i>working</i> with the <i>hands</i>. To make
+adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Manner relates to</i> the way of <i>handling</i> or doing things.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Manual.</i> Performed, made, or used by the <i>hands</i>; as manual labor,
+manual arts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>mater</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;mother.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>alma</i> mater, foster</td><td class="entry">5. metro <i>polis</i>, city</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. matern <i>al</i>, pert. to</td><td class="entry">6. metropolit <i>an</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. matern <i>ity</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">7. matron</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. matri <i>cide</i>, kill</td><td class="entry">8. matron <i>ly</i>, like</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Literally, <i>alma mater</i> means <i>foster mother</i>. It is applied by
+students to the university or college in which they have been trained.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Metropolis</i> means <i>mother city</i>; the chief city of a state or
+country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Metropolitan.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the metropolis; as, a metropolitan
+newspaper.</p>
+
+<p>7. A <i>matron</i> is a woman with <i>motherly</i> duties; as the <i>matron</i> of a
+school or hospital.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">SIXTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>able</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;capable of, fit to be.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ar</i> able, plow</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>laud</i> able, praise</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>cap</i> able, take, hold</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>port</i> able, carry</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dur</i> able, last, hard</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>soci</i> able, companion</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>lia</i> ble, bind</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>ten</i> able, hold</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>mut</i> able, change</td><td class="entry">10. <i>us</i> able, use.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Arable</i> land is <i>capable</i> of being <i>plowed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>capable</i> mind can <i>take</i> and <i>hold</i> ideas (understand and
+remember).</p>
+
+<p>4. One is <i>liable</i> for a debt when legally <i>bound</i> to pay it.</p>
+
+<p>7. A <i>portable</i> library is one fitted for being <i>carried</i> from place
+to place.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Tenable</i> ground for argument is ground which is <i>capable of</i> being
+<i>held</i> or maintained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>acy</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;state of being, office of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>celib</i> acy, unmarried</td><td class="entry">5. <i>obstin</i> acy, firmly set</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>delic</i> acy, pleasing</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pap</i> acy, pope</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>magistr</i> acy, master</td><td class="entry">7. <i>intim</i> acy, inmost</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>obdur</i> acy, hard</td><td class="entry">8. <i>intric</i> acy, entangle</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Celibacy</i> is the <i>state of being unmarried</i>; especially that of a
+bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Magistracy.</i> The <i>office of master</i>; of one clothed with power, as
+a civil officer.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Obduracy</i> is the <i>state of being hardened</i>, especially against
+moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.</p>
+
+<p>6. The <i>papacy</i> is the <i>office of</i> the <i>pope</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Intimacy</i> is the <i>state of being inmost</i> or near in relationship.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>an</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to.</p>
+
+<p>This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states.
+It means, <i>pertaining to</i> what is of that country or state; as,
+American history, American products, American people.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. African</td><td class="entry">10. Hawaiian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. Alaskan</td><td class="entry">11. Indian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. Armenian</td><td class="entry">12. Mexican</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. Australian</td><td class="entry">13. Ohioan</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. Bolivian</td><td class="entry">14. Persian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. Bulgarian</td><td class="entry">15. Russian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. Corsican</td><td class="entry">16. amphibian</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. European</td><td class="entry">17. republican</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">9. Georgian</td><td class="entry">18. metropolitan</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>16. <i>Amphibian</i>: <i>amphi</i>, both (two); <i>bi</i>, life; <i>an</i>, pertaining to:
+<i>pertaining to two</i> kinds of <i>life</i>; i.&nbsp;e. life on the land and in the
+water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers,
+etc., are <i>amphibians</i>, because they can live in water (for a time at
+least) and on land.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Metropolitan.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>mother city</i>. (See fifth
+month's work, page 32.)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ary</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who, that which.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>vers</i> ary, turn</td><td class="entry">5. <i>miss</i> ion ary, send</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>anni</i> vers ary, year</td><td class="entry">6. <i>e</i> miss ary, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>antiqu</i> ary, ancient</td><td class="entry">7. <i>not</i> ary, note</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>drom</i> ed ary, run</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sal</i> ary, salt</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. <i>secret</i> ary, secret</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Literally, an <i>adversary</i> is <i>one who turns toward</i> another (to
+oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>That</i> day <i>which returns</i> each <i>year</i> commemorating some event is
+an <i>anniversary</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. An <i>antiquary</i> is <i>one who</i> collects and examines old (<i>ancient</i>)
+things; as, coins, medals, weapons.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>dromedary</i> is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than
+ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for <i>running</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>missionary</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>sent</i> on a mission; especially one
+sent to propagate religion.</p>
+
+<p>6. An <i>emissary</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>sent out</i>; especially one sent on
+secret business, as a spy. &#8220;I am charged with being an <i>emissary</i> to
+France.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Robert Emmet.</i></p>
+
+<p>7. A <i>notary</i> was formerly <i>one whose</i> vocation was to make <i>notes</i> or
+memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of
+as notary public.</p>
+
+<p>8. A <i>salary</i> was formerly an allowance (<i>that which</i> was) given to
+soldiers with which to buy <i>salt</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. A <i>secretary</i> was formerly <i>one who</i> was intrusted with the private
+or <i>secret</i> matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ary</i> is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning <i>relating to</i>; as in,
+arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary,
+military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ary</i> also means <i>place where</i>; as in, granary, infirmary, library,
+seminary, sanctuary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ate</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;having.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>corpor</i> ate, body</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>dent</i> ate, tooth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. de <i>sper</i> ate, hope</td><td class="entry">10. <i>glomer</i> ate, ball</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. ef <i>femin</i> ate, woman</td><td class="entry">11. <i>labi</i> ate, lip</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fortun</i> ate, luck</td><td class="entry">12. <i>lun</i> ate, moon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. in <i>anim</i> ate, breath</td><td class="entry">13. <i>pin</i> (n) ate, feather</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>cord</i> ate, heart</td><td class="entry">14. <i>serr</i> ate, saw</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>cruci</i> ate, cross</td><td class="entry">15. <i>sagitt</i> ate, arrow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>cuspid</i> ate, point</td><td class="entry">16. <i>stell</i> ate, star</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Corporate</i> means <i>having</i> a <i>body</i>. (See incorporate, second
+month, page 18.)</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Having</i> no <i>hope</i>; as, &#8220;Continued misfortune had rendered him
+<i>desperate</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Effeminate.</i> <i>Having</i> the qualities of a <i>woman</i>; soft, delicate,
+to an unmanly degree. Applied to men.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Inanimate.</i> <i>Not having breath</i>; without life.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Cordate.</i> <i>Having</i> the shape of a <i>heart</i>; as a cordate leaf.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>pel, puls</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;drive.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>com</i> pel, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>im</i> pulse, on</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. compuls <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. pulse</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dis</i> pel, apart</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>pro</i> pel, forward</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> pel, out</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> pel, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. expuls <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>re</i> pulse, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>im</i> pel, on</td><td class="entry">12. repuls <i>ive</i>, quality</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>compel</i>, literally means to <i>drive together</i>; as a herd (a
+Latinism and rare). To <i>drive</i> or urge with force.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. The <i>pulse</i> is caused by <i>driving</i> the blood through the arteries.</p>
+
+<p>12. A person is <i>repulsive</i> when he has <i>qualities</i> which tend to
+<i>drive</i> others <i>back</i> or away.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>pend, pens</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;hang.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ap</i> pend, to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>im</i> pend, over</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. append <i>age</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. pend <i>ant</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>de</i> pend, from</td><td class="entry">10. pendulum</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. depend <i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">11. <i>per</i> pendicular, through</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. depend <i>ence</i>, state or quality of</td><td class="entry">12. <i>sus</i> pend, under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>in</i> dependence, not</td><td class="entry">13. suspend <i>ers</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. independ<i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">14. suspens <i>ion</i>, state of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Append.</i> To <i>hang</i> or attach <i>to</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. An <i>appendage</i> is <i>that which hangs to</i> something as a part of it.
+&#8220;This little pensive <i>appendage</i> or tender (the moon) to our fuming
+engine of an earth.&#8221;&mdash;<i>De Quincey.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Depend.</i> To <i>hang from</i>; to be fastened or attached to something
+above; to rely upon.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>dependent</i> is <i>one who hangs</i> (figuratively), or relies on
+another for support.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Impend.</i> To <i>hang over</i>, be ready to fall; threaten. &#8220;We seriously
+consider the dreadful judgments that now <i>impend</i> the
+nation.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Penn.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A <i>pendant</i> is <i>that which hangs</i> from something else; as, an
+earring or a tassel.</p>
+
+<p>10. The <i>pendulum</i> of a clock <i>hangs</i> and swings to and fro.</p>
+
+<p>11. A plumb line is a line <i>perpendicular</i> to the horizon, <i>hanging</i>
+(<i>through</i> the air).</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Suspend.</i> To <i>hang under</i> or from beneath.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Suspenders</i> are <i>that</i> from <i>which</i> trousers are <i>hung</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ped (pod)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;foot.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>anti</i> podes, against</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. peddl <i>er</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bi</i> ped, two</td><td class="entry">10. pede <i>stal</i>, stand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>centi</i> ped, hundred</td><td class="entry">11. pedestr <i>ian</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> pedite, out</td><td class="entry">12. pedun <i>cle</i>, little</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. expedi <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">13. <i>quadru</i> ped, four</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>im</i> pede, in</td><td class="entry">14. <i>tri</i> pod, three</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. impedi <i>ment</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">15. <i>octo</i> pus, eight</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. ped <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">16. pedi <i>gree</i>, crane</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. See fourth month, page 25.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Biped.</i> A <i>two-footed</i> animal, as man.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Centiped.</i> An animal so called from having a great many <i>feet</i>
+(indefinitely a <i>hundred</i>).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Expedite.</i> Literally, to take the <i>feet out</i> of entanglement;
+hence, to hasten.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Impede.</i> Literally, to entangle the <i>feet</i>. To obstruct the
+progress, motion, or effect of.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>The pedal</i> is something made to be moved by the <i>feet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A <i>peddler</i>, literally, is a trader <i>who</i> travels on <i>foot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Pedestal.</i> That which forms the base (<i>standing</i> place for the
+<i>feet</i>) of a statue, column, vase, etc.</p>
+
+<p>12. A <i>peduncle</i> is a (<i>little</i>) <i>foot</i>stalk of a flower or leaf.</p>
+
+<p>15. An <i>octopus</i> is an <i>eight-footed</i> or armed cuttlefish.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Pedigree</i> means, literally, <i>crane's foot</i>. Why so called is
+uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of
+the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot.
+(Compare <i>crow's foot</i>, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>pon, pos</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;place, put.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>ap</i> position, to</td><td class="entry">11. <i>ex</i> pose, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>com</i> pose, together</td><td class="entry">12. <i>im</i> pose, upon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. compos <i>ite</i>, being</td><td class="entry">13. <i>inter</i> pose, between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. composit <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">14. <i>im</i> post, upon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. compon <i>ent</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">15. im post <i>or</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>com</i> pound, together</td><td class="entry">16. <i>op</i> pose, (ob.) against</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>de</i> pose, down</td><td class="entry">17. oppos <i>ite</i>, being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>de</i> posit, down (away)</td><td class="entry">18. posit <i>ion</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. deposit <i>ory</i>, place where</td><td class="entry">19. <i>pro</i> pose, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>dis</i> pose, apart</td><td class="entry">20. <i>trans</i> pose, across</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. One word is in <i>apposition</i> to another when it is <i>placed</i> near
+<i>to</i> it, by way of explanation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Being</i> made by <i>putting together</i> separate parts or elements; as,
+a <i>composite</i> flower.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. One of the several parts or elements <i>which</i>, when <i>placed
+together</i>, form the whole, is a <i>component</i> part.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. To <i>compound</i> is to <i>put</i> or mix <i>together</i> two or more elements or
+ingredients.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>put away</i> for safe keeping; as, to <i>deposit</i> money in a bank.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>dispose</i> of anything is to <i>put</i> it <i>apart</i> from one; to get
+rid of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>11. To <i>place out</i> where all may see; to uncover; as, to <i>expose</i>
+fraud.</p>
+
+<p>15. An <i>impostor</i> is <i>one who puts</i> burdens <i>on</i> others; commonly
+applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving
+others.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Position.</i> The manner in which a thing is <i>placed</i>; the <i>state of
+being placed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>20. To <i>transpose</i> a quantity from one side of an equation to another
+is to <i>place</i> it <i>across</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">SEVENTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ic</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>arct</i> ic, bear</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>domest</i> ic, house</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>aromat</i> ic, spice</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>empir</i> ic, experience</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>civ</i> ic, citizen</td><td class="entry">10. <i>metr</i> ic, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>class</i> ic, first class</td><td class="entry">11. <i>numer</i> ic, number</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>com</i> ic, revelry</td><td class="entry">12. <i>phon</i> ic, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>democrat</i> ic, rule of the people</td><td class="entry">13. <i>prosa</i> ic, prose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>despot</i> ic, master</td><td class="entry">14. <i>plast</i> ic, form</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">15. <i>graph</i> ic, write</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Arctic</i> literally means <i>pertaining to</i> the <i>Bear</i>; i.&nbsp;e. the
+northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence,
+pertaining to the northern polar regions.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Aromatic.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> an agreeable or <i>spicy</i> odor; fragrant.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. One's <i>civic</i> duties are those <i>pertaining to</i> him as a <i>citizen</i>,
+in distinction from those as a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Classic pertains to</i> what is <i>first class</i> in literature or art,
+especially that of the Greeks and Romans.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Comic pertains to revelry</i>; to what provokes mirth; as a <i>comic</i>
+song.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Empiric pertains to experience</i>, or what is founded on experience;
+relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific
+knowledge.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Prosaic</i> means <i>pertaining to prose</i>; especially to that which
+lacks animation or interest.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Plastic</i> means <i>pertaining to</i> the process of <i>forming</i> or
+modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>Graphic</i> means <i>pertaining to</i> the art of <i>writing</i> or drawing. A
+<i>graphic</i> illustration is generally in the form of a drawing.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>id</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;(ness) quality, condition.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ac</i> id, sour</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>morb</i> id, disease</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>flor</i> id, flower</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>pal</i>(l) id, pale</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>flu</i> id, flow</td><td class="entry">10. <i>splend</i> id, shine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>frig</i> id, cold</td><td class="entry">11. <i>tep</i> id, warm</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. in <i>sip</i> id, taste</td><td class="entry">12. <i>torr</i> id, parch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. in <i>trep</i> id, tremble</td><td class="entry">13. <i>torp</i> id, numb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>luc</i> id, light</td><td class="entry">14. <i>viv</i> id, life</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The distinguishing <i>quality</i> of <i>acid</i> is its <i>sour</i>ness.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Having the <i>quality</i> or appearance of <i>flowers</i>; specifically,
+flushed with red; as a <i>florid</i> countenance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. That which is <i>insipid</i> has <i>not</i> those <i>qualities</i> which affect
+the <i>taste</i>; tasteless.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. An <i>intrepid</i> person is brave and daring; he does <i>not tremble</i>
+with <i>fear</i>.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Torpid.</i> <i>Benumbed</i>; insensible; inactive; as an animal in
+hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ity</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;state or quality of being.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>alacr</i> ity, lively</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>sanct</i> ity, holy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>brev</i> ity, short</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>seren</i> ity, calm</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>enm</i> ity, enemy</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>tranquil</i> (l)ity, quiet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fidel</i> ity, faith</td><td class="entry">10. <i>un</i> ity, one</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>mortal</i> ity, death</td><td class="entry">11. <i>util</i> ity, use</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>rotund</i> ity, wheel</td><td class="entry">12. <i>veloc</i> ity, swift</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>5. <i>Mortality.</i> <i>State of being</i> subject to <i>death</i>; frequency of
+death; hence the death-rate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ive</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who, that which.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>ject</i> ive, throw</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>fugit</i> ive, flee</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>alter</i> native, other</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. in <i>finit</i> ive, limit</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>capt</i> ive, take</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. loco<i>mot</i>ive, move</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. con <i>nect</i> ive, bind</td><td class="entry">10. <i>nat</i> ive, born</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. ex <i>ecut</i> ive, follow</td><td class="entry">11. <i>negat</i> ive, deny</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. ex <i>plet</i> ive, fill</td><td class="entry">12. <i>posit</i> ive, place</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. (<i>ad</i>, to) An <i>adjective</i> is a word <i>which</i> is added (<i>thrown</i>)
+<i>to</i> a noun to qualify its meaning.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Alternative</i> in the plural means two things of <i>which one</i> or the
+<i>other</i> may be taken as a choice.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The <i>executive</i> of a state or nation is the <i>one whose</i> duty it is
+to <i>follow out</i> the decrees of the law making bodies; i.&nbsp;e. to see
+that the laws are obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. An <i>expletive</i> is <i>that</i> word <i>which fills out</i> the sentence that
+contains it; as an <i>expletive</i> adverb.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. (<i>in</i>, not) An <i>infinitive</i> is <i>that</i> verb <i>which</i> is <i>not limited</i>
+by person and number.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. (<i>loco</i>, place) A <i>locomotive</i> is <i>that which</i> can <i>move</i> cars from
+<i>place</i> to place.</p>
+
+<p>12. The <i>positive</i> is <i>that which</i> has a real standing <i>place</i>. Not
+admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ment</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;act of, that which.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. com <i>ple</i> ment, fill</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. in<i>duce</i>ment, lead</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>fila</i> ment, thread</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>liga</i> ment, bind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>frag</i>ment, break</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>monu</i> ment, remind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>gar</i>ment, protect</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>orna</i> ment, deck</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. im<i>pedi</i> ment, foot</td><td class="entry">10. re<i>fresh</i> ment, new</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>That which fills</i> or <i>completes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A <i>filament</i> is <i>that which</i> is <i>thread</i>like; as, the filament of
+silk, or flax.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Literally, an <i>impediment</i> is <i>that which</i> entangles the <i>feet</i>;
+hence, that which hinders or interferes.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Refreshments</i> consist of <i>that which</i> makes one fresh or <i>new
+again</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tang, tact, tig</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;touch.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>con</i> tact, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. integr <i>al</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. contag<i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;10. integr <i>ity</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. contag <i>ious</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">11. tact</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. contamin <i>ate</i>, to make</td><td class="entry">12. <i>in</i> tact, not</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. contigu <i>ity</i>, state of being</td><td class="entry">13. tact <i>ile</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. contigu<i>ous</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">14. tang<i>ent</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>en</i> tire, not</td><td class="entry">15. tang <i>ible</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> teger, not</td><td class="entry">16. <i>in</i> tangible, not</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The coming <i>together</i> of two bodies; <i>touching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The <i>act of</i> communicating disease by the <i>touch</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Having the <i>quality of</i> being imparted by <i>touch</i>; catching; as,
+<i>contagious</i> diseases.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To <i>contaminate</i> is to make impure by mixture (<i>touching
+together</i>).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Contiguity</i> is the <i>state of being</i> within <i>touching</i> distance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Entire.</i> Whole or complete; <i>not touched</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. An <i>integer</i> is a complete or <i>not touched</i> whole; a whole number.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>State</i> of <i>being untouched</i> or unimpaired; freedom from
+corruption or impurity; as, <i>integrity</i> of character.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Tact</i> is skill in <i>touching</i>; nice perception or discernment in
+dealing with others.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Intact.</i> <i>Not touched</i>, especially by anything that misplaces,
+harms, or defiles.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Tactile.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the sense of <i>touch</i>.</p>
+
+<p>14. A <i>tangent</i> is a line <i>which touches</i> a curve.</p>
+
+<p>15. Anything is <i>tangible</i> when it is <i>capable of</i> being <i>touched</i>, or
+perceived by senses.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tempor</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;time.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. contempor <i>ary</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">5. tempor <i>ary</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. contemporane<i>ous</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">6. temporari <i>ly</i>, state of being</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> tempore, out</td><td class="entry">7. tempor <i>ize</i>, do</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. tempor <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">8. tense</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. tempus <i>fugit</i>, flies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. (<i>con</i>, together) <i>One who</i> lives at the same <i>time together</i> with
+another is his <i>contemporary</i>; occurring or existing at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Extempore</i> means, literally, <i>out</i> of the <i>moment</i>. On the spur of
+the moment; without previous study or preparation.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Relating to time</i> as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as,
+our <i>temporal</i> affairs.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>That which</i> lasts for a brief <i>time</i> only; not permanent; as, a
+<i>temporary</i> scaffolding.</p>
+
+<p>7. To <i>temporize</i> is to comply with the <i>time</i> or occasion; to yield
+to the current of opinion or circumstances; to &#8220;<i>do</i> as the <i>times</i>
+do&#8221;.</p>
+
+<p>8. The modification of verbs to indicate <i>time</i>, is called <i>tense</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Tempus fugit</i> is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It
+means, literally, <i>time flies</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ten, tent, tain</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;hold.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>abs</i> tain, from</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>sus</i> tain, (sub) under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> tain, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. ten <i>ant</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>de</i> tain, from</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. tenet</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. detent <i>ion</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">10. ten <i>able</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>main</i> tain, hand</td><td class="entry">11. ten<i>acious</i>, quality of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> tain, back</td><td class="entry">12. ten<i>ure</i>, that which</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>abstain</i> from drink is to <i>hold from</i> it, to refrain
+voluntarily.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A vessel <i>contains</i> a liquid when it <i>holds</i> its particles
+<i>together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To <i>detain</i> the wages of a laborer is to <i>hold</i> them <i>from</i> him
+after they are due.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Maintain</i> literally means to <i>hold</i> by the <i>hand</i>; to preserve
+from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to <i>maintain</i>
+one's ground in battle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Sustain.</i> To <i>hold</i> up from <i>beneath</i>; to uphold; to support; to
+endure.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. A <i>tenant</i> is <i>one who holds</i> land under another.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A <i>tenet</i> is an opinion or doctrine <i>held</i> as true.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Tenable.</i> <i>Capable of</i> being <i>held</i>; as ground taken for
+argument.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Tenacious.</i> Having the <i>quality</i> of <i>holding</i> fast.</p>
+
+<p>12. One's <i>tenure</i> of office is <i>that</i> time during <i>which</i> he <i>holds</i>
+office.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>terr</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;earth.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>in</i> ter, in</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. terr <i>ier</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. inter <i>ment</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. territ <i>ory</i>, relating to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>sub</i> terranean, under</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Medi</i> terranean, middle</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. terr <i>ace</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">10. Terra del <i>Fuego</i>, fire</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. terra <i>cotta</i>, baked</td><td class="entry">11. Terre <i>Haute</i>, high</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. terrestri <i>al</i>, relating to</td><td class="entry">12. terra <i>firma</i>, firm</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To bury <i>in</i> the <i>earth</i>; as a dead body.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Situated or occurring <i>under</i> the surface of the <i>earth</i>; as
+<i>subterranean</i> forests&mdash;buried forests.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>terrace</i> is a long mound or raised portion of <i>earth</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Terra cotta</i> is literally <i>baked earth</i>. A species of hard pottery
+used in building; ornamentation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Terrestrial.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the <i>earth</i>, earthly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A <i>terrier</i> is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their
+propensity to scratch the ground or <i>earth</i> in pursuit of prey.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Territory.</i> <i>Relating to</i> the <i>earth</i>; a large extent or tract of
+land.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the <i>middle</i>
+of the <i>land</i>. In the middle of the ancient known world.</p>
+
+<p>10. Terra del <i>Fuego</i> means literally the land of fire (<i>del</i>, of).</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Terre Haute</i> means <i>high land</i>. A city in Indiana situated on
+high land.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Terra firma</i> is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It
+means <i>firm land</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">EIGHTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ac</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>cardi</i> ac, heart</td><td class="entry">3. <i>mani</i> ac, mad</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>demoni</i> ac, demon</td><td class="entry">4. <i>zodi</i> ac, animal</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Cardiac.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> or resembling the <i>heart</i>; exciting
+action in the heart.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Demoniac.</i> <i>Pertaining to demons</i>; one possessed of an evil
+spirit; a lunatic.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Maniac.</i> Raving with <i>madness</i>; crazy; insane.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Zodiac.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the imaginary <i>animals</i> figured in the
+twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ics</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;science of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>civ</i> ics, citizen</td><td class="entry">5. <i>opt</i> ics, see</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>eth</i> ics, character</td><td class="entry">6. <i>phys</i> ics, nature</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>econom</i> ics, (see below)</td><td class="entry">7. <i>phon</i> ics, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>mechan</i> ics, machine</td><td class="entry">8. <i>polit</i> ics, city</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Civics.</i> The <i>Science</i> which treats of <i>citizen</i>ship.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Ethics.</i> The <i>science</i> of right conduct&mdash;of <i>character</i>-building.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Economics</i> literally means, the science of <i>managing</i> the
+<i>household</i>; the science of the production and distribution of wealth,
+or the means of living well.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Mechanics.</i> The <i>science of machinery</i>, or the theory of machines.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Optics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of light and <i>vision</i>, and all
+that is connected with the phenomena of sight.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Physics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats <i>of</i> the forces of <i>nature</i>;
+as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Phonics.</i> The <i>science of sound</i>; especially of sounds produced by
+the human voice.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Politics.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the government of states
+and <i>cities</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ism</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;state of being, theory of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>altru</i> ism, other</td><td class="entry">5. <i>hero</i> ism, hero</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>barbar</i> ism, foreign</td><td class="entry">6. <i>hypnot</i> ism, sleep</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ego</i> tism, self, I</td><td class="entry">7. <i>organ</i> ism, organ</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>commun</i> ism, common</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sensual</i> ism, sense</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Altruism.</i> The <i>theory</i> that devotion to the interests of <i>others</i>
+is the highest good.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Barbarism.</i> The <i>state</i> of <i>being foreign</i>; rude in point of
+manners, arts and literature.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Egotism.</i> The <i>state of being self</i>-centered, self-conceited, and
+unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Communism.</i> A <i>theory of</i> government and social order according to
+which property is held in <i>common</i>, and the profits of all labor
+devoted to the general good.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>state of being</i> a <i>hero</i> or having heroic qualities; as, lofty
+aim, fearlessness, fortitude.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Hypnotism.</i> An artificially induced <i>state of sleep</i>, in which the
+mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Organism.</i> The <i>state of being</i> composed of different <i>organs</i> or
+parts, working together and each necessary to the whole.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Sensual</i>ism. The <i>state</i> which regards the gratification of the
+<i>senses</i> as the highest good.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>y</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;state of being.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>path</i> y, feel</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. melan <i>chol</i> y, bile</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>anti</i> pathy, against</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. mis <i>anthrop</i> y, mankind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. an <i>arch</i> y, rule</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>phil</i> anthrop y, love</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. bi <i>gam</i> y, marriage</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. mono <i>pol</i>y, sell</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. eu <i>phon</i> y, sound</td><td class="entry">10. <i>poly</i> gam y, many</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">11. <i>sym</i> path y, with</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Apathy</i> (a&nbsp;=&nbsp;without). <i>State of being without feeling</i>; lack of
+interest; mental indifference; sluggishness.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Antipathy.</i> A <i>state of feeling against</i> or antagonistic to a
+person or thing; as, <i>antipathy</i> to spiders.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Anarchy</i> (an&nbsp;=&nbsp;without). <i>State of being without rule</i>; social and
+political disorder.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Bigamy</i> (bi&nbsp;=&nbsp;two). <i>State of being married twice</i>; having two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Euphony</i> (eu&nbsp;=&nbsp;well). <i>State of being</i> agreeable in <i>sound</i>;
+<i>well</i>-sounding.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Melancholy</i> (melan&nbsp;=&nbsp;black). <i>State of having black bile</i>; gloomy
+state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Misanthropy</i> (mis&nbsp;=&nbsp;hatred). <i>State of having hatred</i> for
+<i>mankind</i>; ill will for people in general.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Monopoly</i> (mono&nbsp;=&nbsp;one). <i>State of having</i> the exclusive (<i>sole</i>)
+privilege or power to <i>sell</i> an article at a certain place and time.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Sympathy.</i> <i>State of feeling with</i> another (as he feels) on
+account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The suffix <i>y</i> has the same meaning in the following words.
+They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no
+simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny,
+chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly,
+showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>chron</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;time.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. chron <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. chrono <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. chronicl <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">5. <i>syn</i> chron ous, together</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. chron <i>ology</i>, science of</td><td class="entry">6. ana chron <i>ism</i>, state of</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Pertaining to time</i>; continuing a long time, as a <i>chronic</i>
+disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Chronicler.</i> <i>One who</i> records events in the order of their
+occurrence in <i>time</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Chronology.</i> The <i>science of</i> ascertaining the true historic order
+(in <i>time</i>) of past events and their exact dates.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Chronometer.</i> Any instrument for <i>measuring time</i>; as, clock,
+watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on
+vessels for determining longitude.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Synchronous.</i> Occurring <i>together</i> in <i>time</i>; happening or
+existing at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Anachronism</i> (ana&nbsp;=&nbsp;back). Any error in respect to dates.
+Literally, <i>state of being</i> placed at a wrong <i>time</i>. The significance
+of <i>ana</i> in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was,
+the referring of an event to a <i>time back</i> of its correct date.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ge</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;earth.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. geo <i>graph</i> y, write</td><td class="entry">3. geo <i>metr</i> y, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. geo <i>logy</i>, science of</td><td class="entry">4. Ge<i>orge</i>, (erg) work</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Geography.</i> A description (<i>writing</i>) of the <i>earth</i> and its
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Geology.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the structure of the
+<i>earth</i>; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys,
+mountains, etc.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Geometry.</i> That branch of mathematics which treats of the
+measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because
+one of its earliest and most important applications was to the
+<i>measurement</i> of the <i>earth's</i> surface.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>George.</i> A tiller (<i>worker</i>) of the <i>earth</i>; a farmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 1.&mdash;Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form
+are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize,
+geologist.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 2.&mdash;<i>O</i> is no part of the root. It is the &#8220;wedding ring&#8221; that
+ties roots of families together.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>graph</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;write.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>auto</i> graph, self</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>mono</i> graph, single</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bio</i> graphy, life</td><td class="entry">9. ortho <i>graphy</i>, right</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>chiro</i> graphy, hand</td><td class="entry">10. <i>para</i> graph, beside</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>tri</i> graph, three</td><td class="entry">11. <i>phono</i> graph, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. graph<i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">12. <i>photo</i> graphy, light</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. graphite</td><td class="entry">13. <i>steno</i> graphy, narrow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>litho</i> graph, stone</td><td class="entry">14. <i>topo</i> graphy, place</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Graphite</i> is a mineral used in lead pencils for <i>writing</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Lithograph.</i> A <i>writing</i> on <i>stone</i> [Rare]. Made by printing
+(<i>writing</i>) from <i>stone</i>; as a picture.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Monograph.</i> A <i>written</i> account or description of a <i>single</i>
+thing, or class of things.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Orthography.</i> The art of <i>writing</i> words correctly (<i>right</i>), or
+according to standard usage.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Paragraph.</i> (See fifth month, page 29.)</p>
+
+<p>12. A <i>photograph</i> is produced by the action of <i>light</i> (<i>writing</i>, as
+it were,) upon chemically prepared paper.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Stenography</i> is short (in a somewhat vague sense <i>narrow</i>) hand
+<i>writing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Topography.</i> A <i>written</i> description of a particular <i>place</i>,
+town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical
+features of a locality.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>log, logy</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;speech, reason, science of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. logic</td><td class="entry">10. <i>geo</i> logy, earth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. logic <i>ian</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">11. <i>mono</i> logue, single</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>apo</i> logy, from</td><td class="entry">12. <i>myth</i> ology, fable</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>chrono</i> logy, time</td><td class="entry">13. <i>ornith</i> ology, bird</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>deca</i> logue, ten</td><td class="entry">14. <i>psych</i> ology, soul</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>dia</i> logue, between</td><td class="entry">15. <i>pro</i> logue, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>epi</i>logue, upon</td><td class="entry">16. <i>theo</i> logy, God</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>eu</i> logy, well</td><td class="entry">17. <i>dox</i> ology, praise</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">9. eulog <i>ize</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">18. <i>zoo</i> logy, animal</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Logic.</i> The science of <i>reason</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. An <i>apology</i> is a <i>speech</i> in defense of what appears to others
+wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief <i>from</i> blame.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Decalogue.</i> The <i>ten</i> commandments (<i>speeches</i>) given to Moses on
+Mount Sinai.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Epilogue.</i> A <i>speech</i> or poem at the end of an argument or
+address; a speech <i>upon</i> (on top of, or in addition to) what has been
+said.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Psychology.</i> The <i>science</i> which treats of the human <i>soul</i> (mind
+and spirit included) and its operations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 style="padding-top: 2em"><a name="EIGHTH_YEAR" id="EIGHTH_YEAR"></a>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+<hr class="subheading" />
+
+<p class="month">FIRST MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ad</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;to, toward.</p>
+
+<p>(ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as <i>ad</i>. The
+consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.)</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. ad <i>dress</i>, direct</td><td class="entry">11. ad <i>vent</i>, come</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. ad <i>equate</i>, equal</td><td class="entry">12. ad <i>vert</i> ise, turn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. ad <i>here</i>, stick</td><td class="entry">13. ag <i>greg</i> ate, flock</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. adher <i>ent</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">14. al <i>lure</i>, entice</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. a <i>dieu</i>, God</td><td class="entry">15. an <i>nex</i>, bind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. ad <i>ject</i> ive, throw</td><td class="entry">16. ap <i>pend</i>, hang</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. ad <i>journ</i>, day</td><td class="entry">17. af <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. ad <i>mon</i> ish, warning</td><td class="entry">18. ar <i>rive</i>, bank</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. ad <i>apt</i>, fit</td><td class="entry">19. as <i>sail</i>, leap</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. ad <i>opt</i>, choose</td><td class="entry">20. at <i>tach</i>, fasten</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>address</i> a letter is to <i>direct</i> it <i>to</i> its destination.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. One is <i>adequate</i> to a duty or occasion when <i>equal to</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To <i>adhere</i> is to <i>stick to</i>; as, a stamp to an envelope.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. &#8220;Every great man has his <i>adherents</i>&#8221; (<i>those who stick to</i> him).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Adieu.</i> A farewell; a commendation <i>to</i> the care of <i>God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. An <i>adjective</i> is a word added (in a sense <i>thrown</i>) <i>to</i> a noun to
+modify its meaning.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Adjourn.</i> To put off <i>to</i> another <i>day</i>, or indefinitely.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>admonish</i> is to give a friendly <i>warning to</i>; to give advice.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To <i>adapt</i> is to <i>fit to</i> a certain purpose.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>adopt</i> is to <i>choose</i> (<i>to</i> one's self); as to <i>adopt</i> a
+child.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Advent.</i> The second <i>coming</i> of Christ (<i>to</i> the earth).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>12. To <i>advertise</i> goods is to cause the public to <i>turn</i> their
+attention <i>to</i> them.</p>
+
+<p>13. To <i>aggregate</i> is to collect <i>into</i> a <i>flock</i>; to collect into a
+mass or sum.</p>
+
+<p>14. To <i>allure</i> is to attempt to <i>entice</i> or draw (<i>to</i>) by the offer
+of some good, real or apparent.</p>
+
+<p>15. To <i>annex</i> is to <i>bind</i>, join or add <i>to</i>, as a smaller thing to a
+greater.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Append</i> means to <i>hang</i> or attach <i>to</i>, as by a string.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Affix.</i> To <i>fasten to</i>; to add at the close or end.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Arrive</i> literally means to come <i>to</i> the <i>bank</i> or shore (from
+out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or
+result.</p>
+
+<p>19. <i>Assail.</i> To <i>leap toward</i>; to attack with violence.</p>
+
+<p>20. <i>Attach.</i> To <i>fasten to</i>; to affix or connect.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ante</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;before.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ante <i>ced</i> ent, go</td><td class="entry">3. ante <i>meridi</i> an, midday</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ante di <i>luv</i> ian, wash</td><td class="entry">4. ante pen <i>ult</i>, last</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Antecedent.</i> That which <i>goes before</i> in time.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Antediluvian</i> (di&nbsp;=&nbsp;away) (ian&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who). <i>One who</i> lived
+<i>before</i> the flood (<i>wash away</i>).</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Antemeridian.</i> <i>Before</i> the <i>middle</i> of the <i>day</i>. Generally
+abbreviated to A.&nbsp;M.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Antepenult</i> (pen&nbsp;=&nbsp;almost). <i>Before almost</i> the <i>last</i>. The last
+syllable of a word but two.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>bi (bis)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;two (twice).</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. bi <i>ceps</i>, head</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. bi <i>nomi</i>al, name or term</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. bi <i>cuspid</i>, point</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. bi <i>ped</i>, foot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. bi <i>cycle</i>, circle.</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. bis <i>cuit</i>, cook</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. bi <i>ennial</i>, year</td><td class="entry">10. bi <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. bi <i>gamy</i>, marriage</td><td class="entry">11. bi <i>valve</i>, door</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. bi <i>mana</i>, hand</td><td class="entry">12. ba <i>lance</i>, plate</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The <i>biceps</i> is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called
+because it has <i>two heads</i> or origins.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The <i>bicuspid</i> teeth have <i>two points</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. A <i>bicycle</i> has <i>two</i> wheels or <i>circles</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Biennial</i> means lasting <i>two years</i> or occurring once in two
+years.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. A <i>bigamist</i> is one who has been <i>married twice</i>, and who has two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. The <i>bimana</i> are animals having <i>two hands</i>; as man.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A <i>binomial</i> in algebra is a quantity consisting of <i>two terms</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. A <i>biped</i> is an animal having but <i>two feet</i>; as man.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Biscuit</i> were so called because formerly baked or <i>cooked twice</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>bisect</i> a line is to <i>cut</i> it into <i>two</i> equal parts.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Bivalve.</i> Having <i>two doors</i>; as the clam. (Each side or shell is
+comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.)</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Balances</i> are so called because they consist of <i>two plates</i> or
+pans suspended from the balance beam.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>con (col com cor)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;with, together.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. col <i>lapse</i>, slip, fall</td><td class="entry">10. com <i>posit</i>ion, put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. col <i>lect</i>, choose, gather</td><td class="entry">11. com <i>peer</i> (<i>par</i>), equal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. col <i>lide</i>, strike</td><td class="entry">12. con <i>cur</i>, run</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. col <i>loquy</i>, talk</td><td class="entry">13. con <i>fide</i>, faith</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. com <i>mingle</i>, mix</td><td class="entry">14. con <i>cord</i>, heart</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. com <i>miser</i>ate, pity</td><td class="entry">15. con <i>flict</i>, strike</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. com <i>motion</i>, move</td><td class="entry">16. con <i>greg</i>ate, flock</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. com <i>mute</i>, change</td><td class="entry">17. con <i>tact</i>, touch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">9. com <i>pany</i>, bread</td><td class="entry">18. cor <i>robor</i> ate, strength</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A building <i>collapses</i> when its sides <i>fall together</i>; when it
+tumbles down.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>collect</i> botanical specimens is to <i>gather</i> them <i>together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Two objects <i>collide</i> when they <i>strike together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>colloquy</i> is a <i>talking together</i> of two or more people.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Commingle</i> means to <i>mix together</i>; as people in society.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Commiserate.</i> To feel sorrow, pain or <i>pity</i> (<i>with</i> another).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. A <i>commotion</i> is a <i>moving together</i>; a tumult.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Commute.</i> To <i>change</i> one thing (<i>with</i>) for another; to exchange.
+To substitute a less thing for a greater.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Company</i> formerly meant an assembly of people eating <i>bread
+together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Composition.</i> The act of <i>putting</i> parts <i>together</i> to produce a
+harmonious whole.</p>
+
+<p>11. One's <i>compeer</i> is the <i>equal with</i> himself in rank, age, prowess,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>12. Two people <i>concur</i> in regard to a matter when their minds <i>run
+together</i>; when they agree.</p>
+
+<p>13. To <i>confide</i> in one is to have <i>faith</i> in him; to intrust secrets
+<i>with</i> him.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Concord</i> means literally <i>heart with</i> heart; agreement; harmony.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>Conflict.</i> A <i>striking together</i>; hostile contest.</p>
+
+<p>16. To <i>congregate</i> means to <i>flock</i> or assemble <i>together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Contact.</i> A <i>touching together</i>; a close union of bodies.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Corroborate.</i> To <i>strengthen</i>; to make more certain; to confirm.
