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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Handbook to English Heraldry + +Author: Charles Boutell + +Editor: A. C. Fox-Davies + +Illustrator: R. B. Utting + +Release Date: October 24, 2007 [EBook #23186] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<a name = "start" id = "start"> </a> +<p>This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and +quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an +incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the +browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). +You may also need to change your browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>In the printed book, all illustrations were line drawings using the +conventional color representations explained in Chapter V. For this +e-text, some illustrations are also shown in “colorized” form. All +colors were chosen to be “web-safe” for reliable display in all +browsers; they are not intented to reproduce the exact shades of +standard heraldry. When the text notes a misprint in the colors, it was +corrected for the colorized version.</p> + +<p>A few very long paragraphs in the “Grammar of Heraldry” section have +been broken up to give better access to illustrations.</p> + +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig448" id = "fig448"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig448.png" width = "347" height = "347" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp, K.G.</span>, +Fifth Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>: died <span class += "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1439. No. 448.—See pages +<a href = "#page208">208</a>, +<a href = "#page321">321</a>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig446" id = "fig446"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig446.png" width = "487" height = "493" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp, K.G.</span>, +Third Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>: died <span class += "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344. No. +446.—See <a href = "#fig447">No. 447</a>, page 320, also see page +<a href = "#page321">321</a>.</p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h6>“To describe ... emblazoned Shields.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Milton</span></h6> + +<h2>THE HANDBOOK TO</h2> + +<h1>ENGLISH<br> +HERALDRY</h1> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h4>CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A.</h4> + +<h6>AUTHOR OF “THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF ENGLAND<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has single quote">,”</ins><br> +EDITOR AND PART AUTHOR OF “ARMS AND ARMOUR IN ANTIQUITY<br> +AND THE MIDDLE AGES,” ETC.</h6> + +<h6>WITH</h6> + +<h4>NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS</h4> + +<h6>Drawn and Engraved on Wood by Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">R. B. +Utting</span> and Others</h6> + +<h5><i>ELEVENTH EDITION</i></h5> + +<h6>THOROUGHLY REVISED WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER BY</h6> + +<h4>A. C. FOX-DAVIES</h4> + +<h6>OF LINCOLN’S INN BARRISTER-AT-LAW</h6> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/title.png" width = "166" height = "177" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms</span> (1340-1405)</p> + +<h5>LONDON: REEVES & TURNER</h5> +<h5>1914</h5> + +</div> + +<hr class = "spacer mid"> + +<h6>Printed by <span class = "smallcaps">Ballantyne, Hanson & +Co.</span><br> +at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh</h6> + +<hr class = "spacer mid"> + +<div class = "intro"> + +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> + +<h4><a name = "pref11" id = "pref11">PREFACE</a><br> +<span class = "smaller">TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION</span></h4> + +<p><span class = "firstword">This</span> standard work of reference has +been revised throughout, and enlarged by the addition of an extra +chapter on Peerage Dignities.</p> + +<p class = "right">A. C. FOX-DAVIES.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln’s Inn</span>, <i>November +1913</i>.</p> + +<hr class = "spacer mid"> + +<h4><a name = "pref10" id = "pref10">PREFACE</a><br> +<span class = "smaller">TO THE TENTH EDITION</span></h4> + +<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the revision of this well-known +work I have held my hand, rather than the contrary, trying to bear +always in mind that it was the hand-book of Mr. Charles Boutell and not +a production of my own. My alterations have been concerned chiefly +<span class = "pagenum">viii</span> +in bringing the volume up to date, a necessity imposed by the +creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of Sovereign. +I have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought might +be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I have +altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the +originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions, +are naturally matters of opinion, I have left herein various +expressions of Mr. Boutell’s opinion, with which I can hardly say I +personally altogether agree or would myself put forward. I hold +that it is no part of an editor’s duty to air his own opinions under the +protection or repute of another’s name, and herein I have inserted +nothing for which my own opinion is the only authority.</p> + +<p class = "right">A. C. FOX-DAVIES.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln’s Inn</span>, <i>June 1908</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig1" id = "fig1"> </a> +<a name = "fig2" id = "fig2"> </a> +<a name = "fig3" id = "fig3"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig1-2-3.png" width = "341" height = "261" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 2.—St. Edward. +No. 1.—St. George. +No. 3.—St. Edmund.</p> + + + + +<h4><a name = "preface" id = "preface">AUTHOR’S PREFACE</a></h4> + + +<p><span class = "firstword">This</span> Volume, specially prepared for +the use of students at an early period of their study of English +Heraldry, commends itself also to those inquirers who may desire to +obtain some general information on the same subject, without having any +intention to devote to Heraldry much either of their time or of their +serious regard.</p> + +<p>The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work +on Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might +be extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly +elementary in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within +its limits complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in +this Volume.</p> + +<p>Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more +particularly when our national History becomes +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +the Biography of eminent Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest +claims upon the attention not only of all Historians, but also of all +who desire to become familiar with their writings. In like manner, +Heraldry may be studied with no less of advantage than of satisfaction +by all Artists, whether Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers. +Nor is it too much to assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in +consequence of its singular and comprehensive utility, ought to be +estimated as a necessary element of a liberal education. In confirmation +of my own views, I am tempted to quote the following passage from +<span class = "smallcaps">M. Gourdon de Genouillac’s</span> introduction +to his excellent “Grammaire Héraldique,” published at Paris:—“Le +blason,” says M. de Genouillac, “est une langue qui s’est conservée dans +sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est +indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d’alliance ou +de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues, +enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &c.; cependant cette +langue est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent +le droit de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer +selon les termes techniques!” Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a +study worthy to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it +certainly is eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every +class of student.</p> + +<p>In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of +England, confident that, of those who may +<span class = "pagenum">xi</span> +accompany me as far as I shall lead them, very many will not be content +to stop where I shall take leave of them. Thus much I promise my +companions—I will be to them a faithful guide. They may trust to +my accuracy. I have made no statement, have adduced no example, nor +have I exhibited any illustration, except upon authority. I myself +like and admire what is real and true in Heraldry; and it is by the +attractiveness of truth and reality that I desire to win for Heraldry +fresh friends, and to secure for it firm friendships.</p> + +<p>It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the +associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras, +I seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our +own, and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I do +not suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But, +while I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst +ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I do +aspire to aid in restoring <span class = "smallcaps">Heraldry</span> to +its becoming rank, and consequently to its early popularity, now in our +own times. This is to revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give +to it a fresh animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to +existing uses and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the +circumstances of its first development, and to reproduce as copyists its +original expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a +consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should +admit no deviation +<span class = "pagenum">xii</span> +from original usage or precedent. So long as we are thoroughly animated +by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our Heraldry onwards +with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to prepare a Heraldry +for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry in the time now +present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt many things, in +order to establish a true conformity between our Heraldry and the +circumstances of our own era: for example, with advantage as well as +propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute Badges for Crests; and +we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing which will be perfectly +heraldic, without being positively unnatural.</p> + +<p>The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in +outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase +the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to +the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to +blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper +tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form +their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of +course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the +exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400, +have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been +engraved by Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">R. B. Utting</span>. The +chief exceptions are thirteen admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all +of them good illustrations of Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally +engraved for Laing’s noble quarto upon “The +<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span> +Ancient Seals of Scotland,” published in Edinburgh. Scottish Heraldry, +I must add, as in any particulars of law and practice it may differ +from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I have left in the +able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time, however, the +Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is equally at +home on either side of “the Border,” that I have never hesitated to look +for my examples and authorities to both the fair realms which now form +one Great Britain.</p> + +<p class = "right">C. B.<br> +<img src = "images/signature.png" width = "172" height = "28" +alt = "handwritten signature"> +</p> + +<!-- <span class = "pagenum">xiv</span> --> + +<span class = "pagenum">xv</span> +<h4><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h4> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smaller">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps"> +<a href = "#pref11">Preface to Present Edition</a></td> +<td class = "number">vii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps"> +<a href = "#preface">Author’s Preface</a></td> +<td class = "number">ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps"> +<a href = "#illus">List of Illustrations</a></td> +<td class = "number">xix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapI">CHAPTER I</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Introductory</span>— Early Popularity +of Heraldry in England— Origin of English Heraldry; Definition; +Characteristics; Development; Early Uses; Not connected with Earlier +Systems— Ancient Heraldry— Past and Present Treatment of the +Subject</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapII">CHAPTER II</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Early Heraldic Authorities</span>— +Seals; Monumental Effigies, &c.; Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic +Records, &c.— Earlies<ins class = "correction" title = +"invisible">t</ins> Heraldic Shields and Banners— Allusive Quality +of Early Armory— Attributed Arms</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapIII">CHAPTER III</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p>The English Heraldry that is now in existence— First Debasement +of Heraldry— Later Debasement— Revival of English +Heraldry— Heraldic Art</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +I.— Language— Nomenclature— Style and Forms of +Expression— Blazon— The Shield: its Parts, Points, +Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">xvi</span> +<a href = "#chapV">CHAPTER V</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +II.— Tinctures: Metals, Colours, Furs— Varied Fields— +Law of Tinctures— Counter-changing— Diaper— +Disposition— Blazoning— Emblazoning in Tinctures</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +III.— The Ordinaries:— Chief: Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; its +Heraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire: Chevron: and Pile</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +IV.— The Subordinaries:— Canton or Quarter: Inescutcheon: +Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge, Mascle, Rustre: Fusil: +Billet: Gyron: Frette— The Roundles</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">64</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapVIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +V.— Miscellaneous Charges:— Human Beings: Animals: Birds: +Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary Beings: Natural Objects: Various +Artificial Figures and Devices— Appropriate Descriptive +Epithets</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapIX">CHAPTER IX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +VI.— The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapX">CHAPTER X</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section +VII.— Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXI">CHAPTER XI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span>:— Aggroupment: +Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation: Impalement: Escutcheon of +Pretence: Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others: Official +Arms; and the Accessories of Shields</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">xvii</span> +<a href = "#chapXII">CHAPTER XII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>:— Marks of Cadency are +temporary, or permanent: the Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet, +and Canton: Change of Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges: +Differences of Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.: Modern +Cadency</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">176</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXIII">CHAPTER XIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Differencing</span>:— Differencing to +denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing without any +Alliance— Augmentation— Abatement</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">194</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXIV">CHAPTER XIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crests</span></p> +</td> +<td class = "number">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXV">CHAPTER XV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badges</span></p> +</td> +<td class = "number">220</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXVI">CHAPTER XVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span></p> +</td> +<td class = "number">237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXVII">CHAPTER XVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Flags</span>:— The Pennon: the +Banner: the Standard: the Royal Standard: the “Union Jack”: Ensigns: +Military Standards and Colours: Blazoning: Hoisting and Displaying +Flags</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">246</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXVIII">CHAPTER XVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Royal Heraldry of England and +Scotland</span>:— Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of +England, of Scotland, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes: Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insignia +of the late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the +other Princes and Princesses</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">258</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "pagenum">xviii</span> +<a href = "#chapXIX">CHAPTER XIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orders of Knighthood and Insignia of +Honour</span>:— Feudal Knighthood— Orders of Knighthood: +Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the Order of the Garter; of the +Thistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of +the Star of India— The Order of Merit— The Royal Victorian +Order— The Imperial Service Order— The Victoria Cross— +The Albert Medal— Naval and Military Medals— Foreign +Insignia bestowed on British Subjects</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">273</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXX">CHAPTER XX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Precedence Genealogies</span></p> +</td> +<td class = "number">295</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXXI">CHAPTER XXI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">College of Arms</span>— The <span +class = "smallcaps">Lyon Office</span> of Scotland— Grants of +Arms— Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” and on “Arms Found”</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">304</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXXII">CHAPTER XXII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Miscellaneous</span>:— Coins— +Seals— Heraldry in Architecture, in Monuments, in Illuminations, +in Encaustic Tiles— Heraldic Personal Ornaments, and various +Heraldic Decorations— Conclusion</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">316</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#chapXXIII">CHAPTER XXIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Peerage Dignities</span>:— The +Dignity of Earl— Of Baron— The Parliament of 1295— +Landed Qualifications— Creation of the Title Duke of +Cornwall— The Title of Marquis— The Premier Baron of +England— The Peerage of Scotland— Scottish Remainders— +Daughter Inherits in her own Right— Determination of an +Abeyance— The Right to Create Peers of Ireland— Rights and +Privileges of a Peeress— The Daughters of Peers— Anomalies +of the English Scale of Precedence</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">327</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps"> +<a href = "#index">General Index</a></td> +<td class = "number">335</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">xix</span> +<h4><a name = "illus" id = "illus">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a></h4> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Page numbers are from the original text. Some illustrations have been +shifted slightly from their original location; links lead directly to +the illustration. Illustrations 4-315 are in the separate file +containing chapters I-X. Words in <i>italics</i> were added by the +transcriber. There is no Figure 208.</p> + +<table class = "illus" summary = "list of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "number smaller">NO.</td> +<td class = "number smaller" colspan = "2">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig1">1.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of St. George</p></td> +<td class = "bracket lft" rowspan = "3">ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig2">2.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of St. Edward</p></td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig3">3.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of St. Edmund</p></td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig4">4.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford</p></td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig5">5.</a></td> +<td><p>Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry</p></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig6">6.</a></td> +<td><p>Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry</p></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig7">7.</a></td> +<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig8">8.</a></td> +<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig9">9.</a></td> +<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig10">10.</a></td> +<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig11">11.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Walter Innes</p></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig12">12.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of William Innes</p></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig13">13.</a></td> +<td><p>Banner of Templars</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig14">14.</a></td> +<td><p>Banner of Leicester</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig15">15.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Brittany</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig16">16.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Waldegrave</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig17">17.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Fitz Warine</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig18">18.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Whitworth</p></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig19">19.</a></td> +<td><p>The Escarbuncle</p></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig20">20.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Montacute</p></td> +<td class = "number">17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig20a">20<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Montacute</p></td> +<td class = "number">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig21">21.</a></td> +<td><p>The Planta Genista</p></td> +<td class = "number">17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig22">22.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms assigned to William I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">18, <a href = "#fig22n">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig23">23.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes</p></td> +<td class = "number">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig24">24.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Prince John of Eltham</p></td> +<td class = "number">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig25">25.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall</p></td> +<td class = "number">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig26">26.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall</p></td> +<td class = "number">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig27">27.</a></td> +<td><p>The Points of an Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig28">28.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Pale</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig29">29.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Fesse</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig30">30.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided Quarterly</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig31">31.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Bend</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig32">32.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Bend Sinister</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig33">33.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Saltire</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig34">34.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Chevron</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig35">35.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield divided per Tierce</p></td> +<td class = "number">33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig36">36.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield Quarterly of Eight</p></td> +<td class = "number">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig37">37.</a></td> +<td><p>Compound Quartering</p></td> +<td class = "number">34</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig38">38.</a></td> +<td><p>Border and Dividing Lines</p></td> +<td class = "number">35</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig39">39.</a></td> +<td><p>Bowed Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig40">40.</a></td> +<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig41">41.</a></td> +<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig42">42.</a></td> +<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig43">43.</a></td> +<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig44">44.</a></td> +<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig45">45.</a></td> +<td><p>Modern Shield</p></td> +<td class = "number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig46">46.</a></td> +<td><p>Cartouche</p></td> +<td class = "number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig47">47.</a></td> +<td><p>Lozenge</p></td> +<td class = "number">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig48">48.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Provence</p></td> +<td class = "number">38</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig49">49.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield Couché</p></td> +<td class = "number">38</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig50">50.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Or</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig51">51.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Argent</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig52">52.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Azure</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig53">53.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Gules</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig54">54.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Sable</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig55">55.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Vert</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig56">56.</a></td> +<td><p>Symbolisation of Purpure</p></td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig57">57</a>, +<a href = "#fig57a">57<span class = "smallroman">A</span></a>. +Ermine</p></td> +<td class = "number">41, 42</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig58">58.</a></td> +<td><p>Ermines</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig59">59.</a></td> +<td><p>Erminois</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig60">60.</a></td> +<td><p>Pean</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig61">61.</a></td> +<td><p>Vair</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig62">62.</a></td> +<td><p>Vair</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig63">63.</a></td> +<td><p>Counter Vair</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig64">64.</a></td> +<td><p>Potent</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig65">65.</a></td> +<td><p>Counter Potent</p></td> +<td class = "number">41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig66">66.</a></td> +<td><p>Componée</p></td> +<td class = "number">43</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig67">67.</a></td> +<td><p>Counter Componée</p></td> +<td class = "number">43</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig68">68.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Earl de Warrenne</p></td> +<td class = "number">45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig69">69.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Jerusalem</p></td> +<td class = "number">44</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig70">70.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Fenwick</p></td> +<td class = "number">44</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig71">71.</a></td> +<td><p>A Chief</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig72">72.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Le Botiler</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig73">73.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Brus</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig74">74.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Clintone</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig75">75.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Clintone</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig76">76.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Clifford</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig77">77.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Pateshulle</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig78">78.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Le Vavasour</p></td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig79">79.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Hemenhale</p></td> +<td class = "number">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig80">80.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Dageworthe</p></td> +<td class = "number">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig81">81.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Harecourt</p></td> +<td class = "number">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig82">82.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Wake</p></td> +<td class = "number">51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig83">83.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Huntercumbe</p></td> +<td class = "number">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig84">84.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De la Mere</p></td> +<td class = "number">52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<span class = "pagenum">xx</span> +<a href = "#fig85">85.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale</p></td> +<td class = "number">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig86">86.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Valence</p></td> +<td class = "number">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig87">87.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Erskine</p></td> +<td class = "number">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig88">88.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Grandison</p></td> +<td class = "number">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig89">89.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Fimbriated</p></td> +<td class = "number">54</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig90">90.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Pointed</p></td> +<td class = "number">54</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig91">91.</a></td> +<td><p>Greek Cross</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig92">92.</a></td> +<td><p>Latin Cross</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig93">93.</a></td> +<td><p>Tau Cross</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig94">94.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Quadrate</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig95">95.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Patriarchal</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig96">96.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Lourchée</p></td> +<td class = "number">55</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig97">97.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Molines</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig98">98.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig99">99.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of William de Vesci</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig100">100.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Fleurie</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig101">101.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Fleurettée</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig102">102.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Pommee</p></td> +<td class = "number">56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig103">103.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Botonee</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig104">104.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Crosslet</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig105">105.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Clechée</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig106">106.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Patee</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig107">107.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Maltese</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig108">108.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Potent</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig109">109.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Avellane</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig110">110.</a></td> +<td><p>Cross Botonée Fitchée</p></td> +<td class = "number">57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig111">111.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Le Scrope</p></td> +<td class = "number">58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig112">112.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Radclyffe</p></td> +<td class = "number">58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig113">113.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Le Boteler</p></td> +<td class = "number">58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig114">114.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford</p></td> +<td class = "number">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig115">115.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Bohun (differenced)</p></td> +<td class = "number">59</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig116">116.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Montford</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig117">117.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Bray</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig118">118.</a></td> +<td><p>Paly Bendy</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig119">119.</a></td> +<td><p>Barry Bendy</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig120">120.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of St. Andrew</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig121">121.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Neville</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig122">122.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Neville</p></td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig123">123.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Stafford</p></td> +<td class = "number">61</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig124">124.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Clare</p></td> +<td class = "number">61</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig125">125.</a></td> +<td><p>Early Shield of De Clare</p></td> +<td class = "number">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig126">126.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Chandos</p></td> +<td class = "number">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig127">127.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Prian</p></td> +<td class = "number">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig128">128.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Passett</p></td> +<td class = "number">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig129">129.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Kyrkeby</p></td> +<td class = "number">65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig130">130.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Blundell</p></td> +<td class = "number">65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig131">131.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Mortimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig132">132.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Darcy</p></td> +<td class = "number">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig133">133.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Wyllers</p></td> +<td class = "number">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig134">134.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Balliol</p></td> +<td class = "number">66</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig135">135.</a></td> +<td><p>Single Tressure Flory</p></td> +<td class = "number">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig136">136.</a></td> +<td><p>Tressure Flory Counterflory</p></td> +<td class = "number">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig137">137.</a></td> +<td><p>Double Tressure Flory</p></td> +<td class = "number">67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig138">138.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Scotland</p></td> +<td class = "number">67, <a href = "#fig138n">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig139">139.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Waltone</p></td> +<td class = "number">68</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig140">140.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall</p></td> +<td class = "number">68</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig141">141.</a></td> +<td><p>Flanche</p></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig142">142.</a></td> +<td><p>Flasques</p></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig143">143.</a></td> +<td><p>Mascle</p></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig144">144.</a></td> +<td><p>Rustre</p></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig145">145.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent</p></td> +<td class = "number">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig146">146.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Deincourt</p></td> +<td class = "number">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig147">147.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Campbell</p></td> +<td class = "number">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig148">148.</a></td> +<td><p>A Frette</p></td> +<td class = "number">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig149">149.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Etchingham</p></td> +<td class = "number">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig150">150.</a></td> +<td><p>Trellis Clouée</p></td> +<td class = "number">71</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig151">151.</a></td> +<td><p>Bezant</p></td> +<td class = "number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig152">152.</a></td> +<td><p>Torteau</p></td> +<td class = "number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig153">153.</a></td> +<td><p>Fountain</p></td> +<td class = "number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig154">154.</a></td> +<td><p>Annulet</p></td> +<td class = "number">72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig155">155.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td> +<td class = "number">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig156">156.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td> +<td class = "number">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig157">157.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td> +<td class = "number">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig158">158.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Isle of Man</p></td> +<td class = "number">74</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig159">159.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of St<ins class = "correction" title = "invisible">. +</ins>Alban’s Abbey</p></td> +<td class = "number">75</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig160">160.</a></td> +<td><p>Early Martlet</p></td> +<td class = "number">77</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig161">161.</a></td> +<td><p>Martlet</p></td> +<td class = "number">77</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig162">162.</a></td> +<td><p>Banner of De Barre</p></td> +<td class = "number">77</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig163">163.</a></td> +<td><p>Dolphin</p></td> +<td class = "number">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig164">164.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Lucy</p></td> +<td class = "number">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig165">165.</a></td> +<td><p>Escallop</p></td> +<td class = "number">78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig166">166.</a></td> +<td><p><i>Moon</i> A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent</p></td> +<td class = "number">80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig167">167.</a></td> +<td><p><i>Stag</i> At Gaze</p></td> +<td class = "number">81</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig168">168.</a></td> +<td><p><i>Stag</i> Tripping</p></td> +<td class = "number">81</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig169">169.</a></td> +<td><p><i>Stag</i> At Speed</p></td> +<td class = "number">81</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig170">170.</a></td> +<td><p>Stag’s Head Cabossed</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig171">171.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Rampant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig172">172.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Rampant Guardant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig173">173.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Passant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig174">174.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Passant Guardant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig175">175.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Statant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig176">176.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Statant Guardant</p></td> +<td class = "number">85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig177">177.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Couchant</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig178">178.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Sejant</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig179">179.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Dormant</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig180">180.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Salient</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig181">181.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Double queued</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig182">182.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion Coward</p></td> +<td class = "number">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig183">183.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion’s Head</p></td> +<td class = "number">87</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig184">184.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion’s Face</p></td> +<td class = "number">87</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig185">185.</a></td> +<td><p>Lion’s Jambe</p></td> +<td class = "number">87</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig186">186.</a></td> +<td><p>Demi Lion Rampant</p></td> +<td class = "number">87</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig187">187.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of England</p></td> +<td class = "number">87, <a href = "#fig187n">259</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig188">188.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Richard I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig189">189.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Prince John</p></td> +<td class = "number">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig190">190.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Richard I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig191">191.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Le Strange</p></td> +<td class = "number">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig192">192.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Giffard</p></td> +<td class = "number">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig193">193.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Mowbray</p></td> +<td class = "number">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig194">194.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Lacy</p></td> +<td class = "number">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig195">195.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Segrave</p></td> +<td class = "number">89</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig196">196.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Percy</p></td> +<td class = "number">90</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig197">197.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De Longespée</p></td> +<td class = "number">90</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig198">198.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest of Black Prince</p></td> +<td class = "number">91</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig199">199.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest &c., Richard II.</p></td> +<td class = "number">91</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig200">200.</a></td> +<td><p>Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey</p></td> +<td class = "number">93</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig201">201.</a></td> +<td><p>Imperial Eagle</p></td> +<td class = "number">93</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig202">202.</a></td> +<td><p>Royal Eagle</p></td> +<td class = "number">93</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig203">203.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Earl of Cornwall</p></td> +<td class = "number">94</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<span class = "pagenum">xxi</span> +<a href = "#fig204">204.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Euphemia Leslie</p></td> +<td class = "number">94</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig205">205.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Piers Gaveston</p></td> +<td class = "number">95</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig206">206.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Montacute and Monthermer</p></td> +<td class = "number">95</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig207">207.</a></td> +<td><p>A Vol</p></td> +<td class = "number">96</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig209">209.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of De la Mere</p></td> +<td class = "number">96</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig210">210.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield at St. Albans</p></td> +<td class = "number">97</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig211">211.</a></td> +<td><p>Austrian Eagle</p></td> +<td class = "number">97</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig212">212.</a></td> +<td><p>German Imperial Eagle</p></td> +<td class = "number">98</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig213">213.</a></td> +<td><p>German Eagle, wings erect</p></td> +<td class = "number">98</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig214">214.</a></td> +<td><p>French Imperial Eagle</p></td> +<td class = "number">99</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig215">215.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of Ulster</p></td> +<td class = "number">101</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig216">216.</a></td> +<td><p>Breys</p></td> +<td class = "number">104</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig217">217.</a></td> +<td><p>Baron’s Coronet</p></td> +<td class = "number">104</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig218">218.</a></td> +<td><p>Water Bouget</p></td> +<td class = "number">106</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig219">219.</a></td> +<td><p>Bourohier Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">106</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig220">220.</a></td> +<td><p>Bowen Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">107</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig221">221.</a></td> +<td><p>Caltrap</p></td> +<td class = "number">107</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig222">222.</a></td> +<td><p>Castle</p></td> +<td class = "number">108</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig223">223.</a></td> +<td><p>Celestial Crown</p></td> +<td class = "number">108</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig224">224.</a></td> +<td><p>Chapeau of Estate</p></td> +<td class = "number">108</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig225">225.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Saxony</p></td> +<td class = "number">108</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig226">226.</a></td> +<td><p>Chess Rook</p></td> +<td class = "number">109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig227">227.</a></td> +<td><p>Cinquefoil</p></td> +<td class = "number">109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig228">228.</a></td> +<td><p>Clarions</p></td> +<td class = "number">109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig229">229.</a></td> +<td><p>Cockatrice</p></td> +<td class = "number">110</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig230">230.</a></td> +<td><p>Collar of York</p></td> +<td class = "number">110</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig231">231.</a></td> +<td><p>Collar of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">110</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig232">232.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest Coronet</p></td> +<td class = "number">113</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig233">233.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest Wreaths</p></td> +<td class = "number">113</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig234">234.</a></td> +<td><p>Crown of H.M. The King</p></td> +<td class = "number">115, <a href = "#fig234n">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig235">235.</a></td> +<td><p>Dacre Knot and Badges</p></td> +<td class = "number">115</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig236">236.</a></td> +<td><p>Dragon</p></td> +<td class = "number">117</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig237">237.</a></td> +<td><p>Duke’s Coronet</p></td> +<td class = "number">117</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig238">238.</a></td> +<td><p>Earl’s Coronet</p></td> +<td class = "number">118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig239">239.</a></td> +<td><p>Eastern Crown</p></td> +<td class = "number">118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig240">240.</a></td> +<td><p>Electoral Bonnet</p></td> +<td class = "number">119</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig241">241.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Byron</p></td> +<td class = "number">119</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig242">242.</a></td> +<td><p>Estoile</p></td> +<td class = "number">120</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig243">243.</a></td> +<td><p>Fer-de-Moline</p></td> +<td class = "number">121</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig244">244.</a></td> +<td><p>Fermails</p></td> +<td class = "number">121</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig245">245.</a></td> +<td><p>Fetter lock</p></td> +<td class = "number">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig246">246.</a></td> +<td><p>Fleur de lys</p></td> +<td class = "number">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig247">247.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of France Ancient</p></td> +<td class = "number">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig248">248.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of France Modern</p></td> +<td class = "number">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig249">249.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig250">250.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig251">251.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">123</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig252">252.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Edward III., <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1340</p></td> +<td class = "number">124, <a href = "#fig252n">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig253">253.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Henry IV., about 1405</p></td> +<td class = "number">124, <a href = "#fig253n">260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig254">254</a>, <a href = "#fig255">255</a>. +Fylfots</p></td> +<td class = "number">125</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig256">256.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of R. de Gorges</p></td> +<td class = "number">127</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig257">257.</a></td> +<td><p>Hawk’s Lure</p></td> +<td class = "number">128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig258">258.</a></td> +<td><p>Hawk’s Bells and Jesses</p></td> +<td class = "number">128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig259">259.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm of the Sovereign</p></td> +<td class = "number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig260">260.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm of Princes and Nobles</p></td> +<td class = "number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig261">261.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm of Baronets and Knights</p></td> +<td class = "number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig262">262.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen</p></td> +<td class = "number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig263">263.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen</p></td> +<td class = "number">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig264">264.</a></td> +<td><p>Heneage Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig265">265.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of the Heralds College</p></td> +<td class = "number">130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig266">266.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Lyon Office</p></td> +<td class = "number">131</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig267">267.</a></td> +<td><p>Jessant de lys</p></td> +<td class = "number">133</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig268">268</a>, <a href = "#fig269">269</a>. +Heraldic Keys</p></td> +<td class = "number">133</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig270">270.</a></td> +<td><p>Hastings Badge</p></td> +<td class = "number">133</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig271">271</a>, <a href = "#fig272">272</a>, +<a href = "#fig273">273</a>. +Labels</p></td> +<td class = "number">134</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig274">274.</a></td> +<td><p>Lacy Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">134</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig275">275.</a></td> +<td><p>Lymphad</p></td> +<td class = "number">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig276">276.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Hastings</p></td> +<td class = "number">136</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig277">277.</a></td> +<td><p>Coronet of Marquess</p></td> +<td class = "number">137</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig278">278.</a></td> +<td><p>Mullet</p></td> +<td class = "number">139</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig279">279.</a></td> +<td><p>Mullet Pierced</p></td> +<td class = "number">139</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig280">280.</a></td> +<td><p>Mural Crown</p></td> +<td class = "number">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig281">281.</a></td> +<td><p>Naval Crown</p></td> +<td class = "number">140</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig282">282.</a></td> +<td><p>Pourdon</p></td> +<td class = "number">141</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig283">283.</a></td> +<td><p>Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay</p></td> +<td class = "number">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig284">284.</a></td> +<td><p>Panache Crest of William le Latimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig285">285.</a></td> +<td><p>Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig286">286.</a></td> +<td><p>Pennon of D’Aubernoun</p></td> +<td class = "number">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig287">287.</a></td> +<td><p>Pheon</p></td> +<td class = "number">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig288">288.</a></td> +<td><p>Portcullis</p></td> +<td class = "number">143</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig289">289.</a></td> +<td><p>Coronet of Prince of Wales</p></td> +<td class = "number">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig290">290.</a></td> +<td><p>Coronet of King’s Daughters and Younger Sons</p></td> +<td class = "number">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig291">291.</a></td> +<td><p>Coronet of King’s Grandchildren</p></td> +<td class = "number">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig292">292.</a></td> +<td><p>Coronet of King’s Cousins</p></td> +<td class = "number">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig293">293.</a></td> +<td><p>Quatrefoil</p></td> +<td class = "number">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig294">294.</a></td> +<td><p>The Ragged Staff Badge</p></td> +<td class = "number">146</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig295">295.</a></td> +<td><p>Rebus of Abbot Kirton</p></td> +<td class = "number">148</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig296">296.</a></td> +<td><p>Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton</p></td> +<td class = "number">148</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig297">297.</a></td> +<td><p>Rebus of Sir John Peche</p></td> +<td class = "number">148</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig298">298</a>, <a href = "#fig299">299.</a> +Heraldic Roses</p></td> +<td class = "number">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig300">300.</a></td> +<td><p>Rose en Soleil</p></td> +<td class = "number">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig301">301.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest of Hamilton</p></td> +<td class = "number">150</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig302">302.</a></td> +<td><p>Sixfoil</p></td> +<td class = "number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig303">303.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Shakespeare</p></td> +<td class = "number">151</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig304">304.</a></td> +<td><p>Stafford Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig305">305.</a></td> +<td><p>Staple Padge</p></td> +<td class = "number">152</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig306">306.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of City of London</p></td> +<td class = "number">153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig307">307.</a></td> +<td><p>Tabard</p></td> +<td class = "number">154</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig308">308.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of James I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">154</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig309">309.</a></td> +<td><p>Trefoil Slipped</p></td> +<td class = "number">155</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig310">310.</a></td> +<td><p>Trumpet</p></td> +<td class = "number">155</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig311">311.</a></td> +<td><p>Viscount’s Coronet</p></td> +<td class = "number">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig312">312.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield at St<ins class = "correction" title = "invisible">. +</ins>Michael’s Church, St<ins class = "correction" title = +"invisible">. </ins>Albans</p></td> +<td class = "number">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig313">313.</a></td> +<td><p>Wake Knot</p></td> +<td class = "number">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig314">314.</a></td> +<td><p>Catherine Wheel</p></td> +<td class = "number">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig315">315.</a></td> +<td><p>Wyvern</p></td> +<td class = "number">157</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig316">316.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">160</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig317">317.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros</p></td> +<td class = "number">161</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<span class = "pagenum">xxii</span> +<a href = "#fig318">318.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey</p></td> +<td class = "number">162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig319">319.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke</p></td> +<td class = "number">164</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig320">320.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Matilda of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">164</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig321">321.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Oliver de Bohun</p></td> +<td class = "number">165</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig322">322.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Earl John de Dreux</p></td> +<td class = "number">165</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig323">323.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Castile and Leon</p></td> +<td class = "number">166</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig324">324.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland</p></td> +<td class = "number">167</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig325">325.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea</p></td> +<td class = "number">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig326">326.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle</p></td> +<td class = "number">168</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig327">327.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Camoys and Mortimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">169</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig328">328.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of D’Aubigny and Scotland</p></td> +<td class = "number">170</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig329">329.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp</p></td> +<td class = "number">171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig330">330.</a></td> +<td><p>Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td> +<td class = "number">171-2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig331">331</a>, <a href = "#fig332">332.</a> +Two Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td> +<td class = "number">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig333">333</a>, <a href = "#fig334">334</a>, +<a href = "#fig335">335.</a> +Three Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td> +<td class = "number">172</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig336">336.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.</p></td> +<td class = "number">178</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig337">337.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Black Prince</p></td> +<td class = "number">178</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig338">338.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig339">339.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of Brittany</p></td> +<td class = "number">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig340">340.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of York</p></td> +<td class = "number">179</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig341">341.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of Clarence</p></td> +<td class = "number">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig342">342.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of Henry and John of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig343">343.</a></td> +<td><p>Label of Thomas of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig344">344.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Holland, of Kent</p></td> +<td class = "number">181</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig345">345.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Henry of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig346">346.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely</p></td> +<td class = "number">183</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig347">347.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock</p></td> +<td class = "number">183</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig348">348.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick</p></td> +<td class = "number">184</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig349">349.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe</p></td> +<td class = "number">184</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig350">350.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Bishop Grandison</p></td> +<td class = "number">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig351">351.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Bishop Le Despencer</p></td> +<td class = "number">185</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig352">352.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin</p></td> +<td class = "number">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig353">353.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Thomas le Scrope</p></td> +<td class = "number">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig354">354.</a></td> +<td><p>Crescent, for Difference</p></td> +<td class = "number">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig355">355.</a></td> +<td><p>Mullet, for Difference</p></td> +<td class = "number">186</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig356">356.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Lord Latimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig357">357.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Neville</p></td> +<td class = "number">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig358">358.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys</p></td> +<td class = "number">187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig359">359.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester</p></td> +<td class = "number">189</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig360">360.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beaufort, before 1397</p></td> +<td class = "number">189</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig361">361.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Beaufort, after 1397</p></td> +<td class = "number">189</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig362">362.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester</p></td> +<td class = "number">190</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig363">363.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon</p></td> +<td class = "number">190</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig364">364.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Radulphus de Arundel</p></td> +<td class = "number">190</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig365">365.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of William Fraser</p></td> +<td class = "number">193</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig366">366.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Earl of Chester</p></td> +<td class = "number">195</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig367">367.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Fitz Ralph</p></td> +<td class = "number">196</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig368">368.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Luterell</p></td> +<td class = "number">197</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig369">369.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Wadsley</p></td> +<td class = "number">197</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig370">370.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Wortley</p></td> +<td class = "number">198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig371">371.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Mounteney</p></td> +<td class = "number">198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig372">372.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of De Mounteney</p></td> +<td class = "number">198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig373">373.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield in St. Alban’s Abbey</p></td> +<td class = "number">203</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig374">374.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield of Howard, after Flodden</p></td> +<td class = "number">205</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig374a">374<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</a></td> +<td><p>Howard Augmentation</p></td> +<td class = "number">205</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig375">375.</a></td> +<td><p>Fan-Crest, Richard I.</p></td> +<td class = "number">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig376">376.</a></td> +<td><p>Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci</p></td> +<td class = "number">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig377">377.</a></td> +<td><p>Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci</p></td> +<td class = "number">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig378">378.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Alexander de Balliol</p></td> +<td class = "number">210</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig379">379.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster</p></td> +<td class = "number">211</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig380">380.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm, &c., Geoffrey Luterell</p></td> +<td class = "number">212</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig381">381.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal, Sir Robert de Marny</p></td> +<td class = "number">212</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig382">382.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal, William de Wyndesor</p></td> +<td class = "number">214</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig383">383.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G.</p></td> +<td class = "number">215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig384">384.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm, &c., Richard II.</p></td> +<td class = "number">216</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig385">385.</a></td> +<td><p>Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hastings</p></td> +<td class = "number">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig386">386.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon</p></td> +<td class = "number">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig387">387.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt</p></td> +<td class = "number">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig388">388.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury</p></td> +<td class = "number">217</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig389">389.</a></td> +<td><p>Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford</p></td> +<td class = "number">218</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig390">390.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal, Earl Robert Bruce</p></td> +<td class = "number">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig391">391.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford</p></td> +<td class = "number">225</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig392">392.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford</p></td> +<td class = "number">226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig393">393.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge, Tau and Bell</p></td> +<td class = "number">227</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig394">394.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge</p></td> +<td class = "number">231</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig395">395</a>, <a href = "#fig396">396.</a> +Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough</p></td> +<td class = "number">231</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig397">397.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow</p></td> +<td class = "number">232</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig398">398.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough</p></td> +<td class = "number">232</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig399">399.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban’s Abbey</p></td> +<td class = "number">232</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig400">400.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral</p></td> +<td class = "number">232</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig401">401.</a></td> +<td><p>Shield “for Peace” of Black Prince</p></td> +<td class = "number">234</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig402">402.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV.</p></td> +<td class = "number">235</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig403">403.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloster</p></td> +<td class = "number">235</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig404">404.</a></td> +<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate of John Beaufort</p></td> +<td class = "number">235</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<span class = "pagenum">xxiii</span> +<a href = "#fig405">405.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Devorguilla Crawford</p></td> +<td class = "number">239</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig406">406.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford</p></td> +<td class = "number">240</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig407">407.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer</p></td> +<td class = "number">242</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig408">408.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Robert Graham</p></td> +<td class = "number">243</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig409">409.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay</p></td> +<td class = "number">243</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig410">410.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Sir John Drummond</p></td> +<td class = "number">244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig411">411.</a></td> +<td><p>Pennon</p></td> +<td class = "number">247</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig412">412.</a></td> +<td><p>Pennon of Percy</p></td> +<td class = "number">247</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig413">413.</a></td> +<td><p>Banners and Pennons</p></td> +<td class = "number">248</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig414">414.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Earl John Holland</p></td> +<td class = "number">249</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig415">415.</a></td> +<td><p>Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G.</p></td> +<td class = "number">251</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig416">416.</a></td> +<td><p>The Royal Standard</p></td> +<td class = "number">252</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig417">417.</a></td> +<td><p>The First Union Jack</p></td> +<td class = "number">253</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig418">418.</a></td> +<td><p>Banner of St. George</p></td> +<td class = "number">253</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig419">419.</a></td> +<td><p>Banner of St. Andrew</p></td> +<td class = "number">253</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig420">420.</a></td> +<td><p>The Second Union Jack</p></td> +<td class = "number">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig421">421.</a></td> +<td><p>The Banner of St. Patrick</p></td> +<td class = "number">254</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig422">422.</a></td> +<td><p>Red Ensign</p></td> +<td class = "number">255</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig423">423.</a></td> +<td><p>Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns</p></td> +<td class = "number">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig424">424.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Nassau</p></td> +<td class = "number">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig425">425.</a></td> +<td><p>Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary</p></td> +<td class = "number">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig426">426.</a></td> +<td><p>Diagram of Arms of William III. alone</p></td> +<td class = "number">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig427">427.</a></td> +<td><p>Diagram of Arms of Anne</p></td> +<td class = "number">262</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig428">428.</a></td> +<td><p>Arms of Hanover</p></td> +<td class = "number">262</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class = "deep"> +<a href = "#fig429">429</a>, <a href = "#fig430">430.</a> +Diagrams of Royal Arms</p></td> +<td class = "number">262, 263</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig431">431.</a></td> +<td><p>Crest of England</p></td> +<td class = "number">264</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig432">432.</a></td> +<td><p>Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart</p></td> +<td class = "number">265</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig433">433.</a></td> +<td><p>Insignia of the Order of the Garter</p></td> +<td class = "number">277</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig434">434.</a></td> +<td><p>“Lesser George” of the Garter</p></td> +<td class = "number">279</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig435">435.</a></td> +<td><p>Jewel of the Thistle</p></td> +<td class = "number">281</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig436">436.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of St. Patrick</p></td> +<td class = "number">281</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig437">437.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military</p></td> +<td class = "number">284</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig438">438.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil</p></td> +<td class = "number">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig439">439.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of the Star of India</p></td> +<td class = "number">288</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig440">440.</a></td> +<td><p>Victoria Cross</p></td> +<td class = "number">293</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig441">441.</a></td> +<td><p>The Albert Medal</p></td> +<td class = "number">293</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig442">442.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Lord Bardolf</p></td> +<td class = "number">318</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig443">443.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of William Mure</p></td> +<td class = "number">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig444">444.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Thomas Monypeny</p></td> +<td class = "number">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig445">445.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Richard Stuart</p></td> +<td class = "number">319</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig446">446.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp</p></td> +<td class = "number"><i>Frontispiece</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig447">447.</a></td> +<td><p>Counter-Seal of the same</p></td> +<td class = "number">320</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig448">448.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp</p></td> +<td class = "number"><i>Frontispiece</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig449">449.</a></td> +<td><p>Seal of Sir Walter Scott, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1529</p></td> +<td class = "number">326</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig450">450.</a></td> +<td><p>Insignia of the Order of the Thistle</p></td> +<td class = "number">280</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig451">451.</a></td> +<td><p>Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick</p></td> +<td class = "number">282</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig452">452.</a></td> +<td><p>Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath</p></td> +<td class = "number">283</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig453">453.</a></td> +<td><p>Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil)</p></td> +<td class = "number">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig454">454.</a></td> +<td><p>Star of Knight Commander (Military)</p></td> +<td class = "number">285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig455">455.</a></td> +<td><p>Order of Merit</p></td> +<td class = "number">286</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig456">456.</a></td> +<td><p>Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order of the Star of +India</p></td> +<td class = "number">287</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig457">457.</a></td> +<td><p>Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael and St. +George</p></td> +<td class = "number">289</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig458">458.</a></td> +<td><p>Eminent Order of the Indian Empire</p></td> +<td class = "number">290</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig459">459.</a></td> +<td><p>Badge of same</p></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig460">460.</a></td> +<td><p>G. C. V. O. Star</p></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig461">461.</a></td> +<td><p>K. C. V. O. Star</p></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig462">462.</a></td> +<td><p>G. C. V. O. Badge</p></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig463">463.</a></td> +<td><p>K. C. V. O. Badge</p></td> +<td class = "number">291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig464">464.</a></td> +<td><p>Distinguished Service Older</p></td> +<td class = "number">292</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a href = "#fig465">465.</a></td> +<td><p>Imperial Service Order</p></td> +<td class = "number">292</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>—<i>Several illustrations +used herewith in connection with the new Orders created of recent date +are inserted by arrangement with the Editor of Debrett’s +“Peerage.”</i></p> + +<!-- <span class = "pagenum">xxiv</span> --> + +</div> <!-- end div intro --> + + +<h3 class = "extended">ENGLISH HERALDRY</h3> + + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> +<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapI" id = "chapI">CHAPTER I</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">INTRODUCTORY</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Early Popularity of Heraldry in England— Origin of English +Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early Uses; not +connected with Earlier Systems— Ancient Heraldry— Past and +Present Treatment of the Subject.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“What! Is it possible? not know the figures of Heraldry! Of what could +your father be thinking?” —<span class = "smallcaps">Rob +Roy.</span></p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig4" id = "fig4"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig4.png" width = "145" height = "163" +alt = "T (The)" title = "T (The)"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "hidden">T</span>he sentiment unquestionably was his own +which Sir Walter Scott made delightful Di Vernon express when, with +indignant surprise, she asked Frank Osbaldistone of what his father +could have been thinking, that he had been permitted to grow up without +any knowledge of Heraldry. Sir Walter was right in his estimate of the +high value of Heraldry as an element of education: and, in professing +herself a votaress of the Herald’s “gentle science,” it was quite right +in Di Vernon to suggest to other ladies that it would be well for them +if Heraldry should find favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob Roy, +however, was far from being +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a> +in harmony with heraldic associations: nor was the author of “Waverley” +himself permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to that +revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early Art, which +now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own era.</p> + +<p>In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, which was +prevalent amongst all classes, was based upon an intelligent +appreciation of its worthiness. A part of the feudal system of the +Middle Ages, and at once derived from the prevailing form of thought and +feeling, and imparting to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself, +Heraldry exercised a powerful influence upon the manners and habits of +the people amongst whom it was in use. By our early ancestors, +accordingly, as Mr. Montagu has so happily written, “little given to +study of any kind, a knowledge of Heraldry was considered +indispensable:” to them it was the “outward sign of the spirit of +chivalry, the index, also, to a lengthened chronicle of doughty deeds.” +And this Heraldry grew up, spontaneously and naturally, out of the +circumstances and requirements of those times. It came into existence, +because it was needed for practical use; it was accepted and cherished, +because it did much more than fulfil its avowed purpose. At first, +simply useful to distinguish particular individuals, especially in war +and at the tournament, English Heraldry soon became popular; and then, +with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and dignity.</p> + +<p>From the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct +connection with military equipments, knightly exercises, and the +<i>mêlée</i> of actual battle, mediæval Heraldry has also been entitled +<span class = "smallcaps">Armory</span>. Men wore the ensigns of +Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the garments that +partially covered their armour,—and so they called them +<i>Coats-of-Arms</i>: they bore these same ensigns on their +shields,—and they called them <i>Shields-of-Arms</i>: and +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a> +in their Armorial Banners and Pennons they again displayed the very same +insignia, floating in the wind high above their heads, from the shafts +of their lances.</p> + +<p>The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and honoured member +of the illustrious family of mediæval European Heraldry, may be defined +as a symbolical and pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and +colours are employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition has +its own definite and complete significance, conveyed through its direct +connection with some particular individual, family, dignity, or office. +Every such heraldic composition, also, is a true legal possession, held +and maintained by an express right and title: and it is hereditary, like +other real property, in accordance with certain laws and precedents of +inheritance. But in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and +unlike other property, inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot +be alienated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or +other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, when they are observed +occasionally to have occurred, show clearly their own exceptional +character, and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule +itself. It will be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary +nature, that the significance of an heraldic composition, while +“definite and complete” in itself, admits of augmentation and expansion +through its association with successive generations. Thus, the Royal +Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> is +“complete” as the heraldic symbol of that great monarch, and of the +realm under his rule: and yet this same shield, equally “complete” (with +one simple modification) as the heraldic symbol of each successive +Sovereign till the death of <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, +has its significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its +hereditary association with all the Sovereigns of the Houses of +Plantagenet and Tudor.</p> + +<p>Until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, the +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a> +traces of the existence of Heraldry are faint and few in number. Early +in the thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself +firmly amongst our ancestors of that age; and it is certain that, as +soon as its character and capabilities were in any degree understood +aright, it grew speedily into favour; so that in the reign of <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span> (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1216-1272) Heraldry in England had confirmed +its own claims to be regarded as a Science, by being in possession of a +system, and a classification of its own.</p> + +<p>The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in +the history of civilised nations, were themselves so thoroughly a matter +of religious chivalry, that it was only an inevitable result of their +existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment +and development of Heraldry in its early days.</p> + +<p>But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in England, was +found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately +connected it with both real and imitative warfare, with the fierce +life-and-death conflict of the battle-field, and with the scarcely less +perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after +the Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being required to +give validity to every species of legal document, <span class = +"smallcaps">Seals</span> became instruments of the greatest importance; +and it was soon obvious that heraldic insignia, with a representation of +the knightly shield upon which they were displayed, were exactly suited +to satisfy every requirement of the seal-engraver. By such means +Heraldry became interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of +everyday life, as with the display of martial splendour and the turmoil +of war.</p> + +<p>Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the +Heraldry of the Middle Ages in England was a fresh creation, +a production of indigenous growth: and +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a> +great is the ingenuity that has been brought into action to carry back +the Heraldry of our own country from the commencement of the thirteenth +century through the previous elementary stages of its existence, in +order to trace its direct lineal descent from certain decorative and +symbolical devices that were in use at much earlier periods. The careful +and diligent researches, however, of the most learned Heralds have at +present led them almost unanimously to reject all such theories as +these, as speculative and uncertain. At the same time, it is an +indisputable fact that, in all ages of the world, and amongst all races +of men, some form of symbolical expression has been both in use and in +favour. And it is equally true that this symbolism, whatever it may have +been, has generally been found in some way associated with a military +life and with the act of warfare. Soldiers, and particularly those in +high command, have always delighted to adorn their shields with devices +that sometimes were significant of their own condition or exploits, or +sometimes had reference to their country, or even to their families; +and, in like manner, it has been a universal custom to display similar +devices and figures in military standards of all kinds. At the time of +the Conquest, as is shown in the famous Bayeux Tapestry of the +Conqueror’s Consort, the shields and standards of both Normans and +Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the latter were embroidered, with +various figures and devices; but certainly without any heraldic +significance or any personal associations being indicated by these +figures and devices, which bear a general resemblance to the insignia of +the Legions and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Figures Nos. 5 and 6 give +representations of the standards that are introduced into the Bayeux +Tapestry. The same species of decoration, consisting chiefly of painted +patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, and some other figures, +continued in use in our own country until superseded by a true Heraldry; +and may +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a> +also be assumed to have prevailed in England in much earlier times.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig5" id = "fig5"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig5.png" width = "136" height = "137" +alt = "see caption"> +<a name = "fig6" id = "fig6"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig6.png" width = "137" height = "123" +alt = "see caption"> +</p> + +<p class = "caption"> +Nos. 5 and 6.—Lance Flags—Bayeux Tapestry.</p> + +<p>In still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was +displayed upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In this ancient +Heraldry, if so it may be termed, occasionally the important and +characteristic quality of hereditary association in certain devices is +apparent. Thus, Virgil (Æneid, vii. 657) assigns to Aventinus +“<i>insigne paternum</i>” upon his shield—his hereditary device, +derived by him from his father. But these devices generally appear to +have their significance in a greater or a less degree restricted, +amongst the ancients, to certain particular incidents; consequently in +all these examples there is nothing to show that the man who bore one +device at one time, did not bear another device at another time.<a class += "tag" name = "tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> For example, +Æschylus, the Greek tragedian (<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> +600), has recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a> +city of Thebes, bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a +lighted torch, with the motto, “I will fire the city!” But, on another +occasion, we have reason to believe that the same Capaneus bore quite a +different device, applicable to that other occasion; and this deprives +these ancient devices, heraldic as they are in their general character, +of that special personal association which true Heraldry requires and, +indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of Greek +artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in +perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, constantly give most +striking representations of the shields of ancient Greek warriors and +other personages, with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them. +These shields illustrate, in a remarkable manner, both the appropriate +significance of particular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a +variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same +individual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of the +Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they are easy of +access, contain a great variety of devices. The examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9, +and 10, are from our own National Collections. No. 7, the shield black, +the border and the pegasus red; No. 8, the shield black, and the two +dolphins white; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with red +discs, the serpent white; No. 10, the shield black, with +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a> +purple border, the three human legs conjoined white. The shields, Nos. 9 +and 10, are both borne by the goddess <span class = "greek" title = +"ATHÊNÊ">ΑΘΗΝΗ</span> (Minerva); and the remarkable device displayed on +No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. Other similar +shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, fish, birds, clusters +of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, votive tripods, serpents, +scorpions, with many others, including occasional examples of human +figures. In another collection I have seen an anchor and an Amazon’s +bow. A device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the +conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English Heraldry to +be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig7" id = "fig7"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig7.png" width = "163" height = "164" +alt = "see caption"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig8" id = "fig8"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig8.png" width = "162" height = "164" +alt = "see caption"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption">No. 7</td> +<td class = "caption">No. 8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig9" id = "fig9"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig9.png" width = "156" height = "156" +alt = "see caption"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig10" id = "fig10"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig10.png" width = "157" height = "156" +alt = "see caption"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption">No. 9</td> +<td class = "caption">No. 10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +Ancient Shields from Greek Vases. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor, and +not as the ancestor of the Heraldry of England. There may be much that +is common to both; but, there is nothing to show the later system to +have been a +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a> +lineal descendant from the earlier. It would seem much more likely that +Heraldry, when it had been evolved, adopted ready made the emblems of an +older civilisation for its own purpose, often appropriating at the same +time the symbolism attaching to the emblems. The Heraldry, therefore, +that has flourished, declined, and now is in the act of reviving in our +own country in almost the full vigour of its best days, I shall +treat as an independent science, proceeding from a single source, and +from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes, side by side with the +chequered chronicles of England. In the course of its progress from the +palmy days of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, it has +had to encounter, in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most +painful and mischievous of trials—the excessive admiration of +injudicious friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into disrepute, and +even into contempt, by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but +a most unwise love. In process of time, no nonsense appeared too +extravagant, and no fable too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave +dignity of the Herald’s early science. Better times at length have +succeeded. Heraldry now has friends and admirers, zealous as of old, +whose zeal is guided aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure +taste. Very much already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing +mass of absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our English +Heraldry, by such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, Planché, +Walford, Montagu, and Lower: and the good work goes on and prospers, +with the most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant +success.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a> +In his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,” Mr. King maintains that “the +devices on the signets of the ancients were both hereditary and +unalterable, like our armorial bearings;” but, at the same time, he +admits that the “armorial bearings,” which appear “on the shields of the +Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures extant, the Vase-paintings,” +“seem to have been assumed at the caprice of the individual, like the +knight’s <i>cognisances</i> at tournaments in the days of chivalry, and +not to have been hereditary.”—“Hand-book,” page 216. Almost +immediately, however, Mr. King adds, that traditions exist which +represent the mythic heroes bearing “engraved on their signets the same +devices that decorated their shields.” It would seem that the argument +from such traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have +been arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have been unalterable. While +I readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess +decided heraldic attributes, I cannot consider Mr. King to have +shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the ancients themselves +to have been either “unalterable” or “hereditary.” Possibly, further +light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of ancient Heraldry: +but, I certainly do not expect to see any evidence adduced, which +would establish a line of descent connecting the Mediæval Heraldry of +England with any heraldic system of classic antiquity.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII">CHAPTER II</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Seals: Monumental Effigies, &c.: Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic +Records, &c.— Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners— +Allusive Quality of Early Armory— Attributed Arms.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Let us begin at the beginning.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Pursuivant of Arms.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">At</span> the head of the earliest existing +authorities in English Heraldry are <span class = +"smallcaps">Seals</span>. To the fortunate circumstance of the legal +importance attached to them we are indebted for the preservation of +these equally interesting and valuable relics, in great variety and in +very considerable numbers. The heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily +of the highest order. They are original works, possessing +contemporaneous authority. Produced with peculiar care and approved by +their first possessors, their original authenticity is confirmed by +their continued use through successive generations.</p> + +<p>Having been in use before the introduction and adoption of Heraldry +in England, Seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true +Heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic: and thus they show +that, in many instances, regular coats-of-arms were derived in their +hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the +same families before the heraldic era. For example: the Seal of John +Mundegumri, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1175, bears a +<i>single fleur-de-lys</i>, not placed upon a shield; and, accordingly, +here is seen the origin of the <i>three golden fleurs-de-lys</i>, borne +afterwards upon a blue shield by the descendants +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a> +of this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again: the Seal of +Walter Innes, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1431, displays the +shield of arms of his house—<i>three blue mullets</i> (stars +generally of five rays) on a field of silver, No. 11; and these mullets +may be traced to the <i>single star</i>, that appears on the Seal of +William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended to his deed of homage to +Edward I., in the year 1295. I have selected these examples from +the “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,” published by Mr. Laing, of Edinburgh, +that I may be enabled here to refer in the highest terms of admiring +commendation to that most excellent work. It is greatly to be desired +that a corresponding publication should treat, with equal ability, of +the Seals of England which, from the dawn of Heraldry, continue their +admirable examples and illustrations throughout its career.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig11" id = "fig11"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig11.png" width = "90" height = "95" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig12" id = "fig12"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig12.png" width = "93" height = "95" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 11.— Seal of Walter Innes.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 12.— Seal of Wm. Innes.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Buildings, and early +Stained Glass, frequently are rich in authoritative examples of “the +figures of Heraldry.” In addition to the various forms and combinations +of heraldic composition, these works illustrate the early style of +drawing in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediæval Art, +and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations +of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect. In many instances +the Heraldry of early Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar +value, arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other +insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised +lines, and consequently these devices +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a> +and compositions retain their original forms: and, in like manner, the +original colouring of the Heraldry of Stained Glass remains safe from +restoration or destruction, in consequence of the impossibility of +re-painting it.</p> + +<p>The early written Literature of English Heraldry is calculated to +throw but little light upon either its true character or its history. In +addition, however, to the various and numerous official documents of the +Heralds’ College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic +record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be too highly +estimated. These are <span class = "smallcaps">Rolls of +Arms</span>—long, narrow strips of parchment, on which are written +lists of the names and titles of certain personages, with full +descriptions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances under which +these Rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and for the most +part unknown: but, the exact accuracy of their statements has been +established beyond all question by careful and repeated comparison with +Seals and other Monuments, and also with Documents which give only an +indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to the records of +the Rolls of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls at present +known date about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1240 to 1245; +and since in these earliest Rolls a very decided technical language is +uniformly adopted, and the descriptions are all given in palpable +accordance with fixed rules which must then have been well understood, +we infer that by the end of the first half of the thirteenth century +there was in existence a system for the regulation of such matters. +Heraldry was perhaps recognised as a Science, with fixed terms and rules +for describing heraldic devices and figures, and established laws to +direct the granting, the assuming, and the bearing of arms.</p> + +<p>The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls records, in a +metrical form, and in Norman-French, the siege and capture of the +fortress of Carlaverock, on the Scottish border, by <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, in the year 1300. In +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a> +addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the Royal troops +at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the incidents of the siege +(which last have a strange resemblance to what Homer has recorded of +incidents that took place during the siege of Troy), this Roll gives +some graphic personal sketches of the princes, nobles, bannerets, and +knights, whose banners and shields of arms are set forth in it with +minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has been +published, with translations and very valuable notes.</p> + +<p>In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, and of +other Libraries both public and private, and in the County Histories, +and other works of a cognate character, there are many documents which +contain various important records and illustrations of early English +Heraldry.</p> + +<p>In any references to authorities, that it may appear desirable for me +to make in the course of this and the following chapters, I must be +as concise as possible. A direct reference to Seals, Effigies, +&c., will be necessary in each case: but, in referring to Rolls of +Arms, it will be sufficient to denote the period of the authority in +general terms. Accordingly, I shall refer, not to each particular +Roll, but collectively to those of each of the following +reigns—<span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, <span +class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span>; and these references will severally +be made thus,—(H. 3), (E. 1), (E. 2), (E. 3), +and (R. 2).</p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig13" id = "fig13"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig13.png" width = "88" height = "237" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 13.<br> +Banner of<br> +Templars.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig14" id = "fig14"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig14.png" width = "68" height = "234" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 14.<br> +Banner of<br> +Leicester.</p> +</div> + +<p>Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all of them +remarkable for their simplicity, many are found to be without any device +whatever, their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the +colouring. Such examples may be considered to have been derived from +pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or addition, to +later periods. The renowned Banner of the Knights Templars, by them +called <i>Beauseant</i>, No. 13, is black above and white below, which +is said to have +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a> +denoted that, while fierce to their foes, they were gracious to their +friends. An ancient Banner of the Earl of Leicester (H. 3) is white +and red, the division being made by a vertical indented line; No. 14. +This design, however, was not the coat of arms of the earl. The Shield +of the ducal House of Brittany, closely connected with the Royal Family +of England, is simply of the fur ermine; No. 15. The Shield of +Waldegrave is silver and red, as in No. 16: and that of Fitz Warine +(H. 3), also of silver and red, is treated as in No. 17.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig15" id = "fig15"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig15.png" width = "115" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig16" id = "fig16"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig16.png" width = "115" height = "127" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig17" id = "fig17"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig17.png" width = "111" height = "129" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 15.— Brittany.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 16.— Waldegrave.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 17.— Fitz Warine.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig18" id = "fig18"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig18.png" width = "134" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 18.— Shield at Whitworth.</p> +</div> + +<p>Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry were +evidently adopted from the <i>structural formation</i> (or from a +<i>structural strengthening</i>) of the Shields, on which they were +displayed. Thus, a raised border, and bands of metal variously +disposed in order to impart additional strength to a shield, with +distinct colouring, would produce a series of heraldic compositions. +A good example occurs in the shield of an early Effigy at +Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which the heads of the rivets or screws +employed to fix the border on the shield, appear to have been made to +assume +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a> +the character of heraldic additions to the simple border and horizontal +bands. Other primary devices of the same simple order, which in like +manner may have had a structural origin, I shall consider in detail +in subsequent chapters. (See particularly <a href = +"#chapVI">Chapter VI.</a>)</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig19" id = "fig19"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig19.png" width = "190" height = "271" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 19.— The Escarbuncle.</p> +</div> + +<p>The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield, +and an important addition to its defensive qualities, when extended in +the form of decorative metal-work, would readily suggest a variety of +heraldic figures, and amongst others several beautiful modifications of +a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume. The figure +called an escarbuncle, No. 19, is simply a shield-boss developed into +decorative structural metal-work. This figure appears in the Temple +Church, London, upon the shield of an Effigy, which Mr. J. Gough Nichols +has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to Geoffrey de Mandeville, +Earl of Essex.</p> + +<p>The greater number of the earliest devices that appear in English +Heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some +<i>allusive association</i>, through a similarity of sound in their own +names or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of +certain persons, dignities, and places. In exact accordance with the +principles and aim of primitive mediæval Heraldry, and in perfect +harmony with the sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew +up into a science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very +plain and expressive language to the men of their own era. In them they +saw the kind of symbolical writing that they could remember, as well as +understand. +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a> +They also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness that was a +characteristic of these allusive devices: and, it is more than probable +that there frequently lurked in them a humorous significance, which by +no means tended to detract from their popularity. Devices of this same +order have never ceased to be in favour with Heralds and lovers of +Heraldry. They were used in the sixteenth century at least as commonly +as in the thirteenth; but, as would be expected, in the later period +they often became complicated, far-fetched, and extravagant.</p> + +<p>This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry as +“<i>canting</i>,” has commonly been misunderstood, and therefore +incorrectly estimated, by modern writers, who have supposed it to be a +fantastic conceit of the Heralds of a degenerate age. By writers such as +these, accordingly, all “<i>canting arms</i>” (by French Heralds called +“<i>armes parlantes</i>”) have been absurdly assigned to a separate +class, in their estimation having an inferior heraldic grade.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig20" id = "fig20"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig20.png" width = "130" height = "152" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 20.— Shield<br> +of Montacute.</p> +</div> + +<p>The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed +to have been even more general than is now apparent, since so many of +the original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether +lost in the lapse of time, and through the changes that have taken place +since the accession of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span> +in the French language and in our own also. The use of the Latin +language, again, in the Middle Ages led, at later periods, to +translations of names; French names, too, were translated in the same +manner into English equivalents: and, at other times, the sound of a +Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred to an English +representative having a somewhat similar sound, without the slightest +reference to the original signification. Who, for example, in the name +of <span class = "smallcaps">Montagu</span> now recognises instinctively +the original allusion to a <i>mountain</i> with its <i>sharply</i> +peaked crests, and so discerns the probable allusive origin of the +<i>sharp</i> triple points of the devices on +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a> +the old Montacute shield, No. 20? It is easy to see how much must have +been unconsciously done, by such changes in names and their +associations, to obliterate what once was clear, significant, and +expressive. I must be content here to give, simply by way of +explanatory illustration, a very few examples of allusive arms; +and, in so doing, it may be well for me to observe that the early +Heralds of our country always employed the French language as it was +spoken in their own times in England as well as in France. In the time +of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, G. de Lucy has +for his arms <i>three lucies</i>—fish now known as pike: Robert +Quency has a <i>quintefueil</i>—a flower of five leaves: Thos. +Corbett has <i>two corbeaux</i>—ravens: A. de Swyneburne has +“<i>trois testes de senglier</i>”—three heads of the wild boar, or +<i>swine</i>: (E. 2), Sir R. de Eschales has <i>six +escallops</i>—<i>shells</i>: Sir G. de Trompintoun, of +Trumpington, near Cambridge, has <i>two trompes</i>—trumpets: Sir +J. Bordoun has <i>three bourdons</i>—pilgrim’s staves: Sir +G. Rossel has <i>three roses</i>: and Sir O. Heron has the same +number of <i>herons</i>. So also, for the Spanish provinces Castile and +Leon, a <i>castle</i> and a <i>lion</i>: for Falconer, +a <i>falcon</i>: Butler, <i>cups</i>: Forester, <i>bugle-horns</i>: +Arundel, <i>hirondelles</i>—swallows: Wingfield, <i>wings</i>: +Shelley, <i>shells</i>: Pigot, <i>pick-axes</i>: Leveson, <i>leaves</i>: +and Martel, <i>martels</i>—hammers. The <i>Broom-plant</i> with +its seed-pods, in Latin <i>Planta genista</i>, No. 21, gave its name to +the <span class = "smallcaps">Plantagenet</span> Dynasty. I shall +hereafter add several other curious examples of devices of this class, +when treating of <i>Badges</i>, <i>Rebuses</i>, and <i>Mottoes</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig21" id = "fig21"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig21.png" width = "127" height = "173" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 21.<br> +Planta Genista.</p> +</div> + +<p>There is one class of early arms, which it is important +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a> +that students of Armory should observe with especial care, lest they be +led by them into unexpected errors. These are arms that were invented +<i>after</i> Heraldry had been established, and then were assigned to +personages of historical eminence who had lived and died <i>before</i> +the true heraldic era. In the days in which every person of prominence +bore heraldic arms, and when Heraldry had attained to high renown, it +was natural enough to consider that suitable armorial devices and +compositions should be assigned to the men of mark in earlier ages, both +to distinguish them in accordance with the usage then prevalent, and to +treat their memory with becoming honour. Such arms were also in a sense +necessary to their descendants for the purposes of quartering. No proof +can be shown that the arms said to have been borne by <span class = +"smallcaps">William the Conqueror</span> are not of this +order—made for him, that is, and attributed to him in after times, +but of which he himself had no knowledge. These arms, No. 22, differ +from the true Royal Insignia of England only in there being <i>two</i>, +instead of <i>three</i>, lions displayed upon the shield. The arms of +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward the Confessor</span>, <a href = +"#fig2">No. 2</a>, were certainly devised long after his death, and +they appear to have been suggested to the heralds of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span> by one of the Confessor’s coins: the +shield is blue, and the cross and five birds (martlets) are gold. In +like manner, the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of +England, No. 23, a gold cross upon +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a> +blue, are really not earlier than the thirteenth century. The arms, +<a href = "#fig2">No. 2</a>, having been assigned to <span class = +"smallcaps">St. Edward</span>, a patron saint of mediæval England, +were long regarded with peculiar reverence. I have placed them, +drawn from a fine shield of the thirteenth century in <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘Westminister’">Westminster</ins> +Abbey, to take a part in forming a group at the head of my Preface, with +the shields of the two other saintly Patrons of “old England,” <span +class = "smallcaps">St. George</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">St. +Edmund</span>, <a href = "#fig1">No. 1</a> and <a href = +"#fig3">No. 3</a>—a red cross on a silver shield, and three +golden crowns upon a shield of blue.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig22" id = "fig22"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig22.png" width = "133" height = "143" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig23" id = "fig23"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig23.png" width = "122" height = "137" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 22.— <span class = "smallcaps">William I.</span></td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 23.— Saxon Princes.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> +<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII">CHAPTER III</a></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The English Heraldry that is now in existence— First Debasement of +Heraldry— Later Debasement— Revival of English +Heraldry— Heraldic Art.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Sans changer.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Motto of +Stanley.