+Two statements <i>corroborate</i> when one agrees <i>with</i> the other; each
+thus <i>strengthens</i> the other.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>de</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;down, from.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. de <i>capi</i> tate, head</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. de <i>pose</i>, place put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. de <i>cid</i> uous, fall</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. de <i>preci</i> ate, price</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. de <i>fine</i>, end, limit</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. de <i>scend</i>, climb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. de <i>grade</i>, step, degree</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. de <i>spic</i> able, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. de <i>ject</i> ed, cast</td><td class="entry">10. de <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Decapitate.</i> To take the <i>head from</i> the body; to behead.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The leaves of <i>deciduous</i> trees <i>fall</i> (<i>down</i>) once a year.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Define.</i> To put <i>down</i>, or mark out the bounds or <i>limit</i>; to
+fence <i>from</i>; to determine the precise meaning; to describe
+accurately.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Degrade.</i> To reduce from a higher (<i>down</i>) to a lower rank or
+<i>degree</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Dejected.</i> <i>Cast down</i> in spirit; discouraged.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Depose.</i> To <i>put down</i>; especially to remove from a throne or high
+station.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Depreciate.</i> To put <i>down</i> the <i>price</i>; to reduce the value of.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Descend.</i> To <i>climb down</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Despicable.</i> Deserving to be <i>looked down</i> upon; low, mean,
+contemptible.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Detract.</i> To <i>draw from</i>; to take away; as, to take credit or
+reputation from.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>capt (caput)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;head.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bi</i> ceps, two</td><td class="entry">5. <i>de</i> capitate, from</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. capit <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">6. cab(b) <i>age</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. capt <i>ain</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>per</i> capita, by</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. capit ul <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">8. cap.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. cape</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Biceps.</i> A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has
+<i>two heads</i> or origins.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>head</i>; chief; principal; as the <i>capital</i>
+city.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>One who</i> is at the <i>head</i>; a leader; as the <i>captain</i> of a vessel,
+or a company of soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Capitulate.</i> To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to
+draw up items under <i>heads</i> or chapters.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Decapitate.</i> To take the <i>head from</i> the body.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Cabbage.</i> A vegetable <i>which</i> has a <i>head</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>By</i> the <i>head</i>; as a <i>per capita</i> tax.</p>
+
+<p>8. A <i>cap</i> is a covering for the <i>head</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. A <i>cape</i> is a <i>head</i> of land.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>cede, ced, cess</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;go, yield.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ac</i>cede, to</td><td class="entry">10. access</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ante</i>cedent, before</td><td class="entry">11. an (te) cestor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i>ceed, out, beyond</td><td class="entry">12. excess</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>inter</i>cede, between</td><td class="entry">13. intercessor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>pre</i>cede, before</td><td class="entry">14. predecessor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>pro</i>ceed, forward</td><td class="entry">15. process</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i>cede, back</td><td class="entry">16. recess</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>8. <i>se</i>cede, aside</td><td class="entry">17. secession</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">9. <i>suc</i>ceed, (sub) after, under</td><td class="entry">18. successor</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Accede.</i> To <i>yield to</i>; to agree; consent, concur; go to.</p>
+
+<p>2. The <i>antecedent</i> of a pronoun is the noun which <i>goes before</i> it,
+and for which the pronoun stands.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Exceed.</i> To <i>go beyond</i> what is needed or expected.</p>
+
+<p>4. To <i>go between</i> two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with
+the person who has some advantage over the other.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Precede.</i> To <i>go before</i> in order of time.</p>
+
+<p>6. To <i>go</i> on or <i>forward</i>; as <i>proceed</i> with your work.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Recede.</i> To <i>go back</i> from a given position.</p>
+
+<p>8. To <i>go aside</i>; to separate; as to <i>secede</i> from the church.</p>
+
+<p>9. To <i>go</i> or follow <i>after</i> in order of time; as, one shock
+<i>succeeded</i> another with great rapidity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 1.&mdash;The principal parts of the Latin verb are <i>cedo</i>, <i>cedere</i>,
+<i>cessi</i>, <i>cessum</i>. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are
+kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span> 2.&mdash;Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled
+<i>ceed</i>, in the others <i>cede</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>cent</b>&mdash;hundred.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. cent <i>enni</i> al, year</td><td class="entry">3. centi <i>meter</i>, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. centi <i>grade</i>, step, degree</td><td class="entry">4. centi <i>ped</i>, foot</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>per</i> cent, by</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Happening once in a <i>hundred years</i>. The <i>Centennial</i> Exposition
+was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing
+of the Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<p>2. Divided into one <i>hundred degrees</i>. On the <i>centigrade</i> thermometer
+there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the
+boiling point.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Centimeter.</i> The <i>hundredth</i> part of a meter (standard of
+<i>measure</i>).</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Centiped.</i> A segmented invertebrate animal of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> class nyrapod
+(Greek for <i>many feet</i>), so called because it has a great many
+(indefinitely one <i>hundred</i>) <i>feet</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>By</i> the <i>hundred</i>; as, six <i>per cent</i>; that is, six cents on the
+dollar.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>civ</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;citizen.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>civ</i>ic, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">3. civil <i>ize</i>, to make</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. civ <i>il</i>, quality of</td><td class="entry">4. civil <i>ian</i>, one who</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Civic.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> a <i>citizen</i>, or the affairs of a city.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Civil.</i> Fit to live in a state or society with <i>citizens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Civilize.</i> To <i>make civil</i>. To instruct in the arts and customs of
+<i>citizen</i>ship.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>civilian</i> is <i>one whose</i> pursuits are those of a <i>citizen</i> and
+not of a <i>soldier</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">SECOND MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ex</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;out, beyond, from.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>e</i>, <i>ec</i>, and <i>ef</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>ex</i>.)</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ex <i>ceed</i>, go</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. ex <i>pand</i>, spread</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ex <i>cept</i>, take</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. ex <i>pect</i>, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. ex <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">10. ex <i>ped</i> ite, foot</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. ex <i>curs</i>ion, run</td><td class="entry">11. ex <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. ex <i>cuse</i>, charge</td><td class="entry">12. ex <i>pire</i>, breathe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. ex <i>hale</i>, breathe</td><td class="entry">13. ex <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. ex <i>it</i>, go</td><td class="entry">14. ex <i>tent</i>, stretch</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">15. ex <i>tract</i>, draw</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. To <i>excuse</i> is to relieve (take <i>out</i>) from the <i>charge</i> of blame.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>expedite</i> is to hurry forward; especially by removing
+hinderances (as <i>from</i> the <i>feet</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>in (il, im, ir)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;in, into, on, not.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. il <i>leg</i> al, law</td><td class="entry">21. in <i>cred</i> ible, believe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. il <i>liter</i> ate, letter</td><td class="entry">22. in <i>cur</i>, run</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. im <i>bibe</i>, drink</td><td class="entry">23. in <i>dorse</i>, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. im <i>mature</i>, ripe</td><td class="entry">24. in <i>duce</i>, lead</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. im <i>mense</i>, measure</td><td class="entry">25. in <i>del</i> ible, rub out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. im <i>merse</i>, plunge</td><td class="entry">26. in <i>dent</i>, tooth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. im <i>mort</i> al, death</td><td class="entry">27. in <i>evit</i> able, avoid</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. im <i>mut</i> able, change</td><td class="entry">28. in <i>fid</i>el, faithful</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. im <i>pel</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">29. in <i>fant</i>, speak</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. im per <i>vi</i> ous, way</td><td class="entry">30. in <i>grate</i>, thankful</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">11. im <i>pious</i>, reverent</td><td class="entry">31. in <i>hale</i>, breathe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">12. im <i>port</i>, carry</td><td class="entry">32. in <i>ject</i>, throw</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">13. im <i>pose</i>, put</td><td class="entry">33. in <i>nate</i>, born</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">14. im <i>pulse</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">34. in <i>nov</i> ate, new</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">15. im <i>pun</i> ity, punish</td><td class="entry">35. in <i>sect</i>, cut</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">16. in <i>carn</i> ate, flesh</td><td class="entry">30. in <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">17. in <i>clem</i> ent, mild</td><td class="entry">37. in <i>toxic</i> ate, poison</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">18. in <i>cognito</i>, known</td><td class="entry">38. in <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">19. in <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">39. in <i>vade</i>, go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">20. in <i>crease</i>, grow</td><td class="entry">40. in <i>vert</i>, turn</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the
+prefix from the four given above (<i>in</i>, <i>into</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>not</i>) which is
+most suitable; thus: <i>imbibe</i> means to drink <i>in</i>; immature, <i>not</i>
+ripe; immerse, to plunge <i>into</i>; indorse, to write <i>on</i> the back of.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. An <i>illiterate</i> person is one <i>not</i> familiar with <i>letters</i>; one
+who has little or no learning.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Literally, anything is <i>immense</i> when it can <i>not</i> be <i>measured</i>;
+of vast extent.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Immortal.</i> <i>Not</i> liable to <i>death</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. Having <i>no way through</i> (per&nbsp;=&nbsp;through); as, cloth which is
+<i>impervious</i> to water; waterproof.</p>
+
+<p>14. An <i>impulse</i> is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to
+<i>drive</i> one <i>on</i> to say or do something.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>15. <i>Not</i> liable to <i>punishment</i>; freedom from the bad consequences
+which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with
+<i>impunity</i>.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>In</i> the <i>flesh</i>; as Christ was the <i>incarnate</i> Son of God.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Not mild</i>, but harsh and severe; as <i>inclement</i> weather.</p>
+
+<p>18. <i>Not known</i>; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman
+traveling <i>incognito</i>.</p>
+
+<p>21. A story is <i>incredible</i> when it is <i>not</i> capable of being
+<i>believed</i>; unworthy of belief.</p>
+
+<p>26. <i>Indent.</i> To cut <i>into</i> points like a row of <i>teeth</i>.</p>
+
+<p>29. <i>Infant.</i> A young babe (<i>not</i> yet able to <i>speak</i>).</p>
+
+<p>35. <i>Insect.</i> A small animal apparently <i>cut into</i> segments.</p>
+
+<p>40. <i>Invert.</i> To <i>turn</i> the outside <i>in</i>; to place in a contrary way.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ob</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;against, in the way of.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>oc</i>, <i>of</i>, <i>op</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>ob</i>.)</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ob <i>ject</i>, throw</td><td class="entry">5. ob <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ob <i>loqu</i> y, speak</td><td class="entry">6. oc <i>cupy</i>, hold</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. ob <i>sta</i> cle, stand</td><td class="entry">7. of <i>fend</i>, strike</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. ob <i>struct</i>, build</td><td class="entry">8. op <i>pon</i> ent, place</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. An <i>objection</i> to a proposition is an opinion <i>thrown against</i> or
+in opposition to it.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Obloquy.</i> A <i>speaking against</i>; language that casts contempt on
+men and their actions.</p>
+
+<p>6. To take and <i>hold</i> (<i>against</i> the possession of another); as to
+pre&euml;mpt and <i>occupy</i> a homestead.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>post</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;after, behind.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. post <i>date</i>, date</td><td class="entry">4. post <i>meridian</i>, midday</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. post <i>pone</i>, place</td><td class="entry">5. post <i>mortem</i>, death</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. post <i>script</i>, write</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pre</i> poster ous, before</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>6. <i>Preposterous</i> originally meant, having that <i>first</i> which ought to
+be <i>last</i>; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present
+day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>curr, curs</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;run.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. couri <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>ex</i> curs ion, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> cur, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>in</i> cur, into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> course, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>inter</i> course, between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. curs <i>ory</i>, ing</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>pre</i> curs or, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. course</td><td class="entry">10. <i>re</i> course, back</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>courier</i> is <i>one who runs</i>, or goes hastily with a message.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The opinions of people <i>concur</i> when they agree, or <i>run together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. A <i>concourse</i> is an assemblage of people who have come (or <i>run</i>)
+<i>together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. A <i>cursory</i> glance is a hasty, and hence, a <i>running</i> glance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. A race <i>course</i> is a place for <i>running</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To <i>incur</i> a debt is to <i>run into</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words
+&#8220;without <i>recourse</i>&#8221;, says in effect, &#8220;You can't <i>run back</i> on me for
+payment&#8221;.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>dent</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;tooth.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. dent</td><td class="entry">4. dent <i>ist</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. dent <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>e</i> dent ate, without</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. dent <i>ate</i>, shaped like</td><td class="entry">6. dan <i>de lion</i>, of lion</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>dent</i> is an impression like that made by a <i>tooth</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Edentate</i> animals, such as the sloth, are <i>without teeth</i>, or at
+least are without the incisors.</p>
+
+<p>6. The <i>dandelion</i> has yellow compound flowers which resemble the
+<i>tooth of</i> the <i>lion</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>dict</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;speak, say, tell.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>bene</i> dict ion, well</td><td class="entry">5. <i>e</i> dict, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>contra</i> dict, against</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pre</i> dict, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. diction <i>ary</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">7. <i>ver</i> dict, truth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. dict <i>ate</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">8. <i>male</i> dict ion, bad</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>benediction</i> is a blessing (a <i>speech</i> to the effect that it may
+be <i>well</i> with thee).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>3. A <i>dictionary</i> is a book in <i>which</i> we may learn about words, the
+elements of <i>speech</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. To <i>dictate</i> is to <i>speak</i> or <i>say</i> what another shall <i>write</i> or
+do.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>verdict</i> of a jury is what they <i>say</i> to be the <i>truth</i> in the
+case.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>doc, doct</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;teach.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. doc <i>ile</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">3. doct <i>rine</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. doct <i>or</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">4. docu <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Docile.</i> Capable of being easily <i>taught</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. A <i>doctor</i> is <i>one who</i>, by virtue of his master's degree, is
+qualified to <i>teach</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. Doctrine is <i>that which</i> is <i>taught</i>; a principle taught as a part
+of a system of belief.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>document</i> is <i>that which teaches</i> by means of the evidence it
+gives.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="month"><a name="THIRD_MONTH" id="THIRD_MONTH"></a>THIRD MONTH.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>pro</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;for, forth, forward, before.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. pro <i>bat</i> ion, try, prove</td><td class="entry">11. pro <i>logue</i>, speech</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. pro <i>bosc</i> is, feed</td><td class="entry">12. pro <i>mise</i>, send</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. pro <i>crastin</i> ate, tomorrow</td><td class="entry">13. pro <i>mote</i>, move</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. pro <i>duce</i>, lead</td><td class="entry">14. pro <i>noun</i>, noun</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. pro (f) <i>fer</i>, bear, bring</td><td class="entry">15. pro <i>pel</i>, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. pro <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">16. pro <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. pro <i>gnostic</i> ate, know</td><td class="entry">17. pro <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. pro <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">18. pro <i>trude</i>, thrust</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. pro <i>gress</i>, step</td><td class="entry">19. pro <i>vide</i>, see</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. pro <i>ject</i>, cast</td><td class="entry">20. pro <i>voke</i>, call</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. One who joins a church on <i>probation</i> is given a <i>trial</i> to <i>prove</i>
+his worthiness <i>before</i> being fully admitted.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the <i>forward</i>
+portion) of the animal with which he <i>feeds</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To put <i>forward</i> till <i>tomorrow</i>, or to put off from time to time.
+&#8220;Procrastination is the thief of time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>profuse</i> speaker <i>pours forth</i> ideas freely.</p>
+
+<p>12. One's <i>promise</i> is his word, spoken or written, <i>sent forth</i> as
+evidence of something more substantial to follow.</p>
+
+<p>16. When a young man <i>proposes</i> he <i>puts</i> the question <i>before</i> his
+lady.</p>
+
+<p>19. A good <i>provider sees</i> necessities <i>before</i>hand and prepares to
+meet them.</p>
+
+<p>20. To <i>provoke</i> laughter is to <i>call</i> it <i>forth</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>retro</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;backward.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. retro <i>grade</i>, step</td>
+<td class="entry">2. retro <i>spect</i>, look</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>se (sed)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;aside.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. se <i>cede</i>, go</td><td class="entry">4. se <i>duce</i>, lead</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. se <i>clude</i>, shut</td><td class="entry">5. se <i>greg</i> ate, flock</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. se <i>cure</i>, care</td><td class="entry">6. se <i>lect</i>, gather</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>3. <i>Secure.</i> Free (<i>aside</i>) from <i>care</i>, as to danger or risk; as,
+<i>secure</i> from attack, or <i>secure</i> against loss by fire.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Seduce.</i> To <i>lead</i> or draw <i>aside</i>; especially from a path of
+rectitude. To lead into evil.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Segregate.</i> To place or group (<i>flock</i>) <i>aside</i> from others or the
+rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>sub</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;under, after, near.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>suc</i>, <i>suf</i>, <i>sug</i>, <i>sup</i>, <i>sur</i>, are euphonic variations of <i>sub</i>.)</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. sub <i>due</i> lead</td><td class="entry">11. sub <i>terr</i> anean, earth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. sub <i>jug</i> ate, yoke</td><td class="entry">12. sub <i>trahe</i> nd, draw</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. sub <i>lunar</i>, moon</td><td class="entry">13. sub <i>urbs</i>, city</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. sub <i>merge</i>, plunge</td><td class="entry">14. sub <i>way</i>, way</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. sub <i>ordin</i> ate, rank</td><td class="entry">15. suc <i>cess</i> or, go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. sub <i>poena</i>, penalty</td><td class="entry">16. suc <i>cumb</i>, lie</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. sub <i>scribe</i>, write</td><td class="entry">17. suf <i>fer</i>, bear</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. sub <i>side</i>, sit</td><td class="entry">18. suf <i>fix</i>, fasten</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. sub <i>soil</i>, ground</td><td class="entry">19. suf <i>focate</i>, throat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. sub <i>stance</i>, stand</td><td class="entry">20. sup <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Subdue.</i> To <i>lead</i> or bring <i>under</i> authority; to conquer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Subjugate.</i> To bring <i>under</i> the <i>yoke</i> of power or dominion.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>Sublunar.</i> Situated <i>under</i>neath the <i>moon</i>; hence earthly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Subpoena.</i> A writ commanding attendance <i>under penalty</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Subscribe.</i> To bind one's self to, by <i>writing</i> one's name
+<i>under</i>neath; as to <i>subscribe</i> to the terms of a contract.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Subside.</i> To <i>sit</i> (or settle) <i>under</i> (down).</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Substance.</i> That which underlies (<i>stands under</i>) all outward
+manifestation.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Subterranean.</i> Situated or occurring <i>under</i> the surface of the
+<i>earth</i>.</p>
+
+<p>12. The <i>subtrahend</i> is placed <i>under</i> the minuend to be <i>drawn</i> from
+it.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Suburb.</i> A town or village so <i>near</i> to a <i>city</i> that it may be
+used for residence by those doing business in the city.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>One who goes</i> or follows <i>after</i>; as, a <i>successor</i> in office.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Succumb.</i> To <i>lie under</i> discouragement, rather than to surmount
+it.</p>
+
+<p>19. Certain fumes or vapors <i>under</i> the mouth (or <i>throat</i>), will
+<i>suffocate</i> one.</p>
+
+<p>20. <i>Support.</i> To <i>carry</i> on; keep up; as to <i>support</i> a conversation;
+to <i>support</i> a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up
+from beneath (<i>under</i>).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>trans</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;across, over, through.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. trans <i>act</i>, drive</td><td class="entry">11. trans <i>late</i>, carry</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. trans <i>alpine</i>, Alps</td><td class="entry">12. trans <i>lucent</i>, shining</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. trans <i>atlantic</i>, Atlantic</td><td class="entry">13. trans <i>marine</i>, sea</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. tran <i>scend</i>, climb</td><td class="entry">14. trans <i>migration</i>, moving</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. tran <i>scribe</i>, write</td><td class="entry">15. trans <i>mit</i>, send</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. trans <i>fer</i>, carry</td><td class="entry">16. trans <i>mute</i>, change</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. trans <i>form</i>, shape</td><td class="entry">17. trans <i>parent</i>, appear</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. trans <i>fuse</i>, pour</td><td class="entry">18. trans <i>port</i>, carry</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. trans <i>gress</i>, step</td><td class="entry">19. trans <i>pose</i>, put</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. trans <i>it</i>, go</td><td class="entry">20. trans <i>verse</i>, turn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent
+as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>fin</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;end, limit.</p>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Final.</i> <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>end</i>; the last.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Finale.</i> The <i>end</i> of a musical composition.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Finish.</i> To <i>make</i> an <i>end</i> of.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Fine.</i> Well <i>finished</i>. Also, a penalty assessed at the <i>end</i> of
+the case.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Refine.</i> Finished over (or <i>again</i>).</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Finite.</i> Having a <i>limit</i> in power or knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Infinite.</i> Having <i>no limit</i> in power or knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Confine.</i> To keep <i>within limits</i> or bounds.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Superfine.</i> <i>Over</i> or extra finish.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>firm</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;strong, steadfast.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>in</i>firm, not</td><td class="entry">3. infirm <i>ary</i>, place where</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. infirm <i>ity</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> firm, with</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. farm</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Infirm.</i> <i>Not strong</i>, but weak and defective.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Infirmity.</i> <i>That</i> with <i>which</i> one is afflicted or infirm.</p>
+
+<p>4. The testimony of one witness is made <i>stronger</i> when that of
+another witness agrees <i>with</i> or <i>confirms</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>farm</i> is a substantial possession, <i>steadfast</i> and immovable.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>flex, flect</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;bend, turn.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. flex <i>ible</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">5. <i>circum</i> flex, around</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>in</i> flexible, not</td><td class="entry">6. <i>de</i> flect, from</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. flexibil <i>ity</i>, quality</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> flection, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. flect <i>or</i>, that which</td><td class="entry">8. <i>re</i> flex, back</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>4. <i>That which bends</i>; as, the biceps muscle is the <i>flector</i> which
+<i>bends</i> the arm.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>circumflex</i> is a <i>bending around</i> of the voice,&mdash;a rise and a
+fall on the same syllable.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Reflection.</i> A <i>turning</i> of the thoughts <i>back</i> to things of the
+past.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and <i>turned back</i> without
+their reaching the brain results in <i>reflex</i> action.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>flu</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;flow.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. flu <i>ent</i>, characteristic of</td><td class="entry">5. influenz <i>a</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>af</i> fluence, (ad) to</td><td class="entry">6. <i>in</i> flux, in</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> fluence, together</td><td class="entry">7. <i>super</i> fluous, over</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> fluence, in</td><td class="entry">8. fluid</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. flush</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>fluent</i> speaker uses smooth and <i>flowing</i> language.</p>
+
+<p>2. People of <i>affluence</i> have wealth <i>flowing to</i> them.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>confluence</i> of two streams is their <i>flowing together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Influence</i> literally means <i>flowing in</i>. The bringing about a
+result by a gradual process; gradual because <i>flowing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Influenza.</i> A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly
+attributed to the <i>influence</i> of the stars.</p>
+
+<p>8. A <i>fluid</i> is so called because it is capable of <i>flowing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Flush.</i> To <i>flow</i> swiftly.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">FOURTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>vice</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;instead of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. vice president</td><td class="entry">3. vice <i>roy</i>, king</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. vice admiral</td><td class="entry">4. vic <i>ar</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. vice <i>versa</i>, turn</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>3. <i>Viceroy.</i> A ruler acting with kingly authority <i>instead of</i> the
+<i>king</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Vicar.</i> In general, <i>one who</i> is authorized to perform functions,
+especially religious ones, <i>instead of</i> another.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Vice versa.</i> <i>Turned</i>, one <i>instead of</i> the other, interchanged.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>a (an)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;without, not.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. a <i>byss</i>, bottom</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. an <i>esthetic</i>, feeling</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. a <i>cephal</i> ous, head</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. an <i>onym</i> ous, name</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. a <i>chrom</i> atic, color</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. a <i>pathy</i>, suffer, feel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. a <i>gnostic</i> ism, knowledge</td><td class="entry">10. a <i>sylum</i>, right of seizure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. an <i>archy</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">11. a <i>the</i> ist, God</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. an <i>ecdote</i>, given out</td><td class="entry">12. a <i>tom</i>, cut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Agnosticism.</i> The doctrine or theory that man has <i>not</i> any real
+or absolute <i>knowledge</i> of anything, but can know only &#8220;impressions&#8221;.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Anarchy.</i> A state of society in which there is <i>no</i> authority or
+<i>ruling</i> power.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Anecdote</i> [ec (ex)&nbsp;=&nbsp;out]. Originally a personal or biographical
+incident <i>not given out</i> for publication.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an
+<i>anesthetic</i> is <i>without</i> the <i>feeling</i> of pain.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Asylum.</i> Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors
+were free from (<i>without</i>) the <i>right of seizure</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Atheist.</i> <i>One who</i> is <i>without</i> belief in the existence of a
+<i>God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Atom.</i> The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which
+<i>cannot</i> be further <i>cut</i> or divided.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>auto</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;self.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. auto <i>crat</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">4. auto <i>maton</i>, strive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. auto <i>graph</i>, write</td><td class="entry">5. auto <i>mobile</i>, move</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. auto <i>bio</i> graphy, life</td><td class="entry">6. aut <i>ops</i> y, see</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Autocrat.</i> An absolute sovereign, one who has the <i>ruling</i> power
+all in him<i>self</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Autobiography.</i> A <i>writing</i> of one's <i>life</i> by him<i>self</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Automaton.</i> A <i>self</i> acting (<i>striving</i>) machine; one having its
+motive power within itself.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Autopsy.</i> <i>Seeing</i> by one's <i>self</i>; personal observation or
+examination.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>epi</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;upon.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. epi <i>cycle</i>, circle</td><td class="entry">5. epi <i>sode</i>, way</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. epi <i>demic</i>, people</td><td class="entry">6. epi <i>taph</i>, tomb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. epi <i>dermis</i>, skin</td><td class="entry">7. epi <i>thet</i>, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. epi <i>gram</i>, write</td><td class="entry">8. epi <i>zo&ouml;tic</i>, animal</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Epicycle.</i> A circle whose center moves around <i>upon</i>, or in, the
+circumference of another <i>circle</i>; as the orbit of the moon in its
+motion with the earth around the sun.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Epigram.</i> Literally, to <i>write upon</i>. A short, pointed poem, or a
+bright thought concisely and sharply expressed.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Episode.</i> Something which happens <i>upon</i> the <i>way</i>, or comes in
+incidentally to the main enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Epithet.</i> An adjective or term <i>placed upon</i> a person or thing and
+expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or
+thing.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Epizo&ouml;tic.</i> A disease <i>upon</i> many <i>animals</i> in a community.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>micro</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;little.</p>
+
+<p class="center">micro <i>be</i>, life; micro <i>cosm</i>, world; micro <i>scope</i>, see, view.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>grat (grac)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pleasing, favor, thankful.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. grati <i>tude</i>, ness</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>un</i> grateful, not</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. grate <i>ful</i>, full of</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>dis</i> grace, from</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. grati <i>fy</i>, make</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. grac <i>ious</i>, having</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> grati ate, into</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>a</i> gree, (ad) according to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>in</i> grate, not</td><td class="entry">10. gratis</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-right: 4em">11. grace</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To become <i>ingratiated</i> with another is to get <i>into</i> his <i>favor</i>.
+&#8220;The pigmy had contrived to <i>ingratiate</i> himself into every man's
+affection.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Stanley.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. An <i>ingrate</i> is <i>not thankful</i> for benefits received.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. One in <i>disgrace</i> is out of (away <i>from</i>) <i>favor</i> with others.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. An <i>agreement</i> is entered into <i>according to</i> the <i>pleasure</i> of
+both parties.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Gratis.</i> Out of, or because of, <i>favor</i>; without recompense.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Grace.</i> Literally, <i>pleasing</i>; beloved.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>greg</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;flock, herd.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ag</i> gregate, (ad) to</td><td class="entry">3. gregari <i>ous</i>, quality</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>con</i> gregate, together</td><td class="entry">4. <i>se</i> gregate, aside</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>3. <i>Gregarious.</i> <i>Quality</i> or characteristic of animals which tend to
+gather in <i>flocks</i>; as, sheep, geese, deer.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Segregate.</i> To separate (<i>aside</i>) from others and form into an
+isolated group (<i>flock</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ject</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;cast, throw.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> ject, away</td><td class="entry">6. <i>pro</i> ject, forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>de</i> jected, down</td><td class="entry">7. <i>re</i> ject, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> ject, out</td><td class="entry">8. <i>ad</i> jective, to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> ject, in</td><td class="entry">9. <i>inter</i> jection, between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>ob</i> ject, against</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sub</i> ject, under</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>leg</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;law.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. leg <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. legal <i>ize</i>, make</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>il</i> legal, not</td><td class="entry">5. legis <i>late</i>, bring forth</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. legal <i>ity</i>, state of</td><td class="entry">6. <i>privi</i> lege, private</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>6. A <i>private law</i>, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by
+others or by all, is a <i>privilege</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">FIFTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>aceous</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;having the quality of.</p>
+
+<p>[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix
+with the meaning of the root; thus, <i>cretaceous</i> means having the
+quality of <i>chalk</i>.]</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>creta</i> ceous, chalk</td><td class="entry">4. <i>farin</i> aceous, grain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>crust</i> aceous, shell</td><td class="entry">5. <i>herb</i> aceous, herb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>carbon</i> aceous, coal</td><td class="entry">6. <i>sapon</i> aceous, soap</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>al</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>capit</i> al, head</td><td class="entry">13. <i>miner</i> al, mine</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>corpor</i> al, body</td><td class="entry">14. <i>nas</i> al, nose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>cymb</i> al, cup</td><td class="entry">15. <i>nat</i> al, born</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>dent</i> al, tooth</td><td class="entry">16. <i>nomin</i> al, name</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>di</i> al, day</td><td class="entry">17. <i>norm</i> al, rule</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>fest</i> al, feast</td><td class="entry">18. <i>pen</i> al, punishment</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>fili</i> al, son, daughter</td><td class="entry">19. <i>plur</i> al, more</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>fin</i> al, end</td><td class="entry">20. <i>reg</i> al, king</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>flor</i> al, flower</td><td class="entry">21. <i>roy</i> al, king</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>frug</i> al, fruit</td><td class="entry">22. <i>rur</i> al, country</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">11. <i>jovi</i> al, merry</td><td class="entry">23. <i>vit</i> al, life</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">12. <i>leg</i> al, law</td><td class="entry">24. <i>voc</i> al, voice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>head</i>, as, <i>capital</i> punishment, which
+involves the forfeiture of the <i>head</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. A <i>frugal</i> person is economical with his means, hence <i>fruitful</i>
+in saving.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Pertaining to</i> the <i>name</i> only, not real; as, a <i>nominal</i>
+Christian.</p>
+
+<p>17. <i>Pertaining to</i> the standard or <i>rule</i>; as, the <i>normal</i> color of
+the crow is black.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ence</b>, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means <i>state of being</i>.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. abs <i>tin</i> ence, hold</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. de <i>pend</i> ence, hang</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. af <i>flu</i> ence, flow</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. im <i>pot</i> ence, power</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. bene <i>vol</i> ence, wish</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>omni</i> pot ence, all</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. con <i>dol</i> ence, grief</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. re <i>tic</i> ence, silent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. con <i>fid</i> ence, faith</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sequ</i> ence, follow</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>State of holding from</i> something which tempts and entices; as,
+<i>abstinence</i> from strong drink.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. (See third month, page 63.)</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>State of being</i> actively desirous (<i>wishing</i>) for the <i>well</i>-being
+of others. &#8220;The laws of social <i>benevolence</i> require that every man
+should try to assist others by his experience.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Condolence.</i> <i>State of being</i> in <i>grief</i> or sympathy <i>with</i> others
+on account of their afflictions.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Confidence.</i> <i>State of being</i> confident (of having <i>faith</i> in
+others or in one's self).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Dependence.</i> <i>State of being</i> dependent (of <i>hanging</i> [relying] on
+others for support).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Impotence.</i> <i>State of being</i> impotent (of having no <i>power</i>; weak;
+feeble).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Omnipotence.</i> <i>State of being all powerful.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Reticence</i>. <i>State</i> or quality <i>of being silent</i>; refraining from
+speech.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Sequence.</i> <i>State of being</i> sequent (<i>following</i>); order of
+following.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ance</b>, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means <i>state of being</i>.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. con <i>cord</i> ance, heart</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. ex <i>pect</i> ance, look</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. con <i>son</i> ance, sound</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>fragr</i> ance, scent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. dis <i>cord</i> ance, heart</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. re <i>pugn</i> ance, fist</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. dis <i>son</i> ance, sound</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>sembl</i> ance, similar</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>domin</i> ance, master</td><td class="entry">10. <i>temper</i> ance, time</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Concordance.</i> <i>State of being heart with heart</i>; harmony;
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Consonance.</i> <i>State of</i> agreement of <i>sound with sound</i>; tones in
+unison.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Repugnance.</i> Literally, the <i>state of being</i> disposed to fight
+(strike) <i>back</i> (with the <i>fist</i>) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion;
+dislike.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Temperance.</i> <i>State of being</i> well <i>timed</i> (regular in habits) in
+eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ent</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who, that which.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. ad <i>her</i> ent, stick</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. in <i>solv</i> ent, loosen</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ante <i>ced</i> ent, go</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. pre <i>ced</i> ent, go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>belliger</i> ent, wage war</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. op <i>pon</i> ent, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. de <i>pend</i> ent, hang</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. re <i>pell</i> ent, drive</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. equi <i>val</i> ent, power</td><td class="entry">10. <i>tang</i> ent, touch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given.
+Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words
+when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which
+can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work
+of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ment</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;mind.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. mental</td><td class="entry">3. mention</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. comments</td><td class="entry">4. memento</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. demented</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. One's <i>mental</i> powers are the powers of his <i>mind</i>, including
+intellect, feeling, and will.</p>
+
+<p>2. One's <i>comments</i> on a topic generally reveal to some degree the
+state of his <i>mind</i> in regard to it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>mention</i> of a thing calls it to <i>mind</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. A <i>memento</i> is a <i>reminder</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>demented</i> person has the powers of his <i>mind</i> impaired.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>mit, mitt</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;send, let go.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> mit, to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>per</i> mit, through</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>com</i> mit, with</td><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> mit, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> mit, out</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sub</i> mit, under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>o</i> mit, (ob) by</td><td class="entry">8. <i>trans</i> mit, across</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A ticket will <i>admit</i> you (<i>let</i> you <i>go</i>) to the entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>2. To place in custody; to entrust <i>with</i>; as to <i>commit</i> a fund to
+the care of trustees; to <i>commit</i> (<i>send</i>) a prisoner to jail.</p>
+
+<p>3. To <i>send</i> or give <i>out</i>; as, the fountain <i>emits</i> water.</p>
+
+<p>4. To <i>let go by</i>; to neglect; to overlook; as, to <i>omit</i> a fact.</p>
+
+<p>5. A <i>permit</i> will <i>let</i> you <i>go through</i> the factory.</p>
+
+<p>6. To <i>remit</i> is to <i>send</i> (<i>back</i>) value for value received.</p>
+
+<p>7. To give up or <i>let</i> one's self <i>go under</i> the government of
+another; to yield, or surrender. &#8220;Do not <i>submit</i> yourself to insult.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>8. To <i>send</i> (<i>across</i>) from one to another; as, to <i>transmit</i> a
+message.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>norm</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;rule.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. norm <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">3. <i>e</i> normous, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ab</i> normal, from</td><td class="entry">4. enorm <i>ity</i>, state of</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Pertaining to</i> the usual <i>rule</i> or type; as, his pulse is
+<i>normal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. Deviating <i>from</i> the natural condition, course, or <i>rule</i>; as, an
+<i>abnormal</i> appetite.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Out</i> of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual <i>rule</i>; as the
+death rate was <i>enormous</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>state</i> or quality <i>of</i> being enormous; especially the quality
+of being extremely bad; as, the <i>enormity</i> of his crime.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>pater</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;father.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. patern <i>al</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">4. patri <i>cide</i>, kill</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. patri <i>arch</i>, rule</td><td class="entry">5. patri <i>ot</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. patron <i>ize</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">6. patrimony<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. Pertaining to a <i>father</i>; fatherly; as, <i>paternal</i> love.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Patriarch.</i> One of the <i>fathers</i> and <i>rulers</i> of a tribe or race;
+particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Patronize.</i> To <i>act</i> like a patron, or one who protects, fosters,
+or supports some enterprise, as a <i>father</i> looks after those under his
+care.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Patricide.</i> The <i>killing</i> of a <i>father</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Patriot.</i> <i>One who</i> loves and supports the institutions of his
+country somewhat as a <i>father</i> cares for the interests of his family.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Patrimony.</i> An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's
+<i>father</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">SIXTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>fy</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;to make.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>ampli</i> fy, large</td><td class="entry">11. <i>lique</i> fy, liquid</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>certi</i> fy, certain</td><td class="entry">12. <i>magni</i> fy, large</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>clari</i> fy, clear</td><td class="entry">13. <i>puri</i> fy, pure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>dei</i> fy, god</td><td class="entry">14. <i>rare</i> fy, rare</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>exempli</i> fy, example</td><td class="entry">15. <i>recti</i> fy, right</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>falsi</i> fy, false</td><td class="entry">16. <i>terri</i> fy, frighten</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>forti</i> fy, strong</td><td class="entry">17. <i>testi</i> fy, witness</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>horri</i> fy, horror</td><td class="entry">18. <i>typi</i> fy, type</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>identi</i> fy, the same</td><td class="entry">19. <i>veri</i> fy, true</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>justi</i> fy, right</td><td class="entry">20. <i>vivi</i> fy, life</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ile</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ag</i> ile, act</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>juven</i> ile, young</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>duct</i> ile, draw</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>puer</i> ile, child</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>frag</i> ile, break</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>serv</i> ile, serve</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fert</i> ile, bear</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>vers</i> atile, turn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>host</i> ile, enemy</td><td class="entry">10. <i>vir</i> ile, man</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>2. A <i>ductile</i> substance is one which is <i>capable of</i> being <i>drawn</i>
+into wire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>9. A <i>versatile</i> person is <i>capable of turning</i> readily from one thing
+to another; manysided.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ine</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;belonging to, like.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>aquil</i> ine, eagle</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>fel</i> ine, cat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bov</i> ine, cow</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>femin</i> ine, woman</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>can</i> ine, dog</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>mar</i> ine, sea</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dent</i> ine, tooth</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>mascul</i> ine, male</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>div</i> ine, deity</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sal</i> ine, salt</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. An <i>aquiline</i> nose is one hooked like the beak which <i>belongs</i> to
+an <i>eagle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>canine</i> teeth are so called because they correspond to those
+best developed in the <i>dog</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ion</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;the act of, ing. (In many words <i>ion</i> means <i>that which</i>.)</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ablut</i> ion, washing away</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>commot</i> ion, move</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bisect</i> ion, cutting in two</td><td class="entry">10. <i>frict</i> ion, rub</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>expans</i> ion, spreading out</td><td class="entry">11. <i>junct</i> ion, join</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>expuls</i> ion, driving out</td><td class="entry">12. <i>opt</i> ion, choose</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>inspect</i> ion, looking into</td><td class="entry">13. <i>resurrect</i> ion, rising again</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>intercess</i> ion, going between</td><td class="entry">14. <i>secess</i> ion, going aside</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>collect</i> ion, gathering together</td><td class="entry">15. <i>stat</i> ion, stand</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>combust</i> ion, burn</td><td class="entry">16. <i>tens</i> ion, stretch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. An <i>ablution</i> is the <i>act of washing away</i>, or cleansing.</p>
+
+<p>15. A <i>station</i> is a <i>standing</i> place for the train.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ite</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who.</p>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>Canaanite</i> is <i>one who</i> dwelt in the land of <i>Canaan</i>.</p>
+<p>2. A <i>Dowieite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a follower of <i>Dowie</i>.</p>
+<p>3. A <i>favorite</i> is <i>one who</i> receives special <i>favor</i>.</p>
+<p>4. A <i>hypocrite</i> is <i>one who pretends</i> to be what he is not.</p>
+<p>5. An <i>Israelite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a descendant of <i>Israel</i>, or
+Jacob.</p>
+<p>6. A <i>Levite</i> is <i>one who</i> is a descendant of <i>Levi</i>.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>port</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;carry.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. port <i>able</i>, capable of</td><td class="entry">5. <i>im</i> port, into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. port <i>folio</i>, leaf</td><td class="entry">6. <i>re</i> port, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. port <i>er</i>, one who</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sup</i> port, under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>ex</i> port, out</td><td class="entry">8. <i>trans</i> port, across</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">9. port</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Capable of</i> being <i>carried</i> or moved without difficulty; as, a
+<i>portable</i> engine.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Portfolio.</i> A case or folder in which <i>leaves</i> of loose paper or
+other stationery may be <i>carried</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Porter.</i> Literally, <i>one who carries</i> burdens.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Support.</i> To <i>carry</i> or uphold from beneath (<i>under</i>).</p>
+
+<p>9. <i>Port.</i> The manner in which one <i>carries</i> himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>rupt</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;break.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ab</i> rupt, away</td><td class="entry">5. <i>inter</i> rupt, between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>bank</i> rupt, bench</td><td class="entry">6. rupt <i>ure</i>, ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dis</i> rupt, apart</td><td class="entry">7. rout</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>e</i> ruption, out</td><td class="entry">8. route</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in
+business had his <i>banca</i>, or money <i>bench, broken</i>; hence, one who is
+unable to pay his debts is <i>bankrupt</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. A <i>rupture</i> is a <i>breaking</i> apart; as the <i>rupture</i> of a blood
+vessel.</p>
+
+<p>7. To <i>break</i> the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to <i>rout</i> an
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Route</i> originally meant a road <i>broken</i> through a new and
+untraveled section of country. After thus <i>broken</i> it became a way or
+<i>route</i> for travel.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>scribe, script</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;write.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>circum</i> scribe, around</td><td class="entry">7. <i>post</i> script, after</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>de</i> scribe, down</td><td class="entry">8. <i>in</i> scription, upon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>in</i> scribe, in, upon</td><td class="entry">9. scribe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>pre</i> scribe, before</td><td class="entry">10. scribble</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>sub</i> scribe, under</td><td class="entry">11. script</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>tran</i> scribe, across</td><td class="entry">12. scripture
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. <i>Circumscribe.</i> To draw (<i>write</i>) a bounding line <i>around</i>; hence,
+to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.</p>
+
+<p>9. A <i>scribe</i>, in Jewish history, was a custodian and <i>writer</i> of the
+official records of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>scribble</i> is to do hasty or careless <i>writing</i>.</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Script</i> consists of characters <i>written</i> by hand.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Scripture.</i> The sacred <i>writings</i> of any people.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>spec, spect</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;look, see, view.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>a</i> spect, (ad) toward</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>pro</i> spect, before</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>circum</i> spect, around</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>retro</i> spect, backward</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> pect, out</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. spectat <i>or</i>, one who</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>in</i> spect, into</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>sus</i> pect, under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>per</i> spective, through</td><td class="entry">10. spectacle</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">11. spectacles</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The appearance of a thing as <i>viewed</i> (looked <i>toward</i> or at) by
+the eye or mind; as, a stern <i>aspect</i>; the southern <i>aspect</i> of a
+house.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Looking around</i> in all directions, as against danger or error. &#8220;Of
+all these circumstances, the slow, <i>circumspect</i> eye of the master
+took cognizance one by one.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>Perspective.</i> That which is <i>seen through</i> an opening or vista.