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">English</span> Heraldry, as it exists amongst +us in our own times, is the very same Heraldry that flourished under the +kindly influences of the greatest of the Plantagenets, though perhaps +modified in some details by changed circumstances. It is not of a new, +but of the old, Heraldry of England that I am setting forth the +elements. Our Heraldry has had to pass from good days to bad ones: and, +having gone through the worst of bad days, the circle at length has +revolved, so that we are witnessing the happy change of a vigorous +heraldic revival. Heraldry already enjoys a very great popularity; and, +without a doubt, it will become still more popular, in the degree that +it is better and more generally understood. For its complete ultimate +success, the present revival of true English Heraldry must mainly depend +upon the manner in which we apply the lessons that may be learned by us, +no less from the warnings of the recent evil days of the science, than +from the example of the brilliant ones that preceded them long ago. Nor +should we deal faithfully with our revived Heraldry, were we not to form +a just estimate of whatever was imperfect in the best era of its early +history, in order to apply to present improvement the lessons that thus +also may be learned. It must be admitted that the Heralds and Heraldic +writers of the 17th century, following the footsteps of some of their +immediate predecessors, led the +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a> +way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. Their example +was not without effect upon those who followed them—men quite +equal to the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring +Heraldry into contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely +discoursing, in early heraldic language, upon the imaginary Heraldry of +the patriarchal and antediluvian worthies: making a true coat of arms of +Joseph’s “coat of many colours,” giving armorial ensigns to David and +Gideon, to Samson and Joshua, to “that worthy gentilman Japheth,” to +Jubal and Tubal-Cain, and crowning the whole by declaring that our +common progenitor, Adam, bore on his own red shield Eve’s shield of +silver, after the mediæval fashion that would denote his wife to have +been an heiress!</p> + +<p>Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities, +by which the fair domain of Heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed. Wild +and strange speculations, in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with +distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic +antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or set forth as +the sources from whence it was developed. Fables and anecdotes, having +reference to less remote eras, were produced in great variety and in +copious abundance. The presence in blazon of animated beings of +whatsoever kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling +disquisitions in the most ludicrously <i>un</i>natural of imaginary +Natural History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and device, +the simplest no less than the more elaborate, after the same fashion +some “moral” was sought to be extracted. The technical language, too, of +the early Heralds, had its expressive simplicity travestied by a +complicated jargon, replete with marvellous assertions, absurd +doctrines, covert allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint +and yet trivial conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the +nomenclature of the Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a> +course of “treatment,” two distinctive additional sets of titles for +gold, silver, blue, red, &c., having been devised and substituted +for those in general use (see <a href = "#chapV">Chapter V.</a>); of +these the one set was derived from the names of the <i>Planets</i>, and +employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes; and the other +set, derived from the names of <i>Jewels</i>, was applied to the arms of +Nobles. In the midst of all the rubbish, however, which they thus +delighted to accumulate, there may generally be discovered in the works +of writers of this class, here and there, references to earlier usages +and illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme dearth of +genuine early heraldic literature, are both interesting and of real +value. Nor are these writings without their value, estimated from +another point of view, as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries +upon the history of their own times. It must be added that, in more than +a few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both +political and personal allusion, of which the point and bearing now are +altogether lost, or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise. +And, again, even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations, +the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not +without touches of humour; as when Gerard Legh (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1562), discoursing of “beastes,” remarks of the +“Ramme” that in “aucthoritye he is a Duke, for hee hath the leadyng of +multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;” and of the ass, “I could write +much of this beaste, but that it might be thought it were to mine own +glorie.”</p> + +<p>The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display, +and the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, were speedily +followed by the substitution of pictorial representations, often of a +most frivolous and inconsistent character, and many of them altogether +unintelligible without written explanations, instead of the simple, +dignified, and expressive +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a> +insignia of true Heraldry. For example, in the year 1760, a grant +of arms was made to a Lincolnshire family named Tetlow, which, with +thirteen other figures, includes the representation of a book duly +clasped and ornamented, having on it a silver penny; while above the +book rests a dove, holding in its beak a crow-quill! This was to +commemorate one of the family having, with a crow-quill, actually +achieved the exploit of writing the Lord’s Prayer within the compass of +a silver penny. Amongst the most objectionable of the arms of this class +are those which were granted to distinguished naval and military +officers—arms, that certainly ought to have conferred fresh honour +on illustrious names, instead of inflicting dishonour upon Heraldry +itself. Battles by sea and land, landscapes and sea views and fortified +cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and ribbons, all of them +intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic, abound in these +extravagant compositions. The arms of Lord Nelson, and still more +recently those of General Lord Gough, may be specified as flagrant +examples of this degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of Wellington +happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too easy to +enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic compositions: but, +I must be content to refer only to the armorial shield granted to +the great astronomer, Sir John Herschel, on which is displayed his +forty-foot reflecting telescope, with all its apparatus! These, and all +such violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though in some +instances they are of very recent date, are now to be assigned to a +closed chapter in the history of English Heraldry. But in considering +them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was not confined +to this country, but flourished to a still greater extent abroad.</p> + +<p>In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is essential that we +impress upon our minds a correct conception +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a> +of the twofold character of all Heraldry—that it is a +<i>Science</i>, and also that it is an <i>Art</i>. We have to vindicate +the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the one capacity as in the +other. Of very noble heraldic Art we happily possess original examples +in great numbers, which have been bequeathed to us, as a precious +inheritance, from “the brave days of old.” The style of Art that we see +exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost unreservedly +as our own style; and we must aspire to sympathise heartily with their +genuine heraldic feeling. In our representation, also, of almost all +inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial compositions, as a +general rule, we may trust confidently to the same good guidance. The +early method of representation, indeed, must form the basis of our +system of treatment; and, we may faithfully adhere to this rule, and yet +occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form and the +accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern associations. In +truth, it is not by merely copying the works of even the greatest of the +early heraldic artists, that we are to become masters in heraldic Art. +When the copies are good, copying is always valuable, as a branch of +study; but, if it be our highest and only aim to reproduce the +expressions of other men’s thoughts, then copying is worse than +worthless. What we have to do is to express our heraldic Art in the +spirit of the early Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in the +best of the early days, they would have accepted as the highest heraldic +Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic Art in very truth is +our own.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig24" id = "fig24"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig24.png" width = "332" height = "405" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 24.— Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1336.</p> + +<p>The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires a certain +kind, and also a certain degree, of conventionalism. Here, as before, in +the early Heralds we have excellent masters; but, here we must follow +their teaching with more of reserve, and with cautious steps. We +recognise the happy +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a> +consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their +representation of animate creatures, without any purpose to adopt it in +the same degree with them. Had the early Heralds been more familiar with +the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter +into their service, without a doubt they would have represented them +with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must apply our better +knowledge, as we may feel confident the early Heralds would have applied +a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic +animals of every kind—lions, eagles, dolphins, and all +others—must be so far subjected to a conventional treatment, that +they will not exhibit a <i>strictly</i> natural appearance: and, on the +other hand, being carefully preserved from all exaggerated +conventionalisms, they must approach as near to Nature as a definite +conventional rendering of natural truth will admit. The lions of the +early Heralds, spirited beasts always, generally show a decided +disposition to exhibit their heraldic sympathies in excess. They have in +them rather too much that is heraldic conventionalism, and not quite +enough that is natural lion. And, with the first symptoms of decline in +heraldic Art, the treatment of lions showed signs of a tendency to carry +conventionalism to the utmost extravagance. The same remarks are +applicable to eagles. It must be added, however, that truly admirable +examples of heraldic animals occasionally may be found as late even as +the commencement of the sixteenth century, as in the chantry of Abbot +Ramryge, in the Abbey Church at St. Alban’s, and in King’s College +Chapel at Cambridge. It must be our care to blend together the true +attributes of the living lion and eagle, and those also of other living +creatures, with the traditional peculiarities of their heraldic +representatives. And we must extend the corresponding application of the +same principles of treatment to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters, +as they occur in our Heraldry. +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a> +The shield, <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>, of Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>, younger brother of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, finely sculptured with his effigy +in alabaster, in Westminster Abbey (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1336), and in perfect preservation, gives us +characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era, their frames, +attenuated as they are, being perfect types of fierce elasticity. With +this shield may be grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples +of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved upon the +monuments of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> and the +<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, severally at Westminster +and Canterbury. I shall refer to these fine shields again, and to +other admirable examples with them, hereafter (<a href = +"#chapIX">Chapter IX.</a>). The conventionalism in all these examples, +however felicitous the manner in which it is treated in them, is very +decidedly exaggerated. These examples, and others such as these, are not +the less +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a> +valuable to us because their teaching includes an illustration of the +excesses that we must always be careful to avoid. I may here +observe, that on the subject of armorial Art I leave my examples (all of +them selected from the most characteristic authorities, and engraved +with scrupulous fidelity) for the most part to convey their own lessons +and suggestions: my own suggestion to students being that, in such +living creatures as they may represent in their compositions, while they +are careful to preserve heraldic consistency and to express heraldic +feeling, they exhibit beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and +an appropriate expression. “Freedom of action” I intend to imply +more than such skilful drawing, as will impart to any particular +creature the idea of free movement of frame and limb: it refers also to +repeated representations of the same creature, under the same heraldic +conditions of motive and attitude. And, here “freedom of action” implies +those slight, yet significant, modifications of minor details which, +without in the least degree affecting armorial truth, prevent even the +semblance of monotonous reiteration. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy +Shrine in the Minster, upon a shield of England the three lions are all +heraldically the same; but, there is nothing of sameness in them +nevertheless, because in each one there is some little variety in +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a> +the turn of the head, or in the placing of the paws, or in the sweep of +the tail. And again, in Westminster Hall, the favourite badge of Richard +II., a white hart, chained, and in an attitude of rest, is repeated +as many as eighty-three times; and all are equally consistent with +heraldic truth and accuracy, without any one of them being an exact +counterpart of any other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown from +this remarkable series of representations of this beautiful badge, each +one different from the other, and yet both really the same.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig25" id = "fig25"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig25.png" width = "158" height = "152" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig26" id = "fig26"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig26.png" width = "158" height = "151" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 25.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 26.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +Badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, Westminster +Hall.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section I</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Language of Heraldry— The Nomenclature— Style and Forms +of Expression— Blazon— The Shield: its Parts, Points, +Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic +Treatment.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The shield hangs down on every breast.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "smallcaps">The Language of Heraldry.</span>—The +original language of English Heraldry was the Norman-French, which may +also be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually spoken at the Court of +England in the early heraldic era. After a while, a mixed language +succeeded, compounded of English and the original Norman-French; and +this mixed language still continues in use.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nomenclature.</span>—Like its +language, the Nomenclature of English Heraldry is of a mixed character, +in part technical and peculiar to itself, and in part the same that is +in common use. Thus, many of the figures and devices of Heraldry have +their peculiar heraldic names and titles, while still more bear their +ordinary designations. Descriptive terms, whether expressed in English +or in French (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed with a special +heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll of Arms known +to be now in existence, which was compiled (as appears from internal +evidence) between the years 1240 and 1245, the Nomenclature is the same +that is found +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a> +in Rolls and other heraldic documents of a later date. This fact of the +existence of a definite Nomenclature at that time, proves that before +the middle of the thirteenth century the Heraldry of England was subject +to a systematic course of treatment, and had become established and +recognised as a distinct and independent Science.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Style and Forms of +Expression.</span>—With the Nomenclature, a settled Style and +certain fixed technical Forms of Expression were introduced and accepted +in the thirteenth century; and, since that period, the Style and Forms +of Expression have undergone only such comparatively slight +modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more +consistent. As it was at the first, it still is the essence of heraldic +language to be concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in +suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely +necessary; not a syllable omitted, the absence of which might possibly +lead to any doubt or uncertainty. In the more matured style, the +repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously +avoided; and, where it would be required, another form of expression is +substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be implied and +understood, through inference, either based upon certain accepted rules +and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and +clauses of a sentence, or derived from the natural qualities and +characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices: but, nothing +is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly +be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by +means of an explicit statement. Superfluous words and particles of all +kinds are altogether omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to +which they refer: as, a <i>red cross</i> is styled a <i>cross +gules</i>. The general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in +heraldic descriptive sentences +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a> +is determined, will be found in the last subdivision of this chapter. +Examples of heraldic Language, Nomenclature, Style and Forms of +Expression, will be given in abundance throughout the following chapters +and sections of this treatise. With these examples students will do well +to familiarise themselves: then, let them prepare additional examples +for that “practice,” which (as Parker’s “Glossary of Heraldry” says, p. +60) “alone will make perfect,” by writing down correct descriptions of +heraldic compositions from the compositions themselves; after which +process they may advantageously reverse the order of their study, and +make drawings of these same (or, if they prefer it, of some other) +heraldic compositions from their own written descriptions of them.</p> + +<p>When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or composition has +been completed, a statement is made to signify the person, family, +community, or realm whose armorial ensign it may be. This is done by +simply writing the appropriate name, after the last word of the +description; or, by prefixing the word “for” before the name when it is +placed in the same position. Thus, a description of the three lions +of England is to be followed by the word—“<span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>”; or, by the formula—“for <span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>.” If preferred, with equal consistency the +arrangement may be reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix +“for,” may precede the description: thus—“<span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>,” or “For <span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>,” three lions, &c. It is to be borne in +remembrance, that armorial ensigns are personal inheritances, +and—with the exception of Sovereign Princes—by comparison +but very rarely relate to <i>Titles</i> and <i>Dignities</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blazon, Blazoning, +Blazonry.</span>—When a knight entered the lists at a tournament, +his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn, after which the +officers of arms, the official Heralds, declared his armorial +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a> +insignia—they “blazoned” his Arms. This term, “to blazon,” derived +from the German word “<i>blasen</i>,” signifying “to blow a blast on a +horn” (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the old German +word “<i>blaze</i>” or “<i>blasse</i>,” “a mark” or “sign”), in Heraldry +really denotes either to <i>describe</i> any armorial figure, device, or +composition in correct heraldic language; or to <i>represent</i> such +figure, device, or composition accurately in form, position, +arrangement, and colouring. But, as a matter of practical usage, +pictorial representation is usually allied to the word “emblazon.” The +word “blazon” also, as a noun, may be employed with a general and +comprehensive signification to denote “Heraldry.”</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield:—its Parts, Points, and +Divisions.</span>—Their Shield, which the knights of the Middle +Ages derived from the military usage of antiquity, and which contributed +in so important a degree to their own defensive equipment, was +considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly qualified to +display their heraldic blazonry. And, in later times, when armour had +ceased to be worn, and when shields no longer were actually used, +a Shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle +for the same display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices +constitutes a <i>Shield of Arms</i>, always is considered to display its +blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned surface of his +shield the bearer, when holding it before his person, presents (or would +present, were he so to hold it) towards those who confront him. The +right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield, +consequently, are <i>covered</i> by the right and left (in heraldic +language, the <i>dexter</i> and <i>sinister</i>) sides of his shield: +and so, from this it follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a +Shield of Arms are severally <i>opposite</i> to the left and the right +hands of all observers. The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield, +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a> +which is also entitled an “<i>Escutcheon</i>,” are thus +distinguished:—</p> + +<table class = "diagram" summary = "diagram"> +<tr> +<td class = "middle" rowspan = "2"> +<p>A, <i>The chief</i></p> +<p>E, <i>The Dexter Chief</i></p> +<p>C, <i>The Dexter Side</i></p> +<p>H, <i>The Dexter Base</i></p> +<p>G, <i>The Middle Chief</i></p> +<p>L, <i>The Honour Point</i></p> +<p>M, <i>The Fesse Point</i></p> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig27" id = "fig27"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig27.png" width = "144" height = "175" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "middle" rowspan = "2"> +<p>F, <i>The Sinister Chief</i></p> +<p>D, <i>The Sinister Side</i></p> +<p>I, <i>The Sinister Base</i></p> +<p>K, <i>The Middle Base</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id = "tag2" +href = "#note2">2</a></p> +<p>B, <i>The Base</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 27.</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term “<i>Per</i>,” +signifying “in the direction of,” is employed sometimes alone, and +sometimes (having the same signification) preceded by the word “parted” +or “party.” The primary Divisions of a Shield are indicated in the +following diagrams, Nos. 28-35:—</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig28" id = "fig28"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig28.png" width = "75" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig29" id = "fig29"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig29.png" width = "74" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig30" id = "fig30"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig30.png" width = "77" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 28.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 29.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 30.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>No. 28. <i>Per Pale</i>, or <i>Parted per Pale</i>, or <i>Party per +Pale</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 29. <i>Per Fesse</i>, or <i>Parted per Fesse</i>.</p> + +<p>No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) <i>Per Cross</i>, or +<i>Quarterly</i> (the latter is the more usual term).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig31" id = "fig31"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig31.png" width = "76" height = "80" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig32" id = "fig32"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig32.png" width = "77" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig33" id = "fig33"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig33.png" width = "74" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 31.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 32.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 33.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>No. 31. <i>Per Bend.</i></p> + +<p>No. 32. <i>Per Bend Sinister.</i></p> + +<p>No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) <i>Per Saltire.</i></p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig34" id = "fig34"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig34.png" width = "75" height = "82" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig35" id = "fig35"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig35.png" width = "80" height = "84" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 34.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 35.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>No. 34. <i>Per Chevron.</i></p> + +<p>No. 35. Tierced in pale (divided into three equal divisions by two +vertical lines), a form seldom met with in English Heraldry. +Technically this in English Heraldry is simply the representation of a +pale. (See <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 87.)</p> + +<p>To these divisions should strictly be added the further division +<i>gyronny</i> (<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 147); but neither the term <i>per</i> nor <i>parted +per</i> is ever employed in this connection. As will be seen, it is a +combination of the forms shown in <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘Figs.’">Nos.</ins> 30 and 33.</p> + +<p>A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus:—</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig36" id = "fig36"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig36.png" width = "134" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig37" id = "fig37"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig37.png" width = "134" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 36.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 37.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It may be divided into any number of <i>Quarterings</i> by lines +drawn <i>per pale</i> and <i>per fesse</i>, cutting each other, as in +No. 36, which Shield is <i>quarterly of eight</i>: in like manner the +<i>Quarterings</i> of any Shield, whatever their number (which need not +be an even number), are blazoned as, <i>quarterly of twelve, &c.</i> +This, to whatever extent the dividing of the Shield may be carried, is +<i>simple Quartering</i>. Again: a quartered Shield may have one or +more of its primary quarters, or every one of them, <i>quartered</i>: +this, which is the subdivision of a part, <i>the quartering of +quarters</i>, is <i>compound Quartering</i>: for example, in No. 37, the +Shield is first divided into the <i>four primary quarters</i>, severally +marked A, B, C, D; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D are +concerned, +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a> +the “simple quartering” is subjected to the process of “compound +quartering,” and quarters A, D are <i>quarters quarterly</i>, and B +is <i>a quarter quarterly of six</i>, while C remains unaffected by the +secondary process. The terms “<i>quarterly quartering</i>” and +“<i>quarterly quartered</i>” are used to signify such secondary +quartering as is exemplified in A, B, D of No. 37. The four primary +quarters (A, B, C, D of No. 37) are distinguished as <i>Grand +Quarters</i>: consequently, the quarter B of this example is the +<i>second grand quarter, quarterly of six</i>. This term “Grand Quarter” +may be employed to distinguish any primary quarter when any quarter in +the Shield is “quarterly quartered.”</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dividing</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Border Lines</span>, in addition to simple right lines and +curves, assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram, No. +38:—</p> + +<table class = "diagram" summary = "list of borders"> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "fig38" id = "fig38"> </a> +No. 38.</td> +<td>A. <i>Indented</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38a.png" width = "172" height = "17" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>B. <i>Dancetté</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38b.png" width = "164" height = "29" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "bracket rt"><p>C. <i>Wavy</i> or <i>Undée</i><br> +(2 varieties)</p></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38c.png" width = "169" height = "46" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>D. <i>Engrailed</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38d.png" width = "168" height = "12" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>E. <i>Invected</i> or <i>Invecked</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38e.png" width = "170" height = "13" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>F. <i>Embattled</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38f.png" width = "171" height = "13" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>G. <i>Raguly</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38g.png" width = "175" height = "16" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "bracket rt"><p>H. <i>Nebuly</i><br> +(2 varieties)</p></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38h.png" width = "167" height = "68" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>I. <i>Dovetailed</i></td> +<td> +<img src = "images/fig38i.png" width = "173" height = "17" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Two others, less frequently met with, however, are <i>rayonné</i> and +<i>flory-counter-flory</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig39" id = "fig39"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig39.png" width = "53" height = "90" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 39.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield: its Varieties of +Form.</span>—The front face of an heraldic Shield is generally +flat; but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as if they had +been slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are represented +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a> +as <i>bowed</i>—hollowed, that is, in order to cover more closely +the person of the bearer, and consequently having a convex external +contour, as in No. 39. In early examples of bowed Shields the whole of +the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of that portion +of the Shield which is shown. A <i>ridge</i>, dividing them in +pale, but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing +line, appears in many Shields, and particularly in those of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have +been entitled “kite-shaped,” and which were in use in the days of <span +class = "smallcaps">Richard I.</span> and amongst the Barons of +Magna Charta, were superseded by the smaller “heater-shaped” Shield as +early as the reign of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span></p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig40" id = "fig40"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig40.png" width = "97" height = "110" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig41" id = "fig41"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig41.png" width = "108" height = "111" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig42" id = "fig42"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig42.png" width = "128" height = "148" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 40.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 41.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 42.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The most beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40, +41, and 42: of these, No. 40 has its curves described about the sides of +an inverted equilateral triangle, and then they are prolonged by +vertical lines towards the chief: in Nos. 41, 42, the sides curve from +the chief to the base. The forms of Shields admit of various slight +modifications, to adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close +of the fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to undergo +some singular changes: and, at later periods, changes in form of this +kind became generally prevalent. Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as +these: they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief +of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a> +to pass through it as the Shield hung down on the breast: a Shield +so pierced is said to be <i>à bouche</i>. The Surface of the Shield, No. +43, which is in the Episcopal palace at Exeter, is wrought into a series +of shallow hollows, which curve gracefully from the central ridge, some +to the dexter, and others to the sinister.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig43" id = "fig43"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig43.png" width = "133" height = "165" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig44" id = "fig44"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig44.png" width = "111" height = "161" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 43.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 44.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Such a Shield as this may be consistently used in our own Heraldry: +but, since now we do not associate lances laid in rest with our heraldic +Shields, it appears desirable that we should not draw our Shields <i>à +bouche</i>. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly been made to +appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is represented in +No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield also, a rounded oval with +a convex surface, called a <i>cartouche</i>, or <i>cartouche shield</i>, +No. 46, is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry; or a +circle is substituted for such an oval. These cartouches probably owe +their origin to the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a +Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), and to a subsequent period, +when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual Shield. But +their frequent appearance in Ecclesiastical Heraldry suggests that +perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield. +A <i>Lozenge</i>, No. 47, takes the place of a Shield to bear the +arms of Ladies, with +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a> +the exception of the Sovereign; this very inconvenient substitute for +the heraldic Shield was introduced early in the fourteenth century.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig46" id = "fig46"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig46.png" width = "58" height = "71" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig45" id = "fig45"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig45.png" width = "110" height = "109" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig47" id = "fig47"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig47.png" width = "66" height = "90" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 46.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 45.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 47.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield: its Heraldic +Treatment.</span>—When a Shield is represented as standing erect, +it is not necessary to specify that fact, since such a position may be +assumed for a Shield unless another be set forth in blazoning. Shields +are sometimes made to appear suspended by the <i>guige</i>, or +shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain and secure their +Shields to their persons); in some Seals and generally in architectural +compositions, Shields-of-Arms appear suspended, erect, from their +guiges; at Westminster some of the earliest Shields are thus suspended, +with a very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the guige +passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of Provence, borne +by <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span> of Provence, Queen of <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>—the <i>shield</i> is +<i>gold</i>, and on it are blazoned <i>four red pallets</i>. In Seals, +the suspended Shield is generally represented hanging by the +sinister-chief angle, as in No. 49; and it hangs thus diagonally from +below the helm. A Shield thus placed is said to be “<i>couché</i>.” +This arrangement is also frequently adopted, when a Shield or an +Achievement of arms is not placed upon a Seal; but in any case the +position has no importance except as a matter of artistic treatment.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig48" id = "fig48"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig48.png" width = "240" height = "134" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig49" id = "fig49"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig49.png" width = "106" height = "148" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 48.— Arms of Provence,<br> +Westminster Abbey.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 49.— Shield Couché.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The entire surface of every Shield is termed the “<i>Field</i>.” +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a> +The same term is also applied to <i>every plain surface</i>. +A Shield is said to be “borne” by the personage to whom it belongs: +and, in its turn, the Shield “bears” whatever figures and devices may be +displayed upon it; whence, all these figures and devices are entitled +“<i>Bearings</i>” or “<i>Armorial Bearings</i>.” All figures and devices +are also styled “<i>Charges</i>”; and they are said to be +“<i>charged</i>” upon a Shield, Banner, or Surcoat, or upon one another. +In blazoning, the field of the Shield is always first noticed and +described: next follow the charges that rest upon the field of the +Shield itself; then descriptions are given of the secondary bearings +that are charged upon others of greater importance. As a general rule, +of several charges which all alike rest immediately upon the field of +the Shield, the most important is the first to be blazoned; so that the +arrangement of blazoning is determined by the comparative dignity of the +bearings, as well as by the degree in which charges are nearer to the +field and further from beholders. In some cases, however, a bearing +charged upon the field of a Shield and many times repeated on a small +scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity and clearness of +expression) next to the field of the Shield itself:—thus, if a +lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a considerable number of +crosses surround the lion, and, like him, are placed on the field of the +Shield also—the field of the Shield is blazoned first, the crosses +second, and the lion third; and, if a crescent (or other bearing) be +charged upon the lion’s shoulder, it is the last in the blazon. In +quartered Shields the blazoning commences afresh with each quartering. +In blazoning armorial banners and horse-trappings, the latter often +gorgeously enriched with heraldic blazonry, the dexter side of a flag is +always next to the staff, and the head of a horse is supposed always to +be looking towards the dexter.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a> +This term is very seldom if ever used.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV">CHAPTER V</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section II</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Tinctures’ Metals— Colours— Furs— Varied +Fields— Law of Tinctures— Counterchanging— +Diaper— Disposition— Blazoning in Tinctures.</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“All the devices blazoned on the Shield</p> +<p>In their own tinct”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Elaine.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">In</span> English Heraldry the <span class = +"smallcaps">Tinctures</span> comprise <i>Two Metals</i>, <i>Five +Colours</i>, and <i>Eight Furs</i>. They are symbolised or indicated by +dots and lines—a very convenient system, said to have been +introduced, about the year 1630, by an Italian named Silvestre de +Petrasancta. Some such symbolisation, however, may occasionally be found +in anticipation of Petrasancta. The system now in use was not generally +adopted till the commencement of the eighteenth century. This system is +never officially employed in a matter of record, and is now being +discarded by many artists. The Metals, Colours, and Furs are named, +their names are abbreviated, and they are severally indicated, as +follows:—</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Two Metals</h5> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "the metals"> +<tr class = "smaller"> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Abbreviations</td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Symbolisation.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. Gold</td> +<td><i>Or</i></td> +<td>Or</td> +<td>No. 50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. Silver</td> +<td><i>Argent</i></td> +<td>Arg.</td> +<td>No. 51</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig50" id = "fig50"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig50.png" width = "63" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig50color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig51" id = "fig51"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig51.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +No. 50.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 51.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Five Colours</h5> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "the colors"> +<tr class = "smaller"> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Abbreviations</td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Symbolisation.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. Blue</td> +<td><i>Azure</i></td> +<td><i>Az.</i></td> +<td>No. 52.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. Red</td> +<td><i>Gules</i></td> +<td><i>Gu.</i></td> +<td>No. 53.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. Black</td> +<td><i>Sable</i></td> +<td><i>Sa.</i></td> +<td>No. 54.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4. Green</td> +<td><i>Vert</i></td> +<td><i>Vert</i></td> +<td>No. 55.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5. Purple</td> +<td><i>Purpure</i></td> +<td><i>Purp.</i></td> +<td>No. 56.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "center"> +(In French Heraldry, <i>Green</i> is <i>Sinople</i>.)</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig52" id = "fig52"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig52.png" width = "63" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig53" id = "fig53"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig53.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig54" id = "fig54"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig54.png" width = "61" height = "65" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig55" id = "fig55"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig55.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig56" id = "fig56"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig56.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 52.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 53.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 54.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 55.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 56.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig52color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig53color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig54color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig55color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig56color.png" width = "64" height = "66" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5><span class = "smallcaps">Eight Furs</span> (not abbreviated).</h5> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "the furs"> +<tr class = "smaller"> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td> +<td class = "smallcaps"><ins class = "correction" title = "caption added by transcriber">Symbolisation.</ins></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td><p><i>Ermine</i>,—black spots on white</p></td> +<td>No. 57.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td><p><i>Ermines</i>,—white spots on black</p></td> +<td>No. 58.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td><p><i>Erminois</i>,—black spots on gold</p></td> +<td>No. 59.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td><p><i>Pean</i>,—gold spots on black</p></td> +<td>No. 60.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig57" id = "fig57"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig57.png" width = "106" height = "113" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig59" id = "fig59"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig59.png" width = "107" height = "113" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig60" id = "fig60"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig60.png" width = "105" height = "108" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 57.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 59.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 60.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig58" id = "fig58"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig58.png" width = "107" height = "113" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig59color.png" width = "105" height = "112" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig60color.png" width = "105" height = "108" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 58.</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "the furs"> +<tr class = "middle"> +<td>5.</td> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +<p><i>Vair</i>,—alternate divisions of blue and white,</p></td> +<td>No. 61.<br> +No. 62.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6.</td> +<td><p><i>Counter Vair</i> (note difference of arrangement)</p></td> +<td>No. 63.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7.</td> +<td><p><i>Potent</i><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘) ’"> +(</ins>note different shape of divisions)</p></td> +<td>No. 64.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8.</td> +<td><p><i>Counter Potent</i></p></td> +<td>No. 65.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig61" id = "fig61"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig61.png" width = "106" height = "106" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig62" id = "fig62"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig62.png" width = "106" height = "107" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig63" id = "fig63"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig63.png" width = "107" height = "108" +alt = "see text"> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 61.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 62.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 63.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig61color.png" width = "104" height = "105" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig62color.png" width = "105" height = "106" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig63color.png" width = "107" height = "108" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig64" id = "fig64"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig64.png" width = "106" height = "107" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig65" id = "fig65"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig65.png" width = "108" height = "109" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 64.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 65.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig64color.png" width = "106" height = "107" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig65color.png" width = "108" height = "109" +alt = "see text"> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig57a" id = "fig57a"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig57a.png" width = "137" height = "134" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 57<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, are sometimes heard +of—<i>Tenne</i>, a tawny or orange colour, indicated by +vertical lines crossing those of <i>Purpure</i>: and <i>Murrey</i> or +<i>Sanguine</i>, a dark crimson red, indicated by diagonal lines +from both dexter and sinister, crossing each other. These two are +sometimes termed stains, but their real usage was in liveries. The Furs, +Nos. 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare occurrence, +and do not appear in the best ages of Heraldry. <i>Vair</i> and +<i>Ermine</i> are common. A good early form of <i>Vair</i> is shown +in No. 62: and in No. 57<span class = "smallroman">A</span>, I give +a fine example of the treatment of <i>Ermine</i>, from the monument of +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span></p> + +<p>In order to avoid repeating or referring to the word “<i>Or</i>,” the +word “<i>Gold</i>” is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and +65, are always <i>argent</i> and <i>azure</i>, unless some other metal +and colour be named in the blazoning. Animated beings and all objects, +that in Heraldry are represented in their natural aspect and colouring, +are blazoned “<i>proper</i>” abbreviated <i>ppr.</i> Heraldic charges +and compositions, when sketched in outline with pen and ink or with +pencil, and with the colours <i>written</i> thereon, are said to be +“<i>tricked</i>,” or “<i>in trick</i>.”</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Varied Fields.</span>—It is not +necessary that the Field of a Shield, or of any Bearing, should be of +any one uniform tincture: but varied surfaces are usually tinctured of +some one metal and some one colour alternating; and the patterns or +devices thus produced are generally derived (the Furs, Nos. 61-65, which +are good examples of varied surfaces, being the exceptions) from the +forms of the original simple charges that are distinguished as +<i>Ordinaries</i> and <i>Subordinaries.</i> And these varied surfaces or +fields are always <i>flat</i>; the whole of their devices or patterns +are <i>level</i>, their +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a> +metal and colour lying in the same plane. It is evident that, in +representing any examples of this class, no shading is to be introduced +to denote relief.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig66" id = "fig66"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig66.png" width = "100" height = "19" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig67" id = "fig67"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig67.png" width = "96" height = "37" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 66.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 67.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig66color.png" width = "100" height = "19" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig67color.png" width = "96" height = "37" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small +squares, alternately, <i>e.g.</i> of a metal and a colour, as No. 66, it +is <i>Componée</i> or <i>Compony</i> (sometimes written <i>gobony</i>): +if into two such rows, as in No. 67, it is <i>Counter Compony</i>: but, +if the field of a Shield, or the surface of any charge be divided into +three, or more than three, such rows, it is <i>Chequée</i> or +<i>Checky</i>; thus, the Arms of the Earl <ins class = "correction" +title = "elsewhere spelled ‘de Warrenne’">de <span class = +"smallcaps">Warenne</span></ins> are <i>Chequée or and az.</i>, No. 68 +(H. 3 and E. 2).</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig68" id = "fig68"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig68.png" width = "235" height = "250" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig68color.png" width = "233" height = "249" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 68.— Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne, Castle Acre Priory, +Norfolk.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Law of Tinctures.</span>—Every +charge is supposed to rest upon the field of a Shield, or on the surface +of some charge. It is a strict rule, that a charge of a metal must rest +upon a field that is of a colour or fur; or, contrariwise, that a charge +of a colour must rest on a field that is of a metal or fur,—that +is, that <i>metal be not on metal, nor colour on colour</i>. This rule +is modified in the case of <i>varied fields</i>, upon which may be +charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour: also, a partial +relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged upon +another, should the conditions of any particular case require such a +concession. This rule does not apply to bordures, nor very stringently +to augmentations or crests, and it is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign +as in British Heraldry. There are, of course, a few exceptions, but +they are not numerous, the one usually instanced as an intentional +violation being the <i>silver</i> armorial Shield of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Crusader Kings</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Jerusalem</span>, No. 69, upon which <i>five golden +crosses</i> are charged; the motive in this remarkable exception to an +established rule being said to be to cause this Shield to +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a> +be unlike that of any other potentate. What may be termed the +accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures: thus, +a silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield, +and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the Shield.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig69" id = "fig69"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig69.png" width = "120" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig70" id = "fig70"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig70.png" width = "120" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 69.— Arms of Jerusalem.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 70.— Arms of Fenwick.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig69color.png" width = "120" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig70color.png" width = "120" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Counterchanging</span> is dividing the +field of a Shield in such a manner that it is, <i>e.g.</i> in part of a +metal and in part of a colour, and then arranging the charges in such a +manner that they shall be reciprocally of the same colour and metal: +thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70 (R. 2) +is,—<i>per-fesse gu. and arg., six martlets, three, two, one, +counterchanged</i>; that is, the field is red in chief and silver in +base, and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver, +and those on the silver field are red.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Diapering.</span>—This term denotes a +system of decorating plain surfaces in various ways, which was in great +favour with the early heraldic artists. In the use of Diaper, which is +often desirable when artistic reasons suggest its suitability, care must +be taken that the decorative designs and patterns do not in any way +admit of their being mistaken for charges. This diaper may be executed +in low relief, subordinated to the relief of the charges; and it is not +required to yield any obedience to the law of tinctures. In the Shield, +<a href = "#fig68">No. 68</a> (the original, a very noble shield, +is at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply <i>chequée</i>, the +Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are +alternately or and azure; or the Diaper may be +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a> +dark blue, or sable, or argent on the azure squares, and on the golden +ones whatever the artist might consider would be most effective; but the +Diaper, in this and in all other examples, must always be subordinate to +the area and tincture of the field. The finest known early example of +heraldic Diaper in enamel, is the Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">William de Valence</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, in Westminster Abbey, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296. Very beautiful early examples of +Diapering have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Disposition: Blazoning.</span>—By +<i>Disposition</i> is understood the placing and arranging of charges. +A single important charge, which has not a fixed position of its +own, is placed in the centre of any composition: and minor charges are +arranged in their most natural and consistent order and positions, any +deviation from which must be specified. A single charge, many times +repeated, and small in size, whether with or without any special orderly +disposition, is said to be <i>Semée</i>—strewn, that is, or +scattered over the field, as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the +charges are very small or very numerous, the term <i>poudrée</i> or +<i>powdered</i> has sometimes been used. The expression—“<i>three, +two, one</i>,” signifies that a charge is repeated six times, the +Disposition +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a> +being three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then +two in a similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the same manner, +the expressions—“<i>four, four, one</i>,” “<i>four, three, two, +one</i>,” “<i>three and one</i>,” &c., are used as occasion may +require. For other dispositions of charges other appropriate terms will +present themselves to our notice, growing out of our subject as it +advances.</p> + +<p>Should a <i>Tincture</i> or a <i>Number</i> occur a second time in +blazoning a single composition, it must be indicated, not by repeating +the word already used, but by reference to it. Thus, if the tincture of +the field should occur a second time, reference is made to it in the +formula—“<i>of the field</i>:” or, perhaps more +frequently—“<i>of the first</i>;” or, if the tincture that is +named second in order in the blazoning be repeated, it is indicated by +the expression—“<i>of the second</i>;” and so on. Again: should +there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and the +same composition, having specified the “three fleurs de lys,” the number +of the crescents would be set forth in the words—“<i>as many</i> +crescents:” providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon +intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term; +and so, in like manner, with any other numbers of these or of any other +charges.</p> + +<p>In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their own Nouns, +precede the Tinctures that are associated with those nouns: thus, +a black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned,—<i>a +lion rampt. sa., armed or</i>. In written and printed blazoning, the +arrangement of the words and the placing the stops are alike matters of +supreme importance. The sentences are to be short. A comma is to +mark the end of each complete minor clause or division of a sentence: +a colon, each more important clause. A point or period is to +follow every abbreviated word, to mark the fact of the abbreviation, but +without affecting the additional +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a> +presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, “<i>a lion rampant sa.</i>,”) +or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second period is unnecessary. +It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas +which, instead of aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure the meaning +and perplex the reader. It is always correct to write—“<i>three +lion’s heads</i>,” “<i>six pilgrim’s staves</i>,” &c.: and always +incorrect to write—“<i>three lions’ heads</i>,” “<i>six pilgrims’ +staves</i>,” &c.; but it is a point printers have an apparently +invincible objection to accept.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Emblazoning in Tinctures.</span>—On +this head I must be content to offer to students only a few brief +practical observations. The metal <i>Gold</i> may be rendered with gold +prepared in small saucers, or (most advantageously) in minute slabs; +this preparation is applied, like a common water-colour, by moistening +the gold with water; and it is desirable previously to have washed the +paper, card (or vellum) with diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be +used, but the process is tedious, and requires both skill and experience +to ensure complete success. Yellow paint, again, may be used to +represent the metal, the best colours being <i>cadmium yellow</i>, or +“<i>aureolin</i>” (Winsor and Newton) mixed with <i>Chinese white</i>. +For shading, <i>carmine</i>, or <i>crimson lake</i>, mixed with gum. For +<i>Silver</i>, <i>aluminium</i> may be used with excellent effect; or +<i>Chinese white</i>; or the paper may be left white: for shading, +<i>grey</i> (<i>blue</i> and <i>Indian ink</i> mixed) and gum. The +Aluminium is prepared, like the gold, in minute slabs: it may be +obtained, of great excellence, from Messrs. Winsor & Newton, by whom +also a very pure preparation of gold is sold; but both the gold and the +aluminium slabs are sold by all good artists’ colourmen. These Metals +may be diapered, as well as burnished, with an agate-burnisher.</p> + +<p>For <i>Azure</i>:—<i>French blue</i>, freely mixed with +<i>Chinese white</i> and a very little gum, the colour to be laid on +thick: +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a> +shade with <i>Prussian blue</i> mixed with a larger proportion of gum. +For <i>Gules</i>:—<i>Orange vermilion</i> either pure, or mixed +with a very little <i>cadmium yellow</i> or <i>Chinese white</i>, and +still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most treacherous preparation +known as “pure scarlet:”) shade with <i>carmine</i> or <i>crimson +lake</i>, and gum. For <i>Vert</i>:—<i>emerald green</i>, with +<i>Chinese white</i> and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from +mixing <i>aureolin</i> (or <i>gamboge</i>) with <i>Prussian blue</i> and +gum. For <i>Purpure</i>:—mix <i>carmine</i> and <i>French +blue</i>, with a little gum: shade with a darker tint of the same. For +<i>Sable</i>:—Very dark <i>grey</i>, made by mixing a little +<i>Chinese white</i> and gum with black: shade with black and more +gum.</p> + +<p>When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable +that these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and +burnishing of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher, +before the adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed +in two or three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper; +and the paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the +processes of burnishing and diapering.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section III</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Ordinaries:— The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic +varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme Power.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Science of Heraldry.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "smallcaps">The Ordinaries.</span>—The simple +Charges of early Heraldry, which always have been held in the highest +esteem and which are most familiar, are:—The <i>Chief</i>, the +<i>Fesse</i>, the <i>Bar</i>, the <i>Pale</i>, the <i>Cross</i>, the +<i>Bend</i>, the <i>Saltire</i>, the <i>Chevron</i>, and the +<i>Pile</i>. They may be considered to have been derived from various +means that were adopted to strengthen Shields for use in combat, the +<i>Cross</i> always being in great favour from having a definite +symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed by any of the +Border Lines, <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a>. Occasionally they are borne +alone; but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or +they have various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some +cases, presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a +single composition. The <i>Bar</i>, the <i>Pale</i>, the <i>Bend</i>, +and the <i>Chevron</i> have <i>Diminutives</i>. The <i>Cross</i> has +many <i>Varieties</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig71" id = "fig71"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig71.png" width = "109" height = "105" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 71.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Chief</span> (H. 3), bounded by a +horizontal line, contains the uppermost third (or, in practice, somewhat +less than the third, of the field of a Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield +of <span class = "smallcaps">Le Botiler</span>, No. 72, is—<i>Or, +a chief indented az.</i> (H. 3). A Chief may be borne +with any other Ordinary except the +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a> +Fesse; it may also be charged with any other figures or +devices:—thus, for Sire <span class = "smallcaps">Bernard de +Brus</span>, No. 73,—<i>Az., a chief and a saltire or</i>: +for Sire <span class = "smallcaps">Johan de Clintone</span>, No. +74,—<i>Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or</i>: and for Sire +<span class = "smallcaps">Johan de Clintone</span> de Madestoke, No. +75,—<i>Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or</i> (all E. 2). +When any charge is set in the uppermost third of a Shield, or when +several charges are disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost +part of a Shield, they all are said to be “<i>in Chief</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig72" id = "fig72"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig72.png" width = "108" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig73" id = "fig73"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig73.png" width = "111" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 72.— Le Botiler.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 73.— De Brus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig72color.png" width = "108" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig73color.png" width = "111" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig74" id = "fig74"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig74.png" width = "114" height = "116" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig75" id = "fig75"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig75.png" width = "112" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 74.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 75.— De Clintone.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig74color.png" width = "114" height = "116" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig75color.png" width = "112" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Fesse</span> (H. 3), which crosses the +centre of a Shield horizontally, when charged occupies about one-third +(or rather less than one-third) of the field; but when without charges, +it is usually drawn somewhat narrower. The +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a> +Shield of Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Clifford</span> +is,—<i>Chequée or and az., a fesse gu.</i>, No. 76. For <span +class = "smallcaps">Robt. le Fitz-Water</span>,—<i>Or, +a fesse between two chevrons gu.</i>: for <span class = +"smallcaps">John de Pateshulle</span>, No. 77,—<i>Arg., +a fesse sa., between three crescents gu.</i> (all H.3): for <span +class = "smallcaps">William le Vavasour</span>, No. 78,—<i>Or, +a fesse dancette sa.</i>: for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Hemenhale</span>, No<ins class = "correction" title = ", for .">. +</ins>79,—<i>Or, on a fesse between two chevrons gu., three +escallops arg.</i>: and for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Dageworthe</span>, No. 80,—<i>Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée</i> +(all E. 2). When they are disposed in a horizontal row across the +centre of a Shield, Charges are “<i>in fesse</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig76" id = "fig76"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig76.png" width = "110" height = "108" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig77" id = "fig77"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig77.png" width = "109" height = "114" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig78" id = "fig78"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig78.png" width = "115" height = "115" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 76.— De Clifford.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 77.— De Pateshulle.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 78.— Le Vavasour.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig76color.png" width = "109" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig77color.png" width = "109" height = "114" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig78color.png" width = "115" height = "115" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig79" id = "fig79"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig79.png" width = "111" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig80" id = "fig80"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig80.png" width = "111" height = "114" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 79.— De Hemenhale.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 80.— De Dageworthe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig79color.png" width = "111" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig80color.png" width = "111" height = "114" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Bar</span> (H. 3), which may be placed +horizontally in any part of the field except in fesse or at the chief of +the Shield, is about one-fifth of the field (or sometimes less) in +depth. A single bar very rarely occurs in blazon. +Examples:—<i>Or, two bars gu.</i>,—for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Harecourt</span>, No. 81: <i>Az., two bars dancettée +or</i>,—for <span class = "smallcaps">De Riveres</span>: <i>Or, +two bars gu., in chief three torteaux</i>,—for <span class = +"smallcaps">Wake</span>, No. 82. The Diminutive of the Bar is the +<i>Barrulet</i>, one-half of its width. When they are disposed in +couples, Barrulets are <i>Bars Gemelles</i>, these not being so deep as +the barrulet: thus, +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a> +No. 83,—for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Huntercumbe</span>,—<i>Erm., two bars gemelles gu.</i> +(H. 3).</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig81" id = "fig81"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig81.png" width = "108" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig82" id = "fig82"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig82.png" width = "129" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig83" id = "fig83"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig83.png" width = "111" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 81.— De Harecourt.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 82.— Wake.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 83.— De Huntercumbe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig81color.png" width = "108" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig82color.png" width = "129" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig83color.png" width = "111" height = "105" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A Fesse or Bar, when placed between two similar figures narrower +than barrulets, is said to be <i>cotised</i> by them; or, to be “doubly +cotised,” when placed between two bars gemelles: thus, for <span class = +"smallcaps">De la Mere</span>, No. 84,—<i>Or, a fesse doubly +cotised</i> (or, <i>between two bars gemelles</i>) <i>az.</i> +(E. 2). An <i>even</i> number of bars alternately of a metal (or a +fur) and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned +“<i>barry</i>,” the number of the bars in every case to be +specified—as, “<i>barry of six</i>,” “<i>barry of eight</i>,” +&c. If the number of bars exceeds <i>eight</i> (some writers say +<i>ten</i>), it is “<i>barrulée</i>” or “<i>barruly</i>”; and in this +case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be +specified, the word <i>barrulée</i> being used alone, or the expression +“<i>barrulée sans nombre</i>” to denote a considerable number, but not a +fixed number of bars—the number, however, always to be +<i>even</i>. But this is a modern refinement of blazon to which little +if any attention was paid in early days. It is to be observed that while +the bars, whatever their number, if they are blazoned as bars, are to be +treated as if they were executed in relief upon the field of a Shield, +a Shield that is barry or barrulée has its field formed by bars +which are all in the same plane. Examples:—<i>Barry of six or and +gu.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Fitz Alan</span> of Bedale, No. +85: <i>Barry of six arg. and az.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Grey</span>: <i>Barry of eight or and az.</i>,—for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Penbrugge</span> (all H. 3): <i>Barrulée arg. and +az., an orle of martlets gu.</i>,—for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Valence</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, No. +86; in this +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a> +example <i>ten</i> bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled +shield of the first De Valence (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1296) preserved in Westminster Abbey, the bars are <i>twenty-eight</i> +in number. Charges, not “in fesse” or “in chief,” that are disposed +horizontally across the field are “<i>bar-wise</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig84" id = "fig84"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig84.png" width = "131" height = "142" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig85" id = "fig85"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig85.png" width = "110" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig86" id = "fig86"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig86.png" width = "158" height = "159" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 84.— De la Mere.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 85.— Fitzalan of Bedale.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 86.— De Valence.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig84color.png" width = "131" height = "142" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig85color.png" width = "110" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig86color.png" width = "158" height = "159" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Pale.</span>—Like the Fesse, this +Ordinary occupies rather less than a central third of the field, but it +is <i>vertical</i> in its position instead of horizontal. No. 87, for +<span class = "smallcaps">Erskine</span>, is—<i>Arg., a pale +sa.</i> Its Diminutives, the <i>Pallet</i> and the <i>Endorse</i>, +severally one-half and one-fourth of its width, may be placed vertically +in any part of the field. A Pale between two Endorses is +“<i>endorsed</i>” but the term <i>cotised</i> is also employed with this +meaning. An <i>even</i> number of Pallets of a metal (or a fur) and a +colour set alternately, form the varied field to be blazoned +“<i>paly</i>,” the number of the Pallets (which lie all in the same +plane) always to be specified: thus—<i>Paly of six arg. and az., +on a bend gu. +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a> +three eaglets displayed or</i>, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Grandison</span>, No. 88 (H. 3) Charges that are +disposed one above another in a vertical row are “in pale.” This is the +arrangement of the three golden lions of England.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig87" id = "fig87"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig87.png" width = "110" height = "108" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig88" id = "fig88"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig88.png" width = "161" height = "159" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 87.— Erskine.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 88.— Grandison.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig87color.png" width = "110" height = "108" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig88color.png" width = "159" height = "159" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Cross</span> (H. 3), formed from a +combination of a Fesse with a Pale, in its simplest form is set erect in +the centre of the field, and it extends to the border-lines of the +Shield. If at any time it may be necessary or apparently desirable +specially to set forth in the blazoning of a Shield, that a Cross +charged upon it does thus extend to the border-lines, such a Cross is +blazoned as a “<i>Cross throughout</i>.” <a href = +"#fig1">No. 1</a>, <i>Arg., a Cross gu.</i>, the armorial +ensign of <span class = "smallcaps">St. George</span>, the special +Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as “<i>A Cross of St. +George</i>.” Of this Cross, the great symbol of the Christian Faith, +Spenser says—</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore,</p> +<p>The deare remembrance of his dying Lord....</p> +<p>Upon his Shield the like was also scored.”</p> + +<p class = "half"> +<i>Faerie Queen</i>, I. <span class = "smallroman">I</span>. 2.</p> +</div> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig89" id = "fig89"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig89.png" width = "111" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig90" id = "fig90"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig90.png" width = "123" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 89.— Cross fimbriated.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 90.— Cross pointed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig89color.png" width = "111" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig90color.png" width = "123" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself, +is “fimbriated,” such a border being a “<i>fimbriation</i>”: thus, No. +89, <i>Az., a cross gu., fimbriated arg.</i>, represents the Cross +of St. George in our National “Union Jack.” <!-- also (cough, cough) the +flag of Norway --> A Cross having its four extremities cut off +square, so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines +of the shield, is “<i>couped</i>” or “<i>humettée</i>”. If the +extremities of a Cross are cut off to points, it is “<i>pointed</i>,” as +in No. 90. +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a> +If its central area is entirely removed, so that but little more than +its outlines remain, it is “<i>voided</i>,” or (H. 3) “<i>a false +Cross</i>” (“faux croix”): when its four limbs are <i>equal</i> in +length, it is a “<i>Greek Cross</i>,” as No. 91: when the limbs are +<i>unequal</i>, the lower limb or shaft being longer than the other +three, as in No. 92, it is a “<i>Latin Cross</i>” or a “long cross”: but +neither of these two last terms are used regarding the plain cross +throughout, notwithstanding that differences in the shape of the shield +may materially alter the proportion of the limbs. If a cross be formed +of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only (like the letter T), as in +No. 93, it is a “<i>Tau Cross</i>,” or “<i>Cross Tau</i>”: if it is +pierced at the intersection of the limbs, and the entire central area be +voided, it is said to be “<i>pierced quarterly</i>.” A Latin Cross +on steps, is “<i>on Degrees</i>,” and it is distinguished as a “Calvary +Cross.” Charges having a cruciform arrangement are “<i>in +Cross</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig91" id = "fig91"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig91.png" width = "52" height = "56" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig92" id = "fig92"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig92.png" width = "51" height = "83" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig93" id = "fig93"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig93.png" width = "42" height = "44" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 91.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 92.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 93.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig94" id = "fig94"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig94.png" width = "92" height = "106" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig95" id = "fig95"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig95.png" width = "66" height = "98" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig96" id = "fig96"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig96.png" width = "83" height = "103" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 94.— Quadrate.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 95.— Patriarchal.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 96.— Fourchée.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Cross</span>:—its <span class = +"smallcaps">Heraldic Varieties</span>. The Cross-symbol appears in +English Heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and +condition, some of them of great beauty. The following engraved +representations of the various examples are so explicit, that +descriptions of them are unnecessary. The Cross <i>Quadrate</i>, No. 94. +The Cross <i>Patriarchal</i>, No. 95. The Cross <i>Fourchée</i>, No. 96. +The Cross <i>Moline</i>, represented charged upon the Shield attributed +to the <span class = "smallcaps">Saxon Kings of England</span>, <a href += "#fig23">No. 23</a>: this +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a> +same shield—<i>Az., a Cross moline or</i>, is borne by <span +class = "smallcaps">De Molines</span> or <span class = +"smallcaps">Molyneux</span>, No. 97. The Cross <i>Cercelée</i> or +<i>Recercelée</i> (H. 3),—<i>Gu., a Cross recercelée +erm.</i>, No. 98, for <span class = "smallcaps">Anthony Bec</span>, +Bishop of <span class = "smallcaps">Durham</span>. The Cross +<i>Patonce</i> (H. 3),—<i>Gu., a Cross patonce arg.</i>, +No. 99, from the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de Vesci</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1220. The Cross <i>Fleury</i>, +No. 100, should be compared carefully with Nos. 97 and 99, the Crosses +<i>Moline</i> and <i>Patonce</i>. The Cross <i>Fleurettée</i>, No. 101. +The Cross <i>Pommée</i>, No. 102. The Cross <i>Botonée</i> or +<i>Treflée</i>, No. 103. The Cross <i>Crosslet</i>, or <i>Crosslet +crossed</i>, No. 104. The term “<i>Crosslet</i>” is strictly applicable +to any Cross on a very small scale: but it is usually applied to denote +a Cross that is crossed as in No. 104. Small Crosses Botonée are +occasionally used as these “Crosses-Crosslets,”—as at Warwick in +the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, the Earls +of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>. Crosslets are frequently +blazoned <i>semée</i> over the field of a Shield, in which case the +special term <i>crusilly</i> is often used; and, in smaller numbers, +they +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a> +also are favourite Charges. No. 105 is the Cross <i>Clechée</i> or +<i>Urdée</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig97" id = "fig97"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig97.png" width = "108" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig98" id = "fig98"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig98.png" width = "120" height = "137" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig99" id = "fig99"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig99.png" width = "110" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 97.— Cross Moline: Arms of De Molines.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 98.— Cross Recercelée: Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 99.— Cross Patonce: Arms of William de Vesci.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig97color.png" width = "108" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig98color.png" width = "120" height = "137" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig99color.png" width = "110" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig100" id = "fig100"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig100.png" width = "96" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig101" id = "fig101"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig101.png" width = "99" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig102" id = "fig102"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig102.png" width = "95" height = "113" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 100.— Fleurie.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 101.— Fleurettée.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 102.— Pommée.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig103" id = "fig103"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig103.png" width = "90" height = "111" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig104" id = "fig104"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig104.png" width = "90" height = "92" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig105" id = "fig105"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig105.png" width = "87" height = "99" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 103.— Botonée.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 104.— Crosslet.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 105.— Clechée.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Cross <i>Patée</i> or <i>Formée</i> is represented in No. 106. +No. 107 is the “<i>Cross of eight Points</i>,” or the <i>Maltese</i> +Cross: this example is drawn from the portrait of <span class = +"smallcaps">Phillippe de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam</span>, elected +forty-third Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1521; this picture is in the possession +of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G. The Cross <i>Potent</i>, No. 108. The +Cross <i>Avellane</i>, No. 109. The <i>Crossed-Crosslet</i>, and the +Crosses <i>Patée</i>, <i>Botonée</i>, and <i>Potent</i>, are also drawn +having their shaft elongated and <i>pointed at the base</i>: in this +form they are severally blazoned as a “<i>Crossed-Crosslet Fitchée</i>” +(or <i>fitched</i>), a “<i>Cross Patée +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a> +Fitchée</i>,” &c.,—a Cross, that is, “<i>fixable</i>” in the +ground; No. 110 is an example of a Cross <i>Botonée Fitchée</i>. Several +of these varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but rarely; and there are +other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in use, as to render any +description of them unnecessary. The student of mediæval monumental +antiquities will not fail to observe a certain degree of resemblance +between some of the Crosses of Heraldry, and those that are incised and +sculptured on sepulchral slabs.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig106" id = "fig106"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig106.png" width = "76" height = "79" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig107" id = "fig107"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig107.png" width = "95" height = "96" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig108" id = "fig108"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig108.png" width = "76" height = "77" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 106.— Patée.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 107.— Maltese.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 108.— Potent.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig109" id = "fig109"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig109.png" width = "97" height = "93" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig110" id = "fig110"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig110.png" width = "81" height = "99" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 109.— Avellane.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 110.— Botonée Fitchée.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bend</span> (H. 3) resembles both the +Fesse and the Pale in every condition, except that it crosses the field +<i>diagonally</i> from the dexter chief to the sinister base. No. 111, +the Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Scrope</span>, is—<i>Az., +a bend or</i>. A celebrated contest for the right to bear this +simple Shield took place, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1385-1390, between Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard le +Scrope</span> and Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>, +which was decided in favour of the former. No. 112, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Radclyffe</span>, is—<i>Arg., a bend engrailed +sa.</i> Two uncharged Bends may appear in one composition: thus, for +<span class = "smallcaps">Le Boteler</span>—<i>Arg., two bends +az.</i>, No. 113; and for <span class = +"smallcaps">Frere</span>—<i>Gu., two bends or</i> (both +H. 3).</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig111" id = "fig111"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig111.png" width = "118" height = "121" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig112" id = "fig112"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig112.png" width = "120" height = "123" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig113" id = "fig113"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig113.png" width = "110" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 111.— Le Scrope.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 112.— De Radclyffe.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 113.— Le Boteler.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig111color.png" width = "117" height = "121" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig112color.png" width = "119" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig113color.png" width = "110" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Diminutives of the Bend are the <i>Bendlet</i> and the +<i>Cotise</i>, the one containing one-half and the other one-fourth of +its area. A Cotise is sometimes borne singly, when it is a +<i>Riband</i>. A bendlet <i>couped</i> is a baton. A Bend +between two Cotises is <i>cotised</i>: thus, No. 114, for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Bohun</span>,—<i>Az., a Bend arg., cotised or, +between six lioncels rampt. gold</i>; this Shield is engraved from the +Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Humphrey de Bohun</span>, fourth +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a> +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Hereford</span> (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1298-1322); in it the cotised Bend is very +narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. Charges displayed +on a Bend <i>slope with it</i>—that is, they would be erect, were +the Bend to be set vertically and to become a Pale: thus, another <span +class = "smallcaps">De Bohun</span>, Sir Gilbert (H. 3), +distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend <i>or</i>, and charging +upon it <i>three escallops gules</i>, as in No. 115. In <a href = +"#fig88">No. 88</a>, the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of +charges upon a Bend. Charges set diagonally on the field of a Shield, in +the position in which a bend would occupy, are said to be “<i>in +bend</i>” and are arranged in the same manner: but it would be quite +possible to have three or more charges each disposed bendwise; but yet, +nevertheless, when taken together occupying the position of a fesse and +therefore described also as in fesse. This distinction between charges +bendwise (or bendways) and charges in bend should be carefully +noted.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig114" id = "fig114"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig114.png" width = "220" height = "266" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig115" id = "fig115"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig115.png" width = "232" height = "264" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 114.— Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 115.— Sir Gilbert de Bohun.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A field divided into an <i>even</i> number of parts by lines drawn +<i>bendwise</i>, is “<i>bendy</i>,” the number of the divisions to be +specified: as a matter of course, a field thus +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a> +“bendy” becomes a “varied field,” in which all the divisions lie in the +same plane: thus, No. 116, for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Montford</span> (H. 3 and E. 2)—<i>Bendy of ten or and +az.</i> Bendlets are in relief, as in No. 117, for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Bray</span>—<i>Vairée, three Bendlets gu.</i> If a +field be divided by lines drawn bendwise, and also by others drawn +either vertically or horizontally, it is “<i>paly bendy</i>,” as No. +118, or “<i>barry bendy</i>,” as No. 119. These two forms, which, +however, are very rarely met with, should be carefully distinguished +from a field lozengy. A Bend issuing from the sinister chief is a +<i>Bend Sinister</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig116" id = "fig116"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig116.png" width = "114" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig117" id = "fig117"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig117.png" width = "111" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 116.— De Montford.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 117.— De Bray.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig116color.png" width = "114" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig117color.png" width = "111" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig118" id = "fig118"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig118.png" width = "130" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig119" id = "fig119"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig119.png" width = "133" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 118.— Paly Bendy.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 119.— Barry Bendy.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a> +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Saltire</span> (H. 3), +a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister, may also be regarded +as a <i>Diagonal Cross</i>. Thus, the Crosses of St. <span class = +"smallcaps">Andrew</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>, +and of St. <span class = "smallcaps">Patrick</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span> are Saltires—the former, No. +120—<i>Az., a Saltire arg.</i>: the latter—<i>Arg., +a Saltire gu.</i> The arms of the great family of <span class = +"smallcaps">Neville</span> reverse those of St. <span class = +"smallcaps">Patrick</span>, and are—<i>Gu., a Saltire +arg.</i>, No. 121: so Drayton has recorded that</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“Upon his surcoat valiant <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span> +bore</p> +<p>A silver Saltire upon martial red.”</p> + +<p class = "half"><i>Barons’ War</i>, i. 22.</p> +</div> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig120" id = "fig120"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig120.png" width = "118" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig122" id = "fig122"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig122.png" width = "130" height = "131" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig121" id = "fig121"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig121.png" width = "119" height = "116" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 120.— St. Andrew.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 122.— De Neville.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 121.— De Neville.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig120color.png" width = "118" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig122color.png" width = "130" height = "131" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig121color.png" width = "119" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Charges set on a Saltire <i>slope with its limbs</i> (all, however, +pointing to the chief), <i>the central charge being erect</i>; and the +disposition of charges set “<i>in saltire</i>” is the same: +a single charge set on a Saltire is blazoned erect on the central +point of the Ordinary, as in No. 122, another Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Neville</span>, in which the “Silver Saltire” is charged +with a <i>rose gules</i>. A Saltire may be borne with a Chief, as +in <a href = "#fig73">No. 73</a>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig123" id = "fig123"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig123.png" width = "125" height = "122" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig124" id = "fig124"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig124.png" width = "154" height = "153" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 123.— De Stafford.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 124.— Shield of De Clare.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig123color.png" width = "124" height = "121" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig124color.png" width = "154" height = "152" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig125" id = "fig125"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig125.png" width = "143" height = "157" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 125.— Early shield of De Clare.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Chevron</span> (H. 3), in form and +proportions is rather more than the lower half of a Saltire. The +Diminutive is a <i>Chevronel</i>, containing half a Chevron, or perhaps +less: thus, for <span class = "smallcaps">De Stafford</span> +(E. 2),—<i>Or, a Chevron gu.</i>, No. 123: for the great +family of <span class = "smallcaps">De Clare</span>, from whom so many +other families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels—<i>Or, three +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a> +Chevronels gules</i>, No. 124 (H. 3). Two Chevrons may be borne in +one composition: or they may appear with a Fesse, as in <a href = +"#fig79">No. 79</a>: or with a Chief, as (H. 3), for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Crombe</span>—<i>Erm., a Chevron gu., and on a +Chief of the last three escallops or</i>; for <span class = +"smallcaps">St. Quintin</span> (H. 3)—<i>Or, three Chevronels +gu., a Chief vair</i>. A field <i>Chevronée</i> is of rare +occurrence: the three Chevronels of <span class = "smallcaps">De +Clare</span>, however, No. 124, appear to have been derived from a field +<i>Chevronée</i>: certainly, on his seal, “Strongbow” has the Chevronée +Shield, No. 125, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1175. +Charges set on a Chevron, or disposed “<i>in Chevron</i>,” are always +placed erect.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Pile</span> (H. 3), resembling a wedge +in form, is borne both single and in small groups. Unless some other +disposition on the field be specified, this Ordinary issues from the +chief of the Shield. Examples: <i>Or, a Pile gu., between six and +charged with three estoiles</i> (or <i>mullets</i>) +<i>counter-changed</i>,—for <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de +Chandos</span>, No. 126: <i>Or, three Piles az.</i>, No. 127,—for +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Guy de Brian</span>; <i>Or, three Piles +gu., a canton erm.</i>, No. 128,—for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Bassett</span> (all H. 3): and (E. 2), <i>Arg., +a Pile engrailed sa.</i>—for Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Rob. de Forneus</span>. In early emblazonments three piles +appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging. +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> +<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a> +But a distinction is now made, and when the piles are intended to +converge, as in <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 128, they are termed “<i>in point</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig126" id = "fig126"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig126.png" width = "136" height = "143" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig127" id = "fig127"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig127.png" width = "124" height = "123" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig128" id = "fig128"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig128.png" width = "131" height = "141" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 126.— De Chandos.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 127.— De Brian.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 128.— De Bassett.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig126color.png" width = "136" height = "143" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig127color.png" width = "124" height = "123" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig128color.png" width = "131" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is sufficiently +apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance +superfluous.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section IV</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Subordinaries:— The Canton or Quarter: The Inescutcheon: The +Orle: The Tressure: The Bordure: Flanches: The Lozenge, Mascle, and +Rustre: The Fusil: The Billet: The Gyron: The Frette— The +Roundles.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The second in a line of stars.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Idylls +of the King.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "smallcaps">The Subordinaries.</span> This title has been +assigned, but without any decisive authority, to another group of +devices, second in rank to the Ordinaries. Very few writers agree as to +which are ordinaries and which subordinaries; nor does there seem any +reason why any distinction between them should exist. Nor, indeed, save +that all are exclusively heraldic, why some of them should be regarded +as anything more than ordinary charges. These Subordinaries are the +<i>Canton</i>, the <i>Quarter</i>, the <i>Inescutcheon</i>, the +<i>Orle</i>, the <i>Tressure</i>, the <i>Bordure</i>, <i>Flanches</i>, +the <i>Lozenge</i>, <i>Mascle</i> and <i>Rustre</i>, the <i>Fusil</i>, +the <i>Billet</i>, the <i>Gyron</i>, and the <i>Frette</i>. The Canton, +by the early Heralds commonly styled the “Quarter,” sometimes has been +grouped with the Ordinaries. And it must here be observed that the +Lozenge, Fusil, Billet, Gyron, and Frette were not used as single +charges by the early Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were +divided <i>lozengy</i> and <i>gyronny</i>, or they were <i>semée of +Billets</i>, or covered over with <i>Frette</i>-work, from which the +single charges evidently were afterwards obtained.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Canton</span> (H. 3), sometimes +blazoned as a <span class = "smallcaps">Quarter</span>, +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a> +cut off by two lines, the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise, or +in fesse, is either the first quarter of the field of a Shield, or about +three-fourths of that quarter, but smaller if not charged. The confusion +between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms +in which the charge is now, and has been for centuries past, stereotyped +as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the Shield, were uniformly +drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter. But +there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the +quarter. A <i>Canton ermine</i> is of frequent occurrence, as in +No. 128; but it is generally borne charged, and it always overlies the +charges of the field of the Shield, as No. 129, for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Kyrkeby</span> (R. 2)—<i>Arg., two bars gu.; +on a canton of the last a cross moline or</i>; and, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Blundell</span> (H. 3)—<i>Az., billettée, <!-- +term defined on pg 70 : color not named, set to or --> on a canton or a +raven ppr.</i>, No. 130.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig129" id = "fig129"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig129.png" width = "105" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig130" id = "fig130"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig130.png" width = "154" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 129.— De Kyrkeby.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 130.— Blundell.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig129color.png" width = "105" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig130color.png" width = "153" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Inescutcheon</span> (H. 3) is a Shield +borne as a charge, and superimposed upon another Shield larger than +itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne, it is usually placed on the +fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may appear in one composition. +The well-known Shield of the <span class = "smallcaps">Mortimers</span> +supplies a good example, No. 131 (H. 3)—<i>Barry of six or +and az., an inescutcheon arg.; on a chief gold, gyroned of the second, +two pallets of the same</i>: for <span class = +"smallcaps">Darcy</span>—<i>Arg., an inescutcheon sa., within an +orle of roses gu.</i>, No. 132 (E. 2): +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a> +<i>Arg., three inescutcheons gu.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">De +Wyllers</span> (E. 2), No. 133. This is also the well-known +Scottish coat of Hay.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig132" id = "fig132"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig132.png" width = "131" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig131" id = "fig131"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig131.png" width = "108" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig133" id = "fig133"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig133.png" width = "129" height = "141" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 132.— Darcy.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 131.— De Mortimer.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 133.— De Wyllers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig132color.png" width = "131" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig131color.png" width = "108" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig133color.png" width = "127" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class = "floatright"> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig134" id = "fig134"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig134.png" width = "107" height = "118" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 134.<br> +De Balliol.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig134color.png" width = "106" height = "117" +alt = "see text"></p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Orle</span> (H. 3), blazoned by early +Heralds as a “<i>false escutcheon</i>” (“<i>faux escocheon</i>”), or as +an “<i>inescutcheon voided</i>,” is the border of a Shield or +Escutcheon—a Shield, that is, voided of the central area of its +field, and, like an Inescutcheon, charged on a Shield. The arms of <span +class = "smallcaps">Balliol</span>, No. 134, are—<i>Gu., an Orle +arg.</i> (H. 3). These arms are blazoned on many Scottish Seals of +the greatest interest, and on the Seals of Balliol College, Oxford. +Small charges are frequently disposed about the border of a Shield +“<i>in Orle</i>,” as in <a href = "#fig86">Nos. 86</a> and 132.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Tressure</span> (H. 3) may be regarded +as a variety of the Orle; indeed, in its simplest form it is a very +narrow Orle, which is generally set round with fleurs de lys. +A Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135: in this example +all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, and all their +stalks internally, and this accordingly is blazoned as a “<i>Tressure +flory</i>.” In No. 136, which, like No. 135, is a single Tressure, the +fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of the flowers +point alternately in contrary directions: this is blazoned as a +“<i>Tressure flory counterflory</i>.” From this last example the +Tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of +<span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span> differs, in being +“<i>double</i>.” This, the double +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a> +Tressure of Scotland, is a combination of two such single Tressures as +No. 136, and it is produced from them in the manner +following:—From one such single Tressure, as No. 136, all the +alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs de lys that point internally +are cut away and removed; then a second similar Tressure, of rather +smaller size, is denuded of all its external adornment, and in that +condition it is placed within the former Tressure, leaving a narrow +interval between the two.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig135" id = "fig135"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig135.png" width = "104" height = "116" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig137" id = "fig137"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig137.png" width = "123" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig136" id = "fig136"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig136.png" width = "104" height = "110" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 135.— Single Tressure Flory.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 137.— Double Tressure flory counterflory.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 136.— Single Tressure flory counterflory.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Each component half of this “double Tressure flory counterflory,” +accordingly, has its own independent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the +stalks and heads of the flowers alternating, and the one alternate +series pointing externally, while the other points internally. When in +combination, these two series of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged +that the heads of the flowers in one series correspond with their stalks +in the other, as in No. 137. I am thus particular in describing the +process of producing the Royal Tressure, because it is frequently to be +seen incorrectly drawn. No. 138, the Royal Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, now displayed in the second quarter of the +Royal Arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>, is +thus blazoned—<i>Or, a lion rampt. within a double Tressure +flory counterflory, gu.</i> It +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a> +will be observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this Shield +intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many fine examples of +this Shield in Scottish Seals; in the Garter-plate, also, of <span class += "smallcaps">James V.</span> of Scotland, K.G., at Windsor; and on +the Monuments in Westminster Abbey to <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span> Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Scots</span> +(<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1604), and to the Countess of +<span class = "smallcaps">Lennox</span>, the mother of Lord <span class += "smallcaps">Darnley</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1577). Mr. Seton (“Scottish Heraldry,” p. 447) states that the Tressure +may be borne “triple”; and, after specifying the Scottish families upon +whose Shields the same honourable bearing is blazoned, he +adds:—“In the coat of the Marquess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Huntly</span>, the Tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys +within, and adorned with <i>crescents</i> without; while in that of the +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Aberdeen</span> it is flowered and +counter-flowered with <i>thistles</i>, <i>roses</i>, and fleurs de lys +alternately.”</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig138" id = "fig138"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig138.png" width = "168" height = "179" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig138color.png" width = "167" height = "179" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 138.— Scotland.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bordure</span> (H. 3), as its name +implies, forms a border to a Shield: it is borne both plain and charged. +Thus, for <span class = "smallcaps">De Waltone</span> +(E. 2)—<i>Arg., a cross patée sa., within a Bordure +indented gu.</i>, No. 139: for <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>, +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, second son of King +<span class = "smallcaps">John</span> (H. 3),—<i>Arg., +a lion rampt. gu<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">., +</ins>crowned or, within a Bordure sa. bezantée</i>, No. 140. The +Bordure, and its important services in Heraldry, will be more fully +considered hereafter. (See <a href = "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and +<a href = "#chapXII">XIII.</a>)</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig139" id = "fig139"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig139.png" width = "129" height = "137" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig140" id = "fig140"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig140.png" width = "163" height = "174" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 139.— De Waltone.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 140.— Richard, Earl of Cornwall.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig139color.png" width = "129" height = "136" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig140color.png" width = "163" height = "174" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Flanches</span> are always borne in pairs; +but they are not of very early date, nor do they often appear in blazon. +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a> +<i>Flanches</i> are formed by two curved lines issuing from the chief, +one on each side of the Shield: they are shown, shaded for azure, in No. +141; and in No. 142 are their Diminutives, <i>Flasques</i> or +<i>Voiders</i>, shaded for gules. But these diminutives are hardly ever +met with. There is a close resemblance between these charges and a +peculiar dress worn by Ladies of rank in the fourteenth and fifteenth +centuries; but it is not easy to determine whether the dress suggested +the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived from them. One thing, +however, is certain—the dress must have possessed very decided +good qualities, since it continued in favour for more than two +centuries. It is remarkable that many of the ancient Greek Shields have +pierced Flanches.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig141" id = "fig141"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig141.png" width = "113" height = "127" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig142" id = "fig142"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig142.png" width = "109" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 141.— Flanches.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 142.— Flasques.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig141color.png" width = "113" height = "127" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig142color.png" width = "108" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Lozenge</span> (E. 2), <span class = +"smallcaps">Mascle</span> (H. 3), and <span class = +"smallcaps">Rustre</span>. The <i>Lozenge</i> is a diamond-shaped +figure, or a parallelogram set diagonally. The <i>Mascle</i> is a +<i>Lozenge voided of the field</i>, No. 143; and the <i>Rustre</i>, No. +144, is a <i>Lozenge pierced with +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a> +a circular opening</i>. In the early days of Heraldry the Lozenge and +the Mascle were evidently held to be identical. The Shield of the famous +<span class = "smallcaps">Hubert de Burgh</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Kent</span>, in the early Rolls is blazoned as +“<i>masculée</i>”: but his Seal proves it to have been, as in No. 145, +<i>lozengy vair and gu.</i> The Lozenge, it will be remembered, is +always set erect upon the field of a Shield.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig143" id = "fig143"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig143.png" width = "68" height = "104" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig145" id = "fig145"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig145.png" width = "145" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig144" id = "fig144"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig144.png" width = "69" height = "105" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 143.— Mascle.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 145.— De Burgh, Earl of Kent.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 144.— Rustre.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig143color.png" width = "68" height = "104" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig145color.png" width = "145" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig144color.png" width = "69" height = "105" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Fusil</span> is an <i>elongated +Lozenge</i>. The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Montacute</span> or +<span class = "smallcaps">Montagu</span> (see No. 20) are—<i>Arg., +three Fusils conjoined in fesse gu.</i>, No. 20: the Arms of <span class += "smallcaps">Percy</span> are—<i>Az., five fusils conjoined in +fesse or.</i></p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig20a" id = "fig20a"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig20.png" width = "130" height = "152" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig146" id = "fig146"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig146.png" width = "147" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 20.— Montacute.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 146.— Deincourt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig20color.png" width = "126" height = "150" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig146color.png" width = "147" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Billet</span> (H. 3) is a small +elongated rectangular figure. Thus, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Deincourt</span>, No. 146—<i>Az., billettée, +a fesse dancette or.</i> The early Heralds blazoned a “Fesse +Dancette” as simply a “<i>Dancette</i>” or “<i>Danse</i>.” See also +<a href = "#fig130">No. 130</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig147" id = "fig147"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig147.png" width = "121" height = "131" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 147.<br> +Campbell.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig147color.png" width = "121" height = "131" +alt = "see text"></p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Gyron</span>, a triangular figure, not +known in English blazon as a separate charge (except perhaps in the one +case of the arms of Mortimer), gives its title to the <i>gyronny +field</i>, which is more commonly found in the Heraldry of the North +than of the South. The field gyronny generally, and more particularly in +Scotland, is divided into <i>eight pieces</i>: but the divisions are +sometimes six, ten, twelve, or even sixteen in number. A Roll of +the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span> has, for +<span class = "smallcaps">Warin de +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a> +Basingborne</span>—“<i>Gerony d’or et d’azur</i>.” The Arms of +<span class = "smallcaps">Campbell</span> are—<i>Gyronny or and +sa.</i>, No. 147.<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" id = "tag3" href = +"#note3">3</a> Here, where there are eight pieces of divisions, it is +not necessary to specify the number; but if they were either more or +less than eight the blazon would be—<i>gyronny of six, of ten, +&c.</i></p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Frette</span>, in more recent Heraldry, +has generally superseded the original <i>field fretty</i>. This +interlaced design, whether borne as a distinct figure, as No. 148, or +repeated over the field of a Shield, as in No. 149, differs from a field +lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing charged <i>upon</i> the field of +a Shield, and not a form of varied surface: No. 149, for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Etchingham</span> (E. 2), is—<i>Az., fretty +arg.</i> An early variety or modification of Frette is the +<i>Trellis</i> or <i>Treille</i>, in which the pieces do not interlace, +but all those in bend lie over all those in bend sinister, and they are +fastened at the crossings with nails—“<i>clouée</i>,” as in No. +150. <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Trussell</span> or <span class += "smallcaps">Tressell</span> (H. 3) bears—<i>Arg., +a trellis gu., clouée or</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig148" id = "fig148"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig148.png" width = "71" height = "71" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3"> +<a name = "fig149" id = "fig149"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig149.png" width = "134" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3"> +<img src = "images/color/fig149color.png" width = "134" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 148.— A Frette.</td> +<!-- <td></td><td></td> --> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig150" id = "fig150"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig150.png" width = "86" height = "84" +alt = "see text"></td> +<!-- <td></td><td></td> --> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 150.— Trellis Clouée.</td> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +No. 149.— De Etchingham.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Roundles</span>, or <span class = +"smallcaps">Roundlets</span>. These simple figures, in constant use in +every age of Heraldry, are divided into two groups, which correspond +with the division of the Tinctures into “Metals” and “Colours.”</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig151" id = "fig151"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig151.png" width = "43" height = "42" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 151.<br> +Bezant.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig151color.png" width = "43" height = "42" +alt = "see text"></p> +</div> + +<p>The first group contains the two Roundles of the <i>Metals</i>, which +are <i>flat discs</i>: 1, The <i>Bezant</i>, or golden Roundle, No. 151, +which has apparently derived its name from +<span class = "pagenum">72</span> +<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a> +the Byzantine coins with which the Crusaders, when in the East, would +have been familiar. 