+The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Suspect.</i> To <i>underlook</i>; to imagine or infer that appearances
+misrepresent; hence one who <i>suspects</i> is inclined to <i>look beneath</i>
+the surface.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Spectacle.</i> Something exhibited to be <i>looked</i> at, especially if
+it be held worthy of unusual notice.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="month">SEVENTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ory</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;place where.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>arm</i> ory, arms</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>manufact</i> ory, hand made</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>deposit</i> ory, put away</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>observ</i> atory, observe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>dorm</i> itory, sleep</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>prepar</i> atory, to make ready</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>fact</i> ory, make</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>reform</i> atory, form again</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>laborat</i> ory, work</td><td class="entry">10. <i>terr</i> itory, land
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. An <i>armory</i> is a <i>place where arms</i> and other instruments of war
+are kept.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. A <i>depository</i> is a <i>place where</i> things are or may be <i>put away</i>
+for safe keeping.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. A <i>laboratory</i> is, literally, a <i>place</i> for <i>labor</i>; particularly a
+place for scientific experimentation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>manufactory</i> was formerly so called because it named a <i>place
+where</i> things were <i>made</i> by <i>hand</i>. The first part of the word is now
+generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the
+work in a factory is done by hand.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Territory</i> is extent of <i>land</i> belonging to or ruled by the
+government. Literally it means a <i>place where</i> there is <i>land</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ous</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>amphi bi</i> ous, double&nbsp;+&nbsp;life</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>homo gene</i> ous, like&nbsp;+&nbsp;kind</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>aque</i> ous, water</td><td class="entry">10. <i>im per vi</i> ous, no&nbsp;+&nbsp;through&nbsp;+&nbsp;way</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>bili</i> ous, bile</td><td class="entry">11. <i>numer</i> ous, number</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>clamor</i> ous, to cry out</td><td class="entry">12. <i>preci</i> ous, price, value</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>decidu</i> ous, fall</td><td class="entry">13. <i>pre coci</i> ous, early&nbsp;+&nbsp;ripe</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>furi</i> ous, rage</td><td class="entry">14. <i>ponder</i> ous, weigh</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>greg</i> arious, flock</td><td class="entry">15. <i>pre poster</i> ous, before&nbsp;+&nbsp;after</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>hetero gene</i> ous, other&nbsp;+&nbsp;kind</td><td class="entry">16. <i>viv</i> acious, life</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Living both</i> on land and in water. &#8220;Seals of <i>amphibious</i> nature,
+are either for the land or water.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Pertaining to</i>, or containing <i>water</i>; as, an <i>aqueous</i> vapor.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. A <i>state of</i> ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver,
+the gland which secretes <i>bile</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>Consisting of</i> loud and repeated <i>outcries</i> or noise; as, a
+<i>clamorous</i> crowd.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. The leaves of <i>deciduous</i> trees <i>fall</i> once a year.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Consisting</i> of unlike elements or ingredients of different
+(<i>other</i>) <i>kinds</i>.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Having</i> the mental faculties <i>prematurely</i> developed; as, a
+<i>precocious</i> child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally,
+<i>preposterous</i> meant <i>having</i> the <i>after</i> part <i>before</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ulent</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;full of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>corp</i> ulent, body</td><td class="entry">4. <i>succ</i> ulent, juice</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>fraud</i> ulent, fraud</td><td class="entry">5. <i>esc</i> ulent, food</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>op</i> ulent, wealth</td><td class="entry">6. <i>vir</i> ulent, poison</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A <i>corpulent</i> person is one who has an excess of fat; hence,
+literally speaking, is <i>full of body</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Succulent</i> plants are <i>full of juice</i>; as, the stalk of the sugar
+cane.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Esculent</i> plants are those suitable for <i>food</i> (literally, <i>full
+of food</i>).</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Every lover of that invaluable <i>esculent</i> (the potato) has reason to
+remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Whittier.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ure</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;act or state of, that which.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>capt</i> ure, take</td><td class="entry">11. <i>pict</i> ure, paint</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>depart</i> ure, from&nbsp;+&nbsp;part</td><td class="entry">12. <i>pleas</i> ure, please</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>en clos</i> ure, within&nbsp;+&nbsp;shut</td><td class="entry">13 <i>post</i> ure, place</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>fixt</i> ure, fasten</td><td class="entry">14. <i>pro ced</i> ure, forward&nbsp;+&nbsp;go</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>fract</i> ure, break</td><td class="entry">15. <i>rapt</i> ure, carry away</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>gest</i> ure, act, do</td><td class="entry">16. <i>script</i> ure, write</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>junct</i> ure, join</td><td class="entry">17. <i>signat</i> ure, mark or sign</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>manu fact</i> ure, hand&nbsp;+&nbsp;make</td><td class="entry">18. <i>sut</i> ure, sew</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>overt</i> ure, open</td><td class="entry">19. <i>text</i> ure, weave</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>past</i> ure, feed</td><td class="entry">20. <i>verd</i> ure, green</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>y</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;state of being, full of, consisting or made of.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. bloody</td><td class="entry">7. fleshy</td><td class="entry">13. guilty</td><td class="entry">19. rosy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. dewy</td><td class="entry">8. frosty</td><td class="entry">14. hardy</td><td class="entry">20. sandy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. dressy</td><td class="entry">9. fussy</td><td class="entry">15. hoary</td><td class="entry">21. shady</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. curly</td><td class="entry">10. gaudy</td><td class="entry">16. lofty</td><td class="entry">22. spunky</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. faulty</td><td class="entry">11. gloomy</td><td class="entry">17. marshy</td><td class="entry">23. thirsty</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. filthy</td><td class="entry">12. grassy</td><td class="entry">18. rainy</td><td class="entry">24. wealthy
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>While the above words serve to illustrate the use of <i>y</i> as a suffix,
+to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their
+simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no
+definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base
+definitions.</p>
+
+<p>The eight words following, which end in <i>y</i>, can, however, be analyzed
+with profit:</p>
+</div>
+
+<table style="padding-top: 1em">
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>an arch</i> y, without&nbsp;+&nbsp;rule</td><td class="entry">5. <i>ob loqu</i> y, against&nbsp;+&nbsp;speak</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>a path</i> y, without&nbsp;+&nbsp;feel</td><td class="entry">6. <i>poly gam</i> y, many&nbsp;+&nbsp;marriage</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>aut ops</i> y, self&nbsp;+&nbsp;see</td><td class="entry">7. <i>sym path</i> y, together&nbsp;+&nbsp;feel</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>col loqu</i> y, together&nbsp;+&nbsp;speak</td><td class="entry">8. <i>sym phon</i> y, together&nbsp;+&nbsp;sound</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tort, tors</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;twist, wring, wrest.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>con</i> tort, together</td><td class="entry">5. torch</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>dis</i> tort, aside</td><td class="entry">6. tor <i>ment</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ex</i> tort, out</td><td class="entry">7. tortoise</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>re</i> tort, back</td><td class="entry">8. tort <i>ure</i>, that which</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. To <i>twist together</i>; to turn awry. &#8220;A form <i>contorted</i> and
+misshapen from that which nature gave.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>2. To <i>twist aside</i>; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true
+meaning. &#8220;For gold the hireling judge <i>distorts</i> the laws.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>3. To <i>wring</i> or wrest <i>out of</i> or away from; to get by force or by
+taking unfair advantage. &#8220;'Till the injurious Romans did <i>extort</i> this
+tribute from us, we were free.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>4. To bend, <i>twist</i> or turn <i>back</i>. A <i>retort</i> is a short and pointed
+reply <i>turned back</i> on an assailant. A <i>retort</i> tube is one <i>twisted</i>
+or bent back at one end.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>torch</i> is so called because the wick is <i>twisted</i> like a rope.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>Torment</i> comes from <i>tormentum</i>, a machine (engine) for throwing
+stones to inflict <i>torture</i>.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>tortoise</i> is so called because of its <i>twisted</i> or crooked
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Wringing</i> pain; anguish of body or mind. &#8220;In ancient Greece,
+<i>torture</i> was never employed except in case of treason&#8221;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>tract</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;draw.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>abs</i> tract, away</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>re</i> tract, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>at</i> tract, to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>re</i> treat, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>con</i> tract, together</td><td class="entry">10. <i>sub</i> tract, under</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>de</i> tract, from</td><td class="entry">11. trace</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>dis</i> tract, apart</td><td class="entry">12. tract <i>able</i>, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ex</i> tract, out</td><td class="entry">13. trail</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>pro</i> tract, forward</td><td class="entry">14. train</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. To <i>draw away</i>; to consider apart. &#8220;In truth the object and
+sensation are the same thing and cannot be <i>abstracted</i> from each
+other.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. To <i>draw to</i> or toward. A magnet <i>attracts</i> iron filings.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To <i>draw together</i> or closer. Heat expands and cold <i>contracts</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To <i>draw</i> away <i>from</i>. To take away a part of something, especially
+from one's credit. &#8220;Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of
+merit in myself.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. To <i>draw apart</i> or away. The attention is <i>distracted</i> when it is
+<i>drawn apart</i> from the thing in hand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. To <i>draw out</i>, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes <i>extracted</i> from the
+honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. To <i>draw</i> forward; to extend or prolong; as, &#8220;England desired not
+to <i>protract</i> the war.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>draw back</i>; to take back what has been said. When one finds he
+has said a hasty thing he would do well to <i>retract</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. To <i>draw back</i>, as from an enemy. &#8220;Come, shepherd, let us make an
+honorable <i>retreat</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>draw</i> away; as apart from the whole. Literally to <i>draw</i> away
+from <i>under</i>, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is
+very seldom used literally.</p>
+
+<p>11. A <i>trace</i> is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is
+<i>drawn</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>12. A <i>tractable</i> child is one which can be easily led or <i>drawn</i>.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Trail</i> means to <i>draw</i> along, or what is <i>drawn</i>.</p>
+
+<p>14. A <i>train</i> consists of cars <i>drawn</i> by a locomotive.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ven, vent</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;come.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> vent, to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>e</i> vent, out</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>ad</i> vent ure, upon</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>inter</i> vention, between</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>a</i> venue, to</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>in</i> vent, upon</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>con</i> vene, together</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>re</i> venue, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>circum</i> vent, around</td><td class="entry">10. <i>pre</i> vent, before</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. A <i>coming</i> or arrival of any important event or personage. The
+<i>advent</i> of summer. An <i>Adventist</i> is one who makes the second
+personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. An <i>adventure</i> is a stirring experience, <i>come upon</i>, as it were,
+suddenly and unexpectedly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. That which <i>comes to</i> a certain place. Formerly an <i>avenue</i> was a
+roadway bordered with trees which <i>comes to</i> a residence.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To <i>come together</i>. &#8220;The household fowls <i>convene</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. To <i>circumvent</i> an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a
+secret and round about (<i>coming around</i>) way.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. The <i>outcome</i> of an occurrence; as, &#8220;In that <i>event</i> all will be
+right.&#8221; &#8220;Marriage is the principal <i>event</i> for good or evil in all
+lives.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. The act of <i>coming between</i> persons or objects; especially
+interference with the acts of others.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. To <i>come upon</i>; to find out or discover.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Revenue</i> is that which <i>comes back</i>, as from an investment; income
+from all forms of one's property.</p>
+
+<p>10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures.
+Originally <i>prevent</i> meant to <i>come before</i>; as in Matt. xvii:25:
+&#8220;When Peter was come into the house, Jesus <i>prevented</i> him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>vers, vert</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;turn.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>ad</i> verse, to (against)</td><td class="entry">10. <i>in</i> vert, into</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. ad vers <i>ity</i>, state of</td><td class="entry">11. <i>per</i> verse, thoroughly</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ad</i> vert, to</td><td class="entry">12. <i>re</i> verse, back</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. ad vert <i>ise</i>, act of</td><td class="entry">13. <i>trans</i> verse, across</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>a</i> vers ion, away</td><td class="entry">14. <i>versat</i> ile, capable of</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>a</i> vert, away</td><td class="entry">15. vers <i>ion</i>, that which</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>di</i> verse, apart</td><td class="entry">16. vertex</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">8. <i>di</i> version, aside</td><td class="entry">17. vertigo</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">9. <i>di</i> vorce, apart</td><td class="entry">18. vortex</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>Turned against</i>; antagonistic. <i>Adverse</i> winds. &#8220;Error is
+<i>adverse</i> to human happiness.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>State of</i> adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or
+unhappiness. &#8220;Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved
+you out of all <i>adversities</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. To <i>turn</i> the mind or attention <i>to</i>; as, &#8220;I will only <i>advert</i> to
+some leading points in the argument.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Emerson.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. To <i>advertise</i> an article is to cause the public to <i>turn</i>
+attention <i>to</i> it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;5. A <i>turning away</i> from. &#8220;Adhesion to vice and <i>aversion</i> to
+goodness.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. To <i>turn away</i> or aside. &#8220;Till ardent prayer <i>averts</i> the public
+woe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>Diverse</i> ways are different ways&mdash;they <i>turn apart</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. The act of <i>turning aside</i> from a course; as the <i>diversion</i> of the
+mind from study.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus <i>turning</i>
+husband and wife <i>apart</i> from each other.</p>
+
+<p>10. To <i>turn into</i> another position; as, upside down, inside out, end
+for end, etc.</p>
+
+<p>11. A <i>perverse</i> inclination is one <i>thoroughly</i> wrong or <i>turned</i>
+from the right.</p>
+
+<p>12. To <i>turn back</i>; as to <i>reverse</i> an engine.</p>
+
+<p>13. A <i>transverse</i> beam is one <i>turned across</i> others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Capable of</i> moving or <i>turning</i> around; as a <i>versatile</i> spindle;
+turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a
+<i>versatile</i> writer.</p>
+
+<p>15. <i>That which</i> is translated (or <i>turned</i>) from another language;
+as, the King James <i>version</i> of the Bible.</p>
+
+<p>16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the <i>turning</i> point.</p>
+
+<p>17. A <i>turning</i> or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#8220;That old <i>vertigo</i> in his head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will never leave him till he's dead.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>18. A <i>whirl</i>pool. (<i>Vortex</i> is another form of <i>vertex</i>.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="month">EIGHTH MONTH.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ic</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;pertaining to.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>aqua</i> tic, water</td><td class="entry">11. <i>lyr</i> ic, lyre, harp</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>arc</i> tic, bear</td><td class="entry">12. <i>metal</i> lic, metal</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>barbar</i> ic, foreign; uncivilized</td><td class="entry">13. <i>metr</i> ic, measure</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>chron</i> ic, time</td><td class="entry">14. <i>numer</i> ic, number</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>civ</i> ic, citizen</td><td class="entry">15. <i>op</i> tic, eye</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>dom</i> estic, house</td><td class="entry">16. <i>pan</i> ic, Pan</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>epi dem</i> ic, upon&nbsp;+&nbsp;people</td><td class="entry">17. <i>phon</i> ic, sound</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>erra</i> tic, wander</td><td class="entry">18. <i>publ</i> ic, people</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Homer</i> ic, Homer</td><td class="entry">19. <i>rust</i> ic, country</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>luna</i> tic, moon</td><td class="entry">20. <i>techn</i> ic, art, trade</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>Arctic</i> means, literally, <i>pertaining to</i> the northern
+constellations called the Great and Little <i>Bears</i>; hence pertaining
+to the north polar regions.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>Erratic</i> means <i>wandering</i> from the proper or usual course in
+opinion or conduct.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>Homeric</i> means <i>relating to Homer</i>, the great epic poet of ancient
+Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.</p>
+
+<p>10. A <i>lunatic</i> is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of
+sanity (as if affected by the <i>moon</i>).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Lyric</i> poetry is that which is adapted to the <i>lyre</i> or harp; fit
+to be sung to an accompaniment.</p>
+
+<p>16. <i>Panic</i> means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to
+have been caused by <i>Pan</i>, the god of pastures and forests.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ise, (ize)</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;make, do, cause.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>ad vert</i> ise, to&nbsp;+&nbsp;turn</td><td class="entry">13. equalize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>critic</i> ise, judge</td><td class="entry">14. generalize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>familiar</i> ize, family</td><td class="entry">15. harmonize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>fertil</i> ize, bear, produce</td><td class="entry">16. humanize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>leg</i> alize, law</td><td class="entry">17. idolize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>re cogn</i> ize, again&nbsp;+&nbsp;know</td><td class="entry">18. magnetize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>sym path</i> ize, with&nbsp;+&nbsp;feel</td><td class="entry">19. modernize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>tan tal</i> ize, Tantalus</td><td class="entry">20. naturalize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. agonize</td><td class="entry">21. organize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. brutalize</td><td class="entry">22. realize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">11. civilize</td><td class="entry">23. systematize</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">12. crystallize</td><td class="entry">24. tyrannize</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. A merchant when he <i>advertises</i> goods hopes thereby to <i>cause</i>
+people to <i>turn</i> their attention <i>to</i> them.</p>
+
+<p>2. To <i>criticise</i> is to (<i>make</i>) pass <i>judgment</i> upon.</p>
+
+<p>3. To <i>familiarize</i> means, literally, to <i>make</i> as one of the
+<i>family</i>, to become intimate with.</p>
+
+<p>4. Ground is <i>fertilized</i> when it is <i>caused</i> to <i>produce</i> more
+abundantly.</p>
+
+<p>5. Any conduct is <i>legalized</i> when it is <i>made lawful</i>.</p>
+
+<p>6. We <i>recognize</i> a person when we <i>know</i> him <i>again</i>; as, one whom we
+have known before.</p>
+
+<p>7. To <i>sympathize</i> is to <i>feel with</i> another.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Tantalize</i> is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who,
+according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being
+placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over
+him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he
+sought to satisfy his hunger or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> thirst. Hence tantalize means to
+tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and
+frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.</p>
+
+<p>Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by
+using some meaning of the suffix <i>ize</i> in the definition with the
+first part of the word; thus, <i>agonize</i> means to <i>cause</i> to have
+<i>agony</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>ist</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;one who.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <i>agri cultur</i> ist, field&nbsp;+&nbsp;culture</td><td class="entry">11. <i>journ</i> alist, day</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;2. <i>an arch</i> ist, without&nbsp;+&nbsp;rule</td><td class="entry">12. <i>jur</i> ist, right</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;3. <i>art</i> ist, art</td><td class="entry">13. <i>loy</i> alist, law</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;4. <i>a the</i> ist, without&nbsp;+&nbsp;god</td><td class="entry">14. <i>oc</i> ulist, eye</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;5. <i>botan</i> ist, plant</td><td class="entry">15. <i>optim</i> ist, best</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>de</i> ist, god</td><td class="entry">16. <i>pessim</i> ist, worst</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;7. <i>dent</i> ist, tooth</td><td class="entry">17. <i>re viv</i> alist, again&nbsp;+&nbsp;life</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>flor</i> ist, flower</td><td class="entry">18. <i>roy</i> alist, king</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>ge olog</i> ist, earth&nbsp;+&nbsp;science</td><td class="entry">19. <i>sci</i> entist, knowledge</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">10. <i>hypno</i> tist, sleep</td><td class="entry">20. <i>somn ambul</i> ist, sleep&nbsp;+&nbsp;walk</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;4. An <i>atheist</i> is <i>one who</i> is <i>without</i> belief in a personal <i>God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. A <i>deist</i> is <i>one who</i> believes in <i>God</i> but denies revealed
+religion.</p>
+
+<p>15. An <i>optimist</i> is <i>one who</i> holds the opinion that all events are
+ordered for the <i>best</i>.</p>
+
+<p>16. A <i>pessimist</i> is <i>one who</i> has a disposition to take the least
+hopeful (<i>worst</i>) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate
+tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>oid</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;having the form of, shaped like.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>aster</i> oid, star</td><td class="entry">4. <i>spher</i> oid, sphere</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>dent</i> oid, tooth</td><td class="entry">5. <i>typh</i> oid, cloud, stupor</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>ethm</i> oid, sieve</td><td class="entry">6. <i>variol</i> oid, various
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>meter, metr</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;measure.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>anemo</i> meter, wind</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;8. <i>hydro</i> meter, water</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>baro</i> meter, weight</td><td class="entry">&nbsp;&nbsp;9. <i>lacto</i> meter, milk</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>chrono</i> meter, time</td><td class="entry">10. metr <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>dia</i> meter, across</td><td class="entry">11. <i>penta</i> meter, five</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">5. <i>gas</i> ometer, gas</td><td class="entry">12. <i>peri</i> meter, around</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">6. <i>ge</i> ometer, earth</td><td class="entry">13. <i>thermo</i> meter, heat</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">7. <i>hexa</i> meter, six</td><td class="entry">14. <i>tri gon</i> ometry, three&nbsp;+&nbsp;angle</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The <i>anemometer</i> is an instrument for <i>measuring</i> the force and
+velocity of the <i>wind</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The <i>barometer measures</i> the <i>weight</i> of the atmosphere, and thus
+aids in determining the indications of the weather.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. A <i>chronometer</i> is an instrument for <i>measuring time</i>.
+Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in
+astronomical observations.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;6. <i>Geometry</i> literally means <i>earth measure</i>. It treats of the
+measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the <i>measurement</i>
+of <i>land</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;7. The <i>hexameter</i> in poetry is a <i>measure</i> having <i>six</i> poetic feet
+to the line.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;8. The <i>hydrometer</i> is used for <i>measuring</i> the specific gravity of
+<i>water</i> and other liquids.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;9. The <i>lactometer</i> is used for <i>measuring</i> the purity and richness of
+<i>milk</i>.</p>
+
+<p>10. The <i>metric</i> system of weights and measures is one in which the
+meter is the unit of <i>measure</i>.</p>
+
+<p>12. The <i>perimeter</i> is the <i>measure around</i> a body or figure.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Trigonometry</i> treats of <i>measurements</i> based on the triangle
+(<i>three angles</i>).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>phon</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;sound.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>eu</i> phony, well</td><td class="entry">4. phono <i>graph</i>, write</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. phon <i>etic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">5. <i>sym</i> phony, with</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. phon <i>ic</i>, pertaining to</td><td class="entry">6. <i>tele</i> phone, far
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>polis</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;city.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>acro</i> polis, high, upper</td><td class="entry">5. <i>metro</i> polis, mother</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>Anna</i> polis, Ann</td><td class="entry">6. <i>Minne</i> apolis, Minne</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">3. <i>Constantin</i> ople, Constanine</td><td class="entry">7. police</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">4. <i>Indiana</i> polis, Indiana</td><td class="entry">8. politics</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. The <i>acropolis</i> was the <i>upper</i> part of a Grecian <i>city</i>. It
+commanded a view of the surrounding country.</p>
+
+<p>2. Named for Queen <i>Ann</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for <i>Constantine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Indiana</i> means, literally, the <i>land</i> of the <i>Indians</i>.
+<i>Indianapolis</i> means <i>city</i> of <i>Indiana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>metropolis</i> is the chief, or <i>mother city</i>, of the state or
+country.</p>
+
+<p>6. The <i>city</i> of <i>Minne</i> (haha).</p>
+
+<p>7. A <i>police</i> force is a body of civil officers in a <i>city</i> organized
+for its protection.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Politics</i> is the science of government in state or <i>city</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>scop</b>&nbsp;=&nbsp;view.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="entry">1. <i>horo</i> scope, hour</td><td class="entry">3. <i>micro</i> scope, small</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="entry">2. <i>kaleido</i> scope, beautiful&nbsp;+&nbsp;form</td><td class="entry">4. <i>stereo</i> scope, solid</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">5. <i>tele</i> scope, far</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="mylist">
+<p>1. The <i>horoscope</i> is an instrument for <i>viewing</i> the heavens at the
+<i>hour</i> of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell
+the events of a person's life.</p>
+
+<p>2. The <i>kaleidoscope</i> is an optical instrument in which an endless
+variety of <i>beautiful</i> patterns or <i>forms</i> may be <i>viewed</i> by changing
+its position.</p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>stereoscope</i> is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for
+giving to pictures the appearance of <i>solid</i> forms as seen in nature.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapter" />
+
+<h2><a name="PART_TWO" id="PART_TWO"></a>PART TWO</h2>
+
+<h3>Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words, Principles<br /> of Pronunciation, and
+Rules of Spelling.</h3>
+
+<hr class="subheading" />
+
+<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+<p class="subheading">(First Month.)<br /><br />
+
+TERMS TO BE DEFINED.</p>
+
+<p>An <small>ELEMENTARY SOUND</small> is the simplest sound of spoken language.</p>
+
+<p>There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As
+there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters
+represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
+characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
+called <small>DIACRITICAL MARKS</small>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phonotypy</span> is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
+a distinct printed character or letter.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>VOCALS</small> or <small>TONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
+or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as &#257;, &#277;.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>SUBVOCALS</small> or <small>SUBTONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by the
+tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
+undertone; as b, d, g, r.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>ASPIRATES</small> or <small>ATONICS</small> are those elementary sounds made by merely
+breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
+sounds; as p, t, s.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 90%">[From Swett's Normal Word Book.]</span></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>I. Vocals.</i></h4>
+
+<table class="letters">
+<tr><td class="letters">a</td><td class="entry">            &#257;-le,</td><td class="examples"> &#257;i-m</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&auml;</td><td class="entry">            &auml;-lms,</td><td class="examples"> &auml;-rt</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">a&#804;</td><td class="entry">           a&#804;-ll,</td><td class="examples"> b-a&#804;-ll</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#259;</td><td class="entry">            &#259;-n,</td><td class="examples"> m-&#259;-n</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&acirc;</td><td class="entry">            c&#821;-&acirc;-re,</td><td class="examples"> &acirc;-ir</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#551;</td><td class="entry">            &#551;-sk,</td><td class="examples"> f-&#551;-st</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#275;</td><td class="entry">            &#275;-ve,</td><td class="examples"> b-&#275;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#283;</td><td class="entry">            &#283;-nd,</td><td class="examples"> m-&#283;-n</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#7869;</td><td class="entry">            h-&#7869;-r,</td><td class="examples"> &#7869;-rr</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#299;, &#563;</td><td class="entry">         &#299;-ce,</td><td class="examples"> b-&#563;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#301;, y&#774;</td><td class="entry">      &#301;-t,</td><td class="examples"> h-y&#774;-mn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#333;</td><td class="entry">            &#333;-ld,</td><td class="examples"> n-&#333;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#466;</td><td class="entry">            &#466;-n,</td><td class="examples"> n-&#466;-t</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">o&#804;, o&#862;o</td><td class="entry">    m-o&#804;-ve,</td><td class="examples"> m-o&#862;o-n</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#363;</td><td class="entry">            &#363;-se,</td><td class="examples"> m-&#363;-&#351;e</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#468;</td><td class="entry">            &#468;-p,</td><td class="examples"> b-&#468;-t</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&ucirc;</td><td class="entry">            &ucirc;-rge,</td><td class="examples"> b-&ucirc;-rn</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#7909;, o&#861;o</td><td class="entry">     f-&#7909;-ll,</td><td class="examples"> w-o&#861;o-l</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">oi, oy</td><td class="entry">        oi-l,</td><td class="examples"> b-oy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">ou, ow</td><td class="entry">        ou-t,</td><td class="examples"> ow-l</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><i>II. Subvocals.</i></h4>
+
+<table class="letters">
+<tr><td class="letters">b</td><td class="entry">          b-i-b,</td><td class="examples"> b-a-be</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">d</td><td class="entry">          d-i-d,</td><td class="examples"> d-ea-d</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">&#7713;</td><td class="entry">          &#7713;-i-&#7713;,</td><td class="examples"> &#7713;-a-&#7713;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">j</td><td class="entry">          j-ar,</td><td class="examples"> j-et</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">l</td><td class="entry">          l-u-ll,</td><td class="examples"> te-ll</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">m</td><td class="entry">          m-ai-m,</td><td class="examples"> c&#821;a-me</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">n</td><td class="entry">          n-u-n,</td><td class="examples"> n-o-ne</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">ng, &#7753;</td><td class="entry">      ri-ng,</td><td class="examples"> i-&#7753;-k</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">r</td><td class="entry">          r-oa-r,</td><td class="examples"> r-ea-r</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">th</td><td class="entry">        th-ese,</td><td class="examples"> wi-th</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">v</td><td class="entry">          val-ue,</td><td class="examples"> v-ain</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">w</td><td class="entry">          w-ell,</td><td class="examples"> w-eb</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">y</td><td class="entry">          y-es,</td><td class="examples"> y-et</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">z</td><td class="entry">          z-one,</td><td class="examples"> z-est</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">zh, z</td><td class="entry">      a-z&acute;-ure,</td><td class="examples"> sei-z&acute;-ure</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4><i>III. Aspirates.</i></h4>
+
+<table class="letters">
+<tr><td class="letters">f</td><td class="entry">f-i-fe,</td><td class="examples"> o-ff</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">h</td><td class="entry">h-at,</td><td class="examples"> h-ome</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">k</td><td class="entry">k-ite,</td><td class="examples"> k-ill</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">p</td><td class="entry">p-i-pe,</td><td class="examples"> to-p</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">s</td><td class="entry">s-un,</td><td class="examples"> s-ame</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">t</td><td class="entry">t-en-t,</td><td class="examples"> t-ar-t</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">ch</td><td class="entry">ch-ur-ch,</td><td class="examples"> ch-ild</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">sh</td><td class="entry">sh-all,</td><td class="examples"> wi-sh</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">th</td><td class="entry">th-in,</td><td class="examples"> th-ree</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="letters">wh</td><td class="entry">wh-ere,</td><td class="examples"> wh-y</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> employed in the
+English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other
+letters, as shown in the following:</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>IV.&mdash;Table of Equivalents.</i><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 80%">[Dictionary Work&mdash;Metcalf &amp; DeGarmo.]</span></h4>
+
+<table class="equivalents">
+<tr style="font-size: 70%"><td class="equivalents">CHAR.<span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td class="equivalents">CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td>CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&#275; = &#299;</td><td class="equivalents">&#301; = y&#774;</td><td>&#299; = &#563;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&#7869; = &#297; = &ucirc;</td><td class="equivalents">&#365; = &#559;</td><td>oi = oy</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&#257; = &#817;e</td><td class="equivalents">&nbsp;</td><td>ou = ow</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&acirc; = &ecirc;</td><td class="equivalents">&nbsp;</td><td>&#363; = ew</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&ocirc; = &#804;a (<i>broad a</i>)</td><td class="equivalents">&#335; = &#7841;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">o&#804; = o&#862;o = &#7795;</td><td class="equivalents">&#7885; = o&#861;o = &#7909;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr style="font-size: 70%"><td class="equivalents">CHAR.   <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td class="equivalents">CHAR.<span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td><td>CHAR. <span style="padding-left: 1em">EQUIV.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">j = &#289; (soft)</td><td class="equivalents">k = c&#821; = &#821;ch</td><td>&#7753; = ng</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">g = &#7713; (hard)</td><td class="equivalents">f = ph</td><td>x = ks</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">z = &#7779;&#817;</td><td class="equivalents">s = &ccedil; (<i>cedilla c</i>)</td><td>x&#772; = gz</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="equivalents">&nbsp;</td><td class="equivalents">sh = &ccedil;h</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cognate</span> sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech
+in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows:
+<i>Vowels</i>: &#257; &#277;, &#275; &#301;, &acirc; &#259;, &auml; &#551;, a&#804; &#335;, &ucirc; &#365;, &#333;&#333; o&#861;o; <i>consonants</i>: g&acute; k,
+b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]<br />
+LETTERS.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>LETTER</small> is a mark or character used to represent a sound,&mdash;usually an
+elementary sound.</p>
+
+<p>An <small>ALPHABET</small> is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a
+language.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>NUMBER OF LETTERS</small> in the different alphabets vary, as follows:
+English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22,
+Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no
+alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>POWER OF A LETTER</small> is the elementary sound for which it stands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Letters as to form</span> are either script or print.</p>
+
+<p>There are many different <small>STYLES OF LETTERS</small>; as, Roman, Italic, Old
+English, and Script.</p>
+
+<p>As to <small>SIZE</small> letters are both capital and lower case.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]<br />
+VOWELS.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>VOWEL</small> sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The
+vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by
+the various positions of the tongue and lips.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>CONSONANT</small> sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice,
+and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.</p>
+
+<p>There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain
+vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so
+close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have
+the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>w</i>, and
+<i>y</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Y</i> as a vowel is a substitute for <i>i</i>, and <i>i</i> is a consonant as a
+substitute for <i>y</i>. <i>W</i> and <i>y</i> are vowels: (1) When they end words or
+syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same
+syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same
+syllable. <i>W</i> and <i>y</i> are consonants when they begin words or
+syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. <i>I</i> is a consonant
+when it represents the consonant <i>y</i>, as in <i>alien</i>. <i>U</i> is a
+consonant when it represents the consonant <i>w</i>, as in <i>quick</i>,
+<i>language</i>.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Irish's Orthography.</i></p>
+
+<p>A <small>DIPHTHONG</small> is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.</p>
+
+<p>A diphthong is <small>PROPER</small> if both the vowels are sounded; as <i>o</i> and <i>i</i>
+in <i>boil</i>.</p>
+
+<p>An <small>IMPROPER DIPHTHONG</small> or <small>DIGRAPH</small> is merely a collection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> of two vowels
+in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in <i>rain</i>,
+<i>teach</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use,
+viz.: t<i>oi</i>l, t<i>oy</i>, s<i>ou</i>nd, c<i>ow</i>, p<i>ea</i>l, <i>oi</i>l, <i>au</i>dible,
+<i>aw</i>ning, s<i>ay</i>, s<i>ei</i>ne, p<i>eo</i>ple, f<i>eu</i>d, ob<i>ey</i>, esch<i>ew</i>,
+bel<i>ie</i>ve, l<i>oa</i>n, h<i>oe</i>, h<i>ue</i>, j<i>ui</i>ce. Of these <i>oi</i>, <i>oy</i>, <i>ou</i>,
+and <i>ow</i> are the only <i>proper</i> diphthongs.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>TRIPHTHONG</small> is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.</p>
+
+<p>A triphthong is <small>PROPER</small> if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But
+there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)</p>
+
+<p>A triphthong is <small>IMPROPER</small> or is called a <small>TRIGRAPH</small> if one or two of the
+three vowels is silent; as in ad<i>ieu</i>, b<i>eau</i>ty.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]<br />
+CONSONANTS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Consonants</span> are divided on three different bases; as follows:</p>
+
+<p>I. <span class="smcap">Mutes</span> and <small>SEMIVOWELS</small>.</p>
+
+<p>The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the
+mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice
+is momentarily <i>mute</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The four subvocals <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>j</i>, <i>g</i>, and their cognates, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>,
+<i>ch</i>, and <i>k</i>, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see
+if they do not represent <i>explosive</i> sounds.</p>
+
+<p>All other consonants are <i>semivowels</i>, and are pronounced with a
+<i>continuous</i> sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath
+lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive
+utterance.</p>
+
+<p>II. The <small>SUBVOCALS</small> and <small>ASPIRATES</small> are shown in the vertical columns of
+the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called <i>voice</i> consonants
+and the aspirates <i>breath</i> consonants. These are fit terms, for they
+indicate the basis of classification.</p>
+
+<p>III. <span class="smcap">Labials</span>, <small>LINGUA-DENTALS</small>, and <small>PALATALS</small> constitute a classification
+of the consonants with respect to the place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> of formation. Bead the
+table from left to right. The <i>lips</i> have most to do with making the
+labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the
+<i>tongue</i> in contact with the <i>teeth</i>, the palatals between the tongue
+and hard and soft <i>palate</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Consonant Table.</h4>
+
+
+<table class="consonant">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center"><b>Subvocals.<br /> (Voice.)</b></td><td colspan="5">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b>Aspirates.<br /> (Breath.)</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="4" class="cons">Labials.<br /> (Lips.)</td><td rowspan="4" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>b</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;p</td></tr>
+<tr><td>v</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;f</td></tr>
+<tr><td>w</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>wh</td></tr>
+<tr><td>m</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="11">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="6" class="cons">Lingua-<br />Dentals.<br /> (Point of<br /> tongue.)</td><td rowspan="6" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>d</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;t</td></tr>
+<tr><td>z</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;s</td></tr>
+<tr><td>th</td><td colspan="2">(sonant)</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td colspan="3">(non-sonant)</td><td>&nbsp;th</td></tr>
+<tr><td>l</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>n</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>r</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="11">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td rowspan="6" class="cons">Palatals.<br /> (Between<br /> tongue<br /> and<br /> palate.)</td><td rowspan="6" style="font-size: 400%" class="cons">{</td><td>zh</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>sh</td></tr>
+<tr><td>j</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>ch</td></tr>
+<tr><td>g</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;k</td></tr>
+<tr><td>y</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>h</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ng</td><td colspan="8">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+<p class="subheading">[First Month.]<br />
+SYLLABLES.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Syllable</span> literally means <i>taken together</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>SPOKEN SYLLABLE</small> is an elementary sound, or a combination of
+elementary sounds, uttered <i>together</i>, or with a single impulse of the
+voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>WRITTEN</small> or printed syllable is a part of a word separated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> from the
+rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.</p>
+
+<p>As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables
+depends upon the <small>PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION</small>. When the purpose is to show
+the derivation the division is made with reference to the component
+parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to
+indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For
+illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show
+derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate,
+phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct
+pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate,
+pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.</p>
+
+<p>While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one
+purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the
+majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided
+for one purpose or for the other.</p>
+
+<p>In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to
+indicate pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>The <small>ULTIMATE</small> syllable of a word is the last (<i>ultimus</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;last); the
+<small>PENULTIMATE</small> is next to the last (<i>pen</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;almost); the <small>ANTEPENULTIMATE</small>
+is the third from the last (literally, <i>before almost</i> the <i>last</i>);
+the <small>PREANTEPENULTIMATE</small> is the fourth from the last (literally,
+<i>before</i> the one that is <i>before</i> the one <i>almost last</i>).</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]<br />
+
+ACCENT.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Accent</span> is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a
+word.</p>
+
+<p>In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But
+one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The
+stronger accent is called the <small>PRIMARY</small> accent, the weaker is called the
+<small>SECONDARY</small>. Thus, in <i>am&acute; mu ni&acute; tion</i> the primary accent falls on the
+third syllable and the secondary on the first.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The &#8220;<small>PRINCIPLES</small>&#8221; which govern the placing of accent are complicated.
+The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to
+determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: &#8220;All
+attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only
+serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There are, however, certain <i>tendencies</i> which mature pupils might
+profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not
+permit me to attempt to set them forth.</p>
+
+<p>In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of
+meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the
+first syllable; when verbs, on the second:</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>abstract</td><td>contrast</td><td>ferment</td><td>prefix</td></tr>
+<tr><td>accent</td><td>converse</td><td>forecast</td><td>present</td></tr>
+<tr><td>compound</td><td>convict</td><td>frequent</td><td>produce</td></tr>
+<tr><td>conflict</td><td>desert</td><td>incense</td><td>project</td></tr>
+<tr><td>concert</td><td>escort</td><td>insult</td><td>record</td></tr>
+<tr><td>contract</td><td>export</td><td>permit</td><td>survey</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]<br />
+
+WORDS.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>WORD</small> is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>PRIMITIVE</small>, <small>OR ROOT</small>, word is one not derived from any other word of
+the language; as, <i>fix</i>, <i>strike</i>, <i>man</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>DERIVATIVE</small> is a word formed from a primitive by changing it
+internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, <i>men</i>, <i>suffix</i>,
+<i>strikers</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>SIMPLE WORD</small> is a single word. It may be either primitive or
+derivative.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>COMPOUND WORD</small> is a combination of two or more simple words; as,
+buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.</p>
+
+<p>A word of one syllable is a <i>monosyllable</i> (mono&nbsp;=&nbsp;one); of two
+syllables, a <i>dissyllable</i> (dis&nbsp;=&nbsp;two); of three syllables, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+<i>trisyllable</i> (tri&nbsp;=&nbsp;three); of three or more syllables, a
+<i>polysyllable</i> (poly&nbsp;=&nbsp;many).</p>
+
+<p>The <small>ROOT</small> of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries
+the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or
+suffix; as, <i>ge</i> (earth), <i>graph</i> (write), <i>vol</i> (wish).</p>
+
+<p>A <small>PREFIX</small> is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word;
+as, <i>auto</i>graph, <i>circum</i>vent, <i>amphi</i>theater.</p>
+
+<p>A <small>SUFFIX</small> is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as,
+man <i>ly</i>, fert <i>ile</i>, ment <i>ion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><small>AFFIX</small> is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied
+to either or to both together.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]<br />
+SILENT LETTERS.</p>
+
+<p>Silent letters have at least four uses:</p>
+
+<p>1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.</p>
+
+<p>Drop final silent <i>e</i> from such words as the following and note the
+effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: <i>bare</i>,
+<i>pure</i>, <i>ripe</i>, <i>lame</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2. To indicate pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation
+changes when the final silent <i>e</i> is dropped.</p>
+
+<p>Another class of words ending in <i>ce</i> and <i>ge</i> retain the final silent
+<i>e</i> on adding a suffix beginning with <i>a</i> or <i>o</i> to preserve the soft
+sound of <i>c</i> and <i>g</i>, and with it the correct pronunciation of the
+word; as, <i>serviceable</i>, <i>noticeable</i>, <i>changeable</i>, <i>courageous</i>.</p>
+
+<p>3. To show the meaning of words.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations: <i>clime</i>, <i>climb</i>, <i>plumb</i>, <i>belle</i>, <i>butt</i>, <i>dyeing</i>,
+<i>singeing</i>, <i>guilt</i>, <i>damn</i>.</p>
+
+<p>4. To show the derivation of words.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> the Greek. In
+<i>chronic</i>, and <i>chronology</i>, the <i>h</i> is silent, but serves to indicate
+that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root <i>chron</i>,
+which means <i>time</i>. Similarly the <i>g</i> in <i>gnostic</i>, the <i>e</i> in
+<i>eulogy</i>, <i>p</i> in <i>pneumonia</i>, the <i>h</i> in <i>chromatic</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>honour</i> and <i>favour</i> <i>u</i> is silent, and therefore a useless
+letter, so far as sound is concerned. The <i>u</i> signifies that the word
+came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The
+question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra
+letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical
+association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but
+others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling
+reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great
+many silent letters will go the way of the <i>u</i> in <i>labour</i>, <i>favour</i>,
+and the like.</p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters
+together with the principle found to be operative through them.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>E</i> final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same
+syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>change</td><td>sense</td><td>adverse</td><td>Chinese</td><td>condense</td></tr>
+<tr><td>brace</td><td>quite</td><td>bade</td><td>oppose</td><td>deceive</td></tr>
+<tr><td>force</td><td>scribe</td><td>burlesque</td><td>embrace</td><td>machine</td></tr>
+<tr><td>crease</td><td>measure</td><td>canine</td><td>emerge</td><td>endorse</td></tr>
+<tr><td>cease</td><td>absolve</td><td>caprice</td><td>examine</td><td>advise</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>B</i> is usually silent before <i>t</i> or after <i>m</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>lamb</td><td>tomb</td><td>numb</td><td>debt</td><td>bomb</td></tr>
+<tr><td>comb</td><td>thumb</td><td>dumb</td><td>doubt</td><td>crumb</td></tr>
+<tr><td>limb </td><td>climb</td><td>plumb</td><td>redoubt</td><td>jamb
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>C</i> is silent before <i>k</i> in the same syllable. <i>C</i> is silent in czar,
+victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>back</td><td>deck</td><td>lack</td><td>stack</td><td>Patrick</td></tr>
+<tr><td>buck</td><td>duck</td><td>hack</td><td>stick</td><td>reckon</td></tr>
+<tr><td>burdock</td><td>chick</td><td>luck</td><td>suck</td><td>thicken</td></tr>
+<tr><td>clock</td><td>click</td><td>lick</td><td>beckon</td><td>Cossack</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[First Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>D</i> is silent before <i>g</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>edge</td><td>hedge</td><td>ridge</td><td>lodge</td><td>misjudge</td></tr>
+<tr><td>wedge</td><td>budge</td><td>bridge</td><td>sledge</td><td>judgment</td></tr>
+<tr><td>pledge</td><td>drudge</td><td>fudge</td><td>begrudge</td><td>lodgment</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Second Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>G</i> is silent before <i>m</i> or <i>n</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>phlegm</td><td>malign</td><td>gnaw</td><td>campaign</td><td>gnash</td></tr>
+<tr><td>arraign</td><td>paradigm</td><td>feign</td><td>foreign</td><td>gnu</td></tr>
+<tr><td>benign</td><td>diaphragm</td><td>reign</td><td>design</td><td>seignior</td></tr>
+<tr><td>resign</td><td>gnat</td><td>assign</td><td>gnarl</td><td>consign</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>H</i> is silent when it follows <i>g</i> or <i>r</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>ghost</td><td>myrrh</td><td>rheumatism</td><td>rhapsody</td><td>rhinoceros</td></tr>
+<tr><td>aghast</td><td>hemorrhage</td><td>rhyme</td><td>rhythm</td><td>Rhine</td></tr>
+<tr><td>gherkin</td><td>rhubarb</td><td>rhombus</td><td>rhomboid</td><td>catarrh</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>K</i> is silent before <i>n</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>knack</td><td>kneel</td><td>knot</td><td>knap sack</td><td>knob</td></tr>
+<tr><td>knave</td><td>knife</td><td>knock</td><td>knowledge</td><td>knucks</td></tr>
+<tr><td>knead</td><td>knight</td><td>knoll</td><td>knuckle</td><td>knarl</td></tr>
+<tr><td>knee</td><td>knit</td><td>know</td><td>knell</td><td>knout
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>N</i> final after <i>l</i> or <i>m</i> is silent.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>hymn</td><td>contemn</td><td>solemn</td><td>limn</td><td>damn</td></tr>
+<tr><td>kiln</td><td>condemn</td><td>column</td><td>autumn</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>T</i> is silent before <i>ch</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>hitch</td><td>pitch</td><td>match</td><td>notch</td><td>catch</td></tr>
+<tr><td>kitchen</td><td>botch</td><td>hatch</td><td>scratch</td><td>patch</td></tr>
+<tr><td>latch</td><td>Dutch</td><td>watch</td><td>Mitchell</td><td>satchel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>thatch</td><td>ditch</td><td>witch</td><td>batch</td><td>Scotch</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>W</i> is silent before <i>r</i> in the same syllable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>wrestle</td><td>wren</td><td>wrist</td><td>writing</td><td>wreak</td></tr>
+<tr><td>wrong</td><td>wrote</td><td>wreck</td><td>wrest</td><td>writ</td></tr>
+<tr><td>wring</td><td>wraith</td><td>awry</td><td>write</td><td>wrought</td></tr>
+<tr><td>wrath</td><td>wretch</td><td>wreath</td><td>wrinkle</td><td>wrangle</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Gh</i> is always silent after <i>i</i> and, when not a substitute for <i>f</i> or
+<i>k</i>, is also silent after <i>au</i> and <i>ou</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>sight</td><td>plight</td><td>weigh</td><td>fraught</td><td>through</td></tr>
+<tr><td>light</td><td>wright</td><td>weight</td><td>caught</td><td>although</td></tr>
+<tr><td>fight</td><td>height</td><td>freight</td><td>thought</td><td>slaughter</td></tr>
+<tr><td>might</td><td>wight</td><td>aught</td><td>daughter</td><td>laughter</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.<br />
+<small>PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.</small></h3>
+
+
+<p class="subheading"><b>[Sixth Month.]</b></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>A</i> constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian
+<i>a</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>again</td><td>America</td><td>banana</td><td>fatality</td><td>papa</td></tr>
+<tr><td>alas</td><td>amuse</td><td>canine</td><td>fatigue</td><td>parasol</td></tr>
+<tr><td>algebra</td><td>apparatus</td><td>China</td><td>lapel</td><td>pica</td></tr>
+<tr><td>alkali</td><td>area</td><td>data</td><td>massacre</td><td>sacrament</td></tr>
+<tr><td>amass</td><td>arena</td><td>drama</td><td>ornament</td><td>valise
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>E</i> constituting or ending a syllable is long.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>depot</td><td>memento</td><td>obedience</td><td>really</td><td>society</td></tr>
+<tr><td>event</td><td>museum</td><td>penal</td><td>recess</td><td>superior</td></tr>
+<tr><td>feline</td><td>nausea</td><td>precedence</td><td>resource</td><td>theater</td></tr>
+<tr><td>frequent</td><td>negro</td><td>precise</td><td>sacrilegious</td><td>theology</td></tr>
+<tr><td>mechanic</td><td>notoriety</td><td>pretense</td><td>secretary</td><td>veto</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>O</i> constituting or ending a syllable is long.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>broken</td><td>explosive</td><td>melodeon</td><td>poem</td><td>spoken</td></tr>
+<tr><td>chosen</td><td>gondola</td><td>melody</td><td>police</td><td>tobacco</td></tr>
+<tr><td>composition</td><td>licorice</td><td>open</td><td>potato</td><td>trophy</td></tr>
+<tr><td>coquet</td><td>location</td><td>opponent</td><td>promotion</td><td>zodiac</td></tr>
+<tr><td>cupola</td><td>locust</td><td>pantomime</td><td>proviso</td><td>zo&ouml;logy</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h3>EIGHTH YEAR.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fourth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>I</i> constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is
+always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if
+unaccented.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>divide</td><td>tirade</td><td>sentinel</td><td>fidelity</td><td>residence</td></tr>
+<tr><td>direct</td><td>intimate</td><td>continent</td><td>digest</td><td>levity</td></tr>
+<tr><td>finance</td><td>indivisible</td><td>defensible</td><td>hilarious</td><td>reticent</td></tr>
+<tr><td>imitate</td><td>equidistant</td><td>predicate</td><td>maritime</td><td>reticule</td></tr>
+<tr><td>piazza</td><td>nobility</td><td>finance</td><td>invitation</td><td>direction</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the <i>initial</i> syllables <i>i</i>, <i>bi</i>, <i>chi</i>, <i>cli</i>, <i>cri</i>, <i>pri</i>,
+<i>tri</i>, however, <i>i</i> is generally <i>long</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>idea</td><td>biology</td><td>climatic</td><td>primeval</td><td>tripod</td></tr>
+<tr><td>idle</td><td>Chinese</td><td>criterion</td><td>triangular</td><td>triune</td></tr>
+<tr><td>isothermal</td><td>chirography</td><td>biennial</td><td>binomial</td><td>priority
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fifth Month.]</p>
+
+<p><i>E</i> before terminal <i>n</i> should always be silent in participles, and
+also in most other words.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>given</td><td>stolen</td><td>ridden</td><td>bidden</td><td>forsaken</td></tr>
+<tr><td>taken</td><td>proven</td><td>shaken</td><td>woven</td><td>gotten</td></tr>
+<tr><td>broken</td><td>driven</td><td>written</td><td>shaven</td><td>risen</td></tr>
+<tr><td>spoken</td><td>frozen</td><td>arisen</td><td>chidden</td><td>smitten</td></tr>
+<tr><td>fallen</td><td>hidden</td><td>beaten</td><td>eaten</td><td>stricken</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">also</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>heaven</td><td>oaken</td><td>happen</td><td>burden</td><td>leaven</td></tr>
+<tr><td>often</td><td>leaden</td><td>seven</td><td>garden</td><td>brazen</td></tr>
+<tr><td>widen</td><td>golden</td><td>even</td><td>eleven</td><td>christen</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>But in the following words <i>e</i> should be sounded:</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>hyphen</td><td>chicken</td><td>marten</td><td>lichen</td><td>sudden</td></tr>
+<tr><td>linden</td><td>linen</td><td>gluten</td><td>mitten</td><td>aspen</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>E</i> should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which
+terminal <i>en</i> is immediately preceded by <i>l</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, or <i>r</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>women</td><td>Ellen</td><td>Helen</td><td>omen</td><td>pollen</td></tr>
+<tr><td>barren</td><td>linen</td><td>woolen</td><td>Allen</td><td>Warren</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Sixth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>E</i> before terminal <i>l</i> should usually be sounded.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>Abel</td><td>model</td><td>morsel</td><td>cancel</td><td>marvel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>level</td><td>travel</td><td>rebel</td><td>gravel</td><td>barrel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>nickel</td><td>apparel</td><td>towel</td><td>channel</td><td>kennel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>chapel</td><td>citade</td><td>revel</td><td>Mabel</td><td>libel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>camel</td><td>laurel</td><td>bevel</td><td>funnel</td><td>parcel</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>But in the following words and in their derivatives <i>e</i> before
+terminal <i>l</i> should not be sounded:</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>easel</td><td>weasel</td><td>ravel</td><td>mantel</td><td>shekel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>navel</td><td>chattel</td><td>shrivel</td><td>drivel</td><td>snivel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>shovel</td><td>grovel</td><td>mussel</td><td>hazel</td><td>teasel
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Seventh Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In most words <i>i</i> before terminal <i>l</i> or <i>n</i> should be sounded.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>Latin</td><td>vigil</td><td>anvil</td><td>goblin</td><td>coffin</td></tr>
+<tr><td>cavil</td><td>cabin</td><td>council</td><td>rosin</td><td>origin</td></tr>
+<tr><td>javelin</td><td>pencil</td><td>axil</td><td>assassin</td><td>tranquil</td></tr>
+<tr><td>resin</td><td> bobbin</td><td>violin</td><td>peril</td><td>moccasin</td></tr>
+<tr><td>retail</td><td>satin</td><td>utensil</td><td>pistil</td><td>daffodil</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the following words <i>i</i> should not be sounded:</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>devil</td><td>basin</td><td>evil</td><td>cousin</td><td>weevil</td><td>raisin</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Eighth Month.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>I</i> accented in most words from the French has the sound of long
+<i>e</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>pique</td><td>quarantine</td><td>police</td><td>critique</td><td>unique</td></tr>
+<tr><td>machine</td><td>routine</td><td>ravine</td><td>regime</td><td>intrigue</td></tr>
+<tr><td>caprice</td><td>suite</td><td>valise</td><td>Bastile</td><td> magazine</td></tr>
+<tr><td>guillotine</td><td>fatigue</td><td>antique</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h3>SEVENTH YEAR.<br />
+
+<small>RULES OF SPELLING</small>.</h3>
+
+<p>Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they
+are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is
+certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great
+many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words
+difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions
+that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled
+according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and
+all of the exceptions could be learned &#8220;for keeps&#8221; by a pupil in an
+hour. But <i>pupils must have drill in applying the rules</i> or they may
+be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to
+spell the words coming under them.</p>
+
+<p>Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year,
+and that given for the second month, are counterparts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> each of the
+other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that &#8220;<i>silent final e
+is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added</i>&#8221;, we
+naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: &#8220;<i>Silent final e is retained
+when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the
+application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by
+turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following
+model. [The words are on the board in this form: love&nbsp;+&nbsp;able, care&nbsp;+&nbsp;less.]</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The suffix <i>able</i> begins with the vowel <i>a</i>; therefore when it is
+added to the word <i>love</i> the final silent <i>e</i> is dropped, and the word
+is spelled <i>lovable</i>.&#8221; Or,</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The suffix <i>less</i> begins with the consonant <i>l</i>; therefore, when it
+is added to the word <i>care</i> the final silent <i>e</i> is not dropped, and
+the word is spelled <i>careless</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,&mdash;those in
+which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in
+which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be
+thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he
+can proceed according to the model, concluding with, &#8220;but this word is
+an exception to the rule&#8221;.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who
+want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[First Month.]</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>love&ndash;able</td><td>adventure&ndash;ous</td><td>decide&ndash;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>care&ndash;less</td><td>change&ndash;ing</td><td>ice&ndash;berg</td></tr>
+<tr><td>blame&ndash;able</td><td>extreme&ndash;ly</td><td>house&ndash;keeper</td></tr>
+<tr><td>achieve&ndash;ment</td><td>fickle&ndash;ness</td><td>idle&ndash;ness</td></tr>
+<tr><td>brake&ndash;man</td><td>fdore&ndash;cast</td><td>excite&ndash;ment</td></tr>
+<tr><td>cure&ndash;able</td><td>compare&ndash;able</td><td>console&ndash;able</td></tr>
+<tr><td>discourage&ndash;ment</td><td>continue&ndash;ally</td><td>endure&ndash;ance</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>prove&ndash;able</td><td>contrive&ndash;ance</td><td>amaze&ndash;ment</td></tr>
+<tr><td>move&ndash;able</td><td>guide&ndash;ance</td><td>fierce&ndash;ness</td></tr>
+<tr><td>acquire&ndash;ing</td><td>forgive&ndash;ness</td><td>peace&ndash;ful</td></tr>
+<tr><td>else&ndash;where</td><td>hate&ndash;ful</td><td>deface&ndash;ment</td></tr>
+<tr><td>enlarge&ndash;ment</td><td>believe&ndash;ing</td><td>disgrace&ndash;ful</td></tr>
+<tr><td>admire&ndash;able</td><td>converse&ndash;ed</td><td>blue&ndash;ish</td></tr>
+<tr><td>abide&ndash;ing</td><td>hedge&ndash;hog</td><td>lodge&ndash;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>advertise&ndash;ment</td><td>achieve&ndash;ing</td><td>amuse&ndash;ment</td></tr>
+<tr><td>eye&ndash;brow</td><td>hoarse&ndash;ness</td><td>dine&ndash;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>pursue&ndash;ing</td><td>argue&ndash;ing</td><td>revenge&ndash;ful</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p>
+
+<p>Words ending in <i>ce</i> and <i>ge</i> retain the <i>e</i> when a suffix beginning
+with <i>a</i> or <i>o</i> is added.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>changeable</td><td>challengeable</td><td>pronounceable</td></tr>
+<tr><td>exchangeable</td><td> peaceable</td><td>advantageous</td></tr>
+<tr><td>chargeable</td><td>serviceable</td><td>outrageous</td></tr>
+<tr><td>manageable</td><td>traceable</td><td>courageous</td></tr>
+<tr><td>marriageable</td><td>noticeable</td><td>vengeance</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">OTHER EXCEPTIONS.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>hoeing</td><td>singeing</td><td>seer</td><td>nursling</td><td>truly</td></tr>
+<tr><td>shoeing</td><td>tingeing</td><td>seeing</td><td>loathsome</td><td>duty</td></tr>
+<tr><td>toeing</td><td>freeing</td><td>agreeable</td><td>awful</td><td>wisdom</td></tr>
+<tr><td>dyeing</td><td>fleeing</td><td>mileage</td><td>duly</td><td>wholly</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment,
+lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.</p>
+
+<p>The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions
+to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The
+value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the
+exceptions.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Third Month.]</p>
+
+<p>Rule II: &#8220;When a suffix is added to a word ending in <i>y</i>, preceded by
+a consonant, the <i>y</i> is changed to <i>i</i>, unless the suffix begins with
+<i>i</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Model for drill on this rule (supply&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed, display&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed are written on
+the board):<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The <i>y</i> in <i>supply</i> is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the
+suffix <i>ed</i> is added the <i>y</i> is changed to <i>i</i> and the word is
+spelled, <i>supplied</i>.&#8221; Or,</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The <i>y</i> in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix
+<i>ed</i> is added the <i>y</i> is not changed, and the word is spelled,
+<i>displayed</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>carry&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>study&nbsp;+&nbsp;es</td><td> espy&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>juicy&nbsp;+&nbsp;est</td></tr>
+<tr><td>hurry&nbsp;+&nbsp;es</td><td>destroy&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td> deny&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>homely&nbsp;+&nbsp;est</td></tr>
+<tr><td>marry&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>pity&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>survey&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>pity&nbsp;+&nbsp;ful</td></tr>
+<tr><td>decay&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>pity&nbsp;+&nbsp;less</td><td>employ&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>rally&nbsp;+&nbsp;es</td></tr>
+<tr><td>annoy&nbsp;+&nbsp;s</td><td>joy&nbsp;+&nbsp;less</td><td>noisy&nbsp;+&nbsp;est</td><td>pretty&nbsp;+&nbsp;est</td></tr>
+<tr><td>copy&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>city&nbsp;+&nbsp;es</td><td>mighty&nbsp;+&nbsp;er</td><td>pity&nbsp;+&nbsp;able</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p>
+
+<p><i>y</i> does not change before <i>'s</i>; as in</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>la&acute;dy's</td><td> en&acute;e my's</td><td>ba&acute;by's</td><td>coun&acute;try's</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>staid (<i>or</i> stayed)</td><td>slain</td><td>dry&acute;ly</td><td>la&acute;dy like</td></tr>
+<tr><td>paid</td><td>dai&acute;ly</td><td>dry ness</td><td>la dy bug</td></tr>
+<tr><td>laid</td><td>sly ly</td><td>(<i>but</i>, dri&acute;er,</td><td>la dy ship</td></tr>
+<tr><td>said</td><td>sly ness</td><td>dri&acute;est)</td><td>ba by hood</td></tr>
+<tr><td>saith</td><td>shy ly</td><td>shy ness</td><td>ba by house</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">[Fourth and Fifth Months.]</p>
+
+<p>Rule III: &#8220;Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable,
+ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the
+final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel.&#8221; This
+rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not
+doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.</p>
+
+<p>Model for drill on this rule:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Refer</i> is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last
+syllable; it ends in a single consonant <i>r</i>, preceded by a single
+vowel <i>e</i>; therefore, on adding the suffix <i>ed</i>, beginning with the
+vowel <i>e</i>, the final consonant <i>r</i> is doubled, and the word is
+spelled, <i>referred</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>refer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>gallop&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>suspend&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>suffer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>omit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>abhor&nbsp;+&nbsp;ence</td><td>kidnap&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>travel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td></tr>
+<tr><td>cheat&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>join&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>admit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>rebel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ious</td></tr>
+<tr><td>flatter&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>benefit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>differ&nbsp;+&nbsp;ence</td><td>fertil&nbsp;+&nbsp;izer</td></tr>
+<tr><td>prefer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>permit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>enamel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>quarrel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>remit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ance</td><td>map&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>drug&nbsp;+&nbsp;ist</td><td>brag&nbsp;+&nbsp;art</td></tr>
+<tr><td>heap&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>connect&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>emit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>unfit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td></tr>
+<tr><td>confer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>offer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>conceal&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>parallel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td></tr>
+<tr><td>acquit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed*</td><td>commit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ee</td><td>shelter&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>stir&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td></tr>
+<tr><td>root&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>squeal&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td><td>intermit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ent</td><td>equal&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td></tr>
+<tr><td>depend&nbsp;+&nbsp;ent</td><td>begin&nbsp;+&nbsp;er</td><td>cheer&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>vigor&nbsp;+&nbsp;ous</td></tr>
+<tr><td>occur&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>shovel&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>forgot&nbsp;+&nbsp;en</td><td>regret&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td></tr>
+<tr><td>submit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>transmit&nbsp;+&nbsp;ed</td><td>drum&nbsp;+&nbsp;er</td><td>spin&nbsp;+&nbsp;ing</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>* After <i>q</i>, <i>u</i> is a consonant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">EXCEPTIONS.</p>
+
+<p>The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent
+is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, <i>re fer&acute;</i>,
+<i>ref&acute;er ence</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>ref&acute;er ence</td><td>def&acute;er ence</td><td>ref er ee&acute;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>pref er ence</td><td>in fer ence</td><td>ref&acute;er a ble <i>or</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>con fer ence</td><td>pref er a ble</td><td>re fer&acute;ri ble</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="subheading">OTHER EXCEPTIONS.</p>
+
+<table class="words">
+<tr><td>gas es</td><td>(but gassy)</td><td>tranquillity</td></tr>
+<tr><td>gas eous</td><td>humbug ging</td><td>trans fer able</td></tr>
+<tr><td>crystallize</td><td> humbug ged</td><td>ex cellence</td></tr>
+<tr><td>chagrined</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;There is a large class of words ending in <i>l</i>, and accented on
+some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the <i>l</i> is
+doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the
+language not to double the <i>l</i>. Such words are the following: apparel,
+cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal,
+gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+peril, quarrel.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="REFERENCE_TABLE_OF_SUFFIXES" id="REFERENCE_TABLE_OF_SUFFIXES"></a>REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></h3>
+
+
+<div class="column_left">
+<ul>
+<li><i>able</i>, see ble</li>
+<li><i>age</i>, that which, having</li>
+<li><i>ain</i>, see ian</li>
+<li><i>al</i>, pertaining to</li>
+<li><i>an</i>, pertaining to, one who</li>
+<li><i>ant</i>, one who, that which, quality of, condition of</li>
+<li><i>ary</i>, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to</li>
+<li><i>ate</i>, act of, state of, shaped like</li>
+<li><i>ble</i>, capable of, fit to be</li>
+<li><i>cle</i>, little, that which</li>
+<li><i>ed</i>,  condition of</li>
+<li><i>ee</i>, one who</li>
+<li><i>ence</i>, see ant</li>
+<li><i>ent</i>, see ant</li>
+<li><i>er</i>, one who, that which</li>
+<li><i>es</i>, see er</li>
+<li><i>et</i>, little</li>
+<li><i>ful</i>, full of, having</li>
+<li><i>fy</i>, to make</li>
+<li><i>ial</i>, see al</li>
+<li><i>ian</i>, one who</li>
+<li><i>ible</i>, see ble</li>
+<li><i>ic</i>, pertaining to</li>
+
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="column_right">
+<ul>
+<li><i>il</i>, see ile</li>
+<li><i>ile</i>, capable of, quality of</li>
+<li><i>ion</i>, act of, state of, that which</li>
+<li><i>ious</i>, see ous</li>
+<li><i>ish</i>, act of</li>
+<li><i>is</i>, that which</li>
+<li><i>ise</i>, see ize</li>
+<li><i>ism</i>, state of, doctrine of</li>
+<li><i>ist</i>, one who</li>
+<li><i>ity</i>, that which, state of being, quality of</li>
+<li><i>ive</i>, that which, quality of</li>
+<li><i>ize</i>, act of</li>
+<li><i>lent</i>, full of</li>
+<li><i>less</i>, without</li>
+<li><i>ly</i>, state of being</li>
+<li><i>ment</i>, that which</li>
+<li><i>oid</i>, form</li>
+<li><i>or</i>, one who</li>
+<li><i>ory</i>, see ary</li>
+<li><i>ous</i>, full of, quality of, having</li>
+<li><i>tic</i>, see ic</li>
+<li><i>tude</i>, quality of</li>
+<li><i>ty</i>, see ity</li>
+<li><i>ure</i>, that which, act of</li>
+<li><i>y</i>, that which</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_ROOTS" id="INDEX_TO_ROOTS"></a>INDEX TO ROOTS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></h3>
+
+
+<p>This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words
+in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>act</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*fort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>nov</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ambl</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*fract, frang</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td>numer</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>anim</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td><td>*frater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td>opo, opt</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*ann</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td><td>fresh</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td>*pater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>aqua</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>fuse</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>path</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>arch</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>fy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>*ped, pod</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*art</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td><td>gam</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></td><td>*pel, puls</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*aster</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td><td>*ge</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td><td>*pend, pens</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*aud</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td><td>gnost</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>*phon</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>bi, be</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td>gon</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></td><td>ple, plen</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>brev</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>grad, gress</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*polis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>burse</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></td><td>*graph</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td><td>*pon, pos</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*capt, caput</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>*grat, grac</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>*port</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*ced, cess</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td><td>*greg</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>preci</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*cent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td><td>hale</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>roy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>cept</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>hypnot</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*rupt</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*chron</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td><td>itio, it</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>sal</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>cep, cip</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>*ject</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>scend</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*civ</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>journ</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>*scop</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>clam, claim</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td>junct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></td><td>*scrib, scrip</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>clud, clus</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td><td>juven</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>secu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>cogn</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td><td>laps</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>sect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*cord, card</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td>lect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>soci</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*corpus, corpor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td>*leg</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>solv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*cura, curo</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>*liber</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td><td>son</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*curr</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>*liter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td><td>*spec</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>cuspid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>loc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td>sta, sist</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>cycl</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>*log, logy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td><td>struct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*dent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>loqu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td><td>surrect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*dict</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td>luc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>*tang, tact</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*doc, doct</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td><td>luna</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>*tempor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>dors</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>lut, luv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>*ten, tain</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>dote</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>*manu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td><td>*terr</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*duc</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td><td>mar</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>thesis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>dur</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>*mater</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td><td>*tors, tort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*fac, fec, fic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td><td>matur</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>*tract</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>femin</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>*ment</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>trude</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*fer, lat</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td><td>meridi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>une</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*fest</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td><td>*meter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td><td>use, uti</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>fid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td><td>mingle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>vade</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*fin</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>*mit</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td><td>*ven</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*firm</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>moni</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></td><td>*vers, vert</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>fix</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td><td>mort</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>via, vi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*flex, flect</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td>mot</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>vir</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>flor</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>mut</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></td><td>viv</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*flu</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>nat</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>vol</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>*foli</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>nomi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>zoo</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>form</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></td><td>*norm</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
+
+<p>* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_PREFIXES" id="INDEX_TO_PREFIXES"></a>INDEX TO PREFIXES.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></h3>
+
+<table class="index">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>a (an)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td><td>contra</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td><td>non</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>se</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>a, ab, abs</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>de</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td><td>mono</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td><td>semi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ad (ac, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td><td>dia</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>ob (op)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>sub (suc, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ambi, amphi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td><td>dis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td><td>para</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td><td>super</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ante</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>en (on)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td>per</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td><td>syn (sym)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>anti</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td><td>epi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>peri</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td><td>tele</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>auto</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td>ex (e, ec)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td><td>post</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td><td>trans</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>bene</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td><td>extra</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td><td>pre</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td>tri</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>bi</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td>in (im)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td><td>pro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td><td>uni</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>circum</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td><td>inter</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td><td>re</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td><td>vice</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>con (col, etc.)</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td>micro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td><td>retro</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3><a name="INDEX_TO_SUFFIXES" id="INDEX_TO_SUFFIXES"></a>INDEX TO SUFFIXES.</h3>
+
+<table class="index">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ac</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td>ence</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td><td>ion</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>oid</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>aceous</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>ent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>ise</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td><td>ory</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>acy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>fy</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>vist</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td><td>ous</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>al</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td>ic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td>ism</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td><td>ulent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>an</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td><td>ics</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td>ite</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td><td>ure</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ance</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td>id</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>ity</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td><td>y</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>ary</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td><td>ile</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td>ive</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></h3>
+
+
+<table class="contents">
+<tr><th>Seventh Year.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>First Month.</td><td class="pageno"><small>Page.</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Elementary Sounds</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Second Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Letters, Alphabet, etc.</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Third Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Vowels</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Fourth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Consonants</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Fifth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Rule of Spelling</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Sixth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Eighth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_44">44</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><th>Eighth Year.</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">First Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Syllables</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Second Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Accent</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Third Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Words</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Fourth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Fifth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Sixth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Seventh Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Eighth Month.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Word Analysis</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Silent Letters&mdash;Principle</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="contents">Principle of Pronunciation</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Reference Table of Suffixes</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Orthography
+       As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois
+
+Author: Elmer W. Cavins
+
+Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ORTHOGRAPHY
+                          AS OUTLINED IN THE
+                  STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS.
+
+                       SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.
+
+                          BY ELMER W. CAVINS,
+      TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.
+
+                 INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+                    SECOND EDITION--JANUARY, 1906.
+
+                      _PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,
+                        TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS._
+
+                   Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.
+
+
+
+
+                               PREFACE.
+
+
+This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois
+State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and
+Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths
+or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is,
+teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text,
+never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the
+average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be
+analyzed which contain the root _ann_, meaning year? He might turn in
+the dictionary to _annual_, _anniversary_, and _annuity_, but he must
+fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, _biennial_,
+_centennial_, _millennium_, _perennial_, and _superannuate_. And
+having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in
+the analysis.
+
+The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient
+form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of
+Study.
+
+Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that
+this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it.
+When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis "What Words Say", he
+gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of
+meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those
+who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning.
+Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the
+understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of
+words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret
+_what words say_, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words,
+for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various
+departments for acquiring knowledge.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. CAVINS.
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+                        BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
+
+
+I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is
+much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to
+forward, anything that will promote such a study.
+
+Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it
+will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision
+of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.
+
+If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words
+themselves,--their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to
+each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from
+their use,--he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it
+will be more likely to increase than to diminish.
+
+It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably
+with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has
+acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience
+and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one
+master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English
+words, _graph_ means write; _ge_ means earth; _phone_ means sound;
+_cur_ means run; _fin_ means limit; _port_ means carry, etc.?
+
+And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is
+it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of
+a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?
+
+Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of
+meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to,
+their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to
+understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal
+significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded
+that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very
+profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.
+
+The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will
+require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the
+meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the
+brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be
+supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this
+must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research
+in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher,
+such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own
+thinking, and in his use of English speech.
+
+I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as
+adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the
+present work of the schools.
+
+Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H.
+
+
+
+
+                       SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
+
+
+1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your
+opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.
+
+2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or
+illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the
+method of showing their _literal_ significance. Further along in each
+year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that
+pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as
+to show the _literal_ meaning, else much of the value of the study is
+lost.
+
+And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, _where it differs
+from the literal_, should be given. Very many of the words have
+various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This
+necessitates a free use of the dictionary.
+
+It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when
+necessary) try to find _an appropriate sentence to illustrate each
+word_ and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the
+purpose.
+
+In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of
+reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils,
+especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings
+are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.
+
+One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils
+to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to
+be analyzed according to the examples given under "Directions to
+Pupils", and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written
+on the board.
+
+
+
+
+                         DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.
+
+
+Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of
+Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,--in all 142 elements
+or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished
+to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list
+being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed,
+or partially analyzed, is over 1200.
+
+
+                          TO ANALYZE A WORD.
+
+1. Name its component parts--root, prefix, and suffix--and give the
+literal meaning of each.
+
+2. Combine these meanings in a definition, _supplying additional words
+if necessary_, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases,
+however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put
+together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be
+omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly
+literal.
+
+3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.
+
+(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not
+define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for
+illustration, say _audible_ is _that which_ can be _heard_; but rather
+say _audible_ means _capable of_ being _heard_.)
+
+
+                               EXAMPLES.
+
+avert: (1) _a_, away + _vert_, turn.
+       (2) To _turn away_; to ward off.
+       (3) The evils which exist are necessary to _avert_ greater evils.
+
+deify: (1) _dei_, god + _fy_, to make.
+       (2) To _make_ a _god_ of; to praise and revere as if a deity.
+       (3) The people of India _deify_ the Ganges River.
+
+hostile: (1)_host_, enemy + _ile_, belonging to.
+         (2) _Belonging to_ or having the characteristics of an _enemy_.
+         (3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the
+             _hostile_ winds.
+
+portable: (1) _port_, carry + _able_, capable of.
+          (2) _capable of_ being _carried_ or moved from place to place;
+              not stationary.
+          (3) A _portable_ photograph gallery stopped for three
+              days at the cross-roads near my home.
+
+benefactor: (1) _bene_, good + _fact_, make, do + _or_, one who.
+            (2) _One who does good_; especially one who makes a
+                charitable donation.
+            (3) "He is a true _benefactor_ and alone worthy of honor who
+                brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries
+                the tear of sorrow."
+
+A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to
+analyze words a pupil must--
+
+1. Learn some _facts_--meanings of the component parts of words.
+
+2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible
+definition.
+
+3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.
+
+4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be
+neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis.
+Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his
+help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might
+suffice the entire class.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART ONE
+
+                            Word Analysis.
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+
+#a, ab, abs# = from, away.
+
+1. a _vert_, turn
+2. ab _brevi_ ate, short
+3. ab _duct_, lead
+4. ab _ject_, cast
+5. ab _lut_ ion, wash
+6. ab _origin_ es, beginning
+7. ab _rupt_, break
+8. ab _sorb_, suck in
+9. ab _solve_, loosen
+10. ab _use_, use.
+
+2. To _shorten_, to take _from_; to make briefer.
+
+3. To _lead away_; to carry off by force; to kidnap.
+
+4. An _abject_ person is one sunk to low condition (as if _cast from_
+the society of others).
+
+5. An _ablution_ is a _washing_ or _cleansing_; especially a religious
+rite.
+
+6. The inhabitants of a country _from_ the _beginning_. The earliest
+inhabitants of which anything is known.
+
+7. _Broken_ or appearing as if broken _away_ or off; as an _abrupt_
+cliff.
+
+8. To _suck_ up; to drink in. A brick will _absorb_ a pint of water.
+
+9. To _loosen_ or set free, as _from_ some duty or obligation
+
+10. To divert _from_ the proper _use_; to misuse.
+
+
+#ambi, (amphi)# = both, on both sides, around.
+
+1. ambi _dextr_ ous, right hand
+2. ambi _ti_ on, go
+3. amphi _bi_ ous, life
+4. amphi _theatre_, view.
+
+1. _Having_ skill with _both_ hands (as if both were _right hands_).
+
+2. A _going around_ or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes;
+eager for favors; strongly desirous.
+
+3. _Living both_ on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles,
+seals, otters, and beavers are _amphibious_.
+
+4. An _amphitheatre_ is a building built circular so that spectators
+may _view_ a performance from _both sides_ or from all _around_.