2, The Silver Roundle, or <i>Plate</i>, is from the +Spanish “Plata”—<i>silver</i>. When Bezants or Plates appear in +considerable numbers, the field on which they are charged is said to be +“<i>bezantée</i>” or “<i>platée</i>.” See <a href = "#fig140">No. +140</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig152" id = "fig152"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig152.png" width = "43" height = "43" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 152.<br> +Torteau.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig152color.png" width = "43" height = "43" +alt = "see text"></p> +</div> + +<p>The second group contains the five Roundles of the <i>Colours</i>, +which are <i>globular</i>, and are usually shaded accordingly. The +<i>Torteau</i>, No. 152, in the plural <i>Torteaux</i>, is gules: the +<i>Hurt</i> is azure: the <i>Pellet</i> or <i>Ogress</i> is sable: the +<i>Pomme</i> is vert: and the <i>Golpe</i> is purpure. These distinctive +titles, which are more calculated to perplex the student than to +simplify his study, are of comparatively recent origin, the early +Heralds having used the terms “<i>Bezant</i>,” “<i>Plate</i>,” and +“<i>Torteau</i>,” with the general designations “<i>Roundle</i>” and +“<i>Pellet</i>,” adding the tinctures for the others. +Examples:—<i>Az., bezantée</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. +de la Zouche</span>: <i>Or, on a fesse gu. three plates</i>, for <span +class = "smallcaps">Roger de Huntingfield</span>: <i>Arg., ten torteaux, +four, three, two, one</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Alex. +Giffard</span> (all H. 3). See also <a href = "#fig80">Nos. +80</a>, <a href = "#fig82">82</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig153" id = "fig153"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig153.png" width = "58" height = "59" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 153.<br> +Fountain.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig153color.png" width = "57" height = "58" +alt = "see text"></p> +</div> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig154" id = "fig154"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig154.png" width = "51" height = "52" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 154.<br> +Annulet.</p> +</div> + +<p>A circular figure or Roundle that is <i>barry wavy arg. and az.</i>, +is blazoned as a “<i>Fountain</i>,” No. 153. Examples:—<i>Arg., +three fountains</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Welles</span>: +<i>Arg., a Chevron sable between three fountains</i>, borne by a +family named <i>Sykes</i>, their name being an ancient term signifying a +well or fountain. An <i>Annulet</i>, or a plain ring, No. 154, was +sometimes blazoned as a “<i>false Roundle</i>”—a Roundle, that is, +pierced, and having its central area removed.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a> +In the illustration the colours are unfortunately reversed.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The colors were corrected in the “colorized” version of the +illustration.</p> +</div> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> +<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapVIII" id = "chapVIII">CHAPTER VIII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section V</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Miscellaneous Charges:— Human Beings— Animals— +Birds— Fish— Reptiles and Insects— Imaginary +Beings— Natural Objects— Various Artificial Figures and +Devices— Appropriate Descriptive Epithets.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials; +earthly animals with watery; sauage beasts with tame; fowles of prey +with home-bred; these again with riuer fowles; reptiles with things +gressible; aery insecta with earthly; also things naturall with +artificiall.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Guillim’s</span> “Display +of Heraldry,” <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1611.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">Thus</span>, in his own quaint fashion, the +enthusiastic old Herald of the seventeenth century indicates the number +and variety of the Charges, which in process of time had been introduced +into Armory even before his era. In earlier days the Charges of Heraldry +were much less varied, comparatively few in their numbers, and generally +of a simple character. It will readily be understood, however, that +fresh figures and devices would continually appear in blazon; and also +that these, in their turn, would lead the way for the introduction of +further varieties and new modifications.</p> + +<p>Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as Supporters. Parts +of the human frame constantly appear, but they are more generally borne +as Crests upon helms than as charges on shields. “Moor’s heads” or +“Saracen’s heads” appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs: and a +human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a> +the famous house of <span class = "smallcaps">Douglas</span>, where it +was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span> to the “good Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">James Douglas</span>,” that he should bear with him the +heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, and bury it there. +Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of Spain, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1330. This Shield of Douglas is a +characteristic example of the gradual development of armorial +composition. About <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1290, the Seal +of <span class = "smallcaps">William</span>, Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, displays his Shield, No. 155, +bearing—<i>Arg., on a chief az. three mullets of the field.</i> +Next, upon the field of the Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">William</span>, Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1333, +there appears, in addition, <i>a human heart gules</i>, as in No. 156. +And, finally, the heart is ensigned with a <i>royal crown</i>, as in No. +157, this form appearing as early as 1387.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig155" id = "fig155"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig155.png" width = "110" height = "120" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig156" id = "fig156"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig156.png" width = "113" height = "122" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig157" id = "fig157"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig157.png" width = "109" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 155.— Shield of Douglas.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 156.— Shield of Douglas.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 157.— Shield of Douglas.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig158" id = "fig158"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig158.png" width = "120" height = "121" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 158.<br> +Isle of Man.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Isle of Man</span>, No. 158, still continues to be the +heraldic ensign of that island: it is—<i>Gu., three human legs in +armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper part of the +thighs, and flexed in triangle.</i> This true curiosity of Heraldry +leads Mr. Planché to remark, that “the <i>arms</i> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Man</span> are <i>legs</i>” (“Pursuivant of Arms,” p. 112). +The Shield represented in No. 158 is drawn from an original example of +the age of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span> in the +Heralds’ College. At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is +represented +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a> +in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and golden spurs are +added. The ancient symbol of the island of Sicily, in which the limbs +are without either armour or clothing, has been represented in <a href = +"#fig10">No. 10</a>: this device also appears in ancient examples with a +human head at the junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the +same manner, are borne on the shield of the mediæval family of <span +class = "smallcaps">Tremaine</span>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig159" id = "fig159"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig159.png" width = "314" height = "296" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 159.— Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey (partly restored).</p> + +<p>Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to represent <span +class = "smallcaps">Angels</span>, are occasionally introduced in +English Heraldry, their office generally being to act as “Supporters” to +armorial Shields. Fine examples, in admirable preservation, may be seen +boldly sculptured in the noble timber-roof of Westminster Hall; also in +panels over the principal entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of +the Abbey of Westminster. In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at St. +Alban’s, numerous other examples of great excellence yet remain, the +works of Abbot John de Wheathamstede, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of the +Shield of Arms of the Abbey of <span class = "smallcaps">St. +Alban</span>—<i>Az., a +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a> +saltire or</i>, supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by the +Mitre of Abbot Thomas De la Mere, as it is represented in his noble +Brass in the Abbey Church. The Shield and the Angel Figures are the work +of Abbot John. The Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the +original, are restored from stained glass of the same period in the +Abbey Church. Figures of Angels holding Shields of Arms—each +figure having a shield in front of its breast, are frequently sculptured +as corbels in Gothic churches.</p> + +<p>In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only animal that is +found in blazon, with the sole addition of Boar’s heads. Deer, dogs, +bulls, calves, rams, and a few other animals subsequently appear to +share heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts. In modern +Armory, however, almost every living creature has been required to +discharge such duties as Heralds have been pleased to assign to them. +The Lion of Heraldry I leave to be considered, with the Eagle, in the +next Chapter. In comparatively early blazon, the <i>Bear</i> is borne by +<span class = "smallcaps">Fitz Urse</span>: the <i>Calf</i>, by <span +class = "smallcaps">Calveley</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">De +Vele</span>: the <i>Ram</i>, by <span class = "smallcaps">Ramsey</span> +and <span class = "smallcaps">Ramryge</span>: the <i>Lamb</i>, by <span +class = "smallcaps">Lambert</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Lambton</span>: the <i>Otter</i> (<i>loutre</i>, in French), +by <span class = "smallcaps">Luttrel</span>: the <i>Hedgehog</i> (Fr., +<i>herrison</i>), by <span class = "smallcaps">De Heriz</span>, +afterwards <span class = "smallcaps">Harris</span>: and so also, in like +manner, some other animals appear as <i>armes parlantes</i> (see <a href += "#page16">p. <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘15’">16</ins></a>).</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig160" id = "fig160"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig160.png" width = "56" height = "61" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 160.<br> +Early Martlet.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig161" id = "fig161"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig161.png" width = "94" height = "49" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 161.<br> +Martlet.</p> +</div> + +<p>With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated in early +Heraldry: and, after a while, others join them, including the Falcon, +Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and the Pelican borne both as a symbol +of sacred significance, and also by the <span class = +"smallcaps">Pelhams</span> from being allusive to their name. Cocks, +with the same allusive motive, were borne by <span class = +"smallcaps">Cockayne</span>: Parrots, blazoned as “<i>Popinjays</i>,” +appear as early as <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>: and +in a Roll of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, the Sire +<span class = "smallcaps">Mounpynzon</span> has a Lion charged on the +shoulder with a Chaffinch—in French a <i>Pinson</i>. The favourite +bird, however, +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<a name = "page77" id = "page77"> </a> +of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the heraldic Martin, a near +relative of the Swallow or <i>Hirondelle</i>. The Martlet is practically +always represented in profile, at rest, and with its wings closed. The +few exceptions are modern. In some early examples the feet are shown, as +in No. 160: but, in the Shield of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de +Valence</span> in Westminster Abbey, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296, the Martlet appears feetless, as in No. +161; and at a later period this mode of representation was generally +adopted. French Heralds deprive their Martlets of beak as well as +feet.</p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig162" id = "fig162"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig162.png" width = "194" height = "300" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 162.— Banner of De Barre.</p> +</div> + +<p>“As the symbol of a name,” writes Mr. Moule, “almost all Fish have +been used in Heraldry; and in many instances Fish have been assumed in +Arms in reference to the produce of the estate, giving to the quaint +device a twofold interest” (“Heraldry of Fish,” p 13). The earliest +examples are the Barbel, the Dolphin, the Luce (or Pike), the Herring, +and the Roach. In conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the +Escallop which, as a charge, belongs to the earliest period of Heraldry. +The Barbel, so named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it +in its search for food, was introduced into English Heraldry by <span +class = "smallcaps">John</span>, Count <span class = "smallcaps">De +Barre</span>, whose elder brother married <span class = +"smallcaps">Alianore</span>, eldest daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span> At Carlaverock he displayed, as the +chronicler has recorded, “<i>a blue banner, crusilly, with two Barbels +of gold, and a red border en-grailed</i>,” +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<a name = "page78" id = "page78"> </a> +No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Giles de +Fishbourne</span> (H. 3), and afterwards introduced into several +English Shields, is best known as the armorial ensign of the <span class += "smallcaps">Dauphin</span>, the eldest son and heir apparent of the +Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of <span class = +"smallcaps">France</span>—<i>Or, a Dolphin az.</i> This title +of “Dauphin” was first assumed by <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles V.</span>, who succeeded to the Crown of France +in 1364. In <a href = "#fig8">No. 8</a> I have shown after what manner +the Dolphin was represented by an ancient Greek Artist: in the Middle +Ages the heraldic Dolphin appeared as in No. 163. <span class = +"smallcaps">Geffrey de Lucy</span> (H. 3) bears—<i>Gu., three +Lucies or.</i> On his marriage with the heiress of <span class = +"smallcaps">Anthony</span>, Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Lucy</span>, +in 1369, <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, fourth Lord <span class += "smallcaps">Percy</span> of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with +his own lion (blue on a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a blue +field), upon the well-known Shield of the Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Northumberland</span> (<a href = "#chapXI">Chapter +XI</a>).</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig163" id = "fig163"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig163.png" width = "139" height = "121" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig164" id = "fig164"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig164.png" width = "182" height = "212" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig165" id = "fig165"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig165.png" width = "116" height = "108" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 163.— Dolphin.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 164.— De Lucy.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 165.— Escallop.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Another Carlaverock Banneret, <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de +Scales</span>, whom the chronicler declares to have been both “handsome +and amiable” as well as gallant in action, had “<i>six escallops of +silver on a red banner</i>.” This beautiful charge of the escallop, +happy in its association with the pilgrims of the olden time, and always +held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally drawn as in No. 165.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<a name = "page79" id = "page79"> </a> +<p>Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. Bees, +Flies, Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but they have no +place in the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as might be expected, appear +in the Arms of <i>Bees</i>ton. <i>Azure, three Butterflies</i>, are the +Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Muschamp</span>, and they are carved +twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at Canterbury. Upon a monumental +brass in the Church of Wheathampstead, in Hertfordshire, the Shield of +<span class = "smallcaps">Hugo Bostock</span> (about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1435) bears,—<i>Arg., three Bats, their +wings displayed, sa.</i></p> + +<p>Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the creations of heraldic +fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, frequently appear as +Supporters; and, in some cases, they take a part in the blazonry of +Shields, or they are borne independently as Badges. A very brief +description (all that is necessary) of the greater number of these +monsters of <i>un</i>natural history will be given in the “Glossary of +heraldic terms,” in <a href = "#chapX">Chapter X.</a>; consequently, it +is enough here merely to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The +Griffin or Gryphon, the most worthy of the group, is comparatively +common. The Dragon and the Wivern or Wyvern, both of them winged +monsters, differ in this respect, that the former has four legs, while +the latter has two only. In early blazon this distinction was not always +observed. The Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a Wyvern with a +cock’s head.</p> + +<p>Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of Heraldry, and +they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in +<a href = "#chapX">Chapter X.</a> They include the <i>Sun</i>, the +<i>Moon</i>, the <i>Stars</i>; also such terrestrial objects as +<i>Trees</i>, <i>Flowers</i>, <i>Fruits</i>, <i>Sheaves and Ears of +Corn</i>, <i>Leaves</i>, <i>Chaplets</i>, <i>&c.</i> And with these +Charges I may group the always beautiful Fleur de Lys, and the Trefoil, +Quatrefoil, Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil.</p> + +<p>Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +<a name = "page80" id = "page80"> </a> +Heralds have charged upon Shields of Arms, it will be unnecessary for me +to give detailed descriptions, except when either the heraldic name may +require explanation, or some special circumstances connected with any +particular figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for +attention. Again I refer to the “Glossary” for notices and examples of +all Charges of this class—Annulets, Buckles, Castles, Crowns, +Cups, Horseshoes, Keys, Knots, Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many +others.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig166" id = "fig166"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig166a.png" width = "61" height = "60" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/fig166b.png" width = "58" height = "61" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/fig166c.png" width = "58" height = "59" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.—Crescent</td> +<td class = "caption"> +<span class = "smallroman">B</span>.—Increscent<br> +No. 166</td> +<td class = "caption"> +<span class = "smallroman">C</span>.—Decrescent</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ +<i>appropriate Epithets and descriptive Terms</i>, of which the +following are characteristic examples:—The <i>Sun</i> is “<i>in +splendour</i>.” The <i>Moon</i>, when full, is “<i>in her +complement</i>”: she is a “<i>Crescent</i>” when she appears in No. 166, +<span class = "smallroman">A</span>: she is “<i>Increscent</i>” when as +in No. 166, <span class = "smallroman">B</span>: and she is +“<i>Decrescent</i>” when as in No. 166, <span class = +"smallroman">C</span>. Animals and Birds of prey are said to be +“<i>armed</i>” of their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned animals, +also, except Stags and Antelopes, are “<i>armed</i>” of their horns; and +a Cock is “<i>armed</i>” of his spurs; whilst Griffins and birds of prey +are “<i>armed</i>” of their beaks and claws (<i>i.e.</i> the part of the +leg which is unfeathered). Animals are “<i>hoofed</i>” or +“<i>unguled</i>” of their hoofs; and “<i>langued</i>” of their tongues. +Fierce animals are “<i>vorant</i>” of their prey, when represented in +the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing, are “<i>lodged</i>” +<a href = "#fig25">Nos. 25</a> and <a href = "#fig26">26</a>: when +standing, and looking out from the Shield, No. 167, “<i>at gaze</i>”: +when in easy motion, they are termed “<i>trippant</i>,” or sometimes the +word “<i>tripping</i>” is substituted, No. 168: and when in +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<a name = "page81" id = "page81"> </a> +rapid motion, they are “<i>courant</i>,” “<i>at speed</i>,” or sometimes +described as “<i>in full course</i>,” No. 169. The male Stag is +sometimes termed a “<i>Hart</i>,” and the female a “<i>Hind</i>.” There +is really a distinction between the Buck and the Stag, but it is very +usually disregarded in Heraldry. The antlers of the Hart are +“<i>Attires</i>,” their branches are “<i>Tynes</i>”; and they are said +to be “<i>attired</i>” of their antlers. A Stag’s head full-faced, +but without the neck, as No. 170, is “<i>cabossed</i>” or +“<i>caboshed</i>.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig167" id = "fig167"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig167.png" width = "100" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig169" id = "fig169"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig169.png" width = "114" height = "99" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 167.— At Gaze.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 169.— At Speed.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig168" id = "fig168"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig168.png" width = "79" height = "103" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig170" id = "fig170"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig170.png" width = "138" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 168.— Tripping.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 170.— Stag’s Head Cabossed.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 206, are “<i>displayed</i>.” +Expanded wings may be “<i>elevated</i>,” or, if drooping, +“<i>inverted</i>” or “<i>in lure</i>.” Birds about to take wing are +“<i>rising</i>”; when in flight, they are “<i>volant</i>”; when at rest, +they are “<i>close</i>.” A Bird “<i>trusses</i>” its prey. +A Peacock having its tail expanded is “<i>in its pride</i>”; and +this same expression is applied to the Turkey. A Pelican, when +feeding its young, is said to be “<i>in her piety</i>,” but may be +merely “<i>vulning herself</i>” if the young are not represented. +A Swan, when blazoned “<i>proper</i>,” is white with red legs and +black beak.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<a name = "page82" id = "page82"> </a> +<p>Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are “<i>naiant</i>”; if they are +in pale, they are “<i>hauriant</i>,” <a href = "#fig164">No. 164</a>; +but if their heads are to the base, the term “<i>urinant</i>” is said to +apply, but I cannot say I have so far come across an authenticated +instance of the use of this word; if their bodies are bent, as the +Dolphin is generally represented, they are “<i>embowed</i>,” <a href = +"#fig163">No. 163</a>. Fish, also, are said to be “<i>finned</i>” of +their fins. Insects are “<i>volant</i>.” Reptiles are “<i>gliding</i>”; +or, if they are twined into knots, “<i>nowed</i>.” Trees of mature +growth are “<i>accrued</i>”; when with leaves, “<i>in foliage</i>” (but +these two terms are so seldom used that they may be entirely +disregarded); with fruit or seeds, “<i>fructed</i>” or “<i>seeded</i>”; +if without leaves, “<i>blasted</i>”; and if their roots are exposed, +“<i>eradicated</i>.” Branches or leaves torn off are +“<i>slipped</i>.”</p> + +<p>The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of them described +in the next chapter, are equally applicable to other animals. Some other +descriptive terms, not noticed here, will be found in the “Glossary” in +<a href = "#chapX">Chapter X.</a></p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<a name = "page83" id = "page83"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapIX" id = "chapIX">CHAPTER IX</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section VI</span></h4> + +<p class = "center"><i>The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry</i></p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The <span class = "smallcaps">Lion</span> and a King of Beasts.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Richard +II.</i></p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The <span class = "smallcaps">Eagle</span>, ennobled by Nature in as +high a degree of nobility as the chiefest of the terrestrial animals, is +the most honourable bearing of Birds.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Gwillim</span> (<i>Edition of 1724</i>).</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">The</span> regal dignity of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Lion</span> amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds, like +himself, would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding +eminence in Heraldry. From the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly, +the Lion is blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles. +The tressured Lion has been already noticed upon the Royal Shield of +<span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>, <a href = "#fig138">No. +138</a>; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same attitude, +borne by an English Prince, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>, +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, <a href = +"#fig140">No. 140</a>. From the time that they first possessed any true +armorial insignia, the Sovereigns of the Realm of <span class = +"smallcaps">England</span> have borne Lions upon their Royal Shield. +A Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of <span class = +"smallcaps">Wales</span>, as he was of the Kings of <span class = +"smallcaps">Leon</span>, of <span class = "smallcaps">Norway</span>, and +of <span class = "smallcaps">Denmark</span>, and of the Counts of <span +class = "smallcaps">Holland</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Hainault</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Eu</span>, +&c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high favour with the most +noble and powerful Barons of England—the <span class = +"smallcaps">Mowbrays</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Bohuns</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Longespees</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Fitz-Alans</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Lacies</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Percies</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Segraves</span>, and such as they.</p> + +<p>It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<a name = "page84" id = "page84"> </a> +that the Lion of Heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes, and +also variously tinctured, otherwise it would not be possible duly to +distinguish the Lions of different Shields. Heralds of all countries +appear readily to have permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural +tawny hue, and in its stead to assume the heraldic <i>or</i>, +<i>argent</i>, <i>azure</i>, <i>gules</i>, and <i>sable</i>; but +Continental Heralds were not generally disposed to recognise in their +Lions any other attitude than the one which they held to be consistent +with their Lion character, instincts, and habits—erect, that is, +with one hind paw only on the ground, looking forward towards their +prey, so as to show but one eye, and evidently in the act of preparing +to spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic attitude is +<i>rampant</i>, <a href = "#fig171">No. 171</a>: and only when he was in +this rampant attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a +Lion, and blazon him by his true name. A Lion walking and looking +about him, the early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: +consequently, when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as +“<i>a leopard</i>.” The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an +heraldic title, which distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. +These heraldic “leopards” were drawn in every respect as other heraldic +“lions,” without spots or any leopard<i>ish</i> distinction whatever. +This explains the usage, retained till late in the fourteenth century, +which assigned to the Lions of the Royal Shield of England the name of +“leopards.” They were so called, not by the enemies of England for +derision and insult, as some persons, in their ignorance of early +Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and to assert; but the +English Kings and Princes, who well knew their “Lions” to be Lions, in +blazon styled them “leopards,” because they also knew that Lions in the +attitude of their “Lions” were heraldic “leopards.” When at length the +necessity of varying the attitude of their Lions was admitted by all +Heralds, in consequence of the greatly increased numbers +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<a name = "page85" id = "page85"> </a> +of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the original +distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that was <i>not rampant</i> +by the compound term of a “<i>lion-leopard</i>,” or a +“<i>lion-leopardé</i>.” But that controversy has long been at rest.</p> + +<p>The following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of +the Lion in Heraldry:—</p> + +<p><i>Rampant</i>: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other three +paws elevated, the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated, +No. 171. <i>Rampant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out from the +Shield, No. 172. <i>Rampant Reguardant</i>: as before, but looking +backwards.</p> + +<p><i>Passant</i>: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter +fore-paw being elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed over the +back, No. 173. <i>Passant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out from +the Shield, No. 174. <i>Passant Reguardant</i>: as before, but looking +backwards.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig171" id = "fig171"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig171.png" width = "79" height = "113" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig172" id = "fig172"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig172.png" width = "83" height = "111" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig173" id = "fig173"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig173.png" width = "96" height = "77" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 171.— Rampant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 172.— Rampant Guardant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 173.— Passant.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Statant</i>: standing, his four paws on the ground, and looking +before him, No. 175. <i>Statant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out +from the Shield, No. 176: in this example the Lion has his tail +extended, but this would be +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<a name = "page86" id = "page86"> </a> +specified in the blazon, as it is an unusual position. In like manner, +if the tail of a Lion in any other attitude be extended, there must be a +statement to that effect.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig174" id = "fig174"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig174.png" width = "94" height = "71" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig175" id = "fig175"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig175.png" width = "119" height = "76" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig176" id = "fig176"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig176.png" width = "143" height = "90" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 174.— Passant Guardant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 175.— Statant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 176.— Statant Guardant.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Sejant</i>: sitting down with his head elevated, No. 178. If he +looks out from the Shield, the word <i>Guardant</i> is to be added. +A Scottish Lion sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air, +and in English terms of blazon would be described as “<i>Sejant +erect</i>” or “<i>Sejant rampant</i>.”</p> + +<p><i>Couchant</i>: is at rest, the fore legs stretched on the ground, +as No. 177.</p> + +<p><i>Dormant</i>: asleep, head resting on fore paws, No. 179.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig177" id = "fig177"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig177.png" width = "98" height = "71" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig178" id = "fig178"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig178.png" width = "63" height = "91" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig179" id = "fig179"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig179.png" width = "103" height = "53" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 177.— Couchant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 178.— Sejant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 179.— Dormant.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Salient</i>: in the act of springing, the hind paws on the ground, +both the fore paws elevated, No. 180.</p> + +<p><i>Queue fourchée</i>: having a forked tail.</p> + +<p><i>Double-queued</i>: two tails, as No. 181, which is a <i>lion +rampant double-queued</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Coward: passant reguardant</i>, his tail between his legs, No. +182.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig180" id = "fig180"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig180.png" width = "87" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig181" id = "fig181"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig181.png" width = "96" height = "107" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig182" id = "fig182"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig182.png" width = "134" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 180.— Salient.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 181.— Double-queued.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 182.— Coward.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are <i>Counter rampant</i>, or +<i>Combatant</i>: when back to back, they are <i>Addorsed</i>: when +passant or salient in contrary directions, they are <i>Counter +passant</i> or <i>Counter salient</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<a name = "page87" id = "page87"> </a> +<p>Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they are charged +on a field of that tincture, are <i>armed and langued gules</i>; but +<i>azure</i> in the case of either of these exceptions, unless the +contrary be specified in the blazon. When several Lions appear in one +composition, or when they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale, +they are sometimes blazoned as “<i>Lioncels</i>.” This term +“<i>Lioncel</i>,” it must be added, when used alone, denotes a <i>small +Lion rampant</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig183" id = "fig183"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig183.png" width = "86" height = "103" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig184" id = "fig184"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig184.png" width = "67" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig185" id = "fig185"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig185.png" width = "81" height = "87" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 183.— Lion’s Head.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 184.— Lion’s Face.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 185.— Lion’s Jambe.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A Lion’s <i>head</i> is a Charge: it may be <i>erased</i>, as in No. +183; or cut off smooth, when it is <i>couped</i>. A Lion’s +<i>face</i> also is a Charge, No. 184; so is his <i>jambe</i> or +<i>paw</i>, No. 185. A <i>demi-lion rampant</i> is the upper half +of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail, as in No. 186.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig186" id = "fig186"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig186.png" width = "103" height = "87" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig187" id = "fig187"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig187.png" width = "151" height = "161" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 186.— Demi-Lion Rampant.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 187.— England.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Lions of England</span> are <i>golden +Lions leopardé</i>, three in number, placed one above the other on a red +Shield. They are blazoned—<i>Gu., three Lions pass. guard., in +pale, or</i>, No. 187.</p> + +<p>A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field gules, may +be blazoned as a “Lion of England.” These +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<a name = "page88" id = "page88"> </a> +three Lions <i>first</i> appear upon the second Great Seal of <span +class = "smallcaps">Richard I.</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1194, on the Shield of the King, No. 188. An +earlier Seal, used by Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> +before his brother’s accession, has a Shield charged with <i>two</i> +Lions only, and they are <i>passant</i>, No. 189. The first Great Seal +of the lion-hearted King has a Shield, bowed in its contour, and charged +with a <i>single</i> Lion rampant facing to the sinister, or +<i>counter-rampant</i>, No. 190; and it has been conjectured that, were +the whole face of this Shield visible, a second Lion rampant facing +to the dexter would appear, thus charging the Shield with <i>two Lions +combattant</i>; this, however, is a conjecture which is not supported by +the authority of many Shields of the same form. A red Shield +charged with <i>two golden Lions passant guardant in pale</i> (<a href = +"#fig22">No. 22</a>), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I +have already shown, has been assigned to <span class = +"smallcaps">William I.</span>, and his two sons and his grandson, +<span class = "smallcaps">William II.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry I.</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Stephen</span>. The Shield bearing the three Lions, No. 187, +has been assigned to <span class = "smallcaps">Henry II.</span>, +but it first makes its appearance on the Great Seal of his son. The +probability is that up to this period the device was simply a lion, +indeterminate in position or numbers. This same Shield has continued, +from the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard I.</span>, to +display the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms</span> of the <span +class = "smallcaps">Realm of England</span>: how, in the course of ages, +these Arms become grouped with other insignia, I shall presently +have to show.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig188" id = "fig188"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig188.png" width = "63" height = "164" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig189" id = "fig189"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig189.png" width = "65" height = "164" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig190" id = "fig190"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig190.png" width = "59" height = "162" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 188.<br> +Richard I.—<br> +2nd Gt. Seal.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 189.<br> +Prince John.— Seal.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 190.<br> +Richard I.—<br> +1st Gt. Seal.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <i>Lion passant</i> is carefully distinguished in the earliest +Rolls as a different Charge from the <i>Lion passant guardant</i>. Thus +(H. 3), for <span class = "smallcaps">Hamon le +Strange</span>—<i>Gu., two Lions passant arg.</i>, No. 191; and +for <span class = "smallcaps">John Giffard</span>—<i>Gu., three +Lions pass. arg.</i>, No. 192: for Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Nicholas Carew</span> (E. 2),—<i>Or, three Lions +pass. sa.</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> +<a name = "page89" id = "page89"> </a> +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig191" id = "fig191"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig191.png" width = "131" height = "138" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig192" id = "fig192"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig192.png" width = "146" height = "151" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig193" id = "fig193"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig193.png" width = "130" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 191.— Le Strange.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 192.— Giffard.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 193.— Mowbray.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From the numerous early Shields which bear <i>Lions rampant</i>, +I select the following examples, associated with names illustrious +in English History. For <span class = "smallcaps">Roger de +Mowbray</span> (H. 3)—<i>Gu., a Lion rampt. arg.</i>, +No. 193: this Coat is quartered by the present Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Mowbray</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Segrave</span> and +<span class = "smallcaps">Stourton</span>. For <span class = +"smallcaps">Fitz-Alan</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Arundel</span>—<i>Gu., a Lion rampt. or</i> +(H. 3), No. 193. For <span class = "smallcaps">De Laci</span>, Earl +of <span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln</span>—<i>Or, a Lion +rampt. purpure</i> (E. 2), No. 194. For Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">John de Segrave</span> (E. 2)—<i>Sa., a Lion +rampt. arg., crowned or</i>, No. 195. For <span class = +"smallcaps">Percy</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Northumberland</span>—<i>Or, a Lion rampt. +az.</i>, No 196: this Shield is drawn from the fine counter-seal of Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>, first Lord of Alnwick, +who died <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1315.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig194" id = "fig194"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig194.png" width = "129" height = "138" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig195" id = "fig195"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig195.png" width = "128" height = "132" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 194.— De Lacy.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 195.— De Segrave.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Two Shields of the <span class = "smallcaps">De Bohuns</span>, +<a href = "#fig114">Nos. 114</a>, <a href = "#fig115">115</a>, already +described, exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<a name = "page90" id = "page90"> </a> +charges. An earlier Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but without any +Ordinary, was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Fair Rosamond’s</span> +son, <span class = "smallcaps">William Longespée</span>, Earl of <span +class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1226: it is boldly sculptured with his noble +effigy in Salisbury Cathedral, and it also appears upon his +Seal—<i>Az., six Lioncels or</i>, No. 197. The Roll of Edward II., +confirmed by his Seal, gives for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de +Leybourne</span> the same composition, with a difference in the +tincturing—<i>Az., six Lioncels arg.</i> Other members of the same +family change these tinctures for <i>gules and or</i>, <i>gules and +argent</i>, and <i>or and sable</i> (E. 2). Examples of Shields +which bear Lions or Lioncels with various other charges will be +described and illustrated in succeeding chapters.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig196" id = "fig196"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig196.png" width = "199" height = "254" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig197" id = "fig197"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig197.png" width = "182" height = "204" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 196.— De Percy.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 197.— Longespée.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in English Heraldry +as <i>Crests</i> and <i>Supporters</i>, and also as <i>Badges</i>. From +the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> a Crowned +Lion, at the first standing on a Cap of Estate, and afterwards upon the +Crown, has been the Royal Crest of <span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>; a Lion also has always been the Royal +Crest of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span> (see <a href = +"#chapXVIII">Chapter XVIII.</a>). The Princes of the Royal Houses of +England, in like manner, have always borne the Royal Lion distinguished +by some “Mark of Cadency” (see +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<a name = "page91" id = "page91"> </a> +198 is the Lion Crest of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span>, from his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differenced +with the Prince’s silver label. The Lion also appears as the Crest of +many noble and distinguished families, as the <span class = +"smallcaps">De Bohuns</span>, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Percies</span>, and the <span class = +"smallcaps">Howards</span>. The Lion Crest of <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, sculptured <i>statant guardant</i> +upon his helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the Badge of two +Ostrich feathers, in Westminster Hall, is without any crown: No. +199.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig198" id = "fig198"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig198.png" width = "146" height = "164" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig199" id = "fig199"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig199.png" width = "170" height = "173" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 198.— Crest of Black Prince.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 199.— Crest of Richard II.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of <i>England</i>, the Lion appears +in company with some other creature from the time of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward IV.</span> sometimes having his Shield supported +by two Lions. On the accession of <span class = +"smallcaps">James I.</span> of Great Britain, the Royal Lion +Supporter formed that alliance with the Unicorn of Scotland which still +continues, and will continue, it is to be hoped, throughout all time. +Lions, as I shall point out more in detail in <a href = +"#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a>, were frequently introduced into the +composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters were in use. In +more recent Heraldry the Lion is a favourite Supporter: he now appears +supporting the Shields of the Dukes of <span class = +"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Argyll</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Atholl</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Bedford</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Grafton</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Portland</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Wellington</span>; also, with many others, those of the +Marquesses +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<a name = "page92" id = "page92"> </a> +of <span class = "smallcaps">Bath</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Exeter</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Headfort</span>, +and <span class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>; of the Earls of <span +class = "smallcaps">Albemarle</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Brownlow</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Carlisle</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Carnarvon</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Cork</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Essex</span>, and +<span class = "smallcaps">Hardwick</span>; of the Viscount <span class = +"smallcaps">Hardinge</span>; and of the Barons <span class = +"smallcaps">Arundel</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Camoys</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Dunboyne</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Monson</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Mowbray</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Petre</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Southampton</span>. As a Supporter the Lion is represented +<i>rampant</i>, <i>rampant reguardant</i>, and <i>sejant rampant</i>. +Lions also, and Demi-Lions, are frequently borne as modern Crests.</p> + +<p>In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, whatever their +attitude or tincture, whatever also the position they may occupy or the +heraldic duty they may discharge, we are always to draw and to blazon +them as true <i>heraldic Lions</i>, while, at the same time, in their +expression and general characteristics they are to be <i>genuine +Lions</i>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig200" id = "fig200"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig200.png" width = "247" height = "279" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 200.— In Westminster Abbey.</p> + +<p>In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Eagle</span> appears in the earliest English Rolls and +examples of Arms. The Royal bird, however, does not occur in English +blazon so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance often denotes an +alliance with German Princes. A Roll of Arms (printed in +“Archæologia,” XXX.) of the year 1275 commences with the Shields of the +“<span class = "smallcaps">Emperor of Germany</span>,” and of the “<span +class = "smallcaps">King of Germany</span>,” which are severally +blazoned as,—“<i>Or, an Eagle displayed having two heads sa.</i>,” +and, “<i>Or, an Eagle displayed sable</i>.” In York Cathedral, in +stained glass, there are Shields with both the double-headed and the +single-headed Eagles, all of them German, which may be considered to +have been executed before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at +Westminster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor <span class = +"smallcaps">Frederick II.</span> is boldly sculptured by an +heraldic artist of the time of our <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, No. 200; here the Eagle had one head +only. The German Emperors naturally adopted the Eagle for their heraldic +Ensign, in support of their claim to be successors to the Roman Cæsars; +and the Russian Czars, with the same motive, have also assumed the same +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<a name = "page93" id = "page93"> </a> +ensign. The Eagle having two heads, which severally look to the dexter +and the sinister, as in No. 201, typified a rule that claimed to extend +over both the Eastern and the Western Empires; as the Eagle with a +single head, No. 202, might be considered to have a less comprehensive +signification. The Eagles of the Princes of Germany are frequently to be +found, blazoned for them, in England.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig201" id = "fig201"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig201.png" width = "117" height = "132" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig202" id = "fig202"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig202.png" width = "121" height = "133" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 201.— Imperial Eagle.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 202.— Royal Eagle.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>, the second son of King +<span class = "smallcaps">John</span>, in the year 1256 was elected King +of Germany (he is generally styled “King of the Romans”), when he bore +the Eagle of the Empire: but the only Seals of this Prince that are +known to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earldom +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<a name = "page94" id = "page94"> </a> +of Cornwall, <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>. His Son <span class = +"smallcaps">Edmund</span>, who succeeded to his father’s Earldom, on his +Seals has represented an <i>Eagle bearing in its beak his Shield of +Cornwall</i>, as in No. 203: this is a peculiarly interesting example of +an heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also illustrates the +early existence of the sentiment which at a later period led to the +adoption of “Supporters” to Shields of Arms. In the early Heraldry of +Scotland, a single displayed Eagle is occasionally found supporting +an armorial Shield; as in the Seals of <span class = +"smallcaps">Alexander Steward</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Menteith</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1296, and <span class = "smallcaps">William</span>, Earl of <span class += "smallcaps">Douglas</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Mar</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1378 (Seton’s “Scottish +Heraldry,” Plates VIII. and XII.): sometimes also, as Mr. Seton has +observed, “the Eagle’s breast is charged with more than one Shield, as +in the case of the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret +Stewart</span>, Countess of <span class = "smallcaps">Angus</span> +(1366), and <span class = "smallcaps">Euphemia Leslie</span>, Countess +of <span class = "smallcaps">Ross</span> (1381), on both of which +<i>three</i> escutcheons make their appearance” (“Scottish Heraldry,” p. +268, and Plate XII., No. 5): in No. 204 I give a woodcut of this +interesting composition; the Shields are, to the dexter, <span class = +"smallcaps">Leslie</span>—<i>Arg., on a bend az., three buckles +or</i>; in the centre, the Arms of the Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ross</span>—<i>Gu., three +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<a name = "page95" id = "page95"> </a> +Lions rampant arg., within a tressure</i>; and, to the sinister, <span +class = "smallcaps">Cummin</span>—<i>Az., three garbs or</i>. The +Imperial Eagle is sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some +examples are encircled with a <i>nimbus</i> or glory, as in <a href = +"#fig212">No. 212</a>. I must add that in the Heraldry of the +English Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports the Shields of some +few Peers of different ranks; as, for example, that of Baron <span class += "smallcaps">Methuen</span>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig203" id = "fig203"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig203.png" width = "166" height = "225" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig204" id = "fig204"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig204.png" width = "280" height = "261" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 203.— Cornwall.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 204.— Seal of Euphemia Leslie.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Piers Gaveston</span>, who was created Earl +of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span> by <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, bore—<i>Vert, six Eaglets +or</i>, No. 205, (E. 2 and York stained glass): on his Seal, however, +the number of the Eaglets is reduced to <i>three</i>. Another early +example is the Shield of that gallant and persevering knight, <span +class = "smallcaps">Ralph de Monthermer</span>—<i>Or, an Eagle +displayed vert</i>, No. 206, who became Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span> in right of his wife, <span class = +"smallcaps">Joan</span>, daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, and widow of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gilbert de Clare</span>, the “Red Earl”; this green Eagle of +Monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the mediæval +Heraldry of England, marshalled on the Shields of the Earls of <span +class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Warwick</span>; in which, as in the example, No. 206, the +Eagle of Monthermer is quartered with the coat of Montacute, <a href = +"#fig20">No. 20</a> (page 17). The +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<a name = "page96" id = "page96"> </a> +Eagle of early Heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an “<i>Erne</i>,”<a +class = "tag" name = "tag4" id = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> and +sometimes as an “<i>Alerion</i>,” <span class = "smallcaps">William +d’Ernford</span> (H. 3) bears—<i>Sa., an Erne displayed +arg.</i>: and, at the same period <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de +Ernfield</span> bears a pair of Erne’s or Eagle’s Wings, called a +“<i>Vol</i>,” No. 207. From Shields of the fourteenth century which bear +Eagles, and are blazoned in the Roll of Edward II., I select the +following small group as good examples:—Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Wm. de Mongomerie</span>—<i>Or, an Eagle displayed +az.</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Nicholas de +Etone</span>—<i>Gu., a Chevron between three Eaglets +arg.</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de +Charlestone</span>—<i>Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets +or</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Philip de +Verley</span>—<i>Or, a Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa.</i>: +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de la Mere</span>—<i>Arg., on a +Bend az. three Eaglets or</i>, No. 209: a Shield bearing a Bend +charged with three Eagles, but with different tinctures, <a href = +"#fig88">No. 88</a>, I have shown to have been the Arms of the +Grandisons.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig205" id = "fig205"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig205.png" width = "232" height = "262" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig206" id = "fig206"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig206.png" width = "170" height = "192" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 205.— Shield of Piers Gaveston.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 206.— Montacute and Monthermer.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Eagles, under their name of “<i>Alerions</i>” (which early Heralds +represented without feet and beaks), are blazoned in the same +disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms of the Duchy of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lorraine</span>,—<i>Or, on a Bend gu. three alerions +arg.</i>: and this device the Dukes of Lorraine <i>are said</i> to have +borne in commemoration of an exploit of their famous ancestor, <span +class = "smallcaps">Godfrey de Bologne</span>, <i>who is also said</i>, +when “shooting against David’s tower in Jerusalem,” to have “broched +upon his arrow three footless birds called alerions.” “It is +impossible,” remarks Mr. Planché upon this legend, “now to ascertain who +broached this wonderful +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<a name = "page97" id = "page97"> </a> +story; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the party who +drew the long bow, and not the noble <span class = +"smallcaps">Godfrey</span>.” Mr. Planché adds, that the Alerions of +Lorraine may indicate an alliance with the Imperial House; and he +directs attention to “a similarity in sound between ‘Alerion’ and +‘Lorraine,’” and also to a singular Anagram produced by the letters +<span class = "extended">ALERION</span> and <span class = +"extended">LORAINE</span>, which are the same (“Pursuivant of Arms,” p. +87). The Arms of Lorraine are still borne by the Emperor of <span class += "smallcaps">Austria</span>: and in England they were quartered by +Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span> of Anjou.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig207" id = "fig207"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig207.png" width = "138" height = "114" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig209" id = "fig209"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig209.png" width = "130" height = "136" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 207.— A Vol.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 209.— De la Mere.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Hugh de Bilbesworth</span> these arms—<i>Az., three +Eagles displayed or</i>. A similar Shield, the tinctures changed +to—<i>Arg., three Eagles displayed gu., armed or</i>, was borne by +<span class = "smallcaps">Robert de Eglesfield</span>, Confessor to +<span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span> of Hainault, Queen of <span +class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, who in the year 1340 +founded Queen’s College, Oxford: this Shield of the Founder is borne by +the College. One of the Shields in the Chantry of Abbot <span class = +"smallcaps">Ramryge</span> in St. Albans Abbey Church bears the same +charges—<i>three eagles displayed</i>, No. 210: the drawing of the +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<a name = "page98" id = "page98"> </a> +eagle in this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield itself is +singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century. Another +Shield in the same monument bears a single Eagle, drawn in the same +manner, and sculptured with extraordinary spirit.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig210" id = "fig210"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig210.png" width = "219" height = "317" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 210.— Shield at St. Albans.</p> + +<p>The German Heralds, and also their brethren of France, delight in +exaggerations of what I may distinguish as the Westminster Eagle, +<a href = "#fig200">No. 200</a>. The Austrian Eagle, besides having both +its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed between and above +the two heads, as in No. 211. The Imperial Eagle (Holy Roman Empire) +sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head, which dignified +accessory is represented by a circular line, as in No. 212. In some +examples of Eagles, as well in our own Heraldry as in that of +continental countries, the wings are represented as <i>erect</i> (the +more usual form in England), and having the tips of all the principal +feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle borne as the Ensign +of Imperial <span class = "smallcaps">France</span> was represented +grasping a thunderbolt, in an attitude of vigilance, having its wings +displayed, but with the tips of the feathers drooping, as they would be +in the living bird; <a href = "#fig214">No. 214</a>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig211" id = "fig211"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig211.png" width = "270" height = "265" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 211.— The Austrian Eagle.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig212" id = "fig212"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig212.png" width = "149" height = "170" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig213" id = "fig213"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig213.png" width = "142" height = "168" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 212.— Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 213.— Eagle “displayed,” with Wings erect.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, as a Second Crest, +bore an Eagle. An Eagle also was borne for his Crest, as the imperial +bird was displayed upon his Shield (<a href = "#fig206">No. 206</a>), by +Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Ralph +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<a name = "page99" id = "page99"> </a> +de Monthermer</span>. In the more recent Heraldry of England, the Eagle +is a Supporter to the Shields of the Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Clarendon</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Coventry</span>, +and <span class = "smallcaps">Malmesbury</span>; the Viscounts <span +class = "smallcaps">Bolingbroke</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">St. +Vincent</span>; and the Barons <span class = +"smallcaps">Heytesbury</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Radstock</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Wynford</span>, +and others. Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as Crests in the +English Heraldry of our own day.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig214" id = "fig214"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig214.png" width = "207" height = "209" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 214.— French Imperial Eagle.</p> + +<p>In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can scarcely improve upon some of +the examples in which early English Heralds expressed their ideas of the +king of birds.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a> +Query if this is not really a herne or +heron.—A. C. F.-D.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<a name = "page100" id = "page100"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapX" id = "chapX">CHAPTER X</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br> +<span class = "smallcaps">Section VII</span></h4> + +<p class = "center"><i>Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms</i></p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The several denominations given to these tokens of honour ... with the +terms of art given to them.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Randle +Home</span>: “Academy of Armoury,” <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1688.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">In</span> this Glossary, which obviously must +be as concise as possible, I shall include no word that is +ordinarily well understood, unless some special signification should be +attached to it when it is in use in armorial blazon.</p> + +<div class = "glossary"> + +<p><i>Abased.</i> Said of a charge when placed lower than its customary +position.</p> + +<p><i>Abatement.</i> A supposed sign of degradation. (See <a href = +"#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Accollée.</i> Placed side by side.</p> + +<p><i>Accosted.</i> Side by side.</p> + +<p><i>Achievement</i>, or <i>Achievement of Arms</i>. Any complete +heraldic composition.</p> + +<p><i>Addorsed.</i> Back to back.</p> + +<p><i>Affrontée.</i> So placed as to show the full face or front.</p> + +<p><i>Alerion.</i> A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the +heraldic <i>Eagle</i>, which, when blazoned under this title, was also +sometimes drawn without legs or beak. (See p. 97.)</p> + +<p><i>Ambulant.</i> In the act of walking.</p> + +<p><i>Annulet.</i> A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a “<i>false +roundle</i>”: in modern English cadency, the difference of the fifth son +or brother: <a href = "#fig154">No. 154</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<a name = "page101" id = "page101"> </a> +<p><i>Annulettée.</i> Ending in Annulets.</p> + +<p><i>Antelope.</i> Depicted by early Heralds in a conventional manner, +but now generally rendered more naturally, the earlier type being termed +the heraldic antelope.</p> + +<p><i>Anthony, St.</i> His cross is in the form of the letter T, +No. <a href = "#fig93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Antique Crown.</i> See <i>Eastern Crown</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig215" id = "fig215"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig215.png" width = "112" height = "120" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 215.<br> +Badge of Ulster.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Appaumée.</i> Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing the +palm: No. 215.</p> + +<p><i>Arched.</i> Bent, or bowed.</p> + +<p><i>Archbishop.</i> A prelate of the highest order in the English +Church; his heraldic insignia are his <i>Mitre</i>, <i>Crozier</i>, and +<i>Pall</i>. Next to the Royal Family, the Archbishop of Canterbury is +the first subject in the realm; he is styled “Most Reverend Father in +God,” “by Divine Providence,” and “Your Grace.” The Archbishop of York +is third in rank (the Lord Chancellor being second), and his style is +the same, except that he is Archbishop “by Divine permission.” +Archbishops impale their own arms with those of their see, the latter +being marshalled to the dexter.</p> + +<p><i>Argent.</i> The metal silver.</p> + +<p><i>Arm.</i> A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it must be +blazoned with full particulars as to position, clothing, &c. If +couped between the elbow and the wrist, it is a <i>cubit arm</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Armed.</i> A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to denote +their natural weapons of offence and defence: thus, a Lion is said +to be “<i>armed</i> of his claws and teeth”; a Bull, to be +“<i>armed</i> of his horns”; an Eagle, “of its beak and talons.”</p> + +<p><i>Armory.</i> Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with their +respective Arms.</p> + +<p><i>Arms</i>, <i>Armorial Bearings</i>. Heraldic compositions, and the +Figures and Devices which form them. (See <a href = +"#chapI">Chapter I.</a>)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<a name = "page102" id = "page102"> </a> +<p><i>Arms of Community.</i> Borne by Corporate and other Bodies and +Communities, as cities, colleges, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Arms of Dominion.</i> Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also the +Sovereign arms of the realms over which they rule.</p> + +<p><i>Arms of Office.</i> Borne, with the personal arms, to denote +official rank.</p> + +<p><i>Armes Parlantes.</i> Such as are allusive to the Name, Title, +Office, or Property of those who bear them: thus, <i>Leaves</i> for +<i>Leve</i>son, a <i>Castle</i> for <i>Castile</i>, +a <i>Cup</i> for <i>Butler</i>, <i>Fish</i> for those who derive +revenues from Fisheries, &c. The more usual term is, however, +“canting arms” (See <i>Rebus</i>: also page 15.)</p> + +<p><i>Arrow.</i> Is <i>barbed</i> of its head, and <i>flighted</i> of +its feathers; a bundle of arrows is a <i>sheaf</i>; with a blunt +head, it is a <i>bird-bolt</i>.</p> + +<p><i>At Gaze.</i> A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote +their standing still, and looking straight forward: <a href = +"#fig167">No. 167</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Attires</i>, <i>Attired</i>. The antlers of a Buck, Stag, or Hart: +having antlers. A Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with double +attires, one pair erect, and the other drooping forward.</p> + +<p><i>Augmentation.</i> An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms, +specially granted with a peculiar significance: thus, the “Union” Device +of the British Empire, blazoned on an inescutcheon, is the +“<i>Augmentation</i>” specially granted to the great Duke of <span class += "smallcaps">Wellington</span>, to be borne on the honour point of his +paternal shield.</p> + +<p><i>Augmented.</i> Having an “Augmentation.”</p> + +<p><i>Avellane.</i> A variety of the heraldic Cross: <a href = +"#fig109">No. 109</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Azure.</i> The colour <i>blue</i> (indicated by horizontal lines): +No. <a href = "#fig52">52</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Badge.</i> A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and capable +of being borne without any background or other accessory. Badges are, +however, often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour +or colours. +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<a name = "page103" id = "page103"> </a> +Badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property; were worn by +servants and retainers, who mustered under the standards on which badges +were represented. (See <a href = "#chapXV">Chapter XV.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Banded.</i> Encircled with a band.</p> + +<p><i>Banner.</i> A flag, charged with the coat of arms of the owner, +displayed over its entire surface. (See <a href = "#chapXVII">Chapter +XVII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Banneret.</i> A Knight who had been advanced by the King to that +higher military rank which entitled him to display a banner.</p> + +<p><i>Bar.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig81">81</a>, <a href = "#fig82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Bars Gemelles.</i> Barrulets borne in pairs: Nos. <a href = +"#fig83">83</a>, <a href = "#fig84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Barbed.</i> Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to the +small green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses. (See +<i>Rose</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Barbel.</i> A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of +<span class = "smallcaps">De Barre</span>: <a href = "#fig162">No. +162</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Barded.</i> Having horse-trappings.</p> + +<p><i>Bardings.</i> Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial +blazonry. On the Great Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span> the Bardings of the King’s charger for +the first time appear adorned with the Royal arms. On both sides of the +horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. An example is +represented in the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Alexander de +Balliol</span>, in <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a></p> + +<p><i>Barnacles</i>, <i>Breys</i>. An instrument used in breaking +horses. A rebus of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Reginald +Bray</span>, architect of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and repeatedly +represented there: No. 216.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig216" id = "fig216"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig216.png" width = "86" height = "57" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig217" id = "fig217"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig217.png" width = "135" height = "58" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 216.— Breys.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 217.— Circlet of a Baron’s Coronet.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Baron.</i> The lowest rank in the British Peerage. A Baron is +“Right Honourable,” and is styled “My Lord.” His coronet, first granted +by Charles II., has on a golden circlet six large pearls, of which four +appear in representations, as in No. 217. An Irish Baron has no coronet. +All a Baron’s children are “Honourable.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<a name = "page104" id = "page104"> </a> + +<p><i>Baron.</i> A purely heraldic term signifying a <i>husband</i>, +a <i>wife</i> in Heraldry being <i>femme</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Baroness.</i> A lady in whom a Barony is vested by inheritance in +her own right; also, the wife of a Baron. In either case she is “Right +Honourable”; is styled “My Lady,” and her coronet is the same as that of +a Baron.</p> + +<p><i>Baronet.</i> An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, +instituted in 1612 by <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>, +who fixed the precedence of Baronets before all Knights, those of the +Order of the Garter alone excepted. As originally created, all Baronets +were “of Ulster,” or “of Nova Scotia”; afterwards all new creations were +“of Great Britain”; now all are “of the United Kingdom.” The “Badge of +Ulster,” generally borne as an augmentation upon a canton or small +inescutcheon, is—<i>Arg., a sinister hand, couped at the +wrist and appaumée, gu.</i>,—No. 215. The arms of Nova Scotia, +which may be (but seldom are) similarly borne on a canton or +inescutcheon, are—<i>Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of +Scotland</i>. (See <a href = "#fig138">No. 138</a>.) By letters patent +of <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>, the wives of Baronets +have the titles of “<i>Lady</i>, <i>Madam</i>, or <i>Dame</i>,” at their +pleasure prefixed to their names.</p> + +<p><i>Barrulet.</i> The diminutive of a Bar.</p> + +<p><i>Barrulée</i>, <i>Barruly</i>. Barry of ten or more pieces.</p> + +<p><i>Barry.</i> Divided into an even number of Bars, which all lie in +the same plane: Nos. <a href = "#fig85">85</a>, <a href = +"#fig86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Barry Bendy.</i> Having the field divided by lines drawn +<i>bar-wise</i>, which are crossed by others drawn <i>bend-wise</i>: +<a href = "#fig119">No. 119</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Bar-wise.</i> Disposed after the manner of a Bar,—crossing +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +<a name = "page105" id = "page105"> </a> +the field, that is, horizontally. The term <i>fessways</i> is more +usually employed.</p> + +<p><i>Base.</i> The lowest extremity: <a href = "#fig27">No. 27, <span +class = "smallroman">B</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Basilisk.</i> A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon’s +head.</p> + +<p><i>Basinet.</i> A helm fitting close to the head.</p> + +<p><i>Baton.</i> A diminutive of the bend, couped at its +extremities.</p> + +<p><i>Battled</i>, or <i>Embattled</i>. Having battlements, or bordered, +as <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class = +"smallroman">F</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Beacon</i>, or <i>Fire Beacon</i>. An iron case of burning +combustibles set on a pole, against which a ladder is placed.</p> + +<p><i>Beaked.</i> Applied to birds, not of prey.</p> + +<p><i>Bearer.</i> An old Scottish term for a <i>Supporter</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Bearing</i>, <i>Bearings</i>. Armorial insignia, borne on +shields.</p> + +<p><i>Bell.</i> Drawn, and generally blazoned as a <i>church-bell</i>, +unless specified to be a <i>hawk’s-bell</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Belled.</i> Having bells attached.</p> + +<p><i>Bend.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig111">111</a>-<a href = "#fig115">115</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Bendlet.</i> The diminutive of a bend: <a href = "#fig117">No. +117</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Bend-wise</i>, or <i>In Bend</i>. Placed in the position of or +arranged in the direction of a bend.</p> + +<p><i>Bendy.</i> Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions: +<a href = "#fig116">No. 116</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Besant.</i> A golden “Roundle” or disc, flat like a coin: <a href += "#fig151">No. 151</a>, and <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Billet.</i> An oblong figure of any tincture: +<i>Billetée</i>—strewn with “Billets”: Nos. <a href = +"#fig130">130</a>, <a href = "#fig146">146</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Bird.</i> Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are represented +both in heraldic tinctures and “proper”—in their natural aspect. +(See <a href = "#chapVIII">Chapters VIII.</a> and <a href = +"#chapIX">IX.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Bird-bolt.</i> An arrow with a blunt head.</p> + +<p><i>Bishop.</i> The Bishops are “by Divine permission,” and are styled +“Right Reverend Father in God,” and “My Lord Bishop.” The Bishops of +England and Wales are not Peers but are all “spiritual lords” of +Parliament, some +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +<a name = "page106" id = "page106"> </a> +of the junior Bishops, however, having no seats. The Suffragan Bishops +are merely assistant Bishops, and are not Lords of Parliament. The +heraldic insignia of Bishops consist of <i>a mitre</i> and <i>pastoral +staff</i>; they impale their official and personal arms, as do the +Archbishops; and, like them also, they bear no crests, but they ensign +their shields with a mitre.</p> + +<p><i>Blasted.</i> Leafless, withered.</p> + +<p><i>Blazon.</i> Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. “To blazon” is to +<i>describe</i> or to <i>represent</i> any armorial Figure, Device, or +Composition in an heraldic manner. +<i>Blazoning</i>—<i>Describing</i> in heraldic language: also, +<i>representing</i> in an heraldic manner. <i>Blazonry</i>—the +representation of any heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. But the +distinction is in practice usually made to employ the word “emblazon” in +cases of representation.</p> + +<p><i>Boar.</i> In Heraldry occasionally termed <i>Sanglier</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Bordure.</i> A Subordinary: Nos. <a href = "#fig139">139</a>, +<a href = "#fig140">140</a>. Also, an important “Difference.” (See <a href += "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and <a href = "#chapXIII">XIII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Botoneé</i>, <i>Botoneé Fitcheé</i>. Varieties of the heraldic +Cross: Nos. <a href = "#fig103">103</a>, <a href = "#fig110">110</a>. +This Cross is also termed <i>Trefleé</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Bouget</i>, or <i>Water Bouget</i>. A charge, representing the +vessels used by the Crusaders for carrying water. The word is an early +form of Bucket. Fine early examples occur in the Temple Church, at +Beverley Minster, and in a monument at Blyborough, Lincolnshire: No. +218.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig218" id = "fig218"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig218.png" width = "92" height = "85" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig219" id = "fig219"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig219.png" width = "69" height = "131" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 218.— Water Bouget.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 219.— Bourchier Knot.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Bourchier Knot.</i> The badge of the Bourchier family represented +in No. 219.</p> + +<p><i>Bourdon.</i> A palmer’s or pilgrim’s staff. (See <i>Pilgrim’s +Staff</i>.)</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<a name = "page107" id = "page107"> </a> +<p><i>Bow.</i> The archer’s weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a +charge.</p> + +<p><i>Bowed.</i> Having a convex contour.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig220" id = "fig220"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig220.png" width = "86" height = "86" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 220.<br> +Bowen Knot.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Bowen Knot.</i> No. 220.</p> + +<p><i>Braced.</i> Interlaced.</p> + +<p><i>Breys.</i> Barnacles, <i>q.v.</i></p> + +<p><i>Brisure</i>, or <i>Brizure</i>. Any difference or mark of +cadency.</p> + +<p><i>Buckle.</i> See <ins class = "correction" title = "spelled ‘Fermail’ elsewhere"><i>Fermaile</i></ins>.</p> + +<p><i>Burgonet.</i> A helm worn in the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p><i>Cabossed</i>, or <i>Caboshed</i>. The head of a stag, or other +horned animal, represented full-faced, so as to show the face only: +<a href = "#fig170">No. 170</a>. In the case of a lion or leopard when the +head is so represented it is termed the face.</p> + +<p><i>Cadency, Marks of.</i> Figures and devices, introduced into +armorial compositions, in order to distinguish the different members and +branches of the same family. (See <i>Difference</i>, and <a href = +"#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Cadet.</i> A junior member or branch of a family.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig221" id = "fig221"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig221.png" width = "76" height = "69" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 221.<br> +Caltrap.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Caltrap.</i> An implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to +maim horses: No. 221.</p> + +<p><i>Canting Heraldry.</i> Refer to <i>Armes Parlantes</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Canton.</i> One of the Subordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig129">129</a>, <a href = "#fig130">130</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Cantoned.</i> Placed in the quarters of a shield.</p> + +<p><i>Carbuncle.</i> The same as <i>Escarbuncle</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Cartouche.</i> <a href = "#fig46">No. 46</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Castle.</i> Generally represented with two or three turrets, as in +the shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile: No. 222. Refer to +<i>Tower</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Celestial Crown.</i> No. 223.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig222" id = "fig222"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig222.png" width = "109" height = "110" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig223" id = "fig223"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig223.png" width = "165" height = "93" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig224" id = "fig224"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig224.png" width = "167" height = "104" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 222.— Castle.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 223.— Celestial Crown.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 224.— Chapeau.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<a name = "page108" id = "page108"> </a> +<p><i>Centaur.</i> Also blazoned as a <i>sagittary</i>, and supposed to +have been a badge of King Stephen.</p> + +<p><i>Cerceleé</i>, or <i>Recerceleé</i>. A descriptive term to denote a +variety of the heraldic Cross: No. <a href = "#fig98">98</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Chapeau.</i> Also entitled <i>a cap of dignity</i>, <i>of +maintenance</i>, or <i>of estate</i>. An early symbol of high dignity, +and in England of right of Peerage. In addition it is now more +frequently met with supporting certain crests: No. 224.</p> + +<p><i>Chaplet.</i> A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers, +or of flowers alone. A <i>chaplet of rue</i>, sometimes called a +<i>crancelin</i>, is blazoned bend-wise in the shield of +Saxony—<i>Barry of ten or and sa., over all a chaplet of rue +vert</i>: No. 225. (See <i>Crancelin</i>.)</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig225" id = "fig225"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig225.png" width = "197" height = "212" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig225color.png" width = "196" height = "210" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 225.— Arms of Saxony.</p> + +<p><i>Charge.</i> Any heraldic figure or device. +<i>Charged</i>—placed on a shield, banner, &c., as any +heraldic figure or device may be.</p> + +<p><i>Chequeé</i>, <i>Chequy</i>, <i>Checky</i>. Divided into three, or +into more +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<a name = "page109" id = "page109"> </a> +than three, contiguous rows of small squares, alternately of a metal (or +fur) and a colour: No 68.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig226" id = "fig226"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig226.png" width = "72" height = "78" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 226.<br> +Chess Rook.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Chess rook.</i> A piece used in the game of Chess: borne by +<i>Roke</i>wood and others: No. 226.</p> + +<p><i>Chevron.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig123">123</a>, <a href = "#fig125">125</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Chevronel.</i> A diminutive of the Chevron: <a href = +"#fig124">No. 124</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Chevroneé</i>, <i>Chevrony</i>. A field composed of a number of +pieces divided and disposed <i>per Chevron</i>: <a href = "#fig124">No. +124</a><span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Chief.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig71">71</a>-<a href = "#fig75">75</a>. <i>In Chief</i>—placed +in the upper part of the shield, or arranged in a horizontal row across +the upper part of the field.</p> + +<p><i>Cinque-foil.</i> A flower or leaf of five foils: No. 227.</p> + +<p><i>Civic Crown.</i> A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig227" id = "fig227"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig227.png" width = "73" height = "71" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig228" id = "fig228"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig228a.png" width = "52" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/fig228b.png" width = "66" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 227.— Cinque foil.</td> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +No. 228.— Clarions.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Clarenceux.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Clarion.</i> An ancient musical instrument, a badge, +apparently, of the <span class = "smallcaps">De Clares</span>. By some +this charge is supposed to represent a <i>lance-rest</i>, and is +sometimes so blazoned: No. 228, which shows two varieties of form.</p> + +<p><i>Clecheé.</i> A variety of the heraldic Cross: <a href = +"#fig105">No. 105</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Close.</i> With closed wings.</p> + +<p><i>Closet.</i> A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width.</p> + +<p><i>Cloueé.</i> Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads: +<a href = "#fig150">No. 150</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Coat Armour.</i> True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly granted +or inherited, and rightly borne: so entitled, from having been depicted +by warriors of the Middle Ages upon their <i>surcoats</i>, worn by them +over their armour.</p> + +<p><i>Coat of Arms.</i> A complete armorial composition, properly what +would be charged upon a Shield or Banner, but often used as an +alternative for <i>Achievement</i>, <i>q.v.</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<a name = "page110" id = "page110"> </a> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig229" id = "fig229"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig229.png" width = "113" height = "151" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 229.<br> +Cockatrice.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Cockatrice.</i> A fabulous creature, represented in No. 229.</p> + +<p><i>Collar.</i> One of the insignia of Orders of Knighthood, worn +about the neck. Also any ornament or distinction worn in the same +manner. Knights occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge. +In addition to their badges of the Red and White Rose, examples exist +showing that adherents of the rival houses of York and Lancaster +sometimes wore collars, the former formed of alternate <i>Suns and +Roses</i>, No. 230; and the latter, of the letter S continually +repeated, No. 231. No certain origin has been discovered for the +Lancastrian “Collar of S.,” but it has been suggested that it represents +the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> No. 230 is from the Brass to <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry Bourchier</span>, K.G., Earl of Essex, at +Little Easton, Suffolk, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1483; and +No. 231 from the Brass to Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Camoys</span>, +K.G., at Trotton, Sussex, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1424.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig230" id = "fig230"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig230.png" width = "147" height = "146" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig231" id = "fig231"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig231.png" width = "224" height = "85" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 230.— A Collar of York.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 231.— A Collar of Lancaster.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>College of Arms</i>, or <i>Heralds’ College</i>. (See +<i>Herald</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Colour.</i> See <a href = "#chapV">Chapter V.</a>, page 41. The +term “<i>Colours</i>” is applied to Flags, particularly to those of +infantry regiments, and to such as are displayed at sea. (See <a href = +"#chapXVII">Chapter XVII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Combatant.</i> Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and +face to face.</p> + +<p><i>Compartment.</i> In Scottish Heraldry, “a kind of carved +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<a name = "page111" id = "page111"> </a> +panel, of no fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the +supporters, and usually inscribed with a motto or the name and +designation of the owner.”—<i>Seton.</i> Other objects placed +below the shield are met with under this description.</p> + +<p><i>Componée</i>, <i>Compony</i>, or <i>Gobony</i>. A single row +of small squares alternately of two tinctures or furs: <a href = +"#fig66">No. 66</a>. (See <i>Counter Componée</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Complement, In her.</i> Applied to the moon when full.</p> + +<p><i>Compound Quartering.</i> The quartering of a quarter, or division +of a quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page 34.)</p> + +<p><i>Compound Arms.</i> Arms formed from the combination of the +bearings of two or more distinct coats, to produce a single compound +coat.</p> + +<p><i>Conjoined in Lure.</i> Two wings united, their tips in base.</p> + +<p><i>Contoise.</i> A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before +1350. Two examples occur in effigies in Exeter Cathedral, and another in +Westminster Abbey.</p> + +<p><i>Contournée.</i> Facing to the sinister.</p> + +<p><i>Cornish Chough.</i> A bird like a crow, black, with red beak and +legs.</p> + +<p><i>Coronet.</i> An ensign of rank worn upon the head, in use in +England from about the middle of the fourteenth century, but without any +distinctive tokens of gradations of rank until a later period. In modern +times English Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel. +This cap originated in the cap of estate worn by Peers. (See +<i>Prince</i>, <i>Duke</i>, <i>Marquess</i>, <i>Earl</i>, +<i>Viscount</i>, and <i>Baron</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Cotise.</i> A diminutive of the Bend or other Ordinary, being +one-fourth of their width. <i>Cotised</i>. When a Bend or Chevron is +placed between two Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two +Barrulets. Nos. <a href = "#fig114">114</a>, <a href = +"#fig115">115</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Couchant.</i> In repose. <a href = "#fig177">No. 177</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Couchée.</i> Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<a name = "page112" id = "page112"> </a> +extremity of the chief, or when placed as if it were so suspended. +No. <a href = "#fig49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Count</i>, <i>Countess</i>. <i>Count</i>, in Latin “Comes,” the +same as Earl. <i>Countess</i>, the wife of an Earl: she is “Right +Honourable,” and styled “My Lady”: her coronet is the same as that of an +Earl.</p> + +<p><i>Counter.</i> Reversed or opposite.</p> + +<p><i>Counter-changing.</i> See <a href = "#page44">page 44</a>, and +Nos. <a href = "#fig70">70</a>, <a href = "#fig126">126</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Counter Componée.</i> Double <i>Componée</i>, or two conjoined +rows of alternately tinctured squares. No. <a href = +"#fig67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Counter-Embattled.</i> A term in use for a fesse, bar, or chevron +when embattled on both edges.</p> + +<p><i>Counter-seal.</i> Early seals were generally impressed on both +sides; and the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices. The +two sides were severally called the <i>seal</i> and the +<i>counter-seal</i>, the latter being termed the <i>reverse</i> of the +compound composition. Every such double impression constituted a single +seal. Both seal and counter-seal were sometimes used alone; and the +counter-seal was regarded as a private seal, or <i>secretum</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Couped.</i> Cut off <i>smoothly</i>—the reverse of +“erased.”</p> + +<p><i>Couple-close.</i> Half a <i>chevronel</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Courant.</i> Running.</p> + +<p><i>Courtesy, Titles of.</i> Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, and +borne by, the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, and other +titles used by their younger children and all children of Viscounts and +Barons.</p> + +<p><i>Coward</i>, <i>Cowed</i>. A term applied to an animal with its +tail between its legs. <a href = "#fig182">No. 182</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Crampet.</i> The decorated end of a sword-scabbard.</p> + +<p><i>Crancelin.</i> From the German <i>kranzlein</i>, “a small +garland,” applied to the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, No. +225: this charge is also blazoned as <i>a bend treflée vert</i>, <i>a +bend archée coronettée</i>, or <i>a coronet extended in bend</i>: it is +said to be an augmentation conferred, with the +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<a name = "page113" id = "page113"> </a> +Dukedom of Saxony, on <span class = "smallcaps">Bernhard</span> of +Ascania, by the Emperor <span class = "smallcaps">Barbarossa</span>. The +Emperor took from his head his own chaplet of rue, and threw it across +the shield of Duke Bernhard. This story is probably untrue.</p> + +<p><i>Crenellated.</i> Embattled.</p> + +<p><i>Crescent.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a>. In modern English +cadency, the difference of the second son, or house.</p> + +<p><i>Cresset.</i> A beacon.</p> + +<p><i>Crest.</i> A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, and now +generally represented above a Shield of arms. Crests at first were +ensigns of high honour, and their use was restricted to a few persons of +eminence: they were attached by a <i>wreath</i>, or <i>torse</i>, or by +a <i>coronet</i>, to the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest stood +upon a cap of estate. Crests are still represented standing upon either +a wreath, or a cap, or issuing from a coronet: but in our own Heraldry a +<i>crest-coronet</i> must always be carefully distinguished from those +coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank. Crests are not +borne by ladies, a reigning Sovereign only excepted. (See +<i>Panache</i>, <i>Rebus</i>, and <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter +XIV.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Crest-Coronet.</i> A coronet from which issues, or which supports, +a crest. No. 232.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig232" id = "fig232"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig232.png" width = "179" height = "93" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig233" id = "fig233"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig233.png" width = "183" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 232.— Crest Coronet.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 233.— Crest-Wreath.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Crest-Wreath</i>, or <i>Torse</i>. In the Middle Ages, of rich +materials and costly workmanship; now represented as being formed of two +rolls of silk of the principal metal and colour in the arms, which are +twisted to show +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +<a name = "page114" id = "page114"> </a> +the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples are about <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of +representation. (See <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Crined.</i> Having a mane or hair.</p> + +<p><i>Cross.</i> One of the Ordinaries. Nos. <a href = +"#fig90">90</a>-<a href = "#fig110">110</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig234" id = "fig234"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig234.png" width = "195" height = "200" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 234.— Crown<br> +of H.M. The King.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Crown.</i> The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity; in Heraldry +borne as a charge, and also used to denote the rank of a Sovereign +Prince. The Crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented +without arches, and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, each +distinguished by an appropriate title, are also sometimes borne on +shields, or introduced as heraldic accessories. (See <i>Celestial</i>, +<i>Eastern</i> or <i>Radiated</i>, <i>Mural</i>, <i>Naval</i>, and +<i>Vallary</i> Crowns.) The different forms assumed at different periods +by the Royal Crown of England are faithfully exemplified in the seals +and the coinage of the successive Sovereigns, and several fine examples +are preserved in the Royal effigies. The adornment of the regal circlet +was arbitrary before the fifteenth century; still, it always was +enriched with gems and surmounted by golden foliage. <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry V.</span> first arched his crown; and by <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry VI.</span> the circlet was first +heightened with alternate crosses-patée and fleurs de lys. This +arrangement has since been retained, the subsequent alterations being +restricted to changes in the number and in the contour of the arches. +The crown of His Majesty the <span class = "smallcaps">King</span> has +the circlet heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys; from +the crosses rise the arches, which are surmounted by a mound and a +cross-patée. No. 234. This, the heraldic crown, is not an exact +reproduction of the actual crown of the King.</p> + +<p><i>Crozier.</i> Strictly, the cross-staff of an archbishop; +distinguished by its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of +bishops; but the term is loosely and very +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +<a name = "page115" id = "page115"> </a> +generally applied also to the crook-headed pastoral-staff.</p> + +<p><i>Crusilee</i>, <i>Crusily</i>. Having the field semée of +crosses-crosslets, or of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when +not crosslets) being specified.</p> + +<p><i>Cubit arm.</i> A human arm couped between the elbow and the +wrist.</p> + +<p><i>Cup</i>, <i>Covered Cup</i>. A vessel formed like a chalice, and +having a raised cover; borne by the <span class = +"smallcaps">Botilers</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Butlers</span>, +&c.</p> + +<p><i>Cushion</i>, <i>Pillow</i>, <i>Oreiller</i>. Unless described of +another form, square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig235" id = "fig235"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig235.png" width = "134" height = "189" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 235.— Dacre<br> +Knot and Badges.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Dacre Knot.</i> No. 235. (See <i>Knot</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Dancetté.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a><span class = +"smallroman">B</span>. In early blazon, a fesse dancetté is styled +simply “a <i>dancette</i>” or “a <i>danse</i>.” Nos. <a href = +"#fig78">78</a>, <a href = "#fig146">146</a>; and No. <a href = +"#fig20a">20</a><span class = "smallroman">A</span>, page 70.</p> + +<p><i>Debruised.</i> When an ordinary surmounts an animal or another +charge.</p> + +<p><i>Decrescent.</i> A half-moon having its horns to the sinister. +<a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a><span class = "smallroman">C</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Deer.</i> In general practice very little if any differentiation +is made between the <i>Stag</i>, the <i>Buck</i>, and the <i>Hart</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +<a name = "page116" id = "page116"> </a> +the female is a <i>Hind</i>, and of course is without attires. (See +<a href = "#chapVIII">Chapter VIII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Degrees.</i> A term applied to the steps upon which a Cross +Calvary is represented.</p> + +<p><i>Demembered</i>, <i>Dismembered</i>. Cut into pieces, but without +any alteration in the form of the original figure.</p> + +<p><i>Demi.</i> The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless the +contrary be specified. <a href = "#fig186">No. 186</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Depressed.</i> Surmounted.</p> + +<p><i>Dexter.</i> The right side. <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a><span +class = "smallroman">C</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Diaper</i>, <i>Diapering</i>. Surface decoration. No. <a href += "#fig68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Difference</i>, <i>Differencing</i>. An addition to, or some +change in, a Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of +distinguishing Coats which in their primary qualities are the same. (See +<a href = "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and <a href = +"#chapXII">XIII.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Dimidiated.</i> Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed: +<a href = "#fig250">No. 250</a>. (See <a href = +"#chapXI">Chapter XI.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Disclosed.</i> With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are +<i>not</i> birds of prey. The contrary to <i>Close</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Displayed.</i> Birds of prey with expanded wings. <a href = +"#fig200">No. 200</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Disposed</i>, <i>Disposition</i>. Arranged, arrangement.</p> + +<p><i>Dividing Lines.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a>: also Nos. +<a href = "#fig27">27</a>-<a href = "#fig37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Dolphin.</i> A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic Dolphin +of antiquity is exemplified in <a href = "#fig8">No. 8</a>; that of the +Middle Ages in <a href = "#fig163">No. 163</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Dormant.</i> Asleep, as in <a href = "#fig179">No. 179</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Double-queued.</i> Having two tails. <a href = "#fig181">No. +181</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Doubling.</i> The lining of a Mantle or Mantling.</p> + +<p><i>Dove-tail.</i> <a href = "#fig381">No. 381</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Dragon.</i> A winged monster having four legs. No. 236.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig236" id = "fig236"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig236.png" width = "134" height = "144" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig237" id = "fig237"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig237.png" width = "207" height = "105" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 236.— Dragon.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 237.— Circlet of a Duke’s Coronet.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Duke.</i> The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; first +introduced by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> in the +year 1337, when he created the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span> the first English Duke (in Latin, “<i>Dux</i>”). +A Duke is “Most Noble”; he is styled “My Lord Duke,” and “Your +Grace”; and all +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<a name = "page117" id = "page117"> </a> +his younger sons are “Lords,” and all his daughters “Ladies,” with the +prefix “Right Honourable.” His eldest son bears, by courtesy, his +father’s “second title”; and, accordingly, he generally bears the title +of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, the rank of the eldest son of +a Duke is always the same, and it assigns to him precedence between +Marquesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary in its adornment +until the sixteenth century was far advanced, is now a circlet, +heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in +representations three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. It +encloses a velvet cap. The present ducal coronet is represented in the +portrait of <span class = "smallcaps">Ludovick Stuart</span>, K.G., Duke +of <span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Lennox</span>, who died in 1624; the picture, the property +of the Crown, is at Hampton Court.</p> + +<p><i>Ducal Coronet.</i> A term commonly, but not very accurately, +applied to a <i>Crest Coronet</i>. <a href = "#fig232">No. 232</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Duchess.</i> The wife of a Duke. She is “Most Noble,” and is +styled “Your Grace.” Her coronet is the same as that of a Duke.</p> + +<p><i>Eagle.</i> See <a href = "#chapIX">Chapter IX.</a>, <a href = +"#page92">page 92</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Eaglet.</i> An Eagle on a small scale.</p> + +<p><i>Earl.</i> In Latin, “Comes”; in French, “Comte” or “Count.” Before +1337, the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the +British +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<a name = "page118" id = "page118"> </a> +Peerage. An Earl is “Right Honourable”; he is styled “My Lord”; his +eldest son bears his father’s “second title,” generally that of +Viscount; his other sons are styled “Honourable,” but all his daughters +are “Ladies.” The circlet of an Earl’s Coronet has eight lofty rays of +gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl, +while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf. +In representations five of the rays and pearls are shown; No. 238. +Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl’s coronet—that of +<span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Fitz Alan</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Arundel</span>—as early as 1445; but the present form +of the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following +century.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig238" id = "fig238"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig238.png" width = "181" height = "89" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig239" id = "fig239"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig239.png" width = "149" height = "97" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 238.— Circlet of an Earl’s Coronet.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 239.— Eastern Crown.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Eastern</i>, <i>Radiated</i>, or <i>Antique Crown</i>. No. +239.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig240" id = "fig240"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig240.png" width = "146" height = "115" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 240.<br> +Electoral Bonnet.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Electoral Bonnet.</i> A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine, +borne, in the Royal Arms, over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover +from 1801 till 1816. No. 240.</p> + +<p><i>Embattled</i>, and <i>Counter-Embattled</i>. A term applied +to a fess or bar when so depicted both above and below.</p> + +<p><i>Embowed.</i> Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter, +unless blazoned to the contrary.</p> + +<p><i>Embrued.</i> Stained with blood.</p> + +<p><i>Endorse.</i> A diminutive of the pale.</p> + +<p><i>Enfiled.</i> Pierced, <i>e.g.</i> with a sword, or surrounded, +<i>e.g.</i> with a coronet.</p> + +<p><i>Engrailed.</i> The border-line, <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a><span +class = "smallroman">D</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Enhanced.</i> Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of <span +class = "smallcaps">Byron</span>, No. 241, are—<i>Arg., three +bendlets enhanced gu.</i></p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig241" id = "fig241"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig241.png" width = "106" height = "112" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig241color.png" width = "106" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 241.— Shield of Byron.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<a name = "page119" id = "page119"> </a> +<p><i>Ensigned.</i> Adorned; having some ensign of honour placed +above—as a coronet above a shield.</p> + +<p><i>Entire.</i> Said of a charge when it is necessary to express that +it extends to the border lines of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a +shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or +mark of cadency.</p> + +<p><i>Entoire</i>, <i>Entoyre</i>. A bordure charged with a series of +inanimate figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c.; to a +similar bordure of living figures the term <i>Enaluron</i> is applied. +These are not terms ordinarily in use.</p> + +<p><i>Enveloped</i>, <i>Environed</i>. Surrounded.</p> + +<p><i>Equipped.</i> Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided.</p> + +<p><i>Eradicated.</i> Torn up by the roots.</p> + +<p><i>Erased.</i> Torn off with a ragged edge; the contrary to +<i>Couped</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ermine</i>, <i>Ermines</i>, <i>Erminois</i>. Nos. <a href = +"#fig57">57</a>-<a href = "#fig60">60</a> and <a href = +"#fig57a">57<span class = "smallroman">A</span></a>. The animal, the +ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and an ermine spot is borne as a +charge.</p> + +<p><i>Erne.</i> An eagle. (See <a href = "#page96">p. 96</a>.)</p> + +<p><i>Escarbuncle.</i> <a href = "#fig19">No. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Escroll.</i> A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, coiled +at its extremities, borne as a charge.</p> + +<p><i>Escutcheon.</i> An heraldic shield: Nos. <a href = +"#fig39">39</a>-40: also <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>. An Escutcheon, +when borne as a charge, is usually blazoned as an “<i>Inescutcheon</i>”: +thus, the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Hay</span> +are,—<i>Arg., three inescutcheons gu.</i>: see also Nos. <a href = +"#fig131">131</a>, <a href = "#fig133">133</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<a name = "page120" id = "page120"> </a> +<p><i>Escutcheon of Pretence.</i> A shield charged upon the centre of +the field of another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct +Coat-of-Arms.</p> + +<p><i>Escallop</i>, or <i>Escallop-Shell</i>. A beautiful and +favourite charge; <a href = "#fig165">No. 165</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Esquire.</i> A rank below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires +who are personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood at their +installations, this title is held by most attendants on the person of +the Sovereign, and all persons holding or having held the Sovereign’s +commission in which they are so styled.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig242" id = "fig242"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig242.png" width = "70" height = "57" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 242.<br> +Estoile.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Estate.</i> Dignity and rank.</p> + +<p><i>Estoile.</i> A star with wavy rays or points, which are six, +eight, or sometimes even more in number: No. 242. (See +<i>Mullet</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>False.</i> Said of any charge when its central area is +removed—thus, an <i>Annulet</i> is a “false roundle.”</p> + +<p><i>Fan</i>, or <i>Winnowing Fan</i>, or <i>Vane</i>. The well-known +implement of husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish Family of De +Sevans or Septvans—<i>Az., three fans or</i> (E. 2). This +shield appears in the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Sevans</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1305, at Chartham, +in Kent, and in the cloisters at Canterbury.</p> + +<p><i>Fan Crest.</i> An early form of decoration for the knightly helm, +exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard I.</span>, and in many other Seals, until about +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350. (See <a href = +"#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Feathers.</i> Generally those of the Ostrich, sometimes of the +swan, the turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally as Crests and +Badges, both singly and in plumes or groups. (See <i>Ostrich +Feather</i>, <i>Panache</i>, and <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter +XIV.</a>)</p> + +<p><i>Femme.</i> The Wife, as distinguished from the “Baron,” the +Husband.</p> + +<p><i>Fer-de-Moline</i>, or <i>Mill-rind</i>. The iron affixed to the +centre +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<a name = "page121" id = "page121"> </a> +of a mill-stone; No. 243: a modification of the +<i>Cross-moline</i>; No. <a href = "#fig97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fermail</i> (plural <i>Fermaux</i>). A buckle: No. 244. +Several varieties of form appear in blazon, it being usual to specify +them as round, oval, square, or lozenge-shaped. They are always blazoned +as buckles.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig243" id = "fig243"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig243.png" width = "49" height = "76" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig244" id = "fig244"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig244.png" width = "62" height = "122" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig245" id = "fig245"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig245.png" width = "65" height = "90" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 243.— Fer-de-Moline.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 244.— Fermails.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 245.— Fetter-lock.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Fess</i>, or <i>Fesse</i>. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig76">76</a>-<a href = "#fig80">80</a>. <i>Fesse-wise, In Fesse.</i> +Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, <i>across the centre</i> of +the field, and over the <i>Fesse-Point</i> of a shield: <a href = +"#fig27">No. 27, <span class = "smallroman">M</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fetter-lock.</i> A shackle and padlock—a Yorkist Badge: No. +245; is from the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">S. de +Felbrigge</span>, K.G., at Felbrigg, Norfolk, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1414; this, however, being a very unusual +shape.</p> + +<p><i>Field.</i> The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, or of an +Ordinary.</p> + +<p><i>File.</i> A Label, from the Latin <i>filum</i>, a narrow +ribbon.</p> + +<p><i>Fillet.</i> A diminutive of a Chief.</p> + +<p><i>Fimbriated.</i> Bordered—the border (which is narrow) lying +in the same plane with the object bordered: No. <a href = +"#fig89">89</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fish.</i> Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in their +proper tinctures. They are borne as allusive charges, and also as types +of some connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or +lakes or rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume on the +“Heraldry of Fish,” beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his +daughter. (See p. 77.)</p> + +<p><i>Fitchée.</i> Pointed at the base, as in <a href = "#fig110">No. +110</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<a name = "page122" id = "page122"> </a> +<p><i>Flanches</i>, <i>Flasques</i>. Subordinaries: Nos. <a href = +"#fig141">141</a>, <a href = "#fig142">142</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig246" id = "fig246"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig246.png" width = "56" height = "75" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 246.<br> +Fleur de lys.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Fleur de lys.</i> The beautiful heraldic device so long identified +with the history of France: No. 246 (from the monument of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>?). The fleur de lys, derived, it +would seem, from the flower of a lily resembling the iris, was adopted +by <span class = "smallcaps">Louis VII.</span> (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1137-1180) as his royal ensign, and in due time +it was regularly charged upon a true Shield of Arms. Originally the +Royal Shield of France was—<i>Az., semée of fleurs de lys, or</i>; +the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the field, and the Shield itself +having the appearance of having been cut out of a larger object, over +the whole surface of which the flowers had been <i>semée</i>. This +Shield of France is distinguished as “<i>France Ancient</i>”: No. 247. +About <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1365, <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles V.</span> of France reduced the number of the +fleurs de lys to three; +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<a name = "page123" id = "page123"> </a> +and this Shield is now known as “<i>France Modern</i>”: No. 248.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig247" id = "fig247"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig247.png" width = "149" height = "152" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig248" id = "fig248"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig248.png" width = "131" height = "130" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 247.— France Ancient.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 248.— France Modern.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "plain"> +In the year 1275, <span class = "smallcaps">Edmund</span>, first Earl of +Lancaster, the second son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, married <span class = +"smallcaps">Blanche</span> of Artois, when he differenced his shield of +England with <i>a label of France—a blue label charged on each +point with three golden fleurs de lys</i>. No. 249, thus, for the first +time did the armorial insignia of England and France appear together +upon the same Shield. In 1299 <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span> married his second Queen, <span class += "smallcaps">Margaret</span> of France, and then this royal lady placed +on one of her Seals a Shield of England and France dimidiated: No. 250. +On another of her Seals, a very noble example of the +Seal-engraver’s art, Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span> +displayed the Shield of King <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, her husband, <i>surrounded, +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<a name = "page124" id = "page124"> </a> +on the field of the Seal, with her father’s fleurs de lys</i>: No. 251. +On the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Isabelle</span> of France, +Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, the same +dimidiated shield, and another shield quartering the arms of England +with <i>France Ancient</i> and two other French coats (<i>Navarre</i> +and <i>Champagne</i>) appear. Then Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Eltham</span> +charged a “bordure of France” <i>upon his shield</i>, <a href = +"#fig24">No. 24</a>; thus applying the suggestion of the Seal of Queen +<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, No. 251, in such a manner as +was consistent with the advanced condition of heraldic art.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig249" id = "fig249"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig249.png" width = "171" height = "179" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig250" id = "fig250"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig250.png" width = "167" height = "178" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 249.— Edmund,<br> +Earl of Lancaster.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 250.— Margaret,<br> +Queen of Edward I.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig251" id = "fig251"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig251.png" width = "286" height = "434" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 251.— Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I.</p> + +<p class = "plain"> +On his accession in 1327, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> placed a fleur de lys on each side +of the Shield of England upon his Great Seal: and in 1340, when he +claimed the crown of France, <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span> +<i>quartered France Ancient with his lions of England</i>: No. 252. +Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, in order to conform to the +altered blazonry of the French sovereigns, <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> quartered <i>France Modern</i> on his +shield: No. 253. The position of the three fleurs de lys was more than +once changed in the Royal Shield of England (as I shall hereafter show +more particularly) after the accession of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Stuarts</span>; and they were not finally removed till the +first year of the nineteenth century. The fleur de lys is also borne on +many English Shields, disposed in various ways. In modern +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +<a name = "page125" id = "page125"> </a> +cadency the fleur de lys is the difference of the sixth son, or +house.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig252" id = "fig252"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig252.png" width = "170" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig253" id = "fig253"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig253.png" width = "169" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 252.— Shield of Edward III., <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1340.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 253.— Shield of Henry IV., about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1405.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Fleurettée</i>, <i>Florettée</i>. Terminating in, or bordered +with, fleurs de lys; also, <i>semée de lys</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Fleurie</i>, or <i>Fleury</i>. Ending as <a href = "#fig100">No. +100</a>; also, <i>semée de lys</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Flexed.</i> Bowed, bent.</p> + +<p><i>Flighted.</i> Feathered, as arrows are.</p> + +<p><i>Fly.</i> The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from the +staff.</p> + +<p><i>Foliated.</i> Crisped, or formed like a leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Fountain.</i> <a href = "#fig153">No. 153</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fourchée</i>, <i>Queue Fourchée</i>. A term applied to a lion +with a forked tail.</p> + +<p><i>Fret</i>, or <i>Frette</i>. A subordinary: <a href = "#fig148">No. +148</a>. <i>Frettée</i>, <i>Fretty</i>: covered with fretwork: <a href = +"#fig149">No. 149</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fructed.</i> Bearing fruit or seeds.</p> + +<p><i>Furs.</i> See p. 41: Nos. <a href = "#fig57">57</a>-<a href = +"#fig65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Fusil.</i> An elongated Lozenge: No. <a href = "#fig20a">20<span +class = "smallroman">A</span></a>, p. 70. <i>Fusillée</i>, or +<i>Fusilly</i>. A field entirely composed of Fusils, all lying in +the same plane.</p> + +<p><i>Fylfot.</i> A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a mystic +signification, found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in +England, and on Eastern coins, &c.: Nos. 254, 255; the latter +example is from the monument of Bishop <span class = +"smallcaps">Bronscombe</span>, in Exeter Cathedral.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig254" id = "fig254"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig254.png" width = "58" height = "61" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig255" id = "fig255"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig255.png" width = "76" height = "75" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 254.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 255.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +Fylfot.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Gad</i>, <i>Gadlyng</i>. A spike, knob, or other figure, +projecting from the knuckles of gauntlets.</p> + +<p><i>Galley.</i> An ancient ship. (See <i>Lymphad</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Garb.</i> A sheaf of wheat; if of any other grain, this to be +specified.</p> + +<p><i>Garnished.</i> Adorned in a becoming manner.</p> + +<p><i>Garter, Order of the.</i> See <a href = "#chapXIX">Chapter +XIX.</a></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<a name = "page126" id = "page126"> </a> +<p><i>Garter King-of-Arms</i>. The chief of the official Heralds of +England, and officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. (See +<i>Herald</i>.)</p> + +<p><i>Gemelles.</i> See <i>Bars Gemelles</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Gem-Ring.</i> A ring for the finger, set with a jewel.</p> + +<p><i>Genet.</i> A spotted animal, somewhat like a marten: a badge +of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Joanna</span> of Navarre.</p> + +<p><i>George, Saint.</i> The Patron Saint of England. The circumstances +which led to his association with England are unknown. His Shield of +arms, <i>a red cross on a silver field</i>, first appears in English +Heraldry in the fourteenth century: No. <a href = +"#fig1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>George, The.</i> A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of +piercing the dragon with his lance, and worn as a pendant to the collar +of the Order of the Garter; added to the insignia of the Order, with the +Collar, by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span> The +<i>Lesser George</i> has the same group on an enamelled field, and +surrounded by the Garter of the Order, the whole forming a “jewel,” +generally oval in shape: it was introduced by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, and is now worn pendent from the +dark-blue ribbon of the Order, the ribbon passing over the left shoulder +and the jewel hanging on the right side of the wearer. Originally, this +“Lesser George” was worn from either a gold chain or a black ribbon: by +Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> the colour of the +ribbon was changed to sky-blue, and it assumed its present darker hue in +the reign of <span class = "smallcaps">Charles II.</span></p> + +<p><i>Gerattyng.</i> Differencing by the introduction of small charges. +It is an early term, now obsolete.</p> + +<p><i>Gimmel-ring.</i> Two annulets, interlaced.</p> + +<p><i>Girt</i>, <i>Girdled</i>. Encircled, or bound round.</p> + +<p><i>Gonfannon.</i> A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly, +and displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<a name = "page127" id = "page127"> </a> +<p><i>Gorged.</i> Encircled round the throat.</p> + +<p><i>Gouttée</i>, <i>Guttée</i>. Sprinkled over with drops either of +gold—<i>gouttée d’or</i>; of silver—<i>d’eau</i>; of +blue—<i>de larmes</i> (tears); of red—<i>de sang</i> +(blood); or of black—<i>de poix</i> (pitch).</p> + +<p><i>Grand Quarters.</i> The four primary divisions of a Shield, when +it is divided <i>quarterly</i>: Nos. <a href = "#fig30">30</a>, <a href += "#fig36">36</a>, <a href = "#fig37">37</a>. The term “Grand Quarter” +may be used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered +Shield or Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when <i>it is +quartered</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Grieces.</i> Steps.</p> + +<p><i>Guardant.</i> Looking out from the field: Nos. <a href = +"#fig172">172</a>, <a href = "#fig174">174</a>, <a href = +"#fig176">176</a>, <a href = "#fig187">187</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Guige.</i> A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, and +frequently represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a +Shield of arms: Nos. <a href = "#fig48">48</a>, 49.</p> + +<p><i>Gules.</i> Red: <a href = "#fig53">No. 53</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Gurges</i>, or <i>Gorges</i>. A charge formed of a spiral line of +blue on a white field, and supposed to represent a whirlpool: borne +(H. 3) by <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Gorges</span>: No. +256.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig256" id = "fig256"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig256.png" width = "151" height = "182" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig256color.png" width = "151" height = "182" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 256.— Shield of R. de Gorges.</p> + +<p><i>Gyron.</i> A Subordinary. <i>Gyronny</i>. A field divided +into Gyrons: <a href = "#fig147">No. 147</a>. (See page 70.)</p> + +<p><i>Habited.</i> Clothed.</p> + +<p><i>Hames</i>, <i>Heames</i>. Parts of horses’ harness.</p> + +<p><i>Hammer</i>, or <i>Martel</i>. Represented in blazon much in the +same shape as the implement in common use (H. 3).</p> + +<p><i>Harp.</i> A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of gold +with silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the Royal +Arms.</p> + +<p><i>Hart.</i> A stag, with attires; the female is a <i>Hind</i>: +page 81.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<a name = "page128" id = "page128"> </a> +<p><i>Hastilude.</i> A tournament.</p> + +<p><i>Hatchment.</i> An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame, +placed upon the front (generally over the principal entrance) of the +residence of a person lately deceased. In the case of the decease of an +unmarried person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the field of +the hatchment is painted black; but in the case of a married person, +that part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the +achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual +deceased. Thus, if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field +of the hatchment is black, and the sinister white; and so, in like +manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is black and the dexter +white.</p> + +<p><i>Hauriant.</i> A fish in pale, its head in chief.</p> + +<p><i>Hawk’s bells, jesses, and lure.</i> A falconer’s decoy, formed of +feathers with their tips in base, and joined by a cord and ring, No. +257; also bells with straps to be attached to hawks, No. 258.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig257" id = "fig257"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig257.png" width = "115" height = "134" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig258" id = "fig258"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig258.png" width = "126" height = "88" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 257.— Hawk’s Lure.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 258.— Hawk’s Bells and Jesses.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Heightened.</i> Raised; placed above or higher.</p> + +<p><i>Heights.</i> Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in +rows or sets, one rising above another. See <i>Panache</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Helm</i>, <i>Helmet</i>. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield +of arms, and bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, in the Middle +Ages, both Helm and Crest were actually +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<a name = "page129" id = "page129"> </a> +worn in tournaments. A modern usage distinguishes Helms as +follows:—The Sovereign—Helm of gold, with six bars, set +<i>affrontée</i>, No. 259; Noblemen—Helm of silver, garnished with +gold, set in profile, and showing five bars, No. 260; Baronets and +Knights—of steel with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor +raised, set <i>affrontée</i>, No. 261; Esquires and Gentlemen—of +steel, the vizor closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The Helms +that appear on early Seals and in other heraldic compositions till about +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1600, are all set in profile, and +the shield generally hangs from them <i>couchée</i>, as in <a href = +"#fig49">No. 49</a>. In these early compositions, the shield is small in +proportion to the helm and its accessories.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig259" id = "fig259"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig259.png" width = "150" height = "169" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "center middle smallcaps"> +Helms<br> +of</td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig260" id = "fig260"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig260.png" width = "126" height = "158" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 259.— the Sovereign.</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 260.— Nobles.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig261" id = "fig261"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig261.png" width = "125" height = "165" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig262" id = "fig262"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig262.png" width = "116" height = "154" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig263" id = "fig263"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig263.png" width = "130" height = "146" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 261.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 252.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 263.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +Baronets and Knights.</td> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +Esquires and Gentlemen.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<a name = "page130" id = "page130"> </a> +<p><i>Hemp-brake</i>, <i>Hackle</i>. An instrument having saw-teeth, +used for bruising hemp.</p> + +<p><i>Heneage Knot.</i> No. 264.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig264" id = "fig264"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig264.png" width = "93" height = "111" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig265" id = "fig265"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig265.png" width = "143" height = "151" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 264.— Heneage Knot.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 265.— Arms of the Heralds’ College.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Herald.</i> An officer of arms. The Heralds of England were +incorporated by <span class = "smallcaps">Richard III.</span>; and +from Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span>, in 1555, they received +a grant of Derby House, on the site of which, between St. Paul’s +Cathedral and the Thames, stands their present official residence, <span +class = "smallcaps">Heralds’ College</span>, or the <span class = +"smallcaps">College of Arms</span>. The college now consists of three +<span class = "smallcaps">Kings-of-Arms</span>—<i>Garter</i>, +<i>Clarenceux</i>, and <i>Norroy</i>; six <span class = +"smallcaps">Heralds</span>, who have precedence by seniority of +appointment—<i>Chester</i>, <i>Lancaster</i>, <i>Richmond</i>, +<i>Windsor</i>, <i>York</i>, and <i>Somerset</i>; and four <span class = +"smallcaps">Pursuivants</span>—<i>Rouge Dragon</i>, +<i>Portcullis</i>, <i>Rouge Croix</i>, and <i>Bluemantle</i>. The +official habit is a <i>Tabard</i>, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, and +the Kings and Heralds wear a <i>Collar of SS.</i> The Kings have a +Crown, formed of a golden circlet, from which rise sixteen oak-leaves, +nine of which appear in representations; and the circlet itself is +charged with the words, <i>Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam +misericordiam tuam</i> (“Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy +great loving-kindness”).</p> + +<p class = "plain"> +The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<a name = "page131" id = "page131"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span>, is the <span class = +"smallcaps">Earl Marshal</span>, an office hereditary in the family of +the <span class = "smallcaps">Duke of Norfolk</span>. The Arms of the +College are—<i>Arg., a cross gu., between four doves their +dexter wings expanded and inverted az.</i>: No. 265; Crest—<i>From +a crest-coronet or, a dove rising az.</i>; Supporters—<i>Two +lions ramp. guard. arg., ducally gorged or</i>. Each of the Kings has +his own official arms, which he impales with his paternal coat on the +<i>dexter</i> side of the shield. The Arms of Garter are—<i>Arg., +a cross gu.; on a chief az., a ducal coronet encircled with a +Garter of the Order, between a lion of England and a fleur de lys, all +or</i>. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same shield, but the former has +<i>a lion of England only, crowned, on a chief gules</i>; and the +latter, <i>on a chief per pale az. and gu.</i>, has <i>a similar lion +between a fleur de lys and a key, all of gold</i>.</p> + +<p class = "plain"> +There is also another King styled “Bath,” who is specially attached to +the Order of the Bath; he is not a member of the College.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig266" id = "fig266"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig266.png" width = "144" height = "163" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 266.— Arms<br> +of Lyon Office.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "plain"> +“Lyon King-of-Arms” is the chief Herald of Scotland; and the +establishment over which he presides is styled the “Lyon Office.” The +Arms of the Office are—<i>Arg., a lion sejant erect and +affronté gu., holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in +the sinister an escutcheon of the second; on a chief az., a saltire +of the first</i>: No. 266.</p> + +<p class = "plain"> +Ireland is the heraldic province of “Ulster King-of-Arms.” His official +armorial ensigns differ from those of Garter only in the <i>charges of +the chief</i>, which are <i>a lion of England between a golden harp and +a portcullis</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Herison.</i> A hedgehog.</p> + +<p><i>Hill</i>, <i>Hillock</i>. A mound of earth.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<a name = "page132" id = "page132"> </a> +<p><i>Hirondelle.</i> A swallow.</p> + +<p><i>Hoist.</i> The depth of a flag from chief to base. See +<i>Fly</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Honour Point.</i> <a href = "#fig27">No. 27, <span class = +"smallroman">L</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Humettée.</i> Cut short at the extremities.</p> + +<p><i>Hurst.</i> A clump of trees.</p> + +<p><i>Hurt.</i> A blue roundle.</p> + +<p><i>Illegitimacy.</i> See <a href = "#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a></p> + +<p><i>Imbrued</i>, or <i>Embrued</i>. Stained with blood.</p> + +<p><i>Impaled.</i> Conjoined per pale.</p> + +<p><i>Impalement.</i> The uniting of two (or more) distinct coats per +pale, to form a single achievement.</p> + +<p><i>Imperially Crowned.</i> Ensigned with the Crown of England.</p> + +<p><i>Incensed</i>, <i>Inflamed</i>. On fire; having fire issuing +forth.</p> + +<p><i>Increscent.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166, <span class = +"smallroman">B</span></a>. See <i>Decrescent</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Indented.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class = +"smallroman">A</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Inescutcheon.</i> An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This term +is sometimes used to denote an <i>Escutcheon of Pretence</i>.</p> + +<p><i>In bend.</i> Disposed in the position of a bend; <i>In +Chevron</i>, <i>In Chief</i>, <i>In Cross</i>, <i>In Fesse</i>, &c. +Disposed after the manner of a chevron, or in the chief of the shield, +or in the form of a cross, &c.</p> + +<p><i>In Foliage.</i> Bearing leaves.</p> + +<p><i>In Lure.</i> Wings conjoined in the form of a hawk’s lure.</p> + +<p><i>In her piety.</i> A term applied to a pelican feeding her +young.</p> + +<p><i>In Pretence.</i> A term applied to a single inescutcheon placed +upon and in the centre of a larger escutcheon.</p> + +<p><i>In Pride.</i> Having the tail displayed, as a peacock’s.</p> + +<p><i>In Quadrangle.</i> When four charges are so disposed that one is +in each quarter of the shield.</p> + +<p><i>In Splendour.</i> The sun irradiated.</p> + +<p><i>Irradiated.</i> Surrounded by rays of light.</p> + +<p><i>Issuant.</i> Proceeding from, or out of.</p> + +<p><i>Jambe</i>, <i>Gambe</i>. The leg of a lion, or other beast of +prey: <a href = "#fig185">No. 185</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<a name = "page133" id = "page133"> </a> +<p><i>Jelloped.</i> Having wattles and a comb, as a cock.</p> + +<p><i>Jesses.</i> Straps for hawk’s bells.</p> + +<p><i>Jessant.</i> Shooting forth. <i>Jessant de lys.</i>—A +combination of a leopard’s face and a fleur-de-lys: No. 267.</p> + +<p><i>Joust.</i> A tournament.</p> + +<p><i>Jupon.</i> A short, sleeveless surcoat, worn over armour from +about 1340 to about 1405. It is often charged with armorial insignia, +and thus is a true “coat of arms.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig267" id = "fig267"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig267.png" width = "63" height = "112" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2"> +<a name = "fig268" id = "fig268"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig268.png" width = "56" height = "216" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2"> +<a name = "fig269" id = "fig269"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig269.png" width = "85" height = "228" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig270" id = "fig270"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig270.png" width = "134" height = "148" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2"> +No. 267.<br> +Jessant de lys.</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2"> +No. 270.<br> +Hastings Badge.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +No. 268, 269.— Heraldic Keys.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Key.</i> When represented in early blazon, Keys have always +elegant forms. No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, and No. 269 from +Exeter.</p> + +<p><i>King-of-Arms.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Knighthood, Orders of</i>: <i>Knights</i>. See <a href = +"#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a></p> + +<p><i>Knot.</i> An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties of +this device are—The <i>Bourchier</i>, <a href = "#fig219">No. +219</a>; the <i>Bowen</i>, <a href = "#fig220">No. 220</a>; the +<i>Harington</i> (the same as a <i>Frette</i>), <a href = "#fig148">No. +148</a>; the <i>Heneage</i>, <a href = "#fig264">No. 264</a>; the +<i>Lacy</i>, <a href = "#fig274">No. 274</a>; the <i>Stafford</i>, +<a href = "#fig304">No. 304</a>; and the <i>Wake and Ormond</i>, <a href = +"#fig313">No. 313</a>. Cords were sometimes intertwined about other +figures and devices, and so formed what may be regarded as <i>Compound +Badges</i>, which significantly declared the union of two houses: thus, +the knot of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span> Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Hastings</span> unites the Hungerford sickle with the +Peverel garbe: +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<a name = "page134" id = "page134"> </a> +No. 270; and the <i>Dacre knot</i> is entwined about the Dacre escallop +and the famous “ragged staff” of Beauchamp and Neville: <a href = +"#fig235">No. 235</a>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig271" id = "fig271"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig271.png" width = "102" height = "46" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig272" id = "fig272"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig272.png" width = "102" height = "46" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig273" id = "fig273"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig273.png" width = "92" height = "23" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +Labels.— No. 271.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 272.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 273.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Label</i>, or <i>File</i>. A narrow ribbon placed across the field +of a shield near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes other +numbers of <i>points</i> depending from it, its object being to <i>mark +Cadency</i>. In the early Labels the number of the points was arbitrary, +the usual numbers being five and three; and, subsequently, three points +were almost universally used; the object always was to render the Label +conspicuous. In blazon a Label is supposed to have three points; but, if +more, the number is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply “<i>a +Label</i>,” but No. 272 is “<i>a Label of five points</i>.” Labels +appear early in the thirteenth century, and in the next century they are +in constant use. Various charges may be placed on the “points” of Labels +to extend their capacity for “differencing.” Since the time of <span +class = "smallcaps">Edward</span> the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span> the Label of the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of +Wales</span> has been plain silver. The Label is almost exclusively (now +without any exception) used in Royal Cadency; but, in modern Heraldry, +in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar mark of the eldest +son. The Label is also found as a charge. It has become a usage in the +degenerate days of Heraldry to represent the Label as in No. 273, +instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos. 271, 272.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig274" id = "fig274"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig274.png" width = "137" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 274.<br> +Lacy Knot.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Lacy Knot.</i> No. 274.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<a name = "page135" id = "page135"> </a> +<p><i>Lambrequin.</i> A mantling.</p> + +<p><i>Langued.</i> A term which refers to the tincture of an animal’s +tongue.</p> + +<p><i>Leaves.</i> Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as <i>laurel +leaves</i>, <i>oak leaves</i>, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Leopard</i>, <i>Leopardé.</i> See page 84.</p> + +<p><i>Letters of the Alphabet</i> sometimes are Charges. Thus, the Arms +of the Deanery of Canterbury are—<i>Az<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">., </ins>on a cross arg., the letter “x” +surmounted by the letter “i” sable:</i> the “x” is on the cross at the +intersection of its limbs, and the “i” is above it.</p> + +<p><i>Line</i>, or <i>Border Line</i>. <a href = "#fig38">No. +38</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Lined.</i> Having a cord attached: also, having a lining.</p> + +<p><i>Lion.</i> See <a href = "#page83">page 83</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Lioncel.</i> A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally rampant, +Nos. <a href = "#fig114">114</a>, <a href = "#fig115">115</a>, <a href = +"#fig197">197</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Livery Colours.</i> Of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Plantagenets</span>, as one family, <i>white and +scarlet</i>; of the house of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>, +<i>blue and murrey</i>; of the house of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, <i>white and blue</i>; of the house of +<span class = "smallcaps">Tudor</span>, <i>white and green</i>. The +present Royal Livery is <i>scarlet and gold</i>. In the Middle Ages, all +great families had their own livery colours, which had no necessary +relation to the tinctures of the shield.</p> + +<p><i>Lodged.</i> A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or +in repose, Nos. <a href = "#fig25">25</a>, <a href = +"#fig26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Lozenge.</i> A square figure set diagonally, <a href = +"#fig47">No. 47</a> (also see <a href = "#page69">page 69</a>). The +armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows, with the sole +exception of a Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge instead of an +Escutcheon.</p> + +<p><i>Lozengy.</i> A field divided lozengewise: <a href = "#fig145">No. +145</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig275" id = "fig275"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig275.png" width = "135" height = "122" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 275.<br> +Lymphad.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Luce</i>, or <i>Lucy</i>. The fish now called pike. See <a href = +"#page77">page 77</a> and <a href = "#fig164">No. 164</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Lure.</i> See <i>In Lure</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Lymphad.</i> An ancient galley, No. 275. It was the feudal ensign +of the Scottish lordship of <span class = "smallcaps">Lorn</span>, and +as such quartered by the Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Argyll</span>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<a name = "page136" id = "page136"> </a> +<p><i>Maintenance, Cap of.</i> See <i>Chapeau</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig276" id = "fig276"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig276.png" width = "145" height = "229" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 276.— Arms<br> +of Hastings.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Manche</i>, <i>Maunche</i>. A lady’s sleeve with a long pendent +lappet, worn in the time of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry I.</span>, and borne as an armorial charge by the +families of <span class = "smallcaps">Hastings</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Conyers</span>, and some others. <span class = +"smallcaps">Hastings</span> (H. 3)—<i>Or, a manche +gu.</i>: No. 276.</p> + +<p><i>Mantle.</i> A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their +ordinary costume, by personages of distinction of both sexes: the +mantles of ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry.</p> + +<p><i>Mantling</i>, or <i>Lambrequin</i>. A small mantle of some rich +materials, attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and worn hanging +down. It is usually represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts +to which it would be exposed in actual battle: <a href = "#fig199">No. +199</a>. (See <i>Panache</i>.) Mantlings blazoned with achievements of +arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to form a background to the +composition, and they are also occasionally differenced with various +charges.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig277" id = "fig277"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig277.png" width = "189" height = "91" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 277.— Circlet<br> +of the Coronet<br> +of a Marquess.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Marquess</i>, <i>Marquis</i>. The second order of the British +Peerage, in rank next to that of Duke. This rank and title were +introduced into England in 1387, by <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, who then created his favourite, +<span class = "smallcaps">Robert De Vere</span>, Marquess of <span class += "smallcaps">Dublin</span>. The next creation was by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VI.</span> +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<a name = "page137" id = "page137"> </a> +A Marquess is “Most Honourable”; he is styled “My Lord Marquess”: all +his younger sons are “Lords,” and his daughters “Ladies”; his eldest son +bears his father’s “second title.” The Coronet, apparently contemporary +in its present form with that of Dukes, has its golden circlet +heightened with four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged +alternately: in representations two of the pearls, and one leaf and two +half-leaves are shown, No. 277. The wife of a Marquess is a +“Marchioness”; her style corresponds with that of her husband, and her +coronet is the same.</p> + +<p><i>Marshalling.</i> The disposition of more than one distinct coat of +arms upon a shield, so forming a single composition; or the aggroupment +of two or more distinct shields, so as to form a single composition; +also the association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, crest, +&c., and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms, thus +again forming a single heraldic composition. See <a href = +"#chapXI">Chapter XI.</a></p> + +<p><i>Martel.</i> A hammer.</p> + +<p><i>Martlet.</i> The heraldic Martin, usually represented without +feet: Nos. <a href = "#fig160">160</a>, <a href = "#fig161">161</a>, and +<a href = "#fig70">70</a> and <a href = "#fig86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Mascle.</i> Lozenge voided: <a href = "#fig143">No. 143</a>. +<i>Masculée.</i> A field divided mascle-wise.</p> + +<p><i>Masoned.</i> Representing brickwork.</p> + +<p><i>Membered.</i> To denote the legs of a bird.</p> + +<p><i>Merchant’s mark.</i> A device, adopted as early as 1400 by +merchants, as a substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded +to them. Such marks are the predecessors of the <i>Trade-brands</i> and +<i>Marks</i> of after times.</p> + +<p><i>Mermaid</i>, <i>Merman</i>, or <i>Triton</i>. The well-known +fabulous creatures of the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<a name = "page138" id = "page138"> </a> +more frequently as supporters, badges, or crests. A mermaid was the +device of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William de Brivere</span>, who +died in 1226, and it is the badge of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Metal.</i> The Tinctures <i>Or</i> and <i>Argent</i>: Nos. <a href += "#fig50">50</a>, 51.</p> + +<p><i>Mill-rind.</i> See <i>Fer-de-Moline</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Mitre.</i> The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, placed +above the arms of prelates of the Church of England, sometimes borne as +a charge, and adopted by the <span class = "smallcaps">Berkeleys</span> +as their crest. The contour of the mitre has varied considerably at +different periods, the early examples being low and concave in their +sides, the later lofty and convex. See <a href = "#fig159">No. +159</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Moline.</i> A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, <a href = +"#fig97">No. 97</a>. In modern cadency it is the difference of the +eighth son.</p> + +<p><i>Moon.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a>, page 80.</p> + +<p><i>Motto.</i> A word, or very short sentence, placed generally below +a shield but sometimes above a crest, an idea perhaps derived from the +“war-cries” of early times. A motto may be emblematical, or it may +have some allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and armorial +insignia; or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in +special favour with the bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive +mottoes, like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediæval puns. +I give a few characteristic examples:—“<i>Vero nil +verius</i>” (<i>nothing truer than truth</i>, or, <i>no greater verity +than in Vere</i>)—<span class = "smallcaps">Vere</span>; “<i>Fare, +fac</i>” (<i>Speak—act</i>; that is, <i>a word and +blow</i>)—<span class = "smallcaps">Fairfax</span>; “<i>Cave</i>” +(<i>beware</i>)—<span class = "smallcaps">Cave</span>; “<i>Cavendo +tutus</i>” (<i>safe, by caution</i>, or <i>by Cavendish</i>)—<span +class = "smallcaps">Cavendish</span>; “<i>Set on</i>,” says <span class += "smallcaps">Seton</span>; “<i>Fight on</i>,” quoth <span class = +"smallcaps">Fitton</span>; “<i>Festina lente</i>” (<i>On slow—push +forward, but be cautious</i>, that is), adds <span class = +"smallcaps">Onslow</span>. Again: <span class = +"smallcaps">Jefferay</span> says, “<i>Je feray ce que je diray</i>” +(<i>I shall be true to my word</i>); <span class = +"smallcaps">Scudamore</span>—<i>Scutum amoris divini</i> (<i>the +shield of Divine love</i>); says <span class = +"smallcaps">James</span>—“<i>J’aime jamais</i>” (<i>I love +ever</i>); +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<a name = "page139" id = "page139"> </a> +says <span class = "smallcaps">Estwick</span>—“<i>Est hic</i>” +(<i>he is here</i>); and <span class = +"smallcaps">Pole</span>—“<i>Pollet virtus</i>” (<i>valour +prevails</i>); and <span class = "smallcaps">Tev</span>—“<i>Tais +en temps</i>” (<i>be silent in time</i>). The crest of <span class = +"smallcaps">Charteris</span>, an arm with the hand grasping a sword, has +over it—“<i>This our charter is</i>.” In his arms the Marquess +<span class = "smallcaps">Cholmondeley</span> bears <i>two helmets</i>, +and his motto is—“<i>Cassis tutissima virtus</i>” (<i>valour is +the safest helm</i>); the crest of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Martins</span> of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the +significant motto—“<i>He who looks at Martin’s ape, Martin’s ape +shall look at him!</i>” The motto of <span class = +"smallcaps">Perceval</span> is—“<i>Perse valens</i>” (<i>strong in +himself</i>); but, “<i>Do no yll</i>,” quoth <span class = +"smallcaps">Doyle</span>. Some “lippes,” as Camden remarks, have a taste +for “this kind of lettuce.”</p> + +<p><i>Mound.</i> A globe, encircled and arched over with rich bands, and +surmounted by a cross-patée, the whole an ensign of the royal estate. +A mound or orb forms part of the regalia, and the same form appears +upon the intersecting arches of the crown of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Sovereign</span>; and it also surmounts the single arch of +the coronet of the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>: +Nos. <a href = "#fig234">234</a>, <a href = "#fig289">289</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Mount.</i> A green hill.</p> + +<p><i>Mullet.</i> A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or +more points (if more than five the number to be specified), always +formed by right lines, as No. 278. A mullet is sometimes “pierced,” +as in No. 279, when the tincture of the field is generally apparent +through the circular aperture. In modern cadency an unpierced mullet is +the difference of the third son. See <i>Estoile</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig278" id = "fig278"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig278.png" width = "59" height = "56" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig279" id = "fig279"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig279.png" width = "60" height = "56" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 278.— Mullet.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 279.— Mullet, pierced.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Mural Crown.</i> Represents masonry, and is embattled: No. +280.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<a name = "page140" id = "page140"> </a> +<p><i>Naiant.</i> Swimming in fesse. See <i>Hauriant</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig280" id = "fig280"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig280.png" width = "146" height = "62" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig281" id = "fig281"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig281.png" width = "158" height = "87" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 280.— Mural Crown.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 281.— Naval Crown.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Naissant.</i> Equivalent to <i>Issuant</i>, but applied only to +living creatures.</p> + +<p><i>Naval Crown.</i> Has its circlet heightened with figures of the +stern and the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: No. 281.</p> + +<p><i>Nebulée</i>, or <i>Nebuly</i>. <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span +class = "smallroman">H</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Nimbus.</i> A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted +personage: sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device.</p> + +<p><i>Norroy.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Nova Scotia, Badge of.</i> See <i>Baronet</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Nowed.</i> Coiled in a knot, as a snake.</p> + +<p><i>Ogress.</i> A <i>Pellet</i>, or black roundle.</p> + +<p><i>Opinicus.</i> A fabulous heraldic monster, a dragon before, +and a lion behind with a camel’s tail.</p> + +<p><i>Oppressed.</i> An alternative for <i>Debruised</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Or.</i> The metal gold: <a href = "#fig50">No. 50</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Ordinary.</i> An early principal charge of a simple character. See +<a href = "#chapVI">Chapter VI.</a>, and Nos. <a href = +"#fig71">71</a>-<a href = "#fig128">128</a>: see also page 14.</p> + +<p><i>Ordinary of arms.</i> A list of armorial bearings, classified or +arranged alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. See +<i>Armory</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Oreiller.</i> A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels.</p> + +<p><i>Orle.</i> A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which is +charged upon another and a larger shield, as in <a href = "#fig134">No. +134</a>. <i>In Orle.</i> Arranged after the manner of an Orle, forming a +border to a Shield, as in No. <a href = "#fig86">86</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<a name = "page141" id = "page141"> </a> +<p><i>Ostrich feathers.</i> A Royal Badge: also a Device in a few +instances charged by Royal and some other personages on an Armorial +Shield. See <a href = "#chapXV">Chapter XV.</a></p> + +<p><i>Over all</i>, or <i>Sur tout</i>. To denote some one charge being +placed over all others.</p> + +<p><i>Overt.</i> With expanded wings.</p> + +<p><i>Pale.</i> One of the Ordinaries: <a href = "#fig87">No. 87</a>. +<i>Pale-wise</i>, or <i>In Pale</i>. Disposed after the manner of a +Pale—that is, set vertically, or arranged vertically one above +another, as are the Lions of England in <a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a>, +page 87.</p> + +<p><i>Pall</i>, <i>Pallium</i>. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of +the Roman Church: in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of the pall is +shown, when it resembles the letter Y; it is borne in the arms of the +Sees of <span class = "smallcaps">Canterbury</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Armagh</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Dublin</span>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig282" id = "fig282"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig282.png" width = "23" height = "154" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 282.<br> +Bourdon.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Pallet.</i> Half a <i>Pale</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Palmer’s Staff</i>, <i>Pilgrim’s staff</i>, or <i>Bourdon</i>. No. +282. <span class = "smallcaps">John Bourdon</span> (H. 3) +bears—<i>Arg., three palmer’s staves gu.</i></p> + +<p><i>Paly.</i> Divided per pale into an even number of parts, which all +lie in the same plane, as in <a href = "#fig88">No. 88</a>. <i>Paly +Bendy.</i> Divided evenly pale-wise, and also bend-wise, <a href = +"#fig118">No. 118</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Panache.</i> A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, set +upright and born as a crest. A panache sometimes consists of a +single row of feathers; but more generally it has two or more rows or +“heights” of feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater number +of examples the tips of the feathers are erect; in others they wave, or +slightly bend over. A panache may be charged with some device or +figure, “for difference,” as by the <span class = +"smallcaps">Tyndalls</span>, with an <i>ermine circlet</i>, +a <i>martlet</i>, and a <i>fleur de lys</i>. In Nos. 283, 285, from +the seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward Courtenay</span>, and +<span class = "smallcaps">Edmund Mortimer</span> (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400 and 1372) the “heights” both expand and +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +<a name = "page142" id = "page142"> </a> +rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">William le Latimer</span> (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1372), shows a remarkable variety of both +panache and mantling. Waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first +appear near the end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during +the sixteenth century.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig283" id = "fig283"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig283.png" width = "112" height = "223" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig284" id = "fig284"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig284.png" width = "115" height = "265" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig285" id = "fig285"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig285.png" width = "99" height = "221" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> + <br> +No. 283.— Edward Courtenay.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Panache Crests</span>:<br> +No. 284.— William le Latimer.</td> +<td class = "caption"> + <br> +No. 285.— Edmund Mortimer.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Party</i>, <i>Parted</i>. Divided.</p> + +<p><i>Passant.</i> Walking and looking forward: <a href = "#fig173">No. +173</a>. <i>Passant Guardant.</i> Walking and looking out from the +shield, <a href = "#fig174">No. 174</a>. <i>Passant Reguardant.</i> +Walking and looking back. <i>Passant Repassant</i>, or <i>Passant and +Counter Passant</i>. Walking in opposite directions.</p> + +<p><i>Pastoral Staff.</i> The official staff of a bishop or abbot, +having a crooked head, and so distinguished from an archbishop’s +<i>crozier</i>.</p> + +<table class = "bracket" summary = "three definitions grouped"> +<tr> +<td> +<p><i>Patée</i>, or <i>Formée</i>.</p> +<p><i>Patonce.</i></p> +<p><i>Patriarchal.</i></p> +<td class = "bracket lft3"> +<p>Varieties of the heraldic Cross, Nos. <a href = "#fig106">106</a>, +<a href = "#fig99">99</a>, and <a href = "#fig95">95</a>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Pean.</i> The Fur, <a href = "#fig60">No. 60</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Peer.</i> That general title, expressing their equality as members +<span class = "pagenum">143</span> +<a name = "page143" id = "page143"> </a> +of a distinct “order” in the realm, which is applied to Dukes, +Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, and Barons of England, Scotland, Great +Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Peerage.</i> The hereditament of a Peer: also rank of a Peer; +a list of the Peers.</p> + +<p><i>Pegasus.</i> A horse with wings—a classic as well as an +heraldic imaginary creature<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><i>Pelican.</i> Blazoned “in her piety,” when feeding her young with +her own blood.</p> + +<p><i>Pellet.</i> A black roundle.</p> + +<p><i>Pendent.</i> Hanging.</p> + +<p><i>Pennon.</i> An armorial lance flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at +the fly. No. 286 is from the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John +d’Aubernoun</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1279; the +arms are—<i>Az., a chevron or</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Per.</i> By means of, or after the manner of.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig286" id = "fig286"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig286.png" width = "144" height = "153" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig287" id = "fig287"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig287.png" width = "89" height = "86" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 286.— A Pennon.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 287.— A Pheon.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Pheon.</i> A pointed arrow-head, borne with the point in base, +unless the contrary is specified, No. 287.</p> + +<p><i>Phœnix.</i> A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant from +flames.</p> + +<p><i>Pile.</i> One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos. +<a href = "#fig126">126</a>, <a href = "#fig127">127</a>, <a href = +"#fig128">128</a>. <i>In Pile.</i> Arranged after the form of a +pile.</p> + +<p><i>Planta Genista.</i> The broom plant badge of the Plantagenets, +No. <a href = "#fig21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Plate.</i> A silver roundle.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">144</span> +<a name = "page144" id = "page144"> </a> +<p><i>Plenitude.</i> The moon when full. See <a href = "#fig166">No. +166</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Plume.</i> See <i>Panache</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Points of Shield.</i> <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>. <i>In +Point</i> is the same as <i>In Pile</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Pomme.</i> A green roundle.</p> + +<p><i>Popinjay.</i> A parrot (H. 3).</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig288" id = "fig288"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig288.png" width = "97" height = "95" +alt = "see text"></p> +<p class = "caption"> +No. 288.<br> +A Portcullis.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Port.</i> A gateway, as the entrance to a castle: <a href = +"#fig222">No. 222</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Portcullis.</i> A defence for a gateway, No. 288: the badge of the +Houses of <span class = "smallcaps">Beaufort</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Tudor</span>, borne by the former with the significant +motto, “<i>Altera securitas</i>” (additional security).</p> + +<p><i>Potent.</i> A variety of the heraldic cross, <a href = +"#fig108">No. 108</a>; also a Fur, No. <a href = +"#fig64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Powdered</i>, <i>Poudrée</i>. The same as <i>Semée</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Preying.</i> When an animal devours its prey. See +<i>Trussing</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Prince</i>, <i>Princess</i>. In this country the rank and title of +the members of the Royal Family. Their style is “Your Royal Highness.” +The Coronet of the Prince of Wales differs from the crown of the King, +only in having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches: No. +289. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and daughters +of the King, are the same as the coronet of the Prince of Wales, but +without any arch: No. 290. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, +the grandchildren of the Sovereign, differ in having the circlet +heightened with two crosses patée, as many strawberry leaves, and four +fleurs-de-lys, No. 291. Other Royal coronets have the circlet heightened +with four crosses patée, and as many strawberry leaves. No. 292. For the +arms of their Royal Highnesses, see <a href = "#chapXVIII">Chapter +XVIII.</a></p> + +<table summary = "circlets"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Circlets of Royal Coronets:</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig289" id = "fig289"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig289.png" width = "159" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig290" id = "fig290"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig290.png" width = "155" height = "87" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 289.— Prince of Wales.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 290.— King’s Daughters and Younger Sons.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig291" id = "fig291"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig291.png" width = "172" height = "74" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig292" id = "fig292"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig292.png" width = "157" height = "75" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 291.— King’s Grandchildren.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 292.— Royal Dukes.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Purfled.</i> Lined and bordered or garnished.</p> + +<p><i>Purpure.</i> A colour: <a href = "#fig56">No. 56</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Pursuivant.</i> A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle Ages, +these officers were attached to the households of personages of high +rank, and bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of +their lords.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">145</span> +<a name = "page145" id = "page145"> </a> +<p><i>Quadrate.</i> A form of cross: No. <a href = +"#fig94">94</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Quarter.</i> The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions of +a shield that is parted per cross, as in <a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>; +also any other division of a shield, to be specified in blazoning. See +<a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a>, and <i>Canton</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Quartering.</i> Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the +different quarters of the same shield. When two coats are thus +quartered, the one in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth, and +the one in the second in the third; when three are quartered, the first +quartering is repeated in the fourth quarter. Any required number of +coats may be quartered on the same principle. This same term is also +applied to denote the dividing a shield “<i>quarterly</i>,” as in +<a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>, or into more than four divisions, as in +No. <a href = "#fig36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Quarterly.</i> A shield divided into four divisions, as in <a href += "#fig30">No. 30</a>: each division to contain a complete coat of arms, +or a distinct heraldic device or composition. Should the shield be +divided into more than four sections, the number is to be specified: +thus, <a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a> is “<i>quarterly of eight</i>,” +&c. See Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a>, <a href = +"#fig253">253</a>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig293" id = "fig293"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig293.png" width = "80" height = "81" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 293.<br> +Quatrefoil.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">146</span> +<a name = "page146" id = "page146"> </a> +<p><i>Quarterly Quartering</i> and <i>Quartered</i>. The quartering of a +“quarter” of a shield that is divided “quarterly”; also distinguished as +“<i>Compound Quartering</i>.” See page 34.</p> + +<p><i>Quatrefoil.</i> A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined +leaves, No. 293. In modern cadency a <i>Double Quatrefoil</i> is the +difference of the ninth son.</p> + +<p><i>Queue Fourchée.</i> Having a forked tail; <a href = "#fig181">No. +181</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Quilled.</i> Used to blazon the quills of feathers: thus, +a blue feather having its quill golden is blazoned—<i>A +feather az., quilled or</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig294" id = "fig294"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig294.png" width = "69" height = "141" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 294.<br> +The Ragged<br> +Staff Badge.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Radiant.</i> Encircled with rays.</p> + +<p><i>Rayonée.</i> Formed of Rays.</p> + +<p><i>Ragulée</i>, <i>Raguly</i>. Serrated, as <a href = "#fig38">No. +38, <span class = "smallroman">G</span></a>. A “ragged staff,” No. +294, is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off +roughly. This “ragged staff,” or “<i>staff ragulée</i>,” is the famous +badge of the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, and, derived +from them, of the <span class = "smallcaps">Nevilles</span>. No. 294 is +from the monument of the great Earl, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard +de Beauchamp</span>, K.G., who died in 1439, at Warwick.</p> + +<p><i>Rampant</i>, <i>Rampant Guardant</i> and <i>Reguardant</i>. Nos. +<a href = "#fig171">171</a>, <a href = "#fig172">172</a>; when +<i>reguardant</i>, the animal looks backward.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig295" id = "fig295"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig295.png" width = "181" height = "203" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig296" id = "fig296"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig296.png" width = "142" height = "187" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 295.— Rebus of Abbot Kirton.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 296.— Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Rebus.</i> An allusive charge or device. A cask, or +<i>tun</i>, to represent the final syllable “<i>ton</i>” of many +surnames, is frequently found. I give a few examples of several +varieties of Rebus:—<span class = "smallcaps">John Oxney</span>, +Canterbury—An +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> +<a name = "page147" id = "page147"> </a> +eagle (the emblem of <i>St. John</i> the Evangelist, to denote +“<i>John</i>”) standing on an <i>ox</i>, charged on its side with the +letters <span class = "extended"><i>NE</i></span>. <span class = +"smallcaps">John Wheathamstede</span>, St. Albans—An eagle and an +Agnus Dei (the emblems of <i>St. John</i> the Evangelist and <i>St. +John</i> the Baptist, to denote “<i>John</i>”), and clusters of <i>ears +of wheat</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">John Ramryge</span>, St. +Albans—A <i>ram</i>, gorged with a collar inscribed with the +letters <span class = "extended"><i>RYGE</i></span>. <span class = +"smallcaps">Woodstock</span>—The stump or <i>stock of a tree</i>. +Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Islip</span>, Westminster—A man +falling from a tree, exclaiming, “I slip!” and a human <i>eye</i>, and a +<i>slip</i> (small branch of a tree). <span class = "smallcaps">Walter +Lyhart</span>, Norwich—<i>A hart</i> (stag) <i>ly</i>ing down in +<i>water</i>. An <i>owl</i>, with the letters <span class = +"extended"><i>DOM</i></span> on a scroll in its beak, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Bishop Oldham</span>, at Exeter. A church +(“<i>kirk</i>”) on a <i>tun</i>, with a pastoral staff and the initial +R, for Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Kirton</span>, No. 295; +and a <i>bird</i> on a <i>tun</i>, and a <i>tree</i> growing out of a +<i>tun</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Burton</span> and <span class += "smallcaps">Ashton</span>, all at Peterborough. At Wells, with an +initial T, a fire-<i>beacon</i> planted <i>in</i> a <i>tun</i>, for +Bishop <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Beckyngton</span>, No. 296; and +at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained glass, the shield of Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">John Peché</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1522—<i>Az., a lion rampt. queue fourchée erm., crowned +or</i>—is encircled by <i>peach-branches fructed and in foliage, +each peach being charged with the letter É</i>, No. 297; the +crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig297" id = "fig297"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig297.png" width = "333" height = "362" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 297.— Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peché.</p> + +<p><i>Recercelée.</i> A variety of the heraldic cross: No. <a href += "#fig98">98</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Reflexed</i>, <i>Reflected</i>. Curved and carried backwards.</p> + +<p><i>Reguardant.</i> Looking backwards: see <a href = "#fig182">No. +182</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Rein-deer.</i> Heraldically drawn with double antlers, one pair +erect, the other drooping.</p> + +<p><i>Respecting.</i> Face to face—applied to creatures not of a +fierce nature.</p> + +<p><i>Rest.</i> See <i>Clarion</i>, <a href = "#fig228">No. 228</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Ribbon</i>, <i>Riband</i>. A diminutive of a <i>Bend</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Rising</i>, <i>Roussant</i>. About to fly.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +<a name = "page148" id = "page148"> </a> +<p><i>Rompu.</i> Broken.</p> + +<p><i>Rose.</i> Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and without +leaves. The five small projecting leaves of the calyx, that radiate +about the flower itself, are styled <i>barbs</i>, and when they are +blazoned “proper” these +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +<a name = "page149" id = "page149"> </a> +barbs are green, as the “seeds” in the centre of the flower are golden. +Both the “red rose” of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span> and +the “white rose” of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>, but more +especially the latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and each is +termed a “<i>rose-en-soleil</i>,” No. 300. The rose, the emblem of <span +class = "smallcaps">England</span>, is generally drawn like the natural +flower; or with natural stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with +heraldic rose-flowers. In modern cadency the heraldic rose is the +difference of the seventh son.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig298" id = "fig298"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig298.png" width = "72" height = "76" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig299" id = "fig299"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig299.png" width = "67" height = "68" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig300" id = "fig300"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig300.png" width = "86" height = "89" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" colspan = "2"> +Nos. 298, 299.—Heraldic Roses.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 300.— Rose en Soleil.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Roundle.</i> See <a href = "#page72">page 72</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Rustre.</i> A mascle pierced with a circular opening: <a href = +"#fig144">No. 144</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sable.</i> The colour black: <a href = "#fig54">No. 54</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sagittary.</i> The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse.</p> + +<p><i>Salamander.</i> An imaginary being, supposed to live in flames of +fire; it is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard, and at other +times (as in the crest of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Douglas</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1483) as a quadruped somewhat +like a dog, breathing flames.</p> + +<p><i>Salient.</i> Leaping or bounding.</p> + +<p><i>Saltire.</i> An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. <a href = +"#fig120">120</a>, <a href = "#fig121">121</a><ins class = "correction" +title = ". for ,">, </ins>122. <i>Saltire-wise</i>, or <i>in +saltire</i>. Arranged after the form of a saltire.</p> + +<p><i>Sanglier.</i> A wild boar.</p> + +<p><i>Sans.</i> Without. “<i>Sans nombre</i>,” without any number fixed +or specified.</p> + +<p><i>Savage-man</i>, or <i>Wood-man</i>. A wild man, naked except large +wreaths of leaves about his head and loins, and carrying a club.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> +<a name = "page150" id = "page150"> </a> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig301" id = "fig301"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig301.png" width = "115" height = "192" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 301.— Crest<br> +of Hamilton.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Saw</i>, or <i>Frame-saw</i>. Borne as the crest of <span class = +"smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, which is thus blazoned—<i>Out of a +ducal crest-coronet or, an oak-tree fructed and penetrated transversely +in the main stem by a frame-saw ppr., the frame gold; above the crest +the motto</i>, “<span class = "smallcaps">Through</span>!” This device +is said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, of Sir <span +class = "smallcaps">Gilbert Hamilton</span>, a reputed ancestor of +the present ducal house. At the court of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span> Sir Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed +admiration for <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span>, on which +<span class = "smallcaps">John le Despencer</span> struck him. Despencer +fell in single combat the next day, and Hamilton fled, hotly pursued, +northward. Near the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined +some wood-cutters, assumed their dress, and commenced working with them +on an oak, when the pursuers passed by. Hamilton, saw in hand, observed +his esquire anxiously watching their enemies as they passed, and at once +recalled his attention to his woodman’s duties by the word, +“Through!”—thus, at the same time, appearing to consider the +cutting down the oak to be far more important than the presence of the +strangers. So they passed by, and Hamilton followed in safety. This +crest does not appear in the Hamilton seals till long after the days of +Bruce and his admirer, Sir Gilbert: No. 301.</p> + +<p><i>Scarpe</i>, <i>Escarpe</i>. A diminutive of a <i>Bend +sinister</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Scintillant.</i> Emitting sparks.</p> + +<p><i>Seax.</i> A Saxon sword.</p> + +<p><i>Seeded.</i> Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an +heraldic rose. See Nos. <a href = "#fig298">298</a>-<a href = +"#fig300">300</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Segreant.</i> A term applied to a griffin when rampant.</p> + +<p><i>Sejant.</i> Sitting.</p> + +<p><i>Semée.</i> Sown broadcast or scattered, without any fixed +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +<a name = "page151" id = "page151"> </a> +number, over the field; parts of the charge thus semée appearing at the +border-lines of the composition. See Nos. <a href = "#fig247">247</a>, +<a href = "#fig250">250</a>, <a href = "#fig252">252</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Shake-fork.</i> Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to the +margin of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities.</p> + +<p><i>Shamrock.</i> A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>.</p> + +<p><i>Shield</i>, or <i>Escutcheon</i>. The Shield of Heraldry is fully +described at <a href = "#page32">page 32</a>. See also Nos. <a href = +"#fig27">27</a>, <a href = "#fig39">39</a>-<a href = +"#fig49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Ship.</i> Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but sometimes +also as an ancient galley. See <i>Lymphad</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Shoveller.</i> A species of duck.</p> + +<p><i>Simple Quartering.</i> Dividing a shield quarterly, with the +quartering of any of the quarters. See <i>Quartering</i><ins class = +"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig302" id = "fig302"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig302.png" width = "58" height = "52" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 302.<br> +Sixfoil.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Sinister.</i> The left side. <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Sinople.</i> The colour <i>vert</i> in French Heraldry.</p> + +<p><i>Sixfoil.</i> A flower of six leaves: No. 302.</p> + +<p><i>Slipped.</i> Having a stalk, as a leaf or branch: <a href = +"#fig309">No. 309</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Spear.</i> The spear or lance is not of common occurrence in +blazon; but it appears, with heraldic propriety, in the arms granted in +1596 to the father of the great poet, who bore—<i>Or, on a bend +sa. a spear gold, the head arg.</i>—the arms of <span class = +"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, No. 303. (In the woodcut the bend is +accidentally shaded for <i>gules</i>, instead of <i>sable</i>.)</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig303" id = "fig303"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig303.png" width = "142" height = "142" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig303color.png" width = "142" height = "142" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 303.— Arms of Shakespeare.</p> + +<p><i>Spur.</i> Not common as an heraldic charge. Before about 1320 the +spur had a single point, and was known as the “pryck-spur”; about that +time appeared a “rouelle-spur” of simple form; in the middle of the +fifteenth century spurs of extravagant length were introduced.</p> + +<p><i>SS., Collar of.</i> See <i>Collar</i>, and <a href = "#fig231">No. +231</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Stafford-knot.</i> No. 304.</p> + +<p><i>Stall-plate.</i> A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed +<span class = "pagenum">152</span> +<a name = "page152" id = "page152"> </a> +in his stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Garter</span> and the <span class = "smallcaps">Bath</span> +are severally placed in the Chapels of <span class = "smallcaps">St. +George</span> and of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>, +at Windsor and Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at +Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier date, were executed +about 1430.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig304" id = "fig304"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig304.png" width = "102" height = "76" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig305" id = "fig305"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig305.png" width = "113" height = "87" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 304.— Stafford Knot.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 305.— Stapleton Badge.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Standard.</i> A long narrow flag, introduced for the purpose of +heraldic display, in the time of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, but not in general use till a later +period. Standards generally had the Cross of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. George</span> next the staff, to which succeeded the +badge or badges and the motto of the owner. See <a href = +"#chapXVII">Chapter XVII.</a></p> + +<p><i>Staple.</i> Borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Stapleton</span>: +No. 305 represents a badge formed of two staples.</p> + +<p><i>Statant.</i> Standing.</p> + +<p><i>Star.</i> See <i>Estoile</i> and <i>Mullet</i>; also a knightly +decoration.</p> + +<p><i>Stirrup.</i> Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by <span +class = "smallcaps">Scudamore</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Giffard</span>, and a few others.</p> + +<p><i>Stock.</i> The stump of a tree.</p> + +<p><i>Stringed.</i> As a harp or a bugle-horn; or, suspended by, or +fastened with, a string.</p> + +<p><i>Sun.</i> When represented shining and surrounded with rays, he has +a representation of a human face upon his disc, and is blazoned “<i>In +splendour</i>.” <i>Sunbeams</i>, or <i>Rays</i>, are borne in blazon, +and form an early charge. See <i>Collar</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Supporter.</i> A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a Shield +of arms, as if <i>supporting</i> or guarding it. Single Supporters +occasionally appear, but the general usage is to have a pair of +Supporters—one on each side of the +<span class = "pagenum">153</span> +<a name = "page153" id = "page153"> </a> +<i>supported</i> Shield. They came gradually into use in the course of +the fourteenth century, but were not regularly established as +accessories of Shields till about 1425, or rather later. At first they +were generally alike, being then duplicate representations of the badge, +but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two Supporters +should differ, as in the case of the Royal Supporters, the Lion and the +Unicorn, famous in History as in Heraldry. See <i>Bearer</i>, +<i>Tenant</i>, and also <a href = "#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a></p> + +<p><i>Surcoat.</i> Any garment worn over armour; but especially the long +flowing garment worn by knights over their armour until about 1325, when +its form was modified by cutting it short in front, and it was +distinguished as a <i>Cyclas</i>. See <i>Jupon</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Surmounted.</i> Placed over another.</p> + +<p><i>Swan.</i> When blazoned “<i>proper</i>,” white with black beak and +red legs. It is the badge of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Bohuns</span>, and of their descendants the <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancastrian Plantagenets</span>, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Staffords</span>, and some others. This Swan has his neck +encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally passes over his +back. By <span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span>, the Swan badge +of his mother, <span class = "smallcaps">Mary de Bohun</span>, was borne +with the wings expanded.</p> + +<p><i>Sword.</i> When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, pointed, +and with a cross-guard. All the appointments of the weapon are to be +blazoned. It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in several episcopal coats +of arms; in the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">City of +London</span>, No. 306, the first quarter of a Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. George</span> (<i>arg., a cross gu.</i>) is charged +with <i>a sword erect gules</i>, the emblem of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. Paul</span>, the special patron of the English +metropolitan city. The sword is also borne in blazon in its military +capacity.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig306" id = "fig306"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig306.png" width = "133" height = "133" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/color/fig306color.png" width = "133" height = "133" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 306.— Arms of City of London.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">154</span> +<a name = "page154" id = "page154"> </a> + +<p><i>Tabard.</i> A short garment with sleeves, worn in the Tudor era. +It has the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and +back: No. 307, the Tabard of <span class = "smallcaps">William +Fynderne</span>, Esquire, from his brass, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1444, at Childrey in Berkshire: the arms +are—<i>Arg., a chevron between three crosses patée sable</i>, +the ordinary being charged with <i>an annulet of the field</i> “for +Difference.” A similar garment is the official habit of +heralds.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig307" id = "fig307"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig307.png" width = "175" height = "266" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 307.— Tabard; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1444.</p> + +<p><i>Tau</i>, <i>Tau-Cross</i>. A cross formed like the letter T, so +called in Greek, <a href = "#fig93">No. 93</a>; borne as a charge in the +arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Drury</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Tawke</span>, and some others: this charge is also called +the Cross of <span class = "smallcaps">St. Anthony</span>: it is +sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop’s Palace at Exeter. See +<a href = "#chapXV">Chapter XV.</a></p> + +<p><i>Templars</i>, <i>Knights</i>. See <a href = "#chapXIX">Chapter +XIX.</a></p> + +<p><i>Tenent</i>, <i>Tenant</i>. Used by French Heralds to distinguish +human figures from animals, as <i>supporters</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Tennée</i>, or <i>Tawney</i>. A deep orange-colour; in use in the +Middle Ages as a <i>livery-colour</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig308" id = "fig308"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig308.png" width = "117" height = "174" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 308.— Badge<br> +of James I.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Thistle.</i> The national Badge of <span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, represented after its national aspect, and +tinctured <i>proper</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span> +of Great Britain, to symbolise the union of the two realms of England +and Scotland, compounded a Badge from the <i>Rose</i> of one realm, and +the <i>Thistle</i> of the other, united by impalement under a single +crown: No. 308. The impaled rose and thistle is borne by the Earl of +<span class = "smallcaps">Kinnoull</span>, repeated eight times upon a +bordure.</p> + +<p><i>Timbre.</i> In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes +<span class = "pagenum">155</span> +<a name = "page155" id = "page155"> </a> +the true heraldic <i>crest</i>: but, in the modern Heraldry of France, +the “timbre” is the <i>Helm</i> in an armorial achievement. +<i>Timbred.</i> Ensigned with a Helm; or, if referring to an early +English achievement, with a Crest. It is a term very seldom met with in +use.</p> + +<p><i>Tiercée.</i> <i>In tierce</i>, <i>Per tierce</i>. Divided into +three equal parts.</p> + +<p><i>Tinctures.</i> The two <i>metals</i> and the five <i>colours</i> +of Heraldry: Nos. <a href = "#fig50">50</a>-<a href = "#fig56">56</a>. +See <a href = "#page40">page 40</a>. It was one of the puerile +extravagancies of the Heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the +Tinctures by the names of the <i>Planets</i> in blazoning the arms of +Sovereign Princes, and by the names of <i>Gems</i> in blazoning the arms +of Nobles.</p> + +<p><i>Torse.</i> A crest-wreath.</p> + +<p><i>Torteau</i>, plural <i>torteaux</i>. A red spherical Roundle: +<a href = "#fig152">No. 152</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Tower</i>, <i>Turret</i>. A small castle. <i>Towered.</i> +Surmounted by towers, as <a href = "#fig222">No. 222</a>, which is a +“<i>Castle triple towered</i>.”</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig309" id = "fig309"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig309.png" width = "59" height = "56" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 309.<br> +Trefoil<br> +Slipped.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Transposed.</i> Reversed.</p> + +<p><i>Trefoil.</i> A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne +“slipped,” as in No. 309.</p> + +<p><i>Treflée</i>, or <i>Botonée</i>. A variety of the cross: <a href = +"#fig103">No. 103</a>. <i>Treflée</i> also implies <i>semée</i> of +trefoils.</p> + +<p><i>Treille</i>, <i>Trellis</i>. See <a href = "#page71">page 71</a>, +and <a href = "#fig150">No. 150</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Tressure.</i> A subordinary. See <a href = "#page66">pages 66</a>, +<a href = "#page67">67</a>; and Nos. <a href = "#fig135">135-8</a><ins +class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><i>Tricked.</i> Sketched in outline.</p> + +<p><i>Trippant</i>, or <i>Tripping</i>. In easy motion, as a stag. See +<a href = "#page81">page 81</a>; and <a href = "#fig168">No. +168</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Triton.</i> See <i>Mermaid</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Trivet.</i> A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet, +borne by the family of <span class = "smallcaps">Tryvett</span>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig310" id = "fig310"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig310.png" width = "55" height = "190" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 310.<br> +Trumpet.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Trogodice.</i> An animal like a reindeer.</p> + +<p><i>Trumpet.</i> In blazon usually a long straight tube, expanding at +its extremity: No. 310, from the brass to Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de Trumpington</span>, at Trumpingdon, near Cambridge; +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1272.</p> + +<p><i>Trussed.</i> With closed wings. <i>Trussing.</i> +Devouring—applied to birds of prey.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">156</span> +<a name = "page156" id = "page156"> </a> +<p><i>Tudor Rose.</i> An heraldic rose, <i>quarterly gu. and arg.</i>; +or a white heraldic rose, <i>charged upon</i> a red one.</p> + +<p><i>Tun.</i> A cask; the rebus of the final syllable <span class = +"extended">TON</span> in many surnames. See <i>Rebus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Tynes.</i> Branches of a stag’s antlers. See <i>Attires</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Ulster.</i> See <i>Baronet</i> and <i>Herald</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Undy</i>, <i>Undée</i>. Wavy: <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span +class = "smallroman">C</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Unguled.</i> Hoofed.</p> + +<p><i>Unicorn.</i> A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the sinister +supporter of the Royal Shield of England<ins class = "correction" title += ", for .">. </ins></p> + +<p><i>Union Jack.</i> The National Ensign of the United Kingdom of Great +Britain and Ireland, fully described in <a href = "#chapXVII">Chapter +XVII.</a> It is borne on an inescutcheon upon the arms of the Duke of +<span class = "smallcaps">Wellington</span> as an augmentation.</p> + +<p><i>Uriant.</i> A term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a +vertical position, head downwards. The reverse of <i>Hauriant</i>, +<i>q.v.</i></p> + +<p><i>Vair.</i> A Fur: Nos. <a href = "#fig61">61</a>, <a href = +"#fig62">62</a>, <a href = "#fig63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Vane.</i> See <i>Fan</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Vert.</i> In French Heraldry, <i>Sinople</i>. The colour green: +No. <a href = "#fig55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Vervels</i>, <i>Varvals</i>. Small rings.</p> + +<p><i>Vested.</i> Clothed.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig311" id = "fig311"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig311.png" width = "148" height = "54" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 311.— Circlet of a Viscount’s Coronet.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Viscount.</i> The <i>fourth</i> degree of rank and dignity in the +British Peerage, in Latin <i>Vice-Comes</i>, introduced by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440. <i>Vice-comes</i> is also the Latin word +for the office of Sheriff. A Viscount is “Right Honourable,” and is +styled “My Lord.” All his sons and daughters are “Honourable.” His +Coronet, granted by <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>, has +a row of sixteen pearls, of comparatively small size set on the circlet; +in representations nine are shown: No. 311. The wife of a Viscount is a +<i>Viscountess</i>, who has the same rank, style, and coronet as her +husband.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">157</span> +<a name = "page157" id = "page157"> </a> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig312" id = "fig312"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig312.png" width = "160" height = "177" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 312.<br> +Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Alban’s.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Vivre.</i> An early term, fallen into general disuse; but +apparently denoting a <i>Barrulet</i> or <i>Cotise Dancettée</i>; as in +No. 312, at St. Michael’s Church, St. Albans.</p> + +<p><i>Voided.</i> Having the central area removed.</p> + +<p><i>Voiders.</i> Diminutives of <i>Flanches</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Volant.</i> Flying. <i>Vorant.</i> Devouring.</p> + +<p><i>Vol.</i> Two bird’s wings conjoined, having the appearance of an +eagle displayed without its body: <a href = "#fig207">No. 207</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Vulned.</i> Wounded.</p> + +<p><i>Wake Knot.</i> No. 313.</p> + +<p><i>Walled.</i> Made to represent brick or stone-work. The term +<i>masoned</i> is, however, usually employed.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig313" id = "fig313"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig313.png" width = "140" height = "100" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig314" id = "fig314"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig314.png" width = "102" height = "102" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig315" id = "fig315"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig315.png" width = "78" height = "109" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 313.— Wake Knot.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 314.— Catherine Wheel.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 315.— Wyvern.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Water Bouget.</i> <a href = "#fig218">No. 218</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Wattled.</i> Having a comb and gills, as a cock.</p> + +<p><i>Wavy</i>, <i>Undée.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class = +"smallroman">C</span></a>.</p> + +<p><i>Wheat-sheaf.</i> See <i>Garb</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Wheel</i>, <i>Catherine Wheel</i>. Has curved spikes projecting +from its rim: No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400, in the south choir-aisle of the church of +Great Yarmouth.</p> + +<p><i>Wreath</i>, <i>Crest-Wreath</i>. See <i>Crest-Wreath</i>, and +<a href = "#fig233">No. 233</a>; also <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter +XIV.</a></p> + +<p><i>Wreathed.</i> Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; or +twisted into the form of a wreath, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Wyvern</i>, <i>Wivern</i>. A fabulous creature, being a species of +dragon with two legs: No. 315.</p> + +</div> <!-- end div glossary --> + +<span class = "pagenum">158</span> +<a name = "page158" id = "page158"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXI" id = "chapXI">CHAPTER XI</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">MARSHALLING</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Aggroupment— Combination— Quartering— +Dimidiation— Impalement— Escutcheon of Pretence— +Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others; Official Arms; +and, the Accessories of Shields.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Guillim.</span></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">Upon</span> this concise definition, Guillim, +in another part of his work, adds the following +comment:—“<i>Marshalling</i> is an orderly disposing of sundry +Coat Armours pertaining to distinct Families, and their contingent +ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances, in their proper places.” +Hence it is apparent that this term, “Marshalling,” implies—</p> + +<div class = "hanging"> +<p>1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two or more +distinct “Coats in one Shield”:</p> + +<p>2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats to form a +single heraldic composition, the Shields being still kept distinct from +one another: and,</p> + +<p>3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield of +arms, so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement.</p> +</div> + +<p>The association of “Arms” with Names, Dignities, and Estates would +necessarily require, at an early period in the history of Heraldry, the +establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination +and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a +single individual became the representative of more than one family, or +was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">159</span> +<a name = "page159" id = "page159"> </a> +<p>Again: it would be equally necessary that this system should extend +to <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: error for ‘becoming the’?">the becoming</ins> heraldic declaration and record of +<i>Alliances</i> of every kind, including (a matter of no little +importance in the Middle Ages) <i>feudal dependence</i>.</p> + +<p>In another, and a secondary sense, this same term, +<i>Marshalling</i>, is used by Heralds to denote the general arrangement +and disposition of heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the +field of a Shield.</p> + +<p>In its simplest form, <span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> is +effected by <i>Aggroupment</i> without Combination—by placing two +or more Shields of arms, that is, in such positions as to form a +connected group of distinct Shields, either with or without various +accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of Marshalling of this +order. These Seals may be classified in two groups,—one, in which +an effigy appears; and a second, in which the composition does not +include any effigy. Here I may observe that the same armorial blazonry +that was displayed upon their military surcoats by Princes, Nobles, and +Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the decoration of their +official vestments, and also (towards the close of the thirteenth +century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style of ornamentation for +their own costume: and many examples of the effigies of Ladies, with a +few of Ecclesiatics, adorned in this manner with heraldic insignia, +exist in Seals and in Monumental Memorials. In Beverley Minster there is +a noble effigy of a priest, a member of the great family of <span +class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> (about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1330), the embroideries of whose vestments are +elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms. Upon his +episcopal seal, <span class = "smallcaps">Lewis Beaumont</span>, Bishop +of Durham from 1317 to 1333, has his effigy standing between two Shields +of Arms (to the dexter, <i>England</i>; to the sinister, a cross +potent between four groups of small crosses patées, three crosses in +each group), while his chasuble is semée de lys and also charged with a +lion rampant—the arms of the house of Beaumont.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig316" id = "fig316"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig316.png" width = "275" height = "428" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 316.— Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p> + +<p>The +<span class = "pagenum">160</span> +<a name = "page160" id = "page160"> </a> +obverse of the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, +daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">Philip</span> the Hardy, King of +France, the second Queen of our <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, illustrates this usage in the +instance of ladies: No. 316. Upon her tunic the Queen has emblazoned the +three lions of her royal husband; on her right side is a shield of +<i>France</i>, the arms of her royal father; and on the left side a +corresponding shield is charged with a lion rampant. I have already +shown the reverse of this fine Seal (<a href = "#fig251">No. 251</a>), +which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these +woodcuts.<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = +"#note5">5</a> Other characteristic examples are the Seals of <span +class = "smallcaps">Agnes de Percy</span>, whose effigy, having the arms +of Louvaine upon the tunic, holds two armorial shields, one in +<span class = "pagenum">161</span> +<a name = "page161" id = "page161"> </a> +each hand: and of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, Countess of +<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Pembroke</span> (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of +<span class = "smallcaps">De Laci</span>—<i>quarterly or and gu., +a bend sa., over all a label vert</i>—upon the tunic of her +effigy, and has the same arms on a Shield to the dexter, while another +Shield to the sinister is charged with the <i>lion rampant</i>, borne by +the <span class = "smallcaps">De Lacies</span> as Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lincoln</span>. The effigies of illustrious Ladies, which +appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms, are not always represented +in heraldic costume: good examples are the Seals of <span class = +"smallcaps">Isabelle of France</span>, Queen of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, and of <span class = +"smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, who was Countess, first of <span +class = "smallcaps">Holland</span>, and afterwards of <span class = +"smallcaps">Hereford</span>: both are engraved in Sandford’s +“Genealogical History of England,” page 121.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig317" id = "fig317"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig317.png" width = "206" height = "340" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 317.— Seal of Margaret,<br> +Lady de Ros. (<i>Laing.</i>)</p> +</div> + +<p>The Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Bruce</span>, of +Skelton, Lady <span class = "smallcaps">de Ros</span>, attached to a +deed, dated 1820, has the effigy of the noble lady, wearing her ermine +mantle, and supporting two Shields of arms—the Shield of <span +class = "smallcaps">De Ros</span>, <i>gu., three water-bougets arg.</i>, +to the dexter, and a Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Bruce</span>, +<i>a lion rampant</i>: No. 317. I am indebted, for the use of the +excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing of +Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes on the <i>Early +Seals of Scotland</i>, which occupy a foremost position amongst the most +valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever +been published in Great Britain. (See <a href = "#page11">page 11</a>.) +In the Monumental Brasses and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies +of Ladies of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, +<span class = "pagenum">162</span> +<a name = "page162" id = "page162"> </a> +heraldic costume is frequently represented, and the figures are +constantly associated with groups of Shields of arms. As most +characteristic examples I may specify the effigy of a Lady, about <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the +Brass in Westminster Abbey, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1399, +to <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, Duchess of <span +class = "smallcaps">Gloucester</span>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig318" id = "fig318"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig318.png" width = "267" height = "266" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 318.— Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey.</p> + +<p>The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a Seal, without the +presence of any effigy, is exemplified in the characteristic Seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Joan</span>, daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry</span> Count <span class = "smallcaps">de +Barre</span>, and of <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>, daughter +of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, the widow of <span +class = "smallcaps">John de Warrenne</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Surrey</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347. +In this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned on lozenges, +are, in the centre, <i>Warrenne</i>; in chief and base, <i>England</i>; +and to the dexter and sinister, <i>De Barre</i> (<a href = "#fig162">No. +162</a>): also, at the four angles of the group, the lion and castle of +<i>Leon</i> and <i>Castile</i>, in direct allusion to the descent of the +Countess from <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>, first Queen of +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span> In the original, this +elaborate composition is only one and a half inches in diameter. Still +smaller, measuring no more than one and a quarter inches in diameter, +and yet no less rich in either its Heraldry or its Gothic traceries, is +the +<span class = "pagenum">163</span> +<a name = "page163" id = "page163"> </a> +beautiful little Counter-seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Mary de Saint +Paul</span>, wife of <span class = "smallcaps">Aymer de Valence</span>, +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, which is faithfully +shown on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details more +effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded Pembroke +College, Cambridge, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1373, was the +daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">Guy de Chastillon</span>, Count of +<span class = "smallcaps">St. Paul</span>, by his wife <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span>, daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">John de +Dreux</span>, Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Brittany</span>, and of +<span class = "smallcaps">Beatrice</span>, sister of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span> On her Seal, accordingly, the Countess +of Brittany marshals, in the centre, the arms of her husband (<i>De +Valence</i>: <a href = "#fig86">No. 86</a>), and those of her father +(<i>De Chastillon</i>—<i>gu., three pallets vair, on a chief or a +label of three points az.</i>), united upon a single shield by +“Dimidiation”—a process presently to be described: to the dexter, +the arms of her Royal relatives of <i>England</i> are blazoned in a +circular compartment: to the sinister, in a similar compartment, are the +fleurs de lys of <i>France Ancient</i>, <a href = "#fig247">No. 247</a>, +at that time so closely allied with the English lions: and, finally, in +a third roundle, in the base of the composition, are the arms of <i>De +Dreux</i> (<i>chequée or and az., within a bordure gu.;<a class = "tag" +name = "tag6" id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> over all a canton of +Brittany</i>, <a href = "#fig15">No. 15</a>, borne by the maternal +grandfather of the Countess: the legend is, + S . MARIE . +DE . SEYN . POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The original impression of +this Seal, from which the woodcut, No. 319, was drawn, is appended to a +charter, dated 1347, which is preserved amongst the muniments of +Pembroke College. A very good example of the aggroupment of Shields +upon a Seal, under conditions differing from those that now have been +illustrated, I have already given in <a href = "#fig204">No. +204</a>. Another beautiful and most interesting example, now +unfortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Matilda</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, the wife, first, of <span class = +"smallcaps">William de Burgh</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ulster</span> (and +<span class = "pagenum">164</span> +<a name = "page164" id = "page164"> </a> +by him mother of <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, the wife of +Prince <span class = "smallcaps">Lionel of Clarence</span>), and, +secondly, of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ralph de Ufford</span>. This +seal, of circular form, No. 320, displays to the dexter a shield of +<i>De Burgh</i>—<i>or, a cross gu.</i>; to the sinister, +a shield of <i>Ufford</i>—<i>or, a cross engrailed +sa.</i>, in the first quarter <i>a fleur de lys, for difference</i>: in +base there is a lozenge of <i>De Chaworth</i> (the mother of the +Countess was <span class = "smallcaps">Matilda de +Chaworth</span>)—<i>barrulée arg. and gu., an orle of martlets +sa.</i>; and in chief there remains part of another lozenge of +<i>Lancaster</i>, to complete this remarkable heraldic group. Of the +legend there remains only . . ILLV MATILD’ +. . . . SE . . . The introduction of +<i>Badges</i>, with a Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a +Seal, is another variety of this same system of Marshalling. <a href = +"#fig321">No. 321</a>, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de +Bohun</span>, exemplifies this usage, having the <i>white swan Badge</i> +of the noble house of <span class = "smallcaps">Bohun</span> thrice +repeated about the Shield. See <a href = "#fig114">No. 114</a>. Also +see, in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>, No. 449, which is described in +Section II. of <a href = "#chapXXII">Chapter XXII.</a></p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig319" id = "fig319"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig319.png" width = "265" height = "267" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig320" id = "fig320"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig320.png" width = "196" height = "198" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 319.— Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 320.— Seal of Matilda of Lancaster.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">165</span> +<a name = "page165" id = "page165"> </a> +<p>Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under another form by +placing Shields of arms in the different panels of the same +architectural monument.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> <i>by Combination</i> is +effected by actually forming, for the blazonry of a single Shield, +a composition which includes the principal charges of two or more +allied Shields. The composition of the Shield borne by the house of +<span class = "smallcaps">De Dreux</span>, to which I have just referred +in describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most +striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was +borne by <span class = "smallcaps">John de Dreux</span>, created Earl of +<span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span> by his uncle King <span class += "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, who lived and died in England, as +it is represented in No. 322—the <i>field, chequée or and +azure</i>, being for De Dreux; the <i>canton ermine</i> for Brittany; +and the <i>bordure, gules charged with golden lions of England</i>, +representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the close +connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his Sovereign. The +shield of Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Eltham</span> (<a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>), <i>England +within a bordure of France</i>, is another characteristic example of +this Marshalling by Combination.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig321" id = "fig321"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig321.png" width = "218" height = "219" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig322" id = "fig322"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig322.png" width = "161" height = "161" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 321.— Seal of Oliver de Bohun.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 322.— Shield of Earl John de Dreux.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>For many reasons, except in particular instances, these +<span class = "pagenum">166</span> +<a name = "page166" id = "page166"> </a> +methods of Marshalling were not considered to be altogether +satisfactory. Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was devised which +would preserve intact the original integrity of each coat of arms, would +imply a definite systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into +a single composition any required number of distinct coats. This <span +class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> <i>by Quartering</i>, naturally +suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. <a href = "#fig16">16</a> and +<a href = "#fig17">17</a>, consists in dividing the Shield, as in +<a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>, into four parts, and placing in each of +these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be marshalled on a +single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be “<i>quartered</i>,” the +most important of the two occupies the first quarter, and is repeated in +the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the second quarter, and +repeated in the third. The earliest example known in England is the +quartered Shield of <i>Castile and Leon—quarterly: first and +fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered or; second and third, +argent, a lion rampant gu.</i>, No. 323. This shield is sculptured +upon the monument in Westminster Abbey to <span class = +"smallcaps">Alianore</span>, daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ferdinand III.</span>, King of <span class = +"smallcaps">Castile</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Leon</span>, +and Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>: the date +is 1290. This form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during +the first half of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that +century it became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields +I have already given in Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a> and <a href = +"#fig253">253</a>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig323" id = "fig323"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig323.png" width = "159" height = "164" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig324" id = "fig324"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig324.png" width = "162" height = "165" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 323.— Shield of Castile and Leon.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 324.— Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Should there be <i>three</i> Coats to be quartered, they would +severally occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the Shield, in +due order, and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth. In +quartering <i>four</i> coats, no repetition would be necessary. If more +than four coats would require to be quartered, the Shield would be +divided into whatever number +<span class = "pagenum">167</span> +<a name = "page167" id = "page167"> </a> +of sections might be necessary, as in <a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a>, and +the required arrangement would be made; should any repetition be +necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth. This +process, whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled (and their +number sometimes is very great), is always entitled “<i>quartering</i>”; +and each of these divisions of a Shield, for the purpose of Marshalling, +is distinguished as a “Quarter.” Occasionally a <i>quartered coat</i> +would have to be marshalled with others. In the “grand quartering” which +then takes place, the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other +member of the group. See <a href = "#fig37">No. 37</a>. For example, the +Shield, No. 324 (R. 2), of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, +first Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>, +is—I. and IV. Grand Quarters,—<i>first and fourth, or, +a lion rampt. az.</i>, for Louvaine, or Percy modern: <i>second and +third, gu., three lucies haurient arg.</i> (<a href = "#fig164">No. +164</a>) for Lucy: II. and III. Grand Quarters,—<i>az., five +fusils conjoined in fesse or</i>, for Percy ancient.</p> + +<p>When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of +Quarterings, Grand Quartering is seldom adopted; but, in its stead, the +new quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession, with the +original quarterings of the Shield.</p> + +<p>In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most +important quartering, which is determined (without any fixed rule) by +the original grant or licence: the other quarterings follow, in the +order in which they may have been “brought in” to the composition.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig325" id = "fig325"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig325.png" width = "160" height = "162" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig326" id = "fig326"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig326.png" width = "214" height = "244" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 325.— Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 326.— De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>To denote and record <span class = "smallcaps">Alliance by +Marriage</span>, two distinct Coats were first marshalled upon a single +Shield by <i>Dimidiation</i>. This process is accomplished in the +following manner. The Shield to be charged with the two Coats in union +is divided <i>per pale</i>, as in <a href = "#fig28">No. 28</a>: on the +dexter half +<span class = "pagenum">168</span> +<a name = "page168" id = "page168"> </a> +the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than that half, of +the arms of the husband is marshalled: then, in like manner, the +sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of +the wife. In the Shield, <a href = "#fig250">No. 250</a>, from another +Seal of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, <i>England</i> +dimidiates <i>France ancient</i>, Nos. <a href = "#fig187">187</a> and +<a href = "#fig247">247</a>. This Dimidiation in most cases produces a +singular effect; as in No. 325, a Shield from the Seal of the Mayor +of Winchelsea, one of the famous Sussex Cinque Ports, which bears +<i>England</i> dimidiating <i>azure, three hulls of ships, in pale, +or</i>: here the dimidiated lions and ships appear to unite for the +purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound monsters. The Seal +of the Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes <i>three herrings</i>, in +allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships, and +dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central Shield of the +Seal, <a href = "#fig319">No. 319</a>, I have shown <i>De +Valence</i> dimidiating <i>De Chastillon</i>. In No. 326, from the +monument of <span class = "smallcaps">William de Valence</span>, <i>De +Valence</i> appears +<span class = "pagenum">169</span> +<a name = "page169" id = "page169"> </a> +dimidiating the French Coat of <i>Claremont Nesle</i>—<i>gu., +semée of trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or</i>: the Dimidiation +here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence martlets and also +one of the two barbels of Claremont.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig327" id = "fig327"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig327.png" width = "180" height = "193" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 327.— Camoys,<br> +impaling Mortimer.</p> +</div> + +<p>The characteristic features of one or of both of the united Coats, as +I have just shown, being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by +Dimidiation, that form of marshalling was generally superseded by <span +class = "smallcaps">Impalement</span> in the course of the third quarter +of the fourteenth century. This process, at once simple and effectual, +marshals the whole of the husband’s arms on the dexter half of a Shield +divided per pale, as <a href = "#fig28">No. 28</a>; and the whole of the +arms of the wife on the sinister half of it. Such an impaled Shield is +borne by a husband and wife during their conjoint lives; and should the +wife become a widow, by her the impaled arms are borne during her +widowhood charged upon a lozenge. The dexter half only—the +husband’s arms—of an impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine examples +of Shields that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved in the +monuments of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> and his +Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, in the Brass to <span +class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, and in the monument to +<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Beaufort</span>, all in Westminster +Abbey. Other fine examples occur on the monument of Earl <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard Beauchamp</span>, at Warwick. No. 327, from the +Brass to <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Lord Camoys</span>, K.G., and his wife, <span class = +"smallcaps">Elizabeth Mortimer</span> (the widow of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry Hotspur</span>), at Trotton, in Sussex, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1410, marshals <i>Camoys</i>—<i>arg., on +a chief gu. three plates</i>, impaling <i>Mortimer</i>, <a href = +"#fig131">No. 131</a>. Again, at Warwick, the Brass to Earl <span class += "smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp</span> and his Countess, +<span class = "pagenum">170</span> +<a name = "page170" id = "page170"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Ferrers</span> of Groby, <span class += "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1406, has a Shield of +<i>Beauchamp</i>—<i>gu., a fesse between six crosslets +or</i>, impaling <i>Ferrers</i>—<i>gu., seven mascles, three three +and one, or</i>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig328" id = "fig328"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig328.png" width = "246" height = "252" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 328.— D’Aubigny, impaling Scotland.</p> + +<p>It is to be observed that <i>Bordures</i> and <i>Tressures</i>, which +are not affected by Quartering, are <i>dimidiated by +Impalement</i>,—that is, that side of both a Bordure and a +Tressure which adjoins the line of Impalement is generally removed: +thus, one of the small Shields sculptured upon the canopy of the +monument of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary Stuart</span>, at +Westminster, is charged with <i>D’Aubigny</i> impaling +<i>Scotland</i>,—that is, <i>az., three fleurs de lys or, within a +bordure gu. charged with eight buckles gold</i>, impaling <a href = +"#fig138">No. 138</a>. This Shield, represented in No. 328, has both the +bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure on its sinister half, +dimidiated by the impalement. There are other excellent examples of this +partial dimidiating in the monuments of <span class = +"smallcaps">Margaret Tudor</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret +Beaufort</span>, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig329" id = "fig329"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig329.png" width = "251" height = "274" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 329.— Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp.</p> + +<p>The husband of an <i>Heiress</i> or a <i>Co-heiress</i>, instead of +impaling the arms of his wife, marshals them upon his Shield charged as +an <i>Escutcheon of Pretence</i>. The son of an heiress, as heir to his +maternal grandfather through his mother, as well as to his own father, +<i>quarters</i> on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, <i>the +arms of both his parents</i>, his father’s arms generally being in the +first quarter. The Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard +Beauchamp</span>, K.G., Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span> +(died in 1439), is a good example of the use of an Escutcheon of +Pretence; it is represented in No. 329, +<span class = "pagenum">171</span> +<a name = "page171" id = "page171"> </a> +drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George’s Chapel, +Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, quarters +<i>Beauchamp</i> with <i>Newburgh</i>—<i>chequée or and az., +a chevron erm.</i>: upon this, for his Countess, <span class = +"smallcaps">Isabelle</span>, daughter and heiress of <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas le Despencer</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence +charged with <i>De Clare</i>, <a href = "#fig124">No. 124</a>, +quartering <i>Le Despencer</i>—<i>quarterly arg. and gu., in the +second and third quarters a frette or, over all a bend sa.</i> In the +monument of this great Earl, at Warwick, upon the Escutcheon of Pretence +the arms of Bohun are quartered with those of Clare and Despencer.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig330" id = "fig330"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig330a.png" width = "65" height = "57" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/fig330b.png" width = "65" height = "57" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/fig330c.png" width = "65" height = "57" +alt = "see text"> +<img src = "images/fig330d.png" width = "65" height = "57" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 330.</p> + +<p>A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of +Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. Suppose <span class = +"smallroman">B</span> (<i>Baron</i>) to represent the Husband, and <span +class = "smallroman">F</span> (<i>Femme</i>) the Wife: then, No. 330 +<span class = "smallroman">B</span> may represent the arms +<span class = "pagenum">172</span> +<a name = "page172" id = "page172"> </a> +of the Husband, and No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">F</span> the arms +of the Wife. If <span class = "smallroman">F</span> be <i>not</i> an +heiress, the arms of <span class = "smallroman">B</span> and <span class += "smallroman">F</span>, as husband and wife, are borne impaled, as in +No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">B F</span>; and their son bears No. +330 <span class = "smallroman">B</span> only. If <span class = +"smallroman">F</span> <i>be an heiress</i>, the arms of <span class = +"smallroman">B</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F</span>, as +husband and wife, are borne as in No. 331—the arms of the wife on +an Escutcheon of Pretence; and, in this case, the son of <span class = +"smallroman">B</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F</span> quarters +the arms of both his parents, as No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose +arms are No. 332, to marry a lady, <i>not</i> an heiress, whose arms are +No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">F F</span>, he would simply impale +the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, and his son would bear No. 332 +only, as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage. But +if the wife of the bearer of No. 332 were to <i>be an heiress</i>, he +would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary +paternal Shield, as in No. 334; and his son, by this heiress, as before, +would quarter the arms of both his parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious +that Marshalling on this system (of which I here give the general +outline) admits of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all +<span class = "pagenum">173</span> +<a name = "page173" id = "page173"> </a> +cases place over all the quarterings of their Shield their own +distinctive Mark of Cadency, until they inherit some different +quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled, and +the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig331" id = "fig331"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig331.png" width = "85" height = "73" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig332" id = "fig332"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig332.png" width = "86" height = "75" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 331.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 332.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig333" id = "fig333"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig333.png" width = "85" height = "73" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig334" id = "fig334"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig334.png" width = "93" height = "82" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig335" id = "fig335"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig335.png" width = "97" height = "83" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 333.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 334.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 335.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A <i>Widower</i> who marries again places the arms of both his wives +upon any permanent record, but for ordinary purposes of use, <i>e.g.</i> +on a seal or carriage, bears only the arms of his living wife.</p> + +<p>An <i>Unmarried Lady</i> bears her paternal arms on a <i>lozenge</i>, +without any Helmet, Crest, or Motto.</p> + +<p>A <i>Widow</i> bears on a <i>lozenge</i> the arms borne by her +husband and herself. Should she marry again, a Widow ceases to bear +the arms of her former husband.</p> + +<p>A <i>Peeress in her own right</i>, if married to a Peer, has both her +own arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, and the lozenge and +the Shield, with all their accessories, are marshalled to form a single +united group, the achievement of the husband having precedence to the +dexter. If married to a Commoner, a Peeress in her own right bears +her own arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her arms +ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield: and this lozenge +and Shield are grouped together, the lozenge yielding precedence.</p> + +<p><i>Prelates</i> bear the arms of their see impaling their own +paternal and hereditary arms, the insignia of the see occupying the +dexter half of the Shield, this Shield being ensigned with a mitre only. +A married Prelate bears also a second Shield, placed to the +sinister of the other, on which are marshalled, in accordance with +ordinary usage, his own personal arms with those of his wife. The mitre +then is placed over the conjoined shields.</p> + +<p>The <i>Kings of Arms</i>, in like manner, bear two Shields, disposed +to form a single group: on the dexter Shield their official arms impale +their personal; and on the sinister +<span class = "pagenum">174</span> +<a name = "page174" id = "page174"> </a> +Shield their personal arms are marshalled with the arms of their +wives.</p> + +<p>Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of <i>Knights +of Orders of Knighthood</i> who, when married, bear two Shields grouped +together. On the dexter Shield are blazoned the arms of the Knight +himself alone; and around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his +Order, or Orders, of Knighthood: and on the sinister Shield the arms of +the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but without the knightly +insignia. This second Shield is generally environed with decorative +foliage. This usage, prevalent in England, is not accepted or adopted by +foreign Heralds: nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic +principle, or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a Knight +shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from her husband’s +knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect heraldic consistency, might +marshal his own knightly insignia about the Shield which is charged with +his own arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, or +when the latter are borne in pretence: and thus a single Shield would be +borne, and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to +impart to a second Shield some general resemblance to its companion by +wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. There are ancient precedents for +the use of a single shield.</p> + +<p><i>Official Arms</i> are not hereditary.</p> + +<p><i>Royal Personages</i>, when married, bear their own arms on a +separate Shield; and a second Shield bears the arms of the husband and +wife conjoined.