+
+
+#bene# = well, good.
+
+1. bene _dict_ ion, speak
+2. bene _fact_ ion, do
+3. bene fact _or_, one who
+4. bene _fic_ ent, do
+5. bene fic _ial_, pertaining to
+6. bene _fit_, do
+7. bene _vol_ ent, will
+8. beni _gn_, (genus) kind
+9. beni gn _ant_, being
+10. _nota_ bene, note
+
+1. The _act of speaking well_ to or of; a blessing pronounced at the
+close of divine service.
+
+2. The _act of doing_ good; making a charitable donation.
+
+4. _Doing_ or effecting _good_; performing acts of kindness.
+
+5. _Pertaining to_ what _does good_, is useful or profitable.
+
+6. A _good_ deed _done_; an act of kindness.
+
+7. _Willing_ to _do good_; well-wishing; charitable.
+
+8. _Good_ and _kind_ of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness.
+Literally, of a _good kind_.
+
+9. _Being kind_ and gracious.
+
+10. _Note well_; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated
+to N. B.
+
+
+#circum# = around.
+
+1. circum _fer_ ence, carry
+2. circum _flex_, bend
+3. circum _locut_ ion, speak
+4. circum _navig_ ate, sail
+5. circum _scribe_, write, draw
+6. circum _spect_, look
+7. circum _sta_ nce, stand
+8. circum _vent_, come.
+
+1. Think the _circumference_ in the process of making; _carry_ the
+crayon _around_ the circle to produce the _circumference_.
+
+2. A _bending around_; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a
+rise and a fall on the same syllable.
+
+3. The _act of speaking_ in a _round_ about way; particularly a
+studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.
+
+4. The _act of sailing around_; especially the earth or globe.
+
+5. To _draw_ a bounding line _round_; hence to mark out the limits of.
+
+6. _Looking around_ on all sides; examining carefully.
+
+7. That which attends or relates to (_stands around_, as it were,) an
+event, a person or a thing.
+
+8. To _circumvent_ one in any enterprise is to _come around_ in an
+unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.
+
+
+#contra, (contro, counter)# = against
+
+1. contra _dict_, speak
+2. contra _vene_, come
+3. contra _st_, stand
+4. counter _act_, do
+5. counter _balance_, scales
+6. contro _versy_, turn
+
+1. To _speak against_; to assert the opposite of.
+
+2. To _come against_; to oppose.
+
+3. To _stand against_; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects
+of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.
+
+4. To act _against_; to _do_ what hinders.
+
+5. To _weigh against_ with equal weight; equal weight, power or
+influence acting in opposition to.
+
+6. A _turning against_; debate, contention.
+
+
+#ann# = year.
+
+1. annu _al_, relating to
+2. anni _vers_ ary, turn
+3. annu _ity_, that which
+4. _bi_ ennial, two
+5. _cent_ ennial, hundred
+6. _mille_ nnium, thousand
+7. _per_ ennial, through
+8. _super_ annuate, beyond
+
+1. _Relating to_ a _year_; yearly.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ once a _year_ commemorating some event.
+
+3. A stated sum of money payable _yearly_.
+
+4. Happening once in _two years_; lasting two years.
+
+5. Consisting of or lasting a _hundred years_. Happening every hundred
+years.
+
+6. A period or interval of a _thousand years_.
+
+7. _Throughout_ the _year_; lasting, perpetual.
+
+8. Condition of being _beyond_ the _years_ of active service; impaired
+or disabled by length of years.
+
+
+#art# = skill.
+
+1. art _ist_, one who
+2. arti _fic_ ial, make
+3. artist _ic_, relating to
+4. art _less_, without
+
+1. _One who_ is _skilled_ or adept in any of the fine arts.
+
+2. Produced or _made_ by _art_ or _skill_ rather than by nature.
+
+3. _Relating_ to _skill_ in any field.
+
+4. _Without skill_; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.
+
+
+#aster, (astr)# = star.
+
+1. aster _isk_, little
+2. aster _oid_, form
+3. astr _olog_ er, speak.
+4. astr _onomy_, distribute
+5. _dis_ aster, apart
+
+1. Literally, a _little star_; a mark like a star used to refer to a
+note in the margin.
+
+2. _Formed_ like a _star_.
+
+3. _One who speaks_ about the _stars_; one who foretells events by the
+stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.
+
+4. The science which treats of the _distribution_, arrangement and
+size of heavenly bodies (_stars_).
+
+5. An unfavorable aspect of a _star_ or planet, hence an ill portent,
+a calamity.
+
+
+#aud# = hear.
+
+1. aud _ible_, capable of
+2. audit _ory_, pertaining to
+3. audit _ors_, those who
+4. _in_ audible, not
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _heard_.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _hearing_, or the sense of hearing.
+
+3. _Those who hear_; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing
+music or discourse.
+
+4. _Not capable_ of being _heard_; indistinct.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#dis (dif)# = apart, from, away.
+
+1. dis _burse_, purse
+2. dis _cord_, heart
+3. dis _cuss_, shake
+4. dif _fer_, bear
+5. dif _fuse_, pour
+6. dis _loc_ ate, place
+7. dis _miss_, send
+8. dis _pel_, drive
+9. dis _pose_, put
+10. dis _rupt_, break
+11. dis _sect_, cut
+12. dis _tend_, stretch
+
+1. To _disburse_ money is to pay it out (_from_ one's _purse_).
+
+2. (Literally, _hearts apart_.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in
+opinion, or in action.
+
+3. The _discussion_ of a question _shakes_ it _apart_, for a more
+thorough examination.
+
+4. When two minds _differ_, one _bears_ in one direction, the other in
+another, and thus they _bear apart_. They do not agree.
+
+5. To _pour_ out and cause to spread _apart_, as a fluid; to
+circulate; to scatter.
+
+6. To _place apart_ or out of proper position.
+
+7. To _dismiss_ a congregation is to _send_ the people (or allow them
+to go) _apart_ to their homes.
+
+8. To _dispel_ fear is to _drive_ it _away_.
+
+9. To _dispose_ of property is to part with it (_put_ it _apart_ from
+one).
+
+10. Rocks are _disrupted_ when _broken apart_.
+
+11. To _dissect_ the eye of an ox is to _cut_ it _apart_, for the
+purpose of examination.
+
+12. To _distend_ is to _stretch apart_ or spread in all directions; to
+dilate, to expand.
+
+
+#extra# = beyond.
+
+1. Extra _ordin_ ary, order, rule (_ary_, relating to). _Relating to_
+what is _beyond_ or out of the common _rule_ or _order_; exceptional,
+unusual.
+
+2. Extra _vag_ ant, _wander_ (_ant_, ing). _Wandering beyond_ bounds
+or out of the regular course; excessive.
+
+
+#inter# = between, among, through.
+
+1. inter _cede_, go
+2. inter _cept_, take
+3. inter _course_, run
+4. inter _ject_ ion, throw
+5. inter _lop_ er, run
+6. inter _mingle_, mix
+7. inter _pose_, place
+8. inter _rogate_, ask
+9. inter _sect_, cut
+10. inter _val_, wall
+11. inter _vene_, come
+12. inter _view_, see
+
+1. To _go between_ parties for the purpose of reconciling those who
+differ; to plead in favor of another.
+
+2. To seize or _take between_ the starting point and destination; as
+to _intercept_ a letter or messenger.
+
+3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another
+(a _running between_, to and fro).
+
+4. An _interjection_ is a word _thrown_ in _between_ other words to
+express emotion or feeling.
+
+5. An _interloper_ is _one who runs_ in _between_ two parties to get
+the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who
+intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a
+grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an
+_interloper_.
+
+6. To _mix between_ or together.
+
+7. To protect the eyes from a strong light _interpose_ (_place
+between_ the eyes and light) a shade.
+
+8. To _interrogate_ is to question. (The _questions_ come _between_
+the answers.)
+
+9. One line _intersects_ another when it _cuts_ through it, or
+_between_ its parts.
+
+10. An _interval_ is an open space or stretch between things or
+limits. Formerly it meant a space _between walls_.
+
+11. To _come between_ persons, things, or events.
+
+12. A mutual exchange of _views between_ two or more people.
+
+
+#non# = not, un.
+
+The prefix _non-_ may be joined to the leading word by means of a
+hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.
+
+1. noncommittal
+2. non compos mentis
+3. nonconductor
+4. nondescript
+5. nonentity
+6. nonessential
+7. nonpareil
+8. non-payment
+9. nonplus
+10. non-resident
+11. nonsense
+12. nonsuit
+
+2. _Com_, with + _pos_, power + _mentis_, of mind. Literally, _not
+with power of mind_. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of
+managing one's own affairs.
+
+4. That which has _not_ been _described_; difficult to describe; new,
+novel, odd.
+
+5. _Entity_ means thing or being; hence a _nonentity_ is _no thing_ or
+nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or
+_nothing_.
+
+9. _Plus_ means more. Literally, a person is _nonplused_ when he can
+do _no more_, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.
+
+(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other
+words of the above list.)
+
+
+#per# = through, thoroughly, by.
+
+1. per _ambul_ ate, walk
+2. per _ceive_, take
+3. per _cent_, hundred
+4. per _col_ ate, filter
+5. per _enni_ al, year
+6. per _fect_, make
+7. per _for_ ate, bore
+8. per _form_, form
+9. per _fume_, smoke
+10. per _mit_, let go
+11. per _plex_, entangle
+12. per _secute_, follow
+13. per _sist_, stand
+14. per _vade_, go
+15. per _vert_, turn
+16. per _vi_ ous, way
+
+1. To _walk through_ or over. He got out of bed and _perambulated_ the
+room for some minutes.
+
+2. To _take_ or obtain knowledge _through_ the senses. To _take_ with
+a _thorough_ mental grasp; to understand.
+
+3. _By_ the _hundred_.
+
+4. To pass _through_; as, a _filter_ or strainer.
+
+5. Lasting _through_ the _year_, or through many years.
+
+6. _Thoroughly made_; finished in every part; without blemish or
+defect.
+
+7. To _bore through_; to make holes in; to pierce.
+
+8. To _form thoroughly_; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.
+
+9. "To _perfume_ means literally to _smoke thoroughly_. Hence to
+impregnate or fill with scent or odor."--_Kennedy._
+
+10. By this _permit_ we may _go through_ the factory.
+
+11. To _entangle thoroughly_. "Love with doubts _perplexes_ still the
+mind."
+
+12. To _follow_ with persistence or _thoroughness_. To follow close
+after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a
+particular creed. The early Christians suffered _persecution_.
+
+13. To take a _thorough stand_; to continue steadily in some state or
+course of action; especially in spite of opposition.
+
+14. To _go through_; to spread throughout the whole.
+
+15. To turn in another direction; to _turn thoroughly_ from a former
+course. "Blessings unused _pervert_ into a waste."
+
+16. _Having_ a _way through_. "---- to have their way free and
+_pervious_ to all places."
+
+
+#clud, clus# = shut.
+
+1. close
+2. clos _et_, little
+3. _con_ clude, together
+4. _dis_ close, un
+5. _en_ close, in
+6. _ex_ elude, out
+7. exclus _ion_, act of
+8. _in_ clude, within
+9. _pre_ clude, before
+10. _re_ cluse, back
+11. _se_ clude, aside
+12. se clus _ion_, state of being
+
+1. To _shut_.
+
+2. A _small_ side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept
+_shut_ away from view.
+
+3. To bring to an end. Literally to _shut_ in or _together_
+(obsolete); as, "The body of Christ was _concluded_ in the grave."
+
+4. To _un-shut_; to open or uncover; to make known.
+
+9. To put an obstacle _before_, or in the way of, in order to _shut_
+out; to prevent or hinder.
+
+10. One who is _shut_ up (or has _shut_ himself _back_) from the world
+or public view.
+
+11. To _shut_ off or keep apart or _aside_, as from company or
+society.
+
+
+#cor, cord# = heart.
+
+1. core
+2. cordi_al_, relating to
+3. _con_ cord, with
+4. cord _ate_, shaped
+5. _dis_ cord, apart
+6. discord _ant_, being
+7. _re_ cord, again
+8. cour _age_, having
+
+1. The _heart_ or innermost part of a thing; as the _core_ of an
+apple.
+
+2. _Relating to_ the _heart_; hearty, sincere.
+
+3. Heart _with heart_; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. "Love
+quarrels oft in _concord_ end."
+
+4. _Heart shaped_; as a _cordate_ leaf.
+
+5. Heart _apart_ from _heart_; hence disagreement or want of harmony.
+
+6. State of _being_ out of harmony.
+
+7. _Record_; through the Latin _recordari_, to remember (or know
+_again_). To get by _heart_; hence to register; to write or inscribe
+an authentic account of.
+
+8. _Having heart_; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is
+accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)
+
+
+#corpus, corpor# = body.
+
+1. corpse
+2. corps (pronounce core)
+3. corpor _al_, relating to
+4. corpu _lent_, full of
+5. incorpor _ate_, make
+6. corpus _cle_, small
+7. corset
+8. _habeas_ corpus. You may have
+
+1. The _body_ only; hence a dead body.
+
+2. A _body_ of soldiers.
+
+3. _Relating to_ the _body_; as _corporal_ punishment.
+
+4. A _corpulent_ person is fleshy; literally _full of body_.
+
+5. To _make into_ a _body_ in the legal sense, so that a number of
+individuals may transact business legally as one person.
+
+6. A _small body_; a minute particle.
+
+7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting _body_ garment, having sleeves
+and skirt.
+
+8. Literally, _you may have the body_. A writ requiring the body of a
+person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the
+lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.
+
+
+#cura, curo# = care.
+
+1. cure
+2. cur_able_, capable of
+3. cur_ate_, one who
+4. curi _ous_, full of
+5. _mani_ cure, hand
+6. _ac_ cur ate, to
+7. _pro_ cure, for
+8. _se_ cure, aside
+
+1. To take _care_ of; to restore to health.
+
+2. _Capable of_ being cured or restored by _care_.
+
+3. _One who_ has the _care_ of souls; a parish priest.
+
+4. Formerly, _curious_ meant _full of care_, or careful, nice,
+precise; as, "Men were not _curious_ what syllables or particles they
+used." Eager to learn; inquisitive.
+
+5. To _care_ for the _hands_ and nails.
+
+6. A thing is made _accurate_ by giving _care to_ it.
+
+7. Literally, to _care for_; to look after; as, "I _procured_ that
+rumor to be spread." To obtain; to get.
+
+8. _Aside_, or free, from _care_, anxiety, or fear; safe.
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+#pre# = before.
+
+1. pre _amble_, walk
+2. pre _cede_, go
+3. pre ced _ent_, that which
+4. pre _cip_ ice, head
+5. pre _clude_, shut
+6. pre _coc_ ious, cook, ripe
+7. pre _curs_ or, run
+8. pre _destinate_, to determine
+9. pre _dict_, speak
+10. pre _face_, say
+11. pre _fer_, bring
+12. pre _fix_, fasten
+13. pre _judice_, judgment
+14. pre _limin_ ary, threshold
+15. pre _mature_, ripe
+16. pre _monit_ ion, warning
+17. pre _pare_, make ready
+18. pre _posit_ ion, place
+19. pre _poster_ ous, after
+20. pre _scribe_, write
+
+1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly _preamble_ meant, to
+_walk_ over _before_hand; as, "I will take a thorough view of those
+who have _preambled_ this by path."
+
+3. _That which_ has _gone before_. A previous example or usage which
+has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom,
+habit, or rule.
+
+4. A _head_long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, _head_ _fore_most.
+
+5. See second month, page 16.
+
+6. _Ripe_ in understanding at an early age or _before_ due time; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+7. A _precursor_ is a _forerunner_. That which precedes an event and
+indicates its approach.
+
+8. To _determine_ _before_hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree.
+"Whom He did foreknow He also did _predestinate_ to be conformed to
+the image of His Son."
+
+11. To _prefer_ one thing to another is to _bring_ or set it before
+the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.
+
+13. A _prejudgment_ formed without due examination. "_Prejudice_ is
+the child of ignorance."
+
+14. Literally, _before_ the _threshold_. Preceding or leading up to
+something more important; as _preliminary_ arrangements.
+
+18. A _preposition_ is so called because usually _placed before_ the
+word with which it is phrased.
+
+19. Anything is _preposterous_ when it is contrary to nature, reason,
+or common sense. Literally, having that _last_ which ought to be
+_first_; as, the "cart before the horse".
+
+20. To lay down _before_hand in _writing_ as a rule of action.
+"_Prescribe_ not us our duties."
+
+
+#re# = back, again.
+
+1. re _bound_, leap
+2. re _cede_, go
+3. re _claim_, call
+4. re _cluse_, shut
+5. re _cogn_ ize, know
+6. re con _struct_, build
+7. re _course_, run
+8. re _create_, make
+9. re _cruit_, grow
+10. re _cur_, run
+11. re _flect_, bend
+12. re _fresh_, new
+13. re _hash_, chop
+14. re im _burse_, purse
+15. re _ject_, throw
+16. re _juven_ ate, young
+17. re _lapse_, slip
+18. re _late_, carry
+19. re _lease_, loose
+20. re _mit_, send
+21. re _morse_, bite
+22. re _nov_ ate, new
+23. re _pel_, drive
+24. re _plen_ ish, full
+25. re _pulse_, drive
+26. re _sult_, leap
+27. re _sume_, take (up)
+28. re _surrect_ ion, rise
+29. re _tain_, hold
+30. re _tract_, draw
+
+Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning,
+thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will _rebound_ (_leap back_).
+
+
+#semi# = half.
+
+1. semicircle
+2. semicolon
+3. semidiameter
+4. semilunar
+5. semivowel
+6. semiweekly
+
+
+#super# = over, above, beyond.
+
+1. super _annu_ ate, year
+2. super _cili_ ous, pride
+3. super _fic_ ial, face
+4. super _flu_ ous, flow
+5. super _natur_ al, nature
+6. super _numer_ ary, number
+7. super _pose_, put
+8. super _script_ ion, write
+9. super _struct_ ure, build.
+10. super _vise_, see
+
+1. A _superannuate_ is one who has become impaired or disabled by
+length of years. Specifically, one living _beyond_ the _years_ of
+active service and allowed to retire on a pension.
+
+2. Lofty with _pride_; _over_bearing. "A _supercilious_ nabob of the
+east, haughty and purse-proud."
+
+3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth _beyond_) the
+sur_face_; shallow. "She despised _superficiality_, and looked deeper
+than the color of things."
+
+4. _Overflowing_; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding
+with _superfluous_ words.
+
+5. Being _beyond_ or exceeding the powers of _nature_. Miracles were
+performed by _supernatural_ power.
+
+6. _Beyond_ a stated or required _number_; as, a _supernumerary_
+officer in a regiment.
+
+7. To _put over_ or upon; as to _superpose_ one rock upon another.
+
+8. A _superscription_ is a _writing over_ or _upon_; especially an
+address on a letter.
+
+9. A _superstructure_ is something _built over_ something else;
+particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.
+
+10. To _oversee_; as, to _supervise_ the erection of a house.
+
+
+#tri# = three.
+
+1. tri _angle_, angle
+2. tri _cuspid_, point
+3. tri _cycle_, circle
+4. tri _dent_, tooth
+5. tri _enni_ al, year
+6. tri _gam_ ist, marriage.
+7. tri gon _ometry_, measure
+8. tri _later_ al, side
+9. tri _nomi_ al, term
+10. trio
+11. tri _pod_, foot
+12. tri _sect_, cut
+13. tri _syllable_, syllable
+14. trium _vir_, man
+15. tri _une_, one
+16. tri _via_ l, way
+
+2. A _tricuspid_ tooth has _three points_.
+
+4. A _three-toothed_ or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing
+spear.
+
+    "His nature is too noble for the world;
+     He would not flatter Neptune for his _trident_,
+     Or Jove for his power to thunder."
+
+6. A _trigamist_ is one who has been _three_ times _married_;
+especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.
+
+7. _Trigonometry_ literally means _three angle measure_. That branch
+of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of
+triangles, and applies them to other figures.
+
+9. A _trinomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _three terms_.
+
+10. A _trio_ is a musical composition in _three_ parts.
+
+11. A _tripod_ has _three feet_ or legs; as a three-legged table or
+stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.
+
+14. A _triumvir_ is one of _three men_ united in office; specifically
+in ancient Rome.
+
+15. The _triune_ is _three_ in _one_; the three-fold personality of
+one divine being,--Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
+
+16. _Trivial_ formerly meant, pertaining to _three ways_; where three
+ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace,
+such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little
+worth.
+
+
+#due# = lead, draw.
+
+1. _ab_ duct, away
+2 _ad_ duce, to
+3. _aque_ duct, water
+4. _con_ duct, with
+5. _de_ duct, from
+6. duct _ile_, capable of
+7. duke, a leader
+8. _e_ duc ate, out
+9. _in_ duce, into
+10. in duce _ment_, that which
+11. _intro_ duce, into
+12. _pro_ duce, forth
+13. _se_ duce, aside
+14. _re_ duce, back
+
+1. To _lead_ or carry _away_ wrongfully and usually by force; to
+kidnap; as, to _abduct_ a child.
+
+2. To _lead_ or bring _to_; to bring forward or offer as an argument
+in a case. "I too prize facts and shall _adduce_ nothing else."
+
+3. An _aqueduct_ is a _lead_way or artificial channel for conveying
+_water_.
+
+4. A guide _conducts_ a traveler when he goes _with_ him and, in a
+sense, _leads_ him along a safe route.
+
+5. To _deduct_ is to take _from_; to _draw_ away.
+
+6. A _ductile_ metal is one _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire; as,
+copper, platinum, steel, etc.
+
+8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. _Educate_ literally
+means to _lead_ forth, to _draw out_.
+
+11. An _introduction_ is the initial step which _leads_ people _into_
+one another's acquaintance.
+
+14. (1) To _lead_ or bring _back_ to a former state; as,
+
+    "It were but right
+    And equal to _reduce_ me to my dust."
+
+(2) To bring to any specific state or form.
+
+
+#fac, fact# = do, make.
+
+(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)
+
+1. fact
+2. fact _ory_, place where
+3. facil _ity_, quality of
+4. _bene_ fact or, good
+5. _manu_ fact ure, hand
+6. _ef_ fect, (ex.) out
+7. _per_ fect, thoroughly
+8. _im_ perfect, not
+9. _arti_ ficial, skill
+10. _bene_ ficial, good
+11. _sacri_ fice, sacred
+12. _paci_ fic, peace
+13. feat
+14. _de_ feat, un
+15. feas _ible_, capable of
+16. fashion.
+
+1. A _fact_ is something _done_ or brought to pass.
+
+3. _Quality_ of being easily _done_.
+
+5. _Manufacture_ formerly meant to _make_ by _hand_.
+
+6. An _effect_ is something worked _out_, or _done_.
+
+7. A thing is _perfect_ when _thoroughly made_, or _finished_.
+
+11. _Sacrifice_ literally means to _make sacred_; to set apart as
+sacred.
+
+12. _Pacific_ means pertaining to _peace_; suited to _make_ or restore
+peace.
+
+13. A _feat_ is an act, a deed, an exploit; something _done_.
+
+14. To _defeat_ means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to _un do_.
+
+16. The _fashion_ of a thing is, in a sense, the _make_ of it.
+
+NOTE.--_fy_, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too
+numerous to mention; as, purify (to _make pure_), rarefy (to _make
+rare_), classify (to _make_ or put into a _class_), etc.
+
+
+#fer, ferr# = carry, bear, bring.
+
+1. _circum_ fer ence, around
+2. _con_ fer, together
+3. _dif_ fer, apart
+4. fert _ile_, capable of
+5. _of_ fer, (ob) near.
+6. _pro_ (f)fer, forth
+7. _re_ fer, back
+8. re fer _ee_, one who
+9. _suf_ fer, (sub) under
+10. _trans_ fer, across
+
+1. See first month, page 10.
+
+2. When two or more persons _confer_ they _bring together_ opinions
+and facts on some special subject.
+
+3. See second month, page 13.
+
+5. To _bring near_ to; to present for acceptance; as, to _offer_ one's
+services.
+
+6. To _bring_ or put _forward_; to hold _forth_ so that a person may
+take; as, to _proffer_ a gift.
+
+7. To direct for information. Literally, to _carry back_; as, "Mahomet
+_referred_ his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he
+gave out they were made."
+
+9. To _suffer_ is to _bear under_; to undergo.
+
+NOTE.--_Ferr_ is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which
+are: _fero_, _ferre_, _tuli_, _latus_. The last form is found in a
+number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate,
+superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in
+the ten given above, is _bear_, _carry_, or _bring_.
+
+
+#fest# = feast.
+
+1. fest _al_. _Pertaining to_ a _feast_, a holiday or celebration.
+
+2. fest _ive_. _Pertaining to_ or becoming a _feast_; festal, joyous,
+gay.
+
+3. festival. A time of _feasting_ or celebration.
+
+4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a _feast_.
+
+5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a _feast_.
+
+6. fete. Modern French, equivalent of _feast_.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#uni# = one.
+
+1. unit, one
+2. un _ity_, ness
+3. un _ion_, state of being
+4. unite
+5. _dis_ unite, not
+6. _re_ unite, again
+7. un _anim_ ous, mind
+8. unanim _ity_, state of being
+9. uni _corn_, horn
+10. uni _form_, form
+11. uni _son_, sound
+12. uni _verse_, turn
+13. unique
+14. onion
+
+9. The _unicorn_ is a fabulous _one-horned_ animal.
+
+12. The _universe_ consists of all things considered as _one_ whole.
+
+13. A thing is _unique_ when it is the only _one_ of its kind.
+
+14. _Onion_ comes from the Latin _unio_, which means _oneness_; also a
+single pearl of large size resembling the onion.
+
+
+#anti# = against, opposed to.
+
+1. anti _climax_, ladder
+2. anti _christ_, Christ
+3. anti _dote_, give
+4. anti _path_ y, feel
+5. anti _pod_ es, foot
+6. anti _thesis_, place
+7. anti _slave_ ry, slave
+8. anti _soci_ al, companion
+
+1. An _anti climax_ is _opposed to_ or in contrast with a _climax_. In
+rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt
+descent (down the _ladder_) from stronger to weaker expressions.
+
+3. An _antidote_ is something _given_ to counteract (act _against_)
+poison or disease.
+
+5. Those who live at _opposite_ points on the globe so that their
+_feet_ are directly toward each other are _antipodes_. Figuratively,
+things opposed to each other.
+
+6. In rhetoric an _antithesis_ is a figure of speech which consists of
+one idea _placed against_ another; a contrast.
+
+8. A person is _antisocial_ when he is averse or _opposed to_ society,
+social intercourse or _companionship_.
+
+
+#dia# = across, through, between.
+
+1. dia_gon_ al, angle
+2. dia _gram_, writing
+3. dia _lect_, speech
+4. dia _log_, speech
+5. dia _meter_, measure
+6. dia _pason_, all
+7. dia _phragm_, fence
+
+1. A _diagonal_ is a line _across_ from _angle_ to _angle_.
+
+2. A _diagram_ is that which is marked out by lines drawn or _written_
+across; as, a figure, a plan.
+
+3. _Dialect_ is _speech_ or language by means of which ideas are
+communicated (_across_) from one to another.
+
+6. The _diapason_ is one of certain stops in the organ, so called
+because it extends _through all_ notes of the scale.
+
+7. The _diaphragm_ is a membranous partition or _fence between_ the
+thorax and abdomen.
+
+
+#en# = on.
+
+1. en _dorse_, back
+2. en _grave_, carve
+3. en _throne_, throne
+4. en _list_, list
+
+1. To _endorse_ a check is to write one's name _on_ the _back_ of it.
+
+NOTE.--_en_ in most words is the equivalent of the Latin _in_, meaning
+in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage,
+enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop,
+enwrap.
+
+
+#foli# = leaf.
+
+1. foliage. A cluster of _leaves_.
+2. folio. A _leaf_-sheet folded once.
+3. foil. A thin _leaf_ of metal.
+4. _tre_foil. A plant with _three leaves_; as, clover.
+5. _port_-folio. A case for _carrying_ loose _leaves_ of paper.
+
+
+#fort, forc# = strong.
+
+1. fort
+2. forti _fy_, make
+3. fortr _ess_
+4. _ef_ fort, (ex.) out
+5. forti _tude_, quality of
+6. force
+7. forc _ible_, capable of
+8. _en_ force, on
+9. _com_ fort, with
+10. _piano_ forte, soft
+
+1. A _fort_ is a _strong_hold.
+
+2. To _make strong_; to strengthen or secure by means of forts,
+batteries, or other military works.
+
+3. _Ess_ is a feminine ending. A "maiden fortress" is a fortification
+which has never been taken. A _fortress_ is a very strong fort.
+
+4. An _effort_ is a putting _out_ of one's _strength_ for the
+accomplishment of some end.
+
+5. _Fortitude_ is _strength_ or firmness of mind in meeting danger,
+pain, or adversity.
+
+6. _Force_ is _strength_ in general, physical, mental, moral.
+
+9. To _comfort_ is to _strengthen_ with hope and cheer; to give
+consolation to.
+
+10. The _piano forte_ is an instrument having both _soft_ and loud
+(_strong_) tones. The name is generally shortened to _piano_.
+
+
+#fract, frang# = break.
+
+1. frail
+2. frail _ty_, quality
+3. fract _ure_, that which
+4. fract _ion_, that which
+5. fract _ious_, quality of
+6. frag _ile_, capable of
+7. frag _ment_, that which
+8. _in_ fringe, in
+
+1. A thing is _frail_ when it is easily _broken_.
+
+2. _Frailty_ is a _quality_ of things easily _broken_.
+
+3. A _fracture_ is a _break_; as of a bone.
+
+4. A _fraction_ is a part, as if _broken_ off.
+
+5. A _fractious_ person is one apt to _break_ out into a passion.
+
+6. "The stalk of ivy is tough and not _fragile_" (_capable of_ being
+_broken_).--_Bacon._
+
+7. A _fragment_ is _that which_ is _broken_ off.
+
+8. To _infringe_ is to _break in_ upon; to trespass on another's
+rights.
+
+
+#frater, fratr# = brother.
+
+1. fratern _al_, pertaining to
+2. fratern _ity_, that which
+3. fratern _ize_, make
+4. frater
+5. friar
+6. friary
+
+1. _Fraternal_ means _brotherly_; like brothers.
+
+2. An organization in _which_ the members hold one another in
+_brotherly_ relations.
+
+3. To _fraternize_ means to _make_ a _brother_ of; to receive into a
+fraternity.
+
+4. _Frater._ A _brother_; especially a monk.
+
+5. _Friar._ A _brother_ of any religious order, but especially one of
+certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.
+
+6. _Friary._ A home for friars (_brothers_); a monastery.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#mono# = one, single, alone, solitary.
+
+1. mon _arch_, rule
+2. mono _gam_ ist, marriage
+3. mono _gram_, write
+4. mono _logue_, speak
+5. mono _mania_, mind
+6. mo _nomi_ al, term
+7. mono _poly_, sell
+8. mono _syllable_, syllable
+9. mono _the_ ism, God
+10. mono _tone_, tone, sound
+
+1. A _monarch_ is a _sole_ or supreme _ruler_.
+
+2. A _monogamist_ is _one who_ believes in _marriage_ with _one_
+person only.
+
+3. A _monogram_ is a single character formed of two or more letters
+interwoven (as if done at _one writing_).
+
+4. A _speak_ing by _one_ person.
+
+5. _Monomania_ is a derangement of _mind_ in regard to a _single_
+subject only.
+
+6. A _monomial_ in algebra is a quantity which consists of a _single
+term_.
+
+7. A _monopoly_ is the sole (or _single_) right to _sell_ a certain
+article, or to sell it at a given place.
+
+9. _Monotheism_ is the doctrine of belief that there is but _one God_.
+
+10. A _monotone_ is a _single tone_ without harmony or variation in
+pitch.
+
+
+#para# = aside, beside, similar
+
+1. para _ble_ (ballo), throw
+2. para _graph_, write
+3. par _allel_, one another
+4. para _phrase_, speak
+5. para _site_, feed
+6. par en _thesis_, put
+
+1. A _parable_ is a short fictitious narrative placed (_thrown_)
+_beside_ something which it is intended to illustrate.
+
+2. A _paragraph_ was originally a mark or note of comment _written
+beside_ the line or place where a division should be made; now a
+distinct part of a discourse or writing.
+
+3. _Parallel_ lines extend _beside one another_.
+
+4. _Paraphrasing_ is telling (_speaking_) the _same_ thing in other
+words.
+
+5. A _parasite_ is an animal or plant which lives _beside_ or in
+another organism on which it _feeds_.
+
+6. Marks of _parenthesis_ are often used for a word, phrase, clause,
+or sentence _put in_ by way of explanation to what it stands _beside_.
+
+
+#peri# = around.
+
+1. peri _anth_, flower
+2. peri _cardium_, heart
+3. peri _meter_, measure
+4. peri _tone_ um, stretch
+5. peri _oste_ um
+
+1. The _perianth_ is the floral envelope _around_ the _flower_.
+
+2. The _pericardium_ is the membrane which _surrounds_ the _heart_.
+
+3. The _perimeter_ of a figure is the outer boundary or _measure
+around_ it.
+
+4. The _peritoneum_ is the membrane which is _stretched around_ the
+abdomen.
+
+5. The _periosteum_ is the membrane _around_ the _bones_.
+
+
+#syn (syl, sym)# = with, together.
+
+1. syl _lable_, take
+2. sym _pathy_, feel
+3. sym _phony_, sound
+4. syn _chron_ ous, time
+5. syn _onym_, name
+6. syn _ops_ is, view
+7. syn _thesis_, put, place
+
+1. Literally, a _syllable_ is two or more sounds _taken together_, or
+uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise
+but one sound.
+
+2. _Sympathy_ is _feeling with_ another, especially his sorrows and
+misfortunes.
+
+3. A _symphony_ is a _sounding together_; a harmony of sounds.
+
+4. _Synchronous._ Happening or existing at the _same time_.
+
+5. _Synonym._ Literally, a word having the _same name_. But it is
+applied to words of like or kindred meaning.
+
+6. A _synopsis_ is a _view_ of the whole _together_. A summary giving
+a general view of some subject.
+
+7. The _putting_ of two or more things _together_. _Synthesis_ is the
+opposite of analysis.
+
+
+#tele# = far (distance).
+
+1. tele _gram_, write
+2. tele _graph_, write
+3. tele _pathy_, feel
+4. tele _meter_, measure
+5. tele _phone_, sound
+6. tele _scope_, view
+
+1. A _telegram_ is a message transmitted (_written_) from _afar_.
+
+3. _Telepathy_ is the sympathetic communication at a _distance_ of one
+mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through _feeling_.
+
+4. _Telemeter._ An instrument for _measuring distances_ in surveying.
+
+
+#liber# = free.
+
+1. liber _al_, relating to
+2. _il_ liberal, not
+3. liberal _ity_, quality of
+4. liber _ate_, act of
+5. liberat _or_, one who
+6. liber _ty_, state of being
+7. liberal _ize_, make
+8. _de_ liver, from
+9. deliver _er_, one who
+10. deliver _y_, act of
+
+1. _Liberal._ Relating to or possessing a _free_ and generous heart.
+
+3. _Liberality_ is the quality of being _free_ or generous.
+
+7. To _liberalize_ is to _make free_, as to free from narrow views or
+prejudices.
+
+8. To _deliver_ means to set _free from_ bondage or restraint.
+
+
+#liter# = letter.
+
+1. letter
+2. letters
+3. liter _ary_, pert. to
+4. liter _ate_, condition of
+5. _il_ literate, not
+6. _al_ literation, (ad) to
+7. liter _al_, relating to
+8. _ob_ literate, against
+
+1. _Letter_ (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on
+parchment and not cut on wood.
+
+2. _Letters_ usually means literature in general; hence knowledge
+gained from books; literary culture.
+
+6. _Alliteration_ is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the
+beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: "A whole
+fleet of _b_ulky _b_ottomed _b_oats." "What a _t_ale of _t_error now
+_t_heir _t_urbulency _t_ells." Literally, _letter to letter_.
+
+8. In _obliterate_, _ob_ means _against_ or the reverse. The reverse
+of _besmear_ is to rub off; hence to _obliterate_ means to rub out, to
+erase.
+
+NOTE.--Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy,
+literati, literature, literalize, literalist.
+
+
+#man (manus)# = hand.
+
+1. _bi_ mana, two
+2. e man _cip_ ate, take
+3. man _acle_, cuff
+4. man _euver_, work
+5. man (n) _er_, relating to
+6. manu _al_, pert. to
+7. manu _fact_ ory, make
+8. manu _script_, write
+
+1. _Bimana_ is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia.
+Animals having _two hands_.
+
+2. To _emancipate_ a slave is to _take_ him _out_ of the _hands_ of
+his master.
+
+3. The word _manacle_ comes from _manicula_, which means _handcuff_.
+
+4. Literally, _maneuver_ means a _working_ with the _hands_. To make
+adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.
+
+5. _Manner relates to_ the way of _handling_ or doing things.
+
+6. _Manual._ Performed, made, or used by the _hands_; as manual labor,
+manual arts.
+
+
+#mater# = mother.
+
+1. _alma_ mater, foster
+2. matern _al_, pert. to
+3. matern _ity_, state of being
+4. matri _cide_, kill
+5. metro _polis_, city
+6. metropolit _an_, relating to
+7. matron
+8. matron _ly_, like
+
+1. Literally, _alma mater_ means _foster mother_. It is applied by
+students to the university or college in which they have been trained.
+
+5. _Metropolis_ means _mother city_; the chief city of a state or
+country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.
+
+6. _Metropolitan._ _Relating to_ the metropolis; as, a metropolitan
+newspaper.
+
+7. A _matron_ is a woman with _motherly_ duties; as the _matron_ of a
+school or hospital.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#able# = capable of, fit to be.
+
+1. _ar_ able, plow
+2. _cap_ able, take, hold
+3. _dur_ able, last, hard
+4. _lia_ ble, bind
+5. _mut_ able, change
+6. _laud_ able, praise
+7. _port_ able, carry
+8. _soci_ able, companion
+9. _ten_ able, hold
+10. _us_ able, use.
+
+1. _Arable_ land is _capable_ of being _plowed_.
+
+2. A _capable_ mind can _take_ and _hold_ ideas (understand and
+remember).
+
+4. One is _liable_ for a debt when legally _bound_ to pay it.
+
+7. A _portable_ library is one fitted for being _carried_ from place
+to place.
+
+9. _Tenable_ ground for argument is ground which is _capable of_ being
+_held_ or maintained.
+
+
+#acy# = state of being, office of.
+
+1. _celib_ acy, unmarried
+2. _delic_ acy, pleasing
+3. _magistr_ acy, master
+4. _obdur_ acy, hard
+5. _obstin_ acy, firmly set
+6. _pap_ acy, pope
+7. _intim_ acy, inmost
+8. _intric_ acy, entangle
+
+1. _Celibacy_ is the _state of being unmarried_; especially that of a
+bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.
+
+3. _Magistracy._ The _office of master_; of one clothed with power, as
+a civil officer.
+
+4. _Obduracy_ is the _state of being hardened_, especially against
+moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.
+
+6. The _papacy_ is the _office of_ the _pope_.
+
+7. _Intimacy_ is the _state of being inmost_ or near in relationship.
+
+
+#an# = pertaining to.
+
+This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states.
+It means, _pertaining to_ what is of that country or state; as,
+American history, American products, American people.
+
+1.  African
+2.  Alaskan
+3.  Armenian
+4.  Australian
+5.  Bolivian
+6.  Bulgarian
+7.  Corsican
+8.  European
+9.  Georgian
+10. Hawaiian
+11. Indian
+12. Mexican
+13. Ohioan
+14. Persian
+15. Russian
+16. amphibian
+17. republican
+18. metropolitan
+
+16. _Amphibian_: _amphi_, both (two); _bi_, life; _an_, pertaining to:
+_pertaining to two_ kinds of _life_; i. e. life on the land and in the
+water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers,
+etc., are _amphibians_, because they can live in water (for a time at
+least) and on land.
+
+18. _Metropolitan._ _Pertaining to_ the _mother city_. (See fifth
+month's work, page 32.)