</p> + +<p>The circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable +influence in determining the Marshalling of the Accessories of any +Shield, Lozenge, or Group. As a general rule, however, the <i>Helm</i> +always rests on the chief of the Shield: Commoners, Knights, Baronets, +and Peers place their <i>Crest</i> upon the Helm: Peers and Princes +place +<span class = "pagenum">175</span> +<a name = "page175" id = "page175"> </a> +their <i>Helm</i> upon the Coronet, and their Crest is placed upon the +Helmet. The <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span> places the Crest +upon the Royal Crown, which is a part of the Royal Crest, and it is +unusual to duplicate the Crown by repeating it below the Helmet. The +<i>Mantling</i> is displayed from the back of the Helm: it is most +effective when simple in its form and adjustment, and when it droops +behind the Shield. The <i>Motto</i> is usually placed below the Shield; +but if it has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest. +A Scottish motto always goes over the Crest. <i>Supporters</i> are +usually placed erect, as if in the act of really supporting the Shield: +they ought to stand either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic +basement to the entire Achievement. <i>Badges</i>, with all +<i>Official</i> and <i>Knightly Insignia</i>, and all other +<i>Honourable Insignia</i> of every kind, are rightly marshalled in an +Achievement of Arms.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a> +In <a href = "#fig251">No. 251</a> the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE +has been omitted.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a> +In No. 319 the bordure of <i>De Dreux</i> in the roundle in base is +charged with Lions of England, as borne by <span class = +"smallcaps">John de Dreux</span>; but the presence of these in the Seal +of the Countess is uncertain. See <a href = "#fig322">No. 322</a><ins +class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +</div> + + + +<span class = "pagenum">176</span> +<a name = "page176" id = "page176"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXII" id = "chapXII">CHAPTER XII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">CADENCY</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent— The Label— The +Bordure— The Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton— Change of +Tincture— Secondary Charges— Single Small Charges— +Differences of Illegitimacy— Cadency of Crests, Badges, +&c.— Modern Cadency.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying!” —<span class += "smallcaps">Boke of St. Albans</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1486.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">Amongst</span> his comrades in arms, or in the +midst of a hostile array, the last object that a mediæval Knight would +expect or desire to observe, on the morning of a battle or a joust, +would be an exact counterpart of himself. Occasions, indeed, might +sometimes arise, when it might be highly desirable that five or six +counterfeit “Richmonds” should accompany one real one to “the field”; +or, when a “wild boar of Ardennes” might prefer to encounter the +hunters, having about him the choice of his own “boar’s brood,” +garnished at all points exactly after his own fashion. These, however, +are rare and strictly exceptional cases. And the Knight, to whom +distinction was as the breath of his nostrils, as he closed his vizor +trusted confidently to his heraldic insignia to distinguish him, while, +in the fore-front of the fray, with sword and lance and axe he would +strive manfully to distinguish himself. This implies that Heraldry, +besides assigning to different families their own distinct insignia, +should possess the faculty of distinguishing the several members, and +also the various branches of the same family, the one from the other. +A faculty such as this Heraldry does possess, in its marks of <span +class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">177</span> +<a name = "page177" id = "page177"> </a> +<p>In “<i>marking Cadency</i>”—that is, in distinguishing the +armorial insignia of kinsmen, who are members of the very same family, +or of some one of its various branches, it is a necessary condition of +every system of “Differencing” that, while in itself clear and definite +and significant, it should be secondary to the leading characteristics +of the original Coat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the +Family, and also declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all +the branches have derived their common descent.</p> + +<p>Various methods for thus marking Cadency were adopted, and accepted +as satisfactory, in the early days of Heraldry. Of these I now shall +describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in +their character most decidedly heraldic,—such also as most +advantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of the present +time. It will be seen that the “Differences” which mark Cadency +necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes: one, in which +the “Difference” is <i>temporary</i> only in its significance and +use,—as, when an eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds +to the position in the family which his father had held, he removes his +Mark of Cadency as eldest son from his Shield, assumes the unmarked +Shield as his father had borne it before him, and transfers to his own +son the mark that previously had distinguished his Shield from that of +his father. In the other group, the Marks of Cadency are more +<i>permanent</i>, and consequently may become integral elements of the +heraldic composition in which they appear: thus, the mark of Cadency +which distinguishes any particular branch of a family, is borne alike by +all the members of that branch, and in that branch it is transmitted +from generation to generation.</p> + +<p>More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced into the same Coat of +Arms; and, for the purpose of some +<span class = "pagenum">178</span> +<a name = "page178" id = "page178"> </a> +form of secondary distinction, it is quite correct Heraldry to <i>mark +Marks of Cadency</i>—to charge one variety of mark, that is, upon +another.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig336" id = "fig336"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig336.png" width = "167" height = "167" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig337" id = "fig337"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig337.png" width = "167" height = "168" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 336.— Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 337.— Black Prince.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Label</span>, Nos. <a href = +"#fig271">271</a>, <a href = "#fig272">272</a>, is blazoned as a Mark of +Cadency in the earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears discharging this +duty in the earliest examples. The Label is generally borne with three +points, as in <a href = "#fig271">No. 271</a>; frequently with five, as +in <a href = "#fig272">No. 272</a>; and occasionally with four or with +more than five points. It is quite certain that no significance was +formerly attached to the number of the points, the object in all cases +being to make the Label distinctly visible, and to adjust the points to +the general composition of the Shield. Labels are of various tinctures. +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, each one during the lifetime of his +father, bore the Shield of England, <a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a>, +differenced with an <i>azure label</i>, sometimes of three points, as in +No. 336, and sometimes having five points. <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward</span> the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span> marked the Royal Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> with a <i>label argent</i>, as in +No. 337; and a plain silver label has since been the Mark of Cadency of +every succeeding heir-apparent to the English throne. The Label has been +used in this manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms, from +the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>; and +examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in Monuments, and upon +Seals.</p> + +<p>The <i>Label</i>, borne as a Mark of Cadency, was sometimes, +<span class = "pagenum">179</span> +<a name = "page179" id = "page179"> </a> +particularly in the cases of junior members of the Royal Family, charged +with other figures and devices, as differences of a secondary rank. Or, +when it is thus charged, the charges upon a Label may be considered to +be elements of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark of Cadency. +<span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>, the first Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, as I have already shown, <a href = +"#fig249">No. 249</a>, differenced his father’s Arms of England with a +<i>Label of France</i>, No. 338—an azure label, that is, charged +with golden fleurs de lys, to denote his French alliance; and thus by +the same process he was Marshalling and Marking Cadency. <span class = +"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, differenced with an <i>ermine Label</i>, +No. 339, derived from the ermine shield of Brittany (<a href = +"#fig15">No. 15</a>): and the Plantagenet Dukes of <span class = +"smallcaps">York</span> charged each point of their silver Label with +<i>three torteaux</i>, No. 340, which may be considered to have been +derived from the shield of Wake (<a href = "#fig82">No. 82</a>). In +order to show them on a larger scale, the Labels in Nos. 338-343 are +represented without the Shields on which they were charged. All these +Shields would be repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England +quarterly: Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a> and <a href = +"#fig253">253</a>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig338" id = "fig338"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig338.png" width = "158" height = "61" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig339" id = "fig339"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig339.png" width = "157" height = "60" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig340" id = "fig340"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig340.png" width = "156" height = "58" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 338.— Lancaster.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 339.— Brittany.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 340.— York.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Label, with various Differences, has generally been the Royal +Mark of Cadency; and now differenced silver Labels are borne, to mark +Cadency, by every member of our Royal Family.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig341" id = "fig341"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig341.png" width = "161" height = "59" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig342" id = "fig342"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig342.png" width = "163" height = "55" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig343" id = "fig343"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig343.png" width = "158" height = "60" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 341.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 342.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 343.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on those points had +no fixed or determinate numbers. That both the Labels and their Charges +should be distinct and conspicuous, was the special object with which +they were blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same +<span class = "pagenum">180</span> +<a name = "page180" id = "page180"> </a> +Label the number of the repetitions of the Charges sometimes is found to +differ. At the same time, in the earliest examples of charged Labels, +the repetitions of the Charges, while devoid of any special differencing +aim or meaning, may be considered to have been suggested by the sources +from which the Charges themselves were derived. For example: the Label +of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>, +derived directly from the Shield of <i>France ancient</i>, <a href = +"#fig247">No. 247</a>, with its field <i>semée de lys</i>, has three +fleurs de lys upon each point, so that this Label has the appearance of +being also <i>semée de lys</i>. Had it been derived from the Shield of +<i>France modern</i>, <a href = "#fig248">No. 248</a>, charged with +three fleurs de lys only, a single fleur de lys in all probability +would have been blazoned on each of the three points of this same Label. +Upon this principle the Label of Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">Lionel</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Duke</span> of +<span class = "smallcaps">Clarence</span>, second son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, which is differenced with +<i>cantons gules</i>, has a single canton on each point, as in No. 341, +evidently because only a single canton can be blazoned on a Shield. The +figures and devices that are charged for secondary difference upon +Labels vary widely in their character; but, however difficult it now may +be in very many instances to trace these differencing charges to their +sources, and so to determine the motive which led to their adoption, +there can be no doubt that originally they were chosen and adopted for +the express purpose of denoting and recording some alliance or +dependency. Some early Labels are of a compound character; that is, they +are charged with two distinct groups of devices, which are at once +divided and conjoined by impalement. Such a Label was borne by Prince +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, son of <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Ghent</span>, +between +<span class = "pagenum">181</span> +<a name = "page181" id = "page181"> </a> +the time of his father’s death and his own accession as <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> (Feb. 3 to Sept. 30, 1399): it was a +<i>Label of five points per pale of Brittany and Lancaster</i>, No. 342, +being his father’s Label impaling that of his mother’s father. The +second son of this Prince, <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span> Duke +of <span class = "smallcaps">Clarence</span>, instead of adopting +impalement, charged <i>a red canton upon each point of an ermine +Label</i>, as in No. 343: while his brother, <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span> Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Bedford</span>, bore their father’s Label, No. 342.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig344" id = "fig344"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig344.png" width = "167" height = "171" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 344.— Holland, of Kent.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bordure</span>, both plain and charged, +is a Mark of Cadency borne by Princes and by personages of various +ranks. <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>, youngest son of <span +class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, differenced <i>England</i> +with a plain <i>silver bordure</i>, as in No. 344: the <span class = +"smallcaps">Hollands</span>, Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Kent</span>, did the same: and the same silver bordure also +was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, youngest son of +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, about the quartered +shield of <i>France ancient and England</i>; and about the quartered +shield of <i>France modern and England</i> by <span class = +"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, youngest son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Eltham</span>, as I +have already shown, and after him the <span class = +"smallcaps">Hollands</span>, Dukes of <span class = +"smallcaps">Exeter</span>, differenced <i>England with a Bordure of +France</i>: <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>. Though not so numerous as +Labels, Bordures employed to mark Cadency exist in very many early +examples, and a variety of devices appear charged upon them for +secondary Difference. See <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>. In the Royal +Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not used as a Royal Difference; +but its use is retained in Scotland for differencing Shields of less +exalted rank.</p> + +<p>In some few early Examples a <span class = "smallcaps">Bendlet</span> +is charged upon the paternal shield as a mark of Cadency: and a <span +class = "smallcaps">Barrulet</span> is found to have been also used for +the same purpose. Thus, <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, second +son of <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span> the first +<span class = "pagenum">182</span> +<a name = "page182" id = "page182"> </a> +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, during the lifetime +of his elder brother, differenced <i>England</i> with an <i>azure +Bendlet</i>, as in No. 345: and, in the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>, son and heir of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry</span> third Baron, the lion is debruised, for +Difference, by a Barrulet which crosses the Shield in the honour-point. +Possibly, this Barrulet may be a <i>Label without points</i>. +A <span class = "smallcaps">Canton</span>, plain, or more +frequently charged, and in many examples of ermine, is also added to +Shields to mark Cadency, but more frequently nowadays its use denotes +absence of blood descent. See Nos. <a href = "#fig128">128</a>, <a href += "#fig129">129</a>, <a href = "#fig130">130</a><ins class = +"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig345" id = "fig345"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig345.png" width = "168" height = "165" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 345.— Henry of Lancaster.</p> +</div> + +<p>To mark Cadency by a <i>change of Tinctures</i> was a simple +expedient, and such a one as would naturally be practised at an early +period. It was effected, first, in the case of the <i>Field</i>: thus +(H. 3) the brothers <span class = "smallcaps">De la Zouche</span> +severally bear—<i>Gu., bezantée</i>, and, <i>Az., bezantée</i>; +and the brothers <span class = "smallcaps">Furnival</span> (H. 3) +bear—<i>Arg., a bend between six martlets gu.</i>, and, +<i>Or, a bend between six martlets gu.</i> Secondly, the change is +effected in the <i>Charges</i>: thus, two William <span class = +"smallcaps">Bardolfs</span> (H. 3 and E. 2) severally +bear—<i>Az., three cinquefoils or</i>, and, <i>Az., three +cinquefoils arg.</i> Thirdly, the tinctures are <i>reversed</i>: for +example, for two Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John Harcourts</span> +(E. 2)—<i>Gu., two bars or</i>, and, <i>Or, two bars gu.</i> +Fourthly, there is a complete change in <i>all the tinctures</i>: and +so, while Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Andrew Loterel</span> +(E. 2) bears—<i>Or, a bend between six martlets sa.</i>, +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Geffrey Loterel</span> (E. 2) +bears—<i>Az., a bend between six martlets argent</i>. +Finally, this system of marking Cadency admits various modifications of +the changes already described: thus, in the Arms of Mortimer, <a href = +"#fig131">No. 131</a>, <i>gules</i> is substituted for <i>azure</i>; +and, again, in the same Shield an <i>inescutcheon ermine</i> takes the +place of the <i>inescutcheon argent</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">183</span> +<a name = "page183" id = "page183"> </a> +<p>Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, calculated to +exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic +blazon, is the <i>addition of secondary Charges</i> of small size (not +on a Label or a Bordure but) semée over the field of a Shield, or +charged upon an Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In a large number of +examples, these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced +to six or three, in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat +larger scale, and consequently made more distinct. Again: while the +number and the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain +the same, in order to carry out the Cadency still farther the secondary +charges themselves are varied: and, once more, in other cases the +identity of the original secondary charges is retained, but their number +is increased or diminished. I must be content to illustrate these +various forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a group +of shields of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>:—Beauchamp of Elmely +(H. 3)—<i>Gu., a fesse or</i>, No. 346: Beauchamp at +Carlaverock—<i>Gu., crusilée and a fesse or</i>, No. 347: +Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick—<i>Gu., a fesse between six +crosses crosslets or</i>, No. 348: and Beauchamp of +Bletshoe—<i>Gu., a fesse between six martlets or</i>, No. +349. Second, a corresponding group of shields of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>:—Maurice de Barkele (or +Berkeley)—<i>Gu., a chevron arg.</i> (H. 3): and then +for other Berkeleys—<i>Gu., a chevron between ten crosses +pattées, six and four, arg.</i>; and the same Ordinary, with either +<i>ten +<span class = "pagenum">184</span> +<a name = "page184" id = "page184"> </a> +cinquefoils of silver</i>, or the same number of <i>white roses</i>. +Three <span class = "smallcaps">Corbets</span> bear severally +(E. 2)—<i>Or, a raven sa.</i>; <i>Or, two ravens +sa.</i>; and, <i>Or, three ravens sa.</i> And, once more, their original +Shield—<i>Gu., a chevron or</i>, is differenced by the <span +class = "smallcaps">Cobhams</span> by charging the Ordinary with three +lioncels, three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets, three estoiles, +three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them sable. The +particular devices and figures selected thus to mark Cadency, like those +charged upon Labels or Bordures, must be considered to have a special +significance of their own, though this significance may frequently fail +to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer able to trace out +their association with the sources from which they were obtained. The +alliances and the incidents that give these various Marks of Cadency, +when it is possible to ascertain what they may have been, illustrate in +a striking manner the motives by which the early Heralds were influenced +when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig346" id = "fig346"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig346.png" width = "133" height = "133" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig347" id = "fig347"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig347.png" width = "135" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 346.— Beauchamp of Elmely.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 347.— Beauchamp at Carlaverock.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig348" id = "fig348"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig348.png" width = "135" height = "139" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig349" id = "fig349"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig349.png" width = "136" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 348.— Beauchamp of Warwick.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 349.— Beauchamp of Bletshoe.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Official Insignia</i> sometimes become Marks of Cadency. Thus, +<span class = "smallcaps">John de Grandison</span>, Bishop of Exeter +(<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1327-1369), on the bend in his +paternal arms, <a href = "#fig89">No. 89</a>, substitutes a <i>golden +mitre</i> for the central eaglet, as in No. 350. <span class = +"smallcaps">William Courtenay</span>, Archbishop of Canterbury (<span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1381-1396), adopts a different course, +and charges three golden mitres upon each point of the Label of +Courtenay—<i>Or, three torteaux, over all a label of three points +az. charged on each point with as many mitres gold</i>. And again, <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry le +<span class = "pagenum">185</span> +<a name = "page185" id = "page185"> </a> +Despencer</span>, Bishop of Norwich (<span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1370-1406), places about his paternal shield an +<i>azure bordure charged with eight golden mitres</i> (see the largest +shield in No. 351). On his official seal the canopied effigy of the +Bishop stands between this, his personal Shield, and the Shield of his +see—<i>az., three mitres or</i>: but his Secretum, or private +seal, is much more interesting, as an heraldic image of the man himself. +Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his career not less inglorious +as a military commander than as a churchman, this <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry le Despencer</span>, a grandson of the unhappy +favourite of the no less hapless <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>, was one of the war-loving prelates +who occasionally appear sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a +characteristic, part in the romantic drama of mediæval history. His +Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of <i>Despencer</i>, differenced +with his bordure of mitres, couché from a large mantled helm, surmounted +by a mitre, in place of a crest-coronet, which supports the Despencer +crest, a silver griffin’s head of ample size; on either side are +the Shields of the <i>see of Norwich</i>, and of <i>Ferrers</i> (the +Bishop’s mother was Anne, daughter of <span class = +"smallcaps">William</span> Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Ferrers</span> +of Groby)—<i>Or, seven mascles, three three and one, gu.</i>; the +legend is, S . HENRICI . DESPENCER . NORWICENSIS . +EPISCOPI.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig350" id = "fig350"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig350.png" width = "160" height = "159" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig351" id = "fig351"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig351.png" width = "222" height = "225" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 350.— Bishop Grandison.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 351.— Secretum of Bishop le Despencer.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">186</span> +<a name = "page186" id = "page186"> </a> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig352" id = "fig352"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig352.png" width = "129" height = "144" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 352.— Sir Fulk<br> +Fitz Warin.</p> +</div> + +<p>At an early period, Cadency was marked by <i>adding a single small +charge</i> to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging some secondary +device or figure upon any accessory of a Shield of arms. Such a Mark of +Cadency as this, obtained from some allied Shield, and charged upon an +ordinary or principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in +the general composition, was in high favour with the Heralds of both the +fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. From the early examples, which exist +in great numbers and in as great variety, it will be sufficient for me +to adduce only a few specimens—a single example, indeed, +illustrates the system. The Shield of <i>Ufford</i>, in the Seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Matilda</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, which I have already described (<a href = +"#fig320">No. 320</a>), is thus differenced with a single fleur de lys +in the first quarter. Precisely in the same manner Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Fulk Fitz Warin</span> differences the Shield of the head of +his house, <a href = "#fig17">No. 17</a>, by charging a <i>mullet +sable</i> upon the first quarter, as in No. 352.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig354" id = "fig354"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig354.png" width = "70" height = "68" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig353" id = "fig353"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig353.png" width = "127" height = "141" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig355" id = "fig355"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig355.png" width = "79" height = "76" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 354.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 353.— Thomas le Scrope.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 355.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thomas le Scrope</span>, on the other hand, +for Cadency marks the golden bend upon his azure Shield, <a href = +"#fig111">No. 111</a>, with an <i>annulet sable</i>, as in No. 353. Two +members of the family of Beauchamp charge their golden fesse (see Nos. +<a href = "#fig346">346</a>-<a href = "#fig349">349</a>), the one with a +<i>crescent sable</i>, and the other with a <i>pierced mullet</i> of the +same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in addition to various +labels, the <span class = "smallcaps">Nevilles</span> charge no less +<span class = "pagenum">187</span> +<a name = "page187" id = "page187"> </a> +than eight different small figures upon their silver saltire, <a href = +"#fig121">No. 121</a>, to distinguish different members and branches of +their powerful race: I give one of these Shields in No. 356, which +was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">George Neville</span>, Lord <span +class = "smallcaps">Latimer</span>, from the monument to Earl <span +class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span> at Warwick—<i>Gu., +on a saltire arg. a gimmel-ring az.</i>: another differenced shield +of Neville, No. 357, has <i>a cinquefoil</i> charged on the saltire: +a third example from this group I have already given, <a href = +"#fig122">No. 122</a>, differenced with <i>a rose</i>: this shield, +<a href = "#fig122">No. 122</a>, is now borne by the Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Abergavenny</span>. Once more: Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">William de Brewys</span> (E. 2) bears—<i>Az., +crusilée and a lion rampt. or</i>, No. 358, which coat another Sir <span +class = "smallcaps">William de Brewys</span> differences, to distinguish +himself from his kinsman, while at the same time declaring their near +relationship, by simply charging a <i>red fleur de lys</i> upon his +lion’s shoulder.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig356" id = "fig356"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig356.png" width = "131" height = "140" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig358" id = "fig358"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig358.png" width = "152" height = "167" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig357" id = "fig357"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig357.png" width = "127" height = "138" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 356.— Lord Latimer.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 358.— Sir William de Brewys.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 357.— Neville.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed necessarily are +included under the general head of “Cadency,” do not appear at any time +to have assumed a definite or decided character, and yet they bring +before the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and +investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are +found to have differenced their paternal arms, as other sons lawfully +born might have done: and it does not appear that any peculiar methods +of differencing were adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting +illegitimacy +<span class = "pagenum">188</span> +<a name = "page188" id = "page188"> </a> +of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to its close. And +even then, if any express heraldic rule on this point ever was framed, +which is very doubtful, it certainly was never observed with any care or +regularity.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig359" id = "fig359"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig359.png" width = "172" height = "201" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 359.— Henry,<br> +Earl of Worcester.</p> +</div> + +<p>The earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth +is the fine Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">William +Longespée</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>, +son of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry II.</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Fair Rosamond</span>, <a href = "#fig197">No. 197</a>. This +Shield is supposed to have been assumed and borne by the Earl on his +marriage with the daughter and heiress of <span class = +"smallcaps">D’Evreux</span>, when in right of his wife he succeeded to +the Earldom of Salisbury: but this theory does not rest upon any solid +foundation, since it would be very difficult to show that the Shield +with the six lioncels was certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by +the father-in-law of Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an +escarbuncle and many lioncels, which has been assigned to <span class = +"smallcaps">Geoffrey</span> Count of <span class = +"smallcaps">Anjou</span>, was really borne by the Founder of the House +of <span class = "smallcaps">Plantagenet</span>, Earl <span class = +"smallcaps">William Longespée</span> may have derived his own Shield +from his paternal grandfather. Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays +his own “long sword” as his proper device. In like manner, certain other +personages, also illegitimate, appear to have borne arms which were +either expressly assigned to themselves by the Sovereign, or such as +they assumed in right of their mothers or wives. In all such cases as +these, the Arms were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but +what now would be designated “fresh grants.” Towards the beginning of +the fifteenth century, however, a peculiar kind of Differencing for +Illegitimacy gradually prevailed throughout Europe: thus, illegitimate +children either altered the position of the charges in their paternal +Shield; or they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a +fesse; or they composed for themselves a fresh Shield, either using +their father’s badges and the actual charges of his Shield, or +<span class = "pagenum">189</span> +<a name = "page189" id = "page189"> </a> +adopting devices evidently derived from the paternal bearings; or they +bore the paternal Shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner +with certain marks by which they might be readily and certainly +distinguished.</p> + +<p>When the composition of the paternal Shield would admit of such an +arrangement, the field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes +bore his father’s arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both the +chief and the base of his Shield plain white. <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Worcester</span>, whose father was an illegitimate son of +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry Beaufort</span>, third Duke of <span +class = "smallcaps">Somerset</span>, bore the arms of Beaufort couped in +this manner in chief and in base, as if they were charged upon a very +broad fesse on the field: No. 359.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig360" id = "fig360"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig360.png" width = "183" height = "183" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig361" id = "fig361"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig361.png" width = "155" height = "179" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 360.— Beaufort before 1397.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 361.— Beaufort after 1397.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">John de Beaufort</span> (great-grandfather +of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Worcester</span>), eldest illegitimate son of Prince <span +class = "smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ghent</span>, <i>before</i> the Act for his legitimation was +passed in the year 1397, bore his father’s hereditary arms of +<i>Lancaster</i>—<i>England with a label of France</i>, <a href = +"#fig249">No. 249</a>—<i>on a broad bend</i>, the field being +<i>per pale arg. and az.</i>, the Lancastrian livery colours: No. 360. +After their legitimation act had become +<span class = "pagenum">190</span> +<a name = "page190" id = "page190"> </a> +a law, this same <span class = "smallcaps">John de Beaufort</span>, with +his brothers, sons, and grandsons, bore the Royal quartered shield of +France and England, No. 361, differenced, not with labels, but with <i>a +bordure componée arg. and az.</i> (the Lancastrian colours): the +different members of the Beaufort family slightly varied the bordure, +but by the head of their house it was borne as in No. 361. It will be +seen that this is the coat that <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, +Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Worcester</span> (himself the +legitimate son of an illegitimate son), bore fesse-wise, as in <a href = +"#fig359">No. 359</a>. The father of this Earl <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Charles +Somerset</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Worcester</span> +(illegitimate son of the third Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Somerset</span>), differenced <i>Beaufort</i>, No. 361, with +a <i>silver bendlet sinister</i>, as in No. 362, the bendlet covering +the quarterings, but being included within the bordure.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig362" id = "fig362"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig362.png" width = "154" height = "179" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 362.— Charles,<br> +Earl of Worcester.</p> +</div> + +<p>Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a narrow +bendlet or baton sinister, couped at its extremities, either plain or +charged, has usually been the mark employed as difference by the +illegitimate descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by <span +class = "smallcaps">Arthur Plantagenet</span>, Viscount <span class = +"smallcaps">Lisle</span>, son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward IV.</span>: by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry +Fitz Roy</span>, Duke of +<span class = "pagenum">191</span> +<a name = "page191" id = "page191"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span>, son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, and, variously differenced, by +illegitimate descendants of <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles II.</span>—that is, it is borne at the +present day, <i>argent</i>, by the Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Buccleuch</span>; <i>ermine</i>, by the Duke of <span class += "smallcaps">Cleveland</span>; <i>componée arg. and az.</i>, by the +Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Grafton</span>; and, <i>gules charged +with three white roses</i>, by the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">St. +Albans.</span></p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig363" id = "fig363"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig363.png" width = "159" height = "188" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig364" id = "fig364"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig364.png" width = "164" height = "184" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 363.— Sir Roger de Clarendon.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 364.— Radolphus de Arundel.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Roger de Clarendon</span>, illegitimate +son of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, bore <i>on a +sable bend the three Ostrich Feathers</i> of his illustrious father’s +“<i>Shield of Peace</i>,” the field of his Shield being golden, as in +No. 363. Here the “Difference for Illegitimacy” is very emphatically +marked in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield.</p> + +<p>The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been +carried by them charged on a <i>canton</i>, either dexter or sinister, +the rest of the Shield being left blank, or perhaps in some cases +displaying the maternal arms; of this usage I am not able to give any +good example, in English Heraldry, of certain authority: one other +variety of these singular Shields, however, I must add to my small +group of examples, which was first noticed by Mr. <span class = +"smallcaps">Montagu</span> (“Guide to the Study of Heraldry,” p. 44). +This is the Shield, No. 364, of <span class = "smallcaps">Radolphus de +Arundel</span>; and it bears the quartered arms of the Earls of <span +class = "smallcaps">Arundel</span>—<i>Fitz Alan</i> and +<i>Warrenne</i> (<i>gu. a lion rampt. or</i>, and <a href = +"#fig68">No. 68</a>), “<i>flanched</i>,”—that is, blazoned only +upon the flanches (see <a href = "#fig141">No. 141</a>) of the Shield, +the central area being blank.</p> + +<p>For a lengthy period the use of the <i>bend</i>, <i>bendlet</i>, and +<i>baton sinister</i> was usual for the purpose of denoting +illegitimacy, but this has now given way to the use, in England, of a +<i>bordure wavy</i>; in Scotland, of a <i>bordure compony</i>; whilst in +Ireland both these <i>bordures</i> are used, more usually, however, the +<i>bordure wavy</i> being employed. By a curious divergence the +<i>bordure wavy</i> is not a mark of illegitimacy in Scotland, but a +mark of perfectly legitimate cadency. The use of the <i>bendlet +sinister</i> for the debruising of crests still exists in +<span class = "pagenum">192</span> +<a name = "page192" id = "page192"> </a> +England and Ireland, but crests are not usually differenced for any +reason in Scotland.</p> + +<p>In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained that the +<i>bordure componée</i> is, in its heraldic nature, the most decided and +unquestionable Difference for Illegitimacy: and this opinion these +writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact, that the +<span class = "smallcaps">Beauforts</span> differenced with a bordure +componée when they became legally <i>legitimate</i>. A bordure <ins +class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘componeé’">componée</ins> +<i>may</i>, indeed, be used with such an intention, as it is used by the +Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span>, who bears the arms of +<span class = "smallcaps">Charles II.</span> within a <i>bordure +componée arg. and gu., charged with eight roses of the last</i>; but by +the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauforts</span> it was used with an +intention exactly the reverse of this. The bordure, however, whatever +its aspect or modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of +old, an honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has been +associated with its presence under special circumstances. But the +stereotyped use of the <i>bordure wavy</i> in England with a set +meaning, gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability. Marks of +illegitimacy are intended to remain upon a shield for all time, although +in a few historic cases their use has been discarded. And precisely the +same words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed, or +may be required to mark Cadency.</p> + +<p>Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of Arms, may also be +charged on Badges, Crests, and Supporters. As a matter of course, they +appear on Armorial Banners and Standards under the same conditions that +they are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as may be +necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, I propose to +describe in the following Chapters.</p> + +<p>It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to +impress upon Students of Heraldry the importance of investigating early +Cadency, or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from +this inquiry: I may +<span class = "pagenum">193</span> +<a name = "page193" id = "page193"> </a> +suggest, however, that it is most desirable that Students should arrange +groups of allied Shields, and should carefully blazon them with their +various “Marks of Cadency,” being careful also to record their +authorities for every example.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modern Cadency</span> is marked by the +Label and by single small Charges, which take precedence in the +following order:—</p> + +<p>1. The <i>Label</i>, <a href = "#fig271">No. 271</a>.</p> + +<p>2. The <i>Crescent</i>, <a href = "#fig166">No. 166, <span class = +"smallroman">A</span></a>.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>Mullet</i>, <a href = "#fig278">No. 278</a>.</p> + +<p>4. The <i>Martlet</i>, <a href = "#fig161">No. 161</a>.</p> + +<p>5. The <i>Annulet</i>, <a href = "#fig154">No. 154</a>.</p> + +<p>6. The <i>Fleur de lys</i>, <a href = "#fig246">No. 246</a>.</p> + +<p>7. The <i>Rose</i>, <a href = "#fig298">No. 298</a>.</p> + +<p>8. The <i>Cross Moline</i>, <a href = "#fig99">No. 99</a>.</p> + +<p>9. The <i>Octofoil</i>, or <i>Double Quatrefoil</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig365" id = "fig365"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig365.png" width = "142" height = "142" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 365.— Seal of William Fraser: appended to Homage Deed, <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1295, preserved in H.M. Record +Office.</p> +</div> + +<p>When they are adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon +the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other conspicuous position: +one of these Marks also may be charged upon another, if +desired,—as a Martlet may be charged upon a Crescent to denote the +fourth son of a second son; and so in other cases.</p> + +<p>The Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">William Fraser</span>, No. 365, +from Mr. Laing’s Collection, exemplifies in a singular and interesting +manner the early use of a differenced Label. Here the Label appears, +without any Shield, borne as if it were a Badge: and it is charged, on +each of its three points, with two devices that have the appearance of +mullets of six points, but which really may be +<i>fraises</i>—strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser. (See +<a href = "#page182">pp. 182-185</a>.)</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">194</span> +<a name = "page194" id = "page194"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXIII" id = "chapXIII">CHAPTER XIII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">DIFFERENCING</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing +without any Alliance— Augmentation— Abatement.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification of +Coat-Armour, and the whole system of its early development, has been +strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory that have +satisfied recent generations of Englishmen.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Herald and Genealogist</span>, II. 32.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Differencing</span>, using the term here as +distinct from, or perhaps as not identical with, the subject of <span +class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>, includes not only the treatment of +Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, that denote and are based +upon <i>Feudal Alliance</i> or <i>Dependency</i>, but without +blood-relationship; but also implies a comprehensive system of +distinguishing similar Arms, when they are borne by individuals or +families between whom no kind of alliance is known to have existed. It +is evident, on the one hand, that a feudal influence would naturally +lead to some degree of assimilation to the Coat-Armour of the feudal +Chief, in the Arms of all allies and dependants: and, on the other hand, +it will readily be understood that, even in the early days of its +career, Heraldry would see the necessity for providing for the +constantly increasing demands upon its resources; and, consequently, +that it would organise a system which would enable the same Ordinaries +and the same principal Charges to appear in distinct Shields, without +either confusion or misapprehension.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">195</span> +<a name = "page195" id = "page195"> </a> +<p>It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to be certain, +that what I have called a “feudal influence,” in the thirteenth and +fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general +composition of Coats of Arms. In very many instances the working of this +influence is still palpable; and it is always interesting to the student +of Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the student of +History, to detect its presence and to explore its method of action. +Like Cadency, feudal Differencing is expressed by various means, all of +them indicating, in a greater or a less degree, the motive which +suggested their adoption. I proceed at once to examples, which +illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully, that +prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig366" id = "fig366"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig366.png" width = "154" height = "165" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 366.— Earl<br> +of Chester.</p> +</div> + +<p>Upon his Seal, <span class = "smallcaps">Ranulph de +Blondeville</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span> +(died in 1232) bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of +the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span> blazon the +Shield of the Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span> +as—<i>Az., three garbs or</i>, No. 366. This Shield has been +assigned to the Earls of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span> to +this day: and, in token of feudal alliance, from the middle of the +thirteenth century, “one or more garbs,” in the words of Mr. <span class += "smallcaps">Planché</span>, “are seen in the majority of Coats +belonging to the nobility and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester.” +Thus, since the year 1390, the arms of <span class = +"smallcaps">Grosvenor</span> have been—<i>Az., a garb +or</i>.</p> + +<p>A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a red Shield, was the +device of <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Fitz-Pernel</span>, Earl of +<span class = "smallcaps">Leicester</span>, who died in 1204. +Accordingly, the cinquefoil, derived from him, as early as the +thirteenth century, appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields +of many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, (<a href = +"#page183">page 183</a>) a <span class = +"smallcaps">Berkeley</span>, who was of Leicestershire, substituted +<span class = "pagenum">196</span> +<a name = "page196" id = "page196"> </a> +<i>ten cinquefoils</i> for the ten crosses patée of the Berkeley Shield; +and thus he combined feudal Differencing with Cadency.</p> + +<div class = "floatleft"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig367" id = "fig367"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig367.png" width = "173" height = "202" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 367.— Fitz Ralph.</p> +</div> + +<p>Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, charged upon a +golden field, or a gold chevron on a red field, is a sign of feudal +alliance with the great house of <span class = "smallcaps">De +Clare</span>, whose Shield was—<i>Or, three chevronels gu.</i>, +<a href = "#fig124">No. 124</a>. For example, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Fitz-Ralphs</span>, near neighbours of the De Clares at +Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield of the Earls by charging +<i>silver fleurs de lys</i> on each chevronel, as in No. 367 +(E. 2); and, for secondary difference, they sometimes added a +<i>bordure azure</i>, as in the fine early Brass at Pebmarsh, near +Clare. Again: by a change of tinctures, without affecting the charges of +the Shield, the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">L’Ercedeckne</span> +(now Archdeacon) are—<i>Arg., three chevronels sa.</i></p> + +<p>At Carlaverock, <span class = "smallcaps">Edmund de Hastings</span>, +brother of the Earl, bore—<i>Or, a maunche gu., with a label +of five points sa.</i>, the Earl himself bearing simply—<i>Or, +a maunche gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig276">No. 276</a>. And, close by +the side of <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond de Hastings</span> was his +friend and companion, the feudal ally, without doubt, of his house, +<span class = "smallcaps">John Paignel</span>, a very proper +comrade, as the chronicler testifies—</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“Un bacheler jolif et comté,”</p> +</div> + +<p>who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and +bore—<i>Vert, a maunche or</i>.</p> + +<p>The Shield of the noble house of <span class = "smallcaps">De +Luterell</span>, or <span class = "smallcaps">Loterel</span>, +I have blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing +that name (<a href = "#page182">page 182</a>), thus showing in what +manner they marked their Cadency. This same +<span class = "pagenum">197</span> +<a name = "page197" id = "page197"> </a> +shield, No. 368—<i>Or, a bend between six martlets sa.</i>, +was also differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance +with the house of Luterell. Thus, the <span class = "smallcaps">De +Furnivals</span>, themselves a powerful and distinguished family, who +held their lands by feudal tenure under the Luterells, in token of this +alliance bore the Shield of De Luterell with a fresh change of +tinctures; and, accordingly, the arms of the De Furnivals are well known +as—<i>Arg., a bend between six martlets gu.</i> Then, while +the <span class = "smallcaps">Furnivals</span>, for Cadency, differenced +these arms amongst themselves, <i>their</i> feudal allies and +dependants, the <span class = "smallcaps">Ecclesalls</span> or <span +class = "smallcaps">Ekeleshales</span>, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Mounteneys</span>, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Wadesles</span> or <span class = +"smallcaps">Wadsleys</span>, and the <span class = +"smallcaps">Worteles</span> or <span class = +"smallcaps">Wortleys</span>, all united in declaring their connection +with their chief by assuming arms founded upon the Furnival Coat. These +very interesting and characteristic examples of feudal Differencing are +well blazoned, as follows, in the Roll of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span> For <span class = "smallcaps">De +Ecclesall</span>—<i>Sa., a bend between six martlets or</i>: +for <span class = "smallcaps">De Mounteney</span>—<i>Gu., +a bend between six martlets or</i>: for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Wadsley</span>—<i>Arg., on a bend between six +martlets gu., three escallops or</i>, No. 369: and for <span class = +"smallcaps">De Wortley</span>—<i>Arg., on a bend between six +martlets gu., three bezants</i>, No. 370.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig368" id = "fig368"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig368.png" width = "161" height = "186" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig369" id = "fig369"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig369.png" width = "158" height = "185" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig370" id = "fig370"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig370.png" width = "162" height = "191" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 368.— De Luterell.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 369.— De Wadsley.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 370.— De Wortley.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Mounteneys</span> further difference +their common arms, for Cadency, after this manner. Instead of +<i>gules</i>, Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ernauf de Mounteney</span> +has the field of his shield <i>azure</i>, his bend and martlets being +<i>golden</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> bears these +same arms, but charges his bend with a <i>mullet gules</i>, No. 371: Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">T. de Mounteney</span> bears Sir John’s arms, +but with <i>a field gules</i>: +<span class = "pagenum">198</span> +<a name = "page198" id = "page198"> </a> +and another Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> cotises his bend +thus—<i>Gu., a bend cotised between six martlets or</i>, No. +372.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig371" id = "fig371"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig371.png" width = "160" height = "189" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig372" id = "fig372"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig372.png" width = "160" height = "188" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 371.— Sir John de Mounteney.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 372.— Sir John de Mounteney.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found to be +exemplified in Scottish Heraldry. “In Annandale,” writes Mr. <span class += "smallcaps">Seton</span>, “the chief and saltire of the Bruces are +carried (of different tinctures and with additional figures) by the +Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other families.” The arms of +<span class = "smallcaps">Bruce</span> are—<i>Or, a saltire +and a chief gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig73">No. 73</a>: those of <span class += "smallcaps">Jardine</span> are—<i>Arg., a saltire and a +chief gu., the latter charged with three mullets of the field, pierced +of the second</i>: and the arms of <span class = +"smallcaps">Kirkpatrick</span> are—<i>Arg., a saltire and +chief az., the latter charged with three cushions or</i>. This coat of +Kirkpatrick is also borne by the <span class = +"smallcaps">Johnstons</span>, the tinctures differenced +thus—<i>Arg., a saltire sa., and on a chief gu. three +cushions or</i>.</p> + +<p>Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish border, of +<span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Neville</span>, the renowned +“King-maker,” we find it to be recorded that, so great was his +popularity at Calais, of which city he was governor, that his Badges +were universally adopted,—“no man esteeming himself gallant whose +head was not adorned with his <i>silver ragged staff</i> (<a href = +"#fig294">No. 294</a>); nor was any door frequented, that had not his +<i>white cross</i> (silver saltire, <a href = "#fig121">No. 121</a>) +painted thereon.” This was an extravagant application of the earlier +usage in +<span class = "pagenum">199</span> +<a name = "page199" id = "page199"> </a> +denoting feudal alliance, such as was in keeping with the heraldic +sentiment of the second half of the fourteenth century. Those good +citizens of Calais, however, who were Neville-worshippers four hundred +years ago, were not singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the +entrance to their houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in various +parts of England, and particularly in the counties of Surrey, Sussex, +and Norfolk, which in the “sign of the chequers” still display the +insignia (<i>chequée or and az.</i>, <a href = "#fig68">No. 68</a>) of +the once mighty Earls of <span class = "smallcaps">Warrenne</span> and +<span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span>; and thus show that relics of +the old feudal influence are endowed with a tenacious vitality, which +prolongs their existence for ages after the feudal system itself has +passed away. But no doubt some cases must be referred to the less +romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the Steward.</p> + +<p>Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, <i>simply for the +sake of distinction</i>, lays open before the student of Heraldry a wide +and a diversified field of inquiry. All the miscellaneous charges that +are associated in blazon with the Ordinaries, and also with the +Subordinaries, thus are brought under consideration; and, without a +doubt, it was for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these +charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far some remote +degree of relationship, or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to +sight and forgotten, may originally have affected the choice of Charges +“for difference,” it is not possible now to determine; nor can we always +follow the rebus-loving search for a “Difference,” that might speak +through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the Herald’s +science. We do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different +families, without some heraldic Difference, was of very rare occurrence; +and that, when it did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and +on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy: and, further, +we find great numbers of early differenced +<span class = "pagenum">200</span> +<a name = "page200" id = "page200"> </a> +Shields, which illustrate in a very effective manner the growth and +development of English Heraldry. Shields of this order have strong +claims on our attention. The examples that I am able here to place +before students are to be regarded simply as specimens, few in number, +and yet sufficient to show some of the varied forms under which early +Differencing was effected.</p> + +<p>The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the suit between Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">Richard le Scrope</span> and Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>, relative to the right to the +Arms—<i>Azure, a bend or</i>, <a href = "#fig111">No. +111</a>—commenced on the 17th of August 1385, and the final +judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the defendant against +the finding of the Court was not pronounced till the 27th of May 1390. +On the 15th of May 1389 the judgment of the Court assigned the +arms—<i>Azure, a bend or</i>—to Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard le Scrope</span>; and to Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>, these arms—<i>Az., +a bend or, within a plain bordure argent</i>. Thus the Court +confirmed to Sir Richard le Scrope the right to bear the Ordinary in its +severe simplicity, without any other charge and without any Difference: +and, at the same time, it was decided that these arms of Scrope should +be differenced, in order that they might become the arms of Grosvenor, +and the “Difference” was to be a <i>plain silver bordure</i>. The whole +of the proceedings in this remarkable case are preserved, and have been +published; and they derive a peculiar interest from the circumstance, +that amongst the witnesses who gave evidence was the father of English +Poetry, <span class = "smallcaps">Geoffrey Chaucer</span>. Appeal having +been made to the Sovereign, <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span> determined that a “plain bordure +argent” was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and perfectly sufficient +as a Difference “between Cousin and Cousin in blood”; but that it was +“not a sufficient Difference in Arms between two strangers in blood in +one kingdom.” The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled the +<span class = "pagenum">201</span> +<a name = "page201" id = "page201"> </a> +sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he gave a very clear +definition of the distinction to be observed in Heraldry between kinsmen +and strangers in blood. Then it was that the Shield, <i>Azure, +a garb or</i>, was adopted as the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume, +that the judgment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King, +had Sir Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend +between two garbs, or charged with one or more garbs, or with three +garbs on a chief, or with any other decided Difference which would be +palpably distinct from a Mark of Cadency.</p> + +<p>The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I have selected from +the Roll of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward II.</span> It will be +seen that in each small group of these examples some primary feature of +the composition is common to every Shield, so that the distinction +between the Shields in each group is effected either by a simple change +of tinctures, or by the introduction of various secondary charges.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Chiefs.</span>—Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">John de Arderne</span>—<i>Gu., crusilée and a chief +or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas le +Rous</span>—<i>Erm., on a chief indented gu. two escallops +arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de +Clintone</span>—<i>Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or</i>, +<a href = "#fig74">No. 74</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de +Clintone</span>, of Maxtoke—<i>Arg., on a chief az. two mullets +or</i>, <a href = "#fig75">No. 75</a>: here the Difference denotes +Cadency as well as a distinct individuality.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bends.</span>—Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert Poutrel</span>.—<i>Or, on a bend az. three +fleurs de lys arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter de +Bermyngham</span>—<i>Arg., on a bend gu., cotised az., three +esallops or</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de +Bohun</span>—<i>Az., on a bend, cotised and between six lioncels +or, three escallops gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig321">No. 321</a>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fesses and Bars.</span>—Sir <span +class = "smallcaps">John de Dageworth</span>—<i>Erm., a fesse +gu. bezantée</i>, <a href = "#fig80">No. 80</a>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">G. de Wachesham</span>—<i>Arg., a fesse and in +chief three crescents gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Coleville</span>—<i>Or, a fesse gu., and in chief three +torteaux</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de +Geytone</span>—<i>Arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys +gu.</i> Sir +<span class = "pagenum">202</span> +<a name = "page202" id = "page202"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">G. de Ousflet</span>—<i>Arg., on a fesse +az. three fleurs de lys or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Lomelye</span> (Lumley)—<i>Gu., on a fesse between three popinjays +arg., as many mullets sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">B. +Badlesmere</span>—<i>Arg., a fesse between bars gemelles +gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de la Mere</span>—<i>Or, +a fesse between bars gemelles az.</i>, <a href = "#fig84">No. +84</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de +Preieres</span>—<i>Gu., a fesse between bars gemelles +arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Wake</span>—<i>Or, two +bars gu., in chief three torteaux</i>, <a href = "#fig82">No. 82</a>. +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">B. Pycot</span>—<i>Az., two bars or, +in chief three bezants</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Wedone</span>—<i>Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets +sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Bordet</span>—<i>Az., two +bars or, on the uppermost three martlets gu.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de Royinge</span>—<i>Arg., three bars and an orle +of martlets gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N. de +Estoteville</span>—<i>Barry arg. and gu., three lioncels sa.</i> +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Yngelfeld</span>—<i>Barrulée +arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">W. de Monecastre</span>—<i>Barrulée arg. and gu., on a +bend sa. three escallops or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T. de +Poninge</span>—<i>Barry or and vert, on a bend gu. three mullets +arg.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crosses.</span>—Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">N. de Weylande</span>—<i>Arg., on a cross gu. five +escallops or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. +Bygod</span>—<i>Or, on a cross gu. five escallops arg.</i> <ins +class = "correction" title = "text has ‘Sir.’">Sir</ins> <span class = +"smallcaps">Wm. Kirketot</span>—<i>Az., on a cross arg. five +escallops gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de +Berham</span>—<i>Sa., a cross between four crescents arg.</i> +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Bannebury</span>—<i>Arg., +a cross patée between four mullets gu.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">J. Randolf</span>—<i>Gu., on a cross arg. five mullets +sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de Durem</span>—<i>Arg., +on a cross gu. five fleurs de lys or</i>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">P. de Geytone</span>—<i>Arg., crusilée and three +fleurs de lys az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Hoftot</span>—<i>Az., a cross patée erm. between four roses +erm.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Chevrons.</span>—Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">G. Rossel</span>—<i>Or, a chevron az., between +three roses gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de +Cretinge</span>—<i>Arg., a chevron between three mullets +gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Malet</span>—<i>Sa., +a chevron between three buckles arg.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">T. de Anvers</span>—<i>Gu., a chevron between +three mullets or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de +Berkeroles</span>—<i>Az., a chevron between three crescents +or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">W. Bluet</span>—<i>Or, +a chevron between three eagles vert</i>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de Caple</span>—<i>Arg., a chevron gu. between +three torteaux</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T. +Malet</span>—<i>Sa., a chevron +<span class = "pagenum">203</span> +<a name = "page203" id = "page203"> </a> +between three buckles arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Peyvre</span>—<i>Arg., on a chevron az. three fleurs de lys +or</i>, <a href = "#fig125">No. 125</a>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de Boterels</span>—<i>Chequée or and gu., on a +chevron az. three horseshoes arg.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lions.</span>—The Earl of <span class += "smallcaps">Lincoln</span>—<i>Or, a lion rampt. purp.</i>, +<a href = "#fig194">No. 194</a>. The Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Arundel</span>—<i>Gu., a lion rampt. or</i>. Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>—<i>Or, a lion +rampt. az.</i>, <a href = "#fig196">No. 196</a>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">John Mowbray</span>—<i>Gu., a lion rampt. +arg.</i>, <a href = "#fig193">No. 193</a>. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de Sottone</span> (Sutton)—<i>Or, a lion +rampt. vert</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de +Nortone</span>—<i>Vert, a lion rampt. or</i>. Sir <span class += "smallcaps">W. Fauconberg</span>—<i>Arg., a lion rampt. +az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de +Hautville</span>—<i>Sa., crusilée, a lion rampt. arg.</i> Sir +—— <span class = "smallcaps">de +Mountfort</span>—<i>Arg., crusilée gu., a lion rampt. az.</i> +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. Maufee</span>—<i>Arg., semée of +escallops gu., a lion rampt. sa.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">J. de Creppinge</span>—<i>Gu., billetée or, +a lion rampt. arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de +Asscheby</span>—<i>Arg., a lion rampt. sa. billetée or</i>. +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de Deyville</span>—<i>Gu., semée +de lys, a lion +<span class = "pagenum">204</span> +<a name = "page204" id = "page204"> </a> +rampt. arg.</i> <i>Arg., within a bordure gu. bezantée, a lion +rampt. sa.</i>, for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T. de +Pickering;</span> and, <i>Arg., within an orle of roses gu., a lion +rampt. sa.</i>, for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Pierpound</span>, +both apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>, which also +is blazoned in this Roll. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Le +Strange</span>—<i>Gu., two lions pass. arg.</i>, <a href = +"#fig191">No. 191</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de +Someri</span>—<i>Or, two lions pass. az.</i> Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">R. de St. Waly</span>—<i>Or, two lions pass. gu.</i> +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N. Carru</span> (Carew)—<i>Or, three +lions pass. sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. +Giffard</span>—<i>Gu., three lions pass. arg.</i>, <a href = +"#fig192">No. 192</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. le Fitz +Payn</span>—<i>Gu., three lions pass. arg., over all a bendlet +az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de Canvyle</span>—<i>Az., +three lions pass arg.</i> In the beautiful chantry of Abbot <span class += "smallcaps">Thomas Ramryge</span>, at St. Albans, one of the large +sculptured Shields is charged with a lion rampant within what may be +considered to be an <i>orle of roses</i>—the arms, as I have just +shown, assigned in the Roll of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span> to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. +Pierpound.</span> This Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself +from the original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in +No. 373.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig373" id = "fig373"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig373.png" width = "262" height = "381" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 373.— At St. Albans.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Augmentation</span>, or <span class = +"smallcaps">Augmentation of Honour</span>, is a term employed to denote +an addition to a Shield of arms, specially granted by the Sovereign to +commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral +element of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions will be +found marshalled in the forms of Chiefs and Inescutcheons as Cantons, or +as Quarterings; or they may assume the character of additional charges. +Also, this same term denotes similar additions of Crests, Badges, or any +other accessories of Shields.</p> + +<p>The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Wellington</span>, a most honourable exception to the +prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of the period in which it was +granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic and expressive qualities is +second to no other example of its own class and order. This true +Augmentation of Honour is the <i>National +<span class = "pagenum">205</span> +<a name = "page205" id = "page205"> </a> +Device of the British Empire</i>, as it is blazoned in the “Union Jack,” +charged upon an inescutcheon, and displayed upon the honour point of the +Duke’s paternal Shield.</p> + +<p>An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is borne in +the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Howard</span>. These Arms before +the battle of Flodden were—<i>Gu., a bend between six crosses +crosslets fitchée arg.</i> To commemorate the great victory won by him +at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, when <span class = +"smallcaps">James IV.</span> of Scotland was defeated and slain, +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span> granted to <span class += "smallcaps">Thomas Howard</span>, Duke of Norfolk, and to his +descendants, as an Augmentation of Honour, the <i>Royal Shield of +Scotland</i> (<a href = "#fig138">No. 138</a>), <i>but having a +demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow</i>, to +be borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms. This Shield is +represented in No. 374; and in No. 374<span class = +"smallroman">A</span> the augmentation is shown on a larger scale.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig374" id = "fig374"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig374.png" width = "155" height = "173" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig374a" id = "fig374a"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig374a.png" width = "87" height = "100" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 374.— Howard, after Flodden.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 374<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.—The Howard +Augmentation.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate +this most interesting class of historical Arms, and at the same time +will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend +the series through their own inquiries and researches. In memory of the +devoted courage and all-important services of <span class = +"smallcaps">Jane Lane</span>, after the disastrous battle of Worcester, +<span class = "smallcaps">Charles II.</span> granted as an +Augmentation a <i>Canton of England</i> (<a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a> +marshalled on a canton), to be added to the hereditary Coat of Lane, +<span class = "pagenum">206</span> +<a name = "page206" id = "page206"> </a> +which is—<i>Per fesse or and az., a chevron gu. between three +mullets counterchanged</i>. The Crest of the family of <span class = +"smallcaps">De la Bere</span> is said to have been conferred by the +<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> upon <span class = +"smallcaps">Sir Richard de la Bere</span>, as a memorial of the good +service rendered by that gallant knight on the memorable field of +Cressi. This Crest is—<i>Out of a crest-coronet a plume of five +ostrich feathers per pale arg. and az.</i>, the Plantagenet +colours—the device (as Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">Lower</span> +observes) being evidently derived from the Prince’s own Badge, and also +forming a variety of the “panache,” the Crest then held in such high +estimation. The heart charged upon the shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Douglas</span> (see Nos. <a href = "#fig156">156</a>, +<a href = "#fig157">157</a>, p. 74) is another remarkable Augmentation. So +also is the adoption of the armorial insignia of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Confessor</span>, <a href = "#fig2">No. 2</a>, by <span +class = "smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, and his marshalling it upon +his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the quartered arms of +France and England.</p> + +<p>English Heraldry has been required to recognise another and a +perfectly distinct class of “Augmentations,” which consist of additions +to the blazonry of a Shield or of additional quarterings or accessories, +granted as tokens of Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any +particular “merit” in the receiver, or any special historical +significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may be +considered to have been first introduced by <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, when he granted, “out of his mere +grace,” to his favourite <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de +Vere</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Oxford</span>, Marquess +of <span class = "smallcaps">Dublin</span> and Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>, a differenced Coat of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. Edmund</span> (No. <a href = +"#fig3">3</a>)—<i>Az., three crowns or, within a bordure +argent</i>, to be quartered with the <span class = "smallcaps">De +Vere</span> arms as the arms of <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>. In the same spirit, <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span> granted, as similar Augmentations, +the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Confessor</span> to be +marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">John +Holland</span>, Dukes of <span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span> and +<span class = "smallcaps">Exeter</span>, and by <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>. It will be remembered that it was one of the +capital charges against the +<span class = "pagenum">207</span> +<a name = "page207" id = "page207"> </a> +then Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span>, a lineal +descendant of this <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, the +Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, in 1546, that he had +assumed, without the special licence of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, the same arms of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Confessor</span> as an augmentation.</p> + +<p>By <span class = "smallcaps">Edward IV.</span> similar +augmentations, “by grace” and not “for merit,” were granted; and by +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span> the system was carried +to excess in the grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of <span +class = "smallcaps">Anne Boleyn</span>, and of his English consorts, her +successors.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Abatement</span> is a term which was +unknown until it made its appearance in certain heraldic writings of the +sixteenth century, when it was used to denote such marks or devices as, +by the writers in question, were held to be the reverse of honourable +Augmentation—<i>Augmentations of dishonour</i> indeed, and tokens +of degradation. True Heraldry refuses to recognise all such pretended +abatements, for the simple reason that they never did exist, and if they +could exist at all, they would be in direct antagonism to its nature, +its principles, and its entire course of action. Honourable itself, +Heraldry can give expression only to what conveys honour, and it records +and commemorates only what is to be honoured and held in esteem.</p> + +<p>The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a complete +ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the +office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what +is, and what ought to be esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily +accept insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon his +Shield, and transmit them to his descendants? And the believers in +Abatement must hold that Heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative +power, which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force +him to exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such blazonry. +A belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by no means singular or +rare. A curious example of its +<span class = "pagenum">208</span> +<a name = "page208" id = "page208"> </a> +existence was recently brought under my notice, in connection with one +of the most renowned of the historical devices of English Heraldry. The +<i>bear</i>, the badge of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, which appears at the feet of the effigy of +Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span> in the Beauchamp chapel at +Warwick, in accordance with a special provision to that effect, is +“<i>muzzled</i>”; and, wearing a muzzle has this bear been borne, as +their Badge, by the successors of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span> in the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the +houses of <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Dudley</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Rich</span>, and +<span class = "smallcaps">Greville</span>. But, it would seem that a +legend has found credence at Warwick Castle itself, which would +associate the muzzle of the bear with some dishonourable action of an +Earl of the olden time; and, consequently, it was proposed that at +length this Abatement should be removed from the bears still at Warwick! +Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span> was not +exactly the man to have displayed upon <i>his</i> bear any ensign of +dishonour; nor were his son-in-law, the “King-maker,” and Queen <span +class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth’s</span> <span class = "smallcaps">Robert +Dudley</span>, at all more probable subjects for any similar display; +still, it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear, as he +appears on the seal of the great Earl, <a href = "#fig448">No. +448</a>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> +That muzzle, doubtless, has its becoming heraldic significance, without +in the slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an +Abatement. I hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively +what the muzzle may really imply, and I commend the research to other +inquirers: meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor elsewhere is there any such +thing as “Abatement” in English Heraldry.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a> +See Frontispiece.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">209</span> +<a name = "page209" id = "page209"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXIV" id = "chapXIV">CHAPTER XIV</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">CRESTS</span></h4> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“On high their glittering crests they toss.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p class = "half"> +“Then he bound</p> +<p>Her token on his helmet.”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Elaine.</span></p> +</div> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">The</span> idea of a <span class = +"smallcaps">Crest</span>, of some accessory specially designed to form +its crowning adornment, appears inseparable from the existence and use +of a Helm. The Warriors and Warrior Divinities of classic antiquity are +represented to us, wearing head-pieces richly crested: and, in the +Middle Ages, had no other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly +ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets, and +these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour. +Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became hereditary, having +been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science, +heraldic Crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most +exalted dignity by the mediæval chivalry.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig375" id = "fig375"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig375.png" width = "150" height = "119" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig376" id = "fig376"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig376.png" width = "117" height = "134" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig377" id = "fig377"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig377.png" width = "89" height = "135" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 375.— Richard I.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 376.— Henry de Perci.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 377.— Henry de Laci.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Upon the Second Great Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard I.</span> the cylindrical helm of the King +appears surmounted by a kind of +<span class = "pagenum">210</span> +<a name = "page210" id = "page210"> </a> +cap or fan charged with a lion passant, the whole being arched over by a +radiated ornament somewhat resembling a displayed fan, as in No. 375. +Similar Crests, somewhat modified in their details, are represented in +other seals of the same era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf +is sometimes associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of Baron <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry de Perci</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1300. Similar ornaments were also placed by the +knights of those ages upon the heads of their chargers. The seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Laci</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lincoln</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1272, +shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of the Earl, No. 377, and the +head of his war-horse. Another equally characteristic example is the +Seal +<span class = "pagenum">211</span> +<a name = "page211" id = "page211"> </a> +of <span class = "smallcaps">Alexander de Balliol</span>, No. 378, +appended to the “General Release” given by <span class = +"smallcaps">John Balliol</span> to <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, 2nd January, 1292: it will be +observed that this knight displays the arms of his house, <a href = +"#fig134">No. 134</a>, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to the +Fan-Crest, upon the barding of his charger. Again I am indebted to the +kindness and liberality of Mr. Laing for the use of his admirable +woodcut of this fine and interesting seal.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig378" id = "fig378"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig378.png" width = "350" height = "473" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 378.— Seal of Alexander de Balliol, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1292.</p> + +<p>The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the +middle of the fourteenth century; unless, indeed, some veritable “lady’s +favour” were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was Sir <span +class = "smallcaps">Launcelot</span>, who, on a memorable +day,—</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“Wore, against his wont, upon his helm</p> +<p>A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls,</p> +<p>Some gentle maiden’s gift.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig379" id = "fig379"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig379.png" width = "271" height = "177" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 379.— Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster.</p> + +<p>The seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, second Earl of +<span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1320, gives an excellent example both of such +figures as were beginning at that early time to supersede the +Fan-Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379. About this same period +the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall spikes, one on each side +of the Crest, upon the helm, probably intended in the first instance to +display the contoise. These singular spikes may have been derived by the +English Heralds from their brethren of Germany, who +<span class = "pagenum">212</span> +<a name = "page212" id = "page212"> </a> +delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as Crests, or as +the accessories of Crests, small banners displayed from staves set erect +and surmounted by spear-heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are very +frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets: and, +sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands between horns shaped like +two elephant’s trunks (for which they have often been mistaken by +English Heralds), placed in the same erect position, and, like the +trumpets, so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved +outline of a classic lyre. The helm of Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Geoffrey Luterell</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345, No. 380, drawn from a celebrated +illumination, between the tall spikes has a late example of the +Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the practice sometimes adopted of charging +armorial insignia upon Crests of this fan form. The Arms of +Luterell—<i>Or, a bend and six martlets sa.</i>—were +borne by Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Geoffrey</span> thus differenced +(E. 2)—<i>Az., a bend and six martlets arg.</i> A pair +of lofty upright wings +<span class = "pagenum">213</span> +<a name = "page213" id = "page213"> </a> +were held in much esteem in the Heraldry of both England and Scotland, +to form the accessories of Crests. The Seal of Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert de Marny</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1366, No. 381, shows his armorial +shield—<i>Gu., a lion rampant arg.</i>, suspended from a +tree, between two crested helms, the crest in both cases being a +<i>winged chapeau</i>, having the wings very tall and very slender.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig380" id = "fig380"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig380.png" width = "119" height = "310" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig381" id = "fig381"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig381.png" width = "201" height = "203" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 380.— Helm and Crest of Sir Geoffrey Luterell: <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 381.— Seal of Sir Robert de Marny, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1366.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been identical with +the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, or they have repeated the +principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory: +but, more generally, Crests have been altogether distinct. The Dragon +and the Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in <a href = "#fig315">No. +315</a>, are amongst the earliest figures that were borne as Crests in +England. Other early Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and assumed for +the first time by an English Sovereign by <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>; and the Eagle, borne by the same +Prince. Various devices and figures are found gradually to have been +added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and peculiarly appropriate +<i>Panache</i> soon joined them, with the heads of various animals and +other creatures: and, as the fourteenth century advances, the +<i>Crest-Coronet</i>, <a href = "#fig232">No. 232</a>, the +<i>Crest-Wreath</i>, <a href = "#fig233">No. 233</a>, and the +<i>Chapeau</i>, <a href = "#fig224">No. 224</a>, assume their places in +connection with Crests; and the <i>Mantling</i> falls in rich folds from +them, covering the back of the Helm. In the succeeding century, with +Helms less dignified in form, but more elaborately enriched, and with +strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become considerably larger in +their proportions; and they often are extravagant in their character, +devices constantly being assumed and borne as Crests, which are no less +inconsistent with true heraldic feeling, than with the peculiar +conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic Crests. The Crest +of the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, <a href = +"#fig301">No. 301</a>, is far from being one of the most inconsistent +devices that were intended to be worn +<span class = "pagenum">214</span> +<a name = "page214" id = "page214"> </a> +upon helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, every really +consistent Crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually +worn upon his helm, by a mediæval knight, with dignity and with a happy +effect.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig382" id = "fig382"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig382.png" width = "213" height = "215" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 382.— Seal of William de Wyndesor.</p> + +<p>Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable numbers, and +they show much variety of treatment. <a href = "#fig285">No. 285</a>, +already given at page 142, shows a Panache of several heights of +feathers, the general outline having an oval contour. In <a href = +"#fig283">No. 283</a>, from the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward +de Courtenay</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Devon</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1372, there are three heights of +feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the Seal of <span +class = "smallcaps">William le Latimer</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1415, gives the peculiar Panache, with the no +less peculiar variety of mantling, shown in <a href = "#fig284">No. +284</a>. A Panache of ample proportions, and of exceedingly +graceful form, is represented in the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">William de Wyndesor</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1381. The comparatively small size of the +armorial Shield, as it generally appears when introduced into the +composition of Seals in the fourteenth century, is shown in a striking +manner in this same example, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly +enlarged, in order to show the device more clearly: the arms +are—<i>Gu., a saltire or</i>. Other fine examples of +Panache-Crests may be seen in the effigies of Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard de Pembridge</span>, K.G., <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1375, in Hereford Cathedral; of Sir <span class += "smallcaps">Robert de +<span class = "pagenum">215</span> +<a name = "page215" id = "page215"> </a> +Marmion</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400, at +Tanfield, Yorkshire; and of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas +Arderne</span>, about the same date, at Elford, in Staffordshire. The +very fine effigy of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Edward de +Thorpe</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1418, at +Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare beauty of form, with a rich +mantling, and a most graceful Panache of peacock’s feathers; and +peacock’s feathers also form the Panache of Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Ferrers</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Chartley</span>, +in his Brass, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1425, at Merevale, +in Warwickshire. And, once more, upon the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas de Hatfield</span>, Bishop of Durham, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345, the Panache rises from the episcopal +mitre, after the same manner as it does in No. 383 from a Coronet.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig383" id = "fig383"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig383.png" width = "177" height = "207" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 383.— Crest of Sir Richard Grey, K.G., <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1420.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another episcopal Seal, that of Bishop <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry le Despencer</span>, <a href = "#fig351">No. 351</a>, +shows a Shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest, the +latter being the favourite device of a gryphon’s head between two tall +upright wings. The Seals of the <span class = +"smallcaps">FitzAlans</span>, Earls of Arundel, and the Seal of <span +class = "smallcaps">John Tiptoft</span>, Earl of Worcester, may be +specified as displaying fine examples of the same Crest. With them may +be grouped the Crest of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard +Grey</span>, K.G., Lord Grey of Codnor, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1420—<i>A peacock’s head and neck, +between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their pens</i> (quills) +<i>arg.</i>, No. 383, from the Garter-plate at Windsor. This Crest rises +from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on their helms by noblemen in the +time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span></p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig384" id = "fig384"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig384.png" width = "169" height = "172" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 384.— Helm, Crest, Mantling, and Badge of Richard II., from +Westminster Hall.</p> +</div> + +<p>The use of the <i>Chapeau</i>, or Cap of Estate, instead of a +Crest-Coronet, to support a Crest upon a helm, I have already +illustrated with Nos. <a href = "#fig198">198</a> and <a href = +"#fig199">199</a>, severally the Lion-Crests of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> and of his son <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span> Like <a href = "#fig199">No. +199</a>, No. 384 is from one of the unrivalled series of helms +sculptured in Westminster Hall, +<span class = "pagenum">216</span> +<a name = "page216" id = "page216"> </a> +with the Crest and Ostrich-feather Badge of King <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span> In both of these examples the +adjustment of the <i>Mantling</i> is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are +those borne by the great families of <span class = +"smallcaps">Howard</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span>, +severally Dukes of Norfolk and Northumberland. The <span class = +"smallcaps">Howard</span> lion, originally granted by <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span> to <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas +Mowbray</span>, Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, is <i>a lion statant guardant, his tail +extended or, and ducally gorged arg.</i>: the <span class = +"smallcaps">Percy</span> lion is <i>statant, his tail extended or</i>: +each lion stands upon a chapeau. The Lion-Crest of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, being charged with the <i>silver +Label</i> (which he may be said to wear after the fashion of a collar), +exemplifies the prevailing practice of <i>differencing Crests with marks +of Cadency</i>. Crests admit every variety of Difference: and Mantlings +also are frequently differenced with small charges, or with badges; as +in the Garter-plate of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John +Beaumont</span>, K.G., and in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry Bourchier</span>, K.G., Earl of <span +class = "smallcaps">Essex</span>.</p> + +<p>The <i>Crest-Wreath</i> first appears about the middle of the +fourteenth century. The earliest example to which I can refer is +represented in the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Hugh +Hastings</span>, at Elsyng, in Norfolk, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347. In this most remarkable engraven +memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is surmounted by a helm +with mantling, wreath, and the crest of <span class = +"smallcaps">Hastings</span>—<i>a bull’s head sable</i>; No. 385. +In the effigy of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Pembridge</span>, +K.G., already noticed, the date of which is 1375, the crest is united to +the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a wreath formed +of a band of four-leaved flowers. A little later, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1384, at Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of +Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John Harsyck</span> has a +<span class = "pagenum">217</span> +<a name = "page217" id = "page217"> </a> +Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted as in No. +386. In the second half of the next century, amongst many good examples +of Crest-Wreaths I select as typical specimens those which appear in the +Brasses to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William Vernon</span>, <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No. 386; +and to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Harcourt</span>, K.G., No. +387, at Staunton Harcourt, Oxfordshire.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3"> +<a name = "fig385" id = "fig385"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig385.png" width = "112" height = "207" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig386" id = "fig386"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig386.png" width = "134" height = "32" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig387" id = "fig387"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig387.png" width = "175" height = "35" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig388" id = "fig388"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig388.png" width = "154" height = "35" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 385.— Crested Helm<br> +of Sir Hugh Hastings; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 386, 387, and 388.<br> +Crest-Wreaths.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last examples, and now +almost universally used in representations of such Crests as are without +the Crest-Coronet and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been +derived from the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would seem, formed +of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in jewelled or enamelled +goldsmith’s work, that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets. +These wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both +sculptured and engraven; and they are shown to have been worn either +flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in No. 389. These two +examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey +Church, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1365, and of Sir +<span class = "smallcaps">Humphrey Stafford</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1450, at Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The +enamelled effigy of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">William de +Valanece</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296, at +Westminster, has a +<span class = "pagenum">218</span> +<a name = "page218" id = "page218"> </a> +wreath of delicate workmanship in relief, which once was set with real +or imitative jewels.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig389" id = "fig389"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig389.png" width = "178" height = "242" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 389.— Basinet with Crest-Wreath,<br> +Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1450.</p> + +<p>For many years after their first appearance, heraldic Crests were +regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate; and it was not +till a considerably later period that the right to bear a Crest came to +be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms. Still later, when +they were granted with Coat-Armour to corporate bodies, communities, and +institutions, Crests altogether lost their original significance; and +they became, in their use, Badges in everything except the habit of +placing them, with their accessories of Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of +Chapeau and Mantling, upon representations of helms.</p> + +<p>When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly constructed of +some very light materials. It is probable that <i>cuir bouilli</i> +(boiled leather), the decorative capabilities of which were so well +understood by mediæval artists, was generally employed.</p> + +<p>It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal bearings only; +and, therefore, not hereditary, though capable of being bequeathed or +granted by their possessors. This theory is not sustained by early or +general usage; and, +<span class = "pagenum">219</span> +<a name = "page219" id = "page219"> </a> +accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, as is +Coat-Armour.</p> + +<p>It is evident that as one person may inherit, and therefore may +quarter, two or more Coats of Arms, so the same person might claim to +bear <i>two or more Crests</i> by a similar right of inheritance. This +in early times resulted in selection because no early British precedent +exists for the simultaneous display of <i>two</i> Crests. But it was +soon recognised that as no woman could bear a Crest, she ought not to +transmit one, and the idea of the inheritance of the Crest with a +quartering from a female ancestress ceased. At the present day, several +Crests, each with its own helm and mantling, are occasionally +represented above a Shield of arms: but, in England, by strict heraldic +rule, two (or more than two) Crests can be borne by one individual, only +when he has obtained the Royal licence to bear and use the <i>Surname +and Arms</i> of another family <i>in addition</i> to those of his own +family, or, by a special grant from the Crown.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">220</span> +<a name = "page220" id = "page220"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXV" id = "chapXV">CHAPTER XV</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">BADGES</span></h4> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Might I but know thee by thy household Badge!” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Henry VI.</i>, <i>Part 2</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +A <span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, like a Coat of Arms, is an +armorial ensign that is complete in itself, and possesses a definite +signification of its own. In use with a decided heraldic significance +long before the adoption of systematic Heraldry, Badges have always held +a conspicuous position in the estimation of Heralds. A Badge +resembles any single charge in Heraldry, in being a figure or device +that is assumed as the distinctive cognisance of a particular individual +or family: but, unlike a charge, it may be borne by itself, without any +Shield, and also without any accompanying accessory, with the exception, +in some instances, of a <i>Motto</i> (See “Motto,” <a href = +"#page138">p. 138</a>). Badges, however, are found depicted on roundels +of the livery, and upon Standards, and for decorative purposes are often +depicted upon mantlings. It will be evident that a Badge may be the very +same figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered that a +Badge always differs from a Crest, in usually being altogether without +crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having no connection whatever +with the knightly helm. There was, however, a period in which the +Badge was much confused with the Crest, which has resulted in many +devices which are really Crests being officially recorded as Badges.</p> + +<p>After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were generally +used to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in +<span class = "pagenum">221</span> +<a name = "page221" id = "page221"> </a> +reference either to some family or feudal alliance, or to indicate some +territorial rights or pretensions. Very many Badges are allusive, and +consequently they are <i>Rebuses</i> (see “Rebus,” <a href = +"#page146">p. 146</a>). Some are taken from the charges of the bearer’s +Shield, or they have a more or less direct reference to those charges. +Some trace of Marshalling or of feudal Difference may constantly be +observed in Badges; and even where the motive for the selection of +certain devices has not been discovered, it may fairly be assumed that a +good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become obscured or +been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the same personage or family to +use more than one Badge; and, on the other hand, two or more Badges were +often borne in combination, to form a single compound device, as in Nos. +<a href = "#fig235">235</a> and <a href = "#fig270">270</a>. The +<i>ragged staff</i>, in like manner, <a href = "#fig294">No. 294</a>, +and the <i>bear</i>, both of them Badges of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, Earls of <span class = +"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, were sometimes united to form a single +Badge, and by the successors of that great family the “bear and ragged +staff” were generally borne as a single device. (See <a href = +"#fig448">No. 448</a>, and <a href = "#page319">p. 319</a>.)</p> + +<p>Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in the fourteenth, +fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of the first class, well known +as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses, were +borne by all the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of +those personages and houses: and they were so borne by them, and they +were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose, +because they were <i>known and understood</i>; and, consequently, +because the presence of these Badges would cause all persons and objects +bearing them to be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of +these most useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to +the action and the influence of true Heraldry, without infringing in the +slightest degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the +Coat-Armour of a noble or +<span class = "pagenum">222</span> +<a name = "page222" id = "page222"> </a> +a gentle house. In the words which <span class = +"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span> teaches <span class = +"smallcaps">Clifford</span> to address to <span class = +"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, “Might I but know thee by thy household +Badge!” it is implied that all the followers of Warwick were well known +by his “household Badge,” which was displayed by them all, while some +other insignia were worn by the great Earl upon his own person.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lower has remarked (“Curiosities of Heraldry,” p. 145) that +“something analogous to the fashion” of embroidering the household +Badges of their lords “upon the sleeves or breasts” of the dependants of +great families in the olden times, “is retained in the Crest which +adorns the buttons of our domestic servants.” The accomplished writer +might have added that, in thus employing <i>Crests</i> to discharge +<i>Badge</i>-duties, we are content to indulge a love for heraldic +display without observing becoming heraldic distinctions. Crested livery +buttons are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances—even the +head of a house himself, if he were a Herald, would not display his +Crest, as a Crest, upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself. +Crests are to be borne on helms, or represented as being borne on helms: +Badges are decorative insignia, and fulfil with consistent significance +their own distinct and appropriate functions.</p> + +<p>Badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively +by the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them, often for +temporary use only, and generally with some subtle or latent +significance, which had been studiously rendered difficult to be +detected, and dubious in its application.</p> + +<p>These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite +curiosity than to secure recognition, must be regarded for the most part +as the expressions of heraldic revelry—as the fantasies and +eccentricities of an age, which loved to combine quaint conceits and +symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence. +Accordingly, +<span class = "pagenum">223</span> +<a name = "page223" id = "page223"> </a> +Badges of this order are found generally to have been assumed on the +occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the masques, and other pageants +that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of elaborate and +brilliant splendour.</p> + +<p>The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is exactly in +keeping with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and +eminent distinction to appear in public, on occasions of high festivity, +bearing the arms of some friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own. +A mark of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be +conferred, when a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display upon his own +person the armory of some honoured subject or comrade. <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> delighted thus to honour the most +distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. For example, in or +about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes were celebrated at Lichfield with +great splendour, the jousters consisting of the <span class = +"smallcaps">King</span> and seventeen Knights, and the Earl of <span +class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span> and thirteen Knights. +A conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the King’s +daughter <span class = "smallcaps">Isabelle</span>, afterwards Countess +of <span class = "smallcaps">Bedford</span>, and by six Ladies of high +rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore blue dresses and white +hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of +the Knights, together with various masks or vizors. On this occasion, +the <span class = "smallcaps">King</span> himself over his armour wore a +surcoat with the Arms of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas de +Bradestone</span>. These Arms in a Roll of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> are blazoned as—<i>Arg., on a +canton gu. a rose or</i> (see <i>Archæologia</i>, xxxi., pp. 40 and +118). On another occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury, <span class += "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> “is said to have given eight +harnesses, worked with the arms of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Stephen +de Cosynton</span> (<i>az., three roses arg.</i>), to the <span class = +"smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>, the Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and six other Knights.” In the same +spirit, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>, Earl of +<span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, at a great festival of arms +held at Calais under +<span class = "pagenum">224</span> +<a name = "page224" id = "page224"> </a> +his presidency, on the first day entered the lists decorated with the +arms of his ancestor the Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Toney</span>: on +the second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap: and, on the third day, “he +appeared as the Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, +quartering Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and Toney, on his trappings; his +vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm enriched with pearls and +precious stones.” In such times, Badges of curious device and occult +signification could not fail to enjoy a popularity, not the less decided +because of the restricted use and exclusive character of the Badges +themselves.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig390" id = "fig390"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig390.png" width = "146" height = "216" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig391" id = "fig391"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig391.png" width = "276" height = "302" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 390.— Secretum of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick; <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 391.— Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G., <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1425.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Examples of Badges</span>, such as are +distinctive, and consequently of the class that I have first described. +The Badges of <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> are a <i>silver +crescent</i> and a <i>double manacle</i>: of <span class = +"smallcaps">Howard</span>, a <i>white lion</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Pelham</span>, <i>a buckle</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, a <i>red heart</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Scrope</span>, a <i>Cornish chough</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Clinton</span>, a <i>golden mullet</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Talbot</span>, a <i>hound</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Bohun</span>, a <i>white swan</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Hungerford</span>, a <i>sickle</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Peverel</span>, a <i>garb</i>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Stourton</span>, a <i>golden “drag” or sledge</i>. The +various “Knots,” described and illustrated in <a href = "#chapX">Chapter +X.</a>, Nos. <a href = "#fig219">219</a>, <a href = "#fig235">235</a>, +<a href = "#fig263">263</a>, <a href = "#fig270">270</a>, <a href = +"#fig274">274</a>, <a href = "#fig304">304</a>, <a href = "#fig313">and +313</a>, are Badges. The <i>bear and ragged staff</i> of the <span class += "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, and, after them, of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Nevilles</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Dudleys</span>, I have already noticed. Seals +frequently have Badges introduced upon them, in very early times, by +themselves, the Badge in each case constituting the device of the Seal +(see <a href = "#page193">p. 193</a>). The Secretum or private Seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Carrick</span>, the father of the King, appended to the +homage-deed extorted by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span> +from the Scottish nobles, is a good example, No. 390: this is another of +Mr. Laing’s beautiful woodcuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals +in association with Shields of arms. Thus, a Seal of one of the +<span class = "smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1430, has a mermaid on each side of an armorial +shield. Two other examples of this kind I have already given: No. 318, +the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Joan de Barre</span>, which is +charged with the <i>castle</i> and <i>lion</i> of Castile +<span class = "pagenum">225</span> +<a name = "page225" id = "page225"> </a> +and Leon, as Badges: and <a href = "#fig321">No. 321</a>, the Seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de Bohun</span>, charged, about the +Shield, with the Bohun <i>Swan</i>. On his Seal, No. 391, Sir <span +class = "smallcaps">Walter de Hungerford</span>, K.G., Lord of <span +class = "smallcaps">Heytesbury</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Homet</span> (the latter a Norman barony), displays his own +Badge, the <i>sickle</i>, in happy alliance with the <i>garb</i> of +Peverel (borne by him in right of his wife, <span class = +"smallcaps">Catherine</span>, daughter and co-heir of <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas Peverel</span>), to form his Crest. The Crest, it +will be observed, in No. 391, is <i>a garb between two sickles</i>. The +Shield of Hungerford only—<i>sa. two bars arg., and in chief three +plates</i>, is also placed between <i>two sickles</i>. Two banners, +denoting important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remarkable +composition: the banner to the dexter, for Heytesbury, +bears—<i>per pale indented gu. and vert., a chevron or</i>; +and that to the sinister, for Hussy—<i>barry of six erm. and +gu.</i> Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Hungerford</span> died in 1449, +and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert de Hungerford</span>. The Seal of this Sir Robert, +used by +<span class = "pagenum">226</span> +<a name = "page226" id = "page226"> </a> +him during the lifetime of his father, precisely the same in its +heraldic composition as his father’s Seal, is remarkable from having +<i>each of its four sickles differenced with an ermine-spot upon the +blade</i>, to mark Cadency; and also, with the same motive, it shows +that a label of three points was charged upon the Shield, and upon each +of the two banners; No. 392.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig392" id = "fig392"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig392.png" width = "314" height = "315" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 392.— Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford: before <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1449.</p> + +<p>Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, <i>sickles</i> were borne, +as one of their Badges, by the great family of <span class = +"smallcaps">Courtenay</span>. They appear, with a <i>dolphin</i>, +a <i>tau cross</i>, and this same <i>tau-cross</i> having <i>a +bell</i> attached to it, as in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic +chimney-piece, the work of Bishop <span class = "smallcaps">Peter de +Courtenay</span> (died in 1492), now in the hall of the Episcopal Palace +at Exeter.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig393" id = "fig393"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig393.png" width = "87" height = "191" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 393.<br> +A Courtenay Badge,<br> +at Exeter.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Badges</span> of our early Heraldry are +comparatively but little understood. They invite the particular +attention of students, both from their own special interest, and the +light they are qualified to throw upon the personal history of the +<span class = "pagenum">227</span> +<a name = "page227" id = "page227"> </a> +English people, and also from their peculiar applicability for use by +ourselves at the present day. Indeed, at this time, when the revival of +true Heraldry is in the act of being accomplished with complete success, +it appears to be peculiarly desirable that Badges should be brought into +general use. It is not enough for us to revive our old English Heraldry +as once in the olden time it flourished in England, and to rest content +with such a revival: but we must go on to adapt our revived Heraldry, in +its own spirit and in full sympathy with its genuine feeling, to +conditions of our age and of the state of things now in existence. And +very much may be done to effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our +favourite and most expressive heraldic insignia, both in connection with +Coat-Armour and for independent display. Unlike Crests, which must +necessarily be associated with helms and the wearers of helms, and +consequently have both a military and a mediæval character, Badges are +equally appropriate for use by Ladies, as well as by men of every +profession, and they belong alike to every age and period. This has been +recognised officially, to the extent that the officers of arms have now +reverted to the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and +Standards.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Royal Badges.</span>—I conclude this +chapter with a concise list of the more important of the Badges that +have been borne by the Sovereigns and Princes of England; and with some +general remarks upon the famous Badge of the <i>Ostrich Feathers</i>, +now considered to be exclusively the Ensign of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Princes of Wales</span>, not as such, but as the +heirs-apparent to the Throne.</p> + +<p>The <i>Planta-genista</i>, or Broom-plant, <a href = "#fig21">No. +21</a>, is well known as an English Royal Badge, from the surname +derived from it for one of the most remarkable +<span class = "pagenum">228</span> +<a name = "page228" id = "page228"> </a> +of the Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe.</p> + +<p>As well known are the <i>Rose</i>, <i>Thistle</i>, and +<i>Shamrock</i>, severally the Badges of the three realms of the United +Kingdom of <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>. A <i>golden Rose stalked proper</i> was +a badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>: and from it +apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown, the <i>White +Rose</i> of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>, the <i>Red Rose</i> +of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and the <i>White and Red +Rose</i> of the House of <span class = "smallcaps">Tudor</span>.</p> + +<div class = "hanging"> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">William Rufus</span>: <i>A Flower of five +foils.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry I.</span>: <i>A Flower of eight +foils.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Stephen</span>: <i>A Flower of seven foils: +a Sagittarius.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry II.</span>: <i>The +Planta-genista: an Escarbuncle: a Sword and Olive-Branch.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard I.</span>: <i>A Star of +thirteen rays and a Crescent: a Star issuing from a Crescent: +a Mailed Arm grasping a broken Lance, with the Motto—“Christo +Duce.”</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">John</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span>: <i>A Star issuing from a +Crescent.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward I.</span>: <i>An heraldic Rose +or, stalked ppr.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward II.</span>: <i>A Castle of +Castile.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>: <i>A Fleur de lys: +a Sword: a Falcon: a Gryphon: the Stock of a Tree: Rays +issuing from a Cloud.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard II.</span>: <i>A White Hart +lodged: the Stock of a Tree: A White Falcon: the Sun in splendour: +the Sun clouded.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>: <i>The Cypher SS: +a crowned Eagle: an Eagle displayed: a White Swan: A Red +Rose: a Columbine Flower: A Fox’s Tail: a crowned +Panther: the Stock of a Tree: a Crescent.</i> His <span class = +"smallcaps">Queen</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Joan of +Navarre</span>: <i>An Ermine</i>, or <i>Gennet</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span>: <i>A Fire-beacon: a +White Swan gorged and chained: a chained Antelope.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>: <i>Two Ostrich +Feathers in Saltire: a chained Antelope: a Panther.</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">229</span> +<a name = "page229" id = "page229"> </a> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward IV.</span>: <i>A White Rose en +Soleil: a White Wolf and White Lion: a White Hart: +a Black Dragon and Black Bull: a Falcon and Fetter-lock: the +Sun in splendour.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>: <i>A Rose of York +and Lancaster, a Portcullis and a Fleur de lys, all of them +crowned: a Red Dragon: a White Greyhound: a Hawthorn Bush +and Crown, with the cypher</i> H. R.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>: The same, without +the Hawthorn Bush, and with a <i>White Cock</i>. His <span class = +"smallcaps">Queens</span>: <span class = "smallcaps">Catherine of +Aragon</span>—<i>A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf of Arrows.</i> +<span class = "smallcaps">Anne Boleyn</span>—<i>A Crowned Falcon, +holding a Sceptre.</i> <span class = "smallcaps">Jane +Seymour</span>—<i>A Phœnix rising from a Castle, between Two Tudor +Roses.</i> <span class = "smallcaps">Catherine Parr</span>—<i>A +Maiden’s Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor Rose.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward VI.</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose: +the Sun in splendour.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose impaling a +Pomegranate</i>—also <i>impaling a Sheaf of Arrows, ensigned with +a Crown, and surrounded with rays: a Pomegranate.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose</i> with +the motto, “<i>Rosa sine Spinâ</i>” (a Rose without a Thorn): <i>a +Crowned Falcon and Sceptre.</i> She used as her own +motto—“<i>Semper Eadem</i>” (Always the same).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>: <i>A Thistle: a +Thistle and Rose dimidiated and crowned</i>, <a href = "#fig308">No. +308</a>, with the motto—“<i>Beati Pacifici</i>” (Blessed are the +peacemakers).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Charles I.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles II.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">James II.</span>: The same Badge as <span class = +"smallcaps">James I.</span>, without his motto.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>: <i>A Rose-Branch and a Thistle +growing from one branch.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>From this time distinctive personal Badges ceased to be borne by +English Sovereigns. But various badges have become stereotyped and now +form a constituent part of +<span class = "pagenum">230</span> +<a name = "page230" id = "page230"> </a> +the Royal Arms, and will be found recited later in <a href = +"#chapXVIII">Chapter XVIII.</a></p> + +<p>The <i>Ostrich Feather Badge</i>. The popular tradition, that the +famous Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the blind <span class += "smallcaps">King of Bohemia</span> at Cressi by the <span class = +"smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, and by him afterwards borne as an +heraldic trophy, is not supported by any contemporary authority. The +earliest writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is <span class += "smallcaps">Camden</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1614), and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of +a date earlier than his own work. As Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N. +Harris Nicholas</span> has shown in a most able paper in the +<i>Archæologia</i> (vol. xxxi. pp. 350-384), the first time the Feathers +are mentioned in any record is in a document, the date of which must +have been after 1369, and which contains lists of plate belonging to the +King himself, and also to Queen <span class = +"smallcaps">Phillipa</span>. It is particularly to be observed, that all +the pieces of plate specified in this roll as the personal property of +the Queen, if marked with any device at all, are marked with her <i>own +initial</i>, or with some heraldic insignia that have a direct reference +to <i>herself</i>. One of these pieces of plate is described as “a large +dish for the alms of the Queen, of silver gilt, and enamelled at the +bottom with <i>a black escutcheon with Ostrich Feathers</i>—<i>eym +in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich</i>.” And these “Ostrich +Feathers,” thus blazoned on a sable field upon the silver alms-dish of +Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, Sir N. H. Nicholas +believed to have been borne by the Queen as a daughter of the House of +<span class = "smallcaps">Hainault</span>; and he suggested that these +same “Ostrich Feathers” might possibly have been assumed by the Counts +of the Province of Hainault from the Comté of Ostrevant, which formed +the appanage of their eldest sons.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig395" id = "fig395"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig395.png" width = "129" height = "168" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig394" id = "fig394"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig394.png" width = "77" height = "148" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig396" id = "fig396"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig396.png" width = "133" height = "156" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 395.— At Peterborough Cathedral.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 394.— At Worcester Cathedral.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 396.— At Peterborough Cathedral.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill generally +transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the monument of Prince <span +class = "smallcaps">Arthur Tudor</span>, in Worcester +<span class = "pagenum">231</span> +<a name = "page231" id = "page231"> </a> +Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side by side, as they also +appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or when marshalled with a +Shield of Arms, two Feathers are seen to have been placed after the +manner of Supporters, one on each side of the composition: in such +examples the tips of the Feathers droop severally to the dexter and +sinister: in all the early examples also the Feathers droop in the same +manner, or they incline slightly towards the spectator. Three Feathers +were first grouped together by <span class = "smallcaps">Arthur +Tudor</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>, eldest +son of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>, as in Nos. 395 +and 396, from Peterborough Cathedral; or with an escroll, as in No. 397, +from a miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The plume +of three Feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet, for the +first time, by Prince <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span>, +afterwards <span class = "smallcaps">Edward VI.</span>, but who +never was <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>: No. 398, +carved very boldly over the entrance gateway to the Deanery at +Peterborough, is a good early example. In No. 399 I give a +representation of another early plume of three Ostrich Feathers, as they +are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, upon the Chantry of +Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Ramryge</span> in the Abbey Church at +St. Albans: and again, in No. 400, from the head of a window near the +east end of the choir, on the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three +<span class = "pagenum">232</span> +<a name = "page232" id = "page232"> </a> +Feathers are charged upon a Shield <i>per pale azure and gules</i>, and +this Shield is on a roundle.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig397" id = "fig397"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig397.png" width = "185" height = "228" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig398" id = "fig398"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig398.png" width = "244" height = "221" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 397.— In Ludlow Church.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 398.— The Deanery, Peterborough.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig399" id = "fig399"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig399.png" width = "165" height = "184" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig400" id = "fig400"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig400.png" width = "216" height = "219" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 399.— In the Abbey Church of St. Alban.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 400.— In Exeter Cathedral.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his Shield of Arms, +upon one Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> +himself: they were used, as an heraldic device, about the year 1370, by +<span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, his Queen: they appear on +some, but not on all, the Seals of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span>, and they are omitted from some of his Seals after the +battle of Cressi (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1346): and they +were also borne, generally with some slight difference, marking Cadency, +in all probability by all the other sons of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>—certainly by <span class = +"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and by <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas of +Woodstock</span>, Duke +<span class = "pagenum">233</span> +<a name = "page233" id = "page233"> </a> +of <span class = "smallcaps">Gloucester</span>. They were adopted by +<span class = "smallcaps">Richard II.</span>, and placed on either +side of his crested Helm in the heraldic sculpture of Westminster Hall, +as appears in two of these beautiful examples, Nos. <a href = +"#fig199">199</a> and <a href = "#fig384">384</a>: by this Prince the +Ostrich Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and they were +habitually used for decoration and heraldic display; and they also were +formally granted by him, as a mark of especial favour, to be borne as an +Augmentation of the highest honour, to his cousin <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like +manner, by the succeeding Princes, both <span class = +"smallcaps">Lancastrian</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Yorkist</span>: by at least two of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauforts</span>: by the Princes of the House of <span class += "smallcaps">Tudor</span>: and by their successors the <span class = +"smallcaps">Stuarts</span>. Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich +Feathers were held to be a <i>Royal Badge</i>, from the time of their +first appearance in the Heraldry of England about the middle of the +fourteenth century; and that in that character they were adopted and +borne by the successive Sovereigns, and by the Princes, sometimes also +by the Princesses (as in the instance of a Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Margaret Beaufort</span>, the mother of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>), of the Royal Houses, without any +other distinction than some slight mark of Cadency, and without the +slightest trace of any peculiar association with any one member of the +Royal Family. From the time of the accession of the House of Stuart to +the Crown of the United Kingdom, however, the coroneted plume of three +Ostrich Feathers appears to have been regarded, as it is at this present +day, as the special Badge of the Heir to the Throne.</p> + +<p>In accordance with the express provision of his will, two armorial +Shields are displayed upon the monument of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> in Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields +the Prince himself distinguishes as his Shields “for War” and “for +Peace”; the former charged with his quartered arms of France and England +differenced with his silver +<span class = "pagenum">234</span> +<a name = "page234" id = "page234"> </a> +Label, <a href = "#fig337">No. 337</a>; and the latter, <i>sable</i>, +charged with <i>three Ostrich Feathers argent</i>, their quills passing +through scrolls bearing the Motto, “<i>Ich Diene</i>” No. 401. The same +motto is placed over each of the Shields that are charged with the +Feathers, as in No. 401: and over each Shield charged with the quartered +arms (there are on each side of the tomb six Shields, three of the Arms, +and three of the Feathers, alternately) is the other motto of the +Prince, “<i>Houmout</i>.” In his will, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> also desired that a “<i>black Pennon +with Ostrich Feathers</i>” should be displayed at his Funeral; and he +further appointed that his Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral should be +adorned in various places with his Arms, and “<i>likewise with our Badge +of Ostrich Feathers—noz bages dez plumes d’ostruce</i>.”</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig401" id = "fig401"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig401.png" width = "185" height = "260" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 401.— Shield “for Peace” of the Black Prince.</p> + +<p>The will of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> proves +the Feathers to have been a Badge, and not either a Crest or the ensign +of a Shield of Arms, since twice he expressly calls them “<i>our +Badge</i>”: and it also is directly opposed to the traditional warlike +origin and military character of the Feathers, as a Badge of the <span +class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, for it particularly specifies +the peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from the +insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince +<span class = "pagenum">235</span> +<a name = "page235" id = "page235"> </a> +when he was equipped for war. The Mottoes “<i>Ich Diene</i>” and +“<i>Houmout</i>” are old German, and they signify, “I serve,” and +“magnanimous.” It has been suggested by Mr. Planché, that “Houmout” is +Flemish, and that the three words really form a single Motto, +signifying, “Magnanimous, I serve,” that is, “I obey the dictates +of magnanimity” (<i>Archæologia</i>, xxxii. 69).</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig402" id = "fig402"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig402.png" width = "103" height = "323" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig403" id = "fig403"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig403.png" width = "78" height = "312" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig404" id = "fig404"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig404.png" width = "96" height = "319" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 402.— From the Seal of King Henry IV.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 403.— From the Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 404.— From the Garter-Plate of John Beaufort, K.G.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> a short time before his accession, the +shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall Feathers, about +each of which is entwined <i>a Garter</i> charged with his favourite and +significant Motto—the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 402. His father, +Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, placed <i>a +chain</i> upon the quills of his Feathers, as in the very curious boss +in the cloisters at Canterbury. The uncle of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, on one of his Seals, differenced his two +Feathers with <i>Garters</i> (probably of the +<span class = "pagenum">236</span> +<a name = "page236" id = "page236"> </a> +Order) displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, about <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440, <span class = "smallcaps">John +Beaufort</span>, K.G., Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Somerset</span>, on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich +Feathers erect, their <i>quills componée argent and azure</i>, and fixed +in golden escrolls; No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is +stated that the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus componée argent +and azure, “is the Duke of Somerset’s”: also that the “Feather silver, +with the pen gold, is the King’s: the Ostrich Feather, pen and all +silver, is the Prince’s: and the Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine, +is the Duke of Lancaster’s.”</p> + +<p>The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, <a href = +"#fig401">No. 401</a>, was borne by Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>; and it appears on the splendid Great +Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>, between the +Shields of the Duchy of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span> and +the Earldom of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span>. <span class = +"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, is also recorded to have borne this same +Feather Shield.</p> + +<p>In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the Hall at +Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge is carved within a Garter +of the Order: and, again, the Badge is represented after the same +manner, environed with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of +the Bible which is reputed to have been used by <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles I.</span> in his last moments.</p> + +<p>The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents; and +they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative +purposes, always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling, by the +same Royal personages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed +them elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A well-known example of +a diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale argent and vert, +is preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the +transept of Canterbury Cathedral.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">237</span> +<a name = "page237" id = "page237"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXVI" id = "chapXVI">CHAPTER XVI</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">SUPPORTERS</span></h4> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p class = "half"> +“Standing by the Shield</p> +<p>In silence.”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Idylls of the King.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class = "first"> +A <span class = "smallcaps">supporter</span> is a figure, sometimes of +an angel, frequently of a human being, but more generally of some +animal, bird, or imaginary creature, so placed in connection with a +Shield of Arms as to appear to be protecting and supporting it. In +English Heraldry a single Supporter is of comparatively rare occurrence, +but a number of examples are to be found in the Heraldry of Scotland. In +early examples, when two Supporters appear, they are in most cases +alike: but, more recently (except in the Heraldry of France), the two +figures are generally quite distinct the one from the other, the earlier +usage of having the two Supporters alike being less frequent. The modern +prevailing practice in England is happily exemplified in the well-known +instance of the present Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn.</p> + +<p>Supporters are considered to have been introduced into the Heraldry +of England during the reign of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>; but they may with greater accuracy +be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century, than to the second +half of the fourteenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank, +Supporters are granted in England only by the express command of the +Sovereign, except to Peers and Knights Grand Cross and Knights Grand +Commanders. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently than in +<span class = "pagenum">238</span> +<a name = "page238" id = "page238"> </a> +the Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the “Lord Lyon” has power to +grant Supporters. Originally by the Scottish Heralds these accessories +of Shields were entitled “Bearers.”</p> + +<p>Supporters are now granted, on payment of fees, to all Peers of the +Realm to descend to the holders of a specified Peerage, and to Knights +of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and to Knights Grand Cross and +Knights Grand Commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne +for life. Most Nova Scotia Baronets and Chiefs of Scottish Clans have +supporters registered with their arms.</p> + +<p>Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent +circumstances, than to any one particular circumstance. The mere fact of +a Knight carrying his own armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it +beside him, might suggest the general idea of some <i>supporting</i> +figure in connection with a representation of that Shield. The act of +carrying a Banner of Arms, in like manner, might suggest a +representation of a “Supporter” for a Shield of Arms. To early Seals, +however, Heraldry is in an especial degree indebted for the development +of the idea of Supporters, and for bringing it into a definite form. +Again, the prevalent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the +fifteenth also, would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the +same direction; and would lead Heralds to associate with Shields of Arms +certain other figures which, while in themselves distinct and +independent, were closely allied with certain Shields of Arms. The +prototypes of true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are +Badges. In fact, it is often difficult to determine whether specified +figures on the Seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or +merely representations of Badges.</p> + +<p>An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the +<span class = "pagenum">239</span> +<a name = "page239" id = "page239"> </a> +Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Devorguilla Crawford</span>, about +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1290, from <span class = +"smallcaps">Laing’s</span> Volume: or in Nos. 316, 317, would be even +more than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same may be said, when some +figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced into the composition of +a Seal, holding or supporting a Shield by its guige, as in <a href = +"#fig203">No. 203</a>; or when a Shield, or two or more Shields, were +charged upon some figure, as in <a href = "#fig204">No. 204</a>: both of +these examples, indeed, might be regarded as illustrations of the origin +or first adoption of single Supporters.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig405" id = "fig405"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig405.png" width = "158" height = "235" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 405.— Seal of Devorguilla Crawford, about 1290.</p> +</div> + +<p>The introduction of angelic figures, which might have the appearance +of acting as “Guardian Angels,” in their care of Shields of Arms, was in +accordance with the feeling of the early days of English Heraldry; and, +while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular +Supporters, it served to show the high esteem and honour in which +armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages. In <a href = +"#fig159">No. 159</a> I have already shown an example of a sculptured +Shield thus supported by Angels, from St. Albans. In the same noble +church there are other examples of the same character in stained glass. +Angel Supporters, the figures treated in various ways, occur in very +many Gothic edifices; particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or +pateræ, or introduced in panels, and employed for the decoration of open +timber roofs, as in Westminster Hall. They appear also on Seals; as on +the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry of Lancaster</span>, about +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350, which has the figure of an +Angel above the Shield, and a lion on each side of it.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig406" id = "fig406"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig406.png" width = "212" height = "285" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 406.— Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford.</p> + +<p>The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals would lead to at +least the occasional introduction of some figure to hold, or +<i>support</i>, the Banner; and here, again, we +<span class = "pagenum">240</span> +<a name = "page240" id = "page240"> </a> +discern the presence of some of the immediate predecessors of +“Supporters,” properly so called. In the Seals, Nos. <a href = +"#fig391">391</a>, <a href = "#fig392">392</a>, the Banners are not +supported, and yet they are indirectly suggestive of giving support to +the Shield which is marshalled with them in the same composition. +Another Hungerford Seal, that of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret +Botreaux</span>, widow of the second Baron <span class = +"smallcaps">Hungerford</span> (who died in 1477), in the centre of the +composition has a kneeling figure of the noble lady, and on each side a +banner of arms is held (<i>supported</i>) erect, so that the two banners +form a kind of canopy over her head, by a lion and a gryphon. In No. 406 +I give a part only of this elaborate Seal, sufficient to show how its +general composition bears upon the adoption of Supporters. The Monument +in Westminster Abbey of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ludovic +Robsart</span>, K.G., Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Bourchier</span>, +Standard-Bearer to <span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span> at +Agincourt, has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy, +which are placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in No. 406; +and, like them, they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two +well-known seals of the <span class = "smallcaps">Percies</span> are +charged with banners, and +<span class = "pagenum">241</span> +<a name = "page241" id = "page241"> </a> +in each case the banner-staff is held by a single Supporter: one of +these figures is a man-at-arms, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1386; the other is a lion, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1446. +At the same period, two lions appear on another Percy Seal. Another, of +the same date, has the shield supported by an armed man, without any +banner, but having a lance with a long pennon charged with the Crescent +badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span>, <a href = "#fig412">No. +412</a>, p. 247. Other Percy Seals, again, of the fourteenth century, on +either side of the Shield have two lions or two birds.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig407" id = "fig407"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig407.png" width = "267" height = "315" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 407.— Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer; <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400.</p> + +<p>Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction +of Badges into the composition of Seals, as accessories of Shields. +A Seal of Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, +which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of the most beautiful and +suggestive works of its class: in this Seal the two birds are addorsed, +and consequently they also have their backs turned towards the central +achievement. This position of the figures on early Seals is not +uncommon; but it is an illustration that the use of Badges in the form +from which they developed into supporters was an artistic necessity, +arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied by the figures upon +the Seal. Another most characteristic example of that marshalling of +Badges upon Seals, which certainly led the way to true Supporters, is +the Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Maurice de Berkeley</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1430, upon which <i>a +mermaid</i>—the Berkeley badge—is blazoned on each side of +the Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance. The +Shield itself quarters <i>Berkeley</i> within a bordure, and a +differenced coat of <i>Bottetourt</i>: it hangs from a large helm, +which, in its turn, is ensigned by as large a <i>mitre</i>—the +singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The two figures, generally animals, +which fill up the spaces to the dexter and sinister of the central +achievement on Seals, in the fifteenth century are almost invariably +drawn of a comparatively large size; and, for the most part, they really +act as <i>Supporters to the Crested Helm</i>, being themselves +<i>supported by +<span class = "pagenum">242</span> +<a name = "page242" id = "page242"> </a> +the Shield</i>. The composition of the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edmund de Mortimer</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">March</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400, +though now mutilated, exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very +effective arrangement, from which true Supporters to a Shield of Arms +might obviously be derived. In this Seal, No. 407, the Shield quarters +<i>Mortimer</i>, <a href = "#fig131">No. 131</a>, and—<i>or, +a cross gu.</i>, for <i>Ulster</i>. The Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Wm. de Wyndesor</span>, <a href = "#fig382">No. 382</a>, +illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds +instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other examples exist in great +numbers, and in abundant variety: the two that I add from Mr. Laing’s +Volume, Nos. 408 and 409, are in every respect most characteristic; they +are severally the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Robert +Graham</span>, of Kinpont, and of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William +Lindsay</span>, of the Byres.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig408" id = "fig408"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig408.png" width = "178" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig409" id = "fig409"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig409.png" width = "175" height = "173" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 408.— Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1433.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 409.— Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1390.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that +Supporters always have a decided heraldic significance. In supporting a +Shield of Arms, they discharge an heraldic duty: but, in themselves, +Supporters are armorial symbols +<span class = "pagenum">243</span> +<a name = "page243" id = "page243"> </a> +of a high rank; and, with peculiar emphasis, they record descent, +inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illustrious deeds.</p> + +<p>Supporters should always be represented in an erect position. In +whatever direction also they actually may be looking, they always ought +to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and +deferential <i>support to the Shield</i>. It would be well, in our +blazoning of supported Achievements, not only for us to regard a +becoming position and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined +by positive heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory arrangement +should be made and recognised for general adoption, by which an equally +becoming <i>support</i> would be provided for “Supporters.” An +unsatisfactory custom has been either to place the Supporters, whatever +they may be, upon some very slight renaissance scroll work that is +neither graceful nor consistent, or, to constrain the Motto scroll to +provide a foundation or standing-place for them. In the latter case, an +energetic lion, or a massive elephant, and, in a certain class of +achievements of comparatively recent date, a mounted trooper, or a +stalwart man-of-war’s man, probably with a twenty-four pounder at his +feet, are made to stand on <i>the edge of the ribbon</i> that is +inscribed with the Motto. Mr. Laing has enabled me to give an excellent +example of +<span class = "pagenum">244</span> +<a name = "page244" id = "page244"> </a> +Supporters—two lions standing upon a motto-scroll or +ribbon—in No. 410, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">John +Drummond</span>, created Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Melfort</span> and Viscount <span class = +"smallcaps">Forth</span> in the year 1686: the Shield is <i>Scotland, +within a bordure componée</i>; the Supporters are gorged with collars +charged with thistles; and the Crest is the Crest of Scotland issuing +from a celestial Crown. As says the Motto of Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">William Mahon</span>, “<i>Moniti, meliora +sequamur</i>”—now that we have been told of it, let us produce +something better than this support for our Supporters. Happily the best +heraldic artists of the moment seem very generally to have reverted to +the older and more preferable form.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig410" id = "fig410"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig410.png" width = "228" height = "250" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 410.— Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1686.</p> + +<p>The Heralds of France still restrict the term +“Supporters”—“<i>Les Supports</i>”—to animals; whilst to +human beings, to figures of angels, and to mythological personages or +other figures in human form, when supporting a Shield, they apply the +term “<i>Les Tenants</i>.” When trees or other inanimate objects are +placed beside any armorial shield, and so discharge the duty of +Supporters in French achievements, they are distinguished as “<i>Les +Soutiens</i>.” An old French writer on Heraldry, <span class = +"smallcaps">Palliot</span>, however, says that in his time (<span class += "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1660), <i>Tenant</i> is used in the singular +number, and +<span class = "pagenum">245</span> +<a name = "page245" id = "page245"> </a> +denotes any kind of <i>single Supporter</i>, while <i>Supports</i> is +used when there are <i>two</i>.</p> + +<p>In the French Heraldry of the present time, a single Tenant or +Support is of rare occurrence; and when two Tenants or Supports appear +in blazon, they are generally, though not always, alike.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">246</span> +<a name = "page246" id = "page246"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXVII" id = "chapXVII">CHAPTER XVII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">FLAGS</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Pennon— The Banner— The Standard— The Royal +Standard— The Union Jack— Ensigns— Military Standards +and Colours— Blazoning— Hoisting and Displaying Flags.</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance,</p> +<p>And many a Banner displayed.”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Siege of Carlaverock</span>, <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1300.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“Prosper our Colours!” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Henry VI.</i>, <i>Part 3</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">Admirably</span> adapted for all purposes of +heraldic display, rich in glowing colours, and peculiarly graceful in +their free movement in the wind, <span class = "smallcaps">Flags</span> +are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories, and in all +ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity +peculiar to themselves.</p> + +<p>In the Middle Ages, in England, three distinct classes of heraldic +Flags appear to have been in general use, each class having a distinct +and well-defined signification.</p> + +<p>1. First, the <span class = "smallcaps">Pennon</span>, small in size, +of elongated form, and either pointed or swallow-tailed at the +extremity, is charged with the Badge or some other armorial ensign of +the owner, and by him displayed upon his own lance, as his personal +ensign. The Pennon of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John +d’Abernoun</span>, <a href = "#fig286">No. 286</a>, fringed and pointed, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1277, bears his +arms—<i>Az., a chevron or</i>: and No. 411, another example +of the pointed form of Pennon, is from the Painted Chamber, Westminster, +about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1275. No. 412, a long +swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the Percy crescent Badge, is from +the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Perci</span>, first Earl +of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>. +<span class = "pagenum">247</span> +<a name = "page247" id = "page247"> </a> +Before the true heraldic era, <i>Lance-Flags</i> with various decorative +devices, but without any blazonry having a definite signification, were +in use: See Nos. <a href = "#fig5">5</a>, <a href = "#fig6">6</a>. The +<i>Pennoncelle</i> was a modification of the Pennon.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig411" id = "fig411"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig411.png" width = "84" height = "195" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig412" id = "fig412"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig412.png" width = "189" height = "208" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 411.— Pennon, from the Painted Chamber.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 412.— Pennon of Percy; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1400.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. Second, the <span class = "smallcaps">Banner</span>, square or +oblong in form, and of a larger size than the Pennon, bears the entire +Coat of Arms of the owner blazoned over its whole surface, precisely as +the same composition is blazoned upon a Shield: <a href = "#fig162">No. +162</a>. The Banner has been described as the ensign of the Sovereign, +or of a Prince, a Noble, or a Knight who had been advanced to the +higher rank or degree of a “Banneret”; but it would seem almost certain +that the display of Arms upon a Banner was never confined to a Banneret. +Two Banners are represented in each of the Hungerford Seals, Nos. +<a href = "#fig391">391</a>, <a href = "#fig392">392</a>. A small +group of oblong Banners, with two pointed Pennons, is represented in No. +413, from the Painted Chamber.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig413" id = "fig413"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig413.png" width = "311" height = "230" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 413.— Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons, from the Painted +Chamber.</p> + +<p>In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by +conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct +by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the +point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the +<span class = "pagenum">248</span> +<a name = "page248" id = "page248"> </a> +small Flag was reduced to the <i>square</i> form of the Banner, by which +thenceforth he was to be distinguished. <span class = +"smallcaps">Froissart</span>, in his own graphic manner, has described +the ceremonial which attended the first display of the Banner of a +newly-created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir <span class = +"smallcaps">John Chandos</span>, one of the Knights Founders of the +Garter, appeared with his maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of +the battle of Naveret, in Castile, April 3rd, 1367:—“He brought +his banner in his hands,” says the chronicler, “rolled up” (rolled round +the staff), “and said to the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of +Wales</span>”—it was the <span class = "smallcaps">Black +Prince</span>,—“’My Lord, behold, here is my Banner: +I deliver it to you in this way,”—still rolled round the +staff, that is—“’that it may please you to display it, and that +this day I may raise it; for, thank God, I have land and heritage +sufficient to support the rank as it ought to be!’ Then the Prince and +the King”—Don <span class = "smallcaps">Petro</span>, King of +Castile—“took the Banner, which was of silver with a sharp pile +gules, between their hands by the staff, and displayed it, and returned +it to him, the Prince saying—’Sir John, behold your Banner; may +God grant you may do your duty!’ Then Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John +Chandos</span> bore his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, and +said—’Gentlemen, see here my Banner and yours; +<span class = "pagenum">249</span> +<a name = "page249" id = "page249"> </a> +preserve it as your own!’” We see that, like another hero of a later +period, the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> held the +maxim—“England expects every man to do his duty.”</p> + +<p>Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences (but not impalements) +are blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that they appear +on Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, as well as the Shield, on +the seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford, <a href = "#fig392">No. 392</a>, +are Differenced with a label for Cadency, and thus are distinguished +from the corresponding Banners and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert’s +father, <a href = "#fig391">No. 391</a>.</p> + +<p>Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accessories and +ornaments of Armorial Shields have no place on Banners, a Banner +representing a Shield, and being charged +<span class = "pagenum">250</span> +<a name = "page250" id = "page250"> </a> +as a Shield. In the seventeenth century, however, English Banners +sometimes were charged with Achievements of Arms, including all the +accessories and ornaments of Shields.</p> + +<p>In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as on land; and +the same Banners were used both on shore and afloat. The <i>sails</i> of +our early shipping, also, are constantly represented as covered with +armorial blazonry, and they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many +curious and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy, +unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the British Navy, +are introduced with their <i>heraldic sails</i> and their Banners into +the compositions of Seals. A fine example of its order is the Seal +of <span class = "smallcaps">John Holland</span>, Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Huntingdon</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1436, “Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine,” No. 414. The ship is +really a noble-looking vessel, with her solitary sail blazoned with the +Lord Admiral’s Arms—<i>England, within a bordure of +France</i>,—the same arms that were borne by Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>, <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>. In +this example the crew are not represented: but in other Seals of early +shipping figures are commonly introduced, and almost always they are +drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size. This ship does not display +any Banner from a banner-staff, but has a nautical Pennon of ample size +flying at the mast-head: when Banners are displayed on board ships upon +early Seals, they are generally narrow in proportion to their height, +a form of Banner adopted on land as well as at sea, in consequence +of the greater inconvenience attending the display of broad or really +square Banners. At a later period, however, Ship-Flags of very large +size came into favour.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig414" id = "fig414"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig414.png" width = "416" height = "420" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 414.— Seal of Earl John Holland, Admiral of England, &c., +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1436.</p> + +<p>3. The <span class = "smallcaps">Standard</span>, the third variety +of early heraldic Flags, which first appears about the middle of the +fourteenth century, and was in general use by personages of high rank in +the two following centuries, appears to have been adopted for the +special purpose of displaying the +<span class = "pagenum">251</span> +<a name = "page251" id = "page251"> </a> +Badge. The Badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and +consequently the Standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery +colours, and bore the Badge, with both of which the retainer was +familiar.</p> + +<p>This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length; but its size +varies with the owner’s rank. Next to the Staff was usually to be found +the <i>red cross on a silver field</i> of <span class = "smallcaps">St. +George</span>. The rest of the field is generally divided per fesse into +two tinctures, in most cases the livery colours of the owner, or the +prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms, which in such cases may almost +be assumed to have been his livery. With some principal figure or device +occupying a prominent position, various Badges are displayed over the +whole field, a Motto, which is placed bend-wise, having divided the +Standard into compartments. The edges are fringed throughout, and the +extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and sometimes rounded.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig415" id = "fig415"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig415.png" width = "440" height = "204" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 415.— Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G.: about <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1475.</p> + +<p>The Standard of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Henry de +Stafford</span>, K.G., second son of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry</span>, second Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Buckingham</span> (executed in 1483), is represented in No. +415, from a drawing in the Heralds’ College. It is charged, first, with +<i>a cross of St. George</i>: then, on a <i>field per fesse sable and +gules</i> (the colours of the Duke’s livery), <i>the White Swan</i> of +the De Bohuns, with the <i>silver Stafford-knot</i> (<a href = +"#fig304">No. 304</a>), differenced with <i>a Crescent gules</i> for +Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE: ET: LOYAL; and the fringe, of the same +colours as the field, +<span class = "pagenum">252</span> +<a name = "page252" id = "page252"> </a> +is <i>componée sa. and gu.</i> In other examples a greater variety of +Badges is introduced. The student will not fail to take notice of the +systematic display of the ensign of St. George in these Standards, as +the national armorial device of England. The use and heraldic display of +these standards had practically lapsed, but the College of Arms has now +reverted to its ancient practice of recording them in cases of the grant +or confirmation of a Badge.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig416" id = "fig416"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig416.png" width = "218" height = "309" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 416.— The Royal<br> +Standard, or Banner.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Standard</span> (to give it its +popular name) is not really a Standard at all, but is the King’s Banner +of his arms. It stands at the head of our English Flags of the present +day, and bears the full blazonry of the Royal Arms of His Majesty <span +class = "smallcaps">The King</span>, as they are marshalled on the Royal +Shield: No. 416. It is personal to the King, and its use by other people +is not permitted. This splendid Flag, so truly heraldic in its +character, and charged with Coat-Armour and not with Badges, ought to be +styled the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Banner</span>. The same +Standard is duly differenced with their own Marks of Cadency and their +Shields of Pretence for the different members of the Royal Family. For +use at sea, whilst the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span> +has his own Flag or Banner of his arms, all other members of the Royal +Family use a flag showing the Royal Arms within a bordure ermine. <span +class = "smallcaps">Queen Mary</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Queen Alexandra</span> fly flags of their impaled arms.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Union Jack</span>, which is regarded as +the national British Flag, as we now display it, is the second of its +race. Strictly speaking, it is as much the property of the Sovereign as +the Royal Banner, but objection to its use and display is not officially +made. The <i>First Union Jack</i>, No. 417, was produced +<span class = "pagenum">253</span> +<a name = "page253" id = "page253"> </a> +in obedience to a Royal Proclamation of <span class = +"smallcaps">James I.</span> in the year 1606. Its object was to +provide a single National Flag for both England and Scotland as a single +kingdom, which might put an end to certain serious disputes concerning +the precedence of their respective Banners of St. George and St. Andrew, +Nos. 418, 419, between the natives of England and Scotland—of +“South and North Britain.” This “Union” Flag combined the blazonry of +the two rival ensigns, not marshalling them by quartering after the +early heraldic usage, but by reviving a still earlier process, and by +blending the cross and the saltire of Nos. 418 and 419 in a single +composition. This was effected, accordingly, by charging the Cross of +St. George, with a narrow border or “fimbriation” of white to represent +its white field, <i>upon</i> the Banner of St. Andrew, the result being +the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final “Union” between England and +Scotland in 1707, this device was formally declared to be the “Ensign +armorial of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.”</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig418" id = "fig418"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig418.png" width = "80" height = "132" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig417" id = "fig417"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig417.png" width = "177" height = "234" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig419" id = "fig419"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig419.png" width = "64" height = "129" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 418.— St. George.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 417.— The First Union Jack.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 419.— St. Andrew.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig418color.png" width = "80" height = "132" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig417color.png" width = "176" height = "233" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig419color.png" width = "64" height = "129" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Upon the first day of January, 1801, the <i>Second Union Jack</i>, +the “Union Jack” of to-day, No. 420, superseded the Flag of King <span +class = "smallcaps">James</span> and Queen <span class = +"smallcaps">Anne</span>. The “Union” with Ireland rendered a change +necessary in the Union Jack, in order to incorporate with its blazonry +the Banner of +<span class = "pagenum">254</span> +<a name = "page254" id = "page254"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">St. Patrick</span>, No. 421, <i>arg., +a saltire gu.</i> There seems good reason to believe that the +so-called Cross of St. Patrick had little, if indeed any, separate or +prior existence. The process that had been adopted before was again +brought into action, but now a single compound device had to be formed +by the combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos. 418, 419, and 421. +As before, in this new Flag the blue field of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. Andrew</span> forms the field: then the two Saltires, +the one white and the other red, are formed into a single compound +Saltire counter-changed of the two tinctures alternating, the white +having precedence; a narrow edging of white is next added to each +red side of this new figure, to represent the white field of St. +Patrick, as the narrow edging of white about the red cross represented +the white field of <span class = "smallcaps">St. George</span> in No. +418; and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with white, as +in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the Second Union Jack, +No. 420. In this compound device it will be observed that the <i>broad +diagonal white</i> members represent the <i>silver saltire</i> of St. +Andrew, No. 419: that the <i>red diagonal</i> members represent the +<i>saltire gules</i> of St. Patrick, No. 421, and that the <i>narrow +diagonal white</i> lines are added in order to place this <i>saltire +gules on a field argent</i>: that the <i>diagonal red and +<span class = "pagenum">255</span> +<a name = "page255" id = "page255"> </a> +the broad diagonal white members</i> represent the two Saltires of St. +Andrew and St. Patrick in combination: and that the <i>fimbriated red +cross</i> in the front of the goodly alliance declares the presence of +the symbol of St. George.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig420" id = "fig420"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig420.png" width = "176" height = "235" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig421" id = "fig421"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig421.png" width = "64" height = "126" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 420.— The Second Union Jack.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 421.— St. Patrick.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig420color.png" width = "176" height = "235" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/color/fig421color.png" width = "62" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Harris Nicholas</span> has suggested +that this flag may have acquired its name of “Jack” (“Union” is obvious +enough) from the original author of the First Union Flag, King <span +class = "smallcaps">James</span>, who, in the Heralds’ French language, +would be styled <i>Jacques</i>: and so the Flag would be called +“Jacques’ Union,” which would easily settle down into “Jack’s Union,” +and finally would as easily become “Union Jack.” The Second Union Flag +is always to be hoisted as it is represented in No. 420, the diagonal +white having precedence in the first canton. To reverse the proper +display of the Flag implies distress or danger; or such a procedure +(very often, as I am aware, unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of +the real meaning of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to +degradation.</p> + +<p>By a recent warrant Lords Lieutenant fly the Union Jack charged with +a sword fesseways.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Ensigns</span> now in use +are:—</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig422" id = "fig422"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig422.png" width = "195" height = "265" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 422.— The Red Ensign.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. The <i>Red Ensign</i>, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union +Jack—having a Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of +suspension: No. 422. This Ensign shares with the Union Jack the honour +of being the “Ensign of England”—the Ensign, that is, of the +British Empire. When displayed at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels +that do not belong to the Royal Navy: but, before the year 1864, it was +the distinguishing ensign of the “red squadron of the Navy,” and of the +“Admirals of the Red”—the Admirals of the highest rank.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">256</span> +<a name = "page256" id = "page256"> </a> +<p>2. The <i>White</i> or <i>St. George’s Ensign</i> is the old banner +of St. George, <a href = "#fig418">No. 418</a>, with a Jack cantoned in +the first quarter. It now is the Ensign of the Royal Navy: but, before +1864, it distinguished the “white squadron” of the Navy, and the +Admirals—second in rank—of that Squadron.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>Blue Ensign</i> differs from the Red only in the field +being plain blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign of the Naval +Reserve: before 1864 it was the Ensign of “Admirals of the Blue,” third +in rank, and of their Squadron of the Royal Navy.</p> + +<p>A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with some appropriate +device, to denote some particular department of the public service.</p> + +<p>With the Ensigns may be grouped the <i>Flag of the Admiralty</i>, +which displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red +field.</p> + +<p>The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the Jack next to +the point of suspension, as in No. 422.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Military Flags.</span> 1. <i>Cavalry +Standards</i>, being lineal descendants of the knightly Banners of +mediæval chivalry, are small square Flags, the colour of the field the +same as the regimental facings; and each Standard bears the Number, +Motto, and specific Title of its own Regiment, with whatever heraldic +Badge or Device may be associated with it. Upon these Standards also are +blazoned the regimental “<i>Honours</i>”—such words as <span class += "smallcaps">Waterloo</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Alma</span>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Lucknow</span>, and others, which briefly and +with most emphatic significance declare the services of the corps. The +Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and Blues, have all their Standards +of Crimson, and they are blazoned with the Royal Insignia and their own +“Honours” and Devices.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Infantry Colours.</i> In the first instance, each Regiment of +Infantry had one “Colour”: subsequently, two others were added: and, +finally, in the reign of Queen Anne, it was decided that every Infantry +Regiment or +<span class = "pagenum">257</span> +<a name = "page257" id = "page257"> </a> +Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who have no +“Colours”) should have its own “Pair of Colours.” Of this “Pair,” one is +the “<i>King’s Colour</i>”—a Union Jack charged with some +regimental Devices: the other, the “<i>Regimental Colour</i>” is of the +tincture of the facings, on which the “Honours” and “Devices” of the +Regiment are charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is +cantoned: in fact, the “Regimental Colour” is the same as the Red or +Blue Ensign (<a href = "#fig422">No. 422</a>), the Colour of the field +varying with the regimental facings, and the field itself being charged +with the various Devices.</p> + +<p>In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement that obtains +with the Regiments of the Line. With them, the <i>Kings Colour</i> is +always crimson, with or without a Jack, but charged with the Royal +Cypher and the regimental Devices: the <i>Regimental Colour</i> of the +Guards is the Union Jack.</p> + +<p>3. The <i>Royal Artillery</i> have no Colours or Standards.</p> + +<p>Military Flags are not now used in actual warfare by British +troops.</p> + +<p>I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the Heraldry of the +most important English Flags, with four still more brief general +remarks:—</p> + +<p>1. First: by all English people who are disposed to exclaim, making +<span class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare’s</span> words their own, +“<i>Prosper our Colours!</i>” it ought to be understood that their +National Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is, with historical +significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion.</p> + +<p>2. Second: this significance of their Flags ought also to be +understood, that it may be appreciated, by all true English people.</p> + +<p>3. Third: our Flags ought always to be made and represented +correctly.</p> + +<p>And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, ought always to +be hoisted and displayed rightly and properly.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">258</span> +<a name = "page258" id = "page258"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXVIII" id = "chapXVIII">CHAPTER XVIII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND +SCOTLAND</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England; of Scotland; of +the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland— Crests— +Supporters— Mottoes— Crowns— Banners— Armorial +Insignia of the late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of +Wales; of the other Princes and Princesses.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on red: +fierce were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them, the +KING is dreadful to his enemies; for his bite is slight to none who +inflame his anger: and yet, towards such as seek his friendship or +submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled.” —<span class += "smallcaps">Roll of Carlaverock.</span></p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“With Scotland’s Arms, Device and Crest</p> +<p>Embroidered round and round.”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Marmion.</span></p> +</div> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">How</span> the “three Leopards courant” of the +shrewd chronicler of Carlaverock are identical with the “three Lions +passant guardant” of the Royal Shield of England I have already shown +(see <a href = "#page84">page 84</a>). To the Norman Sovereigns of +England, <span class = "smallcaps">William I.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">William II.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry I.</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Stephen</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1066-1154), the same Shield of Arms has been assigned—<i>Gu., two +lions pass. guard., in pale, or</i>, No. <a href = "#fig22n">22</a>. It +must be distinctly understood, however, that there exists no certain +authority for these Arms.</p> + +<p>In like manner, <span class = "smallcaps">Stephen</span> is also +<i>said</i> to have borne on a red Shield three golden +<i>Sagittaries</i>, or Centaurs, with bows and arrows. And, again, <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry II.</span> is <i>considered</i> to have +added a third lion to the two on the Shield of his father, +<span class = "pagenum">259</span> +<a name = "page259" id = "page259"> </a> +a <i>single golden lion passant guardant on red</i> being (also +considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province of Aquitaine, +acquired by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span> in right of his +Consort, <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>.</p> + +<p>As early as the reign of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, a Shield of Arms, <a href = +"#fig23">No. 23</a>, was assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings: another +Shield, <a href = "#fig2">No. 2</a>, was assigned to <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward the Confessor</span>: and a third Shield, <a href = +"#fig3">No. 3</a>, to another sainted Anglo-Saxon Prince, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edmund</span>.</p> + +<p>From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard I.</span>, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1195, all uncertainty concerning the Royal Arms +of England is at an end, and they are borne as follows by the successive +English Sovereigns:—</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig22n" id = "fig22n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig22.png" width = "133" height = "143" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig187n" id = "fig187n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig187.png" width = "151" height = "161" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 22.— Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne before <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1189.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 187.— Royal Arms, from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1189 to 1340.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard I.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry III.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span>: and <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, till the thirteenth year of his +reign, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1340:—<i>Gu., three +lions passant guardant in pale or</i>,—No. <a href = +"#fig187n">187</a>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, from the +thirteenth year of his reign, when he claimed to be King of France as +well as of England, and so styled himself: <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard II.</span>: and <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>, till about the fifth year of his +reign:—<i>France Ancient and England quarterly</i>,—<a href += "#fig252">No. 252</a>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard II.</span> sometimes bore the +Arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Confessor</span>, <a href = +"#fig2">No. 2</a>, with his own, on a separate shield, as at Westminster +Hall; and sometimes he impaled the Confessor’s +<span class = "pagenum">260</span> +<a name = "page260" id = "page260"> </a> +Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of the Confessor having the +precedence.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig252n" id = "fig252n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig252.png" width = "170" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig253n" id = "fig253n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig253.png" width = "169" height = "180" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 252.— Royal Arms from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1340 to about 1405.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 253.— Royal Arms from about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1405 to 1603.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> from about 1405: +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward IV.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward V.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard III.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward VI.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span>: and <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, +to <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1603:—<i>France Modern +and England Quarterly</i>, <a href = "#fig253">No. 253</a>.</p> + +<p>The Royal Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>, No. +<a href = "#fig138n">138</a>, first appears upon the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">Alexander II.</span> about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1235; and, as Mr. Seton well observes, the +origin of its bearings “is veiled by the mists of Antiquity.” The same +Shield, without any modification or change, was borne by all the +Sovereigns of Scotland.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig138n" id = "fig138n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig138.png" width = "168" height = "179" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 138.— Royal Arms of Scotland.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles I.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles II.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">James II.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">William III.</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span>: and <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, till +May 1, 1707: <i>Quarterly</i>: 1 <i>and</i> 4, <i>Grand +Quarters, France Modern and England</i> (<a href = "#fig253">No. +253</a>): 2, <i>Grand Quarter, Scotland</i> (No. <a href = +"#fig138n">138</a>): 3, <i>Grand Quarter—Az., a harp or, +stringed arg., for Ireland</i>: No. 423.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig423" id = "fig423"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig423.png" width = "245" height = "277" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 423.— Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig425" id = "fig425"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig425.png" width = "126" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2"> +<a name = "fig424" id = "fig424"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig424.png" width = "154" height = "189" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig426" id = "fig426"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig426.png" width = "128" height = "128" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2"> +No. 425.— Diagram<br> +of Shield of William III. and Mary.</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2"> +No. 426.— Diagram<br> +of Shield of William III. alone.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 424.— Arms of Nassau.</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">William III.</span>, as an elected +Sovereign, charged his paternal shield of <span class = +"smallcaps">Nassau</span>, No. 424—<i>Az., billettée, a lion +<span class = "pagenum">261</span> +<a name = "page261" id = "page261"> </a> +rampt. or</i>,—in pretence upon the Royal Shield: also, during the +life of his Consort, till Dec. 28, 1694, he bore the <i>Stuart</i> +shield with <i>Nassau</i> in pretence on the dexter half of his Shield, +and thus impaled in the <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘sinster’">sinister</ins> half of his Shield the same Stuart arms, as in +the Diagram, No. 425, to denote their joint Sovereignty: the Shield +represented in this Diagram, No. 425, bears the whole of No. 423 on its +dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence; and on its sinister half it also +bears the whole of No. 423. When he reigned +<span class = "pagenum">262</span> +<a name = "page262" id = "page262"> </a> +alone, <span class = "smallcaps">William III.</span> bore his own +dexter half of the impaled Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426: the +Shield represented in this Diagram being the dexter half of No. 425.</p> + +<p>Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, from May 1, 1707, +till 1714, bore the Royal Arms marshalled as in the Diagram, No. +427:— 1 <i>and</i> 2, <i>England</i> impaling +<i>Scotland</i>; 3, <i>France Modern</i> (<a href = "#fig253">No. +253</a>); 4, <i>Ireland</i> (the Harp, as in the third quarter of +No. 423).</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig427" id = "fig427"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig427.png" width = "127" height = "125" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig428" id = "fig428"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig428.png" width = "184" height = "294" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig429" id = "fig429"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig429.png" width = "126" height = "123" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 427.<br> +Diagram of the Second Royal Shield of Queen Anne.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 428.— Arms of Hanover.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 429.<br> +Diagram of the Royal Shield from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1714 to 1801.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Hanover</span>, on the +accession of <span class = "smallcaps">George I.</span>, +August 1, 1714, were added to the Shield of the United Kingdom. +This was accomplished by removing the charges (<i>England and Scotland +impaled</i>) from the fourth quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and +charging that quarter with the arms of <i>Hanover</i> as they appear on +the Shield, No. 428:—<i>Per pale and per chevron</i>, +1, <i>Gu., two lions passant guardant or</i>, for <i>Brunswick</i>: +2, <i>Or, Semée of hearts, a lion rampt. az.</i>, for +<i>Lunenburgh</i>: 3, <i>Gu., a horse courant arg.</i>, for +<i>Westphalia</i>: 4, <i>Over all, on an inescutcheon gules, the +golden crown of Charlemagne</i>. This marshalling is shown in the +<span class = "pagenum">263</span> +<a name = "page263" id = "page263"> </a> +Diagram, No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing,— +1 <i>and</i> 2, <i>England</i> impaling <i>Scotland</i>; +3, <i>France Modern</i>; 4, <i>Ireland</i>; +5, <i>Hanover</i> (as in No. 428, without the Crown)<ins class = +"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>On January 1, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were removed from the +Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then was marshalled as in the +diagram, No. 430, <i>quarterly</i>, 1 <i>and</i> 4, <i>England</i>; +2, <i>Scotland</i>; 3, <i>Ireland</i>; +5, <i>Hanover</i>—the shield of Hanover being ensigned with +the <i>Electoral Bonnet</i>, <a href = "#fig240">No. 240</a>, till 1816, +but, after Hanover became a kingdom, with a <i>Royal Crown</i> in place +of the Electoral Bonnet from 1816 till 1837, as it appears in No. +428.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig430" id = "fig430"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig430.png" width = "126" height = "124" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 430.— Diagram of the Royal Shield from <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1801 to 1837.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">George I.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">George II.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">George III.</span>, till Jan. 1, 1801:—The arms +indicated in the diagram, No. 429.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span>, till +1816:—The arms indicated in the diagram, No. 430, the inescutcheon +ensigned with an electoral bonnet.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span>, after 1816: <span +class = "smallcaps">George IV.</span>: <span class = +"smallcaps">William IV.</span>:—The same arms as No. 430, but +the inescutcheon ensigned with a Royal Crown.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span>, and <span class = "smallcaps">King +George V.</span>:—The same as No. 430, but without the +inescutcheon, the four quarters being marshalled as on the Royal +Standard, <a href = "#fig416">No. 416</a>.</p> + + +<h6>ROYAL CRESTS.</h6> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<span class = "pagenum">264</span> +<a name = "page264" id = "page264"> </a> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig431" id = "fig431"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig431.png" width = "130" height = "183" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 431.— Royal<br> +Crest of England.</p> +</div> + +<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>:—<i>A golden lion +statant guardant, imperially crowned</i>; assumed by <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span>, and by him borne on his Helm +standing upon a Cap of Estate; retained from his time, and now borne +standing on an Imperial Crown. No. 431.</p> + +<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>:—First Crest. +<i>A lion statant guardant gu.</i>, assumed by <span class = +"smallcaps">Robert II.</span>, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1385; retained, and with some modifications +used by his successors, till about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1550. Second Crest. <i>On an Imperial Crown, +a lion sejant affronté erect gu.; imperially crowned, holding in +the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect +and ppr.</i>; with the motto—IN: DEFENSE; assumed by <span class = +"smallcaps">James V.</span>; borne by <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span>, and shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about +1564; retained, and now in use.</p> + + +<h6>ROYAL SUPPORTERS.</h6> + +<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>. Of uncertain authority +before <span class = "smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>, who bore <i>two +white antelopes</i>: also, <i>a lion and a panther</i>, or +<i>antelope</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward IV.</span>:—<i>A lion +or</i>, or <i>argent, and a bull sable</i>: or, <i>two lions argent</i>: +or, <i>a lion and a hart argent</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard III.</span>:—<i>A lion +or and a boar arg.</i>: or, <i>two boars arg.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>:—<i>A dragon +gu., and a greyhound arg.</i>: or, <i>two greyhounds arg.</i>: or, <i>a +lion or and a dragon gu.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>:—<i>A lion or +and a dragon gu.</i>: or, <i>a dragon gu., and either a bull sable, +a greyhound argent, or a cock arg.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward VI.</span>:—<i>A lion or, +and a dragon gu.</i></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>:—<i>A lion or, and a greyhound +arg.</i>, or <i>a dragon gu.</i></p> + +<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>.—First +Supporters:—<i>Two lions rampt. guard.</i>; first seen on a Seal +of <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1429. Second Supporters: <i>Two silver +unicorns, crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained +or</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">265</span> +<a name = "page265" id = "page265"> </a> +assumed by <span class = "smallcaps">James IV.</span>, and retained +in use. On the signet of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary +Stuart</span>, No. 432: for this beautiful cut once more I am indebted +to Mr. Laing.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig432" id = "fig432"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig432.png" width = "230" height = "271" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 432.— The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart, considerably +enlarged.</p> + +<p>For the <span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>. Dexter +Supporter: <i>A lion rampt. guard., royally crowned, or</i>. Sinister +Supporter: <i>A unicorn rampt. arg., armed, crined and gorged with a +coronet composed of crosses pattée and fleurs de lis, and chained +or</i>. Assumed by <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span> of +Great Britain: retained, and still in use.</p> + + +<h6>ROYAL MOTTOES.</h6> + +<p>The ancient English war-cry—DIEU . ET . MON . +DROIT!—“<i>God and my Right!</i>” assumed as a regular Motto by +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VI.</span>, has been retained in +use since his time.</p> + +<p>Queens <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Anne</span> also used—SEMPER . EADEM—“<i>Always +the Same</i>.” <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span> +used—BEATI . PACIFICI—“<i>Blessed are the +Peace-makers</i>.”</p> + +<p>Mottoes of Scotland: NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LACESSIT—“<i>No man +with impunity attacks me</i>:” and, above the Crest—IN . DEFENSE. +The former is really the Motto of the Order of the Thistle.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">266</span> +<a name = "page266" id = "page266"> </a> +<h6>THE CROWN</h6> + +<p>Till the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>, the +Crown, the symbol of the Sovereignty of England, was a golden circlet +richly jewelled, and heightened with conventional +<i>strawberry-leaves</i>: fine examples are represented in the effigies +of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, <span class = +"smallcaps">John</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward II.</span></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry IV.</span>, as shown by his +splendid effigy at Canterbury, introduced <i>fleurs de lys</i>, +alternating with the leaves.</p> + +<p>From the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span>, the +circlet has been heightened by <i>crosses pattées</i> and <i>fleurs de +lys</i> alternating, four of each, and without any leaves. <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry V.</span> also first <i>arched the circlet with +jewelled bands</i>, which at their intersection he surmounted with a +<i>mound and cross</i>.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig234n" id = "fig234n"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig234.png" width = "195" height = "200" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 234.— Crown of<br> +H.M., The King.</p> +</div> + +<p>The arched Crown of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry V.</span> +has four half-arches,—that is, it is arched over twice: <span +class = "smallcaps">Henry VI.</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles I.</span> arched their crown three times: all +the other Sovereigns have had two complete arches only, and the Crown +still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles, as in No. +234. At different periods, while the design of the Crown has remained +unchanged, the contour of the arches, and the artistic treatment of the +ornamentation have undergone various modifications.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Banners</span>, or <span class = +"smallcaps">Standards</span>, are charged with the bearings of the Royal +Shield of Arms for the time being.</p> + +<p>The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late <span class = +"smallcaps">Prince Consort</span>. The <span class = +"smallcaps">Shield</span> was—<i>Quarterly</i>, 1 <i>and</i> +4,—<i>The Royal Arms of the late Queen</i>, as in <a href = +"#fig416">No. 416</a>, but differenced with <i>a silver label of three +points charged on the central point with +<span class = "pagenum">267</span> +<a name = "page267" id = "page267"> </a> +a cross of St. George</i>: 2 <i>and</i> 3,—<i>Saxony</i>, <a href += "#fig225">No. 225</a>. This Shield was encircled with the Garter of +the Order, and ensigned with the Prince’s own Coronet, shown in <a href += "#fig441">No. 441</a>.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Crest</span> was the <i>Royal Crest of +England</i>, <a href = "#fig431">No. 431</a>, the lion having the same +<i>label</i> that differences the Shield adjusted about his neck as a +collar, and being crowned with the coronet, <i>vide</i> <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 441, in place of the +Imperial Crown.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span> were those of the +Royal Arms, <i>the golden lion and silver unicorn</i>, both of them +differenced with the same <i>label</i>, and the lion crowned with the +same coronet.</p> + +<p>The Motto.—TREU . UND . FEST—“True and Faithful.” To the +dexter of this Achievement, the complete Royal Achievement of <span +class = "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>.</p> + +<p>The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span> were +and those of <span class = "smallcaps">King George V.</span> are +practically the same as those of <span class = "smallcaps">Queen +Victoria</span>. As <span class = "smallcaps">Princes of Wales</span>, +these Arms were differenced by a plain <i>label</i> of three points +argent, and an inescutcheon of <span class = "smallcaps">Saxony</span> +was superimposed. In each case upon accession to the throne, the +inescutcheon of Saxony was removed, and consequently there has been no +change whatsoever in the Royal Arms, those of <span class = +"smallcaps">King Edward</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">King +George</span> being the same as those of <span class = "smallcaps">Queen +Victoria</span>, save, of course, the necessary change in the Royal +Cyphers—the full blazon of the Royal Arms for the present reign +being:—</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Arms.</span>— <i>Quarterly</i>, 1 +<i>and</i> 4, <i>gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or</i> +(<span class = "smallcaps">England</span>); 2, <i>or, a lion +rampant within a double tressure flory and counterflory gules</i> (<span +class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>); 3, <i>azure, a harp or, +stringed argent</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helmet</span>—<i>of gold, affronté +and with grylles</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mantling</span>, <i>cloth of gold lined +with ermine</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crests</span> <i>upon the Imperial Crown, +a lion statant guardant, crowned or</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>).</p> + +<p><i>Upon the Crown of Scotland, a lion sejant erect affronté +<span class = "pagenum">268</span> +<a name = "page268" id = "page268"> </a> +gules; crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the +sinister a sceptre, both proper</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>).</p> + +<p>On a Wreath, <i>or and azure, a tower triple-towered of the first, +from the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled gold</i> +(<span class = "smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span> (dexter), <i>a lion +guardant or, crowned as the crest</i>; (sinister), <i>a unicorn argent, +armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses +patée and fleurs de lis, a chain affixed thereto, passing between +the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the last</i>.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badges.</span>—</p> + +<div class = "hanging"> +<p>1. <i>The Red and White Rose, united and crowned</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>).</p> + +<p>2. <i>The Thistle, crowned</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>).</p> + +<p>3. <i>A Harp or, stringed argent, crowned</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p> + +<p>4. <i>A Trefoil slipped vert, crowned</i> (<span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p> + +<p>5. <i>The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock united on one stem and +crowned</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>).</p> + +<p>6. <i>A Shield, crowned and bearing the device of the Union Jack</i> +(<span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>).</p> + +<p>7. <i>Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated +gules</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span>). +<i>N.B.</i>—This badge is not crowned.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Motto.</span>—DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT +in the compartment below the Shield, with the Union, Rose, Shamrock, and +Thistle engrafted on the same stem.</p> + +<p>The Shield is encircled by the Garter of that Order.</p> + +<p>The Arms of H.M. <span class = "smallcaps">Queen Alexandra</span>, +early in the reign of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward</span>, were +declared by Royal Warrant. Within the Garter are impaled (dexter) the +Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span> and (sinister) +the undifferenced Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Denmark</span> as +under:—</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms of Denmark</span>. The +Shield divided into four quarters by the national <i>white cross</i>, +having a <i>border of red</i> to represent the red field of the Danish +Ensign. +<span class = "pagenum">269</span> +<a name = "page269" id = "page269"> </a> +First Quarter:—<span class = +"smallcaps">Denmark</span>—<i>Or, semée of hearts gu., three lions +pass. guard. in pale az.</i> Second Quarter:—<span class = +"smallcaps">Sleswick</span>—<i>Or, two lions pass. in pale az.</i> +Third Quarter:—<i>Per fesse, in chief</i>, <span class = +"smallcaps">Sweden</span>—<i>Az., three crowns or; in base</i>, +<span class = "smallcaps">Iceland</span>—<i>Gu., a stock-fish +arg., crowned or; impaling</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Faroe +Islands</span>—<i>Az., a buck pass. arg.</i>; and, for <span +class = "smallcaps">Greenland</span>—a <i>polar bear rampt. +arg.</i> Fourth Quarter:—<i>Per fesse, in chief</i>, for <span +class = "smallcaps">Jutland</span>—<i>Or, ten hearts, four, three, +two, one, gu., and in chief a lion pass. az.; in base</i>, for <span +class = "smallcaps">Vandalia</span>—<i>Gu., a wyvern, its +tail nowed and wings expanded, or</i>.</p> + +<p>On an Inescutcheon, quarterly: First, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Holstein</span>—<i>Gu., an inescutcheon per fesse arg. +and of the first, in every point thereof a nail in triangle, between as +many holly-leaves, all ppr.</i> Second, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Stormerk</span>—<i>Gu., a swan arg., gorged with +a coronet or</i>. Third, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Ditzmers</span>—<i>Az., an armed knight ppr., +brandishing his sword, his charger arg.</i> Fourth, for <span class = +"smallcaps">Lauenburgh</span>—<i>Gu., a horse’s head couped +arg.</i></p> + +<p>Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, <span class = +"smallcaps">Oldenburgh</span>—<i>Or, two bars gu.</i>; +impaling—<i>Az., a cross patée fitchée or</i>, for <span +class = "smallcaps">Dalmenhurst</span>.</p> + +<p>The above-mentioned warrant for Her Majesty declares the arms to be +surmounted by the Royal Crown, and supported (dexter) by a lion +guardant, and imperially crowned or, and (sinister) by a savage wreathed +about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand +a club all proper.</p> + +<p>The Arms of H.M. <span class = "smallcaps">Queen Mary</span>, as +declared by Royal Warrant, are:—Within the Garter ensigned with +the Royal Crown the Arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland impaling quarterly (for Cambridge) the Royal Arms as borne by +<span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span> differenced by a label +of three points arg., the centre point charged with the St. George’s +Cross, and each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu., 2nd and +3rd (for Teck) or, three stags’ attires fesseways in pale, the point of +each attire to the sinister sa., +<span class = "pagenum">270</span> +<a name = "page270" id = "page270"> </a> +impaling or, three lions passant in pale sa., langued gu., the dexter +fore paws of the last, over all an inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa. +and or. <i>Supporters</i> (dexter) a lion guardant or, crowned with +the Royal Crown ppr.; (sinister) a stag ppr.</p> + +<p>H.R.H. the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span> bears a +Shield—<i>Quarterly</i>, 1 <i>and</i> 4, <span class = +"smallcaps">England</span>; 2, <span class = +"smallcaps">Scotland</span>; 3, <span class = +"smallcaps">Ireland</span>, differenced by a plain <i>label of three +points argent</i>. In pretence over these Arms he bears an Inescutcheon +of the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span>, viz. quarterly or +and gu., four lions passant guardant counter-changed, the Inescutcheon +surmounted by the Coronet of the Heir-Apparent. His Crest is the Crest +of England, and his Supporters are also the same, but the Crest and each +of the Supporters are differenced by a similar <i>label</i>, and for the +Imperial Crown in the Crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the +Prince of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span> is substituted. The +Badges of the Prince of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span> are +two:—viz. 1, <i>A plume of three ostrich feathers arg., +quilled or, enfiled by a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de +lys</i>, with the <span class = "smallcaps">Motto</span>, “ICH DIEN”: +2, <i>on a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated +gu., differenced with a label of three points arg.</i> Below the <span +class = "smallcaps">Shield</span> the <span class = +"smallcaps">Motto</span> “ICH DIEN” is repeated, and the Shield is +surrounded by the Garter.</p> + +<p>The other <span class = "smallcaps">Princes</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Princesses</span>, younger children of the late <span class += "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>, all bore the Royal Arms of the +Sovereign, the Princes on <i>Shields</i>, the Princesses on +<i>Lozenges</i>. All their Royal Highnesses bore the Royal +<i>Supporters</i>; all have a Shield of <i>Saxony</i>, in pretence on +their own Shield or Lozenge; all ensign their Shield or Lozenge with +their own Coronet, <a href = "#fig290">No. 290</a>; and the Princes bear +the Royal <i>Crest</i>. In every case, the dexter Supporter is crowned +and the sinister Supporter is gorged, and the Crest stands upon and is +ensigned with the same Coronet which appears above the Shield as their +particular coronet of rank: all the Shields, +<span class = "pagenum">271</span> +<a name = "page271" id = "page271"> </a> +Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are differenced with a <i>silver label +of three points, the labels being differenced</i> as follows:—</p> + +<p>H.R.H. the late Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Edinburgh</span>, +&c.:—<i>On the central point a red cross; on each of the other +two points a red anchor</i> (when the Duke succeeded to the throne of +Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a radical change in his Arms was made). +H.R.H. the Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Connaught</span>:—<i>Red cross, and two blue fleurs de +lys</i>. H.R.H. the late Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Albany</span>:—<i>Red cross, and two red hearts</i>. +H.I.M. the late <span class = "smallcaps">German Empress</span>, <span +class = "smallcaps">Princess Royal of England</span>, on the central +point of her <i>label</i> had a <i>red rose</i>, and on each of the +other two points a <i>red cross</i>. H.R.H. the late Princess <span +class = "smallcaps">Alice of Hesse</span> had on her <i>label</i> a +<i>red rose</i>, between two <i>ermine spots</i>. H.R.H. the Princess +<span class = "smallcaps">Helena</span>, Princess <span class = +"smallcaps">Christian</span>, has on her <i>label</i> a <i>red cross</i> +between two <i>red roses</i>. H.R.H. the Princess <span class = +"smallcaps">Louise</span> (Duchess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Argyll</span>):—<i>Red rose, and two red cantons</i>. +H.R.H. the Princess <span class = +"smallcaps">Beatrice</span>:—<i>Red heart, and two red +roses</i>.</p> + +<p>The Warrants for the three daughters of King <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward</span> were issued in the lifetime of Queen <span +class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span> when they were grandchildren of the +Sovereign, and no change has since been made. Consequently the +<i>labels</i> are of <i>five points</i> instead of <i>three</i>. The +Charges upon the label of H.R.H. the Duchess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Fife</span> (Princess <span class = "smallcaps">Royal of +England</span>) are: <i>Three red crosses, and two thistles slipped +alternately</i>. H.R.H. Princess <span class = +"smallcaps">Victoria</span> has a <i>label</i> of <i>five points +argent</i>, charged with <i>three roses</i> and <i>two crosses +gules</i>; and H.M. the Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Norway</span> +a similar <i>label</i>, charged with <i>three hearts</i> and <i>two +crosses gules</i>.</p> + +<p>The <i>label</i> of H.R.H. the first Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Cambridge</span> was silver, of three points, and the points +differenced with <i>a red cross</i> in the centre, and on each of the +two side points <i>two red hearts in pale</i>. The second and late Duke +bore the same <i>label</i> as his father, and below it a second +<i>label</i> of three +<span class = "pagenum">272</span> +<a name = "page272" id = "page272"> </a> +points <i>gules</i>. The <i>label</i> of H.R.H. the first Duke of <span +class = "smallcaps">Cumberland</span> (son of <span class = +"smallcaps">King George III.</span>) was of silver, and of <i>three +points</i> charged with a <i>fleur de lys</i> between <i>two crosses +gules</i>. The second Duke bore an additional <i>label</i> of <i>three +points gules</i>, the <i>centre point</i> charged with the <i>white +horse of Hanover</i>. These Dukes bore the Royal Arms as used in the +reign of <span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span> and not as +altered for Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>, +differencing the accessories as well as the Shield with their +<i>labels</i>.</p> + +<p>In 1904 a warrant was issued for H.R.H. Prince <span class = +"smallcaps">Arthur of Connaught</span>. The label was of five points +charged with three red crosses and two blue fleurs de lys alternately. +The coronet assigned to him was of crosses patée and strawberry leaves +alternately.</p> + +<p>An interesting warrant was issued for the Princess <span class = +"smallcaps">Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</span>, now Queen of <span +class = "smallcaps">Spain</span>, in view of her then approaching +marriage. This assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure +of England, and each of the supporters had a banner of the Royal Arms of +the United Kingdom placed in his paws.</p> + +<p>Even more interesting was the warrant issued in 1913 to H.H. Princess +<span class = "smallcaps">Alexandra</span>, Duchess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Fife</span>. This assigned to her upon a lozenge the Royal +Arms, differenced by the same label as that of her mother the Princess +Royal, and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of Duff, the +inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a Duchess of the United +Kingdom, and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a +Princess of the rank of Highness. The dexter supporter is the Royal Lion +of England crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the +label as in the arms. The sinister supporter is a savage taken from the +supporters of the late Duke of Fife.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">273</span> +<a name = "page273" id = "page273"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXIX" id = "chapXIX">CHAPTER XIX</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF +HONOUR</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +Feudal Knighthood— Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John; +Knights Templars; The Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St. +Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of The Star of +India— Order of Merit— Royal Victorian Order— Imperial +Service Order— The Victoria Cross— The Albert Medal— +Naval and Military Medals— Foreign Insignia bestowed on British +Subjects.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The same King would make an Order of <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights</span> of himself and his Sons, and of the bravest +of his land.” —<span class = "smallcaps">Froissart.</span></p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p>“I will say as I have said,—</p> +<p>Thou art a noble <span class = "smallcaps">Knight</span>.”</p> +<p class = "half"> +—<span class = "smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Knighthood</span>, as that term is generally +understood in its comprehensive acceptation, has been well defined to be +“a distinction of rank amongst freemen, depending not upon birth or +property, but simply upon the admission of the person so distinguished, +by the girding of a sword or other similar solemnity, into an order of +men having by law or usage certain social or political privileges,” and +also a certain appropriate title. It is evident, therefore, from this +definition that Knighthood implies the existence of these two +conditions: the one, that the man to be admitted to the rank of +Knighthood should possess such qualifications as may entitle him to that +distinction; and the other, that Knighthood should be conferred by a +personage endowed with a competent power and authority.</p> + +<p>In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were military +exploits of a distinguished character, and eminent +<span class = "pagenum">274</span> +<a name = "page274" id = "page274"> </a> +services, of whatever kind, rendered to the King and the realm: also, +the holding a certain property in land (in the time of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward I.</span>, land then of the yearly value of £20, +or upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some Noble, by the +feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain +established conditions; but it has been disputed whether there was any +necessary connection between Knighthood, as such, and the Knight Service +of Feudal Tenure. During the first two centuries after the Conquest, +Knighthood was conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers, +as well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representative: but, +after the accession of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry III.</span>, +the prevailing rule appears to have been that in England no persons +should be created Knights except by the King, or the Prince Royal acting +for his Father, or by the King’s General-in-Chief, or other personal +representative.</p> + +<p>The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, implied also +the maintenance of a becoming state, and the discharge of certain civil +duties: and, more particularly, all Knights were required to make such a +provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent +with their position and their property; and it was expected from them +that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and +celebrations of their times. It followed, that feudal Knighthood was a +distinction which, if not conferred for the sake of honour, became +obligatory; and fines, accordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for +Knighthood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights. In the +course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system abated, the numbers +of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased: and, since +many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms, +they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled +them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their +<span class = "pagenum">275</span> +<a name = "page275" id = "page275"> </a> +personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A fruitful source of +revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the military character of +Knighthood was maintained, and at the same time a new and important +class of the community gradually became established.</p> + +<p>The Knights of Norman England, who at first were soldiers of the +highest order, derived their designation from their warlike predecessors +of Anglo-Saxon times, the word “<i>cniht</i>,” in the late Anglo-Saxon +tongue, signifying a military attendant. When they had established +themselves in the position and in the possession of the lands of the +Anglo-Saxons, the Anglo-Norman Knights retained their own original +title. The Latin equivalent for that title of “Knight” is +“<i>Miles</i>,” and the Norman-French is “<i>Chevalier</i>.”</p> + +<p>These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The first class contains +all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive Order of +Chivalry—who were Knights by reason of their common Knighthood. +The second class is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly +rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity, +Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society of this kind has +always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, and Insignia peculiar to +itself.</p> + +<p>The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to the +formation of two Orders of <i>Priest-Knights</i>—Orders not +belonging to any particular nation, but numbering amongst their members +men of all nations. These are the Orders of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights of St. John of Jerusalem</span>, or <span class = +"smallcaps">Hospitallers</span>, and of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights Templars</span>.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Hospitallers</span>, instituted about +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1092, were introduced into +England about 1100. In the year 1310 they were established at Rhodes, +and in 1530 at Malta, under their forty-third Grand Master, <span class += "smallcaps">Philippe de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam</span>. Their device +is a <i>silver cross of eight +<span class = "pagenum">276</span> +<a name = "page276" id = "page276"> </a> +points</i>, <a href = "#fig107">No. 107</a>, charged upon a <i>black +field</i>, or worn upon a black surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally +suppressed in England in 1559.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Templars</span>, instituted about <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1118, were introduced into England +about 1140. In the year 1309 they were suppressed, and in 1312 their +Order was finally abolished. They wore <i>a Cross</i> of the same form +as <a href = "#fig107">No. 107</a>, but of a <i>red colour upon a white +field</i>. This red cross they charged upon a white banner: and they +bore another banner, <a href = "#fig13">No. 13</a>, of <i>black and +white</i>, entitled “<i>Beau Seant</i>.” The same words, “<i>Beau +Seant!</i>” were their war-cry. The Badges of the Templars were the +<i>Agnus Dei</i>—the Holy Lamb, holding a red-cross banner; and a +device representing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to +denote the original poverty of the Order.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" +id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a></p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig433" id = "fig433"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig433.png" width = "238" height = "435" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 433.— Insignia of the Order of the Garter.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Order of the Garter</span>, a military +Fraternity under the special patronage of “<span class = "smallcaps">St. +George</span>, the good Knight,” was instituted at Windsor by King <span +class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> in, or about, the year +1350—very probably in the summer of 1348, but the exact time is +not positively known. It may safely be assumed, that the occasion which +led to the institution of this most noble and renowned Order, was a +Tournament or Hastilude of unusual importance held at his Castle of +Windsor by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward III.</span> at the most +brilliant period of his reign: and it is highly probable that the Order +suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result of his own +chivalrous revival of a knightly “Round Table,” such as flourished in +the days of King Arthur. How much of historical fact there may be in the +popular legend, which professes to derive from a certain romantic +incident the +<span class = "pagenum">277</span> +<a name = "page277" id = "page277"> </a> +Title certainly borne by King <span class = "smallcaps">Edward’s</span> +Order from the time of its original institution, it is not possible to +determine: but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the +spirit of those times; nor would the Knights Founders of the Garter +regard their Order as the less honourable, because its Title might +remind them of the happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure +of a noble Lady had been turned to so good an account by a most princely +Monarch. The Statutes of the Order have been continually modified and +altered, and the original military character of the Institution has long +ceased to exist: still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have +affected the pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation. Illustrious now +as ever, and foremost in rank and honour in +<span class = "pagenum">278</span> +<a name = "page278" id = "page278"> </a> +our own country, the <span class = "smallcaps">Garter</span> is second +to no knightly Order in the world.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Most Noble Order of the Garter</span> +consists of the <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span> and +Twenty-five <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Companions</span>, of whom +the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span> always is one. By a +Statute of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal descendants of +<span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span> as may be elected: and +still more recent statutes have provided for the admission of foreign +Sovereigns, and also of certain “Extra Knights,” who are elected +“Companions” as vacancies occur.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Officers</span> of the Order +are—The <i>Prelate</i>, the Bishop of Winchester: the +<i>Chancellor</i>, the Bishop of Oxford: the <i>Registrar</i>, the Dean +of Windsor: the <i>Herald</i>, Garter King of Arms: and, the <i>Usher of +the Black Rod</i>.</p> + +<p>Knights of the Garter place the initials “K.G.” after their names; +and these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of Royalty +alone excepted.</p> + +<p>The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George’s Chapel, +Windsor Castle, where their Garter-plates are fixed, and their Banners +are displayed.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> of the Order of the +Garter are—The <i>Garter</i> itself, of a light blue originally, +now of a dark blue, with border, buckle, and pendant of gold. On it, in +golden letters, the <i>Motto</i>—HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . Y . +PENSE—“Dishonour to him who thinks ill of it;” and not, as it is +commonly rendered, “Evil to him that evil thinks.”</p> + +<p>The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a buckled Garter +enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole blazoned in the proper +tinctures: it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet Mantle. +When irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a device +resembling the Badge in every respect, except that the cross of St. +George is enclosed within the Garter without being charged on a Shield, +forms the <i>Star</i> of the Order.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">279</span> +<a name = "page279" id = "page279"> </a> +<p>The <i>Collar</i>, of gold enamelled, is formed of twelve buckled +Garters, each encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many knots of intertwined +cords. Attached to this Collar is the <i>George</i>—a mounted +figure of the Saint in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing +him with his lance. The Collar and George were added to the Insignia by +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span></p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig434" id = "fig434"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig434.png" width = "159" height = "311" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 434.<br> +The Lesser George,<br> +of the Garter.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <i>Lesser George</i>, or <i>Jewel</i>, added by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, has the same device placed on an +enamelled field, and forming a jewel generally oval in form; it is +encircled by a buckled Garter of the Order, and represented in No. 434. +It was this Lesser George that <span class = +"smallcaps">Charles I.</span>, immediately before he suffered, +delivered to Archbishop <span class = "smallcaps">Juxon</span>, with the +word, “Remember.” As a matter of course, the figure of <span class = +"smallcaps">St. George</span> ought always to be represented as a +Knight, armed and equipped as one of the Christian chivalry of the +Middle Ages—not as a pagan horseman of antiquity, and more +particularly not in the guise of such a nude champion as appears on some +of our modern coins. The Lesser George, often incorrectly called the +Badge, at first was sometimes worn from a gold chain, and sometimes from +a <i>black Ribbon</i>. The Colour of the ribbon was changed to <i>sky +blue</i> by Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>; and it has +since been again changed to the <i>dark blue</i> of the broad Ribbon now +worn. This <i>Ribbon</i> of the Order crosses the figure of the wearer, +passing over the left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it +under the right arm.</p> + +<p>Since the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Charles II.</span> +it has been customary +<span class = "pagenum">280</span> +<a name = "page280" id = "page280"> </a> +for the nearest representatives of a deceased K.G. to return his +Insignia to the Sovereign.</p> + +<p>Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his own proper +Badge.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig450" id = "fig450"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig450.png" width = "246" height = "432" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 450.— Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Thistle, of +Scotland</span>, styled “Most Noble and Most Ancient,” and indicated by +the Initials “K.T.,” was originally instituted long before the accession +of a Scottish Sovereign to the Crown of England; but it is now governed +by statutes framed by <span class = "smallcaps">James II.</span> of +Great Britain, <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">George IV.</span></p> + +<p>The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights</span>. Its <span class = +"smallcaps">Officers</span> are—The <i>Dean</i>; <i>the Lord Lyon +King of Arms</i>; and the <i>Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod</i>.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are—The +<i>Badge</i> of gold enamelled, being +<span class = "pagenum">281</span> +<a name = "page281" id = "page281"> </a> +a figure of St. Andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver Saltire +and surrounded by rays in the form of a glory. This Badge is worn from +the <i>Collar</i> of the Order, formed of sixteen Thistles alternating +with as many bunches of rue-sprigs; or, from a broad <i>dark green +Ribbon</i>, which crosses the left shoulder. There are fine examples of +these Insignia sculptured upon the Monument of <span class = +"smallcaps">Mary</span>, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. The jewel +is shown in <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 435.</p> + +<p>The <i>Star</i> of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the form +of a St. Andrew’s Saltire, having its four limbs alternating with the +four points of a lozenge: in the centre, surrounded by the Motto (NEMO +ME IMPUNE LACESSIT), is a Thistle proper.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig435" id = "fig435"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig435.png" width = "155" height = "266" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig436" id = "fig436"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig436.png" width = "163" height = "264" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 435.— Jewel of the Thistle.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 436.— Badge of St. Patrick.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The Most Illustrious Order of <span class = "smallcaps">St. Patrick, +of Ireland</span>, indicated by the Initials, “K.P.”, and instituted in +1783 by <span class = "smallcaps">George III.</span>, consists of +the SOVEREIGN, the <span class = "smallcaps">Grand Master</span>, and +twenty-two <span class = "smallcaps">Knights</span>. The <span class = +"smallcaps">Officers</span> are the Grand Master, the <i>Chancellor</i>, +the <i>Secretary</i>, <i>Ulster King of Arms</i> and <i>Registrar</i>, +two +<span class = "pagenum">282</span> +<a name = "page282" id = "page282"> </a> +<i>Heralds</i>, and one <i>Pursuivant</i>, the <i>Genealogist</i>, and +the <i>Usher of the Black Rod</i>.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig451" id = "fig451"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig451.png" width = "251" height = "441" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 451.— Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are—The +<i>Badge</i> or <i>Jewel</i>, of gold enamelled, and oval in form. It +has a Shamrock (or Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal Crown, +charged on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded by the +<i>Motto</i>—QVIS . SEPARABIT . (“Who will sever?”) MDCCLXXXIII., +on a blue band, which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of +Shamrocks on gold. This Badge, <a href = "#fig436">No. 436</a>, is worn +from the <i>Collar</i>, composed of Roses and Harps, alternating with +each other and with knotted cords, a Crown surmounting a Harp being +in the centre; or, the Badge is worn from a broad <i>sky-blue +Ribbon</i>, crossing the right shoulder.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">283</span> +<a name = "page283" id = "page283"> </a> +<p>The <i>Star</i> resembles the Badge, except that its centre is +circular instead of oval; and that it has eight rays of silver or +diamonds, in place of the wreath of Shamrocks.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig452" id = "fig452"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig452.png" width = "248" height = "329" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 452.— Collar and Military Badge. Insignia of the Order of the +Bath.</p> + +<p>The Most Honourable <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the +Bath</span> is an early Institution which, after having long been in +abeyance, has been revived and remodelled, and has received fresh +statutes in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859.</p> + +<p>The Order, now numbering about a thousand members, consists of +several distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the SOVEREIGN, +the Royal Princes, and some few distinguished Foreigners, Officers of +our own Navy and Army, and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the +Crown.</p> + +<p>The Three “Classes” of the Order alike include members of the Three +Services, and each class is divided into two divisions, viz. Military +and Civil.</p> + +<p>The “First Class,” of <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Grand Cross +of the Bath</span>—G.C.B.—has 55 Military and 27 Civil +Knights.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">284</span> +<a name = "page284" id = "page284"> </a> +<p>The “Second Class” numbers (with power to increase these numbers) 145 +Military and 108 Civil <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Commanders of +the Bath</span>—K.C.B.</p> + +<p>The “Third Class,” not of Knights, but of <span class = +"smallcaps">Companions of the Bath</span>—C.B.—has 705 +Military and 298 Civil Members, who take rank between Knights and +Esquires.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Military Insignia</span> are—The +<span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, a complicated combination +of devices, characteristic of the debased period which produced it. It +is represented in No. 437.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig437" id = "fig437"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig437.png" width = "291" height = "359" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 437.— Badge of the Bath (Military Division).</p> + +<p>The Cross is white; the circle with the Motto, red; and the small +scroll in base, blue; all the rest being enamelled “proper.” This Badge +is worn by the G.C.B. attached to a <i>Collar</i>, formed of nine Crowns +and eight clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a +Sceptre, alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled argent: or, +<span class = "pagenum">285</span> +<a name = "page285" id = "page285"> </a> +this Badge is suspended by the G.C.B. from a broad <i>red Ribbon</i>, +crossing the left shoulder. By the K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a +narrower red Ribbon about the neck, or a still narrower at the +button-hole. Also, by the C.B. it is attached to a narrow red Ribbon at +the button-hole.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig453" id = "fig453"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig453.png" width = "175" height = "167" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig454" id = "fig454"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig454.png" width = "164" height = "163" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 453.— Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil).</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 454.— Star of Knight Commander (Military).</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <i>Star</i> of the G.C.B. is similar to the Badge without The +Cross and the lions, surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped +outline. The <i>Star</i> of the K.C.B., which is in the form of a +Maltese Cross, omits the Cross of the Badge. The C.B. have no Star.