+
+
+#ary# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _vers_ ary, turn
+2. _anni_ vers ary, year
+3. _antiqu_ ary, ancient
+4. _drom_ ed ary, run
+5. _miss_ ion ary, send
+6. _e_ miss ary, out
+7. _not_ ary, note
+8. _sal_ ary, salt
+9. _secret_ ary, secret
+
+1. Literally, an _adversary_ is _one who turns toward_ another (to
+oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.
+
+2. _That_ day _which returns_ each _year_ commemorating some event is
+an _anniversary_.
+
+3. An _antiquary_ is _one who_ collects and examines old (_ancient_)
+things; as, coins, medals, weapons.
+
+4. A _dromedary_ is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than
+ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for _running_.
+
+5. A _missionary_ is _one who_ is _sent_ on a mission; especially one
+sent to propagate religion.
+
+6. An _emissary_ is _one who_ is _sent out_; especially one sent on
+secret business, as a spy. "I am charged with being an _emissary_ to
+France."--_Robert Emmet._
+
+7. A _notary_ was formerly _one whose_ vocation was to make _notes_ or
+memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of
+as notary public.
+
+8. A _salary_ was formerly an allowance (_that which_ was) given to
+soldiers with which to buy _salt_.
+
+9. A _secretary_ was formerly _one who_ was intrusted with the private
+or _secret_ matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work.
+
+_Ary_ is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning _relating to_; as in,
+arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary,
+military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary.
+
+_Ary_ also means _place where_; as in, granary, infirmary, library,
+seminary, sanctuary.
+
+
+#ate# = having.
+
+1. _corpor_ ate, body
+2. de _sper_ ate, hope
+3. ef _femin_ ate, woman
+4. _fortun_ ate, luck
+5. in _anim_ ate, breath
+6. _cord_ ate, heart
+7. _cruci_ ate, cross
+8. _cuspid_ ate, point
+9. _dent_ ate, tooth
+10. _glomer_ ate, ball
+11. _labi_ ate, lip
+12. _lun_ ate, moon
+13. _pin_ (n) ate, feather
+14. _serr_ ate, saw
+15. _sagitt_ ate, arrow
+16. _stell_ ate, star
+
+1. _Corporate_ means _having_ a _body_. (See incorporate, second
+month, page 18.)
+
+2. _Having_ no _hope_; as, "Continued misfortune had rendered him
+_desperate_."
+
+3. _Effeminate._ _Having_ the qualities of a _woman_; soft, delicate,
+to an unmanly degree. Applied to men.
+
+5. _Inanimate._ _Not having breath_; without life.
+
+6. _Cordate._ _Having_ the shape of a _heart_; as a cordate leaf.
+
+
+#pel, puls# = drive.
+
+1. _com_ pel, together
+2. compuls _ion_, act of
+3. _dis_ pel, apart
+4. _ex_ pel, out
+5. expuls _ion_, act of
+6. _im_ pel, on
+7. _im_ pulse, on
+8. pulse
+9. _pro_ pel, forward
+10. _re_ pel, back
+11. _re_ pulse, back
+12. repuls _ive_, quality
+
+1. To _compel_, literally means to _drive together_; as a herd (a
+Latinism and rare). To _drive_ or urge with force.
+
+8. The _pulse_ is caused by _driving_ the blood through the arteries.
+
+12. A person is _repulsive_ when he has _qualities_ which tend to
+_drive_ others _back_ or away.
+
+
+#pend, pens# = hang.
+
+1. _ap_ pend, to
+2. append _age_, that which
+3. _de_ pend, from
+4. depend _ent_, one who
+5. depend _ence_, state or quality of
+6. _in_ dependence, not
+7. independ_ent_, one who
+8. _im_ pend, over
+9. pend _ant_, that which
+10. pendulum
+11. _per_ pendicular, through
+12. _sus_ pend, under
+13. suspend _ers_, that which
+14. suspens _ion_, state of
+
+1. _Append._ To _hang_ or attach _to_.
+
+2. An _appendage_ is _that which hangs to_ something as a part of it.
+"This little pensive _appendage_ or tender (the moon) to our fuming
+engine of an earth."--_De Quincey._
+
+3. _Depend._ To _hang from_; to be fastened or attached to something
+above; to rely upon.
+
+4. A _dependent_ is _one who hangs_ (figuratively), or relies on
+another for support.
+
+8. _Impend._ To _hang over_, be ready to fall; threaten. "We seriously
+consider the dreadful judgments that now _impend_ the nation."--_Penn._
+
+9. A _pendant_ is _that which hangs_ from something else; as, an
+earring or a tassel.
+
+10. The _pendulum_ of a clock _hangs_ and swings to and fro.
+
+11. A plumb line is a line _perpendicular_ to the horizon, _hanging_
+(_through_ the air).
+
+12. _Suspend._ To _hang under_ or from beneath.
+
+13. _Suspenders_ are _that_ from _which_ trousers are _hung_.
+
+
+#ped (pod)# = foot.
+
+1. _anti_ podes, against
+2. _bi_ ped, two
+3. _centi_ ped, hundred
+4. _ex_ pedite, out
+5. expedi _ent_, that which
+6. _im_ pede, in
+7. impedi _ment_, that which
+8. ped _al_, pertaining to
+9. peddl _er_, one who
+10. pede _stal_, stand
+11. pedestr _ian_, one who
+12. pedun _cle_, little
+13. _quadru_ ped, four
+14. _tri_ pod, three
+15. _octo_ pus, eight
+16. pedi _gree_, crane
+
+1. See fourth month, page 25.
+
+2. _Biped._ A _two-footed_ animal, as man.
+
+3. _Centiped._ An animal so called from having a great many _feet_
+(indefinitely a _hundred_).
+
+4. _Expedite._ Literally, to take the _feet out_ of entanglement;
+hence, to hasten.
+
+6. _Impede._ Literally, to entangle the _feet_. To obstruct the
+progress, motion, or effect of.
+
+8. _The pedal_ is something made to be moved by the _feet_.
+
+9. A _peddler_, literally, is a trader _who_ travels on _foot_.
+
+10. _Pedestal._ That which forms the base (_standing_ place for the
+_feet_) of a statue, column, vase, etc.
+
+12. A _peduncle_ is a (_little_) _foot_stalk of a flower or leaf.
+
+15. An _octopus_ is an _eight-footed_ or armed cuttlefish.
+
+16. _Pedigree_ means, literally, _crane's foot_. Why so called is
+uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of
+the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot.
+(Compare _crow's foot_, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.)
+
+
+#pon, pos# = place, put.
+
+1. _ap_ position, to
+2. _com_ pose, together
+3. compos _ite_, being
+4. composit _ion_, act of
+5. compon _ent_, that which
+6. _com_ pound, together
+7. _de_ pose, down
+8. _de_ posit, down (away)
+9. deposit _ory_, place where
+10. _dis_ pose, apart
+11. _ex_ pose, out
+12. _im_ pose, upon
+13. _inter_ pose, between
+14. _im_ post, upon
+15. im post _or_, one who
+16. _op_ pose, (ob.) against
+17. oppos _ite_, being
+18. posit _ion_, state of being
+19. _pro_ pose, before
+20. _trans_ pose, across
+
+1. One word is in _apposition_ to another when it is _placed_ near
+_to_ it, by way of explanation.
+
+3. _Being_ made by _putting together_ separate parts or elements; as,
+a _composite_ flower.
+
+5. One of the several parts or elements _which_, when _placed
+together_, form the whole, is a _component_ part.
+
+6. To _compound_ is to _put_ or mix _together_ two or more elements or
+ingredients.
+
+8. To _put away_ for safe keeping; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank.
+
+10. To _dispose_ of anything is to _put_ it _apart_ from one; to get
+rid of it.
+
+11. To _place out_ where all may see; to uncover; as, to _expose_
+fraud.
+
+15. An _impostor_ is _one who puts_ burdens _on_ others; commonly
+applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving
+others.
+
+18. _Position._ The manner in which a thing is _placed_; the _state of
+being placed_.
+
+20. To _transpose_ a quantity from one side of an equation to another
+is to _place_ it _across_.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _arct_ ic, bear
+2. _aromat_ ic, spice
+3. _civ_ ic, citizen
+4. _class_ ic, first class
+5. _com_ ic, revelry
+6. _democrat_ ic, rule of the people
+7. _despot_ ic, master
+8. _domest_ ic, house
+9. _empir_ ic, experience
+10. _metr_ ic, measure
+11. _numer_ ic, number
+12. _phon_ ic, sound
+13. _prosa_ ic, prose
+14. _plast_ ic, form
+15. _graph_ ic, write
+
+1. _Arctic_ literally means _pertaining to_ the _Bear_; i. e. the
+northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence,
+pertaining to the northern polar regions.
+
+2. _Aromatic._ _Pertaining to_ an agreeable or _spicy_ odor; fragrant.
+
+3. One's _civic_ duties are those _pertaining to_ him as a _citizen_,
+in distinction from those as a soldier.
+
+4. _Classic pertains to_ what is _first class_ in literature or art,
+especially that of the Greeks and Romans.
+
+5. _Comic pertains to revelry_; to what provokes mirth; as a _comic_
+song.
+
+9. _Empiric pertains to experience_, or what is founded on experience;
+relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific
+knowledge.
+
+13. _Prosaic_ means _pertaining to prose_; especially to that which
+lacks animation or interest.
+
+14. _Plastic_ means _pertaining to_ the process of _forming_ or
+modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form.
+
+15. _Graphic_ means _pertaining to_ the art of _writing_ or drawing. A
+_graphic_ illustration is generally in the form of a drawing.
+
+
+#id# = (ness) quality, condition.
+
+1. _ac_ id, sour
+2. _flor_ id, flower
+3. _flu_ id, flow
+4. _frig_ id, cold
+5. in _sip_ id, taste
+6. in _trep_ id, tremble
+7. _luc_ id, light
+8. _morb_ id, disease
+9. _pal_(l) id, pale
+10. _splend_ id, shine
+11. _tep_ id, warm
+12. _torr_ id, parch
+13. _torp_ id, numb
+14. _viv_ id, life
+
+1. The distinguishing _quality_ of _acid_ is its _sour_ness.
+
+2. Having the _quality_ or appearance of _flowers_; specifically,
+flushed with red; as a _florid_ countenance.
+
+5. That which is _insipid_ has _not_ those _qualities_ which affect
+the _taste_; tasteless.
+
+6. An _intrepid_ person is brave and daring; he does _not tremble_
+with _fear_.
+
+13. _Torpid._ _Benumbed_; insensible; inactive; as an animal in
+hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep.
+
+
+#ity# = state or quality of being.
+
+1. _alacr_ ity, lively
+2. _brev_ ity, short
+3. _enm_ ity, enemy
+4. _fidel_ ity, faith
+5. _mortal_ ity, death
+6. _rotund_ ity, wheel
+7. _sanct_ ity, holy
+8. _seren_ ity, calm
+9. _tranquil_ (l)ity, quiet
+10. _un_ ity, one
+11. _util_ ity, use
+12. _veloc_ ity, swift
+
+5. _Mortality._ _State of being_ subject to _death_; frequency of
+death; hence the death-rate.
+
+
+#ive# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+2. _alter_ native, other
+3. _capt_ ive, take
+4. con _nect_ ive, bind
+5. ex _ecut_ ive, follow
+6. ex _plet_ ive, fill
+7. _fugit_ ive, flee
+8. in _finit_ ive, limit
+9. loco_mot_ive, move
+10. _nat_ ive, born
+11. _negat_ ive, deny
+12. _posit_ ive, place
+
+1. (_ad_, to) An _adjective_ is a word _which_ is added (_thrown_)
+_to_ a noun to qualify its meaning.
+
+2. _Alternative_ in the plural means two things of _which one_ or the
+_other_ may be taken as a choice.
+
+5. The _executive_ of a state or nation is the _one whose_ duty it is
+to _follow out_ the decrees of the law making bodies; i. e. to see
+that the laws are obeyed.
+
+6. An _expletive_ is _that_ word _which fills out_ the sentence that
+contains it; as an _expletive_ adverb.
+
+8. (_in_, not) An _infinitive_ is _that_ verb _which_ is _not limited_
+by person and number.
+
+9. (_loco_, place) A _locomotive_ is _that which_ can _move_ cars from
+_place_ to place.
+
+12. The _positive_ is _that which_ has a real standing _place_. Not
+admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated.
+
+
+#ment# = act of, that which.
+
+1. com _ple_ ment, fill
+2. _fila_ ment, thread
+3. _frag_ment, break
+4. _gar_ment, protect
+5. im_pedi_ ment, foot
+6. in_duce_ment, lead
+7. _liga_ ment, bind
+8. _monu_ ment, remind
+9. _orna_ ment, deck
+10. re_fresh_ ment, new
+
+1. _That which fills_ or _completes_.
+
+2. A _filament_ is _that which_ is _thread_like; as, the filament of
+silk, or flax.
+
+5. Literally, an _impediment_ is _that which_ entangles the _feet_;
+hence, that which hinders or interferes.
+
+10. _Refreshments_ consist of _that which_ makes one fresh or _new
+again_.
+
+
+#tang, tact, tig# = touch.
+
+1. _con_ tact, together
+2. contag_ion_, act of
+3. contag _ious_, quality of
+4. contamin _ate_, to make
+5. contigu _ity_, state of being
+6. contigu_ous_, quality of
+7. _en_ tire, not
+8. _in_ teger, not
+9. integr _al_, relating to
+10. integr _ity_, state of being
+11. tact
+12. _in_ tact, not
+13. tact _ile_, relating to
+14. tang_ent_, that which
+15. tang _ible_, capable of
+16. _in_ tangible, not
+
+1. The coming _together_ of two bodies; _touching_.
+
+2. The _act of_ communicating disease by the _touch_.
+
+3. Having the _quality of_ being imparted by _touch_; catching; as,
+_contagious_ diseases.
+
+4. To _contaminate_ is to make impure by mixture (_touching
+together_).
+
+5. _Contiguity_ is the _state of being_ within _touching_ distance.
+
+7. _Entire._ Whole or complete; _not touched_.
+
+8. An _integer_ is a complete or _not touched_ whole; a whole number.
+
+10. _State_ of _being untouched_ or unimpaired; freedom from
+corruption or impurity; as, _integrity_ of character.
+
+11. _Tact_ is skill in _touching_; nice perception or discernment in
+dealing with others.
+
+12. _Intact._ _Not touched_, especially by anything that misplaces,
+harms, or defiles.
+
+13. _Tactile._ _Relating to_ the sense of _touch_.
+
+14. A _tangent_ is a line _which touches_ a curve.
+
+15. Anything is _tangible_ when it is _capable of_ being _touched_, or
+perceived by senses.
+
+
+#tempor# = time.
+
+1. contempor _ary_, one who
+2. contemporane_ous_, quality of
+3. _ex_ tempore, out
+4. tempor _al_, relating to
+5. tempor _ary_, that which
+6. temporari _ly_, state of being
+7. tempor _ize_, do
+8. tense
+9. tempus _fugit_, flies
+
+1. (_con_, together) _One who_ lives at the same _time together_ with
+another is his _contemporary_; occurring or existing at the same time.
+
+3. _Extempore_ means, literally, _out_ of the _moment_. On the spur of
+the moment; without previous study or preparation.
+
+4. _Relating to time_ as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as,
+our _temporal_ affairs.
+
+5. _That which_ lasts for a brief _time_ only; not permanent; as, a
+_temporary_ scaffolding.
+
+7. To _temporize_ is to comply with the _time_ or occasion; to yield
+to the current of opinion or circumstances; to "_do_ as the _times_
+do".
+
+8. The modification of verbs to indicate _time_, is called _tense_.
+
+9. _Tempus fugit_ is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It
+means, literally, _time flies_.
+
+
+#ten, tent, tain# = hold.
+
+1. _abs_ tain, from
+2. _con_ tain, together
+3. _de_ tain, from
+4. detent _ion_, act of
+5. _main_ tain, hand
+6. _re_ tain, back
+7. _sus_ tain, (sub) under
+8. ten _ant_, one who
+9. tenet
+10. ten _able_, capable of
+11. ten_acious_, quality of
+12. ten_ure_, that which
+
+1. To _abstain_ from drink is to _hold from_ it, to refrain
+voluntarily.
+
+2. A vessel _contains_ a liquid when it _holds_ its particles
+_together_.
+
+3. To _detain_ the wages of a laborer is to _hold_ them _from_ him
+after they are due.
+
+5. _Maintain_ literally means to _hold_ by the _hand_; to preserve
+from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to _maintain_
+one's ground in battle.
+
+7. _Sustain._ To _hold_ up from _beneath_; to uphold; to support; to
+endure.
+
+8. A _tenant_ is _one who holds_ land under another.
+
+9. A _tenet_ is an opinion or doctrine _held_ as true.
+
+10. _Tenable._ _Capable of_ being _held_; as ground taken for
+argument.
+
+11. _Tenacious._ Having the _quality_ of _holding_ fast.
+
+12. One's _tenure_ of office is _that_ time during _which_ he _holds_
+office.
+
+
+#terr# = earth.
+
+1. _in_ ter, in
+2. inter _ment_, act of
+3. _sub_ terranean, under
+4. terr _ace_, that which
+5. terra _cotta_, baked
+6. terrestri _al_, relating to
+7. terr _ier_, that which
+8. territ _ory_, relating to
+9. _Medi_ terranean, middle
+10. Terra del _Fuego_, fire
+11. Terre _Haute_, high
+12. terra _firma_, firm
+
+1. To bury _in_ the _earth_; as a dead body.
+
+3. Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the _earth_; as
+_subterranean_ forests--buried forests.
+
+4. A _terrace_ is a long mound or raised portion of _earth_.
+
+5. _Terra cotta_ is literally _baked earth_. A species of hard pottery
+used in building; ornamentation.
+
+6. _Terrestrial._ _Relating to_ the _earth_, earthly.
+
+7. A _terrier_ is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their
+propensity to scratch the ground or _earth_ in pursuit of prey.
+
+8. _Territory._ _Relating to_ the _earth_; a large extent or tract of
+land.
+
+9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the _middle_
+of the _land_. In the middle of the ancient known world.
+
+10. Terra del _Fuego_ means literally the land of fire (_del_, of).
+
+11. _Terre Haute_ means _high land_. A city in Indiana situated on
+high land.
+
+12. _Terra firma_ is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It
+means _firm land_.
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ac# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _cardi_ ac, heart
+2. _demoni_ ac, demon
+3. _mani_ ac, mad
+4. _zodi_ ac, animal
+
+1. _Cardiac._ _Pertaining to_ or resembling the _heart_; exciting
+action in the heart.
+
+2. _Demoniac._ _Pertaining to demons_; one possessed of an evil
+spirit; a lunatic.
+
+3. _Maniac._ Raving with _madness_; crazy; insane.
+
+4. _Zodiac._ _Pertaining to_ the imaginary _animals_ figured in the
+twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun.
+
+
+#ics# = science of.
+
+1. _civ_ ics, citizen
+2. _eth_ ics, character
+3. _econom_ ics, (see below)
+4. _mechan_ ics, machine
+5. _opt_ ics, see
+6. _phys_ ics, nature
+7. _phon_ ics, sound
+8. _polit_ ics, city
+
+1. _Civics._ The _Science_ which treats of _citizen_ship.
+
+2. _Ethics._ The _science_ of right conduct--of _character_-building.
+
+3. _Economics_ literally means, the science of _managing_ the
+_household_; the science of the production and distribution of wealth,
+or the means of living well.
+
+4. _Mechanics._ The _science of machinery_, or the theory of machines.
+
+5. _Optics._ The _science_ which treats of light and _vision_, and all
+that is connected with the phenomena of sight.
+
+6. _Physics._ The _science_ which treats _of_ the forces of _nature_;
+as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity.
+
+7. _Phonics._ The _science of sound_; especially of sounds produced by
+the human voice.
+
+8. _Politics._ The _science_ which treats of the government of states
+and _cities_.
+
+
+#ism# = state of being, theory of.
+
+1. _altru_ ism, other
+2. _barbar_ ism, foreign
+3. _ego_ tism, self, I
+4. _commun_ ism, common
+5. _hero_ ism, hero
+6. _hypnot_ ism, sleep
+7. _organ_ ism, organ
+8. _sensual_ ism, sense
+
+1. _Altruism._ The _theory_ that devotion to the interests of _others_
+is the highest good.
+
+2. _Barbarism._ The _state_ of _being foreign_; rude in point of
+manners, arts and literature.
+
+3. _Egotism._ The _state of being self_-centered, self-conceited, and
+unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic.
+
+4. _Communism._ A _theory of_ government and social order according to
+which property is held in _common_, and the profits of all labor
+devoted to the general good.
+
+5. The _state of being_ a _hero_ or having heroic qualities; as, lofty
+aim, fearlessness, fortitude.
+
+6. _Hypnotism._ An artificially induced _state of sleep_, in which the
+mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction.
+
+7. _Organism._ The _state of being_ composed of different _organs_ or
+parts, working together and each necessary to the whole.
+
+8. _Sensual_ism. The _state_ which regards the gratification of the
+_senses_ as the highest good.
+
+
+#y# = state of being.
+
+1. a _path_ y, feel
+2. _anti_ pathy, against
+3. an _arch_ y, rule
+4. bi _gam_ y, marriage
+5. eu _phon_ y, sound
+6. melan _chol_ y, bile
+7. mis _anthrop_ y, mankind
+8. _phil_ anthrop y, love
+9. mono _pol_y, sell
+10. _poly_ gam y, many
+11. _sym_ path y, with
+
+1. _Apathy_ (a = without). _State of being without feeling_; lack of
+interest; mental indifference; sluggishness.
+
+2. _Antipathy._ A _state of feeling against_ or antagonistic to a
+person or thing; as, _antipathy_ to spiders.
+
+3. _Anarchy_ (an = without). _State of being without rule_; social and
+political disorder.
+
+4. _Bigamy_ (bi = two). _State of being married twice_; having two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+5. _Euphony_ (eu = well). _State of being_ agreeable in _sound_;
+_well_-sounding.
+
+6. _Melancholy_ (melan = black). _State of having black bile_; gloomy
+state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition.
+
+7. _Misanthropy_ (mis = hatred). _State of having hatred_ for
+_mankind_; ill will for people in general.
+
+9. _Monopoly_ (mono = one). _State of having_ the exclusive (_sole_)
+privilege or power to _sell_ an article at a certain place and time.
+
+11. _Sympathy._ _State of feeling with_ another (as he feels) on
+account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy.
+
+NOTE.--The suffix _y_ has the same meaning in the following words.
+They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no
+simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny,
+chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly,
+showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy.
+
+
+#chron# = time.
+
+1. chron _ic_, pertaining to
+2. chronicl _er_, one who
+3. chron _ology_, science of
+4. chrono _meter_, measure
+5. _syn_ chron ous, together
+6. ana chron _ism_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to time_; continuing a long time, as a _chronic_
+disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress.
+
+2. _Chronicler._ _One who_ records events in the order of their
+occurrence in _time_.
+
+3. _Chronology._ The _science of_ ascertaining the true historic order
+(in _time_) of past events and their exact dates.
+
+4. _Chronometer._ Any instrument for _measuring time_; as, clock,
+watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on
+vessels for determining longitude.
+
+5. _Synchronous._ Occurring _together_ in _time_; happening or
+existing at the same time.
+
+6. _Anachronism_ (ana = back). Any error in respect to dates.
+Literally, _state of being_ placed at a wrong _time_. The significance
+of _ana_ in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was,
+the referring of an event to a _time back_ of its correct date.
+
+
+#ge# = earth.
+
+1. geo _graph_ y, write
+2. geo _logy_, science of
+3. geo _metr_ y, measure
+4. Ge_orge_, (erg) work
+
+1. _Geography._ A description (_writing_) of the _earth_ and its
+inhabitants.
+
+2. _Geology._ The _science_ which treats of the structure of the
+_earth_; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys,
+mountains, etc.
+
+3. _Geometry._ That branch of mathematics which treats of the
+measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because
+one of its earliest and most important applications was to the
+_measurement_ of the _earth's_ surface.
+
+4. _George._ A tiller (_worker_) of the _earth_; a farmer.
+
+NOTE 1.--Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form
+are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize,
+geologist.
+
+NOTE 2.--_O_ is no part of the root. It is the "wedding ring" that
+ties roots of families together.
+
+
+#graph# = write.
+
+1. _auto_ graph, self
+2. _bio_ graphy, life
+3. _chiro_ graphy, hand
+4. _tri_ graph, three
+5. graph_ic_, pertaining to
+6. graphite
+7. _litho_ graph, stone
+8. _mono_ graph, single
+9. ortho _graphy_, right
+10. _para_ graph, beside
+11. _phono_ graph, sound
+12. _photo_ graphy, light
+13. _steno_ graphy, narrow
+14. _topo_ graphy, place
+
+6. _Graphite_ is a mineral used in lead pencils for _writing_.
+
+7. _Lithograph._ A _writing_ on _stone_ [Rare]. Made by printing
+(_writing_) from _stone_; as a picture.
+
+8. _Monograph._ A _written_ account or description of a _single_
+thing, or class of things.
+
+9. _Orthography._ The art of _writing_ words correctly (_right_), or
+according to standard usage.
+
+10. _Paragraph._ (See fifth month, page 29.)
+
+12. A _photograph_ is produced by the action of _light_ (_writing_, as
+it were,) upon chemically prepared paper.
+
+13. _Stenography_ is short (in a somewhat vague sense _narrow_) hand
+_writing_.
+
+14. _Topography._ A _written_ description of a particular _place_,
+town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical
+features of a locality.
+
+
+#log, logy# = speech, reason, science of.
+
+1. logic
+2. logic _ian_, one who
+3. _apo_ logy, from
+4. _chrono_ logy, time
+5. _deca_ logue, ten
+6. _dia_ logue, between
+7. _epi_logue, upon
+8. _eu_ logy, well
+9. eulog _ize_, act of
+10. _geo_ logy, earth
+11. _mono_ logue, single
+12. _myth_ ology, fable
+13. _ornith_ ology, bird
+14. _psych_ ology, soul
+15. _pro_ logue, before
+16. _theo_ logy, God
+17. _dox_ ology, praise
+18. _zoo_ logy, animal
+
+1. _Logic._ The science of _reason_.
+
+3. An _apology_ is a _speech_ in defense of what appears to others
+wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief _from_ blame.
+
+5. _Decalogue._ The _ten_ commandments (_speeches_) given to Moses on
+Mount Sinai.
+
+7. _Epilogue._ A _speech_ or poem at the end of an argument or
+address; a speech _upon_ (on top of, or in addition to) what has been
+said.
+
+14. _Psychology._ The _science_ which treats of the human _soul_ (mind
+and spirit included) and its operations.
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                             FIRST MONTH.
+
+#ad# = to, toward.
+
+(ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as _ad_. The
+consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.)
+
+1. ad _dress_, direct
+2. ad _equate_, equal
+3. ad _here_, stick
+4. adher _ent_, one who
+5. a _dieu_, God
+6. ad _ject_ ive, throw
+7. ad _journ_, day
+8. ad _mon_ ish, warning
+9. ad _apt_, fit
+10. ad _opt_, choose
+11. ad _vent_, come
+12. ad _vert_ ise, turn
+13. ag _greg_ ate, flock
+14. al _lure_, entice
+15. an _nex_, bind
+16. ap _pend_, hang
+17. af _fix_, fasten
+18. ar _rive_, bank
+19. as _sail_, leap
+20. at _tach_, fasten
+
+1. To _address_ a letter is to _direct_ it _to_ its destination.
+
+2. One is _adequate_ to a duty or occasion when _equal to_ it.
+
+3. To _adhere_ is to _stick to_; as, a stamp to an envelope.
+
+4. "Every great man has his _adherents_" (_those who stick to_ him).
+
+5. _Adieu._ A farewell; a commendation _to_ the care of _God_.
+
+6. An _adjective_ is a word added (in a sense _thrown_) _to_ a noun to
+modify its meaning.
+
+7. _Adjourn._ To put off _to_ another _day_, or indefinitely.
+
+8. To _admonish_ is to give a friendly _warning to_; to give advice.
+
+9. To _adapt_ is to _fit to_ a certain purpose.
+
+10. To _adopt_ is to _choose_ (_to_ one's self); as to _adopt_ a
+child.
+
+11. _Advent._ The second _coming_ of Christ (_to_ the earth).
+
+12. To _advertise_ goods is to cause the public to _turn_ their
+attention _to_ them.
+
+13. To _aggregate_ is to collect _into_ a _flock_; to collect into a
+mass or sum.
+
+14. To _allure_ is to attempt to _entice_ or draw (_to_) by the offer
+of some good, real or apparent.
+
+15. To _annex_ is to _bind_, join or add _to_, as a smaller thing to a
+greater.
+
+16. _Append_ means to _hang_ or attach _to_, as by a string.
+
+17. _Affix._ To _fasten to_; to add at the close or end.
+
+18. _Arrive_ literally means to come _to_ the _bank_ or shore (from
+out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or
+result.
+
+19. _Assail._ To _leap toward_; to attack with violence.
+
+20. _Attach._ To _fasten to_; to affix or connect.
+
+
+#ante# = before.
+
+1. ante _ced_ ent, go
+2. ante di _luv_ ian, wash
+3. ante _meridi_ an, midday
+4. ante pen _ult_, last
+
+1. _Antecedent._ That which _goes before_ in time.
+
+2. _Antediluvian_ (di = away) (ian = one who). _One who_ lived
+_before_ the flood (_wash away_).
+
+3. _Antemeridian._ _Before_ the _middle_ of the _day_. Generally
+abbreviated to A. M.
+
+4. _Antepenult_ (pen = almost). _Before almost_ the _last_. The last
+syllable of a word but two.
+
+
+#bi (bis)# = two (twice).
+
+1. bi _ceps_, head
+2. bi _cuspid_, point
+3. bi _cycle_, circle.
+4. bi _ennial_, year
+5. bi _gamy_, marriage
+6. bi _mana_, hand
+7. bi _nomi_al, name or term
+8. bi _ped_, foot
+9. bis _cuit_, cook
+10. bi _sect_, cut
+11. bi _valve_, door
+12. ba _lance_, plate
+
+1. The _biceps_ is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called
+because it has _two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. The _bicuspid_ teeth have _two points_.
+
+3. A _bicycle_ has _two_ wheels or _circles_.
+
+4. _Biennial_ means lasting _two years_ or occurring once in two
+years.
+
+5. A _bigamist_ is one who has been _married twice_, and who has two
+wives or two husbands at the same time.
+
+6. The _bimana_ are animals having _two hands_; as man.
+
+7. A _binomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _two terms_.
+
+8. A _biped_ is an animal having but _two feet_; as man.
+
+9. _Biscuit_ were so called because formerly baked or _cooked twice_.
+
+10. To _bisect_ a line is to _cut_ it into _two_ equal parts.
+
+11. _Bivalve._ Having _two doors_; as the clam. (Each side or shell is
+comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.)
+
+12. _Balances_ are so called because they consist of _two plates_ or
+pans suspended from the balance beam.
+
+
+#con (col com cor)# = with, together.
+
+1. col _lapse_, slip, fall
+2. col _lect_, choose, gather
+3. col _lide_, strike
+4. col _loquy_, talk
+5. com _mingle_, mix
+6. com _miser_ate, pity
+7. com _motion_, move
+8. com _mute_, change
+9. com _pany_, bread
+10. com _posit_ion, put
+11. com _peer_ (_par_), equal
+12. con _cur_, run
+13. con _fide_, faith
+14. con _cord_, heart
+15. con _flict_, strike
+16. con _greg_ate, flock
+17. con _tact_, touch
+18. cor _robor_ ate, strength
+
+1. A building _collapses_ when its sides _fall together_; when it
+tumbles down.
+
+2. To _collect_ botanical specimens is to _gather_ them _together_.
+
+3. Two objects _collide_ when they _strike together_.
+
+4. A _colloquy_ is a _talking together_ of two or more people.
+
+5. _Commingle_ means to _mix together_; as people in society.
+
+6. _Commiserate._ To feel sorrow, pain or _pity_ (_with_ another).
+
+7. A _commotion_ is a _moving together_; a tumult.
+
+8. _Commute._ To _change_ one thing (_with_) for another; to exchange.
+To substitute a less thing for a greater.
+
+9. _Company_ formerly meant an assembly of people eating _bread
+together_.
+
+10. _Composition._ The act of _putting_ parts _together_ to produce a
+harmonious whole.
+
+11. One's _compeer_ is the _equal with_ himself in rank, age, prowess,
+etc.
+
+12. Two people _concur_ in regard to a matter when their minds _run
+together_; when they agree.
+
+13. To _confide_ in one is to have _faith_ in him; to intrust secrets
+_with_ him.
+
+14. _Concord_ means literally _heart with_ heart; agreement; harmony.
+
+15. _Conflict._ A _striking together_; hostile contest.
+
+16. To _congregate_ means to _flock_ or assemble _together_.
+
+17. _Contact._ A _touching together_; a close union of bodies.
+
+18. _Corroborate._ To _strengthen_; to make more certain; to confirm.
+Two statements _corroborate_ when one agrees _with_ the other; each
+thus _strengthens_ the other.
+
+
+#de# = down, from.
+
+1. de _capi_ tate, head
+2. de _cid_ uous, fall
+3. de _fine_, end, limit
+4. de _grade_, step, degree
+5. de _ject_ ed, cast
+6. de _pose_, place put
+7. de _preci_ ate, price
+8. de _scend_, climb
+9. de _spic_ able, look
+10. de _tract_, draw
+
+1. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body; to behead.
+
+2. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ (_down_) once a year.
+
+3. _Define._ To put _down_, or mark out the bounds or _limit_; to
+fence _from_; to determine the precise meaning; to describe
+accurately.
+
+4. _Degrade._ To reduce from a higher (_down_) to a lower rank or
+_degree_.
+
+5. _Dejected._ _Cast down_ in spirit; discouraged.
+
+6. _Depose._ To _put down_; especially to remove from a throne or high
+station.
+
+7. _Depreciate._ To put _down_ the _price_; to reduce the value of.
+
+8. _Descend._ To _climb down_.
+
+9. _Despicable._ Deserving to be _looked down_ upon; low, mean,
+contemptible.
+
+10. _Detract._ To _draw from_; to take away; as, to take credit or
+reputation from.
+
+
+#capt (caput)# = head.
+
+1. _bi_ ceps, two
+2. capit _al_, pertaining to
+3. capt _ain_, one who
+4. capit ul _ate_, act of
+5. _de_ capitate, from
+6. cab(b) _age_, that which
+7. _per_ capita, by
+8. cap.
+9. cape
+
+1. _Biceps._ A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has
+_two heads_ or origins.
+
+2. _Pertaining to_ the _head_; chief; principal; as the _capital_
+city.
+
+3. _One who_ is at the _head_; a leader; as the _captain_ of a vessel,
+or a company of soldiers.
+
+4. _Capitulate._ To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to
+draw up items under _heads_ or chapters.
+
+5. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body.
+
+6. _Cabbage._ A vegetable _which_ has a _head_.
+
+7. _By_ the _head_; as a _per capita_ tax.
+
+8. A _cap_ is a covering for the _head_.
+
+9. A _cape_ is a _head_ of land.
+
+
+#cede, ced, cess# = go, yield.
+
+1. _ac_cede, to
+2. _ante_cedent, before
+3. _ex_ceed, out, beyond
+4. _inter_cede, between
+5. _pre_cede, before
+6. _pro_ceed, forward
+7. _re_cede, back
+8. _se_cede, aside
+9. _suc_ceed, (sub) after, under
+10. access
+11. an (te) cestor
+12. excess
+13. intercessor
+14. predecessor
+15. process
+16. recess
+17. secession
+18. successor
+
+1. _Accede._ To _yield to_; to agree; consent, concur; go to.
+
+2. The _antecedent_ of a pronoun is the noun which _goes before_ it,
+and for which the pronoun stands.
+
+3. _Exceed._ To _go beyond_ what is needed or expected.
+
+4. To _go between_ two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with
+the person who has some advantage over the other.
+
+5. _Precede._ To _go before_ in order of time.
+
+6. To _go_ on or _forward_; as _proceed_ with your work.
+
+7. _Recede._ To _go back_ from a given position.
+
+8. To _go aside_; to separate; as to _secede_ from the church.
+
+9. To _go_ or follow _after_ in order of time; as, one shock
+_succeeded_ another with great rapidity.
+
+NOTE 1.--The principal parts of the Latin verb are _cedo_, _cedere_,
+_cessi_, _cessum_. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are
+kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9.
+
+NOTE 2.--Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled
+_ceed_, in the others _cede_.
+
+
+#cent#--hundred.
+
+1. cent _enni_ al, year
+2. centi _grade_, step, degree
+3. centi _meter_, measure
+4. centi _ped_, foot
+5. _per_ cent, by
+
+1. Happening once in a _hundred years_. The _Centennial_ Exposition
+was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing
+of the Declaration of Independence.
+
+2. Divided into one _hundred degrees_. On the _centigrade_ thermometer
+there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the
+boiling point.
+
+3. _Centimeter._ The _hundredth_ part of a meter (standard of
+_measure_).
+
+4. _Centiped._ A segmented invertebrate animal of the class nyrapod
+(Greek for _many feet_), so called because it has a great many
+(indefinitely one _hundred_) _feet_.
+
+5. _By_ the _hundred_; as, six _per cent_; that is, six cents on the
+dollar.
+
+
+#civ# = citizen.
+
+1. _civ_ic, pertaining to
+2. civ _il_, quality of
+3. civil _ize_, to make
+4. civil _ian_, one who
+
+1. _Civic._ _Pertaining to_ a _citizen_, or the affairs of a city.
+
+2. _Civil._ Fit to live in a state or society with _citizens_.
+
+3. _Civilize._ To _make civil_. To instruct in the arts and customs of
+_citizen_ship.
+
+4. A _civilian_ is _one whose_ pursuits are those of a _citizen_ and
+not of a _soldier_.
+
+
+                             SECOND MONTH.
+
+#ex# = out, beyond, from.
+
+(_e_, _ec_, and _ef_, are euphonic variations of _ex_.)
+
+1. ex _ceed_, go
+2. ex _cept_, take
+3. ex _clude_, shut
+4. ex _curs_ion, run
+5. ex _cuse_, charge
+6. ex _hale_, breathe
+7. ex _it_, go
+8. ex _pand_, spread
+9. ex _pect_, look
+10. ex _ped_ ite, foot
+11. ex _pel_, drive
+12. ex _pire_, breathe
+13. ex _port_, carry
+14. ex _tent_, stretch
+15. ex _tract_, draw
+
+5. To _excuse_ is to relieve (take _out_) from the _charge_ of blame.
+
+10. To _expedite_ is to hurry forward; especially by removing
+hinderances (as _from_ the _feet_).
+
+
+#in (il, im, ir)# = in, into, on, not.
+
+1. il _leg_ al, law
+2. il _liter_ ate, letter
+3. im _bibe_, drink
+4. im _mature_, ripe
+5. im _mense_, measure
+6. im _merse_, plunge
+7. im _mort_ al, death
+8. im _mut_ able, change
+9. im _pel_, drive
+10. im per _vi_ ous, way
+11. im _pious_, reverent
+12. im _port_, carry
+13. im _pose_, put
+14. im _pulse_, drive
+15. im _pun_ ity, punish
+16. in _carn_ ate, flesh
+17. in _clem_ ent, mild
+18. in _cognito_, known
+19. in _clude_, shut
+20. in _crease_, grow
+21. in _cred_ ible, believe
+22. in _cur_, run
+23. in _dorse_, back
+24. in _duce_, lead
+25. in _del_ ible, rub out
+26. in _dent_, tooth
+27. in _evit_ able, avoid
+28. in _fid_el, faithful
+29. in _fant_, speak
+30. in _grate_, thankful
+31. in _hale_, breathe
+32. in _ject_, throw
+33. in _nate_, born
+34. in _nov_ ate, new
+35. in _sect_, cut
+30. in _spect_, look
+37. in _toxic_ ate, poison
+38. in _trude_, thrust
+39. in _vade_, go
+40. in _vert_, turn
+
+NOTE.--In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the
+prefix from the four given above (_in_, _into_, _on_, _not_) which is
+most suitable; thus: _imbibe_ means to drink _in_; immature, _not_
+ripe; immerse, to plunge _into_; indorse, to write _on_ the back of.
+
+2. An _illiterate_ person is one _not_ familiar with _letters_; one
+who has little or no learning.
+
+5. Literally, anything is _immense_ when it can _not_ be _measured_;
+of vast extent.
+
+7. _Immortal._ _Not_ liable to _death_.
+
+10. Having _no way through_ (per = through); as, cloth which is
+_impervious_ to water; waterproof.
+
+14. An _impulse_ is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to
+_drive_ one _on_ to say or do something.
+
+15. _Not_ liable to _punishment_; freedom from the bad consequences
+which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with
+_impunity_.
+
+16. _In_ the _flesh_; as Christ was the _incarnate_ Son of God.
+
+17. _Not mild_, but harsh and severe; as _inclement_ weather.
+
+18. _Not known_; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman
+traveling _incognito_.
+
+21. A story is _incredible_ when it is _not_ capable of being
+_believed_; unworthy of belief.
+
+26. _Indent._ To cut _into_ points like a row of _teeth_.
+
+29. _Infant._ A young babe (_not_ yet able to _speak_).
+
+35. _Insect._ A small animal apparently _cut into_ segments.
+
+40. _Invert._ To _turn_ the outside _in_; to place in a contrary way.
+
+
+#ob# = against, in the way of.
+
+(_oc_, _of_, _op_, are euphonic variations of _ob_.)
+
+1. ob _ject_, throw
+2. ob _loqu_ y, speak
+3. ob _sta_ cle, stand
+4. ob _struct_, build
+5. ob _trude_, thrust
+6. oc _cupy_, hold
+7. of _fend_, strike
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+
+1. An _objection_ to a proposition is an opinion _thrown against_ or
+in opposition to it.
+
+2. _Obloquy._ A _speaking against_; language that casts contempt on
+men and their actions.
+
+6. To take and _hold_ (_against_ the possession of another); as to
+preempt and _occupy_ a homestead.
+
+
+#post# = after, behind.
+
+1. post _date_, date 2. post _pone_, place 3. post _script_, write 4.
+post _meridian_, midday 5. post _mortem_, death 6. _pre_ poster ous,
+before
+
+6. _Preposterous_ originally meant, having that _first_ which ought to
+be _last_; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present
+day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd.
+
+
+#curr, curs# = run.
+
+1. couri _er_, one who
+2. _con_ cur, together
+3. _con_ course, together
+4. curs _ory_, ing
+5. course
+6. _ex_ curs ion, out
+7. _in_ cur, into
+8. _inter_ course, between
+9. _pre_ curs or, before
+10. _re_ course, back
+
+1. A _courier_ is _one who runs_, or goes hastily with a message.
+
+2. The opinions of people _concur_ when they agree, or _run together_.
+
+3. A _concourse_ is an assemblage of people who have come (or _run_)
+_together_.
+
+4. A _cursory_ glance is a hasty, and hence, a _running_ glance.
+
+5. A race _course_ is a place for _running_.
+
+7. To _incur_ a debt is to _run into_ it.
+
+10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words
+"without _recourse_", says in effect, "You can't _run back_ on me for
+payment".
+
+
+#dent# = tooth.
+
+1. dent
+2. dent _al_, pertaining to
+3. dent _ate_, shaped like
+4. dent _ist_, one who
+5. _e_ dent ate, without
+6. dan _de lion_, of lion
+
+1. A _dent_ is an impression like that made by a _tooth_.
+
+5. _Edentate_ animals, such as the sloth, are _without teeth_, or at
+least are without the incisors.
+
+6. The _dandelion_ has yellow compound flowers which resemble the
+_tooth of_ the _lion_.
+
+
+#dict# = speak, say, tell.
+
+1. _bene_ dict ion, well
+2. _contra_ dict, against
+3. diction _ary_, that which
+4. dict _ate_, act of
+5. _e_ dict, out
+6. _pre_ dict, before
+7. _ver_ dict, truth
+8. _male_ dict ion, bad
+
+1. A _benediction_ is a blessing (a _speech_ to the effect that it may
+be _well_ with thee).
+
+3. A _dictionary_ is a book in _which_ we may learn about words, the
+elements of _speech_.
+
+4. To _dictate_ is to _speak_ or _say_ what another shall _write_ or
+do.
+
+7. The _verdict_ of a jury is what they _say_ to be the _truth_ in the
+case.
+
+
+#doc, doct# = teach.
+
+1. doc _ile_, capable of
+2. doct _or_, one who
+3. doct _rine_, that which
+4. docu _ment_, that which
+
+1. _Docile._ Capable of being easily _taught_.
+
+2. A _doctor_ is _one who_, by virtue of his master's degree, is
+qualified to _teach_.
+
+3. Doctrine is _that which_ is _taught_; a principle taught as a part
+of a system of belief.
+
+4. A _document_ is _that which teaches_ by means of the evidence it
+gives.
+
+
+
+
+                             THIRD MONTH.
+
+
+#pro# = for, forth, forward, before.
+
+1. pro _bat_ ion, try, prove
+2. pro _bosc_ is, feed
+3. pro _crastin_ ate, tomorrow
+4. pro _duce_, lead
+5. pro (f) _fer_, bear, bring
+6. pro _fuse_, pour
+7. pro _gnostic_ ate, know
+8. pro _gram_, write
+9. pro _gress_, step
+10. pro _ject_, cast
+11. pro _logue_, speech
+12. pro _mise_, send
+13. pro _mote_, move
+14. pro _noun_, noun
+15. pro _pel_, drive
+16. pro _pose_, put
+17. pro _spect_, look
+18. pro _trude_, thrust
+19. pro _vide_, see
+20. pro _voke_, call
+
+1. One who joins a church on _probation_ is given a _trial_ to _prove_
+his worthiness _before_ being fully admitted.
+
+2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the _forward_
+portion) of the animal with which he _feeds_.
+
+3. To put _forward_ till _tomorrow_, or to put off from time to time.
+"Procrastination is the thief of time."
+
+6. A _profuse_ speaker _pours forth_ ideas freely.
+
+12. One's _promise_ is his word, spoken or written, _sent forth_ as
+evidence of something more substantial to follow.
+
+16. When a young man _proposes_ he _puts_ the question _before_ his
+lady.
+
+19. A good _provider sees_ necessities _before_hand and prepares to
+meet them.
+
+20. To _provoke_ laughter is to _call_ it _forth_.
+
+
+#retro# = backward.
+
+1. retro _grade_, step
+2. retro _spect_, look
+
+
+#se (sed)# = aside.
+
+1. se _cede_, go
+2. se _clude_, shut
+3. se _cure_, care
+4. se _duce_, lead
+5. se _greg_ ate, flock
+6. se _lect_, gather
+
+3. _Secure._ Free (_aside_) from _care_, as to danger or risk; as,
+_secure_ from attack, or _secure_ against loss by fire.
+
+4. _Seduce._ To _lead_ or draw _aside_; especially from a path of
+rectitude. To lead into evil.
+
+5. _Segregate._ To place or group (_flock_) _aside_ from others or the
+rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class.
+
+
+#sub# = under, after, near.
+
+(_suc_, _suf_, _sug_, _sup_, _sur_, are euphonic variations of _sub_.)
+
+1. sub _due_ lead
+2. sub _jug_ ate, yoke
+3. sub _lunar_, moon
+4. sub _merge_, plunge
+5. sub _ordin_ ate, rank
+6. sub _poena_, penalty
+7. sub _scribe_, write
+8. sub _side_, sit
+9. sub _soil_, ground
+10. sub _stance_, stand
+11. sub _terr_ anean, earth
+12. sub _trahe_ nd, draw
+13. sub _urbs_, city
+14. sub _way_, way
+15. suc _cess_ or, go
+16. suc _cumb_, lie
+17. suf _fer_, bear
+18. suf _fix_, fasten
+19. suf _focate_, throat
+20. sup _port_, carry
+
+1. _Subdue._ To _lead_ or bring _under_ authority; to conquer.
+
+2. _Subjugate._ To bring _under_ the _yoke_ of power or dominion.
+
+3. _Sublunar._ Situated _under_neath the _moon_; hence earthly.
+
+6. _Subpoena._ A writ commanding attendance _under penalty_.
+
+7. _Subscribe._ To bind one's self to, by _writing_ one's name
+_under_neath; as to _subscribe_ to the terms of a contract.
+
+8. _Subside._ To _sit_ (or settle) _under_ (down).
+
+10. _Substance._ That which underlies (_stands under_) all outward
+manifestation.
+
+11. _Subterranean._ Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the
+_earth_.
+
+12. The _subtrahend_ is placed _under_ the minuend to be _drawn_ from
+it.
+
+13. _Suburb._ A town or village so _near_ to a _city_ that it may be
+used for residence by those doing business in the city.
+
+15. _One who goes_ or follows _after_; as, a _successor_ in office.
+
+16. _Succumb._ To _lie under_ discouragement, rather than to surmount
+it.
+
+19. Certain fumes or vapors _under_ the mouth (or _throat_), will
+_suffocate_ one.
+
+20. _Support._ To _carry_ on; keep up; as to _support_ a conversation;
+to _support_ a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up
+from beneath (_under_).
+
+
+#trans# = across, over, through.
+
+1. trans _act_, drive
+2. trans _alpine_, Alps
+3. trans _atlantic_, Atlantic
+4. tran _scend_, climb
+5. tran _scribe_, write
+6. trans _fer_, carry
+7. trans _form_, shape
+8. trans _fuse_, pour
+9. trans _gress_, step
+10. trans _it_, go
+11. trans _late_, carry
+12. trans _lucent_, shining
+13. trans _marine_, sea
+14. trans _migration_, moving
+15. trans _mit_, send
+16. trans _mute_, change
+17. trans _parent_, appear
+18. trans _port_, carry
+19. trans _pose_, put
+20. trans _verse_, turn
+
+The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent
+as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence.
+
+
+#fin# = end, limit.
+
+1. _Final._ _Pertaining to_ the _end_; the last.
+
+2. _Finale._ The _end_ of a musical composition.
+
+3. _Finish._ To _make_ an _end_ of.
+
+4. _Fine._ Well _finished_. Also, a penalty assessed at the _end_ of
+the case.
+
+5. _Refine._ Finished over (or _again_).
+
+6. _Finite._ Having a _limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+7. _Infinite._ Having _no limit_ in power or knowledge.
+
+8. _Confine._ To keep _within limits_ or bounds.
+
+9. _Superfine._ _Over_ or extra finish.
+
+
+#firm# = strong, steadfast.
+
+1. _in_firm, not
+2. infirm _ity_, that which
+3. infirm _ary_, place where
+4. _con_ firm, with
+5. farm
+
+1. _Infirm._ _Not strong_, but weak and defective.
+
+2. _Infirmity._ _That_ with _which_ one is afflicted or infirm.
+
+4. The testimony of one witness is made _stronger_ when that of
+another witness agrees _with_ or _confirms_ it.
+
+5. A _farm_ is a substantial possession, _steadfast_ and immovable.
+
+
+#flex, flect# = bend, turn.
+
+1. flex _ible_, capable of
+2. _in_ flexible, not
+3. flexibil _ity_, quality
+4. flect _or_, that which
+5. _circum_ flex, around
+6. _de_ flect, from
+7. _re_ flection, back
+8. _re_ flex, back
+
+4. _That which bends_; as, the biceps muscle is the _flector_ which
+_bends_ the arm.
+
+5. A _circumflex_ is a _bending around_ of the voice,--a rise and a
+fall on the same syllable.
+
+7. _Reflection._ A _turning_ of the thoughts _back_ to things of the
+past.
+
+8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and _turned back_ without
+their reaching the brain results in _reflex_ action.
+
+
+#flu# = flow.
+
+1. flu _ent_, characteristic of
+2. _af_ fluence, (ad) to
+3. _con_ fluence, together
+4. _in_ fluence, in
+5. influenz _a_
+6. _in_ flux, in
+7. _super_ fluous, over
+8. fluid
+9. flush
+
+1. A _fluent_ speaker uses smooth and _flowing_ language.
+
+2. People of _affluence_ have wealth _flowing to_ them.
+
+3. The _confluence_ of two streams is their _flowing together_.
+
+4. _Influence_ literally means _flowing in_. The bringing about a
+result by a gradual process; gradual because _flowing_.
+
+5. _Influenza._ A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly
+attributed to the _influence_ of the stars.
+
+8. A _fluid_ is so called because it is capable of _flowing_.
+
+9. _Flush._ To _flow_ swiftly.
+
+
+                             FOURTH MONTH.
+
+#vice# = instead of.
+
+1. vice president
+2. vice admiral
+3. vice _roy_, king
+4. vic _ar_, one who
+5. vice _versa_, turn
+
+3. _Viceroy._ A ruler acting with kingly authority _instead of_ the
+_king_.
+
+4. _Vicar._ In general, _one who_ is authorized to perform functions,
+especially religious ones, _instead of_ another.
+
+5. _Vice versa._ _Turned_, one _instead of_ the other, interchanged.
+
+
+#a (an)# = without, not.
+
+1. a _byss_, bottom
+2. a _cephal_ ous, head
+3. a _chrom_ atic, color
+4. a _gnostic_ ism, knowledge
+5. an _archy_, rule
+6. an _ecdote_, given out
+7. an _esthetic_, feeling
+8. an _onym_ ous, name
+9. a _pathy_, suffer, feel
+10. a _sylum_, right of seizure
+11. a _the_ ist, God
+12. a _tom_, cut
+
+4. _Agnosticism._ The doctrine or theory that man has _not_ any real
+or absolute _knowledge_ of anything, but can know only "impressions".
+
+5. _Anarchy._ A state of society in which there is _no_ authority or
+_ruling_ power.
+
+6. _Anecdote_ [ec (ex) = out]. Originally a personal or biographical
+incident _not given out_ for publication.
+
+7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an
+_anesthetic_ is _without_ the _feeling_ of pain.
+
+10. _Asylum._ Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors
+were free from (_without_) the _right of seizure_.
+
+11. _Atheist._ _One who_ is _without_ belief in the existence of a
+_God_.
+
+12. _Atom._ The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which
+_cannot_ be further _cut_ or divided.
+
+
+#auto# = self.
+
+1. auto _crat_, rule
+2. auto _graph_, write
+3. auto _bio_ graphy, life
+4. auto _maton_, strive
+5. auto _mobile_, move
+6. aut _ops_ y, see
+
+1. _Autocrat._ An absolute sovereign, one who has the _ruling_ power
+all in him_self_.
+
+3. _Autobiography._ A _writing_ of one's _life_ by him_self_.
+
+4. _Automaton._ A _self_ acting (_striving_) machine; one having its
+motive power within itself.
+
+6. _Autopsy._ _Seeing_ by one's _self_; personal observation or
+examination.
+
+
+#epi# = upon.
+
+1. epi _cycle_, circle
+2. epi _demic_, people
+3. epi _dermis_, skin
+4. epi _gram_, write
+5. epi _sode_, way
+6. epi _taph_, tomb
+7. epi _thet_, place
+8. epi _zooetic_, animal
+
+1. _Epicycle._ A circle whose center moves around _upon_, or in, the
+circumference of another _circle_; as the orbit of the moon in its
+motion with the earth around the sun.
+
+4. _Epigram._ Literally, to _write upon_. A short, pointed poem, or a
+bright thought concisely and sharply expressed.
+
+5. _Episode._ Something which happens _upon_ the _way_, or comes in
+incidentally to the main enterprise.
+
+7. _Epithet._ An adjective or term _placed upon_ a person or thing and
+expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or
+thing.
+
+8. _Epizooetic._ A disease _upon_ many _animals_ in a community.
+
+
+#micro# = little.
+
+micro _be_, life; micro _cosm_, world; micro _scope_, see, view.
+
+
+#grat (grac)# = pleasing, favor, thankful.
+
+1. grati _tude_, ness
+2. grate _ful_, full of
+3. grati _fy_, make
+4. _in_ grati ate, into
+5. _in_ grate, not
+6. _un_ grateful, not
+7. _dis_ grace, from
+8. grac _ious_, having
+9. _a_ gree, (ad) according to
+10. gratis
+11. grace
+
+4. To become _ingratiated_ with another is to get _into_ his _favor_.
+"The pigmy had contrived to _ingratiate_ himself into every man's
+affection."--_Stanley._
+
+5. An _ingrate_ is _not thankful_ for benefits received.
+
+7. One in _disgrace_ is out of (away _from_) _favor_ with others.
+
+9. An _agreement_ is entered into _according to_ the _pleasure_ of
+both parties.
+
+10. _Gratis._ Out of, or because of, _favor_; without recompense.
+
+11. _Grace._ Literally, _pleasing_; beloved.
+
+
+#greg# = flock, herd.
+
+1. _ag_ gregate, (ad) to
+2. _con_ gregate, together
+3. gregari _ous_, quality
+4. _se_ gregate, aside
+
+3. _Gregarious._ _Quality_ or characteristic of animals which tend to
+gather in _flocks_; as, sheep, geese, deer.
+
+4. _Segregate._ To separate (_aside_) from others and form into an
+isolated group (_flock_).
+
+
+#ject# = cast, throw.
+
+1. _ab_ ject, away
+2. _de_ jected, down
+3. _e_ ject, out
+4. _in_ ject, in
+5. _ob_ ject, against
+6. _pro_ ject, forth
+7. _re_ ject, back
+8. _ad_ jective, to
+9. _inter_ jection, between
+10. _sub_ ject, under
+
+
+#leg# = law.
+
+1. leg _al_, pertaining to
+2. _il_ legal, not
+3. legal _ity_, state of
+4. legal _ize_, make
+5. legis _late_, bring forth
+6. _privi_ lege, private
+
+6. A _private law_, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by
+others or by all, is a _privilege_.
+
+
+                             FIFTH MONTH.
+
+#aceous# = having the quality of.
+
+[In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix
+with the meaning of the root; thus, _cretaceous_ means having the
+quality of _chalk_.]
+
+1. _creta_ ceous, chalk
+2. _crust_ aceous, shell
+3. _carbon_ aceous, coal
+4. _farin_ aceous, grain
+5. _herb_ aceous, herb
+6. _sapon_ aceous, soap
+
+
+#al# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _capit_ al, head
+2. _corpor_ al, body
+3. _cymb_ al, cup
+4. _dent_ al, tooth
+5. _di_ al, day
+6. _fest_ al, feast
+7. _fili_ al, son, daughter
+8. _fin_ al, end
+9. _flor_ al, flower
+10. _frug_ al, fruit
+11. _jovi_ al, merry
+12. _leg_ al, law
+13. _miner_ al, mine
+14. _nas_ al, nose
+15. _nat_ al, born
+16. _nomin_ al, name
+17. _norm_ al, rule
+18. _pen_ al, punishment
+19. _plur_ al, more
+20. _reg_ al, king
+21. _roy_ al, king
+22. _rur_ al, country
+23. _vit_ al, life
+24. _voc_ al, voice
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the _head_, as, _capital_ punishment, which
+involves the forfeiture of the _head_.
+
+10. A _frugal_ person is economical with his means, hence _fruitful_
+in saving.
+
+16. _Pertaining to_ the _name_ only, not real; as, a _nominal_
+Christian.
+
+17. _Pertaining to_ the standard or _rule_; as, the _normal_ color of
+the crow is black.
+
+
+#ence#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. abs _tin_ ence, hold
+2. af _flu_ ence, flow
+3. bene _vol_ ence, wish
+4. con _dol_ ence, grief
+5. con _fid_ ence, faith
+6. de _pend_ ence, hang
+7. im _pot_ ence, power
+8. _omni_ pot ence, all
+9. re _tic_ ence, silent
+10. _sequ_ ence, follow
+
+1. _State of holding from_ something which tempts and entices; as,
+_abstinence_ from strong drink.
+
+2. (See third month, page 63.)
+
+3. _State of being_ actively desirous (_wishing_) for the _well_-being
+of others. "The laws of social _benevolence_ require that every man
+should try to assist others by his experience."
+
+4. _Condolence._ _State of being_ in _grief_ or sympathy _with_ others
+on account of their afflictions.
+
+5. _Confidence._ _State of being_ confident (of having _faith_ in
+others or in one's self).
+
+6. _Dependence._ _State of being_ dependent (of _hanging_ [relying] on
+others for support).
+
+7. _Impotence._ _State of being_ impotent (of having no _power_; weak;
+feeble).
+
+8. _Omnipotence._ _State of being all powerful._
+
+9. _Reticence_. _State_ or quality _of being silent_; refraining from
+speech.
+
+10. _Sequence._ _State of being_ sequent (_following_); order of
+following.
+
+
+#ance#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_.
+
+1. con _cord_ ance, heart
+2. con _son_ ance, sound
+3. dis _cord_ ance, heart
+4. dis _son_ ance, sound
+5. _domin_ ance, master
+6. ex _pect_ ance, look
+7. _fragr_ ance, scent
+8. re _pugn_ ance, fist
+9. _sembl_ ance, similar
+10. _temper_ ance, time
+
+1. _Concordance._ _State of being heart with heart_; harmony;
+agreement.
+
+2. _Consonance._ _State of_ agreement of _sound with sound_; tones in
+unison.
+
+8. _Repugnance._ Literally, the _state of being_ disposed to fight
+(strike) _back_ (with the _fist_) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion;
+dislike.
+
+10. _Temperance._ _State of being_ well _timed_ (regular in habits) in
+eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc.
+
+
+#ent# = one who, that which.
+
+1. ad _her_ ent, stick
+2. ante _ced_ ent, go
+3. _belliger_ ent, wage war
+4. de _pend_ ent, hang
+5. equi _val_ ent, power
+6. in _solv_ ent, loosen
+7. pre _ced_ ent, go
+8. op _pon_ ent, place
+9. re _pell_ ent, drive
+10. _tang_ ent, touch
+
+NOTE.--The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given.
+Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words
+when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which
+can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work
+of seventh year, sixth month, page 35.
+
+
+#ment# = mind.
+
+1. mental
+2. comments
+3. mention
+4. memento
+5. demented
+
+1. One's _mental_ powers are the powers of his _mind_, including
+intellect, feeling, and will.
+
+2. One's _comments_ on a topic generally reveal to some degree the
+state of his _mind_ in regard to it.
+
+3. The _mention_ of a thing calls it to _mind_.
+
+4. A _memento_ is a _reminder_.
+
+5. A _demented_ person has the powers of his _mind_ impaired.
+
+
+#mit, mitt# = send, let go.
+
+1. _ad_ mit, to
+2. _com_ mit, with
+3. _e_ mit, out
+4. _o_ mit, (ob) by
+5. _per_ mit, through
+6. _re_ mit, back
+7. _sub_ mit, under
+8. _trans_ mit, across
+
+1. A ticket will _admit_ you (_let_ you _go_) to the entertainment.
+
+2. To place in custody; to entrust _with_; as to _commit_ a fund to
+the care of trustees; to _commit_ (_send_) a prisoner to jail.
+
+3. To _send_ or give _out_; as, the fountain _emits_ water.
+
+4. To _let go by_; to neglect; to overlook; as, to _omit_ a fact.
+
+5. A _permit_ will _let_ you _go through_ the factory.
+
+6. To _remit_ is to _send_ (_back_) value for value received.
+
+7. To give up or _let_ one's self _go under_ the government of
+another; to yield, or surrender. "Do not _submit_ yourself to insult."
+
+8. To _send_ (_across_) from one to another; as, to _transmit_ a
+message.
+
+
+#norm# = rule.
+
+1. norm _al_, pertaining to
+2. _ab_ normal, from
+3. _e_ normous, out
+4. enorm _ity_, state of
+
+1. _Pertaining to_ the usual _rule_ or type; as, his pulse is
+_normal_.
+
+2. Deviating _from_ the natural condition, course, or _rule_; as, an
+_abnormal_ appetite.
+
+3. _Out_ of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual _rule_; as the
+death rate was _enormous_.
+
+4. The _state_ or quality _of_ being enormous; especially the quality
+of being extremely bad; as, the _enormity_ of his crime.
+
+
+#pater# = father.
+
+1. patern _al_, pertaining to
+2. patri _arch_, rule
+3. patron _ize_, act of
+4. patri _cide_, kill
+5. patri _ot_, one who
+6. patrimony
+
+1. Pertaining to a _father_; fatherly; as, _paternal_ love.
+
+2. _Patriarch._ One of the _fathers_ and _rulers_ of a tribe or race;
+particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind.
+
+3. _Patronize._ To _act_ like a patron, or one who protects, fosters,
+or supports some enterprise, as a _father_ looks after those under his
+care.
+
+4. _Patricide._ The _killing_ of a _father_.
+
+5. _Patriot._ _One who_ loves and supports the institutions of his
+country somewhat as a _father_ cares for the interests of his family.
+
+6. _Patrimony._ An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's
+_father_.
+
+
+                             SIXTH MONTH.
+
+#fy# = to make.
+
+1. _ampli_ fy, large
+2. _certi_ fy, certain
+3. _clari_ fy, clear
+4. _dei_ fy, god
+5. _exempli_ fy, example
+6. _falsi_ fy, false
+7. _forti_ fy, strong
+8. _horri_ fy, horror
+9. _identi_ fy, the same
+10. _justi_ fy, right
+11. _lique_ fy, liquid
+12. _magni_ fy, large
+13. _puri_ fy, pure
+14. _rare_ fy, rare
+15. _recti_ fy, right
+16. _terri_ fy, frighten
+17. _testi_ fy, witness
+18. _typi_ fy, type
+19. _veri_ fy, true
+20. _vivi_ fy, life
+
+
+#ile# = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like.
+
+1. _ag_ ile, act
+2. _duct_ ile, draw
+3. _frag_ ile, break
+4. _fert_ ile, bear
+5. _host_ ile, enemy
+6. _juven_ ile, young
+7. _puer_ ile, child
+8. _serv_ ile, serve
+9. _vers_ atile, turn
+10. _vir_ ile, man
+
+2. A _ductile_ substance is one which is _capable of_ being _drawn_
+into wire.
+
+9. A _versatile_ person is _capable of turning_ readily from one thing
+to another; manysided.
+
+
+#ine# = belonging to, like.
+
+1. _aquil_ ine, eagle
+2. _bov_ ine, cow
+3. _can_ ine, dog
+4. _dent_ ine, tooth
+5. _div_ ine, deity
+6. _fel_ ine, cat
+7. _femin_ ine, woman
+8. _mar_ ine, sea
+9. _mascul_ ine, male
+10. _sal_ ine, salt
+
+1. An _aquiline_ nose is one hooked like the beak which _belongs_ to
+an _eagle_.
+
+3. The _canine_ teeth are so called because they correspond to those
+best developed in the _dog_.
+
+
+#ion# = the act of, ing. (In many words _ion_ means _that which_.)
+
+1. _ablut_ ion, washing away
+2. _bisect_ ion, cutting in two
+3. _expans_ ion, spreading out
+4. _expuls_ ion, driving out
+5. _inspect_ ion, looking into
+6. _intercess_ ion, going between
+7. _collect_ ion, gathering together
+8. _combust_ ion, burn
+9. _commot_ ion, move
+10. _frict_ ion, rub
+11. _junct_ ion, join
+12. _opt_ ion, choose
+13. _resurrect_ ion, rising again
+14. _secess_ ion, going aside
+15. _stat_ ion, stand
+16. _tens_ ion, stretch
+
+1. An _ablution_ is the _act of washing away_, or cleansing.
+
+15. A _station_ is a _standing_ place for the train.
+
+
+#ite# = one who.
+
+1. A _Canaanite_ is _one who_ dwelt in the land of _Canaan_.
+2. A _Dowieite_ is _one who_ is a follower of _Dowie_.
+3. A _favorite_ is _one who_ receives special _favor_.
+4. A _hypocrite_ is _one who pretends_ to be what he is not.
+5. An _Israelite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Israel_, or Jacob.
+6. A _Levite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Levi_.
+
+
+#port# = carry.
+
+1. port _able_, capable of
+2. port _folio_, leaf
+3. port _er_, one who
+4. _ex_ port, out
+5. _im_ port, into
+6. _re_ port, back
+7. _sup_ port, under
+8. _trans_ port, across
+9. port
+
+1. _Capable of_ being _carried_ or moved without difficulty; as, a
+_portable_ engine.
+
+2. _Portfolio._ A case or folder in which _leaves_ of loose paper or
+other stationery may be _carried_.
+
+3. _Porter._ Literally, _one who carries_ burdens.
+
+7. _Support._ To _carry_ or uphold from beneath (_under_).
+
+9. _Port._ The manner in which one _carries_ himself.
+
+
+#rupt# = break.
+
+1. _ab_ rupt, away
+2. _bank_ rupt, bench
+3. _dis_ rupt, apart
+4. _e_ ruption, out
+5. _inter_ rupt, between
+6. rupt _ure_, ing
+7. rout
+8. route
+
+2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in
+business had his _banca_, or money _bench, broken_; hence, one who is
+unable to pay his debts is _bankrupt_.
+
+6. A _rupture_ is a _breaking_ apart; as the _rupture_ of a blood
+vessel.
+
+7. To _break_ the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to _rout_ an
+enemy.
+
+8. _Route_ originally meant a road _broken_ through a new and
+untraveled section of country. After thus _broken_ it became a way or
+_route_ for travel.
+
+
+#scribe, script# = write.
+
+1. _circum_ scribe, around
+2. _de_ scribe, down
+3. _in_ scribe, in, upon
+4. _pre_ scribe, before
+5. _sub_ scribe, under
+6. _tran_ scribe, across
+7. _post_ script, after
+8. _in_ scription, upon
+9. scribe
+10. scribble
+11. script
+12. scripture
+
+1. _Circumscribe._ To draw (_write_) a bounding line _around_; hence,
+to lay down the limits or restrict the action of.
+
+9. A _scribe_, in Jewish history, was a custodian and _writer_ of the
+official records of the nation.
+
+10. To _scribble_ is to do hasty or careless _writing_.
+
+11. _Script_ consists of characters _written_ by hand.
+
+12. _Scripture._ The sacred _writings_ of any people.
+
+
+#spec, spect# = look, see, view.
+
+1. _a_ spect, (ad) toward
+2. _circum_ spect, around
+3. _ex_ pect, out
+4. _in_ spect, into
+5. _per_ spective, through
+6. _pro_ spect, before
+7. _retro_ spect, backward
+8. spectat _or_, one who
+9. _sus_ pect, under
+10. spectacle
+11. spectacles
+
+1. The appearance of a thing as _viewed_ (looked _toward_ or at) by
+the eye or mind; as, a stern _aspect_; the southern _aspect_ of a
+house.
+
+2. _Looking around_ in all directions, as against danger or error. "Of
+all these circumstances, the slow, _circumspect_ eye of the master
+took cognizance one by one."
+
+5. _Perspective._ That which is _seen through_ an opening or vista.
+The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects.
+
+9. _Suspect._ To _underlook_; to imagine or infer that appearances
+misrepresent; hence one who _suspects_ is inclined to _look beneath_
+the surface.
+
+10. _Spectacle._ Something exhibited to be _looked_ at, especially if
+it be held worthy of unusual notice.
+
+
+                            SEVENTH MONTH.
+
+#ory# = place where.
+
+1. _arm_ ory, arms
+2. _deposit_ ory, put away
+3. _dorm_ itory, sleep
+4. _fact_ ory, make
+5. _laborat_ ory, work
+6. _manufact_ ory, hand made
+7. _observ_ atory, observe
+8. _prepar_ atory, to make ready
+9. _reform_ atory, form again
+10. _terr_ itory, land
+
+1. An _armory_ is a _place where arms_ and other instruments of war
+are kept.
+
+2. A _depository_ is a _place where_ things are or may be _put away_
+for safe keeping.
+
+5. A _laboratory_ is, literally, a _place_ for _labor_; particularly a
+place for scientific experimentation.
+
+6. A _manufactory_ was formerly so called because it named a _place
+where_ things were _made_ by _hand_. The first part of the word is now
+generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the
+work in a factory is done by hand.
+
+10. _Territory_ is extent of _land_ belonging to or ruled by the
+government. Literally it means a _place where_ there is _land_.
+
+
+#ous# = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to.
+
+1. _amphi bi_ ous, double + life
+2. _aque_ ous, water
+3. _bili_ ous, bile
+4. _clamor_ ous, to cry out
+5. _decidu_ ous, fall
+6. _furi_ ous, rage
+7. _greg_ arious, flock
+8. _hetero gene_ ous, other + kind
+9. _homo gene_ ous, like + kind
+10. _im per vi_ ous, no + through + way
+11. _numer_ ous, number
+12. _preci_ ous, price, value
+13. _pre coci_ ous, early + ripe
+14. _ponder_ ous, weigh
+15. _pre poster_ ous, before + after
+16. _viv_ acious, life
+
+1. _Living both_ on land and in water. "Seals of _amphibious_ nature,
+are either for the land or water."
+
+2. _Pertaining to_, or containing _water_; as, an _aqueous_ vapor.
+
+3. A _state of_ ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver,
+the gland which secretes _bile_.
+
+4. _Consisting of_ loud and repeated _outcries_ or noise; as, a
+_clamorous_ crowd.
+
+5. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ once a year.
+
+8. _Consisting_ of unlike elements or ingredients of different
+(_other_) _kinds_.
+
+13. _Having_ the mental faculties _prematurely_ developed; as, a
+_precocious_ child.
+
+15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally,
+_preposterous_ meant _having_ the _after_ part _before_.
+
+
+#ulent# = full of.
+
+1. _corp_ ulent, body
+2. _fraud_ ulent, fraud
+3. _op_ ulent, wealth
+4. _succ_ ulent, juice
+5. _esc_ ulent, food
+6. _vir_ ulent, poison
+
+1. A _corpulent_ person is one who has an excess of fat; hence,
+literally speaking, is _full of body_.
+
+4. _Succulent_ plants are _full of juice_; as, the stalk of the sugar
+cane.
+
+5. _Esculent_ plants are those suitable for _food_ (literally, _full
+of food_).
+
+"Every lover of that invaluable _esculent_ (the potato) has reason to
+remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry."--_Whittier._
+
+
+#ure# = act or state of, that which.
+
+1. _capt_ ure, take
+2. _depart_ ure, from + part
+3. _en clos_ ure, within + shut
+4. _fixt_ ure, fasten
+5. _fract_ ure, break
+6. _gest_ ure, act, do
+7. _junct_ ure, join
+8. _manu fact_ ure, hand + make
+9. _overt_ ure, open
+10. _past_ ure, feed
+11. _pict_ ure, paint
+12. _pleas_ ure, please
+13 _post_ ure, place
+14. _pro ced_ ure, forward + go
+15. _rapt_ ure, carry away
+16. _script_ ure, write
+17. _signat_ ure, mark or sign
+18. _sut_ ure, sew
+19. _text_ ure, weave
+20. _verd_ ure, green
+
+
+#y# = state of being, full of, consisting or made of.
+
+1. bloody
+2. dewy
+3. dressy
+4. curly
+5. faulty
+6. filthy
+7. fleshy
+8. frosty
+9. fussy
+10. gaudy
+11. gloomy
+12. grassy
+13. guilty
+14. hardy
+15. hoary
+16. lofty
+17. marshy
+18. rainy
+19. rosy
+20. sandy
+21. shady
+22. spunky
+23. thirsty
+24. wealthy
+
+While the above words serve to illustrate the use of _y_ as a suffix,
+to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their
+simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no
+definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base
+definitions.
+
+The eight words following, which end in _y_, can, however, be analyzed
+with profit:
+
+1. _an arch_ y, without + rule
+2. _a path_ y, without + feel
+3. _aut ops_ y, self + see
+4. _col loqu_ y, together + speak
+5. _ob loqu_ y, against + speak
+6. _poly gam_ y, many + marriage
+7. _sym path_ y, together + feel
+8. _sym phon_ y, together + sound
+
+
+#tort, tors# = twist, wring, wrest.
+
+1. _con_ tort, together
+2. _dis_ tort, aside
+3. _ex_ tort, out
+4. _re_ tort, back
+5. torch
+6. tor _ment_, that which
+7. tortoise
+8. tort _ure_, that which
+
+1. To _twist together_; to turn awry. "A form _contorted_ and
+misshapen from that which nature gave."
+
+2. To _twist aside_; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true
+meaning. "For gold the hireling judge _distorts_ the laws."
+
+3. To _wring_ or wrest _out of_ or away from; to get by force or by
+taking unfair advantage. "'Till the injurious Romans did _extort_ this
+tribute from us, we were free."
+
+4. To bend, _twist_ or turn _back_. A _retort_ is a short and pointed
+reply _turned back_ on an assailant. A _retort_ tube is one _twisted_
+or bent back at one end.
+
+5. The _torch_ is so called because the wick is _twisted_ like a rope.
+
+6. _Torment_ comes from _tormentum_, a machine (engine) for throwing
+stones to inflict _torture_.
+
+7. The _tortoise_ is so called because of its _twisted_ or crooked
+feet.
+
+8. _Wringing_ pain; anguish of body or mind. "In ancient Greece,
+_torture_ was never employed except in case of treason".
+
+
+#tract# = draw.
+
+1. _abs_ tract, away
+2. _at_ tract, to
+3. _con_ tract, together
+4. _de_ tract, from
+5. _dis_ tract, apart
+6. _ex_ tract, out
+7. _pro_ tract, forward
+8. _re_ tract, back
+9. _re_ treat, back
+10. _sub_ tract, under
+11. trace
+12. tract _able_, capable of
+13. trail
+14. train
+
+1. To _draw away_; to consider apart. "In truth the object and
+sensation are the same thing and cannot be _abstracted_ from each
+other."
+
+2. To _draw to_ or toward. A magnet _attracts_ iron filings.
+
+3. To _draw together_ or closer. Heat expands and cold _contracts_.
+
+4. To _draw_ away _from_. To take away a part of something, especially
+from one's credit. "Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of
+merit in myself."
+
+5. To _draw apart_ or away. The attention is _distracted_ when it is
+_drawn apart_ from the thing in hand.
+
+6. To _draw out_, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes _extracted_ from the
+honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive.
+
+7. To _draw_ forward; to extend or prolong; as, "England desired not
+to _protract_ the war."
+
+8. To _draw back_; to take back what has been said. When one finds he
+has said a hasty thing he would do well to _retract_ it.
+
+9. To _draw back_, as from an enemy. "Come, shepherd, let us make an
+honorable _retreat_."
+
+10. To _draw_ away; as apart from the whole. Literally to _draw_ away
+from _under_, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is
+very seldom used literally.
+
+11. A _trace_ is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is
+_drawn_.
+
+12. A _tractable_ child is one which can be easily led or _drawn_.
+
+13. _Trail_ means to _draw_ along, or what is _drawn_.
+
+14. A _train_ consists of cars _drawn_ by a locomotive.
+
+
+#ven, vent# = come.
+
+1. _ad_ vent, to
+2. _ad_ vent ure, upon
+3. _a_ venue, to
+4. _con_ vene, together
+5. _circum_ vent, around
+6. _e_ vent, out
+7. _inter_ vention, between
+8. _in_ vent, upon
+9. _re_ venue, back
+10. _pre_ vent, before
+
+1. A _coming_ or arrival of any important event or personage. The
+_advent_ of summer. An _Adventist_ is one who makes the second
+personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine.
+
+2. An _adventure_ is a stirring experience, _come upon_, as it were,
+suddenly and unexpectedly.
+
+3. That which _comes to_ a certain place. Formerly an _avenue_ was a
+roadway bordered with trees which _comes to_ a residence.
+
+4. To _come together_. "The household fowls _convene_."
+
+5. To _circumvent_ an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a
+secret and round about (_coming around_) way.
+
+6. The _outcome_ of an occurrence; as, "In that _event_ all will be
+right." "Marriage is the principal _event_ for good or evil in all
+lives."
+
+7. The act of _coming between_ persons or objects; especially
+interference with the acts of others.
+
+8. To _come upon_; to find out or discover.
+
+9. _Revenue_ is that which _comes back_, as from an investment; income
+from all forms of one's property.
+
+10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures.
+Originally _prevent_ meant to _come before_; as in Matt. xvii:25:
+"When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him."
+
+
+#vers, vert# = turn.