</p> + +<div class = "floatright w180"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig438" id = "fig438"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig438.png" width = "143" height = "225" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 438.— Badge of the Bath (Civil Division).</p> +</div> + +<p>The Diplomatic and Civil <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> +are—The <i>Badge</i>, No. 438, worn with the same distinctions as +the Naval and Military Badge; but the C.B. Badge is of smaller size than +the Badges of the two higher Classes.</p> + +<p>The <i>Star</i> of the G.C.B. has eight silver rays encircling their +Badge in a circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that of +the Naval and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel-wreath and the small +scroll and motto.</p> + +<p>The <i>Motto</i> of the Order—TRIA . JUNCTA . IN . +UNO—“Three +<span class = "pagenum">286</span> +<a name = "page286" id = "page286"> </a> +united in one,” refers to the Union of the three Realms of England, +Scotland, and Ireland, in the Order.</p> + +<p>The <i>Stalls</i> of the Knights of the Bath, before the Order was +divided into classes, and those of their Esquires, are in Henry the +Seventh’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey; but no installation has taken place +since 1815, when the Order was reorganised, and no new plates or banners +have been set up.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig455" id = "fig455"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig455.png" width = "174" height = "263" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 455.— Order of Merit.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Order of Merit</span> (O.M.) instituted +in the year 1902, although it gives to its members neither style nor +precedence, ranks next to the Order of the Bath, and is divided into two +classes, Military and Civil. The only Insignia are the Badge and the +Ribbon parti-coloured of <i>red</i> and <i>blue</i>. The Badge is <i>a +cross pateé of four arms</i>, the outline of the cross being circular. +The cross is of <i>blue enamel</i> and superimposed thereupon a smaller +cross of the same design of <i>red</i>. The centre is <i>blue</i>, +bearing the words, “FOR MERIT,” in gold letters within a laurel wreath. +The cross is surmounted by the Royal Crown. The reverse of the Badge +shows the Royal and Imperial Cypher. To the Badge <i>two swords +saltirewise</i> in the +<span class = "pagenum">287</span> +<a name = "page287" id = "page287"> </a> +angles of the cross are added in the case of members of the Military +Division.</p> + +<p class = "first"> +The Most Exalted <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Star of +India</span>, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1861, to render especial +honour to high merit and loyalty in the Indian Empire, was enlarged on +the 24th of May 1866, and ordained to consist of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Sovereign</span>, a <span class = "smallcaps">Grand +Master</span>, and 291 Ordinary <span class = +"smallcaps">Companions</span> or <span class = +"smallcaps">Members</span>; together with such extra and Honorary +Members as the Sovereign at any time may be pleased to appoint.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig456" id = "fig456"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig456.png" width = "248" height = "399" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 456.— Collar and Insignia of the Exalted Order of the Star of +India.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Viceroy and Governor-General of +India</span> for the time being is always the <span class = +"smallcaps">Grand Master</span>. The Ordinary Members are divided into +Three Classes:—The “First Class” comprises 36 <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights Grand Commanders</span>: +<span class = "pagenum">288</span> +<a name = "page288" id = "page288"> </a> +G.C.S.I. In the “Second Class” there are 85 <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span>: K.S.I. And, the “Third Class” +numbers 170 <span class = "smallcaps">Companions</span>: C.S.I.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig439" id = "fig439"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig439.png" width = "235" height = "369" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 439.— Badge of the Star of India.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are—The +<i>Badge</i>, No. 439, formed of diamonds, having the Motto on a field +of light blue enamel, and the bust of the late Queen executed as an onyx +cameo. This Badge is attached by a mullet to the <i>Collar</i>, composed +of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with palm-branches, +a crown being in the Centre: or, the Badge is worn from a <i>Ribbon +of pale blue with white borders</i> crossing the left shoulder. The +<i>Star</i>, of diamonds, has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its +centre, within the <i>Motto</i>—HEAVEN’S . LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE, +the whole being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig457" id = "fig457"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig457.png" width = "271" height = "400" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 457.— Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael and St. +George.</p> + +<p>The Most Distinguished <span class = "smallcaps">Order of St. Michael +and St. George</span>, originally instituted in 1818 for use in Malta +<span class = "pagenum">289</span> +<a name = "page289" id = "page289"> </a> +and the Ionian Islands, has been extended and enlarged in 1868, 1877, +and 1902, and now is awarded for Colonial and for Foreign Services. It +consists of 100 <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Grand Cross</span> +(G.C.M.G.), 300 <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span> +(K.C.M.G.), and 600 <span class = "smallcaps">Companions</span> +(C.M.G.), in addition to Honorary Members. The numbers are not adhered +to. The <i>Star</i> is of seven long rays, smaller rays intervening. +This is charged with the Cross of St. George, and in the centre is a +representation of St. Michael encountering Satan within a blue circle, +bearing the Motto of the Order, “AUSPICIUM MELIORIS ÆVI.”</p> + +<p>The <i>Collar</i> is composed alternately of lions of England, +Maltese Crosses, and Cyphers, S. M. and S. G. In the centre is +the Crown <i>over two winged lions passant guardant, each holding a book +and seven arrows</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">290</span> +<a name = "page290" id = "page290"> </a> +<p>The <i>Badge</i> is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel, +and has in the centre, within the Motto of the Order (on the one side), +St. Michael encountering Satan (and on the other side), St. George and +the Dragon. The Badge is surmounted by the Crown.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig458" id = "fig458"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig458.png" width = "213" height = "367" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 458.— Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig459" id = "fig459"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig459.png" width = "93" height = "153" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 459.<br> +The Badge.</p> + +</div> + +<p>The Most Eminent <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Indian +Empire</span>, instituted in 1878 and subsequently enlarged, is the +second Indian Order, and consists of three classes, <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights Grand Commanders</span> (G.C.I.E.), <span class = +"smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span> (K.C.I.E.), and <span class = +"smallcaps">Companions</span> (C.I.E.).</p> + +<p>The <i>Star</i> is of five rays of silver, alternated with as many +rays of gold. In the centre, within a purple circle, inscribed with the +Motto, “IMPERATRICIS AUSPICIIS,” and surmounted by the Crown, is an +effigy of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">291</span> +<a name = "page291" id = "page291"> </a> +<p>The <i>Collar</i> is composed of elephants, lotus-flowers, peacocks +in their pride, and Indian roses, all connected by gold chains.</p> + +<p>The <i>Badge</i> is a red enamelled rose, in the centre of which is +the effigy within the Motto as on the Star.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig460" id = "fig460"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig460.png" width = "217" height = "218" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig461" id = "fig461"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig461.png" width = "205" height = "204" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 460.— G.C.V.O. Star.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 461.— K.C.V.O. Star.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig462" id = "fig462"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig462.png" width = "158" height = "193" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig463" id = "fig463"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig463.png" width = "149" height = "204" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 462.— G.C.V.O. Badge.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 463.— K.C.V.O. Badge.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Victorian Order</span> was +instituted in 1896 as the personal Order of the British Sovereign, and +is divided into five classes—<span class = "smallcaps">Knights +Grand Cross</span> (G.C.V.O.), <span class = "smallcaps">Knights +Commanders</span> (K.C.V.O.), <span class = +"smallcaps">Commanders</span> (C.V.O.), and Members of the Fourth and +Fifth Classes (both M.V.O.).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">292</span> +<a name = "page292" id = "page292"> </a> +<p>The <i>Star</i> is of eight points, and of chipped silver, having in +the centre a representation of the Badge.</p> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span> is a white Maltese Cross. +It has an oval enamelled centre of crimson with the monogram +V. R. I., within a blue enamelled circle, carrying the Motto +of the Order “VICTORIA,” the circle surmounted by the Crown. There is no +collar for the order, but the King occasionally bestows, as an extreme +mark of favour, “The Royal Victorian Chain,” a decoration not +governed by express Statute.</p> + +<p class = "first"> +The <span class = "smallcaps">Distinguished Service Order</span> is a +Military Decoration instituted in 1886, but which does not carry the +style of Knighthood. The <i>Badge</i> is a gold cross enamelled white +and of a circular outline. In the centre (on the one side) is the Crown +on a red enamel ground within a wreath of laurel, (and on the other +side) the Royal Cypher takes the place of the Crown.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig464" id = "fig464"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig464.png" width = "100" height = "160" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig465" id = "fig465"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig465.png" width = "121" height = "204" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 464.— Distinguished Service Order.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 465.— Imperial Service Order.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Imperial Service Order</span>, a purely +Civil Decoration instituted in 1902, is confined to the Administrative +Services of the Empire. The <i>Badge</i> is an eight-rayed star bearing +(on one side) the Royal Cypher and (on the other +<span class = "pagenum">293</span> +<a name = "page293" id = "page293"> </a> +side) “For faithful service,” surrounded by a wreath of laurel and +surmounted by the Crown.</p> + +<p class = "first"> +The <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria Cross</span>, of bronze, was +instituted by her late Majesty Queen <span class = +"smallcaps">Victoria</span> in 1856, to render honour to “conspicuous +bravery” in actual conflict, by sea or land. This Cross, No. 440, is +worn on the left breast, attached to a <i>blue</i> ribbon for the Navy, +and to a <i>red</i> ribbon for the Army. A Bar is attached to the +ribbon for every additional such act of bravery as would have won the +Cross.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig440" id = "fig440"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig440.png" width = "178" height = "263" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig441" id = "fig441"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig441.png" width = "189" height = "408" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 440.— The Victoria Cross.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 441.— The Albert Medal.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Albert Medal</span>, No. 441, which was +instituted also by Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>, +dates from March 13, 1866, and is to distinguish those who save, or who +at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save, life or perform other +meritorious +<span class = "pagenum">294</span> +<a name = "page294" id = "page294"> </a> +acts of bravery. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the late <span class = +"smallcaps">Prince Consort</span>; and the Monogram consists of the +Initials V. A., with an anchor. This Medal is executed in Silver +and Bronze for two classes of recipients. The anchor in the Badge is +omitted when awarded for land services.</p> + +<p>Other Decorations are “The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert” (of +four classes) and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (of one +class), both confined to ladies, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the Volunteer +Officers’ Decoration, the Territorial Decoration, the Edward Medal, the +King’s Police Medal, the Royal Red Cross, and the Order of Mercy; whilst +the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England receives +official recognition.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a> +The Arms of the Inner Temple of the present day are—<i>Azure, +a pegasus</i> (or winged horse) <i>argent</i>, or sometimes +<i>or</i>. This Coat is derived from the early Badge, <i>the two +horsemen</i> having been mistaken in later times for <i>wings</i>. The +Arms of the Middle Temple are—<i>Argent, on a cross gules</i>, the +Agnus Dei.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">295</span> +<a name = "page295" id = "page295"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXX" id = "chapXX">CHAPTER XX</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES</span></h4> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p class = "half"> +“Orders and Degrees</p> +<p>Jar not with Liberty, but well consist.”</p> +<p class = "half">—<i>Paradise Lost</i>, Book V.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The use of Arms was closely connected with the Study of Genealogy.” +—<span class = "smallcaps">Dallaway</span>, <i>Science of +Heraldry</i> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1793).</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">When</span> <span class = +"smallcaps">James I.</span> succeeded to the Crown of England while +he was actually the King regnant of Scotland, and accordingly became +Sovereign of the two Realms, he found it necessary to produce a “Union +Flag” for the whole of Great Britain, in consequence of the serious +disputes for Precedence that arose between the natives of South and +North Britain. Before the time of the peace-loving son of Mary Stuart, +a Sovereign of another mould, <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry VIII.</span>, had felt the necessity of framing +and establishing some definite system of Precedence amongst the various +degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects: and, in 1539, a statute +to that effect was enacted. Other statutes afterwards were added; and, +from time to time, Royal Letters Patent on the same subject have been +issued; and thus the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has +been established.</p> + +<p>The General Scale of Precedence follows, but there are Special scales +for use in (<i>a</i>) Scotland, (<i>b</i>) Ireland, (<i>c</i>) India, +(<i>d</i>) Canada, (<i>e</i>) Colonies, (<i>f</i>) Army and Navy, +(<i>g</i>) Diplomatic Service.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">296</span> +<a name = "page296" id = "page296"> </a> +<h6>THE GENERAL ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.</h6> + +<div class = "hanging close"> +<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span>.</p> +<p>The Prince of Wales.</p> +<p>The Younger Sons of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Grandsons of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Brothers of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Uncles of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Nephews of the Sovereign.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "hanging close"> +<p>The Archbishop of Canterbury.</p> +<p>The Lord Chancellor.</p> +<p>The Archbishop of York.</p> +<p>The Premier.</p> +<p>The Lord High Treasurer.</p> +<p>The Lord President of the Council.</p> +<p>The Lord Privy Seal.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "inset"> +The following <span class = "smallcaps">Great Officers of State</span> +<i>precede all Peers of their own Degree</i>—that is, if Dukes, +they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all other Earls; +&c.:—</p> + +<div class = "hanging close"> +<p>The Lord Great Chamberlain.</p> +<p>The Lord High Constable.</p> +<p>The Earl Marshal.</p> +<p>The Lord High Admiral.</p> +<p>The Lord Steward of the Royal Household.</p> +<p>The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.</p> +<p>The Master of the Horse.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "inset"> +The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according +to their Patents of Creation.</p> + +<div class = "hanging close"> +<p>Dukes (<i>a</i>) of England, (<i>b</i>) of Scotland, (<i>c</i>) of +Great Britain, (<i>d</i>) of Ireland, (<i>e</i>) of the United Kingdom +and, if created since the Union, of Ireland.</p> +<p>Marquesses (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Dukes.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">297</span> +<a name = "page297" id = "page297"> </a> +<p>Earls (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Marquesses.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Younger Sons of Dukes.</p> +<p>Viscounts (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Earls.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Younger Sons of Marquesses.</p> +<p>Bishops of (<i>a</i>) London, (<i>b</i>) Durham, and (<i>c</i>) +Winchester.</p> +<p>Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration.</p> +<p>Barons (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p> +<p>The Speaker of the House of Commons.</p> +<p>Commissioners of Great Seal.</p> +<p>The (<i>a</i>) Treasurer and the (<i>b</i>) Comptroller of the Royal +Household.</p> +<p>Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.</p> +<p>The Secretaries of State, when not Peers.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Viscounts.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Younger Sons of Earls.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Barons.</p> +<p>Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being Peers.</p> +<p>Privy Councillors.</p> +<p>The Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p> +<p>The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p> +<p>The Lord Chief Justice.</p> +<p>The Master of the Rolls.</p> +<p>Lord Justices of Appeal and Pres. of Probate Court.</p> +<p>Judges of High Court.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Younger Sons of Viscounts.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Younger Sons of Barons.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers).</p> +<p>Baronets.</p> +<p>Knights Grand Cross of the Bath.</p> +<p>Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India.</p> +<p>Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.</p> +<p>Knights Grand Commanders of Indian Empire.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">298</span> +<a name = "page298" id = "page298"> </a> +<p>Knights Grand Cross of Victorian Order.</p> +<p>Knights Commanders of the various Orders (in the same order of +progression).</p> +<p>Knights Bachelors.</p> +<p>Commanders of Victorian Order.</p> +<p>County Court Judges.</p> +<p>Serjeants-at-Law.</p> +<p>Masters in Lunacy.</p> +<p>Companions of the various Orders.</p> +<p>Members of Fourth Class of Victorian Order.</p> +<p>Companions of Distinguished Service Order.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Baronets.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Eldest Sons of Knights.</p> +<p>Members of Fifth Class of Victorian Order.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Baronets’ Younger Sons.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Knights’ Younger Sons.</p> +<p>Esquires:—Including the Eldest Sons of the Sons of Viscounts +and Barons, the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers, and their +eldest Sons in perpetual Succession: the younger Sons of Baronets: the +Sons of Knights, the eldest Son of the eldest Son of a Knight in +perpetual Succession: persons holding the King’s Commission, or who may +be styled “Esquire” by the King in any Official Document.</p> +<p>Gentlemen.</p> +</div> + +<h6>THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN</h6> + +<p>is determined, before marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, but not by +the Office, of their Father.</p> + +<p>All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same Degree, which +is the Degree that their eldest Brother holds (or would hold) amongst +men. Thus:—Of the Sons of an Earl the <i>eldest</i> alone has an +honorary Title of Nobility and is styled “My Lord,” while <i>all</i> the +Daughters of an Earl have a similar honorary Title, and are styled “My +Lady.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">299</span> +<a name = "page299" id = "page299"> </a> +<p>By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence of their +Husbands: but, the strictly Official Dignity of a Husband is not +imparted to a wife (except in India), in the case of the Archbishops and +Bishops or holders of other offices.</p> + +<p>The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of Inheritance, +are not imparted by Marriage to their Husbands: nor does Marriage with +an inferior in Dignity in any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may +enjoy by Birth, Inheritance, or Creation—both her own Precedence +and that of her Husband remain as before their Marriage, unless the +Husband be a Peer.</p> + +<p>In the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Family</span> the following +Precedence takes effect:—</p> + +<div class = "hanging close"> +<p>The Queen.</p> +<p>The Queen Dowager.</p> +<p>The Princess of Wales.</p> +<p>The Daughters of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Granddaughters of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Wives of the Grandsons of the Sovereign.</p> +<p>The Sovereign’s Sisters.</p> +<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Brothers.</p> +<p>The Sovereign’s Aunts.</p> +<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Uncles.</p> +<p>The Sovereign’s Nieces.</p> +<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Nephews (Brothers’ and Sisters’ +Daughters).</p> +<p>Granddaughters of the Sovereign not bearing the style of Royal +Highness.</p> +</div> + +<p>To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, the Wife of a +Peer always takes her rank, and therefore takes her actual Precedence, +from her Husband.</p> + +<p>The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, retains the rank +she enjoyed whilst married: but, should she contract a second Marriage, +her Precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second +Husband, or by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she enjoyed +before her first Marriage.</p> + +<p>The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all her Husband’s +Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the same degree of rank with +them. Thus:—the Wife of the +<span class = "pagenum">300</span> +<a name = "page300" id = "page300"> </a> +Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of <i>all</i> Daughters of Earls. +In actual practice, however, by a principle of Precedence that is +accepted and adopted in all families of the same degree amongst +themselves, the Sisters in every case have their place immediately after +the Wife of their own Eldest Brother.</p> + + +<h6>GENEALOGIES.</h6> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Genealogies</span>, the Records of the +Descents and Alliances of Families, are necessarily associated with the +Armorial Ensigns borne by those Families, and by the several Members and +Branches of them. Still, it does not apparently follow, in the same +manner, as a matter of necessity, that the study and investigation of +Genealogies should be interesting and even attractive, because interest +and attractiveness are inseparable from Heraldry. And yet, I do not +hesitate to claim for genealogical researches the favourable regard of +students of Armory, on the very ground of the interest which they are +certain to feel in such researches; and also in confident reliance on +that inherent power of attraction, inseparable from the subject itself, +that will not fail both to win their favourable regard, and to lead them +on from one inquiry to another.</p> + +<p>The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage, +from generation to generation of his forefathers, noting down the +alliances that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with +others not less lustrous; or, the reverse of this process, the following +the lineage of some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream, +observing both the tributaries that flow into the main channel and the +streamlets that issue from it—all this, when once it has been +systematically undertaken, leads the student through the most +picturesque regions of historical romance.</p> + +<p>The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists +<span class = "pagenum">301</span> +<a name = "page301" id = "page301"> </a> +in placing in a formal order of arrangement a series of dry names, +connected with dates that (if it be possible) are even more dry. It is +not uncommon to dispose of many things precisely in the same way, when +an opinion is formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a +question by its true merits—it is so easy to decline the trouble +and to avoid the effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and so +pleasant to become the possessor of an “opinion” and “views,” without +any outlay in acquiring them. A Map has no value in the estimation +of those who ignore Geography: the claims of Archæology are disregarded +by all who are content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies: +and History itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter, so long as +an acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes. And, in +like manner, Genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those +who know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and History who are +familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance. Without +written Genealogies, who can clearly understand the political and +historical position of the rival Princes of the red and white Roses; or +of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span> and the “last of the +Plantagenets”; or of Queens <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth +Tudor</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Mary Stuart</span>, and <span +class = "smallcaps">Jane Grey</span>? Or who, without similar aid, will +follow out the fortunes of the Houses of B<span class = +"smallcaps">eauchamp</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span> +and <span class = "smallcaps">Dudley</span>, and connect them with the +existing noble lord of Warwick Castle; or, when reading of the <span +class = "smallcaps">De Clares</span>, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Bohuns</span>, or the <span class = +"smallcaps">Percies</span>, will see at a glance the connection between +“<span class = "smallcaps">Strongbow</span>” and the “red Earl <span +class = "smallcaps">Gilbert</span>,” or will understand the significance +of the white swan Badge of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Staffords</span>, or will read at sight the quartered Shield +of the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>, of +to-day, and will discern the line that connects the living Earl <span +class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> with the “<span class = +"smallcaps">Hotspur</span>” whose fame was two centuries old when <span +class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare</span> wrote of him? And further, who, +that is +<span class = "pagenum">302</span> +<a name = "page302" id = "page302"> </a> +unable to accomplish such things as these, can appreciate History, can +enjoy it and apply its lessons aright?</p> + +<p>In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential, all +details being left for full description elsewhere. All the members of +the same family are placed side by side, on the same level, in their +order of seniority; and all are connected by lines with one another and +with their parents. Successive generations also, throughout all the +branches of any family, or in allied families, have their places on the +same levels; and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued +throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated in the most scientific and +yet simple manner, easy to be understood, and perfect as models for +students, may be obtained in any Part of the <i>Herald and +Genealogist</i>, formerly edited by the late Mr. <span class = +"smallcaps">J. G. Nichols</span>, F.S.A., Parliament Street, +Westminster. I refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is +not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a +really useful example of a Genealogy: and, I must add, because it +is most desirable that students of Heraldry should form such an +acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may be acquired through his works. +<i>Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica</i>, now edited by Mr. <span +class = "smallcaps">W. B. Bannerman</span>, is another Periodical, +which ought to be in the hands of all Genealogists.</p> + +<p>In Genealogies, this mark == denotes alliance by marriage, and it is +placed between the names of a husband and wife: and the lines that +proceed from this mark, thus,<br> +<img src = "images/diagram.gif" width = "139" height = "27" +alt = "shape of family tree"></p> + +<p>point out their issue. The initials S. P. (of the Latin words +<i>Sine Prole</i>, “without issue”) show where a line or a branch +ceases. Other abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their +own signification.</p> + +<p>As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a quotation I +conclude it. “There are some persons,” writes Mr. <span class = +"smallcaps">Lower</span>, in his “Curiosities of Heraldry” (p. 292), +“who +<span class = "pagenum">303</span> +<a name = "page303" id = "page303"> </a> +cannot discriminate between the taste for pedigree” (or genealogy) “and +the pride of ancestry. Now these two feelings, though they often combine +in one individual, have no necessary connection with each other. Man is +said to be a hunting animal. Some hunt foxes; others for fame or +fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual field; some for the arcana of +Nature and of mind; some for the roots of words, or the origin of +things. I am fond of hunting out a pedigree.” And, gentle reader, +when you have joined the chase genealogical, I promise you, so also +will you be.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">304</span> +<a name = "page304" id = "page304"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXXI" id = "chapXXI">CHAPTER XXI</a></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The College of Arms— The Lyon Office of Scotland— Grants of +Arms— Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” and on “Arms Found”</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and elegance; +they gained honour wherever they were employed.” —<span class = +"smallcaps">Noble</span>, <i>History of the College of Arms</i>.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“What is your Crest and Motto?—Send name and county to +——’s Heraldic Office. For plain Sketch, 3s. 6d. In heraldic +colours, 6s.” —<i>Morning Newspapers.</i></p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">I. The</span> <span class = +"smallcaps">Heralds of England</span>, who before had been attached to +the Household either of the Sovereign or of some Personage of exalted +rank, were incorporated as a Fraternity by <span class = +"smallcaps">Richard III.</span>, a Prince whose historical +reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign, +which has done such good service to English History—the Foundation +and Establishment of the <span class = "smallcaps">College of +Arms</span>, or, as it is commonly called, the <span class = +"smallcaps">Heralds’ College</span>.</p> + +<p>The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by<span class = +"smallcaps"> Richard III.</span>, bear date March the 2nd, 1483, the +first year of his reign. Very important privileges and immunities, with +high powers and authority, were granted to the incorporated Heralds: and +the “right fair and stately house,” called “Pulteney’s Inn,” situate in +the metropolitan parish of All Saints, was assigned to them as their +permanent official residence. The Charter granted to the Heralds by the +last Plantagenet Sovereign was confirmed by his successors.</p> + +<p>The buildings of the College were destroyed by the great fire of +1666; but all the records and documents fortunately escaped, having been +removed to Whitehall; +<span class = "pagenum">305</span> +<a name = "page305" id = "page305"> </a> +and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt, chiefly at the cost of the +Heralds themselves, where it now stands between St. Paul’s Cathedral and +the Thames. There, in the College of Arms, are still carefully preserved +all that the early Heralds recorded and transmitted to our times. There, +not the least valuable of the contents of the College, an unique Library +is in the keeping of Guardians, who understand its true uses, as they +appreciate its preciousness. And there also the Headquarters of English +Heraldry are as duly established, as those of the British Army are at +the Horse Guards in Whitehall.</p> + +<p>The great change that has come upon London since the Heralds rebuilt +their official home, has already caused some structural alteration in +the building, and has resulted in the College of Arms now appearing out +of place in its original position in the City. Other changes, which +follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by +no means improbable that the site of their College may be required for +some great “City improvement”; and so the Heralds may be constrained to +establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan +“far west.” This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those +consummations that are devoutly to be desired.</p> + +<p>The times have been in which Heraldry could not number amongst its +true friends the official Heralds of the College of Arms: but, happily, +a very different, and in many most important respects a thoroughly +satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as +the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accomplished, and +courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us, +and faithfully supported. What still is deficient in the existing +constitution of the College of Arms, as a National Institution, is +adaptation to existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It +is but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the +<span class = "pagenum">306</span> +<a name = "page306" id = "page306"> </a> +College of Arms does not fill its proper position: and, to all who are +familiar with the facts of the case, it is equally obvious that this is +simply because the College does not vindicate its indisputable title to +that position which really is its own.</p> + +<p>Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also is assuming a +more practical, and at the same time a more enduring form, through +gradually becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true +character of Heraldry, and of its intrinsic value. At a time in which +people are beginning to feel and to admit that they <i>ought to know</i> +something about Heraldry, the College of Arms <i>ought to take the +lead</i> in making Heraldry still better understood, still more justly +appreciated, still more popular. The time, also, is indeed come in which +it is the bounden duty of the College of Arms to impress upon the +community at large, that <i>the sole source and fountain-head of +authority in all matters armorial, under the Sovereign, centres in +itself</i>. This is to be accomplished by the same process, and only by +the same process, by which the College of Arms may win for itself +thorough popularity and universal confidence. If the College requires +fresh or increased powers, application to that effect should be made to +the Legislature. The Heraldry of Scotland has been dealt with by +Parliament: and it would be equally easy to obtain such a statute as +would enable English Heraldry to do justice to itself, while fulfilling +its own proper duties.</p> + +<p>Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own +dignity or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of Arms requires to be +transmuted from an exclusive into a popular Institution. It requires, +not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed, but +to have them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the +heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject of too urgent +importance not to be noticed here; but still, +<span class = "pagenum">307</span> +<a name = "page307" id = "page307"> </a> +it is not possible to do more than to notice it in very general +terms.</p> + +<p>Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words may be spoken +without hesitation, and may be left by themselves without comment. The +Fees and Charges of all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming, +and recording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be +arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions and +modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of +requirement. This is a question which can be regarded only from one +point of view by every true lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every +true friend of the College of Arms.</p> + +<p>II. The National Heraldic body in Scotland, entitled the <span class += "smallcaps">Lyon Office</span>, is under the presidency of the <i>Lyon +King of Arms</i>. The Chief of the Scottish official Heralds from May +1796 to a recent period had been a Peer of that realm; and the duties of +the office, accordingly, had been discharged for seventy years by a +<i>Lyon Depute</i>. But, on the death of the Earl of <span class = +"smallcaps">Kinnoul</span>, in February 1866, it was determined to +remodel in some respects the arrangements of the Lyon Office; and Mr. +<span class = "smallcaps">George Burnett</span>, who had long been “Lyon +Depute,” was appointed by Her Majesty to be “Lyon King.” He has been +succeeded by Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Balfour Paul</span>. The +Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘265’ corrected by hand">266</ins>.</p> + +<p>The action of the Scottish Lyon King of Arms, and of the Institution +over which he presides, after having degenerated from the worthy +standard of earlier days, has revived under far happier conditions, and +with prospects that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected, +indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by the very +decided “tendency” that for some time has existed, “to cultivate the +rules and principles of that earlier age, to which”—writes Mr. +Seton—“we are indebted for a +<span class = "pagenum">308</span> +<a name = "page308" id = "page308"> </a> +system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity certainly has not been +surpassed in any other corner of Christendom.” These words occur in a +highly interesting memoir of the Lyon Office, in the fourth chapter of +the work entitled “The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,” an +able and admirable volume, published in 1863 in Edinburgh, which shows +the growing popularity of a true Heraldry north of the Tweed, and proves +that in the author, Mr. Seton, Scottish Heraldry possesses an advocate +no less powerful than zealous and judicious.</p> + +<p>III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted <i>only</i> through the +College of Arms in England, and through the Lyon Office in Scotland, in +both realms with the direct sanction of the Crown expressed in England +by the Earl Marshal. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster King of +Arms with the same sanction.</p> + +<p>It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the <i>sole +right</i> to Arms is a Grant from the College or the Crown, or +Inheritance by lineal descent from an ancestor to whom a Grant was made +or in whom a right to bear Arms has been officially recognised and +registered by the Crown.</p> + +<p>All “Grants” and “Confirmations of Arms” (Confirmations, that is, of +the Claims of certain individuals to bear certain Arms, by some +uncertain right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter +legalised by the Crown) are formally and regularly recorded, with a full +blazon of the insignia, at the College or Offices of Arms.</p> + +<p>It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this +time-honoured usage of the Heralds in making these records, some simple +plan could be adopted for the periodical registration at the College of +Arms of all armorial insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally +desirable, also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as +far as might be possible, of whatever insignia are borne <i>without</i> +any right. The contents of both registers would +<span class = "pagenum">309</span> +<a name = "page309" id = "page309"> </a> +form unquestionably useful publications of a periodical character. In +connection with any such project as I have just suggested, it appears to +me that good service might be rendered to the cause of true Heraldry +amongst us, if <i>Badges and Mottoes</i> (without any other insignia +whatever) were formally granted by the College, under certain +conditions, and at the cost of a small Fee.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag9" id = "tag9" href = "#note9">9</a></p> + +<p>In new Grants of Arms, as in so many formal documents, something of +the early form of Expression, with some traces of its piquant +quaintness, are still retained. Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant +also, is the style that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both the +men and their times. As an example of one of these old documents, an +example of no common interest in itself, I now give the Grant of +Arms to <span class = "smallcaps">John Shakespere</span>, the Poet’s +father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the original Grant are +preserved in the College of Arms; the following transcript is printed +from the later of the two copies, the earlier having been used to supply +any word or passage that now is wanting in the other. The insertions +thus obtained are printed in brackets.</p> + +<h6><span class = "smallcaps">Grant of Arms to John Shakespere</span>, +<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1596.</h6> + +<p class = "quotation"> +To all and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] degree +bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William Dethick alias +Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. Know yee that, +whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges perteyning to my +office from the Quenes most excellent Ma<sup>te</sup> and by her +highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I am to take +generall notice and record and to make declaration and testemonie for +all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe out all her Majestes +Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles, and Provinces, To th’ end +<span class = "pagenum">310</span> +<a name = "page310" id = "page310"> </a> +that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre auncyent names of families, +kyndredes and descentes, have and enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of +arms, So it is verie expedient in all ages that some men for theyr +valeant factes, magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and +beare suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name and +good fame may be the better knowen and divulged, and theyre children and +posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre Prynce and Contrie) +encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by credible report informed +that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon Avon in the counte of Warwik, +whose parentes and late antecessors<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id = +"tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> were for theyre faithefull and va[leant +service advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent] prince King Henry +the Seventh of [famous memorie, sythence which tyme they have continewed +at] those partes, being of good reputacion [and credit; and that the] +said John hathe maryed [Mary, daughter and one of the heyrs of Robert +Arden, of Wilmcote, in the said] counte, esquire.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag11" id = "tag11" href = "#note11">11</a> In consideration whereof, +and for the encouragement of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or +Atchevement] by the auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend, +I the said Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by +these presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a +bend sables a speare of the first, steeled argent; and for his crest or +cognizance a falcon, his winges displayed, argent, standing on a wrethe +of his coullors, supporting a speare gould, steeled as aforesaid, sett +upon a helmett with mantelles and tasselles as hath ben accustomed and +dothe more playnely appeare depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby, +and by the authorite of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe +lawfull for the sayd John Shakespeare gent. and for his cheldren, yssue +and posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make +demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre Shieldes, +Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons, Ringes, Edefices, +Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or Monumentes, or otherwise, for +all lawfull warrlyke factes or civile use and exercises, according to +the lawes of armes, without let or interruption of any other person or +persons for use or bearing the same. In witnesse and perpetuall +remembrance hereof I have hereunto subscribed my name, and fastened the +seale of my office endorzed with the signett of my armes, At the Office +of Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, the xxxviij. yeare of the +reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene of +England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, etc. 1596.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">311</span> +<a name = "page311" id = "page311"> </a> +<p>Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the language is +framed after certain regular forms; so that it is to be read without +that exact observance of particular expressions, which is rightly +bestowed upon legal and historical records. The interest inseparable +from this Grant is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong +probability that John Shakespere made his application to the College of +Arms by the advice and in consequence of the request of his son. Had the +worthy Garter been able to divine the “dignities and desertes” of the +son, he might possibly have employed formal language of a still more +complimentary character, when drawing up a Grant of Arms for the +father.</p> + +<p>A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of +expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier days of the Queen +<span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> era, is a Grant of +Augmentation and Crest, by <span class = "smallcaps">Lawrence +Dalton</span>, Norroy King of Arms, to <span class = "smallcaps">John +Bennett</span>, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentleman, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is +printed in full in <i>Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica</i> (p. 48), +is thus written:—</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes and +officers of Armes as others w<sup>ch</sup> thes presentes shall see +Reade or heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al’s Norrey Kinge of Armes of +thest and west p’tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent northwarde +Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge fforasmuche as +awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w<sup>th</sup>owt great +Delyberacon Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste noble and +famous princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of wysdom knoledge +vertue and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn notoryowslye commendyd to +the Woorlde w<sup>th</sup> Sonndrye monumentes and Remembrances +w<sup>th</sup> tokens of honnor for A testamonye of theyre good Desertes +As Amonge the Romayns y<sup>e</sup> Erecc’on of Statues and Images +w<sup>th</sup> tytles and Appellac’ons of honnour And of more latre +Dayes w<sup>th</sup> the moste p’te of nac’ons bearinge of Signes and +tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes w<sup>ch</sup> be the Demonstrac’ons and +Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes that to eu’ry man accordinge +to theyre Desertes be Dyu’slye Dystrybutyd +<span class = "pagenum">312</span> +<a name = "page312" id = "page312"> </a> +Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and cooragyous might +appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and Ignorant Even so yt ys yet +obs’vyd that suche w<sup>ch</sup> have merytyd or donne com’endable +s’vice to theyre prince or countrye or by theyre woorthye and Lawdable +lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue wysdom and knowledge shulde not be +forgoten and so put in oblyvyon but rewardyd w<sup>th</sup> som token of +honnor for the same the Rather to move and styrre other to the Imytac’on +of lyke noblenes vertue and woorthynes ffor w<sup>ch</sup> purpose hyt +was not therefor w<sup>th</sup>owt great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys +that there Shulde be officers and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt +shulde be appropryate to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and +Descentes of nobles and gentles w<sup>th</sup> theyre woorthye and +valyant actes and to have power and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye +vnto the woorthye Som awgmentac’on token or Remembrance of noblenes for +theyre seyde woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd—</p> + +<p>And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such “signes and +tokens” as stops, while carefully showing what style and form it is +<i>not</i> desirable for us to adopt, however excellent may be his +system of building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of +nobleness, virtue, and worthiness.</p> + +<p>I add one other early document of another kind, which is an excellent +model for present use by the Heralds of our own days, the orthography +having by them been duly corrected.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Example of a Confirmation or Record of +Arms</span>:—Theis are the anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to +the name and famely of <span class = "smallcaps">Leechforde</span> in +the County of Surrey, descended from the <span class = +"smallcaps">Leechfords</span> in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request +of <span class = "smallcaps">S<sup>r</sup> Richard Leechforde</span> of +Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, I <span class = +"smallcaps">Will’m Segar</span> Garter, Principall King of Armes have +blasoned, and sett forth in coullors, according as they are here +depicted in the margent. Viz.” (here follows a written blazon).... +“Testifying hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide <span +class = "smallcaps">S<sup>r</sup> Richard Leechford</span> and to his +yssue, to vse, beare, and shewe forth at all tymes, and in all places, +at their free lib’ty and pleasure. In Witnes wherof....</p> + +<p>&c. &c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of <span +class = "smallcaps">James I.</span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">313</span> +<a name = "page313" id = "page313"> </a> +<p>I presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all +Taxation of “Armorial Bearings,” on the plea of the utter absurdity of a +tax upon an honourable distinction, would be met with the reply that +“Armorial Bearings” are taxed purely as “luxuries,” and without the +slightest reference to their intrinsic character. If the validity of +this plea must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what may +be styled a becoming heraldic discrimination.</p> + +<p>For example:—Arms distinguished by “Augmentations of Honour” +might be altogether exempted; a higher rate might be fixed in the +case of Arms that are ensigned with Coronets, and that display +Supporters. Arms borne by unquestionable right, and which are duly +recorded at the College, might be rated at a comparatively low charge, +certainly not to exceed five shillings a year. On the other hand, all +Arms or armorial insignia borne with a very questionable right, or +without even the pretence of any right whatever, might be subjected to +the ordinary tax for “Armorial Bearings” of their class multiplied +(according to circumstances) by four, six, or ten.</p> + +<p>The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, that has +just been suggested, would extend, under a special schedule possessing a +high multiplying power, to any self-constituted “Establishment” or +“Office,” which, powerless to “grant” Arms, undertakes—in +consideration of a very trifling fee—to “find,” and either to +“sketch” or to “colour” them. Exceedingly simple is the process, by +means of which this undertaking is accomplished. It consists in +consulting a printed Armory; and, when the desired “Arms” have been +“found” in its well-stored columns, they then at once are assigned to +the applicant, in conformity with the comprehensive and beautifully +simple theory, that all persons having the same surname and who also +live (or were born) in the same county are equally +<span class = "pagenum">314</span> +<a name = "page314" id = "page314"> </a> +entitled to bear the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to the +patrons of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the same +principle every person who has the same “name and county” with any +officer who may be “found” in the Navy or the Army List, might assert a +right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of +his commission.</p> + +<p>The almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial +insignia, implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain +them from some Institution or Personage, supposed to be competent and +authorised both to determine what they should be, and to impart a right +to accept and to assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the +College of Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, which +would direct all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as a matter of +course, to their own doors. The Heralds, who really are Heralds, and who +alone are real Heralds, may rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a +fictitious Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually in +the ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the +genuine, but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it. In very many +instances, indeed, a determination to obtain “Arms” is coupled with +an ignorance of Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any +such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious.</p> + +<p>A popular College of Arms, without any serious difficulty, might +establish its own authority with all classes of the community; and, at +the same time, it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the +very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the +non-heraldic acceptation of the expression—“<i>an escutcheon of +pretence</i>.” Much real good would certainly result from the rude shock +that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia, +by showing the proud blazonry +<span class = "pagenum">315</span> +<a name = "page315" id = "page315"> </a> +to be <i>abated</i> with the baton sinister of heraldic untruth and +unwarrantable assumption. And better still it would be to show to all +who possess, or who desire to possess and to bear “Arms,” that the +“Pride of Heraldry” is a worthy and a noble pride, because it is the +Pride of Truth and Right.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a> +I leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the book. Badges are +now granted and recorded, but a prior right to arms is required<ins +class = "correction" title = ". invisible">. +</ins>—A. C. F.-D. 1908.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a> +Above the word <i>antecessors</i> is written <i>Grandfather</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a> +<i>Gent.</i> was first written, and it is altered to <i>esquire</i>.</p> + +</div> + + + +<span class = "pagenum">316</span> +<a name = "page316" id = "page316"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXXII" id = "chapXXII">CHAPTER XXII</a></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Miscellaneous</span>:— Coins— +Seals— Heraldry in Architecture; in Monuments; in Illuminations; +in Encaustic Tiles— Heraldic Personal Ornaments, and various +Heraldic Decorations— Conclusion.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +“The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful... Those +in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the great men +of the day ... the few which remain are nobly executed.” —<span +class = "smallcaps">Gleanings from Westminster Abbey</span>, by +G. G. Scott, R.A.: 2nd Edition, p. 33.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">I. The</span> <span class = +"smallcaps">Heraldry of the Coinage</span>, in addition to the Shields +of Arms of successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes that have +taken place in the form and adornment of the Crown, and it also is rich +in various Badges and Devices having an historical significance.</p> + +<p>In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged +upon it, as in the silver penny of <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward VI.</span> A mediæval ship, having a sail +covered with heraldic blazonry, appears on the <i>Noble</i>—a coin +worthy of its name. A figure of the King in armour (not +particularly well proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in +one hand, and his Shield of arms in the other, is also represented in +these fine examples of mediæval numismatic art. A ship without any +sail, but in its stead charged with the Royal Shield heightened by a +Cross, forms the reverse of another excellent coin, the <i>Angel</i>, +the obverse bearing a figure of <span class = "smallcaps">St. +Michael</span> with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The Angel of +<span class = "smallcaps">Edward IV.</span> on either side of the +Cross has the initial E and the white rose of York; and the legend +is—PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS : XTE : REDEMPT : (“By thy +Cross save us, O Redeemer +<span class = "pagenum">317</span> +<a name = "page317" id = "page317"> </a> +Christ!”). A Crowned Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is another +favourite device; as in the Shilling of Henry VIII., with the +legend—POSVI : DEV : ADIVTOREM : MEVM : (“I have placed God +(before me as) my helper”).</p> + +<p>Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of English Coins. More +recently, and particularly in our own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have +declined together, so that feeble designs, but too commonly executed +with lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccuracies +which continue uncorrected to this day—witness the <i>tressure of +Scotland</i> often incorrectly blazoned on the Royal Shield; and poor +<span class = "smallcaps">Britannia</span>, in her old position, sitting +forlorn on the copper and bronze coinage, as if conscious of being +constrained to display on her oval Shield an obsolete blazonry, that +placed the reign of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span> in +the eighteenth century!<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" id = "tag12" href += "#note12">12</a></p> + +<p>II. To what has been already said on the value of heraldic <span +class = "smallcaps">Seals</span> I desire here to add a few words, in +the hope of inducing all students of Heraldry to study them with the +most diligent care.</p> + +<p>Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. Almost every +accessible fine Seal has been copied by Mr. Ready, of the British +Museum, who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost. The +Scottish Seals of the late Mr. H. Laing, of Edinburgh, were purchased on +his decease by the authorities of the British Museum. The most +satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply +rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly +warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may +be made in gutta-percha; and from +<span class = "pagenum">318</span> +<a name = "page318" id = "page318"> </a> +these moulds casts, also in gutta-percha, may be obtained. The process +is very simple: the gutta-percha, softened by immersion in hot water, is +pressed upon an impression in relief, until a perfect intaglio is +formed. When this mould is cold and hard, it will stamp an impression +upon gutta-percha softened in the same manner.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig442" id = "fig442"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig442.png" width = "258" height = "257" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 442.— Seal of Lord Bardolf.</p> + +<p>I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have already +given, the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial Shield of <span +class = "smallcaps">John</span>, Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Bardolf</span>, of Wormegay in Norfolk, about <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350; No. 442. This most beautiful Seal, which +in the original in diameter is only one and one-sixth inches, has been +somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order to show the design more +plainly. The arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Bardolf</span> +are—<i>Az., three cinquefoils or</i>.</p> + +<table summary = "group of illustrations"> +<tr> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig443" id = "fig443"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig443.png" width = "174" height = "176" +alt = "see text"></td> +<td class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig444" id = "fig444"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig444.png" width = "169" height = "182" +alt = "see text"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 443.— Seal of William Mure.</td> +<td class = "caption"> +No. 444.— Seal of Thomas Monypeny.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to associate with +the Seal of Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Bardolf</span> a small group +of additional examples of Scottish Seals: two of them are good +illustrations as well of English as of Scottish Heraldry, and they +exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic traceries into the composition +of Seals with Shields of Arms: in both these examples, however, the +leading outlines only of the traceries remain, and the rich cusping +<span class = "pagenum">319</span> +<a name = "page319" id = "page319"> </a> +(which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Bardolf</span>) is lost. No. 443, the Seal of <span class = +"smallcaps">William Mure</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1397, has a Shield bearing—<i>Arg., on a fesse az. three mullets +of the field</i>. No. 444, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas +Monypeny</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1415, has the +Shield <i>couchée</i> charged with <i>Az., a chevron between three +crosses crosslets fitchée issuing from as many crescents arg.</i>: the +Crest, on a helm, is a bird, probably a popinjay or parrot. The Seal of +<span class = "smallcaps">Richard Stuart</span>, No. 445, probably about +1350, may be compared with <a href = "#fig414">No. 414</a>, p. 249: in +the smaller and earlier example, the solitary individual who represents +the crew may be assumed to be Richard Stuart himself; his vessel +displays two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents +of air, and a pennon.</p> + +<div class = "floatright"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig445" id = "fig445"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig445.png" width = "192" height = "195" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 445.— Seal of<br> +Richard Stuart.</p> +</div> + +<p>The noble Seal, <a href = "#fig446">No. 446</a> (<i>see</i> +Frontispiece), engraved from a most perfect impression recently +discovered appended to a document in the guardianship of the Dean and +Chapter of Westminster, represents its illustrious owner, <span class = +"smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp</span>, K.G., third Earl of <span class += "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, in armour, with his shield and jupon +charged +<span class = "pagenum">320</span> +<a name = "page320" id = "page320"> </a> +with the armorial insignia of Beauchamp (<i>gu., a fesse between +six crosses crosslets or</i>), and with the same insignia repeated upon +the bardings of the charger upon which the Earl is mounted. The +engraving of the Seal itself appears on the Frontispiece to this Volume: +and the Counter-Seal, one of the most beautiful and most perfect +examples in existence of the early seal-engraver’s art, is here +represented in No. 447. The Shield displayed on this Counter-Seal is +charged only with the Arms of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Newburghs</span> (<i>chequée or and az., a chevron +erm.</i>), from whom the Earldom of Warwick passed by inheritance to the +House of +<span class = "pagenum">321</span> +<a name = "page321" id = "page321"> </a> +Beauchamp. The inscription is commenced on the Seal, <a href = +"#fig446">No. 446</a>, and continued on the Counter-Seal, No. 447, and +is as follows:— S : THOE : COMITIS : WARRWYCHIE : ANNO : +REGNI : REGIS : E : T’CII : POST : CŌQVESTV̄ : ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO : +ET : REGNI : SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO—“The Seal of Thomas, Earl of +Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the reign of King Edward III. (of +that name) after the Conquest of England, and the fourth of his reign +over France.” Thus, the date of the execution of this fine Seal is the +year 1344. The Earl himself died in 1369.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig447" id = "fig447"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig447.png" width = "497" height = "503" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 447.— Counter Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1344.</p> + +<p>A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the Frontispiece. This +is the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>, +K.G., fifth Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, who died +in the year 1439. The Heraldry in this example is particularly +interesting. The Shield, charged with <i>Newburgh</i> and +<i>Beauchamp</i> quarterly, is couchée from the helm of the Earl which +is ensigned with his coronet and crest; and on either side is <i>a bear +with a ragged staff</i>, the famous Badges of the <span class = +"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>: <a href = "#fig448">No. 448</a> +(<i>see</i> Frontispiece). The Inscription is— SIGILL : RIC : DE : +BELLO : CAMPO : COMIT : WARWICH—“The Seal of Richard de Beauchamp, +Earl of Warwick” (see <a href = "#page223">pages 223</a> and <a href = +"#page224">224</a>).</p> + +<p>III. In <span class = "smallcaps">Gothic Architecture</span> Heraldry +is always a consistent, beautiful, and most effective accessory. Indeed, +so thoroughly is the spirit of Heraldry in harmony with the great +Architecture which grew up in the Middle Ages, that Heraldry must be +considered rather as an element of its nature than as an allied Art. +Gothic Architecture is essentially heraldic; and hence, as well as from +its elastic nature and its equally consistent and happy applicability to +every use and requirement, it is peculiarly appropriate as our own +national style.</p> + +<p>From the earliest years of its existence as a definite Science, +Heraldry is found to be most intimately associated with the Gothic +Architecture of England: and happy it +<span class = "pagenum">322</span> +<a name = "page322" id = "page322"> </a> +was for the early Heralds, that in their days the English Gothic was at +work in the full strength of its first maturity. And this alliance was +never interrupted, or permitted to decline from its original cordiality. +As long as the Gothic flourished, Heraldry held its own place in +Architecture. And in the finest works that exist amongst us, relics of +the grand Gothic Ages of English Architecture, Heraldry is ever present +to adorn them with its graphic records. In the spandrels of arcades, in +panels, upon bosses in vaulting, in stained glass, in encaustic +floor-tiles, and indeed in almost every position in which such +ornamentation could be admissible, the early Herald is found to have +been the fellow-worker with the early Gothic architect. Gothic +Architecture, accordingly, has preserved for us very noble collections +and specimens of the most valuable illustrations of our national +Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, and the Abbey Churches of +Westminster and St. Alban’s, with the Chapel of King’s College, +Cambridge, are especially rich in heraldic treasures: and Westminster +Hall and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may be specified +as noble examples of secular Architecture, which retain their heraldic +enrichments.</p> + +<p>IV. Gothic <span class = "smallcaps">Monuments</span>, and in common +with them their successors of the Renaissance era, abound in every +variety of armorial blazonry. And fine examples of heraldic Monuments +are no less abundant, than are the Shields and other insignia that +appear on particular memorials. The principles which directed the +selection of Shields to be introduced into the composition of early +Monuments are worthy of careful consideration: and the same remark is no +less applicable in the case of Architecture. I must be content to +specify a very small group of heraldic Monuments of especial interest +and value. In Westminster Abbey: the Monuments of Queens <span class = +"smallcaps">Alianore</span> of Castile, <span class = +"smallcaps">Philippa</span> of Hainault, <span class = +"smallcaps">Elizabeth Tudor</span>, and <span class = "smallcaps">Mary +Stuart</span>; the Monuments of King <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> and King +<span class = "pagenum">323</span> +<a name = "page323" id = "page323"> </a> +<span class = "smallcaps">Henry VII.</span>; and those of <span +class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, Duchess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, the Countess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Lennox</span>, the Countess of <span class = +"smallcaps">Derby</span>, the two <span class = "smallcaps">De +Valences</span>, Earls of Pembroke, <span class = +"smallcaps">Edmund</span>, Earl of Lancaster, Lord <span class = +"smallcaps">Bourchier</span>, and Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Giles +Daubeney</span>, K.G. In Canterbury Cathedral: the Monuments of the +<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, and of <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Joanna</span> of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral: the +Monument of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">William Longespée</span>. In +St. Alban’s Abbey Church: the Monuments of <span class = +"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, Duke of <span class = +"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, and of the Abbots <span class = +"smallcaps">Wheathamstede</span> and <span class = +"smallcaps">Ramryge</span>. Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches +at Elsyng in Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King’s +Langley in Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent; in Beverley Minster, and +in the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick.</p> + +<p>V. In the <span class = "smallcaps">Illuminations</span> of the +Middle Ages Heraldry has a place of honour: and in the revival of that +early Art, which is held in such high estimation at the present day, +Heraldry ought to occupy a position of corresponding prominence. This +implies in the Illuminators of to-day some knowledge of Heraldry, and at +least some degree of familiarity with good early examples. +I venture to suggest, therefore, to students of Illumination the +study both of the Herald’s Art and his Science, as no unimportant part +of their preparation for the practice of the Art of Illumination on the +principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern painter, quoted by +Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">Ruskin</span> in his “Seven Lamps of +Architecture”—“Know what you have to do, and <i>then</i> +do it.”</p> + +<p>VI. In the ornamentation of early <span class = +"smallcaps">Encaustic</span> or <span class = "smallcaps">Inlaid +Pavement Tiles</span>, Shields of Arms and various heraldic devices +frequently occur: and in many examples the Shields of Arms are arranged +with much skill and in excellent taste, to form decorative compositions +in combination with foliage and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a +very interesting character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester, +Gloucester, and Exeter; and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King’s +<span class = "pagenum">324</span> +<a name = "page324" id = "page324"> </a> +Langley, the Abbey Church of St. Alban, and many others. The student +will observe that the devices upon these Tiles are frequently +<i>reversed</i>, evidently the result of the neglect to reverse the +designs upon the original dies or stamps.</p> + +<p>VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a +becoming decoration for <span class = "smallcaps">Personal +Costume</span>. The Knights wore their <i>Coats of Arms</i>, and they +carried and used their <i>Shields of Arms</i>, and their armorial +insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various +accessories of their personal equipment. The Ladies adapted this usage +to their own Costume, and they also wore <i>Mantles and Dresses of +Arms</i>; and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic. +Without even suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic +costume, properly so called—such as dresses, mantles, or shawls +emblazoned with the bearings of armorial shields—I certainly do +desire to see Heraldry exercising a powerful influence in all designs +for personal ornaments, the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more +especially. Badges also may supply the motive for designing many +patterns that are to adorn fabrics used for costume: and, in like manner +also, the designs woven into carpets, curtains, and various other +fabrics may be derived with the greatest advantage from the same source. +The loom is employed in blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask: why +should it not work, under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk and +velvet, in satin and every woollen fabric?<a class = "tag" name = +"tag13" id = "tag13" href = "#note13">13</a></p> + +<p>It must be understood, however, that heraldic ornaments and devices, +unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable, +must have a reference to the wearer, or they degenerate at once into +heraldic parodies. +<span class = "pagenum">325</span> +<a name = "page325" id = "page325"> </a> +Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic, must display +devices that have a significance as well as a beauty: such costume and +ornaments must be, not “becoming” only to the wearer, but (in the +heraldic acceptation of that term) “belonging” also. And so in every +instance.</p> + +<p>For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, Heraldry is no +less applicable now than when <span class = +"smallcaps">Edward III.</span> or <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry IV.</span> reigned in England. Happily, +a taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life in +the Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent; and this is +inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation. +I presume that the fallacy of regarding the Gothic style of Art as +exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses, or as no less +necessarily inseparable from mediæval sentiments and general usages, is +beginning to give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the +Gothic and its original universal employment are better understood. +I consider it to be unnecessary for me, therefore, to enter here, +in support of my own sentiments, into any detailed explanations to show +that the revival of a Style of Art which flourished in bygone ages, and +with it the revival of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its +early dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever connected +with an implied return to the mode of life of four, five, or six +centuries ago. We have used Roman and even what we intended to be Greek +Architecture in nineteenth-century England; we are still in the habitual +use of Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration; and of +late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian works of Art to the +deservedly prized collections of models, that we have formed for the +express purpose of imitating them: and yet we do not consider that we +thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or +Scandinavian costumes or customs; nor in our use of the Arts of +Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in +ourselves.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">326</span> +<a name = "page326" id = "page326"> </a> +<p>It is the same with Mediæval Heraldry and Gothic Art<ins class = +"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>We may apply to our own times, +our own uses, our own delight, what the old Heralds and the Gothic +Artists have taught us, without even dreaming of wearing armour or +re-establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is with +Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is a Science, and it +also is an Art, for all time—for our times, and for future times, +as well as for the times that are past. If we understand and appreciate +it, we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig449" id = "fig449"> </a> +<img src = "images/fig449.png" width = "197" height = "198" +alt = "see text"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +No. 449.— Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter +Scott</span>,<br> +of Branxholm and Kirkurd, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1529. +(Laing).</p> + +<p>From the initial-letter of my first Chapter I suspended the Shield +borne by that Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter Scott</span>, of +Abbotsford, whose name will ever be a household word with every lover of +what is chivalrous and knightly. Here I place the Seal, No. 449, of an +earlier Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter Scott</span>, of Branxholm +and Kirkurd—a Knight of another branch of the same distinguished +House, who differenced the Shield of Scott so as to bear—<i>Or, on +a bend azure a mullet and two crescents gold</i>.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note12" id = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a> +The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe, displayed at the +Universal Exposition, at Paris, showed that if the art of the English +Mint is now at a low ebb, the prevailing standard of numismatic art is +not a single degree higher, the coins of France alone being in many +respects an honourable exception to the general rule.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13" id = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a> +I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a dress for a young +lady of the Clan <span class = "smallcaps">Campbell</span>; its +characteristic features are the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the +latter the Badge of the Campbells. I may express my approval of the +motive of this design: others, as I have reason to believe, have +approved the treatment of it.</p> + +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">327</span> +<a name = "page327" id = "page327"> </a> + +<h4><a name = "chapXXIII" id = "chapXXIII">CHAPTER XXIII</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">PEERAGE DIGNITIES</span></h4> + +<p class = "summary"> +The Dignity of Earl— Of Baron— The Parliament of 1295— +Landed Qualifications— Creation of the Title Duke of +Cornwall— The Title of Marquis— The Premier Baron of +England— The Peerage of Scotland— Scottish remainders— +Daughter Inherits in her own right— Determination of an +Abeyance— The Right to Create Peers of Ireland— Rights and +Privileges of a Peeress— The Daughters of Peers— Anomalies +of the English Scale of Precedence.</p> + + +<p class = "first"> +<span class = "firstword">Although</span> the name of the dignity of +Earl is derived from a Saxon word, the dignity itself, like all others, +is more Norman than Saxon in its character. At the period of the +Conquest, and whilst the Norman dynasty was on the throne, there were a +number of people who bore this title. At that time and for long +afterwards, certainly well into the Plantagenet period, an Earl within +his earldom was little short of a petty sovereign. Issues of justice and +many other rights of regality were in his hands, and he occupied a +position very much akin to a viceroy for the King, seeing that what he +did he did in his own name and as Earl, or “comes,” of the County. The +High Sheriff was the “vice-comes.” Some of the earldoms had more +extensive rights of regality than others, some were actual palatinates, +and all earldoms originally were honours in fee heritable by the +heir-general. Earldoms had a territorial nature, and the Earl took his +“third penny” in the issues of the Courts in his earldom.</p> + +<p>The only other dignity at that period was that of Baron, and just as +the Earls of to-day have little in common save +<span class = "pagenum">328</span> +<a name = "page328" id = "page328"> </a> +dignity and title with the Earls of the past, so the Barons originally +were very unlike the latest creations of modern Prime Ministers in the +name of the King. At the Norman Conquest, and for long afterwards, the +Barons, an indeterminate number, were those who held their land in +barony.</p> + +<p>It is a matter of much uncertainty at what date Parliament came into +being. The word goes back to a much earlier period, and is used +concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as +meetings of different Councils and not of Parliament, but historians are +agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly +described as Parliaments, the Parliament of 1295 was properly and fully +constituted in all its elements. To this Parliament all those who were +personally summoned by the King in their own names and were not +nominated or elected by other people are Peers, and of these Peers those +who are not described as Earls are Barons. It should, however, be noted +that Bishops and Abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held, +and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of +their offices and could be distinguished from the Barons and Earls. +There is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the +Barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because +of their ownership of land. It was landowners who had to provide the +military services for the country, and Parliament was chiefly concerned, +not in law-making, but in authorising and consulting as to military +expeditions, or in providing the subsidies necessary for these +expeditions, and the other services of the Crown. In addition to this +Peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the Crown. But +law-making was done by the King and his Council until a later period. +The landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to +Parliament as a Baron usually descended to his heir and similarly +justified the summoning of that heir; and in +<span class = "pagenum">329</span> +<a name = "page329" id = "page329"> </a> +that way, but without any intention to that end, the right of summons +and the right of peerage became hereditary. Originally it had been +arbitrary and at the discretion of the Crown. It was not until the reign +of Edward IV. that the hereditary peerage character of a barony was +fully recognised, and with that recognition came the divorce of the +territorial idea from the right of peerage. Like ancient earldoms, +ancient baronies were honours in fee heritable by the heirs general. +Save that William the Conqueror was Sovereign Lord of the Duchy of +Normandy and as such Duke, the dignity of duke did not exist in England +until 1337, when Edward the Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall +with remainder to his heirs the eldest sons of the Kings of England. +That was the creation of the title now enjoyed by the Prince of Wales, +but this Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster are really Duchies +as distinguished from the Dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the +designation of Duke.</p> + +<p>The title of Marquis dates from 1386, when Richard II. created Robert +de Vere Marquis of Dublin; and the title of Viscount from 1440, when the +Viscounty of Beaumont was created. The first Barony by Letters Patent +was created in 1387, but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in +existence dates from 1448, when Sir John Stourton was created Baron and +Lord Stourton of Stourton, co. Wilts. The present Lord Mowbray, Segrave +and Stourton, who has inherited the barony of Stourton, also claims, as +Lord Mowbray, to be the premier baron of England although the barony of +Mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of Le +Despenser and De Ros. Although earldoms were granted by charters from +the earliest period, because, attached to the earldom, were also +material rights which needed to be conveyed, patents did not come into +use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the +peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee, +<span class = "pagenum">330</span> +<a name = "page330" id = "page330"> </a> +which is a limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the +enjoyment of an honour in fee simple. Privilege of peerage with all it +entails has been a slow growth of accretion; and save for place and +precedence and the right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the House +of Lords, and the now limited and threatened right of peers to +legislate, little of privilege of peerage remains.</p> + +<p>The peerage of Scotland is very similar to that of England, and, +before the Union, the principal difference between the two countries was +the persistency with which the Scottish peerage remained attached to the +land. Until a late date a patent creating a Scottish peerage erected +certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be, and +entailed those lands with the dignity. The difference arising from this +form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and +constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a Scottish inheritance into +the hands of the Crown, and then obtaining what is known as a +“Novodamus,” with either the same or different limitations.</p> + +<p>The many Scottish remainders, which are quite unknown to English +peerage law, are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a +Scottish peerage. One of the chief differences at the present time +between an English and a Scottish peerage is to be found in those which +are heritable by females. Unless governed by special remainder contained +in the instrument of creation, a Scottish peerage, which in the +event of failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir, differs +from an English one in its manner of descent. In Scotland the elder +daughter inherits as of right, standing in the line of heirship next +after her youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister. On +the other hand, such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special +remainder in England. All Baronies by writ are Baronies in fee in +England, and +<span class = "pagenum">331</span> +<a name = "page331" id = "page331"> </a> +heritable by the heir general, which means that they can if necessary +devolve upon females. If the only child of a peer having such a peerage +be a daughter she inherits in her own right, but if his issue is two +daughters, then the peerage falls into abeyance between them, because +under the law of England there is no seniority amongst daughters, and as +both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage, neither of them has it, +and it remains in abeyance until the Crown interferes or until by the +natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction +of all issue of the one daughter, when the peerage then at once devolves +upon the heir of the other. Sometimes an abeyance will last several +hundred years, sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two; but at +any time during the continuance of an abeyance the Crown may, at its +entire pleasure, signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage. This +is what is termed the determination of an abeyance, and this is effected +by the issue of a writ of summons to Parliament if the co-heir be a male +or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady. The co-heir in +whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage +with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it +hitherto, and his or her heir succeeds in due course.</p> + +<p>Although there is one judgment to the contrary, it is now pretty +universally admitted that there is no such thing as an Irish Barony by +writ. With the union of England and Scotland, no further peerages of +either country were created, and subsequent peerages were either of +Great Britain or of Ireland; and it has been already judicially decided +by the House of Lords that the power to create a Scottish peerage does +not now exist in the Crown. There is no similar judgment in relation to +a peerage of England, but the fact is that no attempt has since been +made to create one, and though the point up to the +<span class = "pagenum">332</span> +<a name = "page332" id = "page332"> </a> +present time still has to be decided, it is certainly a matter for +argument whether or not such a right remains. Since the union of Great +Britain with Ireland no further peerages of Great Britain or of England +have been created, but the right to create peers of Ireland was +specifically retained under certain conditions and has been constantly +taken advantage of. Other peerages since created have, however, been of +the United Kingdom. Whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the +Empire remains a matter for the future.</p> + +<p>Since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the +custom for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the +designation of their peerage. The peeress by marriage prefixes her +Christian name or initials to her husband’s title. It is statute law in +Scotland, but not in England, that no person may sign his surname +without prefixing a Christian name or initials. A peeress by +marriage who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her +husband’s title, adding her own afterwards; for instance, the signature +of the Countess of Yarborough is Marcia Yarborough, Fauconberg and +Conyers. One cannot call to mind in recent times any instances in which +the peeress in her own right has married a peer of lower rank than her +own, and until such a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the +signature should be. A peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses +all privilege of peerage and precedence, and all right which she +acquired by marriage, but as a matter of courtesy she usually retains +her peerage designation if her subsequent marriage is to a commoner.</p> + +<p>The daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the +precedence of her husband and relinquishes her own, but she retains it +if she marries a commoner; and one of the anomalies of the English scale +of precedence is to be found in the following circumstances. If the two +elder +<span class = "pagenum">333</span> +<a name = "page333" id = "page333"> </a> +daughters of a Duke were to marry an Earl and a Baron respectively, +whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the footman, she +would, nevertheless, rank as the daughter of a Duke above her sisters +ranking as wives of an Earl and a Baron.</p> + +</div> <!-- end div maintext --> + + +<hr> + +<a name = "page334" id = "page334"> </a> + +<span class = "pagenum">335</span> +<a name = "page335" id = "page335"> </a> +<h3><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX</a></h3> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Missing or incorrect punctuation has been regularized.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#indexA">A</a> +<a href = "#indexB">B</a> +<a href = "#indexC">C</a> +<a href = "#indexD">D</a> +<a href = "#indexE">E</a> +<a href = "#indexF">F</a> +<a href = "#indexG">G</a> +<a href = "#indexH">H</a> +<a href = "#indexI">I</a> +<a href = "#indexJ">J</a> +<a href = "#indexK">K</a> +<a href = "#indexL">L</a> +<a href = "#indexM">M</a><br> +<a href = "#indexN">N</a> +<a href = "#indexO">O</a> +<a href = "#indexP">P</a> +<a href = "#indexQ">Q</a> +<a href = "#indexR">R</a> +<a href = "#indexS">S</a> +<a href = "#indexT">T</a> +<a href = "#indexU">U</a> +<a href = "#indexV">V</a> +<a href = "#indexW">W</a> +<a href = "#indexY">Y</a> +<a href = "#indexZ">Z</a> +</p> + +<div class = "index"> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexA" id = "indexA"><b>A</b></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Abated</span>, Abatement, <a href = +"#page100">100</a>, +<a href = "#page207">207</a></p> +<p>Abbotsford, <a href = "#page1">1</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Abased, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Aberdeen, Earl of: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>Abergavenny, Earl of: Arms, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Abeyance, <a href = "#page330">330</a>, +<a href = "#page331">331</a></p> +<p>Accollée, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Accosted, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Accrued, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Achievement, Achievement of Arms, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Addorsed, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Admirals, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br> +“Admiral of England,” <a href = "#page250">250</a></p> +<p>Admiralty, Flag of, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Æschylus, <a href = "#page6">6</a></p> +<p>Affrontée, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Aggroupment of Arms, <a href = "#page158">158</a>, +<a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Agnes de Percy: Seal, <a href = "#page160">160</a></p> +<p>Agnus Dei, as a Badge, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Alant, Aland, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Albany, Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Albemarle, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Albert, H.R.H., the late Prince. <i>See</i> Prince Consort</p> +<p>Albert Medal, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p> +<p>Alerion, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Alianore de Bohun. <i>See</i> Bohun</p> +<p>Alianore of Aquitaine: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Alianore of Castile and Leon:<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, +<a href = "#page166">166</a>;<br> +Monument, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Alianore, Daughter of Edward I., <a href = "#page77">77</a></p> +<p>Alice of Hesse, H.R.H., the Princess, <a href = +"#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Alliance, Heraldic Record of, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, +<a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br> +Feudal, <a href = "#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Allusive Heraldry, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p> +<p>Alnwick Castle, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Alphabet, the Letters of the, in Heraldry, <a href = +"#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Aluminium, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p> +<p>Ambulant, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Angels, Heraldic figures of, <a href = "#page75">75</a>;<br> +as Supporters, <a href = "#page75">75</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a></p> +<p>Anglo-Saxon Shields and Standards, <a href = "#page5">5</a>, +<a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms attributed to the, <a href = +"#page18">18</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>Anjou, Queen Margaret of, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Annandale, Arms in, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Anne Boleyn, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Anne Stuart, Queen, <a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, +<a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>Annulet, Annuletté, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page100">100</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a>, +<a href = "#page120">120</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Antelope, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Anthony, Saint; his Cross, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, +<a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Antique Crown, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Anvers, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Appaumée, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Aquitaine: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Archbishop, <a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br> +Marshalling his Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Archdeacon, L’Ercedeckne: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Arched, Archy, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Arderne, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Argent, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Argyll, Duke of:<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Duchess of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Arm, Armed, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Armagh, See of: Arms, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>“Armes Parlantes,” <a href = "#page16">16</a>, +<a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Armorial Bearings, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br> +Tax on, <a href = "#page313">313</a></p> +<p>Armory, <a href = "#page2">2</a>, +<a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>Arms, Shields and Coats of, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br> +Aggroupment of, <a href = "#page158">158</a>;<br> +Attributed, <a href = "#page18">18</a>;<br> +Combination of, <a href = "#page158">158</a>;<br> +of Community, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br> +of Dominion, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br> +of Heiress and Co-heiress, <a href = "#page170">170</a>, +<a href = "#page172">172</a>;<br> +of Herald Kings, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br> +of Husband and Wife, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br> +of Knight, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br> +of Office, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br> +Official, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br> +of Parlante, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br> +of Peeress in her own right, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br> +of Prelate, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br> +of Royal Personages, <a href = "#page174">174</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +of Unmarried Lady, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br> +of Widow and Widower, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, <a href = "#page308">308</a></p> +<p>“Arms found,” <a href = "#page313">313</a></p> +<p>Arms, right to bear, <a href = "#page308">308</a></p> +<p>Arragon, Queen Catherine of: Arms, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Arrow, <a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Art, Heraldic, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Art, Gothic, <a href = "#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Artificial Figures and Devices in Heraldry, <a href = +"#page78">78</a></p> +<p>Arthur Plantagenet, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Arthur Tudor, The Prince: Badge, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">336</span> +<a name = "page336" id = "page336"> </a> +<p>Arundel: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Arundel, Radulphus de: Arms 191</p> +<p>Arundel, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Ascania, Bernhard of, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Ashton: Badge, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Ashwelthorpe: Monument, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>At gaze, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br> +At speed, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Athole, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p> +<p>Attires, Attired, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Attributed Arms, <a href = "#page18">18</a></p> +<p>Aubernoun, Sir J. d’: Pennon and Arms, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, +<a href = "#page246">246</a></p> +<p>Augmentation, Augmented, <a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Augmentations of Honour, <a href = "#page204">204</a>;<br> +by “Royal Favour,” <a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Austria, The Emperor of, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Avellane, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Aventinus, <a href = "#page6">6</a></p> +<p>Azure, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page47">47</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexB" id = "indexB"><b>B</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page175">175</a>, +<a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br> +Varieties of, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, +<a href = "#page222">222</a>;<br> +Examples of, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br> +marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>, +<a href = "#page226">226</a>;<br> +in Seals, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page225">225</a>;<br> +peculiarly appropriate for present use, <a href = +"#page227">227</a>;<br> +to supersede Crests, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, +<a href = "#page227">227</a>;<br> +borne by Ladies, <a href = "#page277">277</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br> +in Modern Heraldry, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p> +<p>Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br> +of Garter, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +of Thistle, <a href = "#page280">280</a>;<br> +of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br> +of Bath, <a href = "#page283">283</a>, +<a href = "#page284">284</a>, +<a href = "#page285">285</a>;<br> +of Star of India, <a href = "#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Badge, Yorkist, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Badges, granted and recorded, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p> +<p>Badges, worn by, <a href = "#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Badlesmere, Sir B. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Balliol: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a>;<br> +Sir Alexander de, Seal, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Balliol College, Oxford, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p> +<p>Bannebury, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Branded 103</p> +<p>Banner, Armorial, <a href = "#page3">3</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>;<br> +blazoning of, <a href = "#page39">39</a>;<br> +made on field of Battle, <a href = "#page248">248</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>, +<a href = "#page252">252</a>;<br> +on Seals, <a href = "#page239">239</a>;<br> +at Sea, <a href = "#page250">250</a>;<br> +of Leicester, <a href = "#page14">14</a>;<br> +of Templars, <a href = "#page13">13</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Banneret, <a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br> +creation of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Bannerman, W. Bruce, <a href = "#page302">302</a></p> +<p>Bar, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br> +examples of, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Barbarossa, The Emperor, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Barbed, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>Barbel, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>Barded, Bardings, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>Bardoff: Arms, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +John Lord, <a href = "#page318">318</a></p> +<p>Barkele. <i>See</i> Berkeley</p> +<p>Barnacles, Breys, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>Baron, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page104">104</a>, +<a href = "#page328">328</a>;<br> +Baroness, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Baronet, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Barre, de: Arms, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page162">162</a>;<br> +Joan de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, +<a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br> +Henry de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>;<br> +John de, <a href = "#page77">77</a></p> +<p>Barrulée, Barruly, <a href = "#page52">52</a>, +<a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Barrulet, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>, +<a href = "#page182">182</a></p> +<p>Barry, <a href = "#page52">52</a>, +<a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Barry Bendy, 60, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Bars Gemelles, <a href = "#page52">52</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Bar-wise, <a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Base, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Basilisk, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Basinet, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, +<a href = "#page218">218</a></p> +<p>Basingborne, Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a></p> +<p>Bassett: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<p>Bat in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Bath Herald, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Bath, Order of the, <a href = "#page283">283</a>;<br> +Knights of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br> +Companions of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br> +Insignia of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br> +Stalls of Knights, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p> +<p>Bath, Marquess of, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Baton, <a href = "#page105">105</a>;<br> +Sinister, <a href = "#page190">190</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Battled, or Embattled, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bayeux Tapestry, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Beacon, Fire Beacon, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Beaked, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bear, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br> +Bear and Ragged Staff, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, +<a href = "#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Bearer, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bearings, Armorial Bearings, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a>.<br> +<i>See</i> Arms</p> +<p>Beasts, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a>, +<a href = "#page208">208</a>, +<a href = "#page319">319</a>;<br> +his Badges, <a href = "#page221">221</a>;<br> +at Jousts at Calais, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, Earl Thomas de, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page319">319</a>, +<a href = "#page320">320</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, K.G., Earl Richard, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, of Warwick: Arms, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a>, +<a href = "#page183">183</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, of Bletshoe: Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp, of Elmley: Arms 183</p> +<p>Beauchamp, at Carlaverock: Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp: Differences, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page187">187</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Beaufort: Arms and Differences, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page140">140</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Beaufort, Margaret de, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page170">170</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Beaufort, John de, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a>, +<a href = "#page236">236</a></p> +<p>Beaufort, Henry de, <a href = "#page189">189</a></p> +<p>Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de: Effigy and Arms, <a href = +"#page159">159</a></p> +<p>Beaumont, Sir J.: Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Beaumont, Viscount, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Beausseant, <a href = "#page13">13</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Bec, Bishop Anthony, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p> +<p>Beckyngton, Bishop: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Bedford, John, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Bedford, the Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p> +<p>Bees, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Beeston, Arms, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Bell, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">337</span> +<a name = "page337" id = "page337"> </a> +<p>Belled, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bend, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br> +Sinister, <a href = "#page60">60</a></p> +<p>Bendlet, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +in Cadency, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +Sinister, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Bendwise, or Bendways, distinction between, <a href = +"#page59">59</a></p> +<p>Bend-wise, In Bend, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bendy, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bennett, John: Grant of Arms to, <a href = "#page311">311</a></p> +<p>Bere, Sir de la: Crest, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Berham, Sir Wm. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Berkeley:<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, +<a href = "#page196">196</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page138">138</a>, +<a href = "#page224">224</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page138">138</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Bernhard, of Ascania, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>, +<a href = "#page159">159</a></p> +<p>Bezant, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a>;<br> +Bezantee, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Bilbesworth, Sir H. de: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Billet, Billettée, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Birds, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Birds of prey, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Bird-bolt, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Bishop, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, +<a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Bishops, Suffragan, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Black Prince, <i>See</i> Edward</p> +<p>Blasted, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Blazon, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +Epithets and Terms in, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +modern refinement of, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Blazoning, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, +<a href = "#page39">39</a>, +<a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +Descriptive, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +in Tinctures, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p> +<p>Blazonry, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Blondeville, Ranulph de: Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Blue Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Bluemantle, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Bluet, Sir Wm.