+
+1. _ad_ verse, to (against)
+2. ad vers _ity_, state of
+3. _ad_ vert, to
+4. ad vert _ise_, act of
+5. _a_ vers ion, away
+6. _a_ vert, away
+7. _di_ verse, apart
+8. _di_ version, aside
+9. _di_ vorce, apart
+10. _in_ vert, into
+11. _per_ verse, thoroughly
+12. _re_ verse, back
+13. _trans_ verse, across
+14. _versat_ ile, capable of
+15. vers _ion_, that which
+16. vertex
+17. vertigo
+18. vortex
+
+1. _Turned against_; antagonistic. _Adverse_ winds. "Error is
+_adverse_ to human happiness."
+
+2. _State of_ adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or
+unhappiness. "Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved
+you out of all _adversities_."
+
+3. To _turn_ the mind or attention _to_; as, "I will only _advert_ to
+some leading points in the argument."--_Emerson._
+
+4. To _advertise_ an article is to cause the public to _turn_
+attention _to_ it.
+
+5. A _turning away_ from. "Adhesion to vice and _aversion_ to
+goodness."
+
+6. To _turn away_ or aside. "Till ardent prayer _averts_ the public
+woe."
+
+7. _Diverse_ ways are different ways--they _turn apart_.
+
+8. The act of _turning aside_ from a course; as the _diversion_ of the
+mind from study.
+
+9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus _turning_
+husband and wife _apart_ from each other.
+
+10. To _turn into_ another position; as, upside down, inside out, end
+for end, etc.
+
+11. A _perverse_ inclination is one _thoroughly_ wrong or _turned_
+from the right.
+
+12. To _turn back_; as to _reverse_ an engine.
+
+13. A _transverse_ beam is one _turned across_ others.
+
+14. _Capable of_ moving or _turning_ around; as a _versatile_ spindle;
+turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a
+_versatile_ writer.
+
+15. _That which_ is translated (or _turned_) from another language;
+as, the King James _version_ of the Bible.
+
+16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the _turning_ point.
+
+17. A _turning_ or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness.
+
+    "That old _vertigo_ in his head
+     Will never leave him till he's dead."
+
+18. A _whirl_pool. (_Vortex_ is another form of _vertex_.)
+
+
+                             EIGHTH MONTH.
+
+#ic# = pertaining to.
+
+1. _aqua_ tic, water
+2. _arc_ tic, bear
+3. _barbar_ ic, foreign; uncivilized
+4. _chron_ ic, time
+5. _civ_ ic, citizen
+6. _dom_ estic, house
+7. _epi dem_ ic, upon + people
+8. _erra_ tic, wander
+9. _Homer_ ic, Homer
+10. _luna_ tic, moon
+11. _lyr_ ic, lyre, harp
+12. _metal_ lic, metal
+13. _metr_ ic, measure
+14. _numer_ ic, number
+15. _op_ tic, eye
+16. _pan_ ic, Pan
+17. _phon_ ic, sound
+18. _publ_ ic, people
+19. _rust_ ic, country
+20. _techn_ ic, art, trade
+
+2. _Arctic_ means, literally, _pertaining to_ the northern
+constellations called the Great and Little _Bears_; hence pertaining
+to the north polar regions.
+
+8. _Erratic_ means _wandering_ from the proper or usual course in
+opinion or conduct.
+
+9. _Homeric_ means _relating to Homer_, the great epic poet of ancient
+Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote.
+
+10. A _lunatic_ is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of
+sanity (as if affected by the _moon_).
+
+11. _Lyric_ poetry is that which is adapted to the _lyre_ or harp; fit
+to be sung to an accompaniment.
+
+16. _Panic_ means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to
+have been caused by _Pan_, the god of pastures and forests.
+
+
+#ise, (ize)# = make, do, cause.
+
+1. _ad vert_ ise, to + turn
+2. _critic_ ise, judge
+3. _familiar_ ize, family
+4. _fertil_ ize, bear, produce
+5. _leg_ alize, law
+6. _re cogn_ ize, again + know
+7. _sym path_ ize, with + feel
+8. _tan tal_ ize, Tantalus
+9. agonize
+10. brutalize
+11. civilize
+12. crystallize
+13. equalize
+14. generalize
+15. harmonize
+16. humanize
+17. idolize
+18. magnetize
+19. modernize
+20. naturalize
+21. organize
+22. realize
+23. systematize
+24. tyrannize
+
+1. A merchant when he _advertises_ goods hopes thereby to _cause_
+people to _turn_ their attention _to_ them.
+
+2. To _criticise_ is to (_make_) pass _judgment_ upon.
+
+3. To _familiarize_ means, literally, to _make_ as one of the
+_family_, to become intimate with.
+
+4. Ground is _fertilized_ when it is _caused_ to _produce_ more
+abundantly.
+
+5. Any conduct is _legalized_ when it is _made lawful_.
+
+6. We _recognize_ a person when we _know_ him _again_; as, one whom we
+have known before.
+
+7. To _sympathize_ is to _feel with_ another.
+
+8. _Tantalize_ is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who,
+according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being
+placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over
+him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he
+sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to
+tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and
+frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.
+
+Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by
+using some meaning of the suffix _ize_ in the definition with the
+first part of the word; thus, _agonize_ means to _cause_ to have
+_agony_.
+
+
+#ist# = one who.
+
+1. _agri cultur_ ist, field + culture
+2. _an arch_ ist, without + rule
+3. _art_ ist, art
+4. _a the_ ist, without + god
+5. _botan_ ist, plant
+6. _de_ ist, god
+7. _dent_ ist, tooth
+8. _flor_ ist, flower
+9. _ge olog_ ist, earth + science
+10. _hypno_ tist, sleep
+11. _journ_ alist, day
+12. _jur_ ist, right
+13. _loy_ alist, law
+14. _oc_ ulist, eye
+15. _optim_ ist, best
+16. _pessim_ ist, worst
+17. _re viv_ alist, again + life
+18. _roy_ alist, king
+19. _sci_ entist, knowledge
+20. _somn ambul_ ist, sleep + walk
+
+4. An _atheist_ is _one who_ is _without_ belief in a personal _God_.
+
+6. A _deist_ is _one who_ believes in _God_ but denies revealed
+religion.
+
+15. An _optimist_ is _one who_ holds the opinion that all events are
+ordered for the _best_.
+
+16. A _pessimist_ is _one who_ has a disposition to take the least
+hopeful (_worst_) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate
+tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.
+
+
+#oid# = having the form of, shaped like.
+
+1. _aster_ oid, star
+2. _dent_ oid, tooth
+3. _ethm_ oid, sieve
+4. _spher_ oid, sphere
+5. _typh_ oid, cloud, stupor
+6. _variol_ oid, various
+
+
+#meter, metr# = measure.
+
+1. _anemo_ meter, wind
+2. _baro_ meter, weight
+3. _chrono_ meter, time
+4. _dia_ meter, across
+5. _gas_ ometer, gas
+6. _ge_ ometer, earth
+7. _hexa_ meter, six
+8. _hydro_ meter, water
+9. _lacto_ meter, milk
+10. metr _ic_, pertaining to
+11. _penta_ meter, five
+12. _peri_ meter, around
+13. _thermo_ meter, heat
+14. _tri gon_ ometry, three + angle
+
+1. The _anemometer_ is an instrument for _measuring_ the force and
+velocity of the _wind_.
+
+2. The _barometer measures_ the _weight_ of the atmosphere, and thus
+aids in determining the indications of the weather.
+
+3. A _chronometer_ is an instrument for _measuring time_.
+Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in
+astronomical observations.
+
+6. _Geometry_ literally means _earth measure_. It treats of the
+measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the _measurement_
+of _land_.
+
+7. The _hexameter_ in poetry is a _measure_ having _six_ poetic feet
+to the line.
+
+8. The _hydrometer_ is used for _measuring_ the specific gravity of
+_water_ and other liquids.
+
+9. The _lactometer_ is used for _measuring_ the purity and richness of
+_milk_.
+
+10. The _metric_ system of weights and measures is one in which the
+meter is the unit of _measure_.
+
+12. The _perimeter_ is the _measure around_ a body or figure.
+
+14. _Trigonometry_ treats of _measurements_ based on the triangle
+(_three angles_).
+
+
+#phon# = sound.
+
+1. _eu_ phony, well
+2. phon _etic_, pertaining to
+3. phon _ic_, pertaining to
+4. phono _graph_, write
+5. _sym_ phony, with
+6. _tele_ phone, far
+
+
+#polis# = city.
+
+1. _acro_ polis, high, upper
+2. _Anna_ polis, Ann
+3. _Constantin_ ople, Constanine
+4. _Indiana_ polis, Indiana
+5. _metro_ polis, mother
+6. _Minne_ apolis, Minne
+7. police
+8. politics
+
+1. The _acropolis_ was the _upper_ part of a Grecian _city_. It
+commanded a view of the surrounding country.
+
+2. Named for Queen _Ann_.
+
+3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for _Constantine_.
+
+4. _Indiana_ means, literally, the _land_ of the _Indians_.
+_Indianapolis_ means _city_ of _Indiana_.
+
+5. The _metropolis_ is the chief, or _mother city_, of the state or
+country.
+
+6. The _city_ of _Minne_ (haha).
+
+7. A _police_ force is a body of civil officers in a _city_ organized
+for its protection.
+
+8. _Politics_ is the science of government in state or _city_.
+
+
+#scop# = view.
+
+1. _horo_ scope, hour
+2. _kaleido_ scope, beautiful + form
+3. _micro_ scope, small
+4. _stereo_ scope, solid
+5. _tele_ scope, far
+
+1. The _horoscope_ is an instrument for _viewing_ the heavens at the
+_hour_ of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell
+the events of a person's life.
+
+2. The _kaleidoscope_ is an optical instrument in which an endless
+variety of _beautiful_ patterns or _forms_ may be _viewed_ by changing
+its position.
+
+4. The _stereoscope_ is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for
+giving to pictures the appearance of _solid_ forms as seen in nature.
+
+
+
+
+                               PART TWO
+
+                  Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words,
+                   Principles of Pronunciation, and
+                          Rules of Spelling.
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+                            (First Month.)
+
+                         TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
+
+An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
+
+There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As
+there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters
+represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
+characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
+called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
+
+PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
+a distinct printed character or letter.
+
+The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
+or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as [=a], [)e].
+
+The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the
+tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
+undertone; as b, d, g, r.
+
+The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely
+breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
+sounds; as p, t, s.
+
+
+                      TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
+
+                   [From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
+
+
+                _I. Vocals._
+
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+  |   a          | [=a]-le, [=a]i-m        |
+  |   ae          | ae-lms, ae-rt             |
+  | [a:]         | [a:]-ll, b-[a:]-ll      |
+  | [)a]         | [)a]-n, m-[)a]-n        |
+  |   a          | [-c]-a-re, a-ir         |
+  | [.a]         | [.a]-sk, f-[.a]-st      |
+  | [=e]         | [=e]-ve, b-[=e]         |
+  | [ve]         | [ve]-nd, m-[ve]-n       |
+  | [~e]         | h-[~e]-r, [~e]-rr       |
+  | [=i], [=y]   | [=i]-ce, b-[=y]         |
+  | [)i], [)y]   | [)i]-t, h-[)y]-mn       |
+  | [=o]         | [=o]-ld, n-[=o]         |
+  | [vo]         | [vo]-n, n-[vo]-t        |
+  | [o:], [=oo]  | m-[o:]-ve, m-[=oo]-n    |
+  | [=u]         | [=u]-se, m-[=u]-[s,]e   |
+  | [vu]         | [vu]-p, b-[vu]-t        |
+  |   u          | u-rge, b-u-rn           |
+  | [u.], [)oo]  | f-[u.]-ll, w-[)oo]-l    |
+  |  oi, oy      | oi-l, b-oy              |
+  |  ou, ow      | ou-t, ow-l              |
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+
+
+                _II. Subvocals._
+
+  +----------+-------------------------------+
+  | b        | b-i-b, b-a-be                 |
+  | d        | d-i-d, d-ea-d                 |
+  | [=g]     | [=g]-i-[=g], [=g]-a-[=g]      |
+  | j        | j-ar, j-et                    |
+  | l        | l-u-ll, te-ll                 |
+  | m        | m-ai-m, [-c]a-me              |
+  | n        | n-u-n, n-o-ne                 |
+  | ng, [n=] | ri-ng, i-[n=]-k               |
+  | r        | r-oa-r, r-ea-r                |
+  | th       | th-ese, wi-th                 |
+  | v        | val-ue, v-ain                 |
+  | w        | w-ell, w-eb                   |
+  | y        | y-es, y-et                    |
+  | z        | z-one, z-est                  |
+  | zh, z    | a-z'-ure, sei-z'-ure          |
+  +----------+-------------------------------+
+
+
+                _III. Aspirates._
+
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+  |  f           | f-i-fe, o-ff            |
+  |  h           | h-at, h-ome             |
+  |  k           | k-ite, k-ill            |
+  |  p           | p-i-pe, to-p            |
+  |  s           | s-un, s-ame             |
+  |  t           | t-en-t, t-ar-t          |
+  |  ch          | ch-ur-ch, ch-ild        |
+  |  sh          | sh-all, wi-sh           |
+  |  th          | th-in, th-ree           |
+  |  wh          | wh-ere, wh-y            |
+  +--------------+-------------------------+
+
+NOTE.--The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the
+English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other
+letters, as shown in the following:
+
+
+                     #IV.--Table of Equivalents.#
+
+                 [Dictionary Work--Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
+
+CHAR.    EQUIV.
+[=e] = [=i]
+[~e] = [~i] = u
+[=a] = [e=]
+   a = e
+   o = [a:] (_broad a_)
+[o:] = [=oo] = [u:]
+[)i] = [)y]
+[)u] = [.o]
+
+[)o] = [a.]
+[o.] = [)oo] = [u.]
+[=i] = [=y]
+  oi = oy
+  ou = ow
+[=u] = ew
+
+CHAR.     EQUIV.
+   j = [.g] (soft)
+   g = [=g] (hard)
+   z = [[s.]=]
+   k = [-c] = [-c]h
+   f = ph
+   s = c (_cedilla c_)
+  sh = ch
+[n=] = ng
+   x = ks
+[x=] = gz
+
+COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech
+in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows:
+_Vowels_: [=a] [)e], [=e] [)i], a [)a], ae [.a], [a:] [)o], u [)u],
+[=o][=o] [)oo]; _consonants_: g' k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                               LETTERS.
+
+A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,--usually an
+elementary sound.
+
+An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a
+language.
+
+The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows:
+English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22,
+Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no
+alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
+
+The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
+
+LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print.
+
+There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old
+English, and Script.
+
+As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                VOWELS.
+
+A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The
+vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by
+the various positions of the tongue and lips.
+
+A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice,
+and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
+
+There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain
+vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so
+close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have
+the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, _i_, _u_, _w_, and
+_y_.
+
+"_Y_ as a vowel is a substitute for _i_, and _i_ is a consonant as a
+substitute for _y_. _W_ and _y_ are vowels: (1) When they end words or
+syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same
+syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same
+syllable. _W_ and _y_ are consonants when they begin words or
+syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. _I_ is a consonant
+when it represents the consonant _y_, as in _alien_. _U_ is a
+consonant when it represents the consonant _w_, as in _quick_,
+_language_."--_Irish's Orthography._
+
+A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as _o_ and _i_
+in _boil_.
+
+An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels
+in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in _rain_,
+_teach_.
+
+The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use,
+viz.: t_oi_l, t_oy_, s_ou_nd, c_ow_, p_ea_l, _oi_l, _au_dible,
+_aw_ning, s_ay_, s_ei_ne, p_eo_ple, f_eu_d, ob_ey_, esch_ew_,
+bel_ie_ve, l_oa_n, h_oe_, h_ue_, j_ui_ce. Of these _oi_, _oy_, _ou_,
+and _ow_ are the only _proper_ diphthongs.
+
+A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the
+same syllable.
+
+A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But
+there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
+
+A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the
+three vowels is silent; as in ad_ieu_, b_eau_ty.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+                              CONSONANTS.
+
+CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows:
+
+I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS.
+
+The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the
+mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice
+is momentarily _mute_.
+
+The four subvocals _b_, _d_, _j_, _g_, and their cognates, _p_, _t_,
+_ch_, and _k_, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see
+if they do not represent _explosive_ sounds.
+
+All other consonants are _semivowels_, and are pronounced with a
+_continuous_ sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath
+lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive
+utterance.
+
+II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of
+the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called _voice_ consonants
+and the aspirates _breath_ consonants. These are fit terms, for they
+indicate the basis of classification.
+
+III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification
+of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the
+table from left to right. The _lips_ have most to do with making the
+labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the
+_tongue_ in contact with the _teeth_, the palatals between the tongue
+and hard and soft _palate_.
+
+
+                 #Consonant Table.#
+
+          #Subvocals.#    #Aspirates.#
+          (Voice.)              (Breath.)
+Labials. {   b                        p
+(Lips.)  {   v                        f
+         {   w                        wh
+         {   m
+
+Lingua-  {   d                        t
+Dentals. {   z                        s
+(Point of{   th (sonant) (non-sonant) th
+tongue.) {   l
+         {   n
+         {   r
+
+Palatals.{   zh                       sh
+(Between {   j                        ch
+tongue   {   g                        k
+and      {   y
+palate.) {   h
+         {   ng
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+                              SYLLABLES.
+
+SYLLABLE literally means _taken together_.
+
+A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of
+elementary sounds, uttered _together_, or with a single impulse of the
+voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
+
+A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the
+rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
+
+As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables
+depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show
+the derivation the division is made with reference to the component
+parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to
+indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For
+illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show
+derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate,
+phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct
+pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate,
+pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
+
+While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one
+purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the
+majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided
+for one purpose or for the other.
+
+In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to
+indicate pronunciation.
+
+The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (_ultimus_ = last); the
+PENULTIMATE is next to the last (_pen_ = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE
+is the third from the last (literally, _before almost_ the _last_);
+the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally,
+_before_ the one that is _before_ the one _almost last_).
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+                                ACCENT.
+
+ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a
+word.
+
+In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But
+one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The
+stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the
+SECONDARY. Thus, in _am' mu ni' tion_ the primary accent falls on the
+third syllable and the secondary on the first.
+
+The "PRINCIPLES" which govern the placing of accent are complicated.
+The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to
+determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: "All
+attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only
+serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded."
+
+There are, however, certain _tendencies_ which mature pupils might
+profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not
+permit me to attempt to set them forth.
+
+In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of
+meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the
+first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
+
+abstract
+accent
+compound
+conflict
+concert
+contract
+contrast
+converse
+convict
+desert
+escort
+export
+ferment
+forecast
+frequent
+incense
+insult
+permit
+prefix
+present
+produce
+project
+record
+survey
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+                                WORDS.
+
+A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
+
+A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of
+the language; as, _fix_, _strike_, _man_.
+
+A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it
+internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, _men_, _suffix_,
+_strikers_.
+
+A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or
+derivative.
+
+A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as,
+buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
+
+A word of one syllable is a _monosyllable_ (mono = one); of two
+syllables, a _dissyllable_ (dis = two); of three syllables, a
+_trisyllable_ (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a
+_polysyllable_ (poly = many).
+
+The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries
+the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or
+suffix; as, _ge_ (earth), _graph_ (write), _vol_ (wish).
+
+A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word;
+as, _auto_graph, _circum_vent, _amphi_theater.
+
+A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as,
+man _ly_, fert _ile_, ment _ion_.
+
+AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied
+to either or to both together.
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+                            SILENT LETTERS.
+
+Silent letters have at least four uses:
+
+1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
+
+Drop final silent _e_ from such words as the following and note the
+effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: _bare_,
+_pure_, _ripe_, _lame_.
+
+2. To indicate pronunciation.
+
+In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation
+changes when the final silent _e_ is dropped.
+
+Another class of words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the final silent
+_e_ on adding a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ to preserve the soft
+sound of _c_ and _g_, and with it the correct pronunciation of the
+word; as, _serviceable_, _noticeable_, _changeable_, _courageous_.
+
+3. To show the meaning of words.
+
+Illustrations: _clime_, _climb_, _plumb_, _belle_, _butt_, _dyeing_,
+_singeing_, _guilt_, _damn_.
+
+4. To show the derivation of words.
+
+Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In
+_chronic_, and _chronology_, the _h_ is silent, but serves to indicate
+that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root _chron_,
+which means _time_. Similarly the _g_ in _gnostic_, the _e_ in
+_eulogy_, _p_ in _pneumonia_, the _h_ in _chromatic_.
+
+In _honour_ and _favour_ _u_ is silent, and therefore a useless
+letter, so far as sound is concerned. The _u_ signifies that the word
+came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The
+question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra
+letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical
+association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but
+others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling
+reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great
+many silent letters will go the way of the _u_ in _labour_, _favour_,
+and the like.
+
+The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters
+together with the principle found to be operative through them.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_E_ final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same
+syllable."
+
+change   sense     adverse    Chinese   condense
+brace    quite     bade       oppose    deceive
+force    scribe    burlesque  embrace   machine
+crease   measure   canine     emerge    endorse
+cease    absolve   caprice    examine   advise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_B_ is usually silent before _t_ or after _m_ in the same syllable."
+
+lamb   tomb      numb    debt     bomb
+comb   thumb     dumb    doubt    crumb
+limb   climb     plumb   redoubt  jamb
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_C_ is silent before _k_ in the same syllable. _C_ is silent in czar,
+victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut."
+
+back    deck   lack    stack    Patrick
+buck    duck   hack    stick    reckon
+burdock chick  luck    suck     thicken
+clock   click  lick    beckon   Cossack
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+"_D_ is silent before _g_ in the same syllable."
+
+edge    hedge   ridge    lodge     misjudge
+wedge   budge   bridge   sledge    judgment
+pledge  drudge  fudge    begrudge  lodgment
+
+
+                           #[Second Month.]#
+
+"_G_ is silent before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable."
+
+phlegm   malign     gnaw    campaign  gnash
+arraign  paradigm   feign   foreign   gnu
+benign   diaphragm  reign   design    seignior
+resign   gnat       assign  gnarl     consign
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+"_H_ is silent when it follows _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable."
+
+ghost    myrrh       rheumatism  rhapsody  rhinoceros
+aghast   hemorrhage  rhyme       rhythm    Rhine
+gherkin  rhubarb     rhombus     rhomboid  catarrh
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+"_K_ is silent before _n_ in the same syllable."
+
+knack   kneel    knot    knap sack  knob
+knave   knife    knock   knowledge  knucks
+knead   knight   knoll   knuckle    knarl
+knee    knit     know    knell      knout
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+"_N_ final after _l_ or _m_ is silent."
+
+hymn    contemn    solemn    limn      damn
+kiln    condemn    column    autumn
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_T_ is silent before _ch_ in the same syllable."
+
+hitch      pitch    match    notch       catch
+kitchen    botch    hatch    scratch     patch
+latch      Dutch    watch    Mitchell    satchel
+thatch     ditch    witch    batch       Scotch
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_W_ is silent before _r_ in the same syllable."
+
+wrestle    wren      wrist     writing    wreak
+wrong      wrote     wreck     wrest      writ
+wring      wraith    awry      write      wrought
+wrath      wretch    wreath    wrinkle    wrangle
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_Gh_ is always silent after _i_ and, when not a substitute for _f_ or
+_k_, is also silent after _au_ and _ou_."
+
+sight    plight    weigh      fraught     through
+light    wright    weight     caught      although
+fight    height    freight    thought     slaughter
+might    wight     aught      daughter    laughter
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+            PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian
+_a_."
+
+again      America      banana    fatality    papa
+alas       amuse        canine    fatigue     parasol
+algebra    apparatus    China     lapel       pica
+alkali     area         data      massacre    sacrament
+amass      arena        drama     ornament    valise
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"_E_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
+
+depot       memento      obedience    really        society
+event       museum       penal        recess        superior
+feline      nausea       precedence   resource      theater
+frequent    negro        precise      sacrilegious  theology
+mechanic    notoriety    pretense     secretary     veto
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_O_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
+
+broken       explosive   melodeon    poem       spoken
+chosen       gondola     melody      police     tobacco
+composition  licorice    open        potato     trophy
+coquet       location    opponent    promotion  zodiac
+cupola       locust      pantomime   proviso    zooelogy
+
+
+
+
+                             EIGHTH YEAR.
+
+
+                           #[Fourth Month.]#
+
+"_I_constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is
+always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if
+unaccented."
+
+divide    tirade       sentinel    fidelity    residence
+direct    intimate     continent   digest      levity
+finance   indivisible  defensible  hilarious   reticent
+imitate   equidistant  predicate   maritime    reticule
+piazza    nobility     finance     invitation  direction
+
+In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_,
+_tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_.
+
+idea        biology      climatic    primeval    tripod
+idle        Chinese      criterion   triangular  triune
+isothermal  chirography  biennial    binomial    priority
+
+
+                           #[Fifth Month.]#
+
+_E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and
+also in most other words.
+
+given   stolen   ridden   bidden   forsaken
+taken   proven   shaken   woven    gotten
+broken  driven   written  shaven   risen
+spoken  frozen   arisen   chidden  smitten
+fallen  hidden   beaten   eaten    stricken
+
+also
+
+heaven  oaken    happen   burden   leaven
+often   leaden   seven    garden   brazen
+widen   golden   even     eleven   christen
+
+But in the following words _e_ should be sounded:
+
+hyphen  chicken  marten   lichen   sudden
+linden  linen    gluten   mitten   aspen
+
+_E_ should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which
+terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_.
+
+women   Ellen    Helen    omen     pollen
+barren  linen    woolen   Allen    Warren
+
+
+                           #[Sixth Month.]#
+
+"_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded."
+
+Abel    model    morsel   cancel   marvel
+level   travel   rebel    gravel   barrel
+nickel  apparel  towel    channel  kennel
+chapel  citadel  revel    Mabel    libel
+camel   laurel   bevel    funnel   parcel
+
+But in the following words and in their derivatives _e_ before
+terminal _l_ should not be sounded:
+
+easel   weasel   ravel    mantel   shekel
+navel   chattel  shrivel  drivel   snivel
+shovel  grovel   mussel   hazel    teasel
+
+
+                          #[Seventh Month.]#
+
+"In most words _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ should be sounded."
+
+Latin    vigil    anvil    goblin    coffin
+cavil    cabin    council  rosin     origin
+javelin  pencil   axil     assassin  tranquil
+resin    bobbin   violin   peril     moccasin
+retail   satin    utensil  pistil    daffodil
+
+In the following words _i_ should not be sounded:
+
+devil    basin    evil     cousin    weevil     raisin
+
+
+                           #[Eighth Month.]#
+
+"_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long
+_e_."
+
+pique       quarantine  police   critique   unique
+machine     routine     ravine   regime     intrigue
+caprice     suite       valise   Bastile    magazine
+guillotine  fatigue     antique
+
+
+
+
+                             SEVENTH YEAR.
+
+
+                          RULES OF SPELLING.
+
+Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they
+are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is
+certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great
+many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words
+difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions
+that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled
+according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and
+all of the exceptions could be learned "for keeps" by a pupil in an
+hour. But _pupils must have drill in applying the rules_ or they may
+be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to
+spell the words coming under them.
+
+Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year,
+and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the
+other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that "_silent final e
+is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added_", we
+naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: "_Silent final e is retained
+when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added._"
+
+To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the
+application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by
+turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following
+model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care +
+less.]
+
+"The suffix _able_ begins with the vowel _a_; therefore when it is
+added to the word _love_ the final silent _e_ is dropped, and the word
+is spelled _lovable_." Or,
+
+"The suffix _less_ begins with the consonant _l_; therefore, when it
+is added to the word _care_ the final silent _e_ is not dropped, and
+the word is spelled _careless_."
+
+Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,--those in
+which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in
+which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be
+thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he
+can proceed according to the model, concluding with, "but this word is
+an exception to the rule".
+
+Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who
+want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
+
+
+                           #[First Month.]#
+
+love--able        adventure--ous   decide--ing
+care--less        change--ing      ice--berg
+blame--able       extreme--ly      house--keeper
+achieve--ment     fickle--ness     idle--ness
+brake--man        fore--cast       excite--ment
+cure--able        compare--able    console--able
+discourage--ment  continue--ally   endure--ance
+prove--able       contrive--ance   amaze--ment
+move--able        guide--ance      fierce--ness
+acquire--ing      forgive--ness    peace--ful
+else--where       hate--ful        deface--ment
+enlarge--ment     believe--ing     disgrace--ful
+admire--able      converse--ed     blue--ish
+abide--ing        hedge--hog       lodge--ing
+advertise--ment   achieve--ing     amuse--ment
+eye--brow         hoarse--ness     dine--ing
+pursue--ing       argue--ing       revenge--ful
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+Words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the _e_ when a suffix beginning
+with _a_ or _o_ is added.
+
+changeable    challengeable  pronounceable
+exchangeable  peaceable      advantageous
+chargeable    serviceable    outrageous
+manageable    traceable      courageous
+marriageable  noticeable     vengeance
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+hoeing   singeing  seer       nursling   truly
+shoeing  tingeing  seeing     loathsome  duty
+toeing   freeing   agreeable  awful      wisdom
+dyeing   fleeing   mileage    duly       wholly
+
+Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment,
+lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
+
+The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions
+to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The
+value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the
+exceptions.
+
+
+                           #[Third Month.]#
+
+Rule II: "When a suffix is added to a word ending in _y_, preceded by
+a consonant, the _y_ is changed to _i_, unless the suffix begins with
+_i_."
+
+Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on
+the board):
+
+"The _y_ in _supply_ is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the
+suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is changed to _i_ and the word is
+spelled, _supplied_." Or,
+
+"The _y_ in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix
+_ed_ is added the _y_ is not changed, and the word is spelled,
+_displayed_."
+
+carry + ed    study + es    espy + ed     juicy + est
+hurry + es    destroy + ed  deny + ing    homely + est
+marry + ing   pity + ing    survey + ed   pity + ful
+decay + ed    pity + less   employ + ing  rally + es
+annoy + s     joy + less    noisy + est   pretty + est
+copy + ed     city + es     mighty + er   pity + able
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+_y_ does not change before _'s_; as in
+
+la'dy's     en'e my's   ba'by's     coun'try's
+
+Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
+
+staid (_or_ stayed) slain      dry'ly               la'dy like
+paid                     dai'ly     dry ness             la dy bug
+laid                     sly ly     (_but_, dri'er, la dy ship
+said                     sly ness   dri'est)             ba by hood
+saith                    shy ly     shy ness             ba by house
+
+
+                     #[Fourth and Fifth Months.]#
+
+Rule III: "Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable,
+ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the
+final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel." This
+rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not
+doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
+
+Model for drill on this rule:
+
+"_Refer_ is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last
+syllable; it ends in a single consonant _r_, preceded by a single
+vowel _e_; therefore, on adding the suffix _ed_, beginning with the
+vowel _e_, the final consonant _r_ is doubled, and the word is
+spelled, _referred_."
+
+refer + ed    gallop + ed    suspend + ed    suffer + ing
+omit + ed     abhor + ence   kidnap + ed     travel + ed
+cheat + ed    join + ing     admit + ing     rebel + ious
+flatter + ed  benefit + ed   differ + ence   fertil + izer
+prefer + ing  permit + ed    enamel + ed     quarrel + ing
+remit + ance  map + ing      drug + ist      brag + art
+heap + ing    connect + ing  emit + ed       unfit + ed
+confer + ing  offer + ed     conceal + ed    parallel + ed
+acquit + ed*  commit + ee    shelter + ed    stir + ing
+root + ed     squeal + ing   intermit + ent  equal + ed
+depend + ent  begin + er     cheer + ed      vigor + ous
+occur + ed    shovel + ed    forgot + en     regret + ed
+submit + ed   transmit + ed  drum + er       spin + ing
+
+* After _q_, _u_ is a consonant.
+
+
+                              EXCEPTIONS.
+
+The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent
+is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, _re fer'_,
+_ref'er ence_.
+
+ref'er ence    def'er ence    ref er ee'
+pref er ence   in fer ence    ref'er a ble _or_
+con fer ence   pref er a ble   re fer'ri ble
+
+
+                           OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
+
+gas es         (but gassy)     tranquillity
+gas eous       humbug ging     trans fer able
+crystallize    humbug ged      ex cellence
+chagrined
+
+NOTE.--There is a large class of words ending in _l_, and accented on
+some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the _l_ is
+doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the
+language not to double the _l_. Such words are the following: apparel,
+cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal,
+gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,
+peril, quarrel.
+
+
+
+
+                     REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
+
+
+_able_, see ble
+_age_, that which, having
+_ain_, see ian
+_al_, pertaining to
+_an_, pertaining to, one who
+_ant_, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
+_ary_, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of,
+       pertaining to
+_ate_, act of, state of, shaped like
+_ble_, capable of, fit to be
+_cle_, little, that which
+_ed_,  condition of
+_ee_, one who
+_ence_, see ant
+_ent_, see ant
+_er_, one who, that which
+_es_, see er
+_et_, little
+_ful_, full of, having
+_fy_, to make
+_ial_, see al
+_ian_, one who
+_ible_, see ble
+_ic_, pertaining to
+_il_, see ile
+_ile_, capable of, quality of
+_ion_, act of, state of, that which
+_ious_, see ous
+_ish_, act of
+_is_, that which
+_ise_, see ize
+_ism_, state of, doctrine of
+_ist_, one who
+_ity_, that which, state of being, quality of
+_ive_, that which, quality of
+_ize_, act of
+_lent_, full of
+_less_, without
+_ly_, state of being
+_ment_, that which
+_oid_, form
+_or_, one who
+_ory_, see ary
+_ous_, full of, quality of, having
+_tic_, see ic
+_tude_, quality of
+_ty_, see ity
+_ure_, that which, act of
+_y_, that which
+
+
+
+
+                            INDEX TO ROOTS.
+
+
+This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words
+in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
+
+                    Page.
+
+act                11, 61
+ambl               15, 18, 82
+anim               25, 35
+*ann               11
+aqua               74, 80
+arch               28, 45, 82
+*art               12
+*aster             12
+*aud               13
+bi, be             9, 64, 65, 74
+brev               9, 39
+burse              13, 20
+*capt, caput       53
+*ced, cess         53
+*cent              54
+cept               14, 55
+*chron             46
+cep, cip           18, 50
+*civ               55
+clam, claim        20, 74
+clud, clus         16
+cogn               20, 56, 81
+*cord, card        17
+*corpus, corpor    17
+*cura, curo        18
+*curr              58
+cuspid             21, 35, 50
+cycl               21, 50, 64
+*dent              58
+*dict              58
+*doc, doct         59
+dors               26, 56
+dote               25, 63
+*duc               22
+dur                32, 33
+*fac, fec, fic     23
+femin              35, 71
+*fer, lat          24
+*fest              24
+fid                39, 51, 56, 67
+*fin               62
+*firm              62
+fix                19, 49, 60
+*flex, flect       62
+flor               39, 66, 82
+*flu               63
+*foli              26
+form               15, 25, 61, 73
+*fort              26
+*fract, frang      27
+*frater            27
+fresh              20, 40
+fuse               13, 59, 61
+fy                 70
+gam                21, 28, 45
+*ge                47
+gnost              59, 63
+gon                26, 83
+grad, gress        52, 54, 59, 60, 61
+*graph             47
+*grat, grac        65
+*greg              65
+hale               55, 56
+hypnot             45, 82
+itio, it           9, 55, 61
+*ject              66
+journ              49, 82
+junct              71, 75
+juven              20, 70
+laps               20, 51
+lect               51, 60, 71
+*leg               66
+*liber             30
+*liter             31
+loc                13, 40
+*log, logy         48
+loqu               51, 57, 59, 76
+luc                39, 61
+luna               60, 80
+lut, luv           9, 50
+*manu              31
+mar                61, 71
+*mater             32
+matur              19, 56
+*ment              68
+meridi             50, 57
+*meter             83
+mingle             14, 51
+*mit               69
+moni               19, 49
+mort               39, 56, 57
+mot                40, 51, 59, 71
+mut                32, 51, 56, 61
+nat                40, 56, 66
+nomi               21, 28, 50, 66
+*norm              69
+nov                20, 56
+numer              38, 74
+opo, opt           29, 44, 64, 76, 80
+*pater             69
+path               25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
+*ped, pod          36
+*pel, puls         35
+*pend, pens        35
+*phon              83
+ple, plen          20, 40
+*polis             84
+*pon, pos          37
+*port              72
+preci              52, 74
+roy                63, 66, 82
+*rupt              72
+sal                34, 71
+scend              52, 61
+*scop              84
+*scrib, scrip      72
+secu               15, 40
+sect               13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
+soci               25, 32
+solv               9, 68
+son                25, 68
+*spec              73
+sta, sist          11, 15, 57, 60, 71
+struct             20, 57
+surrect            20, 71
+*tang, tact        41
+*tempor            41
+*ten, tain         42
+*terr              43
+thesis             25, 29, 64
+*tors, tort        76
+*tract             77
+trude              56, 57, 59
+une                21, 39
+use, uti           9, 32, 39
+vade               15, 56
+*ven               78
+*vers, vert        79
+via, vi            15, 21, 56, 74
+vir                21, 70
+viv                39, 70, 74, 82
+vol                10, 67
+zoo                48, 64
+
+    * Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO PREFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page.
+
+a (an)              63
+a, ab, abs          9
+ad (ac, etc.)       49
+ambi, amphi         9
+ante                50
+anti                25
+auto                64
+bene                10
+bi                  50
+circum              10
+con (col, etc.)     51
+contra              11
+de                  52
+dia                 26
+dis                 13
+en (on)             26
+epi                 64
+ex (e, ec)          55
+extra               14
+in (im)             56
+inter               14
+micro               65
+non                 15
+mono                28
+ob (op)             57
+para                29
+per                 15
+peri                29
+post                57
+pre                 18
+pro                 59
+re                  20
+retro               60
+se                  60
+semi                20
+sub (suc, etc.)     60
+super               20
+syn (sym)           29
+tele                30
+trans               61
+tri                 21
+uni                 25
+vice                63
+
+
+
+
+                          INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
+
+
+                   Page
+
+able                32
+ac                  44
+aceous              66
+acy                 33
+al                  66
+an                  33
+ance                68
+ary                 34
+ate                 35
+ence                67
+ent                 68
+fy                  70
+ic                  38, 80
+ics                 44
+id                  39
+ile                 70
+ine                 71
+ion                 71
+ise                 81
+ist                 82
+ism                 45
+ite                 71
+ity                 39
+ive                 40
+ment                40
+oid                 82
+ory                 73
+ous                 74
+ulent               75
+ure                 75
+y                   45, 75
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+Seventh Year.
+
+
+First Month.                                Page.
+  Word Analysis                             9-13
+  Elementary Sounds                         85
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             13-18
+  Letters, Alphabet, etc.                   87
+  Rule of Spelling                          100
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             18-24
+  Vowels                                    88
+  Rule of Spelling                          101
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             25-28
+  Consonants                                89
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             28-32
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 93
+  Rule of Spelling                          102
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             32-38
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                96
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             38-43
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 94
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             44-48
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+
+Eighth Year.
+
+
+First Month.
+  Word Analysis                             49-55
+  Syllables                                 90
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Second Month.
+  Word Analysis                             55-59
+  Accent                                    91
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Third Month.
+  Word Analysis                             59-63
+  Words                                     92
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+
+Fourth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             63-66
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 95
+  Principle of Pronunciation                97
+
+Fifth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             66-70
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Sixth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             70-73
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                98
+
+Seventh Month.
+  Word Analysis                             73-80
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Eighth Month.
+  Word Analysis                             80-84
+  Silent Letters--Principle                 96
+  Principle of Pronunciation                99
+
+Reference Table of Suffixes                 105
+
+Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes      106-107
+
+
+
+
+                         Transcriber's notes:
+
+              The legend for reading accented characters:
+
+[=x] macron (straight line) above the letter
+[x_] macron (straight line) below the letter
+[:x] diaeresis (umlaut) above the letter
+[x:] diaeresis (umlaut) below the letter
+[)x] breve above the letter
+[x)] breve below the letter
+[~x] tilde above the letter
+[x~] tilde below the letter
+[-x] overlay hyphen through the letter
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
+
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