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Blundell: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> +<p>Blyborough, Monument at, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Boar, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +Boar’s Head, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Bohemia, the King of, <a href = "#page230">230</a></p> +<p>Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford:<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page155">155</a>, +<a href = "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Bohun, Alianore de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Bohun, Mary de, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a></p> +<p>Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, <a href = "#page59">59</a></p> +<p>Bohun, Oliver de, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, +<a href = "#page225">225</a></p> +<p>Boleyn, Queen Anne: Arms, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, +<a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Bolingbroke, the Viscount: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Bologne, Godfrey de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Bordet, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Bordoun, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>, +<a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Bordure, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>;<br> +Quartered and Impaled, <a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br> +Componée, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +Wavy, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +of France, <a href = "#page124">124</a></p> +<p>Bostock, Hugo: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Boterels, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Botiler, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page115">115</a>. <i>See</i> Butler</p> +<p>Botonée, Botonée Fitchée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Bottetourt: Arms, <a href = "#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Bottreaux, Margaret: Seal, <a href = "#page240">240</a></p> +<p>Bouget, Water Bouget, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Bourchier, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page241">241</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Bourchier, Sir H. de: Arms, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Bourchier Knot, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Bourdon, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a></p> +<p>Bow, Bowed, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Bowen Knot, <a href = "#page107">107</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Braced, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Bradestone, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Brewys, Sir Wm. de, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Brey, Sir Reginald de: Badge, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, +<a href = "#page104">104</a></p> +<p>Breys, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Brian, Bryan, Sir Guy de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<p>Brittany: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Brittany, John, Duke of, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Brivere, Sir W. de: Badge, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Brisure, Brizure, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Bromesgrove, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p> +<p>Bronscombe, Bishop, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Broom-plant, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Brownlow, the Earl: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Bruce, de: Arms, <a href = "#page161">161</a>, +<a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros: Seal, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Bruce, King Robert de, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick: Seal, <a href = +"#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Brunswick: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p> +<p>Brus, Sir Bernard de: Arms, <a href = "#page50">50</a></p> +<p>Buccleuch, Duke of: Difference, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Buck, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Buckle. <i>See</i> Fermail</p> +<p>Burgh, de: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Burgh, Elizabeth de: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Burgh, Hubert de: Arms, <a href = "#page69">69</a></p> +<p>Burgh, William de: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Burgonet, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Burke, Sir B.: his “Peerage,” <a href = "#page98">98</a></p> +<p>Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Burton, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Butterflies, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Buttons, Heraldic, <a href = "#page222">222</a></p> +<p>Bygod, Sir R., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Byron: Arms, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexC" id = "indexC"><b>C</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Cabossed</span>, or Caboshed, <a href = +"#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Cadency, <a href = "#page107">107</a>, +<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Marked, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +Marks of, <a href = "#page107">107</a>, +<a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +by Label, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +by Bordure, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +by Bendlet, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page189">189</a>;<br> +by Canton, <a href = "#page182">182</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +by Change of Tinctures, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +by Change of Charges, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +by Small Charges, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +by Official Insignia, <a href = "#page184">184</a>;<br> +by Single Small Charge, <a href = "#page186">186</a>;<br> +of Illegitimacy, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +Marked on Badges, Banners, Crests, Mantlings, Standards, and Supporters, +<a href = "#page192">192</a>, +<a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page249">249</a>;<br> +Modern, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Cadency, King Richard II. on, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Cadency, unpierced mullet, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">338</span> +<a name = "page338" id = "page338"> </a> +<p>Cadet, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Calais, Citizens of, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Calf, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Caltrap, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Calvary Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Calveley: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Cambridge, H.R.H., the Duke of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Camden, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, +<a href = "#page230">230</a></p> +<p>Camoys, Eliz., Lady, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p> +<p>Camoys, Thos., Lord de, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a></p> +<p>Camoys, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Campbell: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Canterbury: Arms of See, <a href = "#page141">141</a>;<br> +Arms of Deanery, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br> +Archbishop of, <a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br> +Heraldry of the Cathedral, <a href = "#page236">236</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Archbishop of, <a href = +"#page184">184</a></p> +<p>Canting Heraldry, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, +<a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Canton, Cantoned, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page107">107</a>;<br> +in Cadency, <a href = "#page180">180</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Canton and Quarter distinction, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> +<p>Cantons, Chiefs and Inescutcheons of, <a href = +"#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Canvyle, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Caple, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Carbuncle. <i>See</i> Escarbuncle</p> +<p>Carew, Sir Nicholas: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p> +<p>Carlaverock, Roll of, <a href = "#page12">12</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>Carlisle, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Carlisle, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Carnarvon, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Carrick, Earl o, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Carru, Sir N., <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Cartouche, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, +<a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Castile and Leon: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page166">166</a></p> +<p>Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, <a href = "#page166">166</a></p> +<p>Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., King of, <a href = +"#page166">166</a>;<br> +Pedro, King of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Castle, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Castle-acre Priory, <a href = "#page44">44</a></p> +<p>Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Catherine Parr, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Cavalry Standards, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Cave: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Cavendish: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Celestial Crown, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Centaur, Sagittarius, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>Cercelée, Recercelée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page108">108</a></p> +<p>Chaffinch, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Champagne: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a></p> +<p>Chandos, Sir P. de, <a href = "#page62">62</a>;<br> +Sir John, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Chapeau, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, +<a href = "#page213">213</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Chaplet, <a href = "#page108">108</a></p> +<p>Charge, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, +<a href = "#page108">108</a>;<br> +Miscellaneous, <a href = "#page70">70</a>;<br> +Secondary, <a href = "#page183">183</a>;<br> +Single Small, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p> +<p>Charlemagne: his Crown, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p> +<p>Charles I., <a href = "#page191">191</a>, +<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Crown, <a href = "#page266">266</a></p> +<p>Charles II., <a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a>, +<a href = "#page205">205</a>, +<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Charles V., of France, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, +<a href = "#page122">122</a></p> +<p>Charlestone, Sir. J.: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Charteris, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Chartham, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Chastillon: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a>, +<a href = "#page168">168</a>;<br> +Guy de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Chaucer, Geoffrey, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Chaworth, De: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br> +Matilda de, Seal, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Chequée, Chequy, Checky, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page108">108</a></p> +<p>Chess-rook, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Chester, County Palatine of, <a href = "#page195">195</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a>, +<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br> +Ranulph, Earl of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Chester, Earls of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Chester Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnée, Chevrony, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Chief, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page49">49</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Childrey, Brass at, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Chivalry, High Court of, <a href = "#page200">200</a>, +<a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br> +Order of, <a href = "#page275">275</a></p> +<p>Cholmondeley: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Christchurch, Oxford, <a href = "#page236">236</a></p> +<p>Church-Bell. <i>See</i> Bell</p> +<p>Cinquefoil, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Cinque Ports: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<p>Civic Crown, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Clare, De: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br> +Badge 109</p> +<p>Clare, Gilbert de, the “Red Earl,” <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Clare, in Suffolk, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Claremont Nesle: Arms, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p> +<p>Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page180">180</a></p> +<p>Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Clarenceux, <a href = "#page109">109</a>, +<a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Clarendon, K.G., Earl of, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p> +<p>Clarendon, Sir Roger de: Arms, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Clarendon, the Earl of, Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Clarion, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Clasps, <a href = "#page290">290</a></p> +<p>Clechee, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Cleveland, Duke of: Difference, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Clifford, Lord, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br> +of Maxtoke, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Close, <a href = "#page109">109</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Closed, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Closet, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Clouée, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Coat of Arms, <a href = "#page3">3</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a>, +<a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Coat Armour, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p> +<p>Cobham Monuments, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Cockatrice, <a href = "#page79">79</a>, +<a href = "#page110">110</a></p> +<p>Cockayne: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Co-Heiress: Arms, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Coinage, Heraldry of the, <a href = "#page316">316</a></p> +<p>Coleville, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Collar, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page130">130</a>;<br> +of the Garter, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +of the Thistle, <a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br> +of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br> +of the Bath, <a href = "#page283">283</a>;<br> +of the Star of India, <a href = "#page287">287</a></p> +<p>College of Arms or Heralds’ College. <i>See</i> Herald</p> +<p>College of Arms, Arms of, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Colour, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page47">47</a>, +<a href = "#page110">110</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">339</span> +<a name = "page339" id = "page339"> </a> +<p>“Colours,” <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>Combattant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page110">110</a></p> +<p>Combination of Arms, <a href = "#page158">158</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Compartment, <a href = "#page110">110</a></p> +<p>Complement, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Componée, Compony, or Gobony, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a>;<br> +Bordure, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Compound Badges, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Compound Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Compounded Arms, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, +<a href = "#page158">158</a>, +<a href = "#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Confessor, the, <a href = "#page206">206</a>. <i>See</i> St. +Edward</p> +<p>Confirmation of Arms, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br> +Example, <a href = "#page312">312</a></p> +<p>Conjoined in Eure, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Consort, H.R.H., the late Prince: Arms, <a href = +"#page266">266</a>;<br> +Difference, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Coronet, <a href = "#page267">267</a>, +<a href = "#page294">294</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page267">267</a></p> +<p>Contoise, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, +<a href = "#page211">211</a></p> +<p>Contournée, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Controversy, the Scrope and Grosvenor, <a href = +"#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Corbet: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Cork, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Cornish Chough, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br> +Richard, Earl of, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page94">94</a>, +<a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Coronet, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Costume, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Cosynton, Sir S. de: Arms, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Cotise, Cotised, <a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Couchant, Dormant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Couchée, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a></p> +<p>Count, Countess, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Counter, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Counter-changing, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, +<a href = "#page112">112</a>, +<a href = "#page254">254</a></p> +<p>Counter Componée, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Counter Embattled, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Counter Passant, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p> +<p>Counter Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p> +<p>Counter Rampant, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p> +<p>Counter Salient, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p> +<p>Counter-Seal, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Counter-Vair, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p> +<p>Couped, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Couple-Close, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Courant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, <a href = "#page184">184</a>;<br> +Peter de, Bishop, <a href = "#page226">226</a></p> +<p>Courtenay Earl Edward de, <a href = "#page141">141</a>, +<a href = "#page214">214</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page226">226</a></p> +<p>Courtesy, Titles of, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Courthope, William, Esq., late Somerset Herald, <a href = +"#page9">9</a></p> +<p>Coventry, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Coward, Cowed, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Crampet, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Crancelin, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Crawford, Deverguilla: Seal, <a href = "#page239">239</a></p> +<p>Crenelated, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Crescent, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page113">113</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Cresset, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Crest, <a href = "#page113">113</a>, +<a href = "#page174">174</a>, +<a href = "#page208">208</a>;<br> +Early, <a href = "#page213">213</a>;<br> +Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br> +Differenced, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +as originally worn, <a href = "#page218">218</a>;<br> +two or more, <a href = "#page219">219</a>;<br> +superseded by Badge, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, +<a href = "#page227">227</a>;<br> +of England, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +of Scotland, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +of English Princes, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +of Edward III., <a href = "#page99">99</a>;<br> +German, <a href = "#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Crest-Coronet, <a href = "#page113">113</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Crest-Wreath, <a href = "#page113">113</a>, +<a href = "#page120">120</a>, +<a href = "#page123">123</a></p> +<p>Crests, Inheritance of, <a href = "#page219">219</a></p> +<p>Cretinge, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Crined, <a href = "#page114">114</a></p> +<p>Crombe, de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<p>Cross, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page114">114</a>;<br> +Throughout, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br> +Couped, or Humettée, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br> +Voided, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Fimbriated, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br> +of St. George, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +of St. Andrew, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +of St. Anthony, or Tau, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Greek, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Latin, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Quarter-pierced, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br> +Quarterly-pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +on Degrees, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Calvary, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Heraldic Varieties of, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +Quadrate, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page145">145</a>;<br> +Patriarchal, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br> +Fourchée, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br> +Moline, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a>, +<a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br> +Recercelée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page150">150</a>;<br> +Patonce, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br> +Fleury, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br> +Fleurettee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br> +Pommée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br> +Botonée, or Treflée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br> +Crosslet, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br> +Clechée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br> +Patee, or Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br> +Maltese, and of eight points, <a href = "#page57">57</a>;<br> +Potent, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br> +Avellane, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br> +Fitchée, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p> +<p>Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, +<a href = "#page139">139</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a></p> +<p>Crown of India, Order of, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Crozier, <a href = "#page114">114</a></p> +<p>Crusader Kings, The: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p> +<p>Crusades, <a href = "#page4">4</a></p> +<p>Crusilée, Crusily, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Cubit-Arm, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Cumberland, H.R.H. Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Cummin: Arms, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Cup, Covered Cup, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>“Curiosities of Heraldry,” by Mr. M. A. Lower, <a href = +"#page303">303</a></p> +<p>Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Cyclas, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Czar, The: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexD" id = "indexD"><b>D</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dacre</span> Knot, <a href = +"#page115">115</a>, +<a href = "#page134">134</a></p> +<p>Dageworth, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Dalmenhurst: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Dancetté, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page115">115</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Danse. <i>See</i> Dancetté</p> +<p>Darcy, D’Arcy: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> +<p>Darnley, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>D’Aubigny: Arms, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Debased, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Debruised, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Decoration, Heraldic, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">340</span> +<a name = "page340" id = "page340"> </a> +<p>Decrescent, In Detriment, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Deer, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Degrees, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Deincourt: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a></p> +<p>Delamere, Sir John, <a href = "#page96">96</a>;<br> +Sir G., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Demembered, Dismembered, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Demi, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Demi-Eagle, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Demi-Lion, <a href = "#page87">87</a></p> +<p>Denbigh, Earl of, <a href = "#page98">98</a></p> +<p>Denmark: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page268">268</a></p> +<p>Dependency, Feudal, <a href = "#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Depressed, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Despencer, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br> +Barony, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Despencer, Isabelle le, <a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br> +Bishop Henry le, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a>;<br> +John le, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Devon, Earl of, <a href = "#page214">214</a></p> +<p>Dexter, <a href = "#page32">32</a>, +<a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Deyville, Sir J. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Diaper, Diapering, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Difference, Differencing, <a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page177">177</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a>, +<a href = "#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Differenced Shields, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, +<a href = "#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Differences, Temporary, <a href = "#page177">177</a>;<br> +Permanent, <a href = "#page177">177</a>;<br> +for Distinction only, <a href = "#page199">199</a>;<br> +of Illegitimacy, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Dignities, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p> +<p>Dimidiation, Dimidiated, <a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page162">162</a>, +<a href = "#page167">167</a></p> +<p>Disclosed, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Displayed, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Disposition, Disposed, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Distinguished Service Order, <a href = "#page292">292</a></p> +<p>Ditzmers: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Dividing and Border Lines, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Dolphin, <a href = "#page7">7</a>, +<a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page78">78</a>, +<a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Dormant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Double-queued, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Doubling, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Douglas: Arms, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page149">149</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br> +Augmentation, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Douglas Sir James, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br> +Lord William, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br> +the first Earl, <a href = "#page74">74</a></p> +<p>Douglas and Mar William, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Dove-tail, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Doyle, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Dragon, <a href = "#page79">79</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>“Dresses of Arms,” <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Dreux, De: Arms, <a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Dreux, J. de, Duke of Brittany, <a href = "#page163">163</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Drummond, John: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Drury: Arms, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, +<a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Dublin: Arms of, See, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Ducal Coronet, <a href = "#page117">117</a></p> +<p>Duchess, <a href = "#page117">117</a></p> +<p>Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Dudley, Earl Robert, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p> +<p>Dudley, Thomas: Seal, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Duke, <a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Dunboyne, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Durem, Sir G. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Durham, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexE" id = "indexE"><b>E</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eagle</span>, <a href = +"#page117">117</a>;<br> +Heraldic, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, +<a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br> +in Stained glass at York, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br> +sculptured in Westminster Abbey, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br> +with one Head, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br> +with two Heads, <a href = "#page93">93</a>;<br> +Imperial, crowned, <a href = "#page95">95</a>;<br> +with Nimbus, <a href = "#page95">95</a>;<br> +Drawing of, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br> +Austrian, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br> +French, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br> +as Supporter, <a href = "#page99">99</a>;<br> +as Badge, <a href = "#page148">148</a></p> +<p>Eagles and Hawks, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Eaglet, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, +<a href = "#page99">99</a>, +<a href = "#page117">117</a></p> +<p>Earl, <a href = "#page117">117</a>, +<a href = "#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Earl Marshal, the, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Ecclesal Ekeleshale: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of their Vestments, <a href = +"#page159">159</a></p> +<p>Echingham, De: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a></p> +<p>Edinburgh, H.R.H., the Duke of, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p> +<p>Edmond, Son of Edward I., <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Edmund, Saint: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page206">206</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, <a href = "#page123">123</a>, +<a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Edward, Saint, the Confessor: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Edward I.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Barding of Charger, <a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br> +Rolls of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Edward II.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Roll of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Edward III.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +quarters France Ancient, <a href = "#page123">123</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page99">99</a>, +<a href = "#page213">213</a>, +<a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br> +Heraldry of his Monument, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br> +Roll of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a>;<br> +Heraldry in his time, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br> +his love of Heraldry, <a href = "#page223">223</a>;<br> +founds the Order of the Garter, <a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Edward IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Coins, <a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br> +grants Augmentations, <a href = "#page213">213</a></p> +<p>Edward V.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Edward VI.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +bears the Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br> +Coins, <a href = "#page316">316</a></p> +<p>Edward VII. <i>Vide</i> King</p> +<p>Edward the Black Prince: Arms, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page178">178</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, +<a href = "#page231">231</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page234">234</a>;<br> +First English Duke and Prince of Wales, <a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page234">234</a>, +<a href = "#page329">329</a>;<br> +at Navaret, <a href = "#page248">248</a>;<br> +his Will, <a href = "#page234">234</a>;<br> +his Monument, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Eglesfield, Robert de: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Eglintoun, Earls of, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p> +<p>Eleanor. <i>See</i> Alianore</p> +<p>Electoral Bonnet, <a href = "#page118">118</a>, +<a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>Elford, Monuments at, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Elizabeth, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badges and Mottoes, <a href = "#page229">229</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +Changes Colour of Ribbon of the Garter, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +her Monument, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">341</span> +<a name = "page341" id = "page341"> </a> +<p>Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of Hereford, <a href = +"#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Elsyng, Brass at, <a href = "#page216">216</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Eltham, Prince John of, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page124">124</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page250">250</a></p> +<p>Embattled, and Counter Embattled, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Emblazoning, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p> +<p>Emblems, <a href = "#page9">9</a></p> +<p>Embowed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Embrued, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Endorse, Endorsed, <a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Enfiled, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>England: Arms, <a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +Royal Heraldry of, <a href = "#page258">258</a>, +<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br> +Patron Saints of, <a href = "#page19">19</a>;<br> +Lions of, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Crowns, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Flags, <a href = "#page253">253</a></p> +<p>England, Bordure Wavy, <a href = "#page191">191</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a></p> +<p>Engrailed, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page118">118</a>, +<a href = "#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Enhanced, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Ensign, <a href = "#page255">255</a>;<br> +Red, <a href = "#page255">255</a>;<br> +White, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br> +Blue, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Ensigned, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Enveloped, Environed, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive Terms, <a href = +"#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Equipped, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Eradicated, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Erased, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Erne, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Erneford, Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Erskine: Arms, <a href = "#page53">53</a></p> +<p>Escallop or Escallop-Shell, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page78">78</a>, +<a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Escarbuncle, <a href = "#page15">15</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Eschales: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Escroll, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Escutcheon, <a href = "#page119">119</a>;<br> +of Pretence, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, +<a href = "#page170">170</a>, +<a href = "#page314">314</a></p> +<p>Esquire, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Essex, Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Essex, Earl of, Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p> +<p>Essex, the Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Estate, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Estoile, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Estoteville, Sir N. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Estwick: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Etone, Sir N. de: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Eureux, D’, of Salisbury, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>Ewelme, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Exeter Cathedral, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, +<a href = "#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>;<br> +John Grandison, Bishop of, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p> +<p>Exeter, Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Expression, Styles and Forms of, <a href = "#page30">30</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexF" id = "indexF"><b>F</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fabulous</span> Beings, in Heraldry, +<a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Fairfax: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Falconer: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>False, <a href = "#page120">120</a>;<br> +False Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br> +False Escutcheon, <a href = "#page66">66</a>;<br> +False Roundle, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Fan-Crest, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, +<a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Faroe Islands: Arms, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p> +<p>Fauconberg, Sir Wm.: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Feathers, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page120">120</a>. <i>See</i> +Ostrich Feathers</p> +<p>Fees, for Grants of Arms, &c., <a href = "#page308">308</a>, +<a href = "#page310">310</a></p> +<p>Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Felbrigg, Brass at, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Femme, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Fenwick, John: Arms, <a href = "#page44">44</a></p> +<p>Fer-de-Moline, or Mill rind, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Fermail, Fermaux, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Ferrers, De: Arms, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br> +Anne, de, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br> +Margaret, de, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br> +William, Lord, of Groby, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br> +Lord, of Chartley, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Fess or Fesse, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Fesse-Point, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fesse-wise, In Fesse, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fessways, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Fetter-lock, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Feudal Alliance and Dependency, Heraldic Record of, <a href = +"#page159">159</a>, +<a href = "#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Feudal Tenure, <a href = "#page274">274</a></p> +<p>Field, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a>;<br> +Varied Fields, <a href = "#page42">42</a>;<br> +“Of the Field,” <a href = "#page43">43</a></p> +<p>Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>File, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fillet, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fimbriation, Fimbriated, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Finned, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Fish, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page103">103</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fishbourne, Giles de: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p> +<p>Fitched, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p> +<p>Fitchee, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Fitton: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Fitz Alan, of Bedale, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page118">118</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Fitz Payne, Sir R. le: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Fitz Ralph: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Fitz Walter, Robert Le: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a>;<br> +Sir Fulk de, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p> +<p>Fitz Urse: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Flags, <a href = "#page257">257</a>;<br> +Military, <a href = "#page256">256</a>, +<a href = "#page257">257</a>;<br> +Four remarks upon, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p> +<p>Flanches, Flasques, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page69">69</a>, +<a href = "#page122">122</a></p> +<p>Flanched, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Fleur de Lys, <a href = "#page122">122</a>;<br> +quartered by Edward III, <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br> +Removed from Royal Shield of England, <a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Fleurie, or Fleury, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Fleurettée, Florettée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Flexed, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Flighted, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Flodden Field, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p> +<p>Fly, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Flory-counter-flory, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Foliated, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p> +<p>Forneus, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">342</span> +<a name = "page342" id = "page342"> </a> +<p>Forth, Viscount: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Fountain, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Fourchée, Queue Fourchée, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Fraise, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>“France Ancient,” <a href = "#page122">122</a>, +<a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br> +“France Modern,” <a href = "#page122">122</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br> +“Bordure of France,” <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br> +“Label of France,” <a href = "#page123">123</a>;<br> +Imperial Eagle of, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Fraser, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Frederick II., Emperor: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Frere: Arms, <a href = "#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Fret, Frette, Frettée, Fretty, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page71">71</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Froissart, <a href = "#page248">248</a>, +<a href = "#page273">273</a></p> +<p>Fructed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Furs, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Furnival, De: Arms, <a href = "#page182">182</a>, +<a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Fusil, Fusillée, Fusily, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Fylfot, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Fynderne, Wm., <a href = "#page156">156</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexG" id = "indexG"><b>G</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gad</span>, Gadlyng, <a href = +"#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Galley, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Gambe. <i>See</i> Jambe</p> +<p>Garb, <a href = "#page125">125</a>, +<a href = "#page195">195</a>, +<a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Garnished, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Garter, Order of the, <a href = "#page125">125</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a>;<br> +Insignia of the, <a href = "#page125">125</a>, +<a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +Stalls and Garter Plates of Knights, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +Officers, <a href = "#page278">278</a></p> +<p>Garter King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page130">130</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Gaveston, Piers: Arms, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Gemelles. <i>See</i> Bars Gemelles</p> +<p>Gem-Ring, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Genealogies, <a href = "#page300">300</a></p> +<p>Genet, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>George, Saint: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +Chapel of, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>George, The, of the Garter, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +The Lesser, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page278">278</a></p> +<p>George I.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>George II.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>George III.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>George IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>Gerattyng, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>German Empress, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Germany, the Emperor of: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Germany, the King of: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Geytone, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br> +Sir P. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Ghent, Prince John of, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>, +<a href = "#page235">235</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Giffard: Arms, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Giffard, Sir A., <a href = "#page72">72</a>;<br> +Sir J., <a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Gimmel-Ring, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Girt, Girdled, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Gliding, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>“Glossary of Heraldry,” The Oxford, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p> +<p>Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, <a href = +"#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, <a href = "#page323">323</a>.<br> +<i>See</i> De Bohun</p> +<p>Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page236">236</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br> +Thomas, Duke of, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, +<a href = "#page235">235</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, Earl of, <a href = +"#page171">171</a></p> +<p>Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of, <a href = +"#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Gold, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page47">47</a></p> +<p>Golpe, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Gonfannon, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Gorged, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Gorges, R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, <a href = "#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, <a href = "#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Gough, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Gouttée, Guttée, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Grafton, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Differences, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Graham, Robert: Seal, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p> +<p>Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page127">127</a>, +<a href = "#page166">166</a></p> +<p>Grandison: Arms, <a href = "#page5">5</a>, +<a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<a href = "#page184">184</a></p> +<p>Grandison, Bishop John de, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p> +<p>Grants of Arms, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br> +Example, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p> +<p>Great Malvern, Tiles at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Great Yarmouth: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<p>Greek Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Greenland: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Greville, Earl of, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p> +<p>Grey: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a>;<br> +Crest of Sir Richard de Grey, K.G., <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Grieces, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Griffin. <i>See</i> Gryphon</p> +<p>Grosvenor: Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a>;<br> +Sir R. de, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Gryphon, Griffin, <a href = "#page79">79</a>, +<a href = "#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Guardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, +<a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>“Guide to the Study of Heraldry,” by Mr. Montagu, <a href = +"#page2">2</a>, +<a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Guige, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Gules, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page48">48</a>, +<a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Gurges, Gorges, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Gyron, Gyronnée, Gyronny, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page127">127</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexH" id = "indexH"><b>H</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Habited</span>, <a href = +"#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Hainault, the Counts of: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p> +<p>Hainault, Queen Philippa of, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a></p> +<p>Hames, Haimes, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Hamilton, Crest, <a href = "#page150">150</a>, +<a href = "#page213">213</a></p> +<p>Hamilton, Duke of, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Hammer, or martel, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Hanover, <a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p> +<p>Harcourt, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page217">217</a>;<br> +Harecourt, or Harcourt: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page182">182</a></p> +<p>Hardinge, Viscount: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Hardwick, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Harp, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Harris: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">343</span> +<a name = "page343" id = "page343"> </a> +<p>Harington Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Harsyck, Sir J.: Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Hart, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a>, +<a href = "#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Hastilude, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Hastings, the Earl, <a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br> +Edmund de, <a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br> +Edward, Lord, <a href = "#page133">133</a>;<br> +Sir Hugh, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Hastings: Arms, <a href = "#page136">136</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Hatchment, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Hatfield, Thomas, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Hauriant, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Hautville, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Hawk’s Bells, Jesses, and Lure, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, +<a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Hay: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, +<a href = "#page119">119</a></p> +<p>Headfort, the Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Hedge-hog, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Heightened, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Heights, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p> +<p>Heiress, Arms of, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Helena, H.R.H., the Princess, Princess Christian, <a href = +"#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Helm, Helmet, <a href = "#page128">128</a>, +<a href = "#page174">174</a></p> +<p>Hemenhale: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Hempbrake, Hackle, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Heneage Knot, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Henry I.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Henry II.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Henry III.: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Rolls of Arms of his Era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Henry IV.: Label, as Duke of Lancaster, <a href = +"#page181">181</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page235">235</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +quarters “France Modern,” <a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Crown, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Seal, <a href = "#page235">235</a></p> +<p>Henry V.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a></p> +<p>Henry VI.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>Henry VII.: 126, <a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p> +<p>Henry VIII.: 126, <a href = "#page191">191</a>, +<a href = "#page207">207</a>, +<a href = "#page279">279</a>, +<a href = "#page295">295</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Coins, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p> +<p>Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>“Herald and Genealogist,” <a href = "#page302">302</a></p> +<p>Heralds of England, Incorporated, <a href = "#page304">304</a></p> +<p>Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Heraldic Sails, <a href = "#page250">250</a></p> +<p>Heralds’ College, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page304">304</a></p> +<p>Heraldry, Early Love, of in England, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br> +Early Influence, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br> +Definition and True Character of, <a href = "#page3">3</a>;<br> +of the twelfth century, <a href = "#page4">4</a>;<br> +Utility of, <a href = "#page4">4</a>;<br> +English Mediæval, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br> +Ancient, <a href = "#page6">6</a>, +<a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br> +English, its Career, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br> +Early English Literature of, <a href = "#page12">12</a>;<br> +its Allusive Character, <a href = "#page15">15</a>;<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "final ‘g’ invisible">Canting</ins>, +<a href = "#page16">16</a>;<br> +Revival in England, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, +<a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page306">306</a>;<br> +Debasement, <a href = "#page21">21</a>, +<a href = "#page22">22</a>;<br> +a Science, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page30">30</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a>;<br> +an Art, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a>;<br> +Style of Art in, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page30">30</a>;<br> +Treatment of Animate Creatures in, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page27">27</a>;<br> +Language of, <a href = "#page29">29</a>;<br> +Nomenclature, <a href = "#page29">29</a>;<br> +Style and Forms of Expression, <a href = "#page30">30</a>;<br> +Birds in, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br> +Beasts in, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br> +Human Beings in, <a href = "#page73">73</a>;<br> +the Lion in, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page86">86</a>;<br> +the Eagle in, <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Scottish, <a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br> +of Monuments, <a href = "#page322">322</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +of the Coinage, <a href = "#page316">316</a>;<br> +its present Popularity, <a href = "#page304">304</a>;<br> +in Architecture, <a href = "#page321">321</a>;<br> +of Illuminations, <a href = "#page324">324</a>;<br> +in Inlaid Tiles, <a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br> +of Costume, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>“Heraldry of Fish,” by Mr. Moule, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, <a href = "#page59">59</a>;<br> +Elizabeth, Countess of, <a href = "#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Hereford Cathedral, <a href = "#page214">214</a></p> +<p>Herison, Herrison, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Heriz, De (Harris): Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Heron: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Herring, <a href = "#page77">77</a></p> +<p>Herschel, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Heytesbury and Homet, Lord, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p> +<p>Heytesbury, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Hill, Hillock, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Hind, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Hirondelle, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Hoftot, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Hoist, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Holland, Counts of, <a href = "#page83">83</a>;<br> +Elizabeth, Countess of, <a href = "#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Hollands, of Exeter, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page206">206</a>;<br> +of Kent and Surrey, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon:<br> +Seal, <a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>Holstein: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Honour, Augmentations of, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Honour-Point, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>“Honours,” Regimental, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Honourable Insignia, Medals, and Clasps, <a href = +"#page175">175</a></p> +<p>Hoofed, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Hospitallers. <i>See</i> St. John, Knights of</p> +<p>Hotspur, Henry, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p> +<p>Howard: Arms, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br> +Augmentation, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p> +<p>Human Beings, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p> +<p>Humettée, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page236">236</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Hungerford, <a href = "#page225">225</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Hungerford, Lord, <a href = "#page240">240</a>;<br> +Sir Walter de, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a>;<br> +Sir Robert de, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, +<a href = "#page249">249</a></p> +<p>Huntingfield, Roger de: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Huntercumbe: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Huntley, the Marquess of, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>Hurst, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Hurt, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Husband and Wife, Marshalling their Arms, <a href = +"#page167">167</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a></p> +<p>Hussy: Arms, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexI" id = "indexI"><b>I</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Iceland</span>: Arms, <a href = +"#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Illegitimacy, Cadency of, <a href = "#page132">132</a>, +<a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">344</span> +<a name = "page344" id = "page344"> </a> +<p>Illuminations, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Imbrued, Embued, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Impalement, Impaled, <a href = "#page132">132</a>, +<a href = "#page168">168</a>, +<a href = "#page249">249</a>;<br> +of the Bordure and Tressure, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Impaling, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Imperial Crown, the, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Imperially Crowned, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Imperial Service Order, <a href = "#page292">292</a></p> +<p>Incensed, Inflamed, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Bend, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Chevron, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Chief, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Complement, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p> +<p>In Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Fesse, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Foliage, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Full Course, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>In Lure, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Orle, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p> +<p>In Pale, <a href = "#page54">54</a></p> +<p>In Point, <a href = "#page63">63</a></p> +<p>In her Piety, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Pretence, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Pride, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Quadrangle, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>In Saltire, <a href = "#page61">61</a></p> +<p>In Splendour, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Increscent, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Indented, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Indian Empire, Order of, <a href = "#page290">290</a></p> +<p>Inescutcheon, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Infantry Colours, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Innes, Walter: Seal, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p> +<p>Innes, or De Ynays, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p> +<p>Insects, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a>, +<a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Invected, or Invecked, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Inverted, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Ireland: Badge, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Heraldry of, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br> +Chief Herald of, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Ireland, Bordures, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Irradiated, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Isabel, of France: Seal, <a href = "#page124">124</a>, +<a href = "#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Isabel, Countess of Bedford, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Isabel le Despenser, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p> +<p>Isle of Man: Arms, <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page74">74</a></p> +<p>Islip, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Issuant, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexJ" id = "indexJ"><b>J</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jambe</span>, Gambe, <a href = +"#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a></p> +<p>James I. of Scotland: Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p> +<p>James IV. of Scotland: at Flodden, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>James V. of Scotland: Crest and Motto, <a href = +"#page264">264</a>;<br> +Garter Plate, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>James VI. of Scotland—James I. of Great Britain: Arms, <a href += "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +Badges and Motto, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, +<a href = "#page229">229</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +creates Baronets, <a href = "#page104">104</a>;<br> +his proclamation for first “Union Jack,” <a href = +"#page253">253</a></p> +<p>James II.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +frames Statutes for Order of Thistle, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p> +<p>James: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Jane Seymour, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Jardine: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Jefferay: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Jelloped, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Jerusalem: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p> +<p>Jessant, Jessant de lys, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Jesses, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Jewellery, Heraldic, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Joan, Daughter of Edward I., <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Joan, Countess of Surrey: Seal, <a href = "#page162">162</a></p> +<p>Joanna, of Navarre, Queen: Badge, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>John, King: his Seal as Prince, <a href = "#page88">88</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>John, Prince, of Eltham, <a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page124">124</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page250">250</a></p> +<p>John, Prince of Ghent, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a></p> +<p>John de Dreux, <a href = "#page163">163</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>John, Duke of Bedford, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, <a href = "#page162">162</a></p> +<p>Johnston: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Joust, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Jowlopped, or Jelloped, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Jupon, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Juxon, Archbishop, <a href = "#page279">279</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexK" id = "indexK"><b>K</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kaisar-i-Hind</span> medal, <a href = +"#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, <a href = "#page70">70</a>;<br> +Hollands, Earls of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Key, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">King, H.M. The</span>: Crown, <a href = +"#page114">114</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a>, +<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br> +Banner, <a href = "#page252">252</a></p> +<p>“King Maker,” the, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, +<a href = "#page208">208</a></p> +<p>King, Mr.: his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,” <a href = +"#page6">6</a></p> +<p>King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a>, +<a href = "#page177">177</a>. <i>See</i> Herald</p> +<p>King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, Heraldry of, <a href = +"#page25">25</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>“King’s Colour,” <a href = "#page257">257</a></p> +<p>King’s Langley, Monument at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Kinnoul, Earl of, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, +<a href = "#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Kirketot, Sir Wm., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Kirkpatrick: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Kirton, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Knights, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, <a href = "#page117">117</a>, +<a href = "#page133">133</a>, +<a href = "#page175">175</a>, +<a href = "#page273">273</a></p> +<p>Knights of St. John, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page275">275</a>;<br> +Templars, <a href = "#page13">13</a>, +<a href = "#page275">275</a></p> +<p>Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, +<a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Kyrkeby: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexL" id = "indexL"><b>L</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Label</span>, <i>or File</i>, <a href = +"#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Forms of, <a href = "#page134">134</a>;<br> +Points of, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +Differenced, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page180">180</a>;<br> +a Royal Difference, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +as borne by Princes Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +by Black Prince, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +by Princes of Wales, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +of Brittany, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +of France, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +of Lancaster, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page180">180</a>;<br> +of York, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +borne as a Badge, <a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">345</span> +<a name = "page345" id = "page345"> </a> +<p>Laci, Lacy, De: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Laci, Earl Henry de: Crest, <a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Lacy Knot, <a href = "#page134">134</a></p> +<p>Ladies, Unmarried: their Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Ladies’, Heraldic Costume, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, +<a href = "#page161">161</a>, +<a href = "#page324">324</a>;<br> +their right to bear Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p> +<p>Laing, Mr. H., his “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,” <a href = +"#page11">11</a>, +<a href = "#page161">161</a>, +<a href = "#page193">193</a>, +<a href = "#page211">211</a>, +<a href = "#page224">224</a>, +<a href = "#page239">239</a>, +<a href = "#page242">242</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a>, +<a href = "#page317">317</a></p> +<p>Lamb, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Lambert: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Lambrequin, <a href = "#page135">135</a>. <i>See</i> Mantling</p> +<p>Lambton: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Lancaster, Label of, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +Rose of, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Badge of, <a href = "#page153">153</a>;<br> +Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br> +Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a></p> +<p>Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, <a href = "#page123">123</a>, +<a href = "#page179">179</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br> +Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, +<a href = "#page239">239</a>;<br> +Thomas, Earl of, <a href = "#page211">211</a>;<br> +John of Ghent, Duke of, <a href = "#page179">179</a> (<i>see</i> John of +Ghent);<br> +Matilda of, <a href = "#page163">163</a>, +<a href = "#page186">186</a></p> +<p>Lancaster Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Lance-Rest. <i>See</i> Clarion</p> +<p>Lane, Jane, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p> +<p>Language of Heraldry, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, +<a href = "#page30">30</a></p> +<p>Langued, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Latimer, George, Lord, <a href = "#page187">187</a>;<br> +William le, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, +<a href = "#page214">214</a></p> +<p>Latin Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>“Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,” by Mr. Seton, <a href = +"#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page94">94</a>, +<a href = "#page198">198</a>, +<a href = "#page260">260</a>, +<a href = "#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Law of Tinctures, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p> +<p>Leaves in Heraldry, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Leechford, Sir R.: Confirmation of Arms to, <a href = +"#page312">312</a></p> +<p>Legh, Gerard, <a href = "#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Leicester, Banner of, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Leicester, Robert, Earl of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Leicestershire Families, their Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Lennox, Countess of: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Leon: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page166">166</a>. <i>See</i> Castile</p> +<p>Leopard, Leopardé, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>L’Ercedeckne: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Leslie: Arms, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br> +Euphemia, Countess of Ros, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>“Lesser George,” the, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Le Strange. <i>See</i> Strange</p> +<p>Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, <a href = +"#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Leveson: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page102">102</a></p> +<p>Leybourne, Sir W. de: Arms, <a href = "#page90">90</a></p> +<p>Lichfield, Joust at, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p> +<p>Lincoln, Earls of: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page161">161</a>, +<a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Lincoln, Henry, Earl of: Crest, <a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, Countess of, <a href = +"#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Lindsay, Sir W.: Seal, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p> +<p>Line, Border Line, Lined, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lion in Heraldry, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, +<a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br> +Heraldic Treatment of, <a href = "#page23">23</a>, +<a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br> +of England, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +of Scotland, <a href = "#page67">67</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +as a Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>;<br> +as a Supporter, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Percy Lion, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Howard Lion, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Examples of Lions, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Lion’s Face, <a href = "#page87">87</a>;<br> +Head, <a href = "#page87">87</a>;<br> +Jambe, <a href = "#page87">87</a></p> +<p>Lioncel, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lion-leopard, Lion-leopardé, <a href = "#page85">85</a></p> +<p>Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page180">180</a></p> +<p>Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Little Easton, Brass at, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Livery, Badges depicted on, <a href = "#page220">220</a></p> +<p>Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lodged, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>London, City of: Arms, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Longespée, William, Earl of Salisbury, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page188">188</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page131">131</a>, +<a href = "#page238">238</a>, +<a href = "#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Lorn: Arms, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lorraine: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a>;<br> +Duchy of, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Loterel, Luterell: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page182">182</a>, +<a href = "#page196">196</a>, +<a href = "#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +Sir G., <a href = "#page182">182</a>, +<a href = "#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Louis VII., of France, <a href = "#page122">122</a></p> +<p>Louise, H.R.H., The Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Loutre, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Louvaine: Arms, <a href = "#page167">167</a></p> +<p>Lower, Mr. M. A., <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page302">302</a>;<br> +on Crests, <a href = "#page222">222</a></p> +<p>Lozenge, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, +<a href = "#page69">69</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lozengy, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Luce, or Lucy, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lucy: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br> +Sir Anthony, <a href = "#page78">78</a>;<br> +Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p> +<p>Ludlow Church, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Lullingstone, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Lunenburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, +<a href = "#page278">278</a></p> +<p>Lure, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Luterell. <i>See</i> Loterel</p> +<p>Lyhart, Bishop Walter: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Lymphad, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Lyon Office, <a href = "#page131">131</a>, +<a href = "#page307">307</a>;<br> +Depute, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexM" id = "indexM"><b>M</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mahon</span>, Sir W.: Motto, <a href = +"#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Maintenance, Cap of, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Malet, Sir R., <a href = "#page202">202</a>;<br> +Sir T., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Malmesbury, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Maltese Cross, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p> +<p>Man, Isle of, <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page74">74</a></p> +<p>Manche, Maunche, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Mandeville, Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p> +<p>Manfee, Sir W.: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Mantle, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Mantling, Badges depicted on, <a href = "#page220">220</a></p> +<p>Mantling, or Lambrequin, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, +<a href = "#page175">175</a>, +<a href = "#page213">213</a>;<br> +Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a></p> +<p>March, Mortimers, Earls of: Seals, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p> +<p>Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, <a href = "#page97">97</a>;<br> +of France, <a href = "#page123">123</a>, +<a href = "#page160">160</a>, +<a href = "#page168">168</a>;<br> +Bruce, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br> +Beaufort, <a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br> +Tudor, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br> +Countess of Lincoln, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br> +de Ferrers, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. <i>See</i> Cadency</p> +<span class = "pagenum">346</span> +<a name = "page346" id = "page346"> </a> +<p>Marlborough, Duke of, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, +<a href = "#page98">98</a></p> +<p>Marmion, Sir R. de: Crest, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Marny, Sir R. de: Seal, <a href = "#page213">213</a></p> +<p>Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Marriage, Heraldic Record of, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<p>Marshalling, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, +<a href = "#page159">159</a>;<br> +by Combination, <a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br> +by Quartering, <a href = "#page166">166</a>;<br> +Quartered Coats, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br> +Arms of Husband and Wife, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br> +Crests, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br> +Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, Mottoes, Supporters, Badges, and Various +Insignia, <a href = "#page174">174</a>, +<a href = "#page175">175</a></p> +<p>Martel, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Martlet, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page137">137</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Martin: Crest and Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Mary Tudor, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br> +grants Derby House to the Heralds, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Mary Stuart, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: her Signet, <a href = +"#page265">265</a>;<br> +Heraldry of her Monument, <a href = "#page281">281</a></p> +<p>Mary, The Princess, of Teck, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Mary de Saint Paul: Seal, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Mascle, Masculée, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, +<a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Masoned, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Matilda de Chaworth, <a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br> +of Lancaster, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Maufee, Sir Wm., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Melfort, Earl: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Membered, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Menteith, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Merchant’s Mark, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Mercy, Order of, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p> +<p>Mere, De la. <i>See</i> Delamere</p> +<p>Mere, De la: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Merevale, Brass at, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Merit, Order of, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p> +<p>Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Metals, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Methuen, the Baron, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Military Flags, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p> +<p>Mill-rind. <i>See</i> Fer-de-Moline</p> +<p>“Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica,” <a href = +"#page302">302</a></p> +<p>Mitre, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Moline, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Molines, Molyneux, De: Arms, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p> +<p>Monecastre, Sir W. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Monson, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Montacute, De, Montagu: Origin of the Name, <a href = +"#page16">16</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page95">95</a></p> +<p>Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, <a href = "#page2">2</a>, +<a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Montfort, De: Arms, <a href = "#page60">60</a>;<br> +Sir —— de, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Montgomerie, Sir W. de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun: Arms, <a href = "#page10">10</a></p> +<p>Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, +<a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Moon, the, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Moor’s heads, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p> +<p>Monypeny, Thomas: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a></p> +<p>Mortimer, De: Origin of the Name, <a href = "#page16">16</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br> +Differences, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March: Seal, <a href = +"#page242">242</a></p> +<p>Mortimer’s, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> +<p>Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a>, +<a href = "#page174">174</a>, +<a href = "#page219">219</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page219">219</a></p> +<p>Moule, Mr., his “Heraldry of Fish,” <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Mound, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Mounpynzon: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Mount, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Mounteney, De: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br> +Sir E. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br> +Sir J. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br> +Sir T. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton, Lord, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Mowbray, Sir J., <a href = "#page203">203</a>;<br> +Roger de, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br> +Supporters of Baron, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br> +Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Mullet, <a href = "#page139">139</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Mundegumri, John: Seal, <a href = "#page10">10</a></p> +<p>Mural Crown, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Murallée, Walled. <i>See</i> Walled</p> +<p>Mure, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a></p> +<p>Murrey, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Muschamp: Arms, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexN" id = "indexN"><b>N</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Naiant</span>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Naissant, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Names, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p> +<p>Nassau: Arms, <a href = "#page261">261</a></p> +<p>Natural Objects, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Naval Crown, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Navarre: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Naveret, Battle of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Nebulée, or Nubuly, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Neville: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br> +Differences, <a href = "#page187">187</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Neville, George de, Lord Latimer, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Neville, Earl Richard de, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, +<a href = "#page208">208</a>, +<a href = "#page222">222</a></p> +<p>Newburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page320">320</a>, +<a href = "#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br> +on Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br> +on “Union Jack,” <a href = "#page253">253</a></p> +<p>Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page15">15</a>, +<a href = "#page302">302</a></p> +<p>Nimbus, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Nomenclature, Heraldic, <a href = "#page29">29</a></p> +<p>Norfolk, the Duke of, <a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br> +quarters Mowbray, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Earl Marshal, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, <a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Normans, their Shields and Standards, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Norroy, <a href = "#page130">130</a>. <i>See</i> Herald</p> +<p>Northleigh, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Northumberland, Earls of: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, +<a href = "#page89">89</a>, +<a href = "#page247">247</a></p> +<p>Northumberland, Henry, 1st Earl of, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br> +the Duke of, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p> +<p>Nortone, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Norway: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p> +<p>Norway, H.M., Queen of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">347</span> +<a name = "page347" id = "page347"> </a> +<p>Norwich: Arms of the See, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br> +Henry, Bishop of, <a href = "#page185">185</a></p> +<p>Nova Scotia, Badge. <i>See</i> Baronet</p> +<p>Nowed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexO" id = "indexO"><b>O</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Octofoil</span>, in Modern Cadency, <a href += "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Official Insignia, <a href = "#page175">175</a>;<br> +in Cadency, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p> +<p>Official Arms, <a href = "#page174">174</a></p> +<p>Ogress, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Oldenburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Oldham, Bishop: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Onslow: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Opinions, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Oppressed, Debruised, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Or, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Orders of Knighthood. <i>See</i> Knighthood</p> +<p>Order of Merit, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p> +<p>Ordinaries, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page49">49</a>;<br> +their structural Origin, <a href = "#page14">14</a>, +<a href = "#page64">64</a></p> +<p>Ordinary of Arms, <a href = "#page140">140</a>. <i>See</i> Armory</p> +<p>Oreiller, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Orle, In Orle, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, +<a href = "#page140">140</a></p> +<p>Ornaments, <a href = "#page209">209</a>, +<a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Osbaldistone, Frank, <a href = "#page1">1</a></p> +<p>Ostrevant, Comté of, <a href = "#page230">230</a></p> +<p>Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page141">141</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a>, +<a href = "#page230">230</a></p> +<p>Otter, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Ousflet, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Overall, Sur tout, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Overt, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Ownership, Badges as a sign of, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p> +<p>Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Oxney, John: Rebus, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexP" id = "indexP"><b>P</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Padlock</span>, Badge, <a href = +"#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Paignel, John: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Painted Chamber, Westminster, <a href = "#page246">246</a></p> +<p>Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, <a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Pall, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Pallet, <a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Paly Bendy, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, +<a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Panache, <a href = "#page141">141</a>, +<a href = "#page213">213</a>, +<a href = "#page214">214</a></p> +<p>Parliament, <a href = "#page328">328</a></p> +<p>Parr, Queen Catherine, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Party, Parted, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant Reguardant, Passant Repassant, +<a href = "#page85">85</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Pastoral Staff, <a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Patée, or Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Pateshulle, J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Patonce, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Patriarchal, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Paul, Sir J. Balfour, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Pawne, Peacock, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Peach-Branches, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Pean, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Pebmarsh, Brass at, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p> +<p>Peché, Sir John, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Pedro, King of Castile, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Peer, <a href = "#page142">142</a></p> +<p>Peerage, <a href = "#page143">143</a>;<br> +Privilege of, <a href = "#page330">330</a></p> +<p>Peerage Dignities, <a href = "#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Peeress in her own Right, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Pegasus, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Pelham: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Pelican, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page132">132</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Pellet, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Pembridge, Sir R. de: Crest, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Pembroke, the Earl of, <a href = "#page163">163</a>;<br> +De Valences, Earls of, <a href = "#page52">52</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Pembroke College, Cambridge, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Penbrugge: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Pendent, <a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Pennon, <a href = "#page3">3</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a>, +<a href = "#page246">246</a></p> +<p>Per, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Perceval: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Perci, Percy: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, +<a href = "#page241">241</a>, +<a href = "#page246">246</a>;<br> +Seals, <a href = "#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Perci, Henry de, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, +<a href = "#page182">182</a>, +<a href = "#page203">203</a>, +<a href = "#page210">210</a></p> +<p>Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br> +Agnes de, <a href = "#page160">160</a></p> +<p>Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page27">27</a></p> +<p>Percy Effigy, at Beverley, <a href = "#page159">159</a></p> +<p>Peterborough, <a href = "#page147">147</a>;<br> +Cathedral and Deanery, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Petrasancta, Silvester de, <a href = "#page40">40</a></p> +<p>Petre, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Peverel: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br> +Catherine, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p> +<p>Peverel Garbe, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p> +<p>Peyvre, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, +<a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Philip, “the Hardy,” <a href = "#page160">160</a></p> +<p>Philippa, Queen, of Hainault: Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br> +Heraldry of her Monument, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Phœnix, <a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Pickering, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Pigot: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Pile, In Pile, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Pirepound, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Planche, Mr., <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page74">74</a>, +<a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<a href = "#page195">195</a>, +<a href = "#page235">235</a></p> +<p>Plantagenet, The Royal House of, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page188">188</a>;<br> +Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br> +Arthur, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Planta Genista, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a>, +<a href = "#page227">227</a></p> +<p>Plate, Plattee, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Plenitude, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Plume, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page46">46</a></p> +<p>Points of a Shield, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br> +In Point, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Pole: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Pomme, Pommee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Poninge, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Popinjay, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Port, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Portcullis, <a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br> +Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Portland, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p> +<p>Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Poudree, Powdered, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Poutrel, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p> +<p>Preieres, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Precedence, Order of, <a href = "#page295">295</a>;<br> +in the Royal Family, <a href = "#page299">299</a>;<br> +of Women, <a href = "#page298">298</a></p> +<p>Prelates: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">348</span> +<a name = "page348" id = "page348"> </a> +<p>Pretence, Escutcheon of, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, +<a href = "#page170">170</a>, +<a href = "#page314">314</a></p> +<p>Preying, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Prince, Princess, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family; Armorial Insignia, +<a href = "#page269">269</a>, +<a href = "#page270">270</a>;<br> +Coronets, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Proper, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Provence: Arms, <a href = "#page38">38</a></p> +<p>Purfled, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Purpure, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page48">48</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page144">144</a></p> +<p>“Pursuivant of Arms,” by Mr. Planché. <i>See</i> Planché</p> +<p>Pycot, Sir B.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexQ" id = "indexQ"><b>Q</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Quadrate</span>, <a href = +"#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page145">145</a></p> +<p>Quarter, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page145">145</a>. <i>See</i> Canton</p> +<p>Quarter Pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page145">145</a>;<br> +Simple, <a href = "#page34">34</a>;<br> +Compound, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br> +Grand, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br> +Marshalling by, <a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br> +the Bordure and Tressure, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Quarterings, Quarters, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br> +Grand, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, <a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Quarterly Quartered, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page145">145</a></p> +<p>Quarterly Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Quarterly Pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Quatrefoil, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Queen Alexandra, <a href = "#page268">268</a>, +<a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Queen Victoria, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>Queen’s College, Oxford, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Quency, De: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Queue Fourchée, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page125">125</a>, +<a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Quilled, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Quintefueil, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexR" id = "indexR"><b>R</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Radclyffe</span>, Radcliffe: Arms, <a href += "#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Radiant, Rayonée, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Radstock, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Ragged Staff, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page146">146</a>, +<a href = "#page198">198</a>, +<a href = "#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Ragulée, Raguly, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Ram, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, +<a href = "#page85">85</a>, +<a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Ramryge, John, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, +<a href = "#page76">76</a>, +<a href = "#page97">97</a>, +<a href = "#page204">204</a>, +<a href = "#page231">231</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Ramsey: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Randolf, Sir J., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Rayonne, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Ready, Mr., his Casts of Seals, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p> +<p>Rebus, <a href = "#page146">146</a>, +<a href = "#page221">221</a></p> +<p>Recercelee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Red Ensign, <a href = "#page255">255</a></p> +<p>References to Authorities, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Reflexed, Reflected, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Regalia, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>“Regimental Colour,” the, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p> +<p>Reguardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Rein-deer, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Reptiles, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Respecting, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Rest. <i>See</i> Clarion</p> +<p>Ribbon, Riband, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a>;<br> +of the Garter, <a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +Bath, <a href = "#page285">285</a>;<br> +Thistle, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br> +St. Patrick, <a href = "#page282">282</a>;<br> +Star of India, <a href = "#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Rich, Earl of, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p> +<p>Richard I.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Crest, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br> +Seals, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page209">209</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Richard II.: Arms, <a href = "#page206">206</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br> +Crest 91, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page216">216</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a>;<br> +Roll of Arms of his Era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Richard III.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +incorporates Heralds, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page304">304</a></p> +<p>Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, <a href = +"#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page93">93</a></p> +<p>Richard, Earl of Warwick, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p> +<p>Richmond, Henry, Duke of, <a href = "#page190">190</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a></p> +<p>Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, <a href = "#page165">165</a></p> +<p>Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of, <a href = +"#page117">117</a></p> +<p>Richmond Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Rising, Roussant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Riveres: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Robert II. of Scotland, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p> +<p>Robsart, Earl Ludovic: Monument, <a href = "#page240">240</a></p> +<p>Rolls of Arms, <a href = "#page12">12</a>, +<a href = "#page29">29</a></p> +<p>Romans, Richard, King of the, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page93">93</a></p> +<p>Rompu, <a href = "#page148">148</a></p> +<p>Roringe, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Ros, de, Barony, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br> +Marg., Lady de, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br> +the Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Rosamond, Fair, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>Rose, <a href = "#page148">148</a>;<br> +en Soleil, <a href = "#page149">149</a>;<br> +of England, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +of Lancaster, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +of York, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Badge of Edward I., <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p> +<p>Rossel, Sir G.: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Roundle, Roundlet, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, +<a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Rous, Sir Thomas le, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Royal Arms, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Royal Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, +<a href = "#page229">229</a>, +<a href = "#page268">268</a>;<br> +Banners, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Personages, their Arms, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br> +Mottoes, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +Red Cross, <a href = "#page294">294</a>;<br> +Standards, <a href = "#page250">250</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p> +<p>Royal Family, junior members of, <a href = "#page179">179</a></p> +<p>Royal Livery, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Rue, Chaplet of, <a href = "#page108">108</a></p> +<p>Ruskin, Mr., <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Rustre, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexS" id = "indexS"><b>S</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sable</span>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page48">48</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Saggitarius, Sagittary, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>Sails, Heraldic, <a href = "#page250">250</a></p> +<p>Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms of, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, +<a href = "#page204">204</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a>;<br> +Heraldic Tiles at, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Saint Albans, Duke of, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Saint Andrew: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br> +Banner, <a href = "#page254">254</a></p> +<p>Saint Anthony: Badge, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Saint Edmund. <i>See</i> Edmund</p> +<span class = "pagenum">349</span> +<a name = "page349" id = "page349"> </a> +<p>Saint Edward, the Confessor. <i>See</i> Edward</p> +<p>Saint George: Arms and Banner, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page251">251</a>, +<a href = "#page253">253</a>, +<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br> +Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br> +Chapel, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p> +<p>Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, <a href = "#page275">275</a>, +<a href = "#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Saint Michael and Saint George, Order of, <a href = +"#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Saint Michael’s Church, St. Albans, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Saint Patrick: Arms and Banner, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br> +Order of, <a href = "#page281">281</a></p> +<p>Saint Paul: Badge, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Saint Paul, Mary de, <a href = "#page163">163</a>;<br> +Guy, Count de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Saint Vincent, the Viscount: Supporters, <a href = +"#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Saint Waly, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Salamander, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Salient, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Salisbury, Longespée, Earl of, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, +<a href = "#page95">95</a>, +<a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>Salisbury, D’Eureux, Earl of, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p> +<p>Salisbury Cathedral, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Salisbury, Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Sanglier, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Sans, <a href = "#page52">52</a>, +<a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Saracen’s heads, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p> +<p>Savage-man, Wood-man, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Saw, Frame Saw, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Saxony: Dukedom and Arms, <a href = "#page113">113</a>, +<a href = "#page267">267</a></p> +<p>Scales, Rob. de: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p> +<p>Scarpe, Escarpe, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Science of Heraldry, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page30">30</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Scintillant, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Scotland, Bordure Company, <a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +Early Heraldry of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br> +Heraldry of, <a href = "#page198">198</a>;<br> +Royal Heraldry of, <a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +Royal Arms of, <a href = "#page67">67</a>, +<a href = "#page83">83</a>, +<a href = "#page170">170</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +Crests, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page244">244</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Illegitimacy Marks in, <a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +Mottoes, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +Scottish Supporters, <a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br> +Differenced Shield of, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br> +Early Seals of, <a href = "#page161">161</a> (<i>see</i> Laing, +Mr. H.)</p> +<p>Scots, Mary Queen of, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, <a href = "#page1">1</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Scott, Sir Walter, <a href = "#page1">1</a>, +<a href = "#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Scottish Seals, Laing’s Catalogue of, <a href = "#page11">11</a>. +<i>See</i> Laing</p> +<p>Scrope, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Scrope, Sir R. le, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, +<a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br> +Thos. le, <a href = "#page186">186</a>;<br> +Controversy, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Scudamore: Arms, <a href = "#page152">152</a>;<br> +Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Seals: their value in Heraldry, <a href = "#page10">10</a>, +<a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br> +Early Scottish, <a href = "#page11">11</a>;<br> +Casts of, <a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br> +Suggestive of Supporters, <a href = "#page238">238</a>;<br> +Examples, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p> +<p>Seax, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Secondary Charges, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p> +<p>Seeded, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Segrave: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>;<br> +Sir John, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p> +<p>Segreant, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Sejant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page150">150</a></p> +<p>Semee, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page150">150</a>;<br> +de lys, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Seton, Mr., his “Scottish Heraldry,” <a href = "#page9">9</a>, +<a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page94">94</a>, +<a href = "#page138">138</a>, +<a href = "#page198">198</a>, +<a href = "#page260">260</a>, +<a href = "#page307">307</a>, +<a href = "#page308">308</a></p> +<p>Sevans, Septvans: Arms, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p> +<p>Seymour, Queen Jane, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Shakefork, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Shakespeare: Arms, <a href = "#page151">151</a>;<br> +grant of Arms to, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p> +<p>Shamrock, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Shelly: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, <a href = "#page14">14</a>, +<a href = "#page37">37</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a>;<br> +Parts, Points, and Divisions of, <a href = "#page32">32</a>;<br> +Varieties, <a href = "#page35">35</a>;<br> +Bowed, <a href = "#page35">35</a>;<br> +à Bouche, <a href = "#page36">36</a>;<br> +Couchee, <a href = "#page38">38</a>;<br> +Differenced, <a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br> +treatment, <a href = "#page38">38</a></p> +<p>Shield-belt. <i>See</i> Guige</p> +<p>Shield-boss, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p> +<p>Shields-of-Arms, <a href = "#page2">2</a></p> +<p>Ship, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Shoveller, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Sickle, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a></p> +<p>Simple Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Single Small Charges, for Difference, <a href = +"#page186">186</a></p> +<p>Sinister, <a href = "#page32">32</a>, +<a href = "#page33">33</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Sinople, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page158">158</a></p> +<p>Six-foil, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Sleswick: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Slipped, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Someri, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Somerset, Henry, Duke of, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br> +John, Duke of, <a href = "#page236">236</a></p> +<p>Somerset Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Southacre, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Southampton, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>“Soutiens, Les,” <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Spain, Queen of, <a href = "#page272">272</a></p> +<p>Spear, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>Spiritual Peers, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Spur, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p> +<p>SS., Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a>. <i>See</i> Collar</p> +<p>St. Quintin: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<p>Staff, crook-headed, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p> +<p>Stafford, De: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Stafford, Sir H. de: Standard, <a href = "#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Stafford, Sir Humphrey de: Crest-wreath, <a href = +"#page217">217</a></p> +<p>Stafford Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, +<a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Stag, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p> +<p>Stains, <a href = "#page42">42</a></p> +<p>Stall-Plate, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, +<a href = "#page278">278</a></p> +<p>Standard, <a href = "#page152">152</a>, +<a href = "#page251">251</a>;<br> +Anglo-Saxon, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br> +Anglo-Norman, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br> +Badges on, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br> +Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, +<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br> +Recording, <a href = "#page252">252</a></p> +<p>Staple, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Stapleton: Badge, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Star, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Star of India, Order of, <a href = "#page287">287</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">350</span> +<a name = "page350" id = "page350"> </a> +<p>Statant, Statant Guardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, +<a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Staunton Harcourt, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p> +<p>Stephen: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>;<br> +Badges, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Steward, Alexander, Earl of Menteith: Seal, <a href = +"#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Steward, Board of, <a href = "#page199">199</a></p> +<p>Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p> +<p>Stirrup, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Stock, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Stormerk: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Stourton: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br> +Lord, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Strange, Le Strange: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p> +<p>Strange, Hamon Le, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br> +Sir J. Le, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Stringed, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p> +<p>“Strongbow:” Seal, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p> +<p>Stuart, Ludovic, <a href = "#page117">117</a>;<br> +Sir Richard: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Stuarts: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br> +Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>Subordinaries, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page64">64</a></p> +<p>Suns and Roses, Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page152">152</a>. <i>See</i> Collar</p> +<p>Supporters, <a href = "#page152">152</a>, +<a href = "#page175">175</a>, +<a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br> +their probable Origin, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, +<a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br> +their heraldic Significance, <a href = "#page243">243</a>;<br> +rightly supported, <a href = "#page243">243</a>;<br> +Royal, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +of the United Kingdom, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br> +of Scotland, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br> +granted by the Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page237">237</a></p> +<p>“Supports, Les,” <a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Surcoat, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, +<a href = "#page192">192</a></p> +<p>Surmounted, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Surrey, Earl of, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, +<a href = "#page207">207</a></p> +<p>Swan, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page153">153</a>, +<a href = "#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Sweden: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Sword, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Swyneborne: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Sykes: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Symbolical Expression and Record ancient and universal, <a href = +"#page5">5</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexT" id = "indexT"><b>T</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Tabard</span>, <a href = +"#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Talbot: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Tanfield, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Tapestry, Bayeux, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Tau Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page226">226</a></p> +<p>Tawke: Arms, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” <a href = "#page313">313</a></p> +<p>Teck, Arms of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Templars, Order of, <a href = "#page276">276</a>;<br> +their Banner, <a href = "#page13">13</a>, +<a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Templars, Barristers of the Temple, <a href = "#page276">276</a></p> +<p>Temple Church, London, <a href = "#page15">15</a>;<br> +at Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p> +<p>Tenent, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, +<a href = "#page244">244</a></p> +<p>Tennée, Tawny, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Tetlow: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Tey: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Thistle, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page154">154</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Order and Insignia of the, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p> +<p>Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, <a href = +"#page148">148</a>, +<a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>, +<a href = "#page235">235</a></p> +<p>Thomas, Duke of Clarence, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p> +<p>Thorpe, Sir E. de: Helm and Crest, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Throne: heirs apparent, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p> +<p>Through, <a href = "#page54">54</a></p> +<p>Tiercée, In Tierce, Per Tierce, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Tiles, Encaustic, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Timbre, Timbred, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Tinctures, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a>;<br> +Law of, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page46">46</a>;<br> +Blazoning in, <a href = "#page47">47</a>;<br> +Change of, for Cadency, <a href = "#page182">182</a></p> +<p>Tiptoft, John, Lord: Seal, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Titles, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p> +<p>Tong, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p> +<p>Torse, <a href = "#page113">113</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Torteau, Torteaux, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Tower, Turret, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Transposed, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Treflée, or Botonée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trefoil, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Treille, Trellis, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Tremaine: Arms, <a href = "#page75">75</a></p> +<p>Tressure, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, +<a href = "#page67">67</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a>;<br> +impaled and quartered, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br> +incorrectly blazoned, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p> +<p>Tricked, In Trick, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trippant or Tripping, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Triton, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trivet, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trotton: Brass at, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a></p> +<p>Trumpet, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trumpington: Brass at, <a href = "#page17">17</a>, +<a href = "#page158">158</a></p> +<p>Trussed, Trussing, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Trussell, Tressell: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a></p> +<p>Trusses, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Tryvett: Arms, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Tudor, Arthur: Badge, <a href = "#page130">130</a>, +<a href = "#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Tudor, Margaret, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p> +<p>Tudor: Badge, <a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br> +Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br> +Rose, <a href = "#page156">156</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Tun, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Tyndall: Crest, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Tyndalls, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p> +<p>Tynes, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexU" id = "indexU"><b>U</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ufford</span>, Sir Ralph de: Arms, <a href += "#page164">164</a>, +<a href = "#page186">186</a></p> +<p>Ulster, Badge of, <a href = "#page104">104</a>. <i>See</i> Baronet +and Herald</p> +<p>Ulster, William, Earl of, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Ulster King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a>, +<a href = "#page308">308</a></p> +<p>Undée, Undy, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Unguled, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Unicorn, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a>, +<a href = "#page264">264</a>, +<a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>“Union Jack,” <a href = "#page54">54</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a>, +<a href = "#page252">252</a>;<br> +the First, <a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br> +the Second, <a href = "#page253">253</a>, +<a href = "#page254">254</a></p> +<p>Union Device, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page205">205</a></p> +<p>United Kingdom: Supporters, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p> +<p>Unmarried Ladies: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Urdée, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p> +<p>Uriant, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexV" id = "indexV"><b>V</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vair</span>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Valence, De: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a>, +<a href = "#page168">168</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a><br> +Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">351</span> +<a name = "page351" id = "page351"> </a> +<p>Valence, Earl William de, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page217">217</a>;<br> +Earl Aymer de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Vandalia: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p> +<p>Vane. <i>See</i> Fan</p> +<p>Varied Fields, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, +<a href = "#page59">59</a></p> +<p>Vavasour, William le, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Vele, De: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Vere, De: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Vere, Robert de, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, +<a href = "#page206">206</a></p> +<p>Verley, Sir Philip de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Vernon, Sir William, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p> +<p>Vert, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, +<a href = "#page48">48</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Vervels, Vervals, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Vesci, William de, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p> +<p>Vested, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Victoria, Queen</span>: Arms, <a href = +"#page263">263</a></p> +<p>Victoria Cross, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p> +<p>Victoria, H.R.H. Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Victorian Order, <a href = "#page291">291</a></p> +<p>Victoria and Albert, Order of, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Villiers, de L’Isle Adam, Phillippe de, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, +<a href = "#page275">275</a></p> +<p>Viscomes, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Viscount, Viscountess, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p> +<p>Vivre, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Voided, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Vol, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Volant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, +<a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Volunteers: Motto and Flag, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br> +Decoration, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Vulned, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Vulning, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexW" id = "indexW"><b>W</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Wachesham</span>, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href += "#page201">201</a></p> +<p>Wadesles, Wadsley, De: Arms, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p> +<p>Wake: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br> +Sir J., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Wake Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Waldegrave: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Wales, Native Princes of, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p> +<p>Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br> +also Earls of Chester, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p> +<p>Wales, H.R.H. The Prince of: his Armorial Insignia, <a href = +"#page269">269</a>, +<a href = "#page270">270</a>;<br> +his Label, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, +<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br> +his Coronet, <a href = "#page139">139</a>;<br> +his Badge, <a href = "#page231">231</a>;<br> +his eldest son’s Label, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Wales, Princess of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Walford, Mr., <a href = "#page9">9</a></p> +<p>Walled, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Waltone, De: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p> +<p>Warkworth, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Warrenne, De, the Earls: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, +<a href = "#page45">45</a>, +<a href = "#page199">199</a></p> +<p>Warwick, the Earls of, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br> +Arms and Seals, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page171">171</a>, +<a href = "#page183">183</a>, +<a href = "#page319">319</a></p> +<p>Water Bouget, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Wattled, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Wavy, Undée, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Wedone, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Welles: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Wellington, the Duke of: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a>;<br> +Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br> +Augmentation, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, +<a href = "#page156">156</a>, +<a href = "#page204">204</a></p> +<p>Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page26">26</a>, +<a href = "#page53">53</a>, +<a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page92">92</a>, +<a href = "#page111">111</a>, +<a href = "#page169">169</a>, +<a href = "#page286">286</a>, +<a href = "#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page27">27</a>, +<a href = "#page91">91</a>, +<a href = "#page215">215</a>, +<a href = "#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Westphalia: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p> +<p>Weylande, Sir N. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, <a href = +"#page75">75</a>, +<a href = "#page147">147</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Wheat-Sheaf. <i>See</i> Garbe</p> +<p>Wheel, Catherine Wheel, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p> +<p>White Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Whitworth, Shield at, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Widow, Widower: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p> +<p>Wife and Husband, Marshalling their Arms, <a href = +"#page171">171</a></p> +<p>William I., <a href = "#page329">329</a>;<br> +Arms, <a href = "#page18">18</a>, +<a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a></p> +<p>William II.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, +<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p> +<p>William III. and Mary: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p> +<p>William III.: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p> +<p>William IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p> +<p>Winchelsea: Seal of the Mayor of, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<p>Windsor Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Windsor, St. George’s Chapel, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p> +<p>Wingfield: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p> +<p>Winnowing Fan. <i>See</i> Fan</p> +<p>Wings in Crests, <a href = "#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, +<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br> +Badge, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Worcester, Charles, Earl of, <a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br> +Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, +<a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br> +John, Earl of, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Worcester Cathedral, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, +<a href = "#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Wortele, Worteley, De: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Wreath, Orle, Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, <a href = +"#page157">157</a></p> +<p>Wyllers, De: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p> +<p>Wyndesor, Wm. de: Seal, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, +<a href = "#page242">242</a></p> +<p>Wynford, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p> +<p>Wyvern, Wivern, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, +<a href = "#page157">157</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexY" id = "indexY"><b>Y</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Yarborough</span>, Countess of, <a href = +"#page331">331</a></p> +<p>Yarmouth, Great: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p> +<p>Yngelfeld, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p> +<p>York, Dukes of, <a href = "#page179">179</a></p> +<p>York, Archbishop of: Arms, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p> +<p>York, Rose of, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, +<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br> +Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>;<br> +Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p> +<p>York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p> +<p>York Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "indexZ" id = "indexZ"><b>Z</b></a> +<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Zouche</span>, de La: Arms, <a href = +"#page72">72</a>;<br> +Differenced Arms, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Handbook to English Heraldry, by +Charles Boutell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY *** + +***** This file should be named 23186-h.htm or 23186-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/1/8/23